o 

7* 
Q 


A 
SYSTEM 


OF 


MINERALOGY 


DESCRIPTIVE  MINERALOGY, 

COMPRISING   THE 

MOST  RECENT  DISCOVERIES. 


BY 

JAMES    D  WIGHT    DANA,   /  S  ^ 

8ILLIMAN  PROFESSOR  OF  GEOLOGY   AND  MINERALOGY   IN   YALE   COLLEGE.      AUTHOR   OF  A  MANUAL  OF  GEOLOGY  J  OF 

RBPORTS  OF  WILKES'S  TJ.  8.  EXPLORING  EXPEDITION  ON  GEOLOGY;    ON  ZOOPHYTES;    AND  ON 

CRUSTACEA,  ETC. 


AIDED   BY 


GEORGE  JARVIS  BRUSH, 

PROFE880E  OF  MINHRALOGY  AND  METALLURGY  IN  THE  SHEFFIELD  SCIENTIFIC  SCHOOL  OF  YALE  COLLEGE. 


''Size  studio,  nobisQum  peregrinantur rusticantur.'1'1 


FIFTH    EDITION. 

REWRITTEN  AND  ENLARGED,   AND  ILLUSTRATED  WITH  UPWARDS  OF  SIX  HUNDRED  WOODCUTS. 


NEW    YORK: 

JOHN  WILEY  &  SON,  PUBLISHERS, 

NO.   2   CLINTON  PLACE. 

1868. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1868,  by 
JOHN  WILEY  &  SON, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Southern  District 
of  New  York. 


THE  NEW  YORK  PRINTING  COMPANV, 

8 1,  83,  and  85  Centre  Street^ 

NEW  YORK, 


Bancroft  Ubnif 


PREFACE. 


THE  large  size  of  this  volume  on  Descriptive  Mineralogy,  exceeding  by  one-half 
the  corresponding  part  of  the  preceding  edition,  is  not  without  good  reason. 

In  the  first  place,  the  long  interval  of  fourteen  years  has  elapsed  since  the  last 
edition  was  published,  and  during  this  period  the  science  has  made  great  progress. 
Chemical  researches  have  been  carried  forward  in  connection  with  almost  every  spe- 
cies, and  analyses  have  been  largely  multiplied ;  and  it  is  the  plan  of  the  work  to  be 
complete  in  this  department,  so  far  as  to  include  all  analyses.  Crystallographic 
investigations  also  have  been  numerous  and  important.  Moreover,  the  number  of 
species  has  been  much  enlarged,  and  every  part  of  the  science  has  had  accessions  of 
facts. 

In  addition,  a  new  feature  has  been  given  the  work,  in  the  systematic  recognition 
and  description  of  the  varieties  of  species.  The  first  edition  of  this  Treatise,  that  of 
1837,  was  written  in  the  spirit  of  the  school  of  MOHS.  The  multitudes  of  subdivi- 
sions into  subspecies,  varieties,  and  subvarieties,  based  largely  on  unimportant  cha- 
racters, which  had  encumbered  the  science  through  the  earlier  years  of  this  century, 
and  were  nearly  smothering  the  species,  were  thrown  almost  out  of  sight  by  MOHS, 
in  his  philosophic  purpose  to  give  prominence  and  precision  to  the  idea  of  the 
species.  Much  rubbish  was  cleared  away,  and  the  science  elevated  thereby ;  but 
much  that  was  necessary  to  a  full  comprehension  of  minerals  in  their  diversified 
states  was  lost  sight  of.  In  the  present  edition  an  endeavor  is  made  to  give  varieties 
their  true  place ;  and  to  insure  greater  exactness  with  regard  to  them,  the  original 
locality  of  each  is  stated  with  the  description. 

Further,  the  work  has  received  another  new  feature  in  its  historical  synonymy. 
A  list  of  synonyms  has  hitherto  been  mainly  an  index  to  works  or  papers  on  the 
species,  and  often  without  any  regard  to  the  original  describer  or  description. 
HAUSMANN'S  admirable  Handbuch  (1847)  is  partly  an  exception.  LEONHARD'S 
"  Oryktognosie  "  (1821,  1826),  following  the  method  of  REUSS  of  the  opening  cen- 
tury, contains  a  full  catalogue  of  references  to  publications  on  each  species ;  but  it 
fails  of  half  its  value  because  the  references  have  no  connection  in  any  way  with  the 
synonymy.  In  most  recent  works,  an  author  who  has  merely  adopted  a  name  is 
often  quoted  as  if  the  original  authority.  The  present  work  is  no  longer  open  to 
this  criticism.  As  now  issued,  the  first  author  and  first  place  of  publication  of  each 
species,  and  of  each  name  it  has  borne,  and  of  the  names  of  all  its  varieties,  are  stated 
in  chronological  order,  with  the  dates  of  all  publications  cited  ;  and,  besides,  remarks 
are  added  in  the  text  when  the  subject  is  one  of  special  interest.  The  facts  and  con- 
clusions have  been  derived  in  almost  all  cases  from  the  study  of  the  original  works 
themselves ;  and  this  Treatise  has  become  thereby,  to  some  extent,  an  account  of 
ancient  as  well  as  modern  minerals.  These  historical  researches  added  a  third  to 
the  labor  of  preparing  the  edition  for  the  press,  thereby  delaying  the  publication  of 
the  work  about  a  year.  But  such  studies  are  endless,  especially  when  they  relate  to 
past  centuries,  and  the  work,  however  long  continued,  must  be  incomplete.  As 
an  example :  the  word  schorl,  which  figured  largely  in  the  mineralogy  of  the  last 


PREFACE. 


century  and  the  earlier  part  of  the  present,  is  traced  by  some  writers  to  the  Swedish, 
and  is  cited  from  CRONSTEDT  (1758).  From  Dr.  NAUMANN,  of  Leipsic,  I  learned 
of  the  occurrence  of  the  word'  in  the  Magnalia  Dei  of  BRUCKMANN  (1727).  After- 
ward I  found  it  in  BROKER'S  Aula  Subterranea  (1595);  and  later  in  GESNER  on 
Fossils  (1565),  and  in  the  Sarepta  of  MATTHESIUS  (1562),  which  contains  a  detailed 
description  of  it.  In  what  earlier  works  the  word  occurs,  and  what  was  its  origin, 
are  among  the  questions  unanswered.  (See  further  p.  205.) 

The  introduction  of  formulas  on  the  basis  of  the  new  system  of  chemistry,  with 
the  necessary  explanations,  constitutes  another  addition.  The  formulas,  it  will  be 
observed,  while  in  principle  those  of  the  leaders  of  the  system,  have  some  peculiar 
features,  serving  to  give  them  greater  compactness  on  the  page,  and  make  them 
more  easy  of  comparison,  and  bringing  out  well  the  unity  and  simplicity  of  type 
among  inorganic  compounds. 

In  these  and  other  ways  the  volume  has  unavoidably  become  enlarged.  Not  a 
page,  and  scarcely  a  paragraph,  of  the  preceding  edition  remains  unaltered,  and  full 
five-sixths  of  the  volume  have  been  printed  from  manuscript  copy.  I  may  here  add, 
that,  notwithstanding  the  impaired  state  of  my  health,  this  manuscript  —  the  para- 
graphs on  the  pyrognostic  characters  excepted  —  was  almost  solely  in  the  handwri- 
ting of  the  author,  or  in  that  of  a  copyist  from  it.  Neither  the  consultation  of 
original  authorities,  the  drawing  of  conclusions,  nor  the  putting  of  the  results  on 
paper,  has  been  delegated  to  another.  And  being  now  but  half  way  between  the 
fifties  and  sixties,  it  is  my  hope  that  the  future  will  afford  another  opportunity  for 
similar  work. 

The  optical  qualities  of  minerals  have  been  but  briefly  stated,  and  in  general  for 
those  species  alone  which  seemed  to  require  this  addition  to  their  distinctive  charac- 
ters, as  a  full  presentation  of  them  would  have  added  much  more  to  the  size  of  the 
volume.  The  best  work  on  the  subject,  and  one  containing  many  original  observa- 
tions, is  the  excellent  Mineralogy  of  DESCLOIZEAUX,  the  first  volume  of  which,  on  the 
Silicates,  was  published  in  1862.  The  second,  unfortunately  for  the  science,  has  not 
yet  appeared.  Other  works  in  this  department  are  BROOKE  &  MILLER'S  Mineralogy 
(1852)  ;  GRAILICH'S  Vienna  edition  of  MILLER'S  Crystallography  (1856),  and  his  own 
Krystallographisch-optische  Untersuchungen  (1858). 

In  classification,  the  general  system  remains  unaltered.  It  is  based  on  a  compre- 
hensive view  of  the  characters  of  minerals  as  species  in  the  inorganic  kingdom  of 
nature,  the  preeminence  being  given  to  chemical,  the  next  place  to  crystallographic,  the 
third  to  the  different  physical  characters.  The  author  believes  (after  having  tried 
the  so-called  natural  history  system  of  MOHS  for  two  editions)  that  light  from  no 
source  should  be  shut  out  where  the  relations  of  species  and  groups  in  nature  are  to 
be  determined.  As  in  the  preceding  edition,  the  method  avoids  almost  entirely  the 
distinction,  in  most  cases  wrong,  founded  on  the  fact  of  the  base  in  oxygen  ternaries 
or  salts  being  in  the  protoxyd  state,  or  in  the  sesquioxyd,  or  in  both  combined,  and 
proceeds  on  the  ground  that  the  basic  elements  in  these  and  the  other  different 
states  are  mutually  replaceable  in  certain  proportions  determined  by  their  combining 
power  with  oxygen.  ^  But  while  the  progress  of  chemistry  and  the  kindred  sciences 
requires  no  modification  of  the  general  plan  of  the  classification,  but  gives  it  new 
support,  it  has  rendered  many  minor  changes  necessary,  and  some  that  are  of  much 
importance. 

The  historical  inquiries  above  alluded  to  were  prompted  by  a  desire  to  place  the 
nomenclature  of  mineralogy  on  a  permanent  basis.  They  were  incident  to  a  search 
after  a  reason  for  choosing  one  name  rather  than  another  from  among  the  number 
that  stand  as  claimants.  Part  of  the  existing  diversity  is  due  to  national  partiality, 
and  much  of  it  to  indifference.  It  has  become  somewhat  common  for  authors  to 
select  the  name  they  like  best  without  reference  to  authority,  or  to  reject  an  old  for 


PEEFACE.  V 

a  new  one  on  no  other  ground  than  that  of  their  preference.  Increasing  confusion 
in  nomenclature  has  consequently  attended  the  recent  progress  of  the  science ;  and 
in  view  of  this  fact  the  novel  expedient  has  been  tried  of  endeavoring  to  escape  the 
confusion  by  adding  one  more  to  the  number  of  names.  The  right  method  is  mani- 
festly that  which  has  proved  so  successful  in  the  other  natural  sciences,  viz.,  the 
recognition,  under  proper  restrictions,  of  the  law  of  priority  ;  and  this  method  the 
author  has  aimed  to  carry  out. 

Moreover,  it  has  seemed  best  that  the  science  should  not  only  have  a  system  of 
nomenclature,  but  should  also  stand  by  it;  that,  accordingly,  the  termination 
ine,  which  is  prominently  chemical,  should  be  left  to  the  chemists,  and  that  other 
miscellaneous  endings  should,  as  far  as  possible,  be  set  aside,  or  be  made  to  conform 
to  the  system.  With  this  in  view,  changes  have  been  made  in  accordance  with 
the  principles  explained  in  the  course  of  the  remarks  beyond  on  Nomenclature. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  volume,  the  author  owes  much  to  the  cooperation  of  his 
friend,  Prof.  GEORGE  J.  BRUSH.  Prof.  BRUSH  has  had  sole  charge  of  the  blowpipe 
department.  The  pyrognostic  characters  have  been  entirely  rewritten  by  him ;  and 
while  he  has  had  the  works  of  PLATTNER  and  VON  KOBELL  always  at  hand,  he  has, 
for  much  the  larger  part  of  the  species,  made  personal  trials  of  the  reactions  before 
writing  them  out ;  so  that,  although  the  facts  stated  are  not  generally  new,  they  still 
are  mostly  from  his  own  observations.  His  skill  also  in  analytical  chemistry,  and 
his  thorough  knowledge  of  minerals,  have  enabled  him  to  remove  doubts,  afford  aid 
and  advice,  and  furnish  new  facts,  on  various  points  throughout  the  progress  of  the 
work.  Prof.  BRUSH  has  also  given  the  proofs,  while  the  work  was  in  the  press,  the 
benefit  of  his  revision. 

I  take  pleasure  also  in  acknowledging  the  assistance  of  Prof.  GEORGE  F.  BARKER 
of  this  city,  an  excellent  chemist  in  both  the  old  and  new  systems,  during  the  last 
six  months  before  the  book  went  to  press ;  and  later,  that  of  SYDNEY  H.  SMITH, 
assistant  in  the  zoological  department  of  Yale  College. 

The  author  is  under  obligations  to  many  men  of  science  for  their  kind  response 
to  his  inquiries,  and  for  much  information  in  their  letters ;  among  whom  he  would 
mention,  with  gratitude,  Dr.  CARL  F.  NAUMANN  of  Leipzig,  W.  HAIDINGER  of  Vienna, 
Prof.  VON  KOBELL  of  Munich,  FRIEDRICH  HESSENBERG  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Dr. 
G.  VOM  RATH  of  Bonn,  Dr.  G.  A.  KENNGOTT  of  Zurich,  Dr.  HANNS  BRUNO  GEINITZ 
of  Dresden,  Dr.  A.  KUNTH  of  Berlin,  Dr.  A.  KRANTZ  of  Bonn ;  Prof.  FORCHHAMMER  of 
Copenhagen,  Dr.  A.  E.  NORDENSKIOLD  of  Stockholm,  Prof.  C.  W.  BLOMSTRAND  of 
Lund,  Sweden,  Mr.  L.  J.  IGELSTROM  of  Filipstad,  Sweden,  Prof.  A.  E.  ARPPE  of 
Christiania,  Norway;  Louis  S^EMANN  of  Paris,  whose  letters  were  numerous  and 
always  valuable,  and  whose  death,  in  1866,  was  a  misfortune  to  this  work  as  well  as 
to  the  sciences  he  cultivated  ;  Prof.  A.  DESCLOIZEAUX  of  Paris,  A.  DAMOUR  of  Paris, 
F.  PISANI  of  Paris,  Mr.  GUYERDET  of  Paris ;  DAVID  FORBES,  Esq.,  of  London,  N.  S. 
MASKELYNE,  Esq.,  of  the  British  Museum ;  Dr.  F.  A.  GENTH  of  Philadelphia,  Prof. 
C.  U.  SHEPARD  of  Amherst,  Prof.  J.  P.  COOKE  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Prof.  C.  M. 
WARREN  of  the  Technological  Institute,  Boston,  Prof.  T.  S.  HUNT  of  Montreal,  Prof. 
JAS.  C.  BOOTH  of  the  U.  S.  Mint,  Philadelphia,  Prof.  H.  How  of  Windsor,  Nova 
Scotia,  Profs.  SILLIMAN,  0.  C.  MARSH,  A.  E.  VERRILL,  and  W.  H.  BREWER,  of  New 
Haven,  Ct.,  W.  W.  JEFFERIS,  Esq.,  of  Westchester,  Pa.,  and  Prof.  A.  WINCHELL  of 
Ann  Arbor,  Michigan. 

In  addition,  the  book  has  received  private  contributions  to  the  text  of  analyses 
and  other  information  from  P.  COLLIER,  B.  S.  BURTON,  C.  S.  RODMAN,  C.  A.  GOESS- 
MANN,  C.  S.  SHARPLES,  G.  F.  BARKER,  G.  C.  WHEELER,  and  E.  W.  ROOT. 

Among  works  consulted,  the  publications  on  chemical  mineralogy  of  RAMMELSBERG 
of  Berlin,  and  especially  his  Mineralchemie,  have  afforded  great  assistance.  The 
very  full  and  able  Annual  Reports  (or  Uebersichte)  of  Dr.  KENNGOTT  of  Zurich,  on 


VI  PEEFACE. 

the  progress  of  mineralogy  f;om  1844  to  1861,  and  those  of  the  Giessen  Jahresbe- 
richt,  have  been  freely  and  constantly  consulted.  Much  use  has  been  made  also  of 
the  mineralogical  works  of  DESCLOIZEAUX,  DUFRENOY,  HAUSMANN,  BREITHAUPT, 
NAUMANN,  HAIDINGER,  VON  KOBELL,  KOKSCHAROF,  HESSENBERG,  QUENSTEDT,  BROOKE 
&  MILLER,  GREG  &  LETTSOM,  and  SHEPARD  ;  also  the  valuable  History  (Geschichte) 
of  Mineralogy  of  VON  KOBELL  ;  the  classical  work  on  the  Precious  Stones  and  Gems  of 
the  Ancients  by  KING  ;  and  the  various  recent  American  Geological  Reports.  Among 
these  Reports,  the  volume  of  the  Canadian  survey  for  the  year  1863,  containing 
extended  mineralogical  contributions  by  Prof.  T.  S.  HUNT,  deserves  special  mention. 
A  full  list  of  the  works  consulted  in  studying  up  the  history  of  the  species,  and  the 
later  progress  of  the  science,  is  to  be  found  on  pages  xxxv  to  xlv  of  the  Introduction. 

In  Crystallography,  the  sources  of  recent  information  have  been  mainly  KOKSCHA- 
ROF'S  Mineralogie  Russlands,  and  his  Memoirs  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  St.  Petersburg 
Academy ;  DESCLOIZEAUX'S  Mineralogie,  and  various  Memoirs ;  the  Mineralogische 
Notizen  of  F.  HESSENBERG,  of  which  eight  parts  have  appeared ;  NAUMANN'S  and 
QUENSTEDT' s  works  on  Mineralogy ;  the  Memoirs  of  ZIPPE,  VON  ZEPHAROVICH,  GRAI- 
LICH,  A.  SCHRAUF,  v.  LANG,  ZIRKEL,  and  KENNGOTT,  in  the  Berichte  and  Denkschrif- 
ten  (mostly  the  former)  of  the  Vienna  Academy  ;  of  DAUBER,  G.  ROSE,  VOM  RATH, 
SCHRODER,  SCHABUS,  in  Poggendorff's  Annalen ;  of  WEBSKY  and  VOM  RATH,  in  the 
Zeitschrift  of  the  German  Geological  Society  at  Berlin ;  of  A.  E.  NORDENSKIOLD,  in 
the  (Efversigt  of  the  Swedish  Academy ;  of  QUINTINO  SELLA,  in  his  Studii,  and  in 
the  publications  of  the  Turin  Academy ;  of  MILLER,  v.  LANG,  MASKELYNE,  and  GREG, 
in  the  Philosophical  Magazine ;  of  Prof.  J.  P.  COOKE,  in  the  American  Journal  of 
Science.  The  Mineralogy  of  BROOKE  &  MILLER  (1852)  has  been  freely  used  again, 
as  in  the  preparation  of  the  preceding  edition. 

This  volume  would  probably  be  more  acceptable  to  some  chemists  if  the  formulas 
on  the  old  system  were  rejected  altogether.  But  chemistry  has  not  advanced  so  far 
on  the  new  road,  but  that  most  mineralogical  papers  are  still  written  as  if  there  were 
no  new  system,  and  a  large  part  of  chemists  would  understand  the  constitution  of  the 
species  better  from  the  old  formulas  than  from  the  new.  Moreover,  the  great  majority 
of  the  persons  who  consult  a  Mineralogy  would  find  the  new  formulas  and  new  ter- 
minology quite  unintelligible.  It  has  seemed  reasonable  therefore  that  both  systems 
should  be  presented.  The  new  formulas  will  be  more  easily  understood  or  learned 
from  their  association  with  the  old,  and  thus  the  book  may  help  forward  the  views 
it  only  partially  adopts.  The  past  history  of  the  work  evinces  no  aversion  to  change 
where  the  progress  of  science  requires  it. 

This  work  has  been  posted  up,  as  far  as  was  possible,  to  the  date  of  publication. 
The^  facts  which  have  come  to  hand  too  late  for  their  proper  place  in  the  volume, 
are  inserted  in  a  Supplement.  And  it  is  proposed  to  make  this  the  first  of  a  series 
of  supplements  to  appear  from  time  to  time  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science. 

April  30,  1868.  JAMES  D.  DANA. 

From  the  Preface  to  the  First  Edition  (1837). 

The  classification  of  the  mineral  species,  which  is  here  adopted, 
strictly  a  Natural  Arrangement.     The  superiority  of  this  method  is  exhibited  in 
s  body  of  the  work,  and  hi  connection  with  the  remarks  on  Chemical  Classifica- 
tions, in  Appendix  B.     Although  founded  by  MOHS  on  the  external  characters  of 
amerals,  it  exhibits,  in  a  considerable  degree,  the  chemical  relations  of  the  species ; 
who  are  accustomed  to  prefer  a  chemical  arrangement  will  probably  per- 
ieive  that,  in  addition  to  such  qualities  as  appear  to  recommend  the  chemical  method, 
it  possesses  other  advantages  not  less  important. 


PREFACE.  Vll 

The  changes  which  have  been  made  in  the  nomenclature  of  minerals  appear  to  be 
demanded  by  the  state  of  the  Science.  The  present  names,  excepting  those  pro- 
posed by  MOHS,  are  utterly  devoid  of  system,  unless  we  may  consider  such  the 
addition  of  the  syllable  ite  to  words  of  various  languages  ;  and  even  this  glimmering 
of  system  has  been  capriciously  infringed  by  a  French  mineralogist  of  much  celebrity ; 
— they  seldom  designate  any  quality  or  character  peculiar  to  the  mineral ;  neither 
do  they  exhibit  any  of  the  general  relations  of  the  species,  by  which  the  mind  may, 
at  a  glance,  discover  their  natural  associations,  and  be  assisted  in  obtaining  a  com- 
prehensive view  of  the  science.  On  the  contrary,  they  are  wholly  independent,  and 
often  worse  than  unmeaning,  appellatives,  and  are  only  tolerable  in  a  very  unadvanced 
state  of  the  Science.  As  a  necessary  consequence  of  this  looseness  of  nomenclature, 
most  of  the  species  are  embarrassed  with  a  large  number  of  synonyms,  a  fertile 
source  of  confusion  and  difficulty. 

As  a  remedy  for  this  undesirable  state  of  things,  a  system  of  nomenclature,  con- 
structed on  the  plan  so  advantageously  pursued  in  Botany  and  Zoology,  was  proposed 
by  the  author  in  the  fourth  volume  of  the  Annals  of  the  New  York  Lyceum.  The 
necessity  for  something  of  the  kind  is  very  apparent,  and  the  author  trusts  that  it 
will  not  be  considered  a  needless  innovation.  ****** 


From  the  Preface  to  the  Second  Edition  *  (1844). 

The  natural  system  adopted  in  this  Treatise  has  received  such  modifications  in  the 
present  edition  as  were  demanded  by  the  advanced  state  of  the  Science ;  and  the 
systematic  nomenclature  has  required  some  corresponding  changes. 

Besides  the  natural  classification,  another,  placing  the  minerals  under  the  princi- 
pal element  in  their  composition,  has  been  given  in  Part  VII. ;  and  various  improve- 
ments on  the  usual  chemical  methods  have  been  introduced,  which  may  render  it 
acceptable  to  those  that  prefer  that  mode  of  arrangement.  *  *  *  * 

From  the  Preface  to  the  Third  Edition  (1850). 

This  Treatise,  in  the  present  edition,  has  undergone  so  various  and  extensive  alter- 
ations, that  few  of  its  original  features  will  be  recognized.  The  science  of  Mineralogy 
has  made  rapid  progress  in  the  past  six  years ;  chemistry  has  opened  to  us  a  better 
knowledge  of  the  nature  and  relations  of  compounds ;  and  philosophy  has  thrown 
new  light  on  the  principles  of  classification.  To  change  is  always  seeming  fickleness. 
But  not  to  change  with  the  advance  of  science,  is  worse  ;  it  is  persistence  in  error  ; 
and,  therefore,  notwithstanding  the  former  adoption  of  what  has  been  called  the 
Natural  History  System,  and  the  pledge  to  its  support  given  by  the  author  in  sup- 
plying it  with  a  Latin  nomenclature,  the  whole  system,  its  classes,  orders,  genera,  and 
Latin  names,  have  been  rejected ;  and  even  the  trace  of  it  which  the  synonymy 
might  perhaps  rightly  bear  has  been  discarded.  The  system  has  subserved  its  pur- 
pose in  giving  precision  to  the  science,  and  displaying  many  of  the  natural  group- 
ings which  chemistry  was  slow  to  recognize.  But  there  are  errors  in  its  very  foun- 
dation, which  make  it  false  to  nature  in  its  most  essential  points  ;  and,  in  view  of  the 
character  of  these  errors,  we  are  willing  it  should  be  considered  a  relic  of  the  past. 

Yet  Science  is  far  fipm  being  ready  with  an  acceptable  substitute.  Most  chemical 
systems  have  been  more  artificial  than  the  "  natural"  system  ;  and  doubts  now  hang 


*  This  edition,  failing  to  find  a  publisher  in  New  York,  was  printed  at  the  expense  of  the 
author. 


viii  PREFACE. 

over  some  of  the  principles  of  chemistry  that  are  widest  in  their  influence  on  classi- 
fication. In  view  of  the  difficulties  on  either  side,  it  was  a  point  long  questioned, 
whether  to  venture  upon  a  classification  that  might  be  deemed  most  accordant  with 
truth  among  the  many  doubts  that  surround  the  subject;  or  to  adopt  one  less  strict 
to  science,  that  might  serve  the  convenience  of  the  student  for  easy  reference,  and 
for  the  study  of  mineralogy  in  its  economical  bearings,  while,  at  the  same  time,  it 
should  exhibit  many  natural  relations,  and  inculcate  no  false  affiliations  or  distinc- 
tions of  species.  The  latter  alternative  has  been  adopted  ;— the  classification  is 
offered  simply  as  a  convenient  arrangement,  and  not  an  exhibition  of  the  true  affini- 
ties of  species  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  term.  Among  the  Silicates,  however,  it 
will  be  perceived  that  the  groupings  in  the  main  are  natural  groupings  ;  and,  through- 
out the  work,  special  care  has  been  taken  to  inculcate,  as  far  as  possible,  the  true 
relations  of  species,  both  by  remarks,  and  by  an  exhibition  of  them  in  tables. 

From  the  Preface  to  the  Fourth  Edition  (1854). 

In  the  Preface  to  foe  last  edition  of  this  Treatise,  the  classification  of  minerals 
then  adopted  was  announced  as  only  a  temporary  expedient.  The  system  of  MOHS, 
valuable  in  its  day,  had  subserved  its  end ;  and  in  throwing  off  its  shackles  for  the 
more  consistent  principles  flowing  from  recent  views  in  Chemistry,  the  many  diffi- 
culties in  the  way  of  perfecting  a  new  classification  led  the  author  to  an  arrange- 
ment which  should  "  serve  the  convenience  of  the  student  without  pretending  to 
strict  science." 

A  classification  on  chemical  principles  was  however  proposed  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  volume,  in  which  the  Berzelian  method  was  coupled  with  crystallography  in  a 
manner  calculated  to  display  the  relations  of  species  in  composition  as  well  as  form, 
and  prominently  "exhibit  the  various  cases  of  isomorphism  and  pleomorphism 
among  minerals."  The  progress  of  Science  has  afforded  the  means  of  giving  greater 
precision  and  simplicity  to  this  arrangement,  until  now  it  seems  entitled  to  become 
the  authorized  method  of  a  System  of  Mineralogy.  Whether  regarded  from  a> phy- 
sical or  chemical  point  of  view,  the  groupings  appear  in  general  to  be  a  faithful 
exhibition  of  the  true  affinities  of  the  species. 

The  mind  uneducated  in  Science  may  revolt  at  seeing  a  metallic  mineral,  as 
galena,  side  by  side  with  one  of  unmetallic  lustre,  as  blende ;  and  some  systems, 
in  accordance  with  this  prejudice,  place  these  species  in  separate  orders.  Like  the 
jeweller,  without  as  good  reason,  the  same  works  have  the  diamond  and  sapphire 
in  a  common  group.  But  it  is  one  of  the  sublime  lessons  taught  in  the  very  por- 
tals of  Chemistry,  that  nature  rests  no  grand  distinctions  on  lustre,  hardness,  or 
color,  which  are  mere  externals,  and  this  truth  should  be  acknowledged  by  the  min- 
eralogist rather  than  defied.  Others,  while  recognizing  the  close  relations  of  the 
carbonates  of  lime,  iron,  zinc,  and  manganese  (calcite,  spathic  iron,  smithsonite,  and 
dialogite),  or  of  the  silicates  of  lime,  iron,  manganese  (wollastonite,  augite,  rhodo- 
nite), are  somewhat  startled  by  finding  silicate  of  zinc,  or  silicate  of  copper,  among 
the  silicates  of  the  earths,  or  of  other  oxyds.  But  the  distinction  of  "  useful  "  and 
"useless,"  or  of  "ores"  and  "stones,"  although  bearing  on  "economy"  is  not 
Science.  ********  J' 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Introduction. 

Descriptive  Mineralogy :  General  Subdivisions 1 

I.  NATIVE  ELEMENTS 2 

II.  SULPHIDS,  TELLURIDS,  SELENEOS,  ARSENIDS,  ANTIMONDDS,  BISMUTHIDS 26 

1.  Simple  Sulphids  and  Tellurids  of  Metals  of  the  Sulphur  and  Arsenic  Groups. ...     26 

2.  Simple  Sulphids,  Tellurids,  Selenids,  Arsenids,  Antimonids,  Bismuthids,  Phosphids 

of  Metals  of  the  Gold,  Iron,  and  Tin  Groups 33 

3.  Sulpharsenites,  Sulphantimonites,  Sulphobismuthites 84 

III.  COMPOUNDS  OF  CHLOEINE,  BROMINE,  IODINE 110 

IY.  FLUORINE  COMPOUNDS 123 

Y.  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS 131 

I.  Oxyds,  or  Binary  Oxygen  Compounds 131 

I.  Oxyds  of  Elements  of  Series  1 131 

A.  Anhydrous  Oxyds 131 

B.  Hydrous  Oxyds 167 

II.  Oxyds  of  Elements  of  the  Arsenic  and  Sulphur  Groups,  Series  II 183 

in.  Oxyds  of  Elements  of  the  Carbon-Silicon  Group,  Series  II 189 

II.  Ternary  Oxygen  Compounds 202 

1.  Silicates 202 

A.  Anhydrous  Silicates 202 

I.  Bisilicates 207 

II.  Unisilicates 250 

III.  Subsilicates 362 

B.  Hydrous  Silicates 393 

I.  General  Section  of  Hydrous  Silicates 394 

II.  Zeolite  Section 421 

III.  Margarophyllite  Section 447 

Appendix  to  Hydrous  Silicates 509 

2.  Tantalates,  Columbates 512 

3.  Phosphates,  Arsenates,  Antimonates,  Nitrates 526 

A.  Phosphates,  Arsenates,  Antimonates 526 

I.  Anhydrous 527 

II.  Hydrous 548 

B.  Nitrates. .  .591 


X  CONTENTS. 

4.  Borates 593 

5.  Tungstates,  Molybdates,  Yauadates 601 

6.  Sulphates,  Chromates,  Tellurates 612 

I.  Anhydrous 613 

H.  Hydrous 632 

7.  Carbonates 669 

I.  Anhydrous 669 

IL  Hydrous , 704 

8.  Oxalates 718 

VI.  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS 720 

Species  of  uncertain  place  in  the  System 761 

Catalogue  of  American  Localities 765 

Supplement 793 

Index...  .  807 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  object  of  this  introduction  is  to  supply  such  tables  and  information  as  will 
make  the  work  convenient  for  use ;  and,  toward  this  end,  some  explanations  of  an 
elementary  character  are  included,  with  special  reference  to  readers  not  familiar  with 
chemistry  and  other  collateral  sciences. 

1.  GENERAL  SCHEME  OF  ARRANGEMENT  IN  THE  DESCRIPTIONS. 

In  the  Descriptions  of  Species,  the  characteristics  are  mentioned  in  the  following 
order : — 1,  Crystalline  Form  and  Structure  ;  2,  Hardness,  Specific  Gravity,  Lustre, 
Color,  Diaphaneity,  etc. ;  3,  Varieties,  Chemical  Composition ;  4,  Pyrognostic  and 
other  Chemical  characters  ;  5,  under  the  head  of  Observations,  Geological  position, 
Localities,  Mineral  associates,  etc. ;  6,  Altered  forms ;  7,  Artificial  and  Furnace 
products. 

2.  CHEMISTRY. 

1.  A  barred  letter  in  a  symbol  of  an  element,  in  the  table  of  atomic  weights  which 
follows,  and  also  throughout  the  work  (except  in  formulas  after  the  new  system,  see 
p.  xv),  signifies  two  atoms  of  the  element :  e.  g.,  Al=2  Al  or  AP. 

2.  Dots  over  a  symbol  stand  each  for  an  atom  of  oxygen  in  the  compound  referred 
to :  e.  g.,  £1=2  Al-j-3  O,  or  AP  O3 ;  and  £a=BaO. 

3.  The  atomic  weight  of  a  compound  equals  the  sum  of  the  atomic  weights  of  its 
constituents  :  e.  g.,  for  £1,  the  atomic  weight=2  x  13-75  +  3  x  8=51-5  ;  for  £a,= 
68-5  +  8=76-5  ;  for  £1  Si,  the  atomic  weight=51'5  +  30=81-5. 

4.  The  atomic  ratio  for  the  constituents  of  a  compound  is  the  ratio  between  the 
number  of  atoms  of  the  same  :  e.  #.,  for  the  aluminum  and  oxygen  in  3tl,  it  is  2  :  3 ; 
for  the  alumina  and  silica  in  £1  Si  it  is  1  :  1,  there  being  1  of  alumina  to  1  of  silica ; 
for  the  aluminum,  silicon,  and  oxygen  in  £1  Si,  it  is  2:1:5,  there  being  in  the 
compound  2  of  aluminum,  1  of  silicon,  and  5  of  oxygen  (5  dots). 

5.  The  oxygen  ratio  for  the  constituents  of  an  oxygen  compound  is  the  ratio 
between  the  number  of  atoms  of  oxygen  in  the  different  oxygen  compounds  present : 
e.  g,,  the  0.  ratio  for  the  alumina  and  silica  in  £1  Si  is  3  :  2,  alumina  containing  3  O 
and  silica  2  0 ;  for  the  magnesia  and  silica  in  Mg  Si,  the  O.  ratio  is  1  :  2. 

6.  The  percentage  ratio  (or  number  of  parts  in  100)   for  the  constituents  of  a 
compound  is  deduced  from  the  ratio  between  the  atomic  weight  of  the  compound 
and  that  of  each  constituent:  e.  g.,  as  51-5  of  alumina  contain  24  of  oxygen,  so 
100  will  contain  46-6 ;  or,  for  the  percentage  of  aluminum,   51*5  :  27-5  :  :  100  : 
53-4 ;  again,  as  81-5  £1  Si  contain  30  of  silica,  hence  81'5  :  30  :  :  100  :  the  silica  in 
the  compound,  etc. ;  or  since  XI  Si  contain  27-5  Al  +  14-0  Si+40'0  O,  making  in  all 
as  before  81-5,  hence  81-5  :  27-5  :  :  100  :  the  p.  c.  of  aluminum ;  or  81-5  :  40  :  : 
100  :  the  p.  c.  of  oxygen ;  etc. 


Xll 


TABLE   OF   ATOMIC   WEIGHTS. 


ALUMINUM,  Al                            13'75 
Alumina,  £l                           51'5    (0  46'6) 
ANTIMONY  (Stibium),  Sb             122 
Antimonious  acid,  Sb          146 
Antimonic  acid,  Sb              162 
Sulph.  Antim.,  Sb  S3            170      (S  28-24) 

Oxyd  of  Cobalt,  Co               37-5    (0  21-34) 
COLUMBIUM,  Cb  (Niobium)            94 
Columbia  acid,  Cb                134       (0  29'85) 
COPPER  (Cuprum),  Cu                   31-7 
Suboxyd  of  Copper,  £u         71-4    (011-20) 
Oxyd  of  Copper,  Cu               39-7    (0  20-15) 

ARGENTUM,  Ag  (Silver)               108 

DlDYMIUM,  D                                           48 

e  /j.o 

ARSENIC,  As                                75 
Arsenous  acid,  A*s                 99 

ERBIUM,  E 
FERRUM,  Fe  (Iron)                       28 

Arsenic  acid,  Is                  115      (0  34-78) 

Protoxyd  of  Iron,  Fe             36       (0  22*22) 

Sulphid  of  A,  As  S8             123      (S  39-02) 

Sesquioxyd  of  Iron,  Fe          80       (0  30) 

AURUM,  Au  (Gold)                      196 
BARIUM,  Ba                                 68-5 

FLUORINE,  F                                19 
Hydrofluoric  acid,  H  F          20       (F  95) 

Baryta,  Ba                             16'5    (010-45) 

GLUCINUM  (Beryllium),  Be              4*7 

BERYLLIUM,  Be  (Glucinum)            4-7 

Glucina,  Be                           12*7    (0  63) 

Be                            12-7    (0  63) 

GOLD  (Aurum),  Au                     196 

BISMUTH,  Bi                              210 

HYDRARGYRUM,  Hg  (Mercury)   100 

Oxyd  of  Bismuth,  Bi           234      (0  10-24) 

HYDROGEN,  H                               1 

BORON,  B                                  11 

Water,  H                                 9      (0  88*89) 

Boric  acid,  B                         35      (0  68-57) 

INDIUM,  In                                   35-9 

BROMINE,  Br                               80 

IODINE,  I                                    127 

CADMIUM,  Cd                               56 

IRIDIUM,  Ir                                  99 

OESIUM,  Cs                                133 

IRON  (Ferrum),  Fe                        28 

CALCIUM,  Ca                                20 

Protoxyd  of  Iron,  Fe             36      (022-22) 

Lime,  Ca                               28      (0  28-57) 

Sesquioxyd  of  Iron,  Pe         80       (0  30) 

CARBON,  0                                   6 

KALIUM,  K  (Potassium)               39*11 

Carbonic  acid,  0                     22 

Potassa,  K,                            47-11  (0  16'98) 

CERIUM,  Ce                                  46 

LANTHANUM,  La                           46-4 

Protoxyd  of  C.,  Ce                54      (014-81) 

Protoxyd  of  L.,  La                 54-4    (014-7) 

CHLORINE,  Cl                                35-46 

LEAD  (Plumbum),  Pb                  103-5     , 

Hydrochlor.  acid,  H  Cl           36-46 

Oxyd  of  Lead,  Pb                 111-5    (0    717) 

CHROMIUM,  Cr                             26-24 

LIME,  see  CALCIUM. 

Oxyd  of  Chromium,  £r          76-48  (0  31-38) 

LITHIUM,  Li                                   7 

Chromic  acid,  Cr                   50-24  (0  47-77) 

Lithia,  Li                                15       (0  53-33) 

COBALT,  Co                                  29-5 

MAGNESIUM,  Mg                          12 

123456789 

£l         0-4660     0-9320     T3980     1*8640     2'3301     2-7961     3*2621     3'7281     41941 

Is        0-3478     0-6956     1-0434     1-3913     1'7391     2'0869     2'4347     2*7826     31304 

Ba        0-1046     0-2091     0-3137     0-4183     0'5228     0'6274    0'7320     0*8366     0'9411 

Be        0-63        1-26        1-89        2'52        815        3'78        4'41        5'04        5-67 

Ca        0-2857     0-5714    0-8571     1-1428     1*4285     1*7142     1*9999     2*2857     2'5714 

C          0-7273     1-4546     2-1819     2*9092     3-6365    4'3638     5'0911     5*8184     6'5457 

£r        0-3138     0-6276     0-9414  .  1'2552     1-5690     1-8828     21967     2'5105     2*8243 

Cr        0-4777     0-9654     1-4331     1-9008     2-3885     2'8662     3'3339     3-8216     4*2993 

Co        0*2133     0-4266     0-6400     0*8533     1-0667     1-2800     1*4933     1-7066     1-9200 

£u        0*1120     0-2240     0-3360     0-4480     0*5600    0'6720     0-7840     0-8960    1-0080 

Cu        0-2015     0*4030     0-6045     0'8060     1*0075     1*2090     1*4105     1'6120     1-8136 

Fe        0-2222     0-4444    0-6666    0'8888     MHO     1'3332     1-5554    1-7776     1-9998 

1 

'ABLE   OF   ATOMIC   WEIGHTS. 

xiii 

Magnesia,  Mg 

20       (0  40) 

Soda,  Na 

31       (0  25-81) 

MANGANESE,  Mn 

27-5 

STANNUM,  Sn  (Tin) 

59 

Protoxyd  of  M.,  Mn 

35-5    (0  22-53) 

Oxyd  of  Tin,  Sn 

75       (0  21-22) 

Sesquioxyd  of  M.,  Mn 

70       (0  30-38) 

STIBIUM,  Sb  (Antimony) 

122 

MERCURY  (Hydrargyrum),  Hg 

100 

Antimonious  acid,  Sb 

146 

MOLYBDENUM,  Mo 

46 

Antimonic  acid,  Sb 

162 

Molybdic  acid,  Mo 

70       (0  34-28) 

Sulph.  Antim.,  Sb  S3 

170       (S  28-24 

NATRIUM,  Na  (Sodium) 

23 

STRONTIUM,  Sr 

43-75 

Soda,  Na 

31       (0  25-81) 

Strontia,  Sr 

51-75  (0  15-46) 

NICKEL,  Ni 

29-5 

SULPHUR,  S 

16 

Protoxyd  of  Nickel,  Ni 

37-5    (0  21-33) 

Sulphuric  acid,  S 

40       (0  60) 

NIOBIUM  (Columbium),  Cb 

94 

TANTALUM,  Ta 

182 

Columbic  acid,  Ob 

134       (0  29-85) 

Tantalic  acid,  fa 

222       (0  18-01) 

NITROGEN,  N 

14 

TELLURIUM,  Te 

64-14 

Nitric  acid,  ft 

54       (0  74-07) 

THALLIUM,  TI 

203 

NH40 

26 

THORIUM,  Th 

119 

OSMIUM,  Os 

99-5 

Thoria,  Th 

135       (0  11-84) 

OXYGEN,  0 

8 

TIN  (Stannum),  Sn 

59 

PALLADIUM,  Pd 

53 

Oxyd  of  Tin,  Sn 

75       (0  21-33) 

PHOSPHORUS,  P 

31 

TITANIUM,  Ti 

25 

Phosphoric  acid,  P~ 

71       (0  56-34) 

Titanic  acid,  Ti 

41       (0  39-02) 

PLATINUM,  Pt 

98-94 

TUNGSTEN  (Wolframium), 

W        92 

PLUMBUM,  Pb  (Lead) 

103-5 

Tungstic  acid,  W 

116       (0  20-69) 

Oxyd  of  Lead,  Pb 

111-5     (0    7-17) 

URANIUM,  U 

59-4 

POTASSIUM  (Kalium),  K 

39-11 

Protoxyd  of  U.,  U 

67-4    (0  11-87) 

Potassa,  K 

47-11  (0  16-98) 

Sesquioxyd  of  U.,  6 

142-8    (016-8) 

QUICKSILVER  (Hydrargyrum)  Hg 

100 

VANADIUM,  V 

68-5 

RHODIUM,  Rh 

52-16 

WOLFRAMIUM,  W  (Tungsten)        92 

RUBIDIUM,  Rb 

85-4 

Tungstic  acid,  W 

116       (0  20-69) 

RUTHENIUM,  Ru 

52-16 

YTTRIUM,  Y 

32-18 

SELENIUM,  Se 

39-5 

Yttria,  Y 

40-18  (0  19-16) 

SILICIUM,  Si 

14 

ZINC,  Zn 

32-53 

Silica,  Si 

30       (0  53-33) 

Oxyd  of  Zinc,  2n 

40-53  (0  19-74) 

SILVER  (Argentum),  Ag 

108 

ZIRCONIUM,  Zr 

44-80 

SODIUM  (Natrium),  Na 

23 

Zirconia,  Zr 

60-80  (0  26-31) 

1             2 

34567 

8             9 

H          0-8889     1-7778 

2-6667     3-5556     4'4445     5'3334     6'2223 

71112     8-0001 

K          0-1698     0-3396 

0-5094    0-6792     0'8491     1-0189     1-1887 

1-3585     1-5283 

Li         0-5333     1-0666 

1-5999     2-1332     2'6665     31998     3'7331 

4-2664    4-7997 

Mg        0-40         0-80 

1-20         1-60         2-00         2-40         2'80 

3-20        3-60 

Mn       0-2253     0-4507 

0-6760     0-9014     1-1267     1-3521     1-5774 

1-8028     2-0281 

Mn        0-3038     0-6076 

0-9113     1-2151     1-5190     1'8227     21265 

2-4304     2-7341 

ft          0-7407     1-4814 

2-2221     2-9628     3'7035     4'4442     5'1849 

5-9256     6-6663 

Na        0-2581     0-5162 

0-7743     1-0324     1'2905     1-5486     T8067 

2-0648     2-3229 

$          0-5634     1-1268 

1-6902     2-2536     2'8170     3-3804     3'9438 

4-5072    5-0706 

£b        0-0717     0-1435 

0-2152     0-2870    0'3587     0'4304    0-5022 

0-6740     0-6457 

Si         0-5333     1-0666 

1-6000     2-1333     2-6666     3*2000     3'7333 

4-2666    4-8000 

Sr         0-1545     0-3091 

0-4637     0-6183    0'7729    0'9275     1'0821 

1-2367     1-39J3 

XIV  INTRODUCTION. 

The  percentage  of  oxygen  in  each  of  the  oxygen  compounds  enumerated  in  the 
preceding  table  of  atomic  weights  is  stated  in  parentheses  after  the  atomic  weight  of 
the  compound ;  and  the  percentage  of  sulphur,  in  the  same  manner,  after  the  atomic 
weight  of  many  of  the  sulphids. 

7.  The  atomic  ratio  is  calculated  from  the  percentage  ratio,  by  dividing  each 
number  by  the  atomic  weight  of  the  constituent :  the  percentage  ratio  of  Al  and  O 
in  alumina  being  53-4  :  46-6,  53-4^13-75  gives  3-93,  and  46-9^-8=5-85  ;  whence 
the  ratio  3-93  :  5-85,  which,  by  dividing  the  larger  by  the  smaller,  is  found  to  equal 
1  :  1-5  or  2  :  3,  which  is  the  atomic  ratio  of  the  aluminum  to  the  oxygen. 

For  the  compound  £1  Si,  the  percentage  of  silica  and  alumina  is  36 -8,  6 3 -2  ; 
whence,  dividing  the  former  by  30  (at.  w.  of  silica),  and  the  latter  by  51-5  (at.  w.  of 
alumina),  the  ratio  obtained  is  1  :  1,  the  compound  consisting  of  1  of  each  alumina 
and  silica ;  or  taking  the  percentage  for  the  silicon,  aluminum,  and  oxygen  in  the 
same,  and  dividing  them,  respectively,  by  14,  13-75,  8,  the  ratio  deduced  would  be 
1  :  2  :  5. 

8.  The  ratio  of  alumina  and  silica  in  a  compound  may  also  be  obtained  by  com- 
paring the  amounts  of  oxygen  in  the  percentages  of  the  constituents.     Take,  e.  g., 
a  silicate  of  alumina  consisting  of  Si  36-8,  £1  63-2=100.     If  100  of  silica  contain 
53-33  of  oxygen  (see  table)  then  36-8  will  contain  36-8  X  '5333  or  19-625  (since  100  : 
36*8  :  :  53*33  :  the   required  percentage) ;    so   if   100    of  alumina    contain    46-6 
of  oxygen,  63-2  will  contain  46-6  X '632  or  29-45;  now  19-625  :  29-45  (the  ratio 
obtained)=2  :  3 ;  and  since  silica  contains  2  of  oxygen  and  alumina  3,  it  follows 
from  the  result  of  the  calculation  that  the  compound  contains  1  of  silica  to  1  of 
alumina,  or  has  the  formula  '&\  Si.     This  is  the  usual  method  of  calculating  the  ratio 
of  the  constituents  in  the  case  of  oxyds.     It  involves  multiplications  of  the  percent- 
,age  of  each  of  the  constituents  by  the  percentage  of  oxygen  for  that  constituent ; 
and  in  order  to  facilitate  these  multiplications  a  table  is  given  below  the  table  of 
.atomic  weights,  containing  multiples  of  these  oxygen  percentages  for  each  of  the 
digits  1  to  9. 

9.  The  letter  R  is  used  as  a  general  symbol  for  any  element ;  E,  for  protoxyds  in 
general ;    B,  for  sesquioxyds  in  general. 

10.  In  the  formula  3  Ca2  Si  +  &l2  Si3,  the  prefix  3  applies  to  the  whole  Ca2  Si  (or, 
in  genera],  to  all  before  the  first  comma,  or  first  +  or  —  ) ;  but  the  small  a  only  to  Ca, 
it  signifying  2  Ca;  and,  in  the  second  part,  the  small  2  signifies  that  there  are  2  3tl, 
and  the  small  3,  3  Si.     The  oxygen  ratio  for  the  Ca  and  Si  in  the  first  part  is  1  :  1, 
there  being  2  Ca  to  1  Si,  2  Ca  as  well  as  1  Si  containing  2  0  ;  and  in  the  second  part 
it  is  1  :  1,  there  being  2  &1  to  3  Si.     The  oxygen  ratio  for  the  whole  Ca,  £1,  Si  in 
the  formula  is  6  :  6  :  12=1 :  1  :  2 ;  and  for  the  Ca+  XI,  Si  it  is  1  -f  1  :  2  or  1  :  1. 

In  the  formula  (1  Ca3-f£  XI)2  Si3,  the  index  a  signifies  2  of  all  within  the  paren- 
thesis. The  oxygen  ratio  of  the  part  in  the  parenthesis  is  1  :  1,  there  being  i  Ca3 
to  i  £1 ;  the  0.  ratio  for  Ca,  £1,  Si,  in  the  formula,  is  1  :  1  :  2  ;  and  for  Ca+Xl,  Si,  it 
is  1  :  1.  Thus  the  two  formulas  here  explained  express  identically  the  same  consti- 
tution. 

There  are  many  compounds  allied  to  the  above,  for  example  :  (l-Mg3+4-  XI)2  Si3 
$  Fe8+£ £1)'  si3,  (£  Mg3-hi  Fe)2  Si3,  etc.  The  symbol  R  is  used,  in  the  manner  above 
explained,  in  writing  a  general  formula  for  the  group  containing  these  and  other  re- 
lated compounds ;  as  (|  R'-f-J-  &)2  Si3.  So  £  0  is  a  general  symbol  for  any  carbonate 
of  a  protoxyd — whether  of  lime,  magnesia,  oxyd  of  zinc,  or  any  other  base. 

11.  In  the  preceding  table,  and  throughout  this  volume,  except  under  the  sulphur 
compounds,  As,  Sb,  Bi,  Ni,  P,  in  formulas  under  the  old  system,  would  be  more 
-correctly  written  As2,  Sb2,  Bi2,  Nia,  P2,  or  As,  Sb,  Bi,  5*i,  P.     The  atomic  weights 
•of  these  elements  in  the  table  are  double  the  value  which  is  often  given  them  in  the 
.old  system. 


INTRODUCTION.  XV 

12.  Binary  compounds  are  those  consisting  of  elements  of  two  kinds,  those  of  one 
kind  negative  to  the  other  :  e.  g.,  magnesia,  Mg  O,  consisting  of  magnesium  and 
oxygen  ;  water,  H  O  ;  silicic  acid,  or  silica,  Si  O2  ;  p  yrite,  Fe  S2. 

Ternary  compounds  (called  also  salts  and  double  binaries)  consist  of  elements  of 
three  kinds,  (l)  basic,  (2)  acidic,  (3)  acidific.  Thus  a  silicate  of  lime  and  magnesia 
(or  calcium  and  magnesium)  contains  (1)  calcium  and  magnesium,  (2)  silicon,  (3) 
oxyg'en  ;  sulphate  of  lead  contains  (1)  lead,  (2)  sulphur,  (3)  oxygen;  the  sulphanti- 
monite,  jamesonite,  contains  (1)  lead  and  iron,  (2)  antimony,  (3)  sulphur. 

13.  Polymeres  are  distinct  substances  that  are  atomically  multiples  of  a  common 
type.     Thus  the  compounds  2  O  Ha,  3  0  H2,  4  O  H2  (generally  written  O2  H4,  O3  H6, 
O4  H8),  are  polymeres  of  O  H2. 

14.  The  following  principle  is  of  great  importance  in  connection  with  the  chemical 
constitution  of  inorganic  compounds,  and  although  explained  briefly  elsewhere  (pp. 
1-3  and  202),  deserves  to  be  formally  stated  in  this  place  : 

The  replacing  power  of  the  elements  is  in  proportion  to  their  combining  power,  this 
combining  power  being  reckoned  in  number  of  atoms  of  oxygen  (or  sulphur,  or  the 
acidific  element,  whatever  it  may  be). 

The  line  A,  below,  contains  the  formulas  of  the  different  kinds  of  oxyds  ;  B,  the 
same,  divided  each  by  its  number  of  atoms  of  oxygen  (that  is,  severally,  for  the  suc- 
cessive members,  by  1,  3,  2,  5,  3,  7,  4),  by  which  division  they  are  reduced  to  the 
protoxyd  form  ;  C,  the  basic  elements  without  the  oxygen  : 

A.  RO  R203  RO2  R205  EO3  R207  RO4 

B.  RO  RtO  RiO  RlO  RaQ  R^O  RJO 

C.  R  Rf  Ri  Rl  Ri  Rf  Ri 

According  to  the  above  law,  the  R,  R*,  R*,  etc.,  in  the  last  line  are  mutually  replace- 
able, 1  for  1,  although  in  atomic  weight  there  is  a  variation  from  1  to  \.  They 
represent  different  states  in  which  elements  may  exist,  and  have,  to  a  certain  extent, 
independent  element-like  relations.  In  some  cases,  as  in  iron,  four  of  these  states 
are  represented  in  a  single  element,  the  compounds  (1)  Fe  O,  Fe  S,  (2)  Fe203,  (3) 

Fe  S2,  (4)  Fe  O3,  containing  this  metal  in  the  four  states  Fe,  Fef  ,  Fe*,  Fe*. 

These  different  states  of  elements  are  best  designated  in  the  symbol  by  the  letters 
of  the  Greek  alphabet,  as  thus  the  confusion  arising  from  the  conflicting  numbers 
for  atomic  weights  and  combining  relations  are  avoided.  The  above  lines  A,  B,  C, 
thus  written,  will  become  : 


A.  aRO          3/JRO          2yRO        5<5RO         3£RO        7£RO        4»RO 

B.  aRO  0RO  yRO  <5RO  eRO  £RO  >?RO 

C.  aR  /?R  yR  <3R  £R  £R  ^R 

In  each  table  the  line  B  is  like  C,  except  in  the  addition  of  O  ;  and  the  line  A  is 
equivalent  to  B  multiplied  for  the  successive  members  by  the  number  of  atoms  of 
oxygen  in  the  oxyds,  that  is,  severally,  by  1,  3,  2,  5,  3,  7,  4.  Examples  of  the  use 
of  these  symbols  are  unnecessary  here,  as  they  occur  on  the  pages  referred  to,  and 
throughout  the  volume. 

15.  lu  the  statements  of  analyses  throughout  this  volume,  the  use  of  brackets 
enclosing  figures  implies  that  the  substance  referred  to  was  determined  by  the  loss. 

New  System  of  Chemistry.  In  the  new  system  of  Chemistry  many  of  the  elements 
have  their  atomic  weights  of  double  the  value  given  in  the  preceding  table,  and  their 
symbols  are  accordingly  written  with  a  barred  letter,  as  follows  : 


XVI 


INTRODUCTION. 


16.  Table  of  Atomic  Weights  according  to  the  New  System. 


Aluminum,  Al 

27-5 

Glucinum,  Be 

9-4 

Antimony,  Sb 

122 

Gold,  Au 

196 

Argentum,  Ag 

108 

Hydrargyrum,  Hg 

200 

Arsenic,  As 

75 

Hydrogen,  H 

1 

Aurum,  Au 

196 

Iodine,  I 

127 

Barium,  Ba 

137 

Iridium,  Ir 

198 

Beryllium,  Be 

9-4 

Iron,  Fe 

56 

Bismuth,  Bi 

210 

Lanthanum,  £a 

92-8 

Boron,  Bo 

11-0 

Lead,  Pb 

207 

Bromine,  Br 

80 

Lithium,  Li 

7 

Cadmium,  Od 

112 

Magnesium,  Mg 

24 

Cassium,  Cs 

133 

Manganese,  Mn 

55 

Calcium,  €a 

40 

Mercury,  Hg 

200 

Carbon,  0 

12 

Molybdenum,  Mo 

92 

Cerium,  -©e 

92 

Nickel,  m 

59 

Chlorine,  Cl 

35-40 

Nitrogen,  Ni 

14 

Chromium,  <3r 

52-48 

Osmium,  0s 

199 

Cobalt,  €o 

59 

Oxygen,  0 

16 

Columbium,  01 

188 

Palladium,  Pd 

106 

Copper,  £u 

63-4 

Phosphorus,  P 

31 

Erbium,  Eb 

112-6 

Platinum,  Pt 

197-88 

Ferrum,  Fe 

56 

Plumbum,  Pb 

207 

Fluorine,  F 

19 

Potassium,  K 

39-1 

Khodium,  Kh 
Rubidium,  Bb 
Ruthenium,  Bu 
Selenium,  Se 
Silicon,  Si 
Silver,  Ag 
Sodium,  Na 
Stannum,  Sn 
Stibium,  Sb 
Strontium,  Sr 
Sulphur,  S 
Tantalum,  Ta 
Tellurium,  Te 
Thallium,  Tl 
Tin,  Sn 
Titanium,  Ti 
Tungsten,  W 
Uranium,  F 
Vanadium,  ¥ 
Yttrium,  ¥ 
Zinc,  Zn 
Zirconium,  Zr 


104-32 

110-8 

104-32 

79 

28 
108 

23 
118 
122 

87-5 

32 
182 
128-28 
203 
118 

50 
184 
118-8 
137 

64-36 

65 

89-6 


The  elements  in  the  preceding  table  whose  atomic  weights  are  not  doubled  (or 
which  have  not  barred  letters  in  the  symbols),  are  hydrogen  ;  gold,  silver ;  the  alkali 
metals,  potassium,  etc. ;  the  arsenic  group,  arsenic,  antimony,  bismuth,  nitrogen, 
phosphorus,  with  boron  ;  the  chlorine  group,  chlorine,  bromine,  iodine. 

17.  In  the  combinations  between  elements  of  the  former  series  occur,  hydrogen 
being  taken  as  the  unit,  the  ratios  1  :  1,  1  :  3,  1  :  5  ;  and,  with  reference  to  the  odd 
numbers  I,  3,  5,  these  elements  are  called  perissads.     While  in  the  combinations 
between  elements  of  the  latter  series  occur,  taking  the  same  unit,  the  ratios  2  :  2, 
2  :  4,  2  :  6 ;  and  these,  in  view  of  the  even  numbers,  are  called  artiads.     The  words 
tfspi<f<fo$  and  ap<no£  were  the  words  for  odd  and  even  numbers  in  ancient  arithmetic. 

18.  As  oxygen  is  one  of  the  doubled  elements,  a  protoxyd  of  a  perissad  must  con- 
tain 2  of  the  latter ;  and  water,  accordingly,  has  the  formula  H2O,  potash  K20,  soda 
Na20,  etc.     But  the  protoxyds  of  elements  of  the  other  series  have  simply  the  sym- 
bols Mg0  for  magnesia,  OaO  for  lime,  etc. 

19.  In  the  formulas  of  the  salts,  or  ternaries,  instead  of  dividing  the  oxygen 
between  the  acidific  and  basic  elements  (thus  making  the  acid  and  base  in  the  com- 
pound distinct,  as  in  the  old  system),  the  symbol  of  each  of  the  elements  is  placed 
separately.     Thus,  Mg2  Si  becomes  Si  Mg2  04 ;  or,  in  the  method  of  writing  adopted 
in  this  work,  Si|04|Mga. 

20.  It  is  held  that  in  some  classes  of  compounds  only  part  of  the  oxygen  serves 
to  unite  the  acidic  element  (Si)  to  the  basic.      For  example,  for  Mg  Si  the  for- 
mula is  Si  0||02||Mg,  only  two  of  the  three  of  oxygen  being  regarded  as  uniting  oxy- 
gen.   To  explain : 

20.  As  silicon  combines  with  20,  and  20  are  equivalent  to  4  H  ;  and  magnesia,  or 
any  protoxyd,  with  10,  which  equals  2  H  ;  the  combining  character  of  silicon  is  repre- 


INTRODUCTION". 

H          H 

sented  by   Si    ,  and  that  of  magnesium  by  H — Mg — II,  silicon  having/owr  bonds  of 

H/XH 

attraction  (being  therefore  a  tetrad),  and  magnesium  two  (it  being  a  dyad).     Combi- 

H         HH 
\   /       \ 

ning  the  two  makes  Si  Mg.     Substituting  0  for  2  H  in  the  diagram,  it  becomes 

A     ^  \^ 

0=Si        Mg ;  in  which  only  two  0  unite  the  Mg  and  Si,  one  0  being  combined 

\  / 

0 
alone  with  the  Si.     Hence  the  form  of  the  above  formula,  Si0||02|Mg. 

If  the  silica  is  combined  with  two  of  magnesia  (using  the  language  of  the  old  sys- 
tem), the  diagram  becomes 

HH          HH  0         0 

/\/\  /\X\ 

MO-  Si  Mg ;  and,  substituting  oxygen  as  before,  Mg        Si        Mg.     Here 

°\       /    \      /  \  /   \  / 

HH          HH  00 

all  the  oxygen  is  uniting  oxygen,  and  the  formula  is  accordingly  Si||04||Mg2. 

21.  The  number  of  atoms  of  uniting  oxygen  is  equal  to  the  number  of  bonds  of 
attraction  in  the  basic  or  acidic  element,  according  as  the  former  or  latter  has  the 
smaller  number.     If,  in  the  case  of  a  compound  containing  one  of  silica,  the  base  is 
one  of  a  protoxyd  (on  the  old  system),  there  are  two  bonds  of  attraction  in  the  prot- 
oxyd,  and  therefore  02  is  the  uniting  oxygen,  one  0  remaining  with  the  Si.     If  the 
base  is  two  of  a  protoxyd  there  are  four  bonds  of  attraction  in  the  basic  element  (as 
well  as  the  acidic),  and  the  uniting  oxygen  is  04.     If  the  base  is  three  of  a  protoxyd, 
or  one  of  a  sesquioxyd,  the  silica  then  has  the  smaller  number  of  bonds  of  attraction, 
namely  but  four,  and  the  uniting  oxygen  will  be  04,  the  rest  being  united  with  the 
basic  element  and  not  the  silicon ;  and  it  cannot  exceed  this,  however  much  the 
amount  of  base  be  increased,  it  being  determined  by  the  greatest  number  of  bonds  of 
attraction  common  to  the  two,  the  basic  and  acidic  elements.      With  two  of  silica  the 
bonds  of  attraction  will  be  eight,  and  so  on. 

22.  The  rule  above  given  may  be  also  stated  in  terms  of  the  oxygen  of  the  base 
and  acid  in  the  old  system  :  the  number  of  atoms  of  uniting  oxygen  is  double  the 
number  of  atoms  of  oxygen  of  the  base,  unless  the  number  of  atoms  of  the  base  is 
greater  than  that  of  the  acid ;  and  in  this  latter  case  it  is  double  the  number  of 
atoms  of  oxygen  in  the  acid.     In  the  former  case  the  formula  should  have  the 
non-uniting  0  after  the  symbol  of  the  acidic  element  (after  Si  in  a  silicate,  S  in  a 
sulphate,  etc.) ;  in  the  latter,  it  is  written  after  that  of  the  basic  element.     In  the 
former,  the  acidic  element  makes  the  left  part  of  the  formula  ;  in  the  latter  the  formula 
is  turned  about,  and  it  makes  the  right  part.     See  for  examples  of  the  latter,  p.  362. 

23.  For  the  sulphur,  selenium,  and  tellurium  compounds  (that  is,  sulphids,  etc.), 
the  formulas  are  like  those  of  the  oxygen  compounds,  except  that  S,  Se,  or  Te  is 
substituted  for  0.     So  also  for  ternary  fluorids.     In  some  oxygen  compounds  (topaz, 
etc.)  0  is  replaced  in  part  by  F2  (or,  as  the  symbol  for  fluorine  may  then  be  written, 
F) ;  and  in  a  few  others,  by  C12. 

24.  In  the  new  system  the  expressions  on  p.  xv,  /3R,  yE,,  <5R,  eR,  etc.,  become 
3R,  yft,  6R,  sR  ;  or,  in  the  case  of  perissads,  jSR2,  /Ra,  etc.     As,  £s,  and  B  of  the  old 
system  become  As2  03,  and  B2  03  in  the  new,  and  As  and  B  are  not  monads,  these 
formulas  are  equivalent  under  the  new  system  to  3  |3As  0,  3  0B  0. 

25.  The  classification  in  this  work  is  based  on  the  following  classification  of  the 
elements,  a  partial  exhibition  of  which  is  presented  beyond  on  pages  1-3,  and  202- 


XV111 


INTRODUCTION. 


Series  I. 

A.  Perissads. 

Potassium,  Sodium,  Caesium, 
Rubidium,  Lithium,  Thallium, 
Hydrogen,  Silver,  Gold. 


B.  Artiads. 
1.  IRON- ALUMINUM  GROUP. 


Classification  of  the  Elements. 

Series  II. 
A.  Perissads. 

Nitrogen,  Phosphorus,  Arsenic, 
Antimony,  Bismuth,  Colum- 
bium,  Tantalum,  in  the  «5R 
state. 

Boron  ? 

B.  Artiads. 
1.  SULPHUR  GROUP. 


a.  IRON  SUB-GROUP.  —  Platinum, 
etc.,  Copper,  Lead,  etc.,  Iron, 
Cobalt,  Zinc,  Cadmium,  Nic- 
kel, Mangauese,  Chromium, 
Tungsten,  etc.,  Cerium,  Yttri- 
um, etc.,  Magnesium,  Calcium, 
Strontium,  Barium  ;  also  H2, 
K2,  Na2,  etc. 

6.  ALUMINUM  SUB-GROUP.—  Alu- 
minum  (#M)  :  also  £Fe,  /?Mn, 
#€r,  0B,  etc.' 

2.  TIN  GROUP. 

Tin,  Titanium,  Zirconium,  Tho- 
rium ;    also  yH2,  yFe,  yMn, 
yPb,  y€u,  etc. 


Sulphur  (rS),  Selenium,  Telluri- 
rium,  Molybdenum ;  also  cFe, 
r6r,  eMn,  e¥,  eW. 

2.  CARBON-SILICON  GROUP. 

Carbon,  Silicon;  also  yS,  >Se, 
etc. 


Series  III. 

A.  Perissads. 
Chlorine,  Bromine,  Iodine. 

B.  Perissad  (or  Artiad). 
Fluorine. 


C.  Artiad. 


Oxygen. 


This  classification  assumes  that  the  metal  iron,  for  example,  when  in  the  $eutoxyd 
state,  is  of  the  same  group  with  titanium  or  tin  in  the  deutoxyd  state  ;  that  chromium, 
molybdenum,  etc.,  in  the  tritoxyd  state,  belong  to  the  same  group  with  sulphur,  sele- 
nium, boron,  etc.,  in  the  tritoxyd  state  ;  and  further,  that  while  silicon  and  the  ele- 
ments of  the  tin  group  are  unquestionably  allied,  the  latter  are  basic  to  the  former 
in  all  combinations  of  the  two. 

In  the  earlier  part  of  the  volume,  the  formulas  on  the  new  system  are  not  given. 
Examples  of  the  several  kinds  under  each  of  the  subdivisions  are  here  presented, 
and  from  them  the  student  will  easily  supply  those  here  omitted. 

26.  Sulphids,  Tellurids,  Selenids,  Arsenide,  Antimonids,  Bismuthids.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  formulas  of  species  from  the  lists  on  pages  26,  34,  84,  85,  each  being 
indicated  by  its  number  instead  of  its  name.  The  atomic  weights  of  the  sulphur 
and  arsenic  groups  in  the  new  system  are  relatively  the  same  with  those  that  are 
used  in  the  sections  beyond  on  the  Sulphids,  those  of  the  arsenic  series  employed  in 
these  sections  being  half  less  than  are  given  in  the  table  on  pages  xii,  xiii. 


1. 

2,  L 
2,11. 


26.  As2S2 

35.  Ag4Sb 

40.  Aga  S 

41.  (Ag2,Pb)S 

44.  P-bS 

45.  PbSe 


27.  AeaS3 

36.  Ag12Bi 

46.  (Pb,  €u)  Se 

47.  (Pb,  fig)  Se 

48.  P-bTe 

49.  (€u,  Fe)S 


34.  MoS2 

37.  -eu3A 
56.  ZnS 
58.  Ag2.T 
61. 
62. 


INTRODUCTION.  XIX 

2,  III.  75.  Fe  Sa,  or  yFe2  Sa  86.  Wi  (S,  As)2,  or  yNia  (S,  As)a 

81.  2  0o  S+0o  S2,  or  (-Bo,  y  Co)2  S2  94.  Fe  (S,  As)2,  or  yFe2  (S,  As)2 

83.  (60,  Fe,  M)  As2,  or  yR2  S2  98.  (Ag2  Au2)  Te3 

85.  -Go  (S,  As)2,  or  7602  (S,  As)2  100.  0u  S 

8.        101.  Sb2S,||S2|6u  113.  As2S|S4|Pb2  125.  (0u,  etc.,  S||S6||(Sb2,  As2) 

102.   Bi2  S2||S2||0u  117.          Sb2||S6||(Ag2)3  127.  (0u,  Fe)4  S||S6||As2 

104.  Sba  S2lS2||Fe  118.         Aso||S6|(Aga)3  128.  (Pb4  S||S6||Sb2 

105.  As2S2|S2|Pb  119.         Sbo||S6||(0u,  Pb)3  129.  Pb6  S2j|S6||(Sb2,  Asa) 
108.  Sb2S2||S2flAga  121.          Bi2||S610u3  130.  (Ag2)6  S2fS6||Sb2 

110.  As2S|||S3|eu|  122.          Sb2||S6|]Pb3  131.  (Ag2,0u)10S7lS6j|(Sb2  +  As2) 

111.  Sb2  SlS4||(Pb,  Ag2)2 123.  (Bi2,Sb)|S6||Pb3  132.  As2 S2||S6|0u 

27.  ChloridSj  Bromidsy  lodids.      For  the  Chlorids,  Bromids,  lodids,  p.  110,  the 
following  are  examples  of  the  new  formulas : 

136.  Hg2Cl2  142.  AgBr  147.  (K2,  Mg)  Cl2+4  aq 

137.  KC1  143.  Agl  148.  (0a,  Mg)Cl2+4aq 

138.  NaCl  144  Hg2I3  150.  Pb(iCl2+|0) 

139.  N  H4  Cl  145.  Pb  C13  151.  Pb  (i  C12+|  O) 

140.  Ag  Cl  146.  Fe2  C16 

28.  Fluorids.     Under  the  Fluorids,  if  fluorine  is  taken  as  a  perissad,  among  the 
formulas  of  p.  123,  Ca  F=in  the  new  system,  Oa  F2 ;  Ce  F=Oe  F2 ;  3  Na  F-f-  Ala  F3 
=Na6  Al»  F12 ;  (Ca,  Na)2  F+ Al2  Fs=(ea,  Na2)2  Al,  F8. 

29.  Oxyds.  A.  For  the  Anhydrous  Oxyds,*pp.  131,  132,  examples  of  the  formulas 


1.  173.  MgO  175.  H2O  176.  ZnO 

2.  179.  Al2O3.or/?Al3O3  181.  (Fe,  tfFe,  yTi)3  03 
180.  Fe2  03,  or  5Fe3  0S                               182.  (€a,  y¥i)3  O3 


3.  1.    183.  (iMg+f(/?Al,iffFe))4O4  187.  (irMg+f  /?Fe)4O4 

184.  (iFe+f/?Al)4O4  188.  (i  (Zn,  Fe,  Mn)  +  f  (/3Fe,  /?Mn))4  O4 

186.  (^Fe  +  f/?Fe)404  189.  (i  (Fe,  Mg, 

3,  2.    191. 


4.         192.  Sn  Oa,  or  ySn2  0a  195.  (^Mn+-J  yMn)2  O2 

193.  Ti  O2,  or  y¥ia  O2  1  97.  (|  Pb  +  1  yPb)2  02 

The  general  formula  for  the  Spinel  group  is  (jR-f  f  j8R)4  O4. 

The  spinel  formula  written,  as  ordinarily  done  under  the  new  system,  without  the 
Greek  symbol,  would  be  (R+ft2)O4.  But  this  formula  contains  the  fiction  of  2R 
in  R2  03  ;  when,  in  fact,  while  there  are  2  R  in  atomic  weight,  there  are  actually 
3R  in  replacing  power,  as  already  explained  (p.  xv).  Some  additional  sign  is 
therefore  required  to  make  the  formula  tell  the  truth,  and  this  is  afforded  either  by 
adding  other  numbers  to  the  barred  letters,  or  by  the  use  of  the  Greek  letters  as 
here  adopted. 

30.  B.  For  the  Hydrous  Oxyds,  p.  167,  the  formulas  become,  if  the  species  are 
regarded  as  only  oxyds  : 


202.  (}Ha+$#Fe)8e,  204.  (iHa+f  #Fe)3  03  206.  (£  Ha  3     3 

203.  (iHa  +  |/?A-l)s03  205.  (±  Ha  +  f  /?Mn)3  03  207.  (f  Ha+f  /?Fe)3  03 

£ 


XX  INTRODUCTION. 

208.  (|  Ha  +  §  (/?Fe,  0A1)),  O3  212.  (i  H,+i  0A1),  O3  215.  (i  H2+|  (i  ^Fe+f  Mg)), 

209.  (£H2+|(£F,/?Fe))303  213.  (|  H2  +  1  0Fe),  O3  O3+3aq 

210.  (iH2  +  }Mg)303  214.  (|H2+i(i/?&l  +  fMg))3  216.  (*  H2+|(/?F,  /?Fe))3  O3 

211.  (iH2+iMn)308  #3  +  2  aq 

But  if  ternaries  (or  salts),  as  generally  admitted,  the  formulas  are  : 


202.  /?Fe,0.|ea|H,  207.  /?Fe3  e|e4|H4  211. 

203.  /?A1S  02|02fiH2  208.  /?(A1,  Fe)3  Oie4||H4  212.  /?Al8|ee|H. 

204.  /?Fe«  ea|eaIHa  209.  /?(F,  Fe)3  O|O4||H4  213.  /?Fe3||06||H6 

205.  0Mn8  ea|ea|Ha  210.  Mg|O2|H2  214.  (^1,  Mg)3||O6fiH6 
206    /?Fe6e3ie6||H6  or     Mgs||eBlH8  215.  (0Fe,  Mg)3||e6||H6 

or  /?Fe2  0  |e,|H,  or  3  (Mg|e,|H,)  216.  /?(&,  Fe)3ie6||H6 

31.  C.  For  the  Oxyds  of  Elements  of  the  Arsenic  Group,  etc.,  p.  138,  the  formulas 
are: 

219.  As2O3  222.        Bi2  O3  224.         MoO3  (or,  £Mo3O3) 

220.  Sb2O3  223.        Bi2O3  +  Q  226.         Sb2  (O,  S)a 

The  hydrated  species  are  properly  ternaries  ;  but  there  is  still  some  doubt  over 
their  composition. 

3.  PHYSICAL  AND  BLOWPIPE  CHARACTERS. 

1.  In  the  descriptions  of  the  physical  characters  of  minerals,  H.  stands  for  hard- 
ness, and  G.  for  specific  gravity. 

2.  The  scale  of  hardness  is  as  follows,  crystallized  varieties  of  the  minerals  men- 
tioned being  meant  :    1,  TALC  ;  2,  GYPSUM  ;  3,  CALCITE  ;  4,  FLUORITE  ;  5,  APATITE  ; 
6,  ORTHOCLASE;  7,  QUARTZ  ;  8,  TOPAZ  ;  9,  CORUNDUM  ;  10,  DIAMOND. 

3.  In  crystallized  minerals  of  the  Isometric  system,  the  physical  characters  are  the 
same  in  the  directions  of  the  three  axes,  and  in  the  directions  of  lines  situated  sym- 
metrically with  reference  to  these  axes.     In  the  Tetragonal  and  Hexagonal  systems, 
these  characters  in  a  vertical  direction  differ  from  those  in  a  horizontal  or  transverse. 
The  optical  axis  has  the  direction  of  the  vertical  axis. 

4.  In  crystals  of  the  remaining  systems  there  are  two  axes  of  polarization.    A  line 
bisecting  the  acute,  or  the  obtuse,  angle  between  these  optical  axes  is  called  a  bisec- 
trix ;  that  bisecting  the  acute  angle  is  the  acute  bisectrix,  or  the  bisectrix,  as  the  term 
is  employed  in  the  descriptions  beyond  ;  that  bisecting  the  obtuse  angle  (and  which 
is  at  right  angles  to  the  acute)  is  the  obtuse  or  conjugate  bisectrix. 

5.  In  the  Orthorhombic  system,  the  two  bisectrices  are  parallel  to  the  crystallo- 
graphic  axes  ;  and,  consequently,  the  plane  of  the  optical  axes  (the  optic-axial  plane) 
is  parallel  to  one  of  the  diametric  sections  of  the  crystal,  and  is  at  right  angles  to 
the  other  two. 

By  a  diametric  plane  or  section,  as  here  used,  is  meant  a  plane  passing  through 
any  two  of  the  crystallographic  axes  ;  that  is,  one  through  each  a  and  b,  a  and  c,  or 
b  and  c. 

6.  In  mineral  species,  the  position  of  the  bisectrix  is  constant,  or  nearly  so,  while 
the  optic-axial  angle  often  varies  widely.     The  angles  mentioned  in  the  descriptions 
are  those  taken  in  the  air,  unless  it  is  otherwise  stated. 

7.  Under  Blowpipe  characters,  B.B.  stands  for  before  the  blowpipe;   O.F.  for 
oxydizing  flame  ;  R.F.  for  reducing  flame.     A  closed  tube  is  a  small  glass  tube  closed 
at  one  end. 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXI 


The  following  is  the  scale  of  fusibility  adopted  (that  of  von  Kobell) :  1,  GRA? 
ANTIMONY  ;  2,  SATROLITE  ;  3,  ALMANDINE  (var.  of  garnet) ;  4,  GREEN  ACTINOLITE 
o,  ORTHOCLASE  ;  6,  BRONZITE. 


4.  CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 

1 .  The  systems  of  crystallization  are  as  follows  : 

1.  Having  the  axes  equal.     The  ISOMETRIC  system. 

2.  Having  only  the  lateral  axes  equal.     The  TETRAGONAL  and  HEXAGONAL. 

3.  Having  the  axes  unequal.     The  ORTHORHOMBIC,  MONOCLINIC,  and  TRICLINIC. 


The  names  Monoraetric,  Diraetric,  and  Trimetric,  used  in  former  editions  of  this  work,  have 
been  set  aside  for  the  above  for  two  reasons :  (1)  the  fact  that  the  names  want  precision,  the 


XX11 


INTRODUCTION. 


hexagonal  system  being  as  much  dimetric  as  the  tetragonal,  and  the  monoclinic  and  triclinia  as 
much  trimetric  as  the  orthorhombic ;  (2)  the  desire  to  promote  uniformity  in  the  language  of 
science.  The  names  employed  appear  to  be  the  best  that  have  been  proposed,  and  those  most 
generally  used ;  and  hence  those  that  have  the  best  claim  for  universal  adoption. 

A.  Isometric  System.  2.  Some  of  the  simpler  isometric  forms  are  represented  in 
figures  1  to  50.  Fig.  1,  a  cube  (with  three  equal  axes) ;  2,  an  octahedron  (or  regu- 
lar octahedron) ;  3,  a  dodecahedron  (or  rhombic  dodecahedron) ;  4,  5,  combination 
of  cube  and  dodecahedron ;  6,  7,  cubo-octahedron ;  8,  combination  of  octahedron 
and  dodecahedron  (by  noting  the  lettering,  like  planes  being  lettered  alike  through- 
out, the  several  combinations  are  easily  read  off);  10,  a  trapezohedron  (24-faced 
solid);  15,  id.,  another  variety;  31,  a  tetrahedron;  47,  48,  the  pentagonal  dodeca- 
hedron in  different  positions. 

3.  The  following  are  some  of  the  angles  among  isometric  forms ;  adjacent  planes 
are  to  be  understood,  unless  it  is  stated  otherwise  : 


0A  0=90°,  f.  1. 

0  A  1  =  125  16',  f.  6,7. 

0  A  3= 135,  f.  4,  5. 

0  A  3-f  f  = 

0  A  3-f  =140   11 

0  A  3-f  =141   20 

0  A  3-f =146  19 

0  A  3-2  =  153  26,  f.  16,  17. 

0  A  34=156  48 

0A3-£=158  12 

0  A  3-3=  161   34 

0  A  3-4=  165  58 

0  A  3-5=168  41 

0  A  3-40=178  34 

0  A  |4=133  19 

0Af-f=136  45 

0  A  2-2  =  144  44,  f.  9,  10. 

0Af-f=150  30 

0  A  3-3  =  154  46,  f.  15. 

0Af-|=147  15 

0A  I,  ov.  1,=115  14 

0A2,      "     =109  28,  f.  23. 

0A3,      "     =103  16 

0A  2-|=164  46 

O  A  3-| =143  18,  f.  26,27. 

0  A  4-2= 150  48 

0  A  5-|= 147  41 

0  A  74=155  42 
0A  V"V-=152  4 

1  A  1  =  109  28,  f.  2. 
1  A  1,  top, =70  32 

1  A  3=  144  44.  f.  8. 

A  3-f  =144  15 

A  3-f  =143  56 

A  3-f  =143  11 

A  3-2=  140  16,  f.  12. 

A  3-|= 138  58 

A  3-3=136  54 
1  A  3-4=  134  26 
1  A  3-5=132  48 
1  Af-l  =  168  41 


1  A  2-2=160°  32',  f.  11. 

1  A  K=157  25 

1  A  3-3  =  150  30,  f.  20. 

1  Af=169  49 

1  A  2=164  12,  f.  24. 

1  A  3=158 

1  A  34=  157  45 

1  A  4-2=151  52 

1  A  5-^=151  25 

1  A  7-|=145  46 

1  A  V"¥-=151  47 

3  A  3= 120,  f.  3. 

i  A  i,  ov.  top, =90 

*A3-£=173  39 

3A3'4=171  52 

eA3-f=167  42 

3  A  3-2= 161  34,  f.  21. 

3  A  3-f  =156  48 

t  A  «-3=153  26 

i  A  3-4= 149  2 

i  A  3-5=146  18 

i  A  2-2=150 

*  A  3-f =160  54 

i  A  3-3= 148  31 

i  A  4-f= 166  6 

3  A  5-f=162  58-J 

*A  V-3=150  45 
2-2  A  2-2,  B,=131  49,  f.  10. 
2-2  A  2-2,  C,=146  27 
.2-2  A  2-2,  ov.  top,  =  109  28 
£A£,  B,  =  135  48 
f  Af,  C,  =  119  38 
3-3  A  3-3,  B,=144  54,  f.  15. 
3-3  A  3-3,  C,  =  129  31 
WAW,Xa=121  43 
Hf  A<4|,  0,  =  177  3f 
ff  Afji  A,  =  127  34 
3-£  A3-f,  C,  =  167  19 
*4A  34,  A, =129  47 
£4  AH,  C,  =  163  44 
3-1  A  3-f,  A,  =  133  49 
,  C,  =  157  23 


J-2  A  3-2,  A, =143°  8',  f.  17. 
3-2  A  £.2,  C,  =  143  8 
3-2  A  3-2,  ov.  top,  =  126  52 
3-2  A  3-3=171  52 
1-2  A  2-2=155  54 
3-3  A  z-3,  A,  =  154  9,  f.  18. 
3-3  Ai-3,  C,  =  126  52 
2  A  2,  A,  =  152  44,  f.  25. 

2  A  2,  B,  =  141  3| 

3  A3,  A,  =  142  8 

8  A3,  B,  =  153  28£ 
3-f,  A,  =  158  13 
3-|,  B,  =  149 
3-f,  C,  =  158  13 
4-2,  A,  =  162  15 
4-2,  B,  =  154  47-£ 
4-2,  C,  =  144  3 
2-f,  A,  =  164  54^ 
2-f,  B,  =  136  24 
24,  C,  =  164  54J 
5-f,  A,  =  152  20 
5-f,  B,  =  160  32 
5-f,  C,  =  152  20 
74,  A,  =  158  47 
7-J,  B,  =  165  2 
74,  C,  =  136  47 
f-l,  A,  =  163  49 
H,  B,  =  157  3^ 
f-f,  C,  =  138  48 
V-V-,  A, =166  57 
V-¥,  B,=152  7 
V-V,  C,  =  140  9 
4-f,  A,  =  147  48 
44,  B,  =  157  23 
44,  0,  =  164  3i 
5-f,  A,  =  152  20 
54,  B,=160  32 
54,  C,  =  152  20 
V-3,  A,  =  172  51 
V-3,  B,  =  154  33 
V-3,  C,  =  128  16 


The  angles  A,  B,  C,  above,  are  those  over  the  edges  so  lettered  in  the  figure  referred 
to,  or  over  the  corresponding  edges  in  related  forms. 

4.  Figures  29  to  49  represent  hemihedral  forms,  or  those  having  for  some  or  all  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


XX111 


planes  half  the  number  which  complete  symmetry  requires.  In  f.  29  the  plane  1 
occurs  on  only  half  the  8  solid  angles,  and  31,  the  tetrahedron,  results  from  the 
extension  of  these  planes ;  and  so  for  the  rest.  Figures  29  to  40  are  of  inclined 
hemihedrons  ;  and  41-49  of  parallel  hemihedrons.  Some  of  the  angles  are  as  fol- 
lows ;  many  are  the  same  as  for  the  preceding  forms. 
29  30  31  1U  32 


1  A  1=70°  32',  f.  31,  3U. 

|  A  |,  A,  =  162  39£ 
|Af,B,=82  10 

2A2,  A,  =  15244 

2A2,  B,  =  90,f.  37A. 

3  A  3,  A,=142  8 

3  A  3,  B,=99  5 
HAH,  B,  =  93  22 
HAf-l,  C,  =  160  15 
2-2  A  2-2,  B,  =  109  28,  f.  34. 
2-2  A  2-2,  C,  =  146  26^ 
3-3  A  3-3,  B,=124  7 


3-3  A  3-3,  C,  =  134°  2' 

3-|  A  3-|,  A,  =  158  13,  f.  39. 

3-f  A  3-|,  B,  =  110  65£ 

3-f  A3-|,  0,  =  158  13 

4-2  A  4-2,  A,  =  162  15 

4-2A4-2,  B,  =  124  51 

4-2  A  4-2,  C,  =  144  3 

i-f  At-f,  A,  =  112  37 

«-|A«-|,  0,=117  29 

i-2At-2,  A,  =  126  52,  f.  47,  48. 

i-2A*-2,  C,  =  113  35 

t-3A»-3,  A,  =  143  8 


i-SAi-3,  C,  =  107°  27|' 
i-4A«-4,  A,  =  151  56 
*-4A«-4,  C,  =  103  36| 
4-2  A  4-2,  A,  =  128  15 
4-2  A4-2,  B,  =  154  47£ 
4-2  A  4-2,  C,  =  131  49 
3-f  A  8-|,  A,=115  23,  f.45A. 
8-|A3-f,  B,  =  149 
8-|  A  3-|,  C,  =  141  47 
5-f  A5-f,  A,  =  119  8i 
5-f  A5-f,  B,  =  160  32 
5-^A5-f,  C,  =  131  5 


In  the  forms  i-|,  i-2  (f.  47),.z-3,  e-4,  A  is  the  angle  at  the  longer  edge,  and  C 
that  at  either  of  the  others. 


XXIV  INTEODTJCTION. 

50A  Fig.  50  represents  a  common  twin  or  compound  crystal  in  the 

—  isometric  system ;  and  50A  illustrates  that  it  corresponds  to  an  octa- 
hedron cut  across  the  middle  parallel  to  an  octahedral  face,  with  one 
half  revolved  60  or  180  degrees. 

B.  Tetragonal  System.   (Also  called  Quadratic,  Pyramidal,  Monodi- 
metric,  Dimetric,  Zwei-und-einaxige.)     5.  In  the  Tetragonal  system 
the  lateral  axes  (b)  are  equal,  being  the  diameters  or  diagonals  of  a 
square,  while  the  vertical  (a)  is  either  longer  or  shorter  than  the  lateral. 

6.  Owing  to  the  square  form,  the  planes  of  a  kind  are  in  fours  or  eights.     The 
like  planes'on  the  four  solid  angles  make  a  4-sided  pyramid,  and  those  of  the  two 
extremities  combined  a  square  octahedron.     For  any  species  one  such  octahedron 
may  be  assumed  to  have  the  vertical  axis  la ;  and  then  the  other  octahedral  planes 
on  the  same  angles,  with  shorter  or  longer  vertical  axes,  have  the  vertical  axis  a  mul- 
tiple or  submultiple  of  a ;  as  %a,  |a,  etc.,  2a,  fa,  3a,  etc. ;  and  the  planes  of  such 
octahedrons  are  accordingly  lettered  I,  fa  fa  2,  f,  3,  etc. 

7.  So  again  like  planes  on  the  four  edges  of  each  base  make  an  octahedron,  but 
of  an  intermediate  series,  called  the  diametric,  the  planes  being  parallel  to  a  lateral 
axis  or  diagonal.     The  vertical  axis  varies  by  simple  ratios,  as  in  the  other  series ; 
but  in  the  lettering,  as  the  planes  are  parallel  to  a  lateral  axis  (and  would  therefore 
meet  it  only  at  an  infinite  distance),  this  parallelism  is  expressed  by  adding  the  letter 
i,  initial  of  infinity.     Thus  fai,  l-i,  2-i,  3-i,  etc. 

8.  With  the  lengthening  of  the  octahedron  in  each  series,  the  numeral  becomes 
larger  and  larger,  until  the  octahedron  is  merged  in  a  vertical  square  prism,  its 
planes  parallel  to  the  vertical  axis.     This  parallelism,  expressed  by  the  letter  i  again, 
as  just  explained,  gives  for  the  lettering  of  the  square  prism  of  the  first  or  fundamental 
series,  ioi  /;  and  for  that  of  the  second  or  diametric,  i-i.    The  figures  on  pages  277, 
273,  are  examples  of  these  forms,  and  also  of  the  double  8-sided  pyramids  and  8-sided 
prisms  which  occur  in  this  system. 

9.  The  angles  between  the  planes  on  the  vertical  edges  and  /,  or  i-i,  are  the  same 
as  those  having  similar  symbols  in  the  isometric  system,  noting  only  this  difference 
in  the  lettering,  that  0  in  the  cube  is  i-i  in  the  square  prism ;  thus  0  A  i-2  in  the  cube 
or  other  isometric  form  is  the  same  with  i-i  A  i-2  in  the  tetragonal  system  ;  and  so  on. 

10.  The  length  of  the  vertical  axis  a  is  calculated  from  the  supplement  (S)  of  the 
angle  0  A  l-i.     A  line  drawn  vertically  on  the  plane  1-i  (f.  260,  p.  277),  that  is,  at  right 
angles  to  the  lower  or  upper  side,  is  the  hypothenuse  of  a  right-angled  triangle,  the 
basal  side  of  which  triangle  is  parallel  to  a  lateral  axis  b,  and  the  vertical  parallel  to  the 
vertical  axis  a.     These  sides  have  the  ratios,  therefore,  of  the  two  axes  ;  and  taking 
£=unity,  a— tan  A  (or   angle  of  triangle  at  base,  or  opposite  a).     This  angle  A 
equals  the  supplement  of  0  A  1-i ;  and  therefore,  calling  this  supplement  S,  a=tan  S. 

11.  The  value  of  the  axis  may  also  be  obtained  from  the  supplement  (S')  of  the 
angle  0  A  i,  by  the  equation  : 

a=tan  /S"-Hsec  45° ;  whence  log  a=log  tan  S' — 10-1505150. 

C.  Hexagonal  System.  12.  This  system  differs  from  the  Tetragonal  in  having 
three  equal  lateral  axes  (b)  instead  of  two;  the  vertical  (a)  is  at  right  angles  to  the 
lateral  (fig.  A). 

13.  In  the  Hexagonal  section  of  the  system  the  symmetry  of  the  crystals  is  by 
sixes  and  twelves,  as  in  figs.  A  to  D ;  f.  440,  p.  530 ;  'f.  527,  p.  627.     In  f.  B,  1  cor- 
responds to  a  hexagonal  pyramid  of  the  fundamental  series,  and  1-2,  f-2,  2-2,  to 
similar  pyramids  of  the  intermediate  series ;  J  is  the  hexagonal  prism  of  the  former 
series,  and  i-2  that  of  the  intermediate  prism.     /A/— 120°,  /A ^-2=150°   i-2  /\i-2 
ov.  /,=120°. 

14.  In  the  Rhombohedral  section  of  the  system,  'the  planes  1,  2,  3,  fa  etc.,  are 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXV 


planes  of  rhombohedrons,  having  for  the  vertical  axis  la,  2a,  3a,  Ja,  etc.,  la 
being  the  value  of  the  axis  in  the  fundamental  rhombohedron,  (R)  (figs.,  p.  6).  The 
angle  of  a  rhombohedron  mentioned  is  always  that  over  a  terminal  edge,  as  that 
between  the  upper  planes  R  of  figure  141,  p.  141.  On  gradually  shortening  the  rhom- 
bohedron in  fig.  141,  it  may  become  %R,  %R,  and  so  on,  till  the  length  becomes  0, 
A  B  D 

C 


and  the  rhombohedron  is  reduced  to  a  flat  plane.  Hence,  starting  from  this  plane 
(which  corresponds  to  the  basal  plane  of  the  rhombohedron  or  hexagonal  prism),  the 
rhombohedron  as  it  elongates  reaches  the  form  of  fig.  141  ;  and  continuing  the 
elongation,  the  vertical  axis  doubles,  trebles,  and  so  on,  till  finally  it  becomes  infinite, 
and  the  rhombohedron  is  then  a  six-sided  prism.  If  a  diminution  in  length  now 
commences  by  planes  inclined  to  the  opposite  extremities  of  the  vertical  axis,  these 
planes  correspond  to  another  series  of  rhombohedrons  which  are  distinguished  by  a 
minus  ( — ).  The  planes 

0 i..l..2...7  (or    oo) —2..—  1..— £ 0, 

lie  in  a  single  vertical  zone.  Figs.  550,  551,  p.  679,  represent  the  forms  R,  — J-,  -2, 
-|,  4,  13. 

15.  The  value  of  the  vertical  axis  a  is  obtained  from  the  supplement : 
Of  (Ml-2  (S)  by  the  equation  a=tan  S. 

Of  (Ml    (£')  by  the  equation  a=tan  ^-i-sec  30°. 

The  latter  gives  log  a=log  tan  S' — 10'0624694. 

D.  Orthorhombic  System.  (Also  called  Eectangular,  Prismatic,  Trimetric,  Ein 
und-einaxige.)  16.  In  the  Orthorhombic  system  the  three  axes  are  unequal  and  inter 
sect  at  right  angles ;  and  the  three  diametric  planes,  or 
those  containing  the  axes,  are  consequently  rectangular 
in  intersection. 

The  annexed  figure  represents  a  rectangular  prism 
with  replaced  edges  and  angles. 

17.  a,  6,  c,  are  the  axes,  of  which  a  is  the  vertical,  b 
the  shorter  lateral  or  brachydiagonal,  c  the  longer  lateral 
or  macrodiagonal.     0  is  the  basal  plane  of  the  prism ; 
i-l  the  larger  lateral  plane,  parallel  to  the  longer  lateral 
axis ;  i-i  the  smaller  lateral  plane,  parallel  to  the  shorter 
lateral  axis. 

1 8.  /  are  planes  on  the  edges  of  the  rectangular  prism, 
which  when  extended  would  form  a  vertical  rhombic 
prism,  having  its  axes  b  and  c  in  the  ratio  of  16  :  Ic. 
It  is  therefore  the  unit  or  fundamental  vertical  prism. 

19.  1-1  are  planes  parallel  to  the  longer  lateral  axis, 
and  having  for  the  axes  a,  6,  the  ratio  la  :  16 ;  extended 
upwards  they  form  a  dome  (so  named  from  domus,  a 
house),  which  is  called  the  macrodome.     The  planes  l-l 


E 


1,-f  

IT 

m 

—  -<?•—  —./ 

l 

.t>' 

r 
i 
! 
j 

i      .J 

...-c;  7 
\     / 

*•"' 
ii 



i 

Vr 

U../1 

ill 


rnTKODUCTION. 

lt  a  similar  manner  form  what  is  called  a  brachydome,  they  being  parallel  to  the 
shorter  lateral  axis;  its  axes  a,  c,  have  the  ratio  la  :  Ic,  that  is,  the  two  diagonals  of 
this  horizontal  prism  have  this  ratio.  These  two  domes  are  therefore  the  unit  domes. 
Their  summit  angles  are  of  course  supplements  of  their  basal  angles  (or  those  over 
the  vertical  planes  i-l,  i-i).  i7i/*i 

20.  If  the  axis  6=1 ;  half  the  obtuse  angle  of  the  prism  /  be  called  X ;  halt  the 
summit  angle  of  the  macrodome  14,  Y,  and  half  the  basal  of  the  same  Z;  then  we 
have  for  the  values  of  the  other  axes  a  and  c  : 

a=cot  ]T=tan  Z.   c=tan  X. 
Further,  X=i-l  A  /—  90° ;     Y=  0  A  14-90° ;  Z=i-l  A  14—90°. 

20.  The  planes  1  on  the  eight  angles  are  planes  of  an  octahedron,  having  for  the 
axes  a,  b,  c,  the  ratio  la  :  16  :  Ic.     It  is  therefore  the  unit  or  fundamental  octahe- 
dron (1).     Its  pyramidal  edges,  if  the  octahedron  were  completed  (as^in  f.  55,  p.  20), 
would  be  of  two  kinds,  two  at  each  extremity  opposite  to  ^  the  axis  c,  the  longer 
lateral  axis,  and  two  opposite  to  6,  the  shorter  lateral   axis.     The  former  is  the 
macrodiagonal  edge,  the  latter  the  brachy diagonal. 

21.  By  doubling  the  length  of  the  vertical  axis,  the  lateral  being  fixed,  we  form, 
the  octahedron  2  ;  by  trebling  it,  the  octahedron  3 ;  by  halving  it,  the  octahedron 
£ ;  and  so  for  the  domes,  doubling  the  vertical  axis  we  have  the  dome  24  or  24  ;  by 
halving  the  same,  the  dome  £4  or  £4,  and  so  on.     The  letter  i,  as  before  explained, 
stands  for  infinity,  and  means  that  the  plane  is  parallel  to  one  of  the  axes ;  I,  that  it 
is  parallel  to  the  longer  lateral  axis;  i,  that  it  is  parallel  to  the  shorteHateral  axis  : 
i  or  /  alone,  or  as  the  initial  letter  in  a  symbol,  signifies  that  the  plane  is  parallel  to 
the  vertical  axis.     A  plane  i-l  is  parallel  both  to  the  vertical  and  longer  lateral ;  to, 
both  to  the  vertical  and  shorter  lateral. 

22.  The  octahedrons  alluded  to  above  have  for  the  axes  6,  c,  the  ratio  16  :  Ic, 
and  belong  to  what  is  called  the  fundamental  series.     But  others  may  exist  with 
different  ratios  for  6  and  c,  and  any  value  for  a.     If  the  ratio  for  6,  c,  is  16  :  2c, 
then,  as  c  is  the  longer  lateral  axis,  if  the  vertical  axis  is  la,  the  octahedron  is  1-2 ; 
or  if  the  vertical  axis  is  3a,  the  plane  is  3-2  ;  or  if  Ja,  it  is  |-2.     So  for  the  ratio 
36  :  Ic ;  if  the  vertical  axis  is  la,  the  octahedron  is  1-3 ;  or  if  2a,  it  is  2-3 ;  and 
if  the  vertical  axis  is  infinite,  the  plane  is  parallel  to  the  vertical  axis,  and  the  sym- 
bol is  e-s.     The  first  figure  or  letter  in  these  symbols  always  refers  to  the  vertical 
axis,  and  the  second  to  one  of  the  lateral  axes. 

23.  The  planes  may  thus  be  viewed  as  lying  in  vertical  zones,  a  different  zone  for 
every  ratio  of  the  lateral  axes  6  :  c.     Each  series,  or  zone,  terminates  above  in  the 
basal  plane  of  the  prism,  for  which  a=0,  and  below  in  a  vertical  prism,  for  which  a 
is  infinite.     By  taking  the  planes  i-l,  i-i,  successively,  for  the  basal  plane  0,  there 
may  be  similar  series  of  zones  for  each.     The  planes  of  a  zone  have  their  mutual 
intersections  parallel  to  one  another;  and  wherever  a  series  of  planes  exists  having 
such  parallel  intersections,  the  series  is  called  a  zone. 

The  small  tables  inserted  in  connection  with  the  crystalline  forms  of  some  of  the 
species  of  this  and  other  systems  of  crystallization  (pp.  27,  35,  338)  consist  of  the 
vertical  zones  of  occurring  planes.  The  planes  of  a  vertical  zone  have  mutual  hori- 
zontal intersections  in  the  crystal.  Consequently  in  a  crystal  not  oblique  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  basal  plane,  0,  on  any  plane  in  a  zone,  subtracted  from  270°,  gives  the 
inclination  of  the  prismatic  plane  of  the  same  zone  on  that  plane,  and  the  tangents 
of  the  supplemental  angles  of  0  on  the  planes  of  a  zone  vary  as  the  coefficient  of 
the  vertical  axis  for  each  plane.  Thus,  suppose  there  are  the  planes  14,  24,  34, 
take  the  supplement  of  0A14  (which,  if  O^l-l  is  124°,  equals  180° — 124°=56°); 
then  the  tangent  of  this  angle,  doubled,  will  be  the  tangent  of  the  supplement  of 
0  A  24,  and  trebled,  of  the  supplement  of  the  angle  of  0  A  34.  The  same  for  the 


INTRODUCTION.  XX  VU 

planes  1,  2,  3,  or  1-2,  2-2,  3-2,  and  so  on ;  and  if  i-l  be  made  the  base,  then  in  the  same 
manner  the  angles  may  be  calculated  for  similar  zones  of  planes  terminating  in  i-l ;  or 
if  i-i  be  made  the  base,  for  zones  of  planes  terminating  similarly  in  ii.  So  if  the 
angles  are  given,  the  relations  of  the  axes  may  be  calculated  by  reversing  the  process. 
24.  Making  the  brachy diagonal  6=unity  : 

a=tan.  suppl.  0  A  l-l ;  and  calling  the  angle  /A/,  over  i-l,  X\ 

c=tan  %X. 

E.  Monoclinic  System.     (Also  called  Hemiprismatic,  Clinorhombic,  Monoclinohe- 
dral,  Zwei-und-eingliederige.)   25.  In  this  system  two  of  the  axial  intersections  are 
rectangular,  and  one  is  oblique.     In  other  words,  the  lateral  axes  are  at  right  angles  to 
one  another  ;  but  one  is  oblique  to  the  vertical  axis,  and  the  other  at  right  angles  to  it. 

26.  If  figure  E  on  page  xxv  be  taken  as  representing  a  monoclinic  form  in  its 
usual  position,  then  a  will  be  the  vertical  axis  ;  6  the  inclined  lateral,  called  the  clino- 
diagonal',   c  the  other  lateral,  called  the  orthodiagonal.      The  angle  a^b,  or  the 
inclination  of  the  vertical  axis,  is  called  the  angle  C. 

27.  The  section  of  the  crystal  in  which  b,  the  clinodiagonal,  and  a  lie  is  the  clino- 
diagonal  section  ;  and  that  in  which  c  and  a  lie  is  the  orthodiagonal  section.     The 
vertical  plane  i-l,  of  f.  E,  is  parallel  to  the  orthodiagonal  section,  and  is  lettered  simply 
i-i ;  and  the  plane  i-i,  of  the  same  figure,  is  parallel  to  the  clinodiagonal  section,  and 
is  lettered  i-l.      The  angle  O^i-i—C,  or  the  inclination  of  the  vertical  axis;  while 
0/\  i-l— 90°,  and  i-i  A  ^4=90°.     The  clinodiagonal  section  is  the  plane  of  symmetry. 

28.  The  domes  having  the  planes  parallel  to  the  clinodiagonal  are  called  clinodomes, 
and  are  lettered  with  an  accent  over  the  I,  thus,  l-l  (1-2  in  f.  E),  2-1. 

29.  The  domes  parallel  to  the  orthodiagonal  are  hemidomes,  the  planes  in  front  at 
top  being  unlike  in  inclination  those  in  front  below,  each  being  a  hemidome  ;  one 
series  is  opposite  the  acute  intersection  of  the  axes,  and  is  the  plus  series,  lettered  1-i, 
2-i,  etc. ;  the  other  is  opposite  the  obtuse,  and  is  lettered  —\-i,  —2-i,  etc. 

30.  The  octahedral  planes  are  all  hemioctahedral,  and  -f  and  —  are  used  in  the 
symbols  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  symbols  of  the  hemidomes.      Thus  in  fig.  E, 
if  the  angle  between  the  upper  0  and  the  front  plane  i-i  is  obtuse,  then  the  upper 
planes  1, 1,  in  front  would  be  — 1,  — 1,  and  the  corresponding  planes  below,  -f-1,  -j-1, 
written  usually  1,  1. 

31.  If  the  clinodiagonal  5=1 ;  half  the  front  angle  of  the  prism  /  (over  iri)  be 
called  X,  half  the.  summit  angle  of  the  clinodome  l-l,  X' ;  the  supplement  of  i-i  A  \4 
(=0Ai4 — C)   be  called  /*;  and  supplement  of  O^l-i  be  v;  and  C  be  used  as 
above  explained ;  then, 

c=sin  C  tan  X.       a=c-r  sin  C  tan  JT/=sin  v  -r-  sin  fx=sin  ( C — /x)  -f-  sin  fx. 

F.  Triclinic  System.   (Also  called  Doubly  Oblique,  Tetartoprismatic,  Anorthic,  Ein- 
und-emgliederige.)     32.  The  three  axes  are  unequal,  and  obliquely  and  unequally 
inclined.    Angles  of  90°  and  135°  are  not  met  with  in  Triclinic  crystals.     Examples, 
figures  on  pp.  297,  338,  349. 

33.  The  crystallographic  symbols  used  in  this  work  are  essentially  those  of  Nau- 
mann,  the  author  of  the  system  of  crystallography  which  is  followed.    The  only  dif- 
ference is  that  i,  the  initial  of  infinity,  is  substituted  for  the  symbol  oo,  and  the  P  is 
dropped,_it  being  in  almost   all  cases  unessential.      Thus,  P,  2P,  4P2,    ooPco , 

ooP,  ooP2,  3p2,  of  Naumann,  are  P  or  1,  2,  4-2,  i-i,  i  (or  /),  *-2,  3-2,  of  this  work. 
And  in  the  rhombohedral  section  of  the  hexagonal  system,  for  ft,  2ft,  3ft,  ft3,  2ft3, 
of  Naumann,  are  here  written,  ft,  2,  3,  I3,  23.  Moreover  0  or  o  is  written  for  the 
basal  plane.  The  distinction  of  capital  or  small  letter  in  the  symbols  is  mathemati- 
cally of  no  importance. 

34.  In  the  orthorhombic  system  the  shorter  lateral  axis  is  made  the  unit  in  this 
work.     The  axes  are  lettered  a,  b,  c,  in  different  systems,  except  in  that  of  Miller  (or 


INTRODUCTION. 

properly  Whewell's),  who  uses  the  letters  h,  I,  k,  as  "  indices  "  referring  to  the  axes, 

in  the  order  here  written  : 

Vertical.  Brachydiagonal.  Macrodiagonal. 

In  this  work                                  a  b  c 

In  Naumann                                  a  c  b 

In  Weiss  and  Rose                      c  a  b 

In  Miller                                      Tc  I  h 

For  the  tetragonal  system  the  axes  are  the  same,  except  that  b=c.     In  the  mono- 
clinic  : 

Vertical  Clinodiagonal.  Orthodiagonal. 

Naumann  and  this  work  a  b  c 

Weiss  and  Rose  c  a  b 

Miller  Jc  I  h 

The  following  are  convenient  simple  rules  for  use  in  connection  with  crystallo- 
graphic  measurements  and  calculations  : 

35.  If  a  plane,  p,  replaces  the  edge  between  any  other  two,  s,  £,  making  parallel 
intersections,  the  sum  of  the  angles  between  p  and  the  two  planes  s,  t,  equals  180 
plus  the  inclination  of  s  on  t.     If  the  planes  $,  Z,  meet  at  90°,  the  sum  of  these 
angles  equals  1800-f-90°=2700 ;  and  if  the  angles  are  equal,  each  is  135° ;  if  the 
planes  s,  £,  meet  at  110°,  the  sum  of  the  two  angles  equals  1800  +  110°=290° ;  and 
if  one  is  130°,  the  other  will  be  160°. 

36.  On  p.  xxvi,  the  relation  between  the  symbols  and  the  tangents  of  the  inclina- 
tions of  planes  lying  in  zones  between  rectangular  axes  (which  zones  can  be  made  to 
be  vertical  zones  in  one  position  or  another  of  the  crystal)  is  pointed  out.     The  same 
method  holds  for  ail  vertical  zones  in  the  tetragonal  system,  and  for  those  that  be- 
come vertical  on  putting  the  crystal  on  its  plane  i-i  ;  also  for  all  the  zones  which  are 
made  vertical  by  placing  a  monoclinic  prism  on  its  face  i-i,  that  is  the  zone  of  clino- 
domes,  the  zone  of  vertical  prisms,  and  all  zones,  then  vertical,  of  hemioctahedrons  ; 
also  for  all  the  vertical  zones  of  the  hexagonal  prism,  and  hence  for  the  zone  of  rhoin- 
bohedrons  of  any  species,  or  vertical  zones  of  scalenohedral  planes. 

37.  For  the  transfer  of  h  I  Jc  of  Miller's  system  into  the  system  of  this  work,  take 
the  reciprocals.     Thus  if  symbol  is  212,  the  reciprocals  are  £,  1,  -J-,  the  last  %  refer- 
ring to  the  vertical  axis.     As  the  relation  of  the  lateral  axes  should  be  in  whole 
numbers,  double  the  whole  and  it  gives  1:2:1;  whence  the  plane  is  that  which 
would  be  here  designated  1-2.     So  1  :  1  :  3  becomes  1  :  1  :  J,  whence  the  symbol 
% ;  or  315  becomes  £,  1,  J,  or  1,  3,  f  ;  whence  f-3  ;  and  in  the  orthorhombic  system 
the  3  in  1-3  would  have  the  short  mark,  or  be  written  f-3 ;  while  135  would  give 
the  symbol  f-3. 

38.  In  hexagonal  forms  the  change  is  less  simple,  and  the  method  for  it  is  hardly 
intelligible  to  one  not  knowing  something  of  both  systems.     The  axes  of  Miller,  in- 
stead of  being  those  of  fig.  A,  p.  xxv,  are  lines  drawn  through  the  centre  normal  to  (that 
is,  at  right  angles  to)  the  alternate  faces  of  the  pyramid  ;  they  are  therefore  three  in 
number,  and  the  planes  are  thus  referred  to  axes  parallel  to  the  rhombohedral  edge. 
The  planes  in  fig.  A,  according  to  Naumann's  system,  are  all  of  one  kind  in  the 
hexagonal  section  of  the  hexagonal  system,  but  of  two  kinds,  R  and  -R  (or  1  and  -1) 
in  the  rhombohedral  section.     In  Miller's  system  they  are  of  two  kinds  in  both  sec- 
tions, the  distinction  between  the  two  sections  not  being  entertained. 

The  axes  a,  b,  c,  of  any  plane  in  the  hexagonal  system  of  Naumann,  have  the  fol- 
lowing values  in  terms  of  h  k  I  of  Miller  :* 

*  Furnished  the  author  for  this  place  by  Prof.  J.  P.  Cooke,  of  Harvard. 


INTRODUCTION.  XXIX 


"""""      7        i       7        I       7     \f  Ct     /I  \  C/ —     7  7  C  — - 


2  (1— cos  7)  ~  I— k  ~  l—h 

But  in  using  these  equations  strict  attention  must  be  paid  to  the  signs,  as  is  illus- 
trated in  the  examples  below.  The  angle  7  is  the  angle  between  the  axes  in  Miller's 
system,  which  equals  the  facial  angle  of  the  rhomb  face  at  the  vertex  of  the  rhonibo- 
hedron  R. 

The  equations  give  the  true  ratios  of  Naumann's  axes  ;  but  these  ratios  often  have 
to  be  reduced  to  whole  numbers,  or  otherwise  modified,  to  obtain  precisely  the  values 
used  in  Naumann's  symbol.  The  second  member  in  the  equation  for  a  gives  the 
length  of  the  axis  ma  in  any  form  ;  the  first  member  in  it  is  all  that  is  required  for 
the  value  of  m  in  the  symbol,  while  the  second  is  the  value  of  a. 

The  following  are  some  examples : 

In  f.  564  (p.  672),  plane  R,  which  is  100  of  Miller,  gives,  on  substituting  the  values  ofhJcl,  and 
working  the  equations,  a  :  b  :  c=l  :  i  (infinity) :  -1.  The  parameters  of  the  plane  in  Naumann's 
system  for  the  vertical  and  threejateral  axes  are  1  :  1  :  1  :  t. 

The  plane  *',  to  the  right,  is  2 1 1  of  Miller ;  whence  a  :  b  :  c=i  :  i  :  -3,  which,  since  a  and  b  are 
each  infinity,  is  equivalent  to  i  :  i  :_-!. 

The  plane  -2,  to  the  right,  is  ITi  of  MiUer;  whence  a  :  b  :  c=l  :  -£  :  »=2  :  1  :  i ;  the  Nau- 
mann  ratio  for  this  plane  is  2  :  1  :  1  :  i. 

Plane  -£  is  332  of  Miller ;  whence  a  :  b  :  c=±  :  i  :  -£•=£•  :  -1  :  -1. 

The  left  upper  plane  I3  is  20 1  in  Miller;  whence  a  :  b  :  c=l  :  -1  :  -£=3  :  -3  :  -1,  giving  the 
Naumann  symbol  3-8,  from  which  comes  its  equivalent  scalenohedral  symbol  I3. 

The  left  upper  plane  J3  is  Miller's  310 ;  whence  a  :  b  :  c= %  :  -1  :  — J-=f  :  -3  :  -1 ;  giving  the 
Naumann  symbol  f-3,  and  its  equivalent  £3. 

The  right  upper  of  the  two  adjoining  planes,  J3  in  f.  564,  is  301  of  Miller;  whence  a  :  b  :  c= 
i  :  1  :  — £.  This  is  apparently  a  different  result  from  the  last.  But  calculating  the  length  of  the 
fourth  of  Naumann's  parameters,  it  gives  h=n+(n—  l)=i-*-(-i—  l)=i.  from  which  it  follows 
that  the  parameters  of  the  plane  are  £ :  1  :  ^ :  —£;  and  on  calculating  the  fourth  parameter  in 
the  preceding,  -£  would  be  obtained,  proving  that  both  are  really  the  same  plane. 

5.  NOMENCLATURE. 

1.  The  termination  ites  or  it  is  (the  original  of  ite)  was  used,  according  to  system, 
among  the  Greeks,  and  from  them  among  the  Romans,  in  the  names  of  stones,  it 
being  one  of  the  regular  Greek  suffixes.     It  was  added  (as  ite  in  these  recent  times) 
to  the  word  signifying  a  quality,  constituent,  use,  or  locality  of  the  stone. 

Some  of  the  examples  are:  Haematites,  from  the  red  color  of  the  powder; 
Chloritis,  from  the  green  color ;  Steatites,  from  the  greasy  feel ;  Dendritis,  from  a 
resemblance  to  a  tree  or  branch ;  Alabastritis,  for  the  stone  out  of  which  a  vase 
called  an  alabastron  was  made ;  Basanites,  from  the  word  for  touchstone ;  Siderites, 
from  the  word  for  iron;  Argyritis,  from  the  Greek  for  silver;  Syenitis,  from  the 
locality,  Syene  in  Egypt ;  Memphitis,  for  a  marble  from  Memphis  in  Egypt. 

2.  The  only  modern  kind  of  name  not  in  vogue  in  Pliny's  time  is  that  after  persons. 

Werner  appears  to  have  been  the  first  to  introduce  personal  names  into  mineralogy.  The 
earliest  example,  as  far  as  ascertained,  was  his  naming  what  von  Born  had  called  Green  Mica 
(Mica  viridis),  Torbttite,  after  its  investigator,  the  chemist  Torber  Bergmann  (more  correctly  written 
Torbernite  by  some  mineralogists  of  last  century,  as  Bergmann  wrote  his  name  in  Latin,  the 
language  of  his  scientific  works.  Torbernus  Bergmann).  The  name  encountered  objections  ;  and 
Werner,  in  view  of  Bergmann's  announcement  (after  some  incorrect  trials)  that  the  mineral  was 
a  copper  ore,  substituted  in  1789  the  name  Chalcolite.  He,  however,  immediately  afterward  (early 
in  1790)  showed  that  he  saw  nothing  bad  in  the  style  of  name  by  designating  other  new  species 
Prehnite  and  Wiiherite,  the  former  after  Col.  Prehn,  the  discoverer,  and  the  latter  after  Dr. 
Withering,  the  discoverer  and  analyst  of  the  species.  The  same  year  Bstner,  a  mineralogist  of 
Vienna,  issued  a  pamphlet  against  the  Werner  school  with  the  title  "  Freymiithige  Gedanken 


XXX  INTRODUCTION. 

iiber  Herrn  Inspector  Werner's  Verbessernngen  in  der  Mineralogie,"  etc.  (64  pp.  16mo,  1790),  in 
which  he  makes  light  of  Werner's  labors  in  the  science,  and  under  the  head  of  Prehmte  ridiculed 
this  method  of  creating  a  paternity,  and  providing  the  childless  with  children  to  hand  down  their 
names  to  posterity  (p.  25).  Such  names  were,  however,  too  easily  made,  too  pleasant,  as  a 
general  thing,  to  give  and  receive,  and  withal  too  free  from  real  objection,  to  be  thus  stopped  off, 
and  they  have  since  become  numerous,  even  Vienna  contributing  her  full  share  toward  their 
multiplication. 

As  a  part  of  the  history  of  mineralogical  nomenclature,  it  may  be  here  added  that  Werner, 
when  it  was  proved  that  his  chalcolite  was  an  ore  of  uranium  with  but  little  copper,  instead  of  a 
true  ore  of  copper,  dropped  the  name  entirely,  and  called  the  mineral  simply  Uranglimmer 
(Uranium  mica);  and  Karsten,  in  his  reply  to  Abbe  Estner  (Berlin,  1793,  80  pp.  l'2mo),  makes 
out  of  the  necessary  rejection  of  chalcolite  an  argument  against  chemical  names,  and  in  favor  of 
names  after  persons,  as  the  latter  could  never  turn  out  erroneous  in  signification. 

Werner,  in  an  article  written  in  defence  of  his  introduction  of  this  class  of  names  (Bergm.  J.,  i. 
103,  1790),  mentions  the  case  of  Obsidian  (more  properly  Obsian)  as  a  precedent  from  Pliny,  Obsian 
being,  as  Pliny  states,  the  reported  discoverer  of  the  substance  in  Ethiopia.  But  this  is  not 
strictly  an  example.  For  Pliny  uses  Obsian  not  as  a  substantive,  but  as  an  adjective  ;  the  mineral 
was  not  Obsian,  but  Obsian  glass  or  Obsian  stone;  vitrum  obsianum,  lapis  obsianus,  and  obsiana 
[vitra],  occurring  in  the  course  of  the  paragraph.  The  addition  of  the  termination  ite  to  Obsian 
would,  according  to  mineralogical  method,  make  a  name  equivalent  to  Pliny's  lapis  obsianus. 
Names  of  persons  ending  in  an  (as  Octavian,  Tertullian)  were  common  among  the  Romans ;  and 
this  is  so  far  reason  for  avoiding  the  termination  in  names  of  stones. 

Some  critics  question  the  existence  of  the  reputed  Obsius,  and  reject  Pliny's  explanation. 

3.  The  ancient  origin  of  this  termination  ite,  its  adoption  for  most  of  the  names 
in  modern  mineralogy,  its  distinctive  character  and  convenient  application,  make  it 
evidently  the  true  basis  for  uniformity  in  the  nomenclature  of  the  science. 

4.  If  any  other  termination  in  addition  is  to  be  used,  it  should  be  so  only  under 
system ;  that  is,  it  should  be  made  characteristic  of  a  particular  natural  group  of 
species,  and  be  invariably  employed  for  the  names   in   that  group ;    and  its  use 
should  not  be  a  matter  of  choice  or  fancy  with  describers  of  species. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  several  other  terminations  are  in  use,  but  wholly  without 
reference  to  any  such  system.  The  most  common  of  them  is  ine ;  but  it  has  not 
been  employed  for  any  particular  division  of  minerals,  and  it  could  not  now  be 
so  restricted ;  it  belongs  by  adoption  and  long  usage  to  chemistry,  and  should  be 
left  to  that  science. 

5.  In  order  then  that  the  acquired  uniformity  may  be  attained,  changes  should  be 
made  in  existing  names,  when  it  can  be  done  without  great  inconvenience. 

Names  like  Quartz,  Garnet,  Gypsum,  Realgar,  Orpiment,  with  the  names 
of  the  metals  and  gems,  which  are  part  of  general  literature,  must  remain 
unaltered.  Mica  and  Feldspar,  equally  old  with  Quartz,  have  become  the  names 
of  groups  of  minerals,  and  are  no  longer  applied  to  particular  species.  Fluor 
was  written  Jluorite  last  century  by  Napione.  Blende,  although  one  of  the 
number  that  might  be  allowed  to  stand  among  the  exceptions,  has  already  given 
place  with  some  mineralogists  to  Sphalerite,  a  name  proposed  by  Haidinger  (because 
blende  was  applied  also  to  other  species)  in  1845,  and  signifying  deception,  like 
Blende.  Galena  was  written  Galenite  by  von  Kobell  some  years  since.  Orthoclase, 
Loxoclase,  Oligoclase  might  be  rightly  lengthened  to  Orthoclasite,  etc.  But  the 
termination  clase  (from  the  Greek  for  fracture)  is  peculiar  to  names  of  minerals, 
and  the  abbreviated  form  in  use  may  be  allowed  to  stand  for  species  of  the  Feldspar 
group.  It  seems  better  that  it  be  avoided  elsewhere.  Many  other  examples  will 
be  found  by  the  reader  in  the  pages  of  this  volume. 

In  the  course  of  the  last  century,  when  the  science  of  minerals  was  taking  shape,  and  progress 
in  chemistry  was  helping  it  forward,  there  was  an  effort  on  one  side  to  introduce,  under  the 
influence  of  Linnaeus,  the  double  names  of  Botany  and  Zoology ;  and  on  the  other,  under  the 
influence  of  Cronstedt  and  Bergmann,  names  expressive  of  chemical  composition,  as  far  as  it  was 
ascertained ;  and  the  two  methods  have  had  their  advocates  till  late  in  the  present  century.  But, 


INTRODUCTION.  XXXI 

at  the  same  time,  the  necessity  of  single  names  was  recognized  by  most  of  the  early  mineralo- 
gists ;  and  in  the  spirit  of  the  system  which  had  made  its  appearance  among  the  Greeks  and 
Eomans  out  of  the  genius  of  the  Greek  language,  they  almost  uniformly  adopted  for  the  new 
names  the  termination  ite. 

Thus  we  have  from  "Werner  the  names  Torberite,  Chalcolite,  Graphite,  Prehnite,  Witherite,  Bora- 
cite,  Augite,  Pistacite,  Pinite,  Aragonite.  Apatite,  Leucite,  Cyanite  (Kyanite) ;  and  from  other  sources 
in  the  same  century,  Zeolite,  Actinolite,  Tremolite,  Coccolite,  Arendalite,  Baikalite,  Melanite, 
Staurolite,  Lepidolite,  Cryolite,  Chiastolite,  Collyrite,  Agalmatolite,  Sommite,  Moroxite,  Pharmaco- 
lite,  Strontianite,  Delphinite,  Titanite,  Ceylanite,  Gadolinite,  Eubellite,  Sahlite,  Wernerite,  Scapo- 
lite,  Mellite,  etc. 

The  termination  ine  was  also  adopted  for  a  few  names,  as  Tourmaline,  Olivine,  Mascagnine, 
Serpentine ;  and  an  in  Vesuvian ;  but  the  great  bulk  of  the  names  were  systematically  termi- 
nated in  ite. 

With  the  opening  of  the  present  century  (in  1801),  Haiiy  came  forward  with  his  great  work  on 
Crystallography,  and  in  it  he  brought  out  a  variety  of  new  names  that  defy  all  system,  having 
nothing  of  the  system  of  the  earlier  science,  and  no  substitute  of  his  own.  Forgetting  that  the 
unity  of  law  which  he  had  found  in  nature  should  be  a  feature  of  scientific  language,  he  gave 
to  his  names  the  following  terminations : 

ane,  in  Cymophane :  ase,  in  Euclase,  Idocrase,  Anatase,  Dioptase ;  aste,  in  Pleonaste ;  age,  in 
Diallage ;  ene,  in  Disthene,  Sphene ;  gene,  in  Amphigene ;  ide,  in  Staurotide ;  ime,  in  Analcime ; 
ole,  in  Amphibole  ;  ome,  in  Aplome,  Harmotome ;  ose,  in  Orthose  ;  ote,  in  Actinote,  Epidote  ;  yre, 
in  Dipyre  ;  ype,  in  Mesotype.  And  the  true  mineralogical  termination  ite  he  admitted  only  in  the 
few  following :  Aximte,  Meionite,  Pycnite,  Stilbite,  Grammatite. 

Haiiy  had  commanded  so  great  and  so  general  admiration  by  his  brilliant  discoveries  in  crys- 
tallography, and  by  the  benefits  which  he  had  thus  conferred  on  mineralogical  science,  that  his 
names  with  their  innovations  were  for  the  most  part  immediately  accepted  even  beyond  the  limits 
of  France,  although  a  number  of  them  were  substitutes  for  those  of  other  authors.  Some  of 
"Werner's  names  were  among  the  rejected ;  and  a  break  was  thus  occasioned  between  German 
and  French  mineralogy,  which  will  not  be  wholly  removed  until  the  rule  of  priority,  properly 
restricted,  shall  be  allowed  to  have  sway. 

The  substitutes  among  Haiiy's  names  in  the  1st  edition  of  his  Crystallography  (1801)  are  the  fol- 
lowing : 

Amphibole,  for  Hornblende  of  last  century  and  earlier. 

Orthose.  for  Feldspar. 

Pyroxene,  for  Augite  of  Werner,  and  Vokanite  of  Delametherie.  [Delametherie  was  a  contem- 
porary of  Haiiy  at  Paris,  the  author  in  1792  of  an  edition  of  Mongez's  Manuel  du  Mi.neralogiste 
(after  Bergmann's  Sciagraphia) ;  in  1797,  of  an  ambitious  speculative  work  entitled  Theorie  de  la 
Terre,  the  first  two  volumes  of  which  consisted  of  a  Treatise  on  Mineralogy;  in  1811,  1812,  of 
Lemons  de  Mineralogie,  in  2  vols.,  and  for  a  number  of  years  principal  editor  of  the  Journal  de  Phy- 
sique. He  gave  offence  to  Haiiy  by  some  of  his  early  publications.  Haiiy's  mineral  Euclase  is 
described  in  full  by  Delametherie  in  the  Journal  de  Physique  for  1792  (some  years  in  advance  of 
Haiiy's  description  of  it),  without  crediting  the  name  or  anything  else  to  Haiiy ;  but  five  years 
later,  in  his  Theorie  de  la  Terre,  he  inserts  the  species  with  full  credit  to  Haiiy.] 

Cymophane,  for  Chrysoberyl  of  Werner. 

Idocrase,  for  Vesuvian  of  Werner. 

Pleonaste,  for  Ceylanite  of  Delametherie. 

Disthene,  for  Cyanite  of  Werner. 

Anatase,  for  Octahedrite  of  de  Saussure,  and  Oisanite  of  Delametherie. 

Sphene,  for  Titanite  of  Klaproth. 

Nepheline,  for  Sommite  of  Delametherie. 

Triphane,  for  Spodumene  of  d'Andrada. 

Amphigene,  for  Leucite  of  Werner. 

Actinote,  for  Actinolite  of  Kirwan,  and  Zillerthite  of  Delametherie. 

Epidote,  for  Thallite  of  Delametherie,  Delphinite  of  de  Saussure,  and  Arendalite  of  Karsten. 

Axiuite,  for  Tanolite  of  Delametherie. 

Harmotome,  for  Andreolite  of  Delametherie. 

Grammatite,  for  Tremolite  of  Pini. 

Staurotide,  for  Staurolite  of  Delametherie,  and  Grenatite  of  de  Saussure. 

And,  later,  Paranthine,  for  Scapolite  of  d'Andrada,  and  Rapidolite  of  Abildgaard. 

Part  of  the  changes  were  made  with  good  reason  ;  but  others  were  wholly  unnecessary. 
Haiiy  was  opposed  to  names  from  localities,  and  hence  several  of  the  displacements.  He  objected 
also  to  names  based  on  variable  characters,  and  characters  not  confined  to  the  species.  Moreover, 
as  his  pupil,  Lucas,  observes  (in  giving  reasons  for  rejecting  the  name  Scapolite  and  substituting 
Paranthine},  "  le  vice  du  mot  lite,  qui  s'applique  a  toutes  les  pierres,  ne  pouvoient  plus  convenir 
&  cette  substance  du  moment  ou  elle  seroit  reconnue  pour  un  espece."  Haiiy's  own  names  are 


XXX11  INTRODUCTION. 

remarkable,  in  general,  for  their  indefiuiteness  of  signification,  which  makes  them  etymologically 
nearly  as  good  for  one  mineral  as  another,  and  very  bad  for  almost  none  ;  as,  for  example,  Dial- 
lage,  which  is  from  the  Greek  for  difference]  Analcime,  from  weakness  in  Greek;  Orthose,  from 
straight  in  Greek  ;  Epidote.  from  increase  in  Greek ;  Anatase,  from  erection  in  Greek,  interpreted 
by  him  as  equivalent  to  length;  Idocrase,  from  / see  mixture  in  Greek,  etc.  His  name  Pyroxene, 
which  he  defines  hote  ou  etranger  dans  le  domaine  du  feu,  is  an  unfortunate  exception,  as  often 
remarked,  the  mineral  being  the  most  common  and  universal  constituent  of  igneous  rocks. 

Beudant  succeeded  Haiiy,  and  had  the  same  want  of  system  in  his  ideas  of  nomenclature.  Find- 
ing occasion  to  name  various  mineral  species  which  till  then  had  only  chemical  names,  he  adopted 
Haiiy's  method  of  miscellaneous  terminations,  but  indulged  in  it  with  less  taste  and  judgment, 
and  with  little  knowledge  of  the  rules  of  etymology.  In  his  work  we  find  the  termination  ese,  in 
Apherese,  Aphanese,  Neoctese,  Acerdese,  Mimetese ;  ise.  in  Leberkise,  Sperkise,  Harkise  (only 
German  words  Gallicized) ;  Melaconise,  Zinconise,  Crocoise,  Stibiconise,  Uraconise ;  ose,  in  Argy- 
rose,  Argyrythrose,  Psaturose,  Aphthalose,  Khodalose,  Siderose,  Elasmose,  Exanthalose,  Cyanose, 
Melinose,  Disomose  ;  ase,  in  Neoptase,  Discrase  ;  me,  in  Ypoleime  ;  ele,  in  Bxitele  ;  while  names 
ending  in  ine  are  greatly  multiplied. 

In  Germany,  the  tendency  has  always  been  to  uniformity  through  the  adoption  of  the  termina- 
tion He.  Breithaupt  has  been  somewhat  lawless,  giving  the  science  his  Plinian,  Alumian,  Sardi- 
nian, Asbolan,  etc. ;  his  Castor  and  Pollux;  Glaucodot,  Homichlin,  Orthoclase,  Xanthocon,  etc. ; 
still,  far  the  larger  part  of  his  numerous  names  are  rightly  terminated.  Haidinger's  many  names 
are  always  right  and  good. 

6.  In  forming  names  from  the  Greek  or  Latin  the  termination  ite  is  added  to  the 
genitive  form  after  dropping  the  vowel  or  vowels  of  the  last  syllable,  and  any  follow- 
ing letters.  Thus,  pzXa$  makes  ims'Xavog-  (melanos)  in  the  genitive,  and  gives  the  name 
melanite.  The  Greek  language  is  the  most  approved  source  of  names. 

Y.  In  compounding  Greek  words  the  same  elision  of  the  Greek  genitive  is  made 
for  the  first  word  in  the  compound,  provided  the  second  word  begins  with  a  vowel ; 
if  not,  the  letter  o  is  inserted.  Thus,  from  ^up,  genitive  tfupo's  (puros),  and  op0o£ 
(orthos),  comes  pyrorthite  ;  and  from  the  same  and  fs'voc  (xenos)  comes  pyroxene. 

8.  The  liberty  is  sometimes  taken  in  the  case  of  long  compounds  to  drop  a  sylla- 
ble, and  when  done  with  judgment  it  is  not  objectionable  ;  thus  melaconite  has  been 
accepted  in  place  of  melanoconite.     But  magnoferrite  (as  if  from  the  Latin  magnus, 
great,  and  ferrum,  iron),  for  a  compound  of  magnesia  andiron,  or  calcimangite  for  one 
containing  lime  and  manganese,  are  bad. 

9.  In  the  transfer  of  Greek  words  into  Latin  or  English,  the  x  (k)  becomes  c,  and 
the  u  (u)  becomes  y. 

10.  In  the  formation  of  the  names  of  minerals,  the  addition  of  the  termination  ite 
to  proper  names  in  modern  languages  (names  of  places,  persons,  etc.),  or  names  of 
characteristic  chemical  constituents,  is  allowable  ;  but  making  this  or  any  other  sylla- 
ble a  suffix  to  common  words  in  such  languages  is  barbarous. 

11.  Names  made  half  of  Greek  and  half  Latin  are  objectionable ;  but  names  that 
are  half  of  Greek  or  Latin  and  half  of  a  modern  language  are  intolerable. 

12.  Law  of  Priority.  The  law  of  priority  has  the  same  claim  to  recognition  in 
mineralogy  as  in  the  other  natural  sciences.     Its  purpose  is  primarily  to  secure  the 
stability,  purity,  and  perfection  of  science,  and  not  to  insure  credit  to  authors. 

13.  Limitations  of  the  Law  of  Priority.  The  following  are  cases  in  which  a  name 
having  priority  may  properly  be  set  aside : 

a.  When  the  name  is  identical  with  the  accepted  name  of  another  mineral  of 
earlier  date. 

6.  When  it  is  glaringly  false  in  signification ;  as  when  a  red  mineral  is  declared  in 
its  name  to  be  black  ;  e.  g.,  Melanochroite  (p.  630) ;  or  when  a  honey-yellow  mine- 
ral is  made  to  be  ashen  ;  e.  g.,  Melinophane  (p.  263). 

c.  When  it  is  put  forth  without  a  description. 

d.  When  published  with  a  description  so  incorrect  that  a  recognition  of  the  mine- 
ral by  means  of  it  is  impossible  ;  and  in  consequence,  and  because  also  of  the  rarity 
of   specimens,  the   same   species   is   described    under   another  name  without   the 


INTRODUCTION.  xxxiii 

describer's  knowledge  of  the  mineral  bearing  the  former  name.  When,  on  the  con- 
trary, a  badly  described  but  well-known  old  mineral  is  redescribed  correctly,  there 
is  no  propriety  in  the  new:describer  changing  the  old  name. 

According  to  this  canon  it  might  seem  right  that  the  name  Emeryliie  should  have  been  substi- 
tuted for  Margarite  (p.  506).  Yet  margarite,  though  incorrectly  described,  was  a  species  well 
known  in  cabinets,  and  Dr.  Smith  manifested  his  appreciation  of  the  true  interests  of  science — 
the  end  of  all  canon s— in  adopting  the  old  name  so  soon  as  he  had  ascertained  by  further  research 
the  identity  of  his  species  with  margarite. 

e.  When  the  name  is  based  on  an  uncharacteristic  variety  of  the  species.  Thus 
Sagenite  was  properly  set  aside  for  Rutile  (p.  159). 

/.  When  the  name  is  based  upon  a  variety  so  important  that  the  variety  is  best 
left  to  rotain  its  original  name ;  particularly  where  this  and  other  varieties  of  the 
species,  introduced  originally  as  separate  species,  are  afterwards  shown  by  investiga- 
tion to  belong  to  a  common  species.  Thus,  the  earlier  name  Augite  is  properly 
retained  as  the  name  of  a  variety,  and  Haiiy's  later  name  Pyroxene  accepted  for 
the  group,  as  explained  on  p.  214. 

g.  When  a  name  becomes  the  designation  of  a  group  of  species  :  as  Mica,  Chlorite. 

h.  When  the  name  is  badly  formed,  or  the  parts  are  badly  put  together :  as  when 
the  terminal  s  of  a  Greek  word  is  retained  in  the  derivative ;  e.  g.,  aphanese  from 
»0av'/j£-;  Melaconise  from  the  Greek  for  black  and  xovi?  ;  Rhodalose  from  the  Greek 
for  rose-colored  and  a\o£  (halos),  the  genitive  of  <xXf,  salt.  The  last  word  is  bad 
not  only  in  termination  but  in  wanting  an  h  before  the  a,  and  strictly  an  o  after  the 
d.  Also  Siderose  (spathic  iron),  Argyrose  (silver  glance),  Chalcosine  (copper  glance), 
from,  respectively,  tfi&jpoj,  apyupo?,  ^aXxo'y.  The  ancient  Greeks  showed  us  how  the 
derivatives  from  these  words  should  terminate  by  writing  them  Sideritis,-  Argy- 
ritiSj  Chalcitis. 

Ignorance  or  carelessness  should  not  be  allowed  to  give  perpetuity  to  its  blunders 
under  any  law  of  priority. 

i.  When  a  name  is  intolerable  for  the  reasons  mentioned  in  §§  10,  11,  as  Harkise, 
from  the  German  Haarkies  (hair  pyrites) ;  Kupaphrite,  from  the  German  Kupfer- 
schaum  ;  Bleinierite,  from  the  German  Blei-Niere. 

j.  When  a  name  has  been  lost  sight  of  and  has  found  no  one  to  assert  its  claim 
for  a  period  of  more  than  fifty  years ;  especially  if  the  later  name  adopted  for  the 
species  has  become  intimately  incorporated  with  the  structure  of  the  science,  or 
with  the  nomenclature  of  rocks.  Thus,  although  Thallite  and  Delphinite  ante- 
date Epidote,  it  is  not  for  the  good  of  science  that  Epidote  should  be  thrown  aside. 
But  where  a  name  has  not  this  importance,  and  is  unexceptionable,  the  law  of 
priority  may  be  allowed  to  have  its  course. 

The  right  to  recognition,  under  this  canon,  where  the  names  are  those  of  the  original  describer 
of  the  species,  is  strong.  But  with  regard  to  names  introduced  for  well-known  old  species  to 
replace  earlier  chemical  or  provincial  names,  the  claim  is  feebler;  and  if  the  names  are  not  strictly 
according  to  rule,  or  are  unsatisfactory  in  mode  of  publication,  they  may  be  more  freely  modified, 
abbreviated  if  desirable,  or  rejected  altogether.  Prof.  Chapman's  "  Practical  Mineralogy,"  pub- 
lished in  England  in  1843,  affords  examples  of  the  latter  kind,  and  has  occasioned  some  embar- 
rassment. The  work  was  by  an  author  at  that  time  unknown  in  the  science  (the  preface  says, 
an  engineer,  and  "  a  very  young  man  ") ;  it  was  small,  of  limited  circulation,  and  practical  in  its 
object,  and  therefore  one  in  which  new  names  for  old  species  would  not  naturally  be  looked  for.  In 
1845,  Haidinger,  then  already  a  veteran  in  the  science,  the  author  of  several  works  on  mineralogy, 
and  of  numerous  researches  in  its  various  departments,  issued  his  "Handbuch,"  in  which  also  a 
number  of  old  species  were  provided  with  mineralogical  names.  Through  Chapman's  publication, 
Haidinger's  BreithaupUte  is  anticipated  two  years  by  Chapman's  Hartmannite ;  his  Freieslebenite, 
by  the  latter's  Donacargyrite ;  his  Ghromite,  by  the  latters  Ghromoferrite ;  his  Cuprite,\>j  Ruberite; 
and  so  on.  Chapman's  names  have  ever  since  remained  unknown  orforgolten;  while  Haidinger's 
have  had  general  acceptance  among  the  mineralogists  of  Europe,  and  are  now  the  current  names. 
It  has  seemed  that,  after  so  long  a  period  of  oblivion,  it  would  be  doing  LO  good  to  science,  to  dis- 


XXXIV  INTRODUCTION. 

place  the  latter,  and  a  useless  endeavor  to  attempt  it.     The  later  English  Mineralogies  of  Nicoll 
(1849),  Brooke  &  Miller  (1852),  and  Greg  &  Lettsom  (1858),  contain  none  of  Chapman's  names. 

k.  Where  the  adopted  system  of  nomenclature  in  the  science  is  not  conformed 
to.  In  accordance  with  this  last  principle,  the  author,  believing  that  the  system 
demands  that  the  names  of  species  should  have  as  far  as  possible,  as  above  explained, 
the  common  termination  ite,  has  changed,  accordingly,  a  number  of  the  names  in 
the  course  of  this  volume. 

14.  It  has  appeared  desirable  that  the  names  of  rocks  should  have  some  difference 
of  form  from  those  of  minerals.  To  secure  this  end,  the  author  has  written  the 
final  syllable  ite  of  such  names  with  ay;  thus  Diorite,  Eurite,  Tonalite,  etc.,  are 
written  Dioryte,  Euryte,  Tonalyte.  The  y  is  already  in  the  name  Trachyte.  The 
author  has  allowed  Granite  and  Syenite  to  remain  as  they  are  ordinarily  written, 
since  they  are  familiar  names  in  common  as  well  as  in  scientific  literature. 

See  further,  on  Nomenclature,  the  excellent  Mineral-Namen  of  v.  Kobell. 

6.    BlBLIOGEAPHY. 

The  following  catalogue  contains  the  titles  of  the  works  which  are  referred  to  in 
the  following  pages,  with  their  abbreviated  titles.  As  the  value  of  these  references, 
.and  of  the  various  historical  conclusions  deduced,  depends  on  their  having  been 
derived  from  the  original  publications  themselves,  the  abbreviated  titles  of  the  Jour- 
nals and  other  works  which  the  author  has  had  by  him  for  consultation  are  put  in 
black  letter ;  while  the  rest,  that  is  of  those  he  has  not  seen,  are  in  small  capitals. 
.Some  titles  also  are  added  of  works  consulted,  but  not  referred  to.  Many  other 
titles  might  have  been  inserted,  a  considerable  number  from  the  author's  library ; 
but  they  would  swell  the  list  without  increasing  much  its  value. 

The  abbreviations  of  the  more  important  words  in  the  abbreviated  titles,  and  of  the 
names  of  the  States  in  the  United  States  (some  of  which  are  in  the  titles  and  others 
in  the  observations  on  minerals),  are  as  follows  : 

Abbreviated  words. — Am.,  American  ;  Can.,  Canada  ;  Ch.,  Chemistry,  Chemical, 
'Chemie,  Chimie ;  Fr.,  French ;  G.,  Geological,  Geology,  Geologie,  Geologischen  ; 
Germ.,  German  ;  J.,  Journal ;  M.,  Mines ;  Min.,  Mineralogy,  Mineralogie,  Mineralo- 
gical ;  pt.,  in  part ;  Q.,  Quarterly  ;  Sc.,  Sci.,  Science  ;  Soc.,  Society ;  ZS.,  Zeitschrift. 

Abbreviated  names  of  the  United  States. — Ala.,  Alabama  ;  Ark.,  Arkansas  ;  CaL, 
California ;  Ct.,  Conn.,  Connecticut ;  Del.,  Delaware ;  Ga.,  Georgia ;  III.,  Illinois  ; 
Ind.,  Indiana;  Kan.,  Kansas;  Ky.,  Kentucky  ;  Me.,  Maine;  Mass.,  Massachusetts; 
Md.,  Maryland ;  Mich.,  Michigan  ;  Minn.,  Minnesota ;  Miss.,  Mississippi ;  Mo., 
Missouri ;  JV.  Car.,  North  Carolina ;  N.  If.,  N".  Hamp.,  New  Hampshire ;  N.  J., 
JNew  Jersey;  N.  Y.,  New  York;  0.,  Ohio;  Penn.,  Pennsylvania;  R.  I.,  Rhode 
Island  ;  8.  Car.,  South  Carolina  ;  Tenn.,  Tennessee ;  Va.,  Virginia ;  Vt.,  Vermont. 

Other  abbreviations  are  explained  below.  The  catalogue  is  divided  into  three 
parts:  1.  Periodicals  not  issued  by  Scientific  Societies  ;  2.  Publications  of  Scientific 
Societies ;  3.  Independent  works  or  publications. 

In  giving  abbreviations  of  the  publications  of  Societies,  the  name  of  the  place  where 
the  Society  is  established  is  in  all  cases  stated,  and,  for  the  sake  of  uniformity,  it  is 
made  the  last  word  in  the  abbreviated  title,  a  method  which  it  were  well  if  always 
followed.  For  the  prominent  journals,  and  the  serials  of  some  societies,  the  time 
of  publication  of  the  successive  volumes,  or  of  the  volumes  of  every  successive  five 
years,  is  stated.* 

*  A  very  useful  table,  giving  the  date  of  publication  of  each  volume  of  the  journals  here  referred 
ito,  might  easily  be  constructed  from  the  facts  stated.  It  may  be  made  on  paper  ruled  in  squares, 


INTRODUCTION.  XXXV 

1.  Periodicals  not  issued  by  Scientific  Societies. 

Af  handlingar  i  Fisik,  Kemi  och  Mineralogie,  etc.,  utgifne  af  Hisinger  & 
Berzelius.     Vol.  1,  1806;  2,  '07;   3,  '10;  4,  '15;  5,  6,  '18. 

Am.  J.  Sci.  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts.  1st  series,  50  vols.,  8vo ;  conducted  by  B. 
Silliman,  1818-1839  ;  with  B.  Silliman,  Jr.,  from  1840.  Four  numbers  to  vol.  1,  and  two  to 
subsequent  vols.  Vol.  1,  No.  1,  Aug.,  1818;  No.  2,  Jan., '19;  No.  3,  Mar.,  '  1 9 ;  No.  4, 
June,  '19 ;  vol.  2,  Ap.,  Nov.,  '20 :  3,  Feb.,  Ma.y,  '21 ;  4,  Oct.,  Feb.,  '21,  '22 ;  5,  June,  Sept., 
'22;  6,  Jan.,  May,  '23;  7,  Nov.,  Feb.,  '23,  '24;  8,  May,  Aug.,  '24;  9,  Feb.,  June,  '25;  10, 
Oct.,  Feb.,  '25,  ?26 ;  11,  June,  Oct.,  '26;  12,  13,  Mar.,  June,  Sept.,  Dec.,  '27;  afterward 
regularly  on  the  first  of  April,  July,  Oct.,  Jan. ;  vols.  14,  15,  in  '28,  '28-'29 ;  24,  25,  in '33,' 
'33-'34;  34,  85,  in  '38,  '38-'39  ;  then  regularly,  Jan.,  May,  July,  Oct.,  36,  37,  in '39 ;  38, 
39,  in  '40 ;  48,  49,  in  '50 ;  50,  Index  volume. 

2d  ser.,  by  the  same  and  James  D.  Dana,  until  1865,  after  which,  by  B.  Silliman  and 
James  D.  Dana;  from  1851,  aided  by  A.  G-ray  and  "W.  Gibbs;  '53  to  '66,  by  L.  Agassiz; 
from  '63,  by  G.  J.  Brush  and  S.  "W.  Johnson ;  from  '64,  by  H.  A.  Newton.  2  vols.  aim. : 
1,  2,  1846;  11,  12,  '51;  21,  22,  '56;  81,  32,  '61;  41,  42,  '66;  whence,  49,  50,  1870.  An 
index  to  10  vols.  in  each  vols.  10,  20,  30,  etc. 

Ann.  Ch.  Anuales  de  Chemie.  8vo,  Paris,  vols.  1-3, 1789  ;  4-7.  '90  ;  8-11,  '91  ;  12-15, '92  ;  16- 
18,  '93;  19-24,  '97;  25-27,  '98;  28-31,  '99;  then  regularly  4  v.  ann.;  32-35,  1800;  52- 
55,  '05;  72-75,  '10  ;  92-95,  96,  '15,  an  Index  to  vols.  31  to  60  inclusive.  Continued  in  the 
Ann.  Ch.  Phys.  (q.  v.). 

Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.  Annalen  der  Chemie  und  Pharmacie;  by  Wohler  and  Liebig;  from  vol.  77, 
by  Wohler,  Liebig,  and  Kopp,  and  called  new  series.  8vo,  Leipzig  and  Heidelberg,  4  vols. 
ann.  Vol.  1-4,  1832;  13-1  H,  '35;  38-36,  '40;  53-56,  '45;  73-76.  '50;  93-96,  '55;  113- 
116,  '60;  133-136,  't>5 ;  153-156,  '70.  Supplementband,  1,  1861;  2,  '62,  '63;  3,  '64;  4, 
'65,  '66. 

Ann.  Ch.  Phys.  Annales  de  Chemie  et  de  Physique ;  at  first  by  Gay  Lussac  et  Arago.  8vo, 
Paris;  3  vols.  ann. ;  1-3,  1816;  16-18,  '21;  31-33,  '26;  46-48, '31;  61-63,  '36;  73-75, 
'40.  Vols.  67-75  made  2d  ser.,  and  numbered  1-9.  3d  ser..  1-3,  '41;  16-18,  '46;  31- 
33,  '51;  46-48,  '56;  61-63,  '61;  67-69,  '63.  4th  ser.,  1-3,  1864;  16-18,  '69. 

Ann.  d.  M.  Annales  des  Mines.  8vo,  Paris.  Begun  in  1816  as  sequel  to  Journal  des  Mines; 
1  vol.  a  year  until  1825,  and  subsequently  2  vols.  a  year.  Vol  1,  1816;  6,  '21;  10,  11, 
'25;  12,  13,  '26.  2d  ser.,  1,  2,  '27;  9,  10,  '31.  3d  ser.,  1,  2,  '32;  19,  20,  '41.  4th  ser., 

,  1,  2V'42;   19,  20,  '51.     5th  ser.,  1,  2,  '52;   19,  20,  '61.     6th  ser.,  1,  2,  '62. 

ANX.  Mus."  D'HIST.  NAT.  Annales  du  Museum  d'histoire  naturelle  par  les  Professeurs  de  cet 
etablissement,  MM.  Haiiy,  Fourcroy,  Vauquelin,  Desfontaines,  A.  L.  de  Jussieu,  Geoffrey, 
Lacepede,  -etc.  4to,  Paris;  vols.  1-20,  2  a  year,  1803-1815. 

Ann.  Phil.  Annals  of  Philosophy.  2  vols.  ann.,  8vo,  Edinburgh.  1st  ser.  by  Thos.  Thomson; 
vols.  1,  2,  1813;  11,  12,  '18;  15,  16,  '20.  2d  ser.,  vols.  1,  2,  1821;  11,  12,  '26.  Then 
merged  in  Phil.  Mag.  (q.  v.). 

B.  H.  Ztg.  Berg-  und  hiittenmannische  Zeitung.  4to,  Liepzig,  1  vol.  ann.  Begun  by  Hartmann, 
and  sometimes  called  Hartmann's  Zeitung.  Now  edited  by  B.  Kerl  and  F.  Wimmer.  Vol. 

1,  1842;  4,  '45;  9,  '50;   14,  '55;   19,  '60;  24,  '65;  29,  '7o. 

BAUMG.  ZS.     Zeitschrift  f.  Physik  und  Mathematik  ;  edited  by  Baumgartner  and  Ettingshausen. 

10  vols,  Svo,  1826-1832,  Wien. 
Bergm.  J.    Bergmanuisches  Journal ;  ed.  by  A.  W.  Kohler.    12mo,  Freyberg,  Sax.    1,2,1788;!, 

2,  '89  ;  so  to  '92;   1,  2,  '93,  by  Kohler  and  Hoffmann.     Afterward,  Neues  Bergm.  J.,  of  K. 
&  H. ;  1,  1795  ;  2,  '98  ;  3,  1802  ;  4,  '16.     Contains  papers  by  Werner,  Hoffmann,  Klaproth, 
and  much  on  mineralogy. 

Bibl.  Univ.  Bibliotheque  Universelle  de  Geneve.  Begun  in  1816.  In  1846,  4th  series  of  36 
vols.  commenced,  and  the  scientific  part  of  the  Review  takes  the  title,  Archives  des  Sci- 
ences physiques  et  Naturelles.  5th  series  commenced  in  1858. 

Bruce  Am.  Min.  J.  The  American  Miueralogical  Journal ;  conducted  by  Archibald  Bruce,  M.D. 
Only  1  vol.,  Svo.  Begun  Jan.,  1810;  No.  1,  62pp.,  1810,  and  2,  top.  126,  '10;  3,  top. 
190,  '11  ;  4,  to  end,  p.  270,  '13. 

Can.  Nat.  Canadian  Naturalist  and  Geologist.  Svo,  Montreal.  Vol.  1,  1856;  5, '61  :  8, '63 ; 
2d  ser.,  vol.  1,  '64;  2,  '65;  3,  '66. 

having  the  years  in  succession,  beginning  with  1770,  at  the  top  of  the  columns  of  squares,  the 
titles  of  the  several  journals  to  the  left,  and  the  number  of  the  volume  or  volumes  of  each  issued 
each  year  in  the  column  for  that  year.  Such  a  table  was  constructed  by  the  author,  with  refe- 
rence to  the  preparation  of  this  edition.  It  would  be  a  vast  benefit  to  science  if  a  series  of  such 
tables,  containing  all  journals  of  importance,  and  also  the  publications  of  societies,  could  be  made 
out  and  engraved,  and  thus  placed  within  the  reach  of  students  in  science. 


XXXVI  INTRODUCTION. 

Can.  J.  Canadian  Journal  of  Industry,  Science,  and  Art.  Toronto,  Canada ;  2d  ser.,  vol.  1, 
1856;  5,  '60;  10,  '65;  11,  '66,  '67. 

Ch.  Gaz.     Chemical  Gazette,  by  W.  Francis.     8vo,  London;  1  vol.  ann.  after  vol.  1,  of  1842,  3. 

Ch.  News.  Chemical  News ;  edited  by  W.  Crookes.  Sm.  4to,  London,  2  v.  ann ;  vols.  1,  2, 
1860;  11,  12,  '65;  21,  22,  '70. 

Crell's  Ann.  Chemische  Annalen :  by  L.  Crell.  40  vols.,  1 2mo,  Helmstadt  u.  Liepzig ;  vols.  num- 
bered 1,  2,  for  each  year,  from  1784  to  1803  inclusive. 

Dingier  J.  Polytechnisches  Journal ;  by  J.  G.  &  E.  M.  Dingier.  3  vols.  ann.,  8vo,  Augsburg. 
Begun  in  1820;  vol.  187,  in  1868. 

Dublin  Q.  J.  Sci.  Dublin  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science ;  edited  by  Eev.  S.  Haughton.  6  vols, 
8vo,  1861-'66,  Dublin. 

Ed.  J.  Sci.  Edinburgh  Journal  of  Science ;  edited  by  D.  Brewster  (often  called  Brewster's  J.). 
8vo,  Edinburgh,  2  vols.  ann.  1st  ser.,  voL  1,  1824;  2,  3,  '25;  6,  7,  '27  ;  10,  '29.  2d  ser., 
vol.  1,  1829  ;  2,  3,  '30 ;  4,  5,  '31 ;  6,  '32.  Merged  in  Phil.  Mag. 

Ed.  Phil.  J.  Edinburgh  Philosophical  Journal ;  edited  by  Brewster  and  Jameson.  8vo,  2  vols. 
ann.;  vol.  1,  1819;  2,  3,  '20;  6,  7,  '22;  10,  '24;  edited  by  Jameson  alone,  11,  1824;  12, 
13,  '25  ;  14,  '26.  Becomes  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.  (q.  v.). 

Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.  Edinburgh  New  Philosophical  Journal ;  edited  by  Prof.  Jameson  (often  called 
Jameson's  Journal).  8vo,  2  vols.  ann.  1st  ser.,  vol.  1,  1826;  2,  3,  '27;  12,  13,  '32;  22, 
23,  '37;  32,  33.  '42;  42,  43,  '47;  52,  53,  '52;  56,  57,  '54.  2d  ser.,  vols.  1,  2,  1855;  11, 
12,  '60;  19,  20,  '64.  Here  ends. 

ERMAN'S  AECH.  Archiv  fiir  wissenschaffcliche  Russland.  Begun  in  1841 ;  1  vol.  ann.  Yol.  1, 
1841;  11,  '51;  21,  '61,  etc. 

Gehlen's  J.  Neues  allg.  Journal  der  Chemie ;  by  A.  F.  Gehlen.  6  vols.,  Berlin ;  1,  1803  ;  2,  3,  '04; 
6,  '06.  2d  ser.,  under  the  title  Journal  fiir  die  Chemie  und  Physik  und  Mineralogie,  9 
vols.,  Berlin;  1,  2,  1806;  5,  6,  '08;  9,  '10.  Afterward,  Schweigger's  Journal  (q.  v.)  begau 
at  Nuremberg. 

Gilb.  Ann.  Annalen  der  Physik;  conducted  by  L.  "W.  Gilbert.  8vo,  Leipzig,  30  vols.;  1st 
series,  1799-1808;  then  30  vols.,  2d  ser.,  1809-18;  then  Annalen  d.  Phys.  und  der  Phy- 
sikalischen  Chemie,  16  vols.,  3d  ser.,  1819-'23.  The  vols.  of  the  several  series  usually 
counted  consecutively ;  1,  2,  1799;  afterward  3  vols.  a  year,  3-6,  1800;  13-15,  '03;  28- 
30,  '08;  43-5,  '13;  58-60,  '18;  73-5,  '23;  76,  '24.  Afterward  continued  as  Poggendorff's 
Aimalen  (q.  v.). 

J.  D.  M.  Journal  des  Mines.  8vo,  Paris.  In  monthly  nos.  2  v.  ann. ;  1,  2,  1797 ;  11,  12,  1802  ; 
21,  22,  '07  ;  31,  32,  '12;  37,  38,  '15.  Continued  after  in  Annales  des  Mines  (q..v.). 

J.  de  Phys.  Journal  de  Physique.  4to,  Paris,  2  vols.  ann.  Edited  by  Abbe  Rozier  (and  hence 
called  Rozier's  J.),  for  vols.  1-43  (for  a  time  with  also  Mongez,  Jr.);  by  Delametherie 
for  vols.  44-84;  and  afterward  by  Blainville.  Two  introductory  vols.,  1771,  1772  ;  vols.  1, 
2,  1773;  11,  12,  '78;  22,  23,  '83;  32,  33,  '88;  42,  43,  '93;  44,  45,  '94  (French  Revolu- 
tion); 46,  47, '98;  69,  57,  1803;  66,  67,  '08  ;  76,  77, '13;  86,  87, '18;  94,  95,  '22;  96,1823. 

J.  pr.  Ch.  Journal  fiir  praktische  Chemie.  8vo,  Leipzig,  3  vols.  ann.  Begun  in  1834;  first 
edited  by  Erdmann  &  Schweigger-Seidel  (see  Schweigger  J.) ;  from  1838  by  E.  &  Marchaud; 
from  1852,  by  E.  &  Werther.  Vols.  1-3,  1834;  19-21,  '40;  34-36,  '45;  49-51,  '50;  64- 
66,  '55;  79-81,  '60;  94-96,  '65;  109-111,  '70.  Preceded  by  J.  f.  pr.  und  (Ekonomische 
Chemie,  18  vols.  8vo,  3  vols.  ann.,  begun  in  1828. 

Jahrb.  Min.  Jahrbuch  fiir  Mineralogie,  Geognosie,  Geologie,  und  Petrefakteukunde :  edited  by 
K.  C.  v.  Leonhard  &  H.  G.  Bronn.  8vo,  Heidelberg,  1  vol.  ann.  1830-32,  4  Nos.  a  year; 
after  '32,  6  Nos.,  and  called  Neues  Jahrbuch  etc.  Vol.  1,  1830;  6,  '35  ;  11,  '40;  16,  '45; 
21,  '50;  26,  '55;  31,  '60;  36,  '65;  41,  '70. 

Arsb.        )  Arsberattelser  om  framstegen  i  Kemi  och  Mineralogi,  af  Jac.  Berzelius.     In  German, 

Jahresb.  J  Jahresbericht  u'ber  die  Fortschritte  der  Chemie  und  Mineralogie.  8vo ;  usually 
designated  by  the  year.  Commenced  with  1820.  VoL  1,  1820;  11,  '30;  21,  '40;  29, 
1848 ;  the  last  three  vols  by  Svanberg.  Continued  in  the  Giessen  Jahresbericht,  issued 
by  Liebig  &  Kopp,  from  1847  to  '56 ;  by  F.  Zamminer,  '57  ;  Kopp  &  Will,  in  '58  ;  and  Will 
alone  from  '63  on.  The  first  vol.  covers  the  years  1847,  '48. 

Karst.  Arch.  Min,  Archiv  fiir  Mineralogie,  Geognosie,  Bergbau  und  Hiittenkunde.  26  vols. 
8vo,  1829-1855,  Berlin.  Edited  for  vols.  1-10  by  0.  J.  B.  Karsten;  later  by  Karsten  & 
v.  Dechen. 

KASTN.  ARCH.  NAT.  Archiv.  fiir  die  gesammte  Naturlehre;  edited  by  K.  W.  G.  Kastner.  8vo, 
Nuremberg.  27  vols.,  3  vols.  ann.,  1824-'35. 

Kell.  &  Tiedm.  Nordamerikauischer  Monatsbericht  fur  Natur-  und  Heilkunde  ;  edited  by  Dr. 
W.  Keller  &  Dr.  H.  Tiedemann.  4  vols.,  8vo,  Philadelphia.  Vol.  1,  1-850;  2,  3,  '51; 
4,  '52. 

Lempe's  Mag.  Magazin  fiir  die  Bergbaukunde,  by  J.  F.  Lempe.  Dresden,  vols.,  8vo,  1,  1785  ; 
2,  3,  '86;  4,  '87;  then  1  vol.  ann.  till  11,  '94;  12,  '98 ;  13.  '99. 


INTRODUCTION.  XXXVi] 

L'Institut.  L'Institut,  a  weekly  journal  in  small  fol.,  Paris,  1  vol.  ann. ;  begun  in  1832.  36th 
year  or  vol.  in  1868. 

MAG.  NAT.  HELVET.  Magazin  fur  die  Naturkunde  Helvetiens;  herausg.  A.  Hopfner,  Zurich. 
Begun  in  1787. 

Moll's  Efem.  Efemeriden  der  Berg-  und  Hiittenkunde  ;  edited  by  C.  E.  von  Moll.  5  vols. ;  1, 
1805,  at  Munchen;  afterward  at  Nurnberg,  2,  '06;  3,  '07;  4,  '08;  5,  '09.  Preceded  by 
v.  Moll's  Jahrb.  f.  B.  H.,  Salzburg,  5  vols.,  1797-1801;  and  Annalen  id.,  Salzburg,  8  vols., 
1802-'04. 

Nicholson's  J.  Journal  of  Natural  Philosophy,  Chemistry,  and  the  Arts ;  by  Wm.  Nicholson. 
London,  1st  ser.,  5  vols.,  4to,  vol.  1,  1797;  5,  1801.  2d  ser.,  36  vols.  8vo,  vol.  1,  18o2; 
36,  1813. 

NYT  MAG.     Nyt  Magazin  for  Naturvidenskaberne ;  by  C.  Langberg.     8vo,  Christiania. 

Phil.  Mag,  Philosophical  Magazine.  8vo,  London.  1st  ser.  by  Tilloch,  2  or  3  vols.  a  year;  1, 
2,  1798;  3-5,  '99;  6-8,  1800;  21-23,  '05  ;  30-32,  '08;  33,  34,  '09  (thence  2  v.  ann.);  35- 
36,  '10;  45,  46,  '15;  55,  56,  '20;  65,  66,  '25;  67,  68,  '26.  2d  ser.,  or  Philosophical  Maga- 
zine and  Annals  of  Philosophy,  2  v.  ann.;  1,  2,  1827  ;  11,  '32.  3d  ser.,  London  &  Edin- 
burgh Phil.  Mag.;  1,  1832;  2,  3,  '33;  12,  13,  '38;  22,  23,  '43;  32,  33,  '48;  36,  37,  '50. 
4th  ser.,  L.,  E.  &  Dublin  Phil.  Mag.,  1,  2,  1851 ;  11,  12,  '56 ;  21,  22,  '61 ;  81,  32,  '66. 

Pogg.  or  Pogg.  Ann.  Annalen  der  Physik  und  Chemie  ;  edited  by  J.  C.  Poggendorff.  8vo, 
Leipzig,  3  vols.  ann.  Preceded  by  Gilbert's  Annalen  (q.  v.).  Vols.  1,  2,  1824;  3-5,  '25  ; 
18-20,  '30;  27-29,  '33;  30,  Index  vol.;  31-33,  '34;  34-36,  '35;  49-51,  '40;  63-66,  '45; 
79-81,  '50;  94-96,  '55;  109-111,  '60;  124-126,  '65;  139-141,  '70. 

Q.  J.  Sci.  Brandes'  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science.  8vo,  2  vols.  ann.  after  1819.  Published  by 
the  Royal  Institution.  Vol.  1,  1816;  2,  3,  '17,  '17-'18;  4,  5,  '18;  6.  7,  8,  '19;  9,  10,  '20; 
19,  20,  '25;  27,  28,  '29. 

Rec.  Gen.  Sci.  Records  of  General  Science ;  by  Thos.  Thomson.  4  vols.,  8vo,  Edinburgh.  Vols. 
1,  2,  1835  ;  3,  4,  '36. 

Revista  Minera.  Revista  Minera,  Periodico  cientifico  e  industrial  redactado  por  una  Sociedad 
de  Ingenieros.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Madrid.  Vol.  1,  1850;  2,  '51. 

Scherer's  J.  Allgemeines  Journal  der  Chemie ;  conducted  by  A.  N.  Scherer.  10  vols.,  Leip- 
zig und  Berlin;  1,  1798;  2,  3,  1799;  6,  7,  1801;  10,  '03.  Continued  as  Gehlen's  Jour- 
nal (q.  v.). 

Schweigg.  J.  Journal  fiir  Chemie  und  Physik  ;  conducted  by  J.  S.  C.  Schweigger.  Nurnberg, 
8vo.  Also  under  the  title  Jahrbuch  der  Chemie  und  Physik.  3  vols.  a  year;  1-3,  1811  ; 
16-18,  '16;  28-30,  '20;  afterward  issued  by  Schweigger  &  Meinecke ;  then  by  J.  S.  C. 
Schweigger  &  Fr.  W.  Schweigger-Seidel;  then  by  FT.  W.  Schweigger-Seidel ;  31-33, 
1821;  46-48,  '26;  61-63,  '31;  67-69,  '33.  The  next  year  began  the  J.  pr.  Ch.  (q.  v.), 
by  Erdmann  &  Schweigger-Seidel. 

Tasch.  Min.  Taschenbuch  fiir  die  gesammte  Mineralogie,  von  C.  C.  Leonhard.  18  vols.,  12mo, 
Frankfurt  a.  M.,  1  vol.  ann.  Vol.  1,  1807  ;  4,  '10;  9,  '15  ;  14,  '20  ;  18,  '24. 

2.   Transactions,  etc.,  of  Scientific  Societies. 

Abh.  Ak.  Berlin.    Abhandlungen  der  koniglichen  Preuss.  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften  zu 

Berlin.     4to,  Berlin.     Vol.  1  (for  1804-1811)  issued  in  1815. 
ABHANDL.  SENK.  GES.  FRANKFURT.     Abhandlungen  von  d.  Senkenbergischen  naturforschenden 

Gesellschaft  zu  Frankfurt.  Begun  in  1854.  Vol.  vii.  in  1868. 
Ak.  H.  Stockholm.  K.  Vet.-Academinens  Handlingar,  Stockholm. 
Arner.  Assoc.  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  8vo. 

VoL  1,  meeting  at  Philadelphia  in  1848  ;  2,  at  Cambridge  in  '49;  3,  at  Charleston  in  '50; 

4,  at  N.  Haven,  '50;  5,  at  Cincinnati,  '51;  6,  at  Albany,  '51  ;   7,  at  Cleveland,  '53;  8,  at 

Washington,  '54;  9,  at  Providence,  '55;   10,  at  Albany,  '56;   11,  at  Montreal,  '57;   12,  at 

Baltimore,  '58;   13,  at  Springfield,  '59;   14,  at  Newport,  '60;   15,  at  Buffalo,  '66;   16,  at 

Burlington,  '67. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Hist.  N.Y.    Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  New  York.     Begun  in 

1824.     Vol.  8  unfinished  in  1868. 
Anzeig.  Ak.  Wien.    Auzeiger  der  K.  K.  Akad.  d.  Wissenschaften.    8vo,  Wien.    Begun  in  1864. 

1  vol.  ann. 
Ber.  Ak.  Munchen.   Sitzungsberichte  der  K.  bayerischen  Akad.  der  Wiss.  zu  Miinchen  (Munich). 

8vo. 
Ber.  Ak.  Wien.     Sitzungsberichte  der  K.  K.  Akad.  der  Wiss.,  Wien  (Vienna).     Commenced  in 

1848,  8vo. 
Ber,  Ak.  Berlin.     Monatsberichte  der.  K.  Preuss.  Akad.  der  Wissenschaften  zu  Berlin.    8vo. 

Begun  in  1836. 


XXXV111  INTRODUCTION. 

Ber.  nied.  Ges.  Bonn.     Sitzungsberichte  der  niederrheinischen  Gesellschaft  in  Bonn.     Issued 

with  Verb.  nat.  Ver.  Bonn. 

BER.  SACHS  GES.  LEIPSIC.     Berichte  der  K.  sachs.  Gesellschaft  der  Wiss.,  Leipsic. 
Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.     Bulletin  Scientifique  de  1'Acad.  Imperiale  des  Sciences  de  St.  Petersb.    4to, 

St.  Petersburg.      Vol.  1,  1858;   10,   1867.      Preceded  by  the  two  Bulletins,  B.  physico- 

mathematique,  17  vols.,  4to,  and  B.  historico-philologique,  16  vols.,  4to:  and  these  two 

preceded  by  the  one  Bull.  Scientifique,  10  vols.,  4to. 
Bull.  Soc.  Ch.    Bulletin  mensuel  de  la  Societe  Chemique  de  Paris.    8vo,  1  vol.  ann. 

2d  ser.  begun  in  1860.     Vol.  9  in  1868. 
Bull.  Soc.  G.     Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Geologique  de  France.    8vo,  Paris.     1st  ser.,  vol.  1,  1830- 

'31;  2,  '31-'32;  3,  '32-'33 ;  4,  '33-'34;  5,   '34;    6,   '34-'35;    7,  '35-'36;   12,   '40-'41 ;   14, 

'42-'43.     2d  ser.,  vol.  1,  '43-'44;   6,  '48-'49;    11,  '53-'54;   16,  '58-'59;   21,  '63-'64;   26, 

'68-'69. 

Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou.    Bulletin  de  la  Soc.  Imperiale  des  Naturalistes  de  Moscou.    8vo. 
C.  R.    Comptes  Rendus  des  Seances  de  1'Academie  des  Sciences.    4to,  2  vols.  ann. ;  vol.  1,  1835 ; 

2,  3,  '36;   12,  13,  '41;  22,  23,  '46;  32,  33,  '51;  42,  43,  '56;  52,  53,  '61;  62,  63,  '66. 
Denkschr.  Ak.  Wien.    Denkschriften  der  Kais.  Akademie  d.  Wiss.  in  Wien. ;  Math.-Naturwiss. 

Classe.    4to,  Wien.     Begun  in  1850;  vol.  25  in  1866. 

Forh.  Vid.  Selsk.  Christiania.     Forhandlingar  i  Videnskabs-Selskabet  i  Christiania.     8vo. 
Haid.  Ber.    Berichte  iiber  die  Mittheilungen  von  Freunden  der  Wiss.  in  Wien;  edited  by  W. 

Haidinger.    8vo.  7  vols.,  1846-'ol. 
Gel.  Anz.  Munch.     Gelehrte  Anzeige  der  K.  bayerischen  Akad.  der.  Wiss.  zu  Miinchen.    4to. 

Vol.  1,  1835  ;  39,  '54. 
J.  Ac.  Philad.     Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia.     1st.  ser.,  8vo,  7 

vols.,  1817-42.     2d  ser.,  4to,  begun  in  1847 ;  vol.  6  finished  in  1868. 
J.  Nat.  Hist.  Boat.     Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History.     8vo,  7  vols.,  1834-'63. 
J.  Ch.  Soc.     Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society.     1st  ser.,  called  Quarterly  Journal,  etc.    15  vols. ; 

one  vol.  (of  4  Nos.)  a  year;  voL   1,   1848;  6,  '53;   11,  '58;   15,  '62.     2d  ser.,  monthly; 

vol.  1,  1863  ;   6,  '68. 
Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.      Jahrbuch  der  Kaiserlich-Koniglichen  geologischen  Reichsanstalt,  Wien. 

Begun  in  1850,  1  vol.  ann. 
JAHRESB.  WETT.  GES.  HANAU.     Jahresbericht  der  wetterau'schen  Gesellschaft  fur  die  gesammte 

Naturkunde.    8vo,  Hauau,  1850-53. 
MAG.  GES.  NAT.  FR.  BERLIN.     Magazin  der  Gesellschaft  naturforschender  Freunde.    8  vols.  4to ; 

1,  1807;  2,  '08;  3,  '09;  4,  '10;  5,  '11  ;  6,  '14;  7,  '16;  8,  '18.     Afterward  Verhandl.  ib. 
Mem.  Ace. Torino.    Memorie  della  reale  Accademia  delle  Scienze  di  Torino.     4to,  Turin;    1st 

ser.,  40  vols.,  1864,-'38  ;  2d  ser.  begun  in  1839,  and  vol.  22,  in  '65. 

Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Bost.     Memoirs  of  the  Americat  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences.     4to,  Boston. 
MEM.  Soc.  NAT.  Moscou.    Begun  in  1811. 
CEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.     (Efversigt  af  K.  Vet- Akad.  Forhandlingar,  Stockholm.    Commenced  in  1844, 

I  vol.  ann.,  8vo. 

Overs.  Vid.  Selsk.  Copenh.     Oversigt  over  det  Kongelige  danske  Videnskabernes  Selskabs 

Forhandlingar.     Copenhagen,  8vo. 
Phil.  Trans.    Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London.    4to.    Vol.  1  contains  transactions 

for  1665.  '66. 

Proc.  Ac.  Philad.    Proceedings  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia.     8vo.     Begun  in  1841. 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.  Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Philadelphia. 
Proc.  N.  Hist.  Soc.  Bost.  Proceedings  of  the  Nat.  Hist.  Society  of  Boston.  8vo.   Begun  in  1841. 
Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.    Proceedings  of  the  E.  Soc.  of  Edinburgh.     8vo. 
Phys.  Arb.  Fr.  Wien.     Physikalische  Arbeiten  der  eiutrachtigen  Freunde  in  Wien ;  published 

in  Quartals ;  1  qu.,  1783  ;  2  qu.,  '84;  3,  4  qu.,  '85;  2d  vol.,  1  qu.,  '86;  2  qu.,  '87  ;  3  qu,  '88. 
Q.  J.  G.  Soc.     Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society.    8vo,  London.     Begun  in  1845 ;  1 

vol.  ann. 

Q.  J.  Oh.  Soc.    See  J.  Ch.  Soc. 

Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.     Eeports  of  the  British  Association.     Begun  in  1831. 
SCHRIFT.  GES.  NAT.  FR.  BERLIN.      Schriftcn  der  Gesellschaft  naturforschender  Freunde  in  Berlin. 

II  vols.  8vo,  the  first  1  v.  ann.;   1,  1780;  5,  '84;   8,  '86-7;  8,  '88;  9,  '89;   10,  '92;    Il,'y4 
(vols.  7-11,  also  as  1-5  of  Beobachtungen  und  Entdeckungen,  etc.).   Next,  Neue  Schriften, 
etc.,  4  vols.,  4to;   1,  1795  ;  2,  '99  ;  3,  1801;  4,  1803-4.     Afterward  Magazin,  etc.  (q.  v.). 

Schriften  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.    Schriften  der  russisch-kaiserlichen  Gesellschaft  fur  die  gesammte 

Mineralogie.     1842.     For  continuation  see  Verh. 

Soo.  Sci.  FENN.     Acta  Societatis  Scientiarum  Fennica3,  Christiania,  Norway. 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.     Transactions  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society.    4to, 

Philadelphia. 
Trans.  Soc.  Roy.  Edinb.    Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh.    4to. 


INTRODUCTION.  XXXIX 

Verb.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.    Verhandlungen  d.  russisch-kaiserlichen  mineralogischen  Gesellschafb 

zu  St.  Petersburg. 

Verh.  nat.  Ges.  Basel.  Verhandlungen  der  naturforschenden  Gesellschaft  in  Basel.  Begun  in  1854 . 
Verh.  nat.  Ver.  Bonn.     Verhandlungen  des  naturhistorischeii  Vereines  der  preuss.     Rhein- 

lande  und  Westphalens.     Begun  in  1844. 
ZS.  G.,  or  ZS.  G.  Ges.    Zeitschrift  der  deutschen  geol.  Gesellschaft.    8vo,  Berlin ;  a  quarterly ; 

1  vol.  ann. ;  vol.  1,  1849;   11,  '59;  21,  '69. 
ZS.  Nat.  Ver.  Halle.     Zeitschrift  fur  die  gesammten  Naturwissenschaften,  von  dem  nat.  Verein 

f.  Sachsen  und  Thiiringen  in  Halle.     Begun  hi  1853. 

3.  Independent  Works. 

Agric.,  Ort.  Cans.  Subt.    Georgius  Agricola,  de  Ortu  et  Causis  subterraneorum ;  preface  dated 

1543. 
Agric.,  Foss.    Id.,  de  natura  fossiliura;  pref.  dated  1546;  and  De  veteribus  et  no  vis  metallis; 

pref.,  1546. 

Agric.,  Berm.     Bermannus,  sive  De  re  metallica  Diallogus;  pref.,  1529. 
Agric.,  Interpr.    Interpretatio  Germanica  vocum  rei  metallic*;  pref.,  1546.     The  edition  of 

Agricola's  works,  cited  beyond,  including  the  four  preceding  parts,  is  one  in  folio,  1  voL, 

Basilead  (Basle),  1558. 

Agric.,  Metall.     De  re  Metallica;  by  id.     Preface  dated  1550.     Fol.,  Basiled,  1557. 
Aikin,  Min.     Manual  of  Mineralogy;  by  A.  Aikin.    2d  ed.,  8vo,  London,  1815.     The  1st  ed. 

appeared  in  1814. 

Albert.  Magnus,  Min.     Albertus  Magnus.  De  Mineralibus.     Written  after  1262. 
Alger,  Min.     Treatise  on  Min.  by  Wm.  Phillips  ;  5th  ed.  by  R.  Allan,  with  numerous  additions ; 

by  F.  Alger.    8vo,  Boston,  1 844. 

Allan,  Min.     Manual  of  Mineralogy ;  by  E.  Allan.     8vo,  Edinburgh,  1 834.     See  also  PHILLIPS. 
Allan,  Min.  Nomencl.     Mineralogical  Nomenclature ;  by  T.  Allan.     8vo,  Edinburgh,  1814. 
Argenville,  Oryct.     L'Mistoire  Naturelle,  etc.  ;  by  D.  d'Argenville.     4to,  Paris,  1755. 
Arppe,  Finsk.  Min.     Analyser  af  Fin  ska  Mineralier;  by  A.   E.  Arppe.      Part  I.,  1855,  from 

the  Act.  Soc.  Fenn.,  iv.  561-578;   II.,  1857,  ib.,  v.  467  (paged  1-51) ;  III.,  1859-186 l,ib.vi. 

580. 
Aristotle.   Aristotle's  works ;  particularly  the  M£T£wpo\:>yiKd,  or  "  Meteorology,"  and  Tlepl  Qav^affiwi. 

dKovandrw,  or  "  Wonderful  Things  Heard  of."     Works  written  about  the  middle  of  the  4th 

century  B.C.     A.  born  about  384  B.C.  and  d.  322  B.C. 
B.  de  Boot.    Lap.  Gemmarum  et  Lapidum  Historia.    4to,  Jena,  1647  ;  the  1st  edit,  published  at 

Jena  in  16o9  ;  the  2d,  enlarged  by  A.  Toll,  Lugduni  Bat.,  8vo,  1636. 
Beck,  Min.  N.  Y.     See  Rep.  Min.  K  Y.,  beyond. 
Beud.,  Tr.,  1824,  1832.     Traite  elementaire  de  Min.;  by  F.  S.  Beudant.    8vo,  Paris,  1824;  2d 

ed.,  2  vols.,  1832. 

Bergm.,  Opusc.     Opuscula  of  Torbernus  Bergmann.    1780. 
Bergm.,  Sciagr.    SSciagraphia  Regni  Mineralis  (in  Latin);  by  T.  Bergmann.     8vo,  1782  ;  reprint 

in  London,  1783. 
BERZ  N.  SYST.  Mix.     Neues  System  der  Mineralogie ;  translated  from  the  Swedish  by  Drs.  Gmelin 

and  Pfaff.    Nurnberg,  1816. 
Berz.  N.  Syst.  Min.    Nouveau  Systeme  de  Mineralogie ;  by  J.  J.  Berzelius.    8 vo,  Paris,  1819; 

translated  from  the  Swedish. 
Berz.  Lothr.     Die  Anwendung  des  Lothrohrs,  etc.      Germ.  Transl.  by  II.  Rose.     Niirnberg, 

1821  ;  4th  od.,  1844.     American  ed.  by  Whitney,  1845. 

BLUMENBACH  HANDB.     Handbuch  der  Naturgeschichte.    8vo,  8fch  ed.,  Gottingen,  1807. 
Born,  Brief.  Walschl.    Briefe  aus  Walschland  (Italy);  by  I.  v.  Born.     8vo,  Prague,  1773. 
Born,  Lithoph.     Lythophylacium  Borniauum;  Index  Fossilium  qua3  coUigit,  etc.,  Ignatius  S.  R. 

I.  Eques  a  Born.    2  parts,  Prague;  part  1,  1772;  2,  '75.     A  descriptive  catalogue,  but 

without'  notes. 
Born,  Cat.  Foss.  de  Raab.     Catalogue  methodique  et  raisonne  de  la  collection  des  Fossiles  de 

Mile.  Eleonore  de  Raab;  by  id.     4  vols.,  8vo,  Vienna,  1790. 
BOUEX.  CAT.     Catalogue  de  la  Collection  mineralogique  particuliere  du  Roi ;  by  Comte  de  Bournon. 

8vo,  mit  Atlas  in  fol..  Paris,  1817. 

Bourn.  Min.     Traite  de  Mineralogie;  by  Comte  de  Bournon.     3  vols.,  4to,  1808. 
Breith.,  Char.  1820.     Kurze  Charakteristik  des  Mineral-Systems ;  by  A.  Breithaupt.    STO,  Frei- 
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1832. 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

Breith.,  Uib,  1830.    Uibersicht  des  Mineral-System's;  by  A.  Breithaupt.     8vo,  Freiberg.  1830. 

Breith.,  Handb.  Vollstandiges  Handbueh  der  Mineralogie ;  by  id.  8vo,  Dresden  and  Leipzig ; 
vol  1,  introduct,  1836;  2,  '41 ;  3,  '47. 

Brochant,  Min.  Traite  de  Mineralogie;  by  A.  J.  M. Brochant.  Paris,  1808  ;  an  earlier  edition iu 
1800. 

Brcmell,  Min.  Herr  Magni  von  Bromells  Miueralogia.  2d  ed.,  16mo,  Stockholm,  1739.  1st 
ed.  pub'd  in  1730. 

Brongn.,  Min.     Traite  elementaire  de  Mineralogie ;  by  A.  Brongniart.    2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1 807. 

Brongn.,  TabL     Tableau  des  Especes  Minerales;  by  id.     48  pp.,  Svo,  Paris,  1833. 

Brooke,  Cryst.     Familiar  Introduction  to  Crystallography ;   by  J.  Brooke.     Svo,  London,  1 823. 

B.  &  M.,  Min.  Introduction  to  Mineralogy,  by  the  late  Wm.  Phillips  ;  new  edition,  with  exten- 
sive alterations  and  additions,  by  II.  J.  Brooke  and  W.  H.  Miller,  8vo,  London,  1852. 
Prof.  Miller  is  the  author  also  of  a  Treatise  on  Crystallography,  Svo,  Cambridge,  1839,  giv- 
ing the  elements  of  the  system  adopted  in  the  above  work,  a  system  first  proposed  by 
Whewell,  in  PhU.  Trans,  for  1825. 

Briickmann,  Magnalia  Dei  in  locis  subterraneis.     2  parts,  fol. ;  part  1,  1727  ;  2,  '30. 

Caesius,  Min.     De  Mineralibus;  by  Bernardius  Caasius.     056  pp.,  fol.,  Lugduni,  1636. 

CAPPELLER,  CRIST.     Prodromus -Cristallographiae ;  Marc.  Ant.  Cappeller.     4to,  Lucerne,  1723. 

Cat.  de  Dree.  Catalogue  des  huit  Collections  qui  composent  le  Musee  mineralogique  de  Et.  de 
Dree.  4to,  Paris,  1811.  Dufrenoy  speaks  of  it  as  the  work  of  M.  Leman. 

Chapman,  Min.     Practical  Mineralogy;  by  E.  J.  Chapman.     8vo,  London,  1843. 

Chapman,  Char.  Min.  Brief  Description  of  the  Characters  of  Minerals;  by  id.  12mo,  London, 
1844. 

Cleaveland,  Min.,  1816,  1822.  Treatise  on  Mineralogy  and  Geology.  Svo,  Boston,  1816  ;  2d 
ed.,  2  vols.,  Svo,  Boston,  1822. 

Cronst.,  or  Cronst.  Min.,  1758,  1781.  Mineralogie,  eller  Mineral-Blkets  Upstallniug;  by  A. 
Cronstedt  (but  issued  anonymously).  12mo,  Stockholm,  1758;  Brimnich's  edit,  in  Danish, 
Copenhagen,  hvo,  1770;  2d  Swedish  ed.,  Stockholm,  1781;  MageUan's  edit,  in  English, 
2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1788. 

Dana,  Min.  Boston.  Outlines  of  the  Mineralogy  and  Geology  of  Boston  and  its  vicinity :  by  J. 
Freeman  &  S.  L.  Dana.  Svo,  Boston,  1818. 

Dana  Min.  This  work.  Editions  of  1837,  1844,  1850,  1854.  Supplements  1  to  10  to  last  edi- 
tion in  the  Am.  J.  Sci.,  1855-1862,  the  last  three  by  G.  J.  Brush. 

Daubenton,  Tabl.  Tableaux  inethodique  des  Mineraux.  Paris,  1784.  Only  a  classified  cata^gue. 
Several  subsequent  editions  were  issued,  the  6th  in  1799. 

Davila,  Cab.  Catalogue  syst.  et  raisonue  des  Curiosites  de  la  Nature  et  de  1'Art  qui  composent 
le  Cabinet  de  M.  Davila.  3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1767. 

Delameth.,  Sciagr.  New  edition  of  Mougez's  Sciagraphie  (Fr.  trl.  of  Bergmann's  Sciagr.,  with 
additions);  by  J.  C.  Delametherie.  2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1792. 

Delameth.,  T.  T.  The'orie  de  la  Terre;  by  id.  2d  ed.,  5  vols.,  Paris,  1797  ;  vols.  1,  2,  of  this 
edition  contain  his  Mineralogy. 

Delameth.,  Min.     Legons  de  Mineralogie;  by  id.     Svo,  vol.  1,  1811;  2,  '12,  Paris. 

DE  LISLE,  CRIST.,  1772.     Essai  de  Cristallographie  ;  by  Home  de  Flsle.     Svo,  Paris,  1772. 

De  Lisle,  Crist.,  1783.  Cristallographie,  ou  Description  des  formes  propres  a  tous  les  corps  du 
Regne  mineral;  by  id.  Called  2d  edition  of  the  preceding.  4  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1783. 

Demeste  Lettres.    Lettres  sur  la  Mineralogie;  by  Dr.  Demeste.     2  vols.,  16mo,  1779. 

Descl.,  Min.     Manuel  de  Mineralogie;  by  A.  DesCloizeaux.     8vo,  Paris,  vol.  1,  1862. 

Descl.  Quartz.  Memoire  sur  la  Cristallisation  et  la  Structure  interieure  du  Quartz ;  by  A.  Des- 
cloizeaux.  212  pp.,  4to,  with  5  folded  plates,  Paris,  1858. 

Dioscor.  Dioscorides  LLspi  vA/?s  iarptiois  (Materia  Medica),  written  about  A.D.  50.  In  the  mineral 
part  treats  especially  of  the  medical  virtues  of  minerals,  but  often  gives  also  short  descrip- 
tions. Not  alluded  to  among  the  many  references  in  Pliny,  but  evidently  cited  from. 

Domeyko,  Min.,  1845,  1860.  Mementos  de  Mineralogia ;  by  I.  Domeyko.  Svo,  Chili,  1st  ed., 
Serena,  1845;  2d  ed.,  Santiago,  1860. 

Domeyko,  Tratado  de  Ensayes;  by  id.     2d  ed.,  Svo,  Valparaiso,  1858. 

Dufr.,  Min.,  1844,  1856-1860.  Traite  de  Mineralogie;  by  A.  Dufreuoy.  4  vols.,  Svo  (the  last 
of  plates),  Paris,  1844;  2d  ed.,  5  vols.;  1,  2,  3,  '56;  4,  '59;  5,  '60. 

Emmerling,  Min.  Lehrbuch  der  Mineralogie;  by  L.  A.  Emmerling.  8vo,  Giessen,  1st  ed., 
!793-'97;  2d  ed.,  '99,  1802. 

Ercker,  Aula  Subt.  Aula  Subterranea  (on  Ores,  Mining,  and  Metallurgy);  by  L.  Ercker. 
Written  in  1574,  published  in  1595. 

Erdmann,  Min.    Larobok  i  Mineral ogien ;  by  A.  Erdmann.     8vo,  Stockh.,  1853. 

Erdmann,  Dannemora  Jernm.  Dannemora  Jernmalmsfalt,  etc. ;  by  A!  Erdmann.  12mo, 
Stockholm,  1851.  Also  Uto  Jernm.,  1856. 

Estner,  Min.    Versuch  einer  Mineralogie.    3  vols.  in  5  parts,  Svo,  Wien,  1794-1804. 


INTRODUCTION.  xli 

Estner,  iiber  Werner's  Verbess,  in  Min.  Freymiithige  Gedanken  liber  Herrn  Inspector 
Werner's  Verbesserungen  in  der  Mineralogie,  nebst  einigen  Bemerkuugen  iiber  Herrn 
Assessor  Karstens  Beschreibimg  des  vom  sel.  Leske  Mineralien-Cabinetts ;  by  Abbe 
Estner.  G4  pp.,  18mo,  Wien,  1790. 

Fabricius,  Met.  De  rebus  metallicis  ac  nominibus  observationes  varia3,  etc.,  ex  schedis  Georgii 
Fabricii.  Tiguri,  1566.  Issued  with  an  edition  of  Gesner's  Foss. 

Faujas,  Vole.  Viv.  Eecherches  sur  les  Volcans  eteints  du  Vivarais  et  du  Velay ;  by  Faujas  de  St. 
Fond.  Fol.,  Grenoble  et  Paris,  1778.  By  the  same,  Mineralogie  des  Volcans,  8vo,  Paris,  1784. 

Fors.,  Min.     Minerographia ;  by  Sigfrid  Avon  Forsius.     IGmo,  Stockholm,  1643. 

Gallitzin,  Diet.  Min.  Eecueil  de  noms  par  order  alphabetique  apropries  en  Mineralogie ;  by  D. 
de  Gallitzin.  Sm.  4to,  Brunswick,  1801. 

Gesner,  Foss.  De  omni  rerum  fossilium  genere,  Gemmis,  Lapidibus,  Metallis,  etc.;  opera 
Conradi  Gesneri.  Tiguri,  1565. 

Glocker,  Handb.,  1831,  1839.  Handbuch  der  Mineralogie;  by  B.  F.  Glocker.  8vo,  Niirnberg, 
1831;  2dedit.,  1839. 

Glocker,  Syn.  Generum  et  Specierum  Mineralium  secundum  Ordines  Naturales  digestorum 
Synopsis;  by  id.  8vo,  Halle,  1847. 

GMELIN,  Mix.  Einleitung  in  die  Miueralogie ;  by  J.  F.  Gmelin.  8vo,  Niirnberg,  1780.  By  the 
same,  Grundriss  einer  Min.  8vo,  Gottingen,  1790. 

Greg  &  Lettsom,  Min.  Manual  of  the  Mineralogy  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland ;  by  E.  P.  Greg 
and  W.  G.  Lettsom.  8vo,  London,  1858. 

Gurlt,  Kunstl.  Min.  Uebersicht  der  pyrogenneten  kiinstlichen  Mineralien,  namentlich  der 
krystallisirten  Hiittenerzeugnisso ;  by  Dr.  A.  Gurlt.  8vo,  Freiberg,  1857. 

H.,  Tr.,  1801,  1822.  Traite  de  Mineralogie  ;  by  C.  Haiiy.  A  4to  ed.  of  4  vols.,  with  atlas  in 
fol. ;  also  an  8vo  ed.,  Paris:  1801 ;  2d  ed.,  4  vols.,  8vo,  with  fol.  atlas,  18X2. 

H.,  Crist.     Haiiy  Traite  de  Cristallographie;  by  id.     2  vols.,  Svo,  in  1822. 

H.,  TABL.  COMP.  Tableau  Comparatif  des  resultats  de  la  Cristallographie  et  de  1'analyse  chimique 
relativement  a  la  classification  des  Mineraux;  by  id.  Svo,  Paris,  1809. 

Haid.,  Min.  Mohs.  Treatise  on  Mineralogy,  by  F.  Mohs ;  trl.,  with  considerable  additions,  by 
Wm.  Haidiuger.  3  vols.,  Svo,  Edinburgh,  1825. 

Haid.,  Min.     Anfangsgriinde  d.  Min. ;  by  id.     Svo,  Leipz.,  1829. 

Haid.,  Handb.     Handbuch  d.  bestimmenden  Mineralogie ;  by  id.     Svo,  Wien,  1845. 

Haid.,  Ueb.  Uebersicht  der  Resultate  Mineralogischer  Forschungen  irn  Jahre  1843;  by  id. 
Erlangen,  1845. 

Hausm.,  Versuch.  Versuch  eines  Entwurfs  zu  eines  Einleitung  in  die  Oryktognosie  ;  by  J.  F. 
L.  Hausmann.  Svo,  Braunschweig,  1805;  Cassel,  '09. 

Hausm.,  Handb.,  1813,  1847.  Han dbuch  der  Mineralogie  ;  by  id.  3  vols.,  12 mo,  Gottingen, 
1813  ;  2d  ed.,  1st  vol.,  introductory,  '28  ;  2d,  in  two  parts,  "'47. 

Henckel,  Py rit,  Pyritologia,  oder  Kiess-Historie ;  by  J.  Fr.  Heuckel  (of  Saxony).  Svo,  Leipzig, 
1725. 

Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.  Mineralogische  Notizen ;  by  Fr.  Hessenberg.  4to.  with  plates,  Nos. 
1-8,  1S54-'6S.  (From  the  Abhandl.  d.  senkenbergischen  naturforschenden  Gesellschaft 
in  Frankfurt  a.  M.,  vols.  ii  to  vii.)  No.  7  contains  an  index  to  the  first  seven. 

HIAERNB,  ANLEDN.  Kort  Anledning  til  askallige  Malm  och  Bergarters,  Mineraliers,  etc. ;  by  Urban 
Hiaerne.  Stockholm,  1694. 

His.,  Min.  Geogr.  Swed.  Mineralogisk  Geografi  ofver  Sverige;  by  W.  af.  Hisinger.  Svo, 
Stockholm,  1808.  Also 

His.  Min.  Geogr.  Wohler.  Versuch  einer  mineralogischen  Geographie  von  Schweden,  iiber- 
setzt  von  F.  Wohler.  Svo,  Liepzig,  1826. 

His.  Handbok.  Handbok  for  Mineraloger  under  Resor  i  Sverige ;  by  W.  Hisinger.  Svo,  Stock- 
holm, 1843. 

Hill,  Foss.  Fossils  arranged  according  to  their  obvious  characters  ;  by  John  Hill.  Svo,  Lon- 
don, 1771.  (De  Lisle  says  it  was  not  issued  till  1772.) 

Hoff,  Mag.     Magazin  fur  die  gesamrate  Min.,  etc. ;  by  K.  E.  A.  v.  Hoff.    1  vol.,  Svo,  Leipzig,  1801. 

Hofmann,  Min.  Handb.  d.  Mineralogie ;  by  C.  A.  S.  Hofmann.  4  vols.,  Svo,  Freiberg.  Vol. 
1,  1811;  2,  part  a,  '12,  6,  '15;  3,  parts  a,  6,  '16;  4,  part  a,  '17,  6,  '18.  Work,  after  2d 
vol.,  part  a,  issued  by  Breithaupt,  Hofmann  having  died  March,  1813.  Vol.  4,  part  b,  con- 
sists of  notes  and  additions  by  Breithaupt,  and  includes  also  the  Letztes  Min.  Syst.  of 
Werner  (1817). 

Huot,  Min.     Manuel  de  Mineralogie  ;  by  J.  J.  N.  Huot.     2  vols.,  16mo,  Paris,  1841. 

Jameson,  Min.,  1804,  1816,  1820.  A  System  of  Mineralogy;  by  E.  Jameson.  Svo,  Edin- 
burgh; 1st  ed.,  2  vols.,  1804;  2d,  3  vols.,  '16;  3d,  3  vols,  1820. 

Published  also  a  Manual  of  Min.,  Svo,  in  1831 ;  and  Mineralogy  according  to  the  Natural 
System  (from  Encycl.  Brit.),  in  1837.  Also,  in  1805,  a  Treatise  on  the  External  Characters 
of  Minerals,  Svo,  Edinburgh. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Jasche,  Kl.  Schrift.     Kleine  min.  Schriften;  by  C.  F.  Jasche.     12mo,  Sondershausen,  1817. 
John,  Untersuch.     Chemische  Untersuchungen  mineralischer,  etc.,  Substanzen ;  by  J.  Fr.  John, 

8vo,  Berlin,  Fortsotzung  d.  chem.  Laboratoriums,  Berlin,  which  makes  vol.  1  of  series ; 

vol.  2,  1810;   3,  1813;  4,  1816;   6,  1821. 
Karsten,  Mus.  Lesk.    Museum  Leskeanum,  Regnum  minerale ;  by  D.  L.  G.  Karsten.    2  vols,  Svo, 

Leipzig,  1789. 
Karst.,  Tab.,  1791.    Tabellarische  Uebersicht  der  mineralogisch-einfachen  Fossilien ;  by  id.   Fol., 

Berlin,  1791. 
Karst.,  Tab.,  1800,  1808.     Mineralogische  Tabellen  ;  by  id.      Fol.,  Berlin,  1800;  2d  ed.,  fol., 

Berlin,  1708. 
Karst.,  Wern.  Verbess.  Min.    Ueber  Herrn  Werners  Verbesserungen  in  der  Mineralogie  auf 

Yeranlassuug  der  freimiithigen  Gedauken,  etc.,  des  Herrn  Abbe  Estner ;  by  id.     80  pp., 

12mo,  Berlin,  1793. 
Kenng.,  Ueb.     Uebersichte  der  Resultate  mineralogischer  Forschungen ;  by  G.  Ad.  Kenngott. 

For  the  years  1844-'49,  Wieu,   1852  ;  for  years   1850-'51,  Wien,   1853;  for  '54,    Wien, 

1854;  for  '53,  Liepzig,  1855;  for  '54,  ib..  1856;  for  '55,  ib.,  1856;  for '56,  :57,  ib.,  1858;  for 

'58,  ib.,  1860;  for '59,  ib.,  1860;  for  '60,  ib.,  1862;  for  '61,  ib.,  1862;  for '62-'65,  ib.,  1868. 

[The  last  was  received  just  as  this  volume  was  leaving  the  press.] 
Kenng.,  Min.,  1853.    Das  Mohs'sche  Mineralsystem ;  by  id.     Svo,  Wien,  1853. 
Kirwan,  Min.    Elements  of  Mineralogy;  by  R.  Kirwan.    2  vols.,  Svo,  London,  2d  edition,  1794. 

1st  ed.  was  issued  in  1784,  Svo. 
Klapr.,  Beitr.    Beitrage  zur  chemischen  Kenntniss  d.  Mineralkorpers ;  by  M.  H.  Klaproth.    Svo, 

vol.  1,  1795;  2,  '97;  H,  1802  ;  4,  '07;  5,  '10;  6,  '15. 
Kob.,  Char.     Charakteristik  d.  Miueralien;  by  Fr.  von  Kobell.   Svo,  Niirnberg,  Abth.  1,  1830:  2, 

1831. 

Kob.,  Min.  Grundziige  d.  Mineralogie;  by  id.  Svo,  Niirnberg,  1838. 
Kob.,  Taf.,  1853.  Tafeln  zur  Bestimmung  d.  Mineralien ;  by  id.  5th  ed.,  Miinchen,  1853.  The 

8th  edit,  appeared  hi  1864. 

Kob.  Min.-Namen.  Die  Mineral  Namen;  by  id.  Svo,  Miinchen,  1853. 
Kob.,  Gesch.  Min.  Geschichte  d.  Min. ;  by  id.  Svo,  Miinchen,  1864. 
Koksch.,  Min.  Russl.  Materialen  zur  Mineralogie  Russlands ;  by  N.  v.  Kokscharof.  Svo, 

St.  Petersburg,  vol.  1,  1853,  '54;  2,  '54-'57 ;  3,  '58;  4,  '61-'6t>;  5,  stiU  incomplete.     Also 

by  same  author,  Vorlesungen  iiber  Mineralogie.     Vol.  1,  4to,  St.  Petersburg,  1865. 
Kopp,  Gesch.  Ch.     Geschichte  d.  Chemie;  by  H.  Kopp.   4  parts,  Svo,  Braunschweig,  1843-'47. 
KROXSTEDT.    See  Cronstedt. 
Lampadius,  Samml.     Sammlung  practisch-chernischer  Abhandlungen ;    by  W.  A.  Lampadius. 

3  vols.,  8vo,  Dresden;  vol.  1,  1795  ;  2,  1797  ;  3,  1800. 
Lenz,  Min.    Versuch  einer  vollstandigen  Anleitung  zur  Kenntniss  der  Mineralien ;  by  D.  G.  J. 

Lenz.    2  vols.,  Svo,  Leipzig,  1794.   By  the  same,  Tabellen,  1781 ;  Handbuch,  1791;  Grund- 

riss,  1793;    Mustertafeln,    1794;    Tabellen,  fol.,   1806;    System,  1800,   1809;    Handbuch, 

1822. 
Leonh.,  Syst.-Tab.    Systematisch-tabellarische  Uebersicht  und  Char.  d.  Mineralkorper ;  by  C.  0 

Leonhard,  K.  F.  Merz.  and  J.  H.  Kopp.     Fol.,  Frankfurt  a.  M.,  1806. 
Leonh.,  Orykt.   Handbuch  der  Oryktogonosie ;  by  K.  C.  Leonhard.   Svo,  Heidelberg,  1821.   Also 

2d  ed.,  Svo,  Heidelberg,  1826. 
Leonh.,  topogr.  Min.      Handworterbuch  d.  topographischen  Mineralogie;    by  G.  Leonhard. 

Heidelberg,  1843. 
Levy's  Heuland.     Description  d'une  collection  de  Mineraux,  formee  par  M.  Henri  Heuland,  et 

appartenant  a  M.  Ch.  H.  Turner,  de  Rooksnest,  dans  le  comte  de  Surrey  en  Angleterre ;  by 

A.  Levy.     3  vols.,  Svo,  with  an  atlas  of  83  pi.,  London,  1837. 
Libavius,  Alchem.     Alchemia,  A.  Libavi*.     Frankfurt,  1597. 

LIXN.,  STST.  NAT.     Systema  Nature  of  Linnasus.     1st  edit.,  1735  ;  10th  ed.,  T.  3,  1770. 
Lucas,  Tabl.     Tableau  methodique  des  Especes  Mineraux ;  by  J.  A.  H.  Lucas.     Part  1,  Svo, 

1806:  2,  1813,  Paris.     The  first  part  contains  brief  descriptions  taken  from  Haiiy's  work, 

and  also  from  his  subsequent  lectures  and  published  announcements  of  his  courses.     The 

second  includes  in  the  main  Haiiy's  Tabl.,  with  many  additional  notes. 
Ludwig's  Min,  or  Ludwig's  Wern.     Handbuch  d.  Mineralogie  nach  A.  G.  Werner ;  by  C.  F. 

Ludwig.     2  vols.,  Svo,  Leipzig,  1803,  '04. 
Marx,  Crystallkunde.    Geschichte  der  Crystallkunde ;  by  Dr.  C.  M.  Marx.    Svo,  Carlsruhe  and 

Baden,  1825. 

Matthesius,  Sarepta.     Berg  Postilla,  oder  Sarepta ;  by  J.  Matthesius.     Fol.,  Niirnberg,  1562. 
Mohs,  Null  Kab.     Des  Herrn  J.  F.  Null  Mineralien-Kabinet,  nach  einem,  durchaus  auf  aussere 

Kennzeicheu  gegriindeten  Systeme  geordnet ;  by  F.  Mohs.     3  Abthl,  Svo,  Wien,  1804. 
Mohs,  Char.    Characteristic  of  the  Natural  History  System  of  Mineralogy ;  by  id.     Svo,  Edin- 
burgh, 1820. 


INTRODUCTION.  xliil 

Mohs,  Min.,  1822.      Grund-Riss  der  Mineralogie ;  by  id.     8vo,  vols.  1,  2,  1822,  '24,  Dresden. 

(Translated  into  English  by  W.  Haidinger.     See  HAID.) 
Mohs,  Min.,  1839.     Anfangsgriinde   der  Naturgeschichte   des   Mineralreichs ;    by   F.  Mohs. 

Zweiter  Theil  bearbeitet  von  F.  X.  M.  Xippe;  8vo,  Wien,  1839  (Erster  Theil,  introductory, 

published  in  1836).     A  first  edition  of  this  work  in  1832. 
Mont.  &  Cov.,  Min.    Prodrome  della  Mineralogia  Vesuviana ;  vol.  1,  Orittognosia.   8vo,  Napoli, 

.1825. 

NAPIONE,  MIN.     Elementi  di  Mineralogia;  by  Napione.     8vo,  Turin,  1779. 
Naumann,  Kryst.    Lehrbuch  der  Krystallographie ;  by  C.  F.  Naumann.     2  vols..  8vo,  with 

numerous  figs.,  Leipzig,  1829.     Nauniann  has  since  published  the  smaller  works,  Anfangs- 

griinde  der  Kryst.,  8vo,  1854;    Elemente  der  Theoretischen  Kryst.,  8vo,  1856. 
Naumann,  Min.     Elemente   der   Mineralogie.      8vo,  Liepzig,   1st   ed.,  1846;  2d.,  50;  3d  ed., 

'52 ;    4th,  '55 ;  5th,  '59 ;  6th,  '64.     Naumann  published  Lehrbuch  der  Min.,  8vo,  Berlin 

1828. 
NECKER  MIN.     Le  regne  mineral  ramene  aux  methodes  de  1'histoire  naturelle ;  by  L.  A.  Necker 

2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1835. 

Nicol,  Min.     Manual  of  Mineralogy;  by  J.  NicoL     8vo,  Edinb.,  1849. 
Noggerath,  Min.  Stud.  Geb.  Nederrhein.    Mineralogische  iStudien  iiber  die  Gebirge  am  Nie 

derrhein  ;  by  J.  J.  Noggerath.     8vo,  Frankfurt  a.  M.,  1 808. 
A.  E.  Nordensk.,  Finl.  Min.     Beskrifning  dfver  de  i  Finland  funna  Mineralier ;  by  A.  E.  Nor 

denskiold.     8vo,  Helsingfors,  1855.     Also  2d  ed.,  ib.,  18b3. 
N.  Nordensk.,  Finl.  Min.     Bidrag  till  narmare  Kannedom  af  Finlands  Mineralier  och  Geog- 

nosie  ;  by  Nils  Nordensk iold.     8 vo,  Stockholm,  1820. 

N.  NORDENSK  VERZ.     Verzeichn.  d.  in  Finland  gef.  Min. ;  by  id.     Helsingfors,  1852. 
Piattner,  Probirk.     Die  Probirkunst  mit  dem  Lothrohr ;  by  C.  F.  Plattner.     Last  ed.  by  T. 

Kichter,  8vo,  1865. 
Plin.      Historia  Naturalis  C.  Plinii  Secundi.      First  published  A.D.  77.     Latin  ed.  consulted, 

Sillig's,  in  8  vols.,  ]851-'58 ;  and  English,  that  of  Bostock  &  Riley,  5  vols.,  12mo,  London, 

1855.    Pliny's  Natural  History  is  divided  into  xxxvii  Books  ;  and  these  into  short  chapters. 

The  numbering  of  the  chapters  differs  somewhat  in  different  editions;  that  stated  in  the 

references  is  from  the  English  edition.   The  last  five  books  are  those  that  particularly  treat 

of  metals,  ores,  stones,  and  gems.     . 
Phillips,  Min.,  1823,  1837.     Elementary  Introduction  to  Mineralogy.      8vo,  3d  ed.,  London, 

1823.     4th  ed.  by  R.  Allan,  8vo,  1837.      The  1st  ed.  appeared  in  1816;  and  this  was 

re  published  in  New  York,  in  1 S 1 8.     For  Alger's  Phillips,  see  Alger. 
Quenstedt,  Min.     Handbuch  der  Mineralogie  ;  by  F.  A.  Quenstedt.    8vo,  Tubingen,  1853.   Also 

2d  ed.,  ib.,  1863. 
Ramm.,  Handw.     Handworterbuch  des  chemischen  Theils  der  Miueralogie  ;  by  C.  F.  Rammels- 

berg.     8vo,  Berlin,  1841.     Supplement  1,  '43;  2,  '45;  3,  '47;  4,  '49;  5,  '53. 
Ramm.,  Min.     J.  J.  Berzelius's  neues  chemisches  Mineralsystem ;    by  id.      8vo,  Niirnberg, 

1847. 

Ramm.,  Min.  Ch.     Handb.  d.  Mineralchemie ;  by  id.  8vo,  Leipzig,  1860. 
Rashleigh,  Brit.  Min.     Specimens  of  British  Minerals  selected  from  the  cabinet  of  Philip  Rash- 

leigh  (descriptions  and  colored  plates).     4to,  London.     Parti,  1797;  2,  1802. 
Rep.  G.  Cal.     Report  on  the  Geology  of  California ;  by  J.  D.  Whitney.     Large  8vo,  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1865. 
Rep.  G.  Can.     Annual  Reports  on  the  Progress  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada ;  by  Sir 

"Wm.  E.  Logan.     Containing  reports  on  mineralogy  by  T.  S.  Hunt.     8vo,  1845-'59.     In 

1863  a  General  Report  for  the  years  1843-'63. 
Rep.  G.  Mass.     Report  on  the  Geology  of  Massachusetts ;  by  E.  Hitchcock.     1st  Rep.,  1833, 

8vo;  2d  ed.,  1835.     2d  Rep.,  1841,  4to. 
Rep.  G.  N.  Y.     Reports  on  the  Geological  Survey  of  New  York.     Annual  Reports  inSvo,  1837 

-'41 ;  final  in  4to. 
Rep.  Min,  N.  Y.     Report  on  the  Mineralogy  of  the  State  of  New  York  ;  by  L.  0.  Beck.     4to, 

1842. 
Reuss,  Min.     Lehrbuch  d.  Mineralogie;  by  F.  A.  Reuss.     8vo,  1 80 1-'05,  Leipzig.     Divided  into 

parts,  and  the  parts  into  vols.     Pt.  1  and  pt.  2,  vol.  1,  1801;  vol.  2,  '02;  vol.  3,  4,  '03; 

3d  pt.,  vol.  1,  2,  '05  ;  4th  pt.,  including  index,  '06. 
Rio,  Orykt.     Elementos  de  Oryktognosia,  6  del  Conocimiento  de  los  Fossiles,  dispuestos  segun 

los  principios  de  A.  G.  Werner;  by  A.  M.  del  Rio.     4to,  Mexico,  1795. 
Rio,  MIN.     Nuevo  Sisteina  Minerale ;  by  id.     Mexico,  1827. 
Rio,  Tabl.  Min.     Tablas  mineralogicas  por  D.  L.  G.  Karsten ;  by  A.  M.  del  Rio.     4to,  Mexico, 

1804. 
Robinson,  Cat.     Catalogue  of  American  Minerals,  with  their  Localities ;  by  S.  Robinson.     8vo, 

Boston,  1825. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Rose,  Reis.  Ural.  Eeise  nach  dem  Ural,  dem  Altai,  und  dem  Kaspischen  Meere  ;  by  Gustav 
Kose.  8vo,  Berlin;  vol.  1,  1837  ;  2,  '42. 

Rose,  Kryst.-Ch.  Min.  Das  Krystallo-chemischen  Mineral- System ;  by  G-.  Rose.  8vo,  Leip- 
zig, 1852. 

Sage,  Min.  Siemens  de  Mineralogie  docimastique ;  by  B.  G.  Sage.  2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  1777.  1st 
ed.  appeared  in  1772. 

SAUSSUEB,  VOY.  ALPES.  Voyages  dans  les  Alpes,  par  H.  B.  Saussure.  4  vols.,  4to.  Vols.  1,  2, 
1779,  '80:  3,  4,  '96. 

Scacchi,  Mem.  Min.  e  Geol.  Memorie  mineralogiche  e  geologiche ;  by  A.  Scacchi.  Svo, 
Napoli,  1841. 

Scacchi,  Crist.  Quadri  Cristallografici,  e  Distribuzione  sistematica  dei  minerale ;  by  id.  Svo, 
Napoli,  1842. 

Scacchi,  Mem.  Geol.  Campania.  Meinorie  geologiche  sulla  Campania ;  by  id.  4to,  Napoli, 
1849.  By  the  same,  Memoria  sulla  Incendio  Vesuviano,  1855.  Napoli,  1855.  Polisim- 
metria  dei  Cristalli.  4to,  1864. 

Schrauf.  Atlas  Kryst.  Atlas  der  Krystall-Formen  des  Mineralreichs ;  by  Dr.  A.  Schrauf.  4to, 
1  Lief.,  Wien,  1865. 

Schumacher,  Verz.  Versuch  eines  Verzeichnisses  der  in  den  Danisch-Nordischen  Staaten 
sich  findenden  einfachen  Mineralien.  4to,  Copenhagen,  1801. 

Schutz,  Nordamer.  Foss.  Beschreibung  einiger  Nordamerikanischen  Fossilien ;  by  A.  G. 
Schiitz,  of  Freyberg.  16mo,  Liepzig,  1791.  Contains  the  first  notice  of  celestine,  a  mine- 
ral named  by  Werner  from  Schiitz's  American  specimens. 

Sella,  Min.  Sarda.     Studii  sulla  Mineralogia  Sarua;  by  Quintino  Sella.     4to,  Turin,  1856. 

Shep.,  Min.,  1832-1835,  1844,  1852,  1857.  Treatise  on  Mineralogy;  by  C.  U.  Shepard. 
1st  part,  1  vol.,  12mo,  New  Haven,  1832;  2d  part,  2  vols.,  New  Haven,  1835.  Also,  2d 
ed.  (with  only  the  1st  part  revised),  New  Haven,  1844.  Also,  3d  ed.,  Svo,  New  Haven, 
No.  1,  1852  ;  No.  2,  '57. 

Shep.,  Min.  Conn.  Eeport  on  the  Geological  Survey  of  Connecticut ;  by  id.  Svo,  N.  Haven, 
1837. 

Steffens,  Handb.  Handb.  d.  Oryktognosie ;  by  H.  Steflfens.  3  vols.,  18mo,  Halle  ;  vol.  1,  1811; 
2,  '15;  3,  '19. 

STROMEYER,  UNT.  Untersuchungen  iiber  die  Mischung  der  Mineralkorper,  etc. ;  by  Fr.  Stro- 
meyer.  Svo,  Gottingen,  1821. 

Theophr.  Theophrastus  Ilept  \idwv  (on  Stones);  written  about  315  B.C.  Only  a  portion  of  the 
whole  work  is  extant,  but  sufficient  to  show  that  the  author  was  precise  in  his  knowledge 
of  minerals  and  careful  in  the  statement  of  facts.  T.  born  about  371  BC.,  and  d.  286 
B.C. 

Thomson,  Min.,  1802,  1836.  Outlines  of  Mineralogy,  Geology,  and  Mineral  Analysis ;  by  T. 
Thomson.  2  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1836.  A  treatise  on  Mineralogy  published  also  with  pre- 
ceding editions  of  his  Chemistry,  the  earliest  in  1802. 

ULLmann,  Syst.-tab.  Ueb.  Systematisch-tabellarische  Uebersicht  der  min. -einfachen  Fossilien; 
by  J.  C.  Ullmann.  Small  4to,  Cassel  and  Marburg,  1814. 

Volger,  Studien,  etc.  Studien  zur  Entwicklungsgeschichte  der  Mineralien ;  by  G.  H.  0.  Vol- 
ger.  Svo,  Zurich,  1854.  Other  works  :  Entwickl.  der  Min.  d.  Talk-Glimmer  Familie,  1855  ; 
Arragonit  und  Kalcit,  1855;  Monographie  des  Borazites,  Hannover,  1855;  Epidot  und 
Granat,  Beobachtungen  iiber  das  gegenseitige  Verhaltniss  dieser  Krystalle,  Zurich,  1855  ; 
KrystaUographie,  Stuttgart,  1854. 

Vogl's  Joach.  Gaugverhaltnisse  und  Mineralreichthum  Joachimsthals ;  by  J.  Fl.  Vogl.  Svo, 
Teplitz,  1857. 

Wall.,  or  Wall.,  Min.  Mineralogia,  eller  Mineralriket ;  by  J.  G.  Wallerius.  12mo,  Stockholm, 
1747. 

Wall.,  Fr.  Trl.  French  edition  of  Wallerius's  Min.  of  1747.  2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1753.  Pub- 
lished anonymously. 

Wall.,  Min.,  1772,  '75.     Systema  Mineralogicum.     Svo,  Holmue,  vol.  1,  1772  ;  2,  '75. 

Wall.,  Min.,  1778.     Syst.  Min.    2  vols.,  8vo,  Vienna,  1778. 

Waltersh.,  Vulk.  Gest.  Ueber  die  vulkanischen  Gesteine  in  Sicilien  und  Island  (Iceland),  und 
ihre  submarine  Umbilduug;  by  W.  Sartorius  v.  Waltershausen.  8vo,  Gottingen,  1853. 

Watts  Diet.  Ch.  Dictionary  of  Chemistry ;  by  H.  Watts.  4  vols.,  1863,  '64,  '65,  '66 ;  a  fifth 
yet  to  be  issued. 

Wern.,  Auss.  Kennz.  Foss.  Von  d.  ausserlichen  Kennzeichen  d.  Fossilien ;  by  A.  G.  Werner. 
Svo,  Leipzig,  1774. 

Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronst.  Kronstedt's  Versuch  einer  Min.  iibersetzt  und  vermehrt  von  A.  G.  Wer- 
ner. Vol.  1,  part  1.  Leipzig,  1780. 

Wern.,  Min.-Kab.  Fabst.  Verzeichniss  des  Mineralien  Kabinets  des  Herrn  K.  E.  Pabst  VOD 
Ohain;  by  A.  G.  Werner.  2  vols.,  Freiberg,  1791,  '93. 


INTRODUCTION.  xlv 

Wern.,  Letzt.  Min.  Syst.    Letztes  Mineral-System.    8vo,  Freiberg  &  Wien,  1817.   A  Catalogue 

with  notes.     Werner  or  his  scholars  issued,  from  time  to  time,  a  tabular  synopsis  of  his 

Mineral  system  revised  to  the  time  of  publication,  on  folio  sheets,  or  published  them  in 

other  works.     The  earliest  after  that  of  Werner's  Cronstedt  was  issued  by  Hofmann  in 

Bergm.  J.,  1789,  vol.  1,  p.  369.     Emmerling's  Min.,  i.  1799,  contains  the  synopsis  of  1798, 

and  Ludwig's  Min.  contains  that  of  1800  and  1803.     Leonhard's  Tasch.,  iii.  261,  that  of 

1809. 
Westrumb,  Kl.  Phys.-Ch.  Abh.    Kleine  physikalisch-chemische  Abhandlungen ;  by  J.  F.  West- 

rumb.  8vo,  Leipzig,  vol.  1,  1785;    2,  '87;  3,  '88;    4,  '89;    Hannover,  5,  6,  '93 ;  7, '95 ; 

8,  '97. 
Withering,  Trl.  Bergm.  Sciagr.     Outlines  of  Mineralogy,  trl.  from  the  original  of  Bergmann; 

by  Wm.  Withering.     8vo,  1783  (Reprinted  in  vol.  2  of  Mem.  and  Tracts  of  the  late  Dr. 

Withering,  London,  1822). 
Whitney,  Lake  Sup.     Report  on  the  Geology  of  the  Lake  Superior  Land  District;  by  J.  W. 

Foster  and  J.  D.  Whitney.     8vo,  Part  1,  1850;  2,  '51. 
Whitney,  Met.  Wealth.    The  Metallic  Wealth  of  the  United  States,  described  and  compared 

with  that  of  other  countries  ;  by  J.  D.  Whitney.     8vo,  Philadelphia,  1854. 
Whitney,  Miss.  Lead  Region.     Report  of  a  Geological  Survey  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Lead 

Region  ;  by  id.    (Made  by  authority  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin.)     8vo,  1862. 
Whitney,  Rep.  G.  Cal.     See  Rep.  G-.  Cal. 
Whitney,  Berz.  Blowpipe.    Berzelius  on  the  Blowpipe  ;  translated  by  J.  D.  Whitney.     8vo, 

Boston,  1845. 
WOODWARD,  Foss.    Fossils  of  all  kinds  digested  into  a  Method  suitable  to  their  mutual  Relation 

and  Affinity.     8vo,  London,  1728. 
Zepharovich,  Min.  Lex.   Mineralogisches  Lexicon  fur  das  Kaiserthum  Oesterreich ;  by  V.  R.  v. 

Zepharovich.     8vo,  Wien,  1859. 

The  works  in  the  above  catalogue  which  are  most  important  for  the  study  of  the 
history  of  mineral  species  are  the  following,  the  order  cited  being  that  of  time : 

Theophrastus ;  Dioscorides ;  Pliny's  Natural  History ;  Agricola's  works ;  Linnaeus' s 
Systema  Nature,  1st  ed.,  1735;  Wallerius's  Mineralogy  in  the  original  Swedish, 
1747  (the  first  systematic,  descriptive  work,  following  in  its  system  of  classification 
mainly  the  1st  edition  of  Linnaeus,  which  the  author  alludes  to  in  his  preface, 
among  other  Swedish  works  by  Forsius,  Hiaerne,  Bromell,  and  Swedenborg) ; 
Cronstedt's  Mineralogy,  1757  (a  new  chemical  system);  Linnaeus' s  Systema  Naturae, 
10th  ed.,  1768;  Rome  de  Lisle's  Crystallographie,  1772,  1783  (the  first  systematic 
effort  to  apply  the  principles  of  crystallography  to  the  science) ;  Wallerius's  Min.  of 
1772,  1778  (the  system  and  facts  are  little  changed  from  the  earlier  edition) ;  Wer- 
ner on  the  External  Characters  of  Minerals,  1774,  and  his  Cronstedt,  1780;  Berg- 
inann's  Opuscula,  1780,  and  Sciagraphia,  1782;  Hotmann's  exposition  of  Werner's 
system  in  the  Bergm.  J.,  1789  ;  Emmerling's  Mineralogy,  l793-'97,  and  1799-1802  ; 
Lenz's  Mineralogy,  1794;  Klaproth's  Beitrage,  1795-1810;  Karsten's  Tabellen, 
1800;  Haiiy's  Treatise  on  Mineralogy,  1801;  Reuss's  Mineralogy,  1801-1806; 
Ludwigrs  Werner,  1803,  1804;  Mohs's  Null  Kab.,  1804;  Karsten's  Tabellen,  1808; 
Lucas's  Tableau,  part  1,  1806  (giving  views  of  Haiiy  of  1801  and  1801  to  1806)  ; 
Brongniart's  Mineralogy,  1807;  Hatty's  Tableau  comparatif,  1809;  Hausmann's 
Handbuch,  1813  ;  Hoffmann's  Mineralogie,  1811-1817  ;  Ullmann's  Uebersicht,  1814; 
Jameson's  Mineralogy,  1816,  1820;  Werner's  Last  Mineral  System  (Letztes,  etc.), 
1817;  Cleaveland's  Mineralogy,  1816,  1822;  Berzelius's  Nouv.  Systeme,  1819; 
Leonhard's  Handbuch,  1821,  1826;  Mohs's  Mineralogy,  1822;  Ilaidinger's  transla- 
tion of  Mohs,  1824  ;  Breithaupt's  Charakteristik,  1820,  1823, 1832  ;  Beudant's  Trea- 
tise, 1824,  1832  ;  Phillips's  Min.,  1823, 1837  ;  Glocker's  Min.,  1831, 1839  ;  Shepard's 
Min.,  1832-'35,  and  later  editions;  von  KobelPs  Grundziige,  1838;  Mohs's  Min., 
1839;  Breithaupt's  Min.,  1836-1847;  Haidingers  Handbuch,  1845;  Hausmann's 
Handbuch,  1847  ;  Dufrenoy's  Min.,  1844-1847  (also  1856-1859) ;  Glocker's  Synop- 
sis, 1847;  Brooke  &  Miller,  1852;  von  Kobell's  Tafeln,  1853;  Rammelsberg's 
Handworterbuch  and  Supplements,  1841-1853;  Kenngott's  Uebersicht,  1844-1865; 
DesCloizeaux's  Mineralogy,  1862  ;  von  Kobell's  Geschichte,  1864. 


INTRODUCTION. 


7.   ANNOTATED  INDEX  TO  THE  USEFUL  METALS  AND  METALLIC  ORES. 

GOLD.—  Native  Gold  (1).*  Distinguished  from  all  minerals  it  resembles  by  its  flattening  under 
a  hammer;  its  cutting  like  lead,  although  considerably  harder;  its  resisting  the  action  of  nitric 
acid,  hot  or  cold ;  its  high  specific  gravity. 

Gold  also  occurs  in  Gold  Amalgam  (11),  Sylvanite  (98),  Nagyagite  (99),  Petziie  (58A),  and  Gala- 
verite  (Supplement).  Also  sometimes  in  traces  in  Pyrite,  Galenite,  Chalcopyrite,  Native  Tellurium. 

PLATINUM.— IRIDIUM.— PALLADIUM. — Native  Platinum  (3),  the  source  of  the  platinum 
of  commerce,  is  distinguished  by  the  same  tests  as  gold ;  and  it  is  mainly  on  account  of  its  mal- 
leability that  it  occurs  in  flattened  grains  or  scales.  Platiniridiam  (4)  is  another  ore  somewhat 
harder.  Iridosmine  (7)  resembles  platinum ;  but  it  scratches  glass,  and  gives  the  reaction  of 
osmium,  besides  being  rather  brittle.  Native  Palladium  (5). 

SILVER. — The  important  Silver  minerals  are:  Native  Silver  (2),  sectile  and  malleable  like  gold, 
the  only  one  that  has  a  white  color;  Argentite  or  Sulphuret  of  Silver  (40),  blackish  lead-gray, 
cutting  (unlike  the  following)  nearly  like  pure  lead,  cubic  in  crystallization;  Pyrargyrite  and 
Proustite  or  Ruby  Silver  ore  (117,  118),  ruby  red  to  black,  always  giving  a  bright  red  powder; 
Freieslebenite  or  Gray  Silver  ore  (114),  steel-gray,  rather  brittle,  and  powder  ste«l-gray ;  Stephanite 
or  Brittle  or  Black  Silver  ore  (130),  iron-black,  and  giving  an  iron-black  powder;  Cerargyrite  or 
Horn  Silver  (140),  resembling  a  dark-colored  gray  or  greenish  wax,  and  cutting  like  wax ;  Embo- 
lite  or  Chloro-bromid  of  Silver  (141),  like  the  last,  but  more  greenish.  These  ores  yield  silver 
easily,  when  heated  on  charcoal.  Besides  these,  Tetrahedrite  or  Gray  Copper  (125)  is  often  a 
valuable  silver  ore ;  Galenite  (44),  which,  although  seldom  yielding  over  seventy-five  ounces  to 
the  ton,  affords  a  considerable  part  of  the  silver  of  commerce.  For  other  rarer  silver  minerals, 
see  35,  86,  41,  42,  58-60,  62,  63,  98,  99,  108,  111,  115,  116,  120,  131,  133,  142,  143. 

COPPER. — The  more  valuable  species  are :  Native  Copper  (\1}\  Chalcopyrite  or  Copper  pyrites 
(78),  of  a  brass-yellow  color,  scratched  easily  with  the  point  of  a  knife-blade,  and  giving  a  greenish- 
black  powder;  Barnhardtite  (79)  and  Cubanite  (77),  which  are  similar  to  the  last,  but  paler; 
Somite  or  Purple  Copper  (49),  pale  yellowish,  with  a  slight  coppery  tinge,  but  tarnishing  exter- 
nally to  purple,  blue,  and  reddish  tints,  easily  scratched  with  a  knife-blade,  and  powder  grayish ; 
Chalcocite  or  Vitreous  Copper  (61),  of  a  dark  lead-gray  color,  and  powder  similar,  resembling  some 
silver  ores,  but  yielding  copper  and  not  silver  when  heated  on  charcoal ;  Tetrahedrite  or  Gray 
Copper  (125),  of  a  somewhat  paler  steel-gray  color  and  powder;  Red  Copper  (172) ;  Black  Copper 
(178) ;  Malachite  or  Green  Carbonate  of  Copper  (751),  of  a  bright  green  color,  sometimes  earthy  in 
the  fracture  and  sometimes  silky;  Azurite  or  Blue  Malachite  (752),  of  a  rich  deep  blue  color,  either 
earthy  or  vitreous  iu  lustre.  All  the  above  are  acted  on  by  nitric  acid,  and  the  solution  deposits 
a  red  coating  of  copper  on  a  strip  of  polished  iron ;  Chrysocolla  (346),  a  silicate  of  copper,  resem- 
bling the  Green  Carbonate,  but  paler  green,  and  usually  having  a  close  texture  (never  fibrous),  a 
smoother  surface  and  somewhat  waxy  lustre,  although  occurring  usually  as  an  incrustation; 
Atacamite  or  Chlorid  of  Copper  (153),  of  deeper  green  than  Malachite;  Sulphate  of  Copper  (669). 
For  rarer  minerals  containing  copper,  see  37,  38,  39,  42,  43,  46,  50,  51,  62,  80,  82,  100-103,  110, 
119,  121,  124,  126,  154  (sulphids,  arsenids,  etc.);  218,  345  (silicates);  533-536,  538-548,  567, 
583,  615,  622,  623,  636,  639,  644,  665,  670.  700,  705,  706,  708  (phosphates,  arsenates,  sulphates); 
750,  755  (carbonates). 

QUICKSILVER.— The  only  valuable  ore  is  Cinnabar  (64)  of  a  bright  red  to  brownish-black 
color,  with  a  red  powder,  and  affording  quicksilver  when  heated  in  an  open  tube.  There  are  also 
Native  Quicksilver  (8) ;  Amalgam  (9) ;  Selenid(65);  Chlorid  and  lodid  (136,  144).  Tetrahedrite 
(125)  sometimes  contains  this  metal. 

LEAD. —  Galenite  (44)  is  the  only  abundant  lead  ore  ;  it  is  a  lead-gray,  brittle  ore,  yielding  lead 
when  heated  with  charcoal.  The  carbonate  (cerussite,  729),  phosphate  (pyromorphite,  493),  arse- 
nate  (mimetite,  494),  and  sulphate  (anglesite.  633),  are  rarely  worked  as  ores.  For  other  lead 
minerals,  see  41,  45,  46,  47,  99,  105-107,  111-114,  119,  122-124,  126,  128,  129  (sulphids,  antimo- 
nids,  etc.);  145,  150-152  (chlorids) ;  177,  197  (oxyds);  502,  539  (arsenates);  605  (antimonate) ; 
556  (phosphate);  616  (tungstate);  617  (molybdate);  619-621,  623  (vanadates);  635,  636,  638, 
641,  700  (sulphates);  642-645  (chromates) ;  712  (selenate);  715,  733  (carbonates).. 

*  The  numbers  refer  to  the  number  of  the  species. 


INTRODUCTION. 

ZINC. — The  most  important  ores  are:  1,  Smitlisonite  or  Carbonate  of  Zinc  (723),  and  2,  Gala- 
mine  or  Silicate  of  Zinc  (361) ;  they  are  alike  in  a  white,  grayish- white,  or  greenish- white  color, 
commonly  a  slight  waxy  lustre  and  smooth  look  (often  stalactitic  or  mammillary),  yet  sometimes 
earthy ;  and  a  hardness  such  that  the  surface  is  scratched  with  a  knife-blade  with  some  little 
difficulty.  They  differ  in  their  action  with  muriatic  acid ;  when  the  surface  is  drusy,  the  silicate 
shows  projections  of  minute  rectangular  prisms.  Zincite  or  Red  Zinc  Ore  (176)  is  also  important ; 
it  is  bright  red  and  very  distinctly  foliated.  Blende  or  Sulphid  of  Zinc  (5d)  is  a  common  ore,  hav- 
ing a  yellow  to  black  color  and  resinous  lustre,  and  distinctly  cleavable ;  the  black  varieties  are 
sometimes  a  little  metallic  in  lustre,  but  the  powder  is  nearly  or  quite  white.  For  other  Zinc 
minerals,  see  185,  188  (oxyds);  70  (sulphid) ;  57  (oxysulphid) ;  238,  241,  266.  270  (silicate);  634, 
666  (sulphate) ;  500  (phosphate) ;  53u,  537  (arsenate) ;  749,  750  (carbonate). 

COBALT,  NICKEL.— The  ores  of  cobalt:  Smaltite  (83)  and  Cobaltite  (85),  both  of  nearly  a  tin- 
white  color,  with  the  powder  grayish-black,  color  sometimes  verging  slightly  to  gray.  The  Black 
Oxyd  of  Cobalt  (218),  a  kind  of  bog  ore  and  very  impure,  is  sometimes  sufficiently  abundant  to  be 
valuable.  The  useful  ores  of  nickel  are  Chloanthite  or  the  niccoliferous  smaltite  (83),  Gersdorffite 
or  Nickel  Glance  (86),  Niccolite  or  Copper  Nickel  (71),  distinguished  by  a  pale  copper-red  color,  and 
Niccoliferous  Pyrrhotite  (68),  from  which  the  larger  portion  of  the  nickel  of  commerce  is  extracted. 
For  other  ores  of  Cobalt,  see  53,  81,  82,  84,  95,  97  (sulphids  andarsenids) ;  618  (molybdate) ;  667 
(sulphate);  526,  529,  530  (arsenate);  748  (carbonate);  of  Nickel,  54,  66  (sulphid);  74,  87,  88 
(arsenical  or  antimonial);  416  (silicate);  668  (sulphate);  527,  529,  530  (arsenate) ;  747  (carbo- 
nate). 

MANGANESE. — Common,  as  Pyrolusite  (199)  and  Psilomelane  (217),  both  black  or  grayish- 
black  ores,  and  having  little  lustre,  and  a  blackish  streak  or  powder,  in  which  last  particular  they 
are  distinct  from  the  iron  ore  called  Limonite,  with  which  they  are  often  associated,  and  also  from 
Hematite  or  Specular  Iron.  Wad  (218)  is  an  earthy  bog  manganese,  sometimes  abundant  and 
valuable.  Manganite  (205)  is  abundant  in  certain  mines,  but  is  of  little  value  in  the  arts,  because 
of  its  containing  so  little  oxygen  (one-third  less  than  Pyrolusite),  to  which  fact  Beudant  alludes 
in  his  name  for  the  species,  Acerdese;  it  differs  from  pyrclusite  in  its  reddish-brown  powder. 
For  other  manganese  ores,  see  52,  76  (sulphid);  73  (arsenid) ;  195,  196  (oxyds);  241,  262,  263 
261),  491  (silicates);  498,  499,  531  (phosphates);  532  (arsenate);  663,  679,  680  (sulphates);  717, 
721,  722,  725  (carbonates). 

CHROMIUM.  —  Chromic  Iron  (189),  a  grayish-black,  little  lustrous  ore,  occurring  mostly  in  Ser- 
pentine, is  the  source  of  chrome  in  the  arts.  For  different  chromates,  see  p.  614. 

IRON. — The  important  iron  ores  are  :  Hematite  or  Specular  Iron  (the  aifiuTtr^  or  bloods/one  of 
Theophrastus)  (180),  characterized  by  its  blood-red  powder,  and  occurring  either  earthy  and  red, 
or  metallic  and  dark  steel-gray ;  in  the  latter  condition  very  hard,  a  knife-point  making  no  impres- 
sion ;  Magnetite  or  magnetic  iron  ore  (18tf),  as  hard  as  the  preceding,  but  having  a  black  powder, 
and  being  attractable  by  a  magnet;  Fsank'inite,  an  allied  species,  containing  zinc  and  manganese 
(188);  L/,monite,  called  also  brown  hematite  (206),  a  softer  hydrous  ore,  affording  a  brownish- 
yellow  powder,  earthy  or  semi-metallic  in  appearance,  and  often  in  mammillary  or  stalactitic 
forms;  nearly  related  to  limonite  are  gothite  (204),  turgite  (202),  and  limnite  (213);  Siderite  or 
Spathic  Iron  (721),  a  sparry  ore,  of  grayish,  grayish-brown,  and  brown  colors,  very  distinctly  clea- 
vable, turning  brown  to  black  on  exposure.  The  common  clayey  iron  ores  are  impure  ores,  either 
of  Spathic  Iron,  Limonite,  or  Hematite  ;  when  the  last  they  are  red  ;  when  brown,  reddish-brown, 
or  yellowish-brown  to  black,  they  may  be  either  of  the  two  former.  One  of  the  most  common 
iron  minerals  is  Pyrite  or  sulphid  of  iron  (75),  a  pale  yellow,  brass-like  ore,  hard  enough  to  strike 
fire  with  steel,  and  thus  unlike  any  copper  ore,  and  all  similar  ores  of  other  metals.  It  is  fre- 
quently mined  and  utilized  for  the  sulphur  it  contains.  Marcasite  (90)  is  similar,  but  is  prismatic 
and  often  crested  in  its  forms.  Pyrrhotite  or  Magnetic  Pyrites  (68)  is  less  hard  and  paler,  or  more 
grayish  in  color.  Leucopyrite  and  Mispickel  (91,  93,  94)  are  white,  metallic,  arsenical  ores,  some- 
what resembling  ores  of  cobalt.  Menaccanite  or  Titanic  Iron  (181)  resembles  specular  iron  closely, 
but  has  not  a  red  powder ;  it  is  abundant  in  some  regions.  For  other  iron  minerals,  see  260, 
284,334,  369,  435,  436,  467,  469  (silicates);  473-475  (columbates,  tautalates);  498,  499,  524,  525, 
553,  557,  558,  560,  567-570,  576  (phosphates,  arsenates) ;  605  (borate) ;  610  (tungstate) ;  646, 
662,  664,  665,  672,  675,  682-687,  692,  696  (sulphates);  717,719,720  (carbonates);  768  (oxalate). 

TIN. — The  only  valuable  ore  is  the  Oxyd  of  Tin  or  Cassiterite  (192),  a  very  hard  and  heavy 
mineral  of  a  dark  brown  to  black  color,  aometimes  gray  or  grayish-brown,  without  any  metallic 
appearance  ;  the  crystals  usually  have  a  very  brilliant  lustre.  Tin  also  occurs  as  a  sulphid  (80), 
and  is  sparingly  found  in  ores  of  tantalum  and  some  other  mineral  species. 


INTRODUCTION. 
TITANIUM.— The  only  ore  of  this  metal  of  any  value  is  Eutile  (193). 

ARSENIC. — Native  Arsenic  (17)  is  one  source  of  arsenic,  but  it  is  too  rare  to  be  of  much  avail ; 
also  Orpiment  (27),  a  sulphur-yellow,  foliaceous,  and  somewhat  pearly  mineral,  and  Realgar  (26), 
bright  red  and  vitreous.  Arsenic  is  mostly  derived  for  the  arts  from  the  arsenical  ores  of  iron, 
cobalt,  and  nickel. 

ANTIMONY. — Stibnite  or  Gray  Antimony  (29)  is  the  source  of  the  antimony  of  commerce.  It 
is  a  lead-gray  ore,  usually  fibrous  or  in  prismatic  crystals,  and  distinguished  from  a  similar  ore  of 
manganese  by  its  perfect  diagonal  cleavage  and  its  easy  fusibility.  Native  antimony  (18),  senar- 
montite  (220),  valentinite  (221),  are  sometimes  found  in  sufficient  abundance  to  be  mined.  Anti- 
mony occurs  also  in  numerous  ores  of  lead,  silver,  and  nickel;  also  as  oxj^sulphid  (226). 

BISMUTH.— Native  Bismuth  (20),  the  source  of  the  metal  in  the  arts,  is  whitish,  with  a  faint 
reddish  tinge,  has  a  perfect  cleavage,  and  is  very  fusible.  For  other  bismuth  ores,  see  30-33. 
36,  102,  103,  121,  123,  124  (sulphids,  teUurids);  222,  223  (oxyds) ;  336-338  (silicates);  753  (car- 
bonate). 

8.  ABBREVIATIONS. 

For  explanations  of  the  abbreviations  Var.,  Oomp.,  Obs.,  Alt.,  Artif.,  as  headings  of  sections 
in  the  descriptions  of  species,  see  p  xi ;  of  chemical  symbols,  pp.  xi-xviii ;  of  H.,  G-.,  B.B.,  O.F., 
R.F.,  p.  xx ;  of  other  abbreviations,  p.  xxxiv. 

The  fractional  expression  f ,  before  the  statement  of  an  analysis  signifies  a  mean  of  two  analy- 
ses ;  f ,  a  mean  of  three ;  and  so  on. 

Q  in  a  formula  after  the  new  system  stands  for  an  accessory  ingredient  in  the  compound,  and 
the  nature  of  this  ingredient  is  to  be  learned  from  the  formula  after  the  old  system  in  the  same 
line. 

In  the  statements  of  the  angles  of  crystals,  abbreviations  are  used  as  follows: 
pyr.,  angle  over  a  pyramidal  edge. 
bas.,  angle  over  a  basal  edge. 
mac.,  angle  over  a  macrodiagonal  edge. 
brack,,  angle  over  a  brachydiagonal  edge. 
top,  angle  between  opposite  planes  over  the  summit. 
term.,  angle  over  terminal  edge  in  a  rhombohedroa 
adj.,  angle  between  adjacent  planes, 
oi'.,  over;  brachyd.,  brachydiagonal;  macrod.,  macrodiagonaL 


DESCEIPTIVE  IIIEMLOGY. 


The  following  are  the  general  subdivisions  in  the  classification  of  mine- 
rals adopted  in  this  treatise  : 


GENERAL    SUBDIVISIONS. 

I.  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 

II.  COMPOUNDS  :  THE  MOEE  NEGATIVE  ELEMENT  AN  ELEMENT  or  SERIES  II. 
(See  next  page.) 

1.  Binary:  SULPHIDS,  TELLURIDS,  OF  METALS  OF  THE  SULPHUR  AND 
ARSENIC  GROUPS  (p.  26). 

2.  Binary :  SULPHIDS,  TELLURIDS,  SELENIDS,  ARSENIDS,  ANTIMONTDS, 
BISMUTHIDS,  PHOSPHIDS,  OF  METALS  OF  THE  GOLD,  IRON,  AND  TIN 
GROUPS  (p.  33). 

3.  Ternary :   SULPHARSENITES,   SULPHANTIMONITES,   SULPHOBISMUTH- 
ITES  (p.  84). 

III.  COMPOUNDS  :  THE  MORE  NEGATIVE  ELEMENT  AN  ELEMENT  OF  SERIES 
III.,  GROUP  I.     (See  page  3.) 

1.  CHLORIDS,  BROMIDS,  IODIDS  (p.  110). 

IY.  COMPOUNDS  :  THE  MORE  NEGATIVE  ELEMENT  AN  ELEMENT  OF  SERIES 
III.,  GROUP  II. 

1.  FLUORIDS  (p.  123). 

Y.  COMPOUNDS  :  THE  MORE  NEGATIVE  ELEMENT  AN  ELEMENT  OF  SERIES 
III.,  GROUP  III.     Oxygen  Compounds. 

1.  Binary :  OXYDS  (p.  131). 

2.  Ternary ;  the  basic  element  an  element  of  Series  I. ;  the  acidic 
of  Series  II.  (as  silicon,  columbiuin,  phosphorus,  etc.) ;  the  acidific 
of  Series  III.  (oxygen) :  1,  SILICATES  (p.  202) ;  2,  COLUMBATES, 
TANTALATES  (p.  512) ;  3,  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ANTIMONATES, 
NITRATES  (p.  526) ;  4,  BORATES  (p.  593) ;  5,  TUNGSTATES,  MOLTB- 
DATES,  VANADATES  (p.  601) ;  6,  SULPHATES,  CHROMATES,  TELLU- 
RATES  (p.  612) ;  7,  CARBONATES  (p.  669) ;  8,  OXALATES  (p.  718). 

VI.  HYDRO-CARBON  COMPOUNDS  :  MINERALS  OF  ORGANIC  ORIGIN  (p.  720). 


DESCRIPTIVE   MINERALOGY. 


I.  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 


ABBANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 


Series  I. 

1.  GOLD  GROUP. 
1.  GOLD.  2.  SILVER. 

2.  IKON  GROUP. 


Series  IE. 
1.  ARSENIC  GROUP. 


17.  ARSENIC. 

18.  ANTIMONY. 


19.  ALLEMONTITE. 

20.  BISMUTH. 


2.  SULPHUR  GROUP. 


3.  PLATINUM. 

4.  PLATTNIRIDIUM. 

5.  PALLADIUM. 

6.  ALLOPALLADIUM. 

7.  IRIDOSMINE. 

(1).  Newjarskite. 
(2).  Sisserskite. 

8.  QUICKSILVER. 


9.  AMALGAM. 

10.  ARQUERITE. 

11.  GOLD- AMALGAM. 

12.  COPPER. 

13.  IRON. 

14.  ZINC. 

15.  LEAD. 


3.  TIN  GROUP. 


16.  TIN. 


21.  TELLURIUM. 

22.  SULPHUR. 

23.  SELENSFLPHUR. 


3.  CARBON-SILICON  GROUP. 
24.  DIAMOND.  25.  GRAPHITE. 


Two  series  of  elements  are  here  recognized;  the  first  containing  the  more  basic,  and,  the  second, 
one  division  of  the  more  negative.  These  two  series  are  parallel  in  their  subdivisions,  so  that  the 
arrangement  is  a  natural  one,  whether  read  across,  or  up  and  down,  the  page.  The  first  group  of 
each  contains  elements  whose  compounds  have  an  odd  number  of  atoms  of  the  negative  element, 
as  1,  3,  5,  or  the  perissads  (p.  xviii);  the  other  two  of  each,  an  even  number,  as  2,  4,  6,  or  the 
artiads. 

(I).  To  the  Gold  group  of  elements  belong  also  hydrogen,  potassium,  sodium,  lithium,  rubidium, 
azsium,  thallium ;  the  atomic  ratio  for  the  oxyds  is  1  :  1,  and  the  general  formula  of  the  same  RO, 
or  R20,  in  the  new  system  of  chemistry. 

To  the  Arsenic  group  belong  the  elements  phosphorus,  nitrogen,  columbium,  tantalum,  and  proba- 
bly boron.  In  all  but  boron,  there  are  oxyds  containing  3  and  5  atoms  of  oxygen ;  in  boron,  3, 
but  not  5. 

(2).  To  the  Iron  group  of  elements  belong  calcium,  magnesium,  aluminum,  "beryllium,  copper, 
cobalt,  nickel,  zinc,  chromium  (in  part),  manganese  (in  part),  lead  (in  part),  etc.  Among  the  oxyds, 
the  atomic  ratio  2  :  2  occurs  in  the  ordinary  protoxyds,  having  the  formula  RO,  as  ordinarily  writ- 
ten (and  so  written  in  this  work),  but  ftO,  in  the  new  style  of  chemistry.  The  ratio  4  :  6  is  repre- 
sented in  the  sesquioxyds,  R203  (ft20s  in  the  new  system). 

To  the  Sulphur  group  of  elements  belong  also  selenium,  vanadium,  and  probably  molybdenum,  in 
which  the  more  prominent  acid  has  the  atomic  ratio  2  :  6.  Here  also  may  be  included  that  state 
of  the  metal  chromium  which  exists  in  chromic  acid  (CrO3,  or  <3r03),  that  of  manganese  in  man- 
ganic acid,  and  that  of  molybdenum  in  molybdic  acid. 

(3).  To  the  Tin  group  belong  also  titanium,  zirconium,  thorium.  The  prominent  oxyd  has  the 
atomic  ratio  2:4  (RO2,  or  in  the  new  system  RO7).  This  group  may  contain  also  that  state  of 
lead  which  exists  in  the  oxyd  PbO2  (or  PbO2) ;  and  the  same  also  of  manganese  existing  in  MnO2; 
of  platinum  and  palladium  in  the  deutoxyd  State.* 


*  The  three  states  of  a  basic  metal,  corresponding  to  the  protoxyd,  sesquioxyd,  and  deutoxyd 
of  the  same  (in  which  1  part  of  metal  balances,  in  its  affinity,  1,  1£,  and  2  parts  of  oxygen),  may  be 


GOLD. 


The  Carbon-Silicon  Group  contains  Carbon  and  Silicon.  They  are  related  to  one  another 
in  the  atomic  ratio  of  their  prominent  acids  (SiO2,  CO2),  but  they  are  very  widely  unlike  in  many 
respects,  and  very  strikingly  so  in  the  mineral  compounds  of  the  two  acids.* 

Series  III. Besides  the  above  two  series  of  elements,  there  is  a  third,  consisting  of  the  emi- 
nently negative  elements  (for  the  most  part  exclusively  negative).  The  three  groups  of  this 
Series  III.  are : 

(1).  CHLORINE,  BROMINE,  IODINE. 

(2).  FLUORINE. 

(3).  OXYGEN. 

The  first  of  these  groups  (like  the  same  in  Series  I.  and  II.)  includes  elements  of  the  odd  divi- 
sion ;  the  third  of  the  even ;  while  fluorine  is  of  either. 

1.  GOLD.     Sol.  Alchem.    Gediegen  Gold  Germ.    Ornatifj&V. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes  0,  /,  1,  £2,  3-3,  4-2.  Figs.  1  to  8,  15,  17, 
and  the  following :  the  octahedron  and  dodecahedron  (f.  2,  3),  most  com- 
mon. Crystals  sometimes  acicular  through  elongation  of  octahedral  or 
other  forms ;  also  passing  into  filiform,  reticulated,  and  arborescent  shapes  ; 
and  occasionally  spongiform  from  an  aggregation  of  filaments ;  edges 

51  52  53 


of  crystals  often  salient  (f.  51).  Cleavage  none.  Twins  :  composition  face 
octahedral,  as  in  f.  50  ;  and  occurring  also  in  trapezohedral  and  other 
forms.  Also  massive  and  in  thin  laminae.  Often  in  flattened  grains  or 
scales,  and  rolled  masses  in  sand  or  gravel. 

H.^2-5— 3.  G.=15-6— -19-5 ;  19-30— 19-34,  when  quite  pure,  G.  Eose. 
Lustre  metallic.  Color  and  streak  various  shades  of  gold-yellow,  some- 
times inclining  to  silver-white.  Very  ductile  and  malleable. 

Composition,  Varieties. — Gold,  but  containing  silver  in  different  proportions,  and  sometimes 
also  traces  of  copper,  iron,  palladium,  rhodium. 

Var.  1.  Ordinary.  Containing  O'lG  to  16  p.  c.  of  silver;  or,  the  atomic  ratio  of  gold  to  sil- 
ver varying  from  150  :  1  to  3:1.  Color  varying,  accordingly,  from  deep  gold-yellow  to  pale 
yellow;  G.  — 19 — 15*5.  Ratio  for  the  gold  and  silver  of  3  :  1  corresponds  to  15'1  p.  c.  of  silver; 
4  :  1,  12  p.  c. ;  6:1,  84  p.  c. ;  10  :  1,  5'3  p.  c.  (a)  In  distinct  crystals  or  groups  of  crystals;  (6) 
arborescent  or  reticulated ;  (c)  filiform ;  (d)  spongy ;  (e)  in  lamina? ;  (/)  rolled  masses ;  (g)  .scales 
or  grains. 

2.  Argentiferous;  Eledrum.  (Aswifj  •v""<™?  Hsrod.;  rHAe«rp.ii/  Homer,  Strabo;  Electrum  Plin. 
xxxiii.  23.)  Color  pale  yellow  to  yellowish-white  ;  G.=  15-5— 1 2'5.  Ratio  for  the  gold  and  silver 

designated  respectively  (using  the  letters  of  the  Greek  alphabet)  the  alpha,  beta,  and  gamma  states. 
While  the  iron  or  Fe  in  FeO  is  closely  related  to  magnesium,  calcium,  etc.,  that  in  Fe203  is  as 
closely  related  to  aluminum ;  and  that  in  FeS2,  or  Pb  in  PbO2,  or  Mn  in  MnO2,  as  closely  related 
to  tin  and  titanium,  whose  ordinary  oxyd  is  RO2.  This  relation  is  apparent  in  the  crystallographlc 
and  chemical  characters  of  the  corresponding  oxyds.  See  further  on  this  subject  a  paper  by  the 
author  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.,  1867,  and  Introd.,  p.  xv. 

*  Jn  strict  system,  the  Silicates  should  come  in  classification  next  before  the  Carbonates,  instead 
of  where  they  are  placed  in  this  work.  But  as  there  are  no  analogies  between  the  species  of  these 
two  groups,  the  separation  is  without  serious  objection. 


4  NATIVE   ELEMENTS. 

of  1 :  1  corresponds  to  36  p.  c.  of  silver  (anal  3,  4,  26,  27,  45) ;  l£  :  1,  to  26  p.  c.  (anal.  15,  41-44) ; 
2  :  1,  to  2 1  p.  c.  (anal.  54,  55) ;  2£  :  1,  to  18  p.  c.  (anal.  40).  Pliny  says  that  when  the  proportion  of 
silver  in  the  gold  is  one-fifth'  (=20  p.  c.)  it  is  called  electrum.  The  word  in  Greek  means  also  amber ; 
and  its  use  for  this  alloy  probably  arose  from  the  pale  yellow  color  it  has  as  compared  with  gold. 
An  argentiferous  gold  from  the  Ophir  Mine,  Nevada,  pale  yellowish  in  color,  gave  Breithaupt 
(B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  169)  G.=13-25,  13-68.  He  observes  that  it  contains  more  silver  than  gold,  but 
gives  no  analysis. 

3.  Palladium- Gold,  Porpezite  Frobel,  contains  nearly  10  p.  c.  of  palladium,  besides  some  silver; 
color  pale.    From  Porpez  in  Brazil.    Another  variety  from  Zacotinga  and  Condonga  in  Brazil 
contains  5  to  6  p.  c.  of  palladium. 

4.  Rhodium- Gold.    Contains,  according  to  del  Eio  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxix.  137),  34-43  p.  c.  of 
rhodium;  G.  =  15'5 — 16'8;  brittle.    Eequires  reexamination. 

Analyses  by  Avdejef  (Pogg ,  liii.  153);  Boussingault  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxiv.  408);  Forbes  (Phil. 
Mag.,  IV.  xxix.  129,  and  xxx.  142);  T.  H.  Henry  (Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxxiv.  205);  Hofmann  (Ann. 
Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixx.  255);  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can,  and  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xx.  448);  Kerl  (B.  H.  Ztg., 
1853,  No.  3);  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv.  1);  A.  Levol  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  II.  xxvii.  310);  Mallet  (J.  G. 
Soc.  Dublin,  iv.  271) ;  Marsh  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiii.  190) ;  Northcote  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  vi.  390) ;  Os- 
wald (Pogg.,  Ixxvii.  96) ;  Pietzsch  (Arch.  Pharm.,  II.  xcviii.  142);  Rivot  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xiv.  67); 
G.  Rose  (Pogg.,  xxiii.  161);  Terreil  (C.  R.,  lix.  1047);  Teschemacher  (Q.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  ii.  193)- 
Thomas  (PhiL  Mag.,  IV.  i.  261);  E.  W.  Ward,  at  Mint  of  Sydney,  N.  S.  W.  (W.  B.  Clarke's  Re- 
searches in  Southern  Gold  Fields,  Sydney,  1860,  p.  276) : 


Sp.  gr.    Au 

Ag 

Fe 

Cu 

1 

Wicklow  Co.,  Ireland 

16-324 

92.32 

6-17 

0-78 

=  99.27  Mallet. 

2.  Transylvania,  Barbara 

84-80 

14-68 

0-13 

0-04=  99-65  Rose. 

3. 

u 

[64-52] 

35-48 

=  100  Bouss. 

4. 

"    Vorospatak 

60-49 

38-74 

=  99.32  Rose 

5. 

Schabrovski  (Kath.) 

19-099 

98-96 

0-16 

=  99.  1  2  Rose. 

6. 

Katharinenburg 

18-79 

95-81 

3-58 

0.61 

!        = 

100  Avd. 

7. 

18-77—18-89 

95-50 

4-00 

'0-50 

=  100  Avd. 

8. 

" 

94-09 

5-55 

'0-36 

=  100  Avd. 

9. 

u 

93-75 

6-01 

0-24 

=  100  Avd. 

10. 

" 

93-34 

6-28 

0-32 

0-06= 

99-94  Rose. 

11. 

U 

92-80 

7-02 

0-08 

=  99-90  Rose. 

12. 

"                      18-11—18-40 

92-23 

6-17 

1-60" 

1=  100  Avd. 

13. 

17-74—18-35 

91-21 

8-03 

'0-76' 

=  100  Avd. 

14. 

** 

16-03 

79-69 

19-47 

0-84" 

_ 

100  Avd. 

15. 

If 

15-627 

70-86 

28-30 

0-84" 

v  u-a: 

=  100  Avd. 

16. 

Czar.  Nikolajevsk  (Miask) 

92-47 

7-27 

=  99-74  Rose. 

17. 

«                       U                       (( 

17-72 

89-35 

10-65 

"|  (\(\   "Rr\a£i 

18. 
19. 

Perrov-Pavlovski  (Kath.) 
Boruschka  (N.  Tagilsk) 

18-66 

92-60 
94-4] 

7-08 
5-23 

0-06 
0-04 

0-02  = 
0-39= 

J-l/U    riOS6. 

99-76  Rose. 
100  Rose. 

20. 

u               u 

17-74 

90-76 

9-02 

99-78  Rose. 

21. 

it                      U 

87-31 

12-12 

0-08= 

99-51  Rose. 

22. 

f(                      U 

17-06 

83-85 

16-15 

100  Rose. 

23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 

Beresof 
Alex.  Andrejevsk  (Miask) 
Petropavlovski 
Siranovski,  Altai 
Schlangenberg,  Altai 
Malacca 
Siam,  Pachim 

17-54 
17-11 
14-55 

91-88 
87-40 
86-81 
60-98 
64 
90-89 
88-57 

8-03 
12-07 
13-19 
38-38 
36 
8-98 
6-45 

[o-so; 

tr. 
tr. 

0-09= 
0-09= 

0-33= 

tr.  = 
1-42 

100  Rose. 
99-56  Rose. 
100  Rose. 
99-69  Rose. 
100  Klaproth. 
99.87  Terreil. 
Si  3-33=97-77 

Terreil 

30. 
31. 

Africa,  Senegal 
it 

94-00 

5-85 

Pt  0-15  =  100  Levol. 

it 

• 

86'97 

10-53 

und. 

und.= 

97-50  Darcet. 

33. 

86-80 

11-80 

0-90=  99-50  Levol 

• 

84-50 

15-30 

0-20= 

100  Levol. 

34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 

Brazil 
Bolivia,  Ancota 
"      Romanplaya 
"      Gritada    ' 
Tipuani 
N.  Grenada,  Bogota 
"      Trinidad 
Titiribi 

18-31 
18-672 
17-906 
16-07 

94-00 
94-73 
94-19 
93-51 
91-96 
92-00 
82-40 
74-00 

5-85 
5-23 
5-81 
6-49 
7-47 
8-00 
17-60 
26-00 

=  99-85  Darcet. 
0-04       loo  Forbes. 
—  100  Forbes. 
=  100  Forbes. 
*•         —  gangue  0'57  =  1  00  Forbes. 
=  100  Bouss. 
=  100  Bouss. 
'       =  100  Bouss. 

GOLD. 


42. 
43. 
44. 
45. 
46. 
47. 
48. 
49. 
50. 
51. 
52. 
53. 
54. 
55. 

Sp.gr. 
N.  Grenada,  Titiribi 
"        Guamo 
"        Marmato                 12-666 
"        Santa  Rosa            14-15 
"        El  Llano 
'        Malpaso                 14'70 
*        Baia 
'        Eio  Lucio              14-69 
•        Ojas  Anchas 
'        El  Llano 
Peru,  Carabaya                     18*43 
'  R.  Chuquiaguillo        16-693 
1        Yungas                  16'63 
"              "                         16-54 

Au 
73-40 
73-68 
73-45 
64-93 
88-54 
88-24 
88-15 
87-94 
84-50 
82-10 
97-46 
90-86 
79-89 
78-69 

Ag 
26-60 
26-32 
26-48 
35-07 
11-42 
11-76 
11-85 
12-06 
15-50 
17-90 
2-54 
9-14 
20-11 
21-31 

Fe 

Cu 

= 

100  Bouss. 
100  Bouss. 
99-93  Bouss. 
100  Bouss. 
99-96  Bouss. 
100  Bouss. 
100  Bouss. 
100  Bouss. 
100  Bouss. 
100  Bouss. 
100  Forbes. 
100  Forbes. 
100  Forbes. 
100  Forbes. 

56. 

N.  Scotia,  Tangier                18-95 

98-13 

1-76 

tr. 

0-05=  99-94  Marsh. 

57. 

ti 

Lunenburg             18-37 

92-04 

7-76 

tr. 

0-11 

— 

99-91  Marsh. 

58. 

California 

96-42 

3-58 





— 

1  00  Thomas. 

59. 

u 

93-53 

6-47 





— 

100  Thomas. 

60. 

11 

92-70 

6-90 

0-40= 

100  LevoL 

61. 

M 

16-33 

92-00 

7-00 

=  99  Teschemacher. 

62. 

« 

89-61 

10-05 

und. 

und. 

-  99-66  Hofmann. 

63. 

M 

15-96 

90-01 

9-01 

0-86 

99-88  Henry. 

64. 

n 

(17-48  fused)  14-60 

90-70 

8-80 

0-38 



— 

99-88  Rivot. 

65. 

u 

17-40 

90-96 

9-04 





— 

100  Oswald. 

66. 

<( 

15-63—16-43 

86-57 

12-33 

0-54 

0-29= 

99-73  Henry. 

67. 

« 

75-86 

20-67 

—  quartz  2'44=98'97  Pietzsch. 

68. 

Canada, 

Chaudiere               16-57 

89-24 

10-76 





— 

100  Hunt. 

69. 

u 

"                       17-60 

87-77 

12-23 





— 

100  Hunt. 

70. 

n 

u 

86-73 

13-27 





= 

100  Hunt. 

71. 

Australia 

99-28 

0-44 

0-20 

0-07 

Bi  0-01  =100 

Northcote. 

72. 

u 

95-48 

3-59 

—  quartz  0-10=99-17  KerL 

73. 

u 

Bathurst 

95-68 

3-92 

0-16 



— 

99-76  Henry. 

74. 

tl 

Araluen 

94-92 

5-08 





— 

100  "Ward 

75. 

It 

Adelong 

94-64 

5-31 

0-05 

— 

100 

76. 

" 

u 

93-67 

6-23 

1-10 

— 

100 

77. 

u 

It 

93-17 

6-56 

0-27 

= 

100 

78. 

(( 

Araluen 

91-52 

8-48 





— 

100 

79. 

II 

« 

89-59 

10-51 





— 

100 

80. 

It 

Mitta  Mitta 

89-57 

10-43 





— 

100 

81. 

« 

Omeo 

85-23 

14-77 





— 

100 

82. 

Tasmania,  Giandara 

92-77 

7-23 





= 

100 

83. 

M 

u 

92-58 

7-34 

0-08 

— 

100 

84. 

u 

u 

93-35 

6-56 

0-09 

— 

100 

85. 

a 

n 

92-47 

7-31 

0-22 

— 

100 

86. 

it 

u 

92-62 

7-27 

0-11 

— 

100 

87. 

u 

Bl'k  Boy  Flat 

94-76 

5-04 





= 

99-80 

88. 

n 

u 

94-95 

4-66 

0-08 

tr. 

= 

99-69 

89. 

n 

Nook,  Fingal 

92-55 

7-10 

0-17 

tr. 

•  — 

99-82   " 

90. 

tt 

Fingal 

9089 

8-02 



tr. 

Sn 

,  Pb,  Co  1-0  Ward. 

The  average  proportion  of  gold  in  the  native  gold  of  California,  as  derived  from  assays  of  seve- 
ral hundred  millions  of  dollars  worth,  is  880  thousandths ;  while  the  range  is  mostly  between 
870  and  890  (Prof.  J.  C.  Booth,  of  U.  S.  Mint,  in  a  letter  to  the  author,  of  May,  1867).  The  range 
in  the  metal  of  Australia  is  mostly  between  900  and  960,  with  an  average  of  925. 

The  gold  of  the  Chaudiere,  Canada,  contains  usually  10  to  15  p.  c.  of  silver ;  while  that  of  Nova 
Scotia  is  very  nearly  pure. 

The  Chilian  gold  afforded  Domeyko  84  to  96  per  cent,  of  gold  and  15  to  3  per  cent,  of  silver 
(Ann.  d.  Mines  IV.  vi). 

Porpezite  afforded  Berzelius  (Jahresb.  1835)  Gold  85*98,  palladium  9'85,  silver  4'17. 

A  mass  ofekctrum,  weighing  25  Ibs.,  from  Yorospatak,  consisting  of  large  crystals  (£4  in.),  con- 
tained 25  p.  c.  of  silver  (Dingl.  Polyt.  J.r  clxvi.  396). 

Pyrognostic  and  other  Chemical  Characters.  —  B.B.  fuses  easily.  Not  acted  on  by 
fluxes.  Insoluble  in  any  single  acid ;  soluble  in  nitro-muriatic  acid  (aqua-regia). 


0  NATIVE   ELEMENTS. 

Observations.— Native  gold  is  found,  when  in  situ,  with  comparatively  small  exceptions,  in 
the  quartz  veins  that  intersect  metamorphic  rocks,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  wall  rock  of  these 
veins.  The  metamorphic  rocks  thus  intersected  are  mostly  chlontic,  talcose,  and  argillaceous 
schist  of  dull  green,  dark  gray,  and  other  colors ;  also,  much  less  commonly,  mica  and  hornblendic 
schist,  gneiss,  diorite,  porphyry;  and  still  more  rarely,  granite.  A  laminated  quartzite  called 
itacolumite,  is  common  in  many  gold  regions,  as  those  of  Brazil  and  North .Carolina,  and  some- 
times  specular  schists,  or  slaty  rocks  containing  much  foliated  specular  iron  (hematite),  or  magne- 

1  The  gold  occurs  in  the  quartz  in  strings,  scales,  plates,  and  in  masses  which  are  sometimes  an 
agglomeration  of  crystals;  and  the  scales  are  often  invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  massive  quartz 
that  apparently  contains  no  gold  frequently  yielding  a  considerable  percentage  to  the  assayer.  It 
is  always  very  irregularly  distributed,  and  never  in  continuous  pure  bands  of  metal,  like  many 
metallic  ores.  It  occurs  both  disseminated  through  the  mass  of  the  quartz,  and  in  its  cavities. 
The  larger  masses  and  the  finer  crystallizations  are  mainly  in  the  latter;  and  Prof.  Wurtz  has 
suggested  that  these  have  been  formed  by  a  slow  aggregation  and  crystallization  carried  on 
through  the  solvent  power,  as  regards  gold,  of  persulphate  of  iron— this  salt  of  iron  being  derived 
from  the  decomposition  of  the  pyrite  present  in  the  quartz  veins. 

The  associated  minerals  are :  pyrite,  which  far  exceeds  in  quantity  all  others,  and  is  generally 
auriferous;  next,  chalcopyrite,  galena,  blende,  mispickel,  each  frequently  auriferous ;  often  tetrady- 
mite  and  other  tellurium  ores,  native  bismuth,  stibnite,  magnetite,  hematite  ;  sometimes  barytes, 
apatite,  fluor,  siderite,  chrysocolla. 

The  quartz  at  the  surface,  or  in  the  upper  part  of  a  vein,  is  usually  cellular  and  rusted  from  the 
more  or  less  complete  disappearance  of  the  pyrite  and  other  sulphids  by  decomposition ;  but 
below,  it  is  commonly  solid.  The  enclosing  schists  are  sometimes  soft  and  easily  removed  in 
mining.  In  other  cases,  they  are  excessively  tough,  and  the  quartz,  being  a  brittle  mineral,  yields 
the  most  easily  to  the  drill. 

The  gold  of  the  world  has  been  mostly  gathered,  not  directly  from  the  quartz  veins,  but  from 
the  gravel  or  sands  of  rivers  or  valleys  in  auriferous  regions,  or  the  slopes  of  mountains  or  hills, 
whose  rocks  contain  in  some  part,  and  generally  not  far  distant,  auriferous  veins;  and  such 
minefi  are  often  called  alluvial  washings ;  in  California  placer-diggings.  Pliny  speaks  of  the  "bring- 
ing of  rivers  from  the  mountains,  in  many  instances  for  a  hundred  miles,  for  the  purpose  of 
washing  the  debris,"  and  this  method  of  hydraulic  mining  is  now  carried  on  in  California  on  a 
stupendous  scale.  (See  Silliman,  in  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xl.  10.)  The  auriferous  gravel  and  earth 
have  been  derived  from  the  disintegration  or  wearing  down  of  auriferous  rocks.  The  *  aurifer- 
ous gravel  beds  in  California  are  of  vast  extent;  those  of  the  Yuba,  an  affluent  of  Feather 
"River,  varying  from  80  to  250  feet  in  depth,  and  averaging  probably  120  feet.  Most  of  the  gold 
of  the  Urals,  Brazil,  Australia,  and  all  other  gold  regions,  has  come  from  such  alluvial  washings. 

The  alluvial  gold  is  usually  in  flattened  scales  of  different  degrees  of  fineness,  the  siz.e  depend- 
ing partly  on  the  original  condition  in  the  quartz  veins,  and  partly  on  the  distance  to  which  it 
has  been  transported.  Transportation  by  running  water  is  an  assorting  process ;  the  coarser 
particles  or  largest  pieces  requiring  rapid  currents  to  transport  them,  and  dropping  first,  and  the 
finer  being  carried  far  away — sometimes  scores  of  miles.  A  cavity  in  the  rocky  slopes  or  bot- 
tom of  a  valley,  or  a  place  where  the  waters  may  have  eddied,  generally  proves  in  such  a  region 
to  be  a  pocket  full  of  gold. 

In  the  auriferous  sands,  crystals  of  zircon  are  very  common ;  also  garnet  and  kyanite  in  grains ; 
often  also  raonazite,  diamonds,  topaz,  corundum,  iridosmine,  platinum.  The  zircons  are  sometimes 
mistaken  for  diamonds. 

G-old  is  widely  distributed  over  the  globe,  and  occurs  in  rocks  of  various  ages,  from  the  Azoic 
to  the  Cretaceous  or  Tertiary.  The  schists  that  contain  the  auriferous  veins  were  once  sediment- 
ary beds  of  clay,  sand,  or  mud,  derived  from  the  wear  of  preexisting  rocks.  Through  some  pro- 
cess, in  which  heat  was  concerned,  the  latter  were  metamorphosed  into  the  hard  crystalline 
schists,  and  at  the  same  time  upturned  and  broken,  and  often  opened  between  the  layers :  and 
then,  all  the  fissures  (cutting  across  the  layers)  and  the  openings  (made  between  the  layers,  and 
therefore  conforming  with  the  lamination)  became  filled  with  the  quartz  veins  containing  gold. 
The  quartz  was  brought  into  the  intersecting  fissures,  and  the  interlaminated  open  spaces,  from 
the  rocks  either  side  by  means  of  the  permeating  heated  waters  (such  heated  waters,  at  a  temper- 
ature much  above  that  of  boiling  water,  having  great  decomposing  and  solvent  power,  and  car- 
rying into  cavities  whatever  they  can  gather  up  from  the  rocks).  Thus,  the  gold  of  the  veins  was 
derived  from  the  rocks  adjoining  the  openings,  either  directly  adjoining,  or  above,  or  below  it ; 
and  it  must  therefore  have  been  widely  distributed  through  these  rocks  before  they  were  crystal- 
lized and  the  veins  were  made,  although  in  so  infinitesimal  a  quantity  in  a  cubic  foot,  that  the 
beds,  without  the  metamorphism  and  the  vein-making,  would  have  been  worthless  mining- 
ground. 

As  schists  with  auriferous  quartz  veins  were  made  in  Azoic  time,  so  were  they  also  in  Paleo- 
zoic, especially  at  the  great  mountain-making  epoch  which  closed  the  Paleozoic  era ;  also  later,  in 


GOLD.  Y 

the  Jurassic  period,  as  in  the  Sierra  Nevada ;  and  still  later  in  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  peri- 
ods,  as  in  the  Coast  Mountains  of  California.  But  whatever  the  age  of  the  schists  arid  veins  the 
original  source  of  all  the  Paleozoic  and  later  gold  deposits  must  be  the  azoic  or  ori<nnal  rock's  of 
the  globe,  as  they  are  the  great  source  of  the  material  shales  and  sandstones  of  all  subsequent 
ages,  excepting  such  as  may  have  been  derived  from  aqueous  solution  or  chemical  deposition 
Auriferous  quartz  veins  are  in  no  case  igneous  veins— that  is,  veins  filled  by  injection  of  melted 
matter  from  below. 

Gold  exists  more  or  less  abundantly  over  all  the  continents  in  most  of  the  regions  of  crystalline 
rocks,  especially  those  of  the  semi-crystalline  schists ;  and  also  in  some  of  the  large  islands  of  the 
world  where  such  rocks  exist.  In  Europe,  it  is  most  abundant  in  Hungary  at  Konigsberg 
Schemnitz,  and  Felsobanya,  and  in  Transylvania  at  Kapnik,  Vorospatak,  and  Oflfenbanya  •  it 
occurs  also  in  the  sands  of  the  Rhine,  the  Keuss,  the  Aar,  the  Rhone,  and  the  Danube;  on  the 
southern  slope  of  the  Pennine  Alps  from  the  Sunplon  and  Monte  Rosa  to  the  valley  of  Aosta  •  in 
Piedmont ;  in  Spain,  formerly  worked  in  Asturias ;  in  many  of  the  streams  of  Corawa.ll ;  near 
Dolgelly  and  other  parts  of  North  Wales ;  in  Scotland,  in  considerable  amount,  near  Leadhills,  and  in 
G-len  Coich  and  other  parts  of  Perthshire ;  in  the  county  of  Wicklow,  Ireland ;  in  Sweden,  at 
Edelfors. 

At  the  Transylvania  mines  of  Vorospatak,  where  one  piece  of  22  ozs.  was  found,  the  gold  is 
obtained  by  mining,  and  the  mines  have  been  worked  since  the  time  of  the  Romans.  The  Rhine 
has  been  most  productive  between  Basle  and  Manheim ;  the  sands,  where  richest,  contain  only 
about  56  parts  of  gold  in  a  hundred  millions ;  yet  sands  containing  less  than  half  this  proportion 
are  worked.  The  whole  amount  of  gold  in  the  auriferous  sands  of  the  Rhine  has  been  estimated 
at  §30,000,000 ;  but  it  is  mostly  covered  by  soil  under  cultivation. 

In  Asia,  gold  occurs  along  the  eastern  flanks  of  the  Urals  for  500  miles,  and  is  especially  abun- 
dant at  the  Beresov  mines  near  Katharine nburg  (lat.  56°  40'  N.) ;  also  obtained  at  Petropavlov- 
ski  (60°  N.) ;  Nischne  Tagilsk  (59°  N.) ;  Miask,  near  Slatoust  and  Mt.  Ilmen  (55°  N.,  where  the 
largest  Russian  nugget  was  found),  etc.  Katharinenburg  is  the  capital  of  the  mining  district. 
The  Urals  were  within  the  territory  of  the  ancient  Scythians ;  and  the  vessels  of  gold  reputed, 
according  to  Herodotus,  to  have  fallen  from  the  skies,  were  probably  made  from  Uralian  nuggets. 
But  the  mines  were  not  opened  until  1819;  soon  after  this  they  became  the  most  productive  in 
the  world,  and  remained  so  until  the  discoveries  in  California.  They  are  principally  alluvial 
washings,  and  these  washings  seldom  yield  less  than  65  grains  of  gold  for  4,000  Ibs.  of  soil,  and 
rarely  more  than  120  grains.  At  Beresov,  there  are  workings  in  the  parent  rock.  Siberian 
mines  less  extensive  occur  in  the  lesser  Altai,  in  the  Kolyvan  mining  region  (about  1,500  miles 
east  of  Katharinenburg,  near  long.  100°  E.,  between  the  Obi  and  Irtisch,  and  1,500  miles  west  of 
the  other  great  Siberian  mining  region,  that  of  Nertschinsk,  which  is  between  135°  and  140°  E., 
east  of  L.  Baikal);  among  the  localities  are  Schlangenberg  and  Sirjinovski,  noted  for  affording  the 
electrum  (anal.  26,  27).  Asiatic  mines  occur  also  in  the  Cailas  Mountains,  in  Little  Thibet,  Cey- 
lon, and  Malacca,  China,  Corea,  Japan,  Formosa,  Sumatra,  Java,  Borneo,  the  Philippines,  and 
other  East  India  Islands. 

In  Africa,  gold  occurs  at  Kordofau,  between  Darfour  and  Abyssinia ;  also,  south  of  the  Sahara 
in  Western  Africa,  from  the  Senegal  to  Cape  Palmas  ;  in  the  interior,  on  the  Somat,  a  day's  jour- 
ney from  Cassen ;  along  the  coast  opposite  Madagascar,  between  22°  and  35 3  S.,  supposed  by 
some  to  have  been  the  Ophir  of  the  time  of  Solomon. 

In  South  America,  gold  is  found  in  Brazil  (where  formerly  the  larger  part  of  the  annual  pro- 
duce of  the  world  was  obtained)  along  the  chain  of  mountains  lying  nearly  parallel  with  the  coast, 
especially  near  Villa  Rica,  and  in  the  province  of  Minas  Geraes ;  in  New  Grenada,  at  Antioquia, 
Choco,  and  Giron ;  Chili ;  in  Bolivia,  especially  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  de  Tipuani,  east  of 
Sorata;  sparingly  in  Peru.  Also  in  Central  America,  in  Honduras,  San  Salvador,  Guatemala, 
Costa  Rica,  and  near  Panama ;  most  abundant  in  Honduras,  especially  along  the  rivers  Guyape 
and  Jalan,  in  Olancho,  while  found  also  in  the  department  of  Yoro,  and  in  Southern 
Honduras. 

In  North  America,  there  are  numberless  mines  along  the  mountains  of  Western  America,  and 
others  along  the  eastern  range  of  the  Appalachians  from  Alabama  and  Georgia  to  Labrador,  be- 
sides some  indications  of  gold  in  portions  of  the  intermediate  Azoic  region  about  Lake  Superior. 
They  occur  at  many  points  along  the  higher  regions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  Mexico,  in  New 
Mexico,  near  Santa  Fe.  Cerillos,  Avo,  etc. ;  in  Arizona,  in  the  San  Francisco,  Wauba,  Yuma,  and 
other  districts ;  in  Colorado,  abundant,  but  the  gold  largely  in  auriferous  pyrites ;  in  Utah  and 
Idaho.     Also  along  ranges  between  the  summit  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  the  Humboldt  regio 
and  elsewhere.     Also  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  mostly  on  its  western  slope  (the  mines  of  the  eastern 
being  principally  silver  mines).     The  auriferous  belt  may  be  said  to  begiu  in  the  Californian  penin- 
sula.    Near  the  Teion  pass  it  enters  California,  and  beyond  for  180  miles  it  is  sparingly  aurifer- 
ous, the  slate  rocks  being  of  small  breadth ;  but  beyond  this,  northward,  the  slates  increase 
extent,  and  the  mines  in  number  and  productiveness,  and  they  continue  thus  for  21 
more.     Gold  occurs  also  in  the  Coast  ranges  in  many  localities,  but  mostly  in  too  small  quantities 


8  DESCRIPTIVE   MINEEALOGY. 

to  be  profitably  worked.  The  regions  to  the  north  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  and  the 
British  Possessions  farther  north,  are  at  many  points  auriferous,  and  productively  so,  though  to 
a  less  extent  than  California. 

The  mines  of  California  were  first  made  known  in  1849.  They  were  for  some  years  solely 
alluvial  washings,  but  since  1852  quartz  mining  has  been  on  the  increase.  The  quartz  veins  are 
often  of  great  size.  Some  in  the  "  Mariposa  estate  "  average  12  feet,  and  m  places  expand  to  40 
feet  in  breadth.  North  of  Mariposa  county,  the  auriferous  gravel,  which  has  everywhere  been  a 
principal  source  of  the  gold  thus  far  obtained,  is  very  extensive.  The  thick  deposits,  often  semi- 
indurated  are  now  washed  down  by  vast  streams  of  water  thrown  by  the  pressure  of  a  column 
of  water  of  150  feet,  that  do  the  work  of  running  off  the  earth  and  gravel,  and  gathering  the  gold 
in  an  incredibly  short  time.  Much  of  the  auriferous  gravel  formation  is  under  a  covering  of  vol- 
canic rock,  either  tufa  or  lavas,  which  has  to  be  underworked,  in  one  way  or  another,  to  get  out 
the  gold,  making  what  is  called  talk-mountain  mining:  the  flat  tops  of  hard  volcanic  material 
giving  a  table-like  look  to  the  heights.  (See  J.  D.  Whitney's  Geol.  California;  review  of  same  in 
Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xli.  231,  351,  and  B.  Silliman,  ib.,  xl.  1.) 

In  eastern  North  America,  the  mines  of  the  Southern  United  States  produced  before  the  Cali- 
fornia discoveries  about  a  million  of  dollars  a  year.  They  are  mostly  confined  to  the  States  of 
Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  or  along  a  line  from  the  Rappahannock  to  the 
Coosa  in  Alabama.  But  the  region  may  be  said  to  extend  north  to  Canada ;  for  gold  has  been 
found  at  Albion  and  Madrid  in  Maine  ;  Canaan  and  Lisbon,  N.  H. ;  Bridgewater,  Vermont ;  Ded- 
ham,  Mass.  Traces  occur  also  in  Franconia  township,  Montgomery  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  In  Vir- 
ginia, the  principal  deposits  are  in  Spotsylvania  county,  on  the  Rappahannock,  at  the  United 
States  mines,  and  at  other  places  to  the  southwest ;  in  Stafford  county,  at  the  Rappahannock 
gold  mines,  ten  miles  from  Falmouth,  in  the  Culpepper  county,  at  Culpepper  mines,  on  Rapidan 
river ;  in  Orange  county,  at  the  Orange  Grove  gold  mine,  and  at  the  Greenwood  gold  mines ;  in 
Goochland  county,  at  Moss  and  Busby's  mines ;  in  Louisa  county,  at  Walton's  gold  mine ;  in 
Buckingham  county,  at  Eldridge's  mine.  In  North  Carolina,  the  gold  region  is  mostly  confined 
to  the  counties  of  Montgomery,  Cabarrus,  Mecklenburg,  and  Lincoln.  The  mines  of  Mecklenburg 
are  principally  vein  deposits ;  those  of  Burke,  Lincoln,  McDowell,  and  Rutherford,  are  mostly  in 
alluvial  soil;  the  Davidson  county  silver  mine  has  afforded  gold.  In  Georgia,  the  Shelton  gold 
mines  in  Habersham  county  have  long  been  famous ;  and  many  other  places  have  been  opened  in 
Rabun  and  Hall  counties,  Lumpkin  county,  at  Dahlonega,  etc. ;  and  the  Cherokee  country.  In 
South  Carolina,  the  principal  gold  regions  are  the  Fairforest  in  Union  district,  and  the  Lynch' s 
creek  and  Catawba  regions,  chiefly  in  Lancaster  and  Chesterfield  districts;  also  in'Pickens 
county,  adjoining  Georgia.  There  is  gold  also  in  eastern  Tennessee. 

In  Canada,  gold  occurs  to  the  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  soil  on  the  Chaudiere  (where 
first  found  in  1835),  and  over  a  considerable  region  beyond,  having  been  derived  probably  from 
the  crystalline  schists  of  the  Notre  Dame  range  (T.  S.  Hunt),  which  is  properly  a  continuation  of 
the  mountains  of  New  England  and  the  Appalachians  to  the  southwest.  In  Nova  Scotia,  mines 
are  worked  near  Halifax  and  elsewhere. 

In  Australia,  which  is  fully  equal  to  California  in  productiveness,  and  much  superior  in  the 
purity  of  the  metal,  the  principal  gold  mines  occur  along  the  streams  in  the  mountains  of  N.  S. 
Wales  (S.  E.  Australia),  and  along  the  continuation  of  the  same  range  in  Victoria  (S.  Australia). 
It  was  discovered  in  N.  S.  Wales,  near  Bathurst,  in  the  spring  of  1851 ;  and  in  August  of  the 
same  year,  the  far  richer  deposits  of  Victoria  became  known.  Some  gold  has  also  been  obtained 
in  Queensland,  N.  Australia,  in  the  vicinity  of  Moreton  bay.  Prof.  Booth  states  (in  a  letter  to 
the  author)  that  one  loif  of  Australian  gold  worth  about  $4,000,  submitted  to  him  in  1853,  consist- 
ed of  grains  from  the  size  of  a  very  large  pea  to  small  sand,  all  of  which  were  more  or  less  per- 
fect dodecahedrons.  Gold  also  occurs  in  Tasmania  (Van  Diemen's  Land).  In  New  Zealand,  it 
has  been  found  at  Coromaudel  harbor,  near  Auckland,  on  the  Northern  island,  and  on  the  Middle 
island  near  Cook's  Straits.  Found  also  in  New  Caledonia. 

Masses  of  gold  of  considerable  size  have  been  found  in  North  Carolina.  The  largest  was  dis- 
covered in  Cabarrus  Co.;  it  weighed  twenty-eight  pounds  avoirdupois  ("steel-yard  weight," 
equals  37  Ibs.  troy),  and  was  8  or  9  inches  long  by  4  or  5  broad,  and  about  an  inch  thick.  The 
largest  mass  yet  reported  from  California  weighed  20  pounds.  A  mass  consisting  of  a  congeries 
of  crystals,  and  weighing  201  ozs.  (value  $4,000)  was  found  in  1865,  in  California,  7  miles  from 
Georgetown,  in  El  Dorado  county.  In  Paraguay,  pieces  from  1  to  50  pounds  weight  were  taken 
from  a  mass  of  rock  which  fell  from  one  of  the  highest  mountains.  Several  specimens  weighing 
16  pounds  have  been  found  in  the  Ural,  and  one  of  27  pounds  ;  and  near  Miask  in  the  valley  of 
Taschku  Targanka,  in  1842,  a  mass  was  detached  weighing  96  pounds  troy  This  mass  is  now 

nZf  Jr^fS10  °uf  Dining  Engineers  at  St.  Petersburg.  .  A  mass  found  recently  in  Australia, 
called  the  "Blanch  Barkley  Nugget  "  had  the  enormous  weight  of  146  Ibs.,  and  only  6  ozs.  of  it 
were  gangue;  and  one  still  larger,  from  Ballarat,  weighed  184  Ibs.  8  ozs.,  and  yielded  £8,376 
10s.  6d  sterling  of  gold. 

The  yield  of  gold  mines  has  very  much  increased  in  amount  since  the  discovery  of  the  mines 


SILVER.  Q 

of  California.  The  mines  of  South  America  and  Mexico  were  estimated  by  Humboldt  over  CO 
years  since,  to  yield  annually  $11,500,000,  which  much  exceeds  the  present  proceeds.  Brazil  ha« 
furnished  about  17,500  pounds  troy  per  year.  It  is  estimated  that,  between  1790  and  1830 
Mexico  produced  $31,250,000  in  gold,  Chili  $13,450,000,  and  Buenos  Ayres  $19,500,000,  making 
AU  average  annual  yield  of  $16,050,000.  The  Russian  mines  in  1 846  produced  about  $16  500  000  • 
and  in  1851,  $15,000,000.  The  yield  of  California  in  1849,  the  first  year  after 'the  dis- 
covery of  the  gold,  was  $5,000,000.  It  rapidly  increased  from  that  year  until  1853,  when  it 
was  nearly  $60,000,000.  Since  then  it  has  diminished,  and  in  1866  the  amount  was  but 
$27,000,000.  Montana,  Colorado,  Idaho,  and  Nevada,  raise  the  total  from  the  United  States  for  the 
year  1866  to  $86,000,000,  with  $20,000,000  besides  of  silver.  Australia  produced  $60,000,000 
for  a  number  of  years;  but  for  1863,  1864,  1865,  the  average  was  not  above  $30,000,000,  one- 
fourth  to  one-third  of  which  came  from  the  auriferous  quartz. 

The  gold  is  obtained  from  the  auriferous  quartz  by  pulverizing,  and  then  treating  the  finely- 
powdered  quartz  with  mercury,  a  method  wen  known  to  the  ancients.  This  metal  dissolves  out 
the  gold,  producing  an  amalgam  which,  by  straining  and  distillation,  yields  the  gold.  The  auri- 
ferous pyrite  is  first  powdered,  and  then  roasted  in  an  oven  of  peculiar  construction  until  the 
sulphur  is  driven  off.  The  residue,  according  to  one  process,  pronounced  the  best,  is  treated 
with  chlorine  gas,  and  the  metals  thus  converted  into  chlorids,  of  which  the  chlorid  of  gold  is 
soluble.  This  is  removed  and  then  treated  with  protosulphate  of  iron,  when  the  gold  is  deposited. 
According  to  another  process,  the  residue  is  fused  with  litharge,  and  the  gold  is  thus  combined 
with  lead,  and  afterward  obtained  from  the  lead  by  cupellation.  By  a  third  process,  the  aurifer- 
ous pyrite,  especially  when  cupriferous,  is  concentrated  into  a  copper  matt  by  partial  roasting  and 
fusion ;  the  matt  is  then  roasted,  and  the  oxyd  of  copper  taken  up  by  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  leav- 
ing the  gold  and  silver  in  the  residue. 

2.  SILVER.    Luna  AkTiem.    G-ediegen  Silber  Germ.    Argent  natif  Fr. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes  0, 1,  /,  £2,  i4,  3-3.  Figs.  1,  2,  6,  7, 15,  17. 
Cleavage  none.  Twins  :  composition  face  octahedral,  like  f.  50 ;  but  occur- 
ring also  in  the  trapezohedron  3-3,  and  other  forms.  Commonly  coarse  or 
fine  filiform,  reticulated,  arborescent ;  in  the  latter,  the  branches  pass  off 
either  (1)  at  right  angles,  and  are  crystals  (usually  octahedrons)  elongated 
in  the  direction  of  a  cubic  axis,  or  else  a  succession  of  partly  overlapping 
crystals ;  or  (2)  at  angles  of  60°,  they  being  elongated  in  the  direction  of  a 
dodecahedral  axis.  Crystals  generally  obliquely  prolonged  or  shortened, 
and  thus  greatly  distorted.  Also  massive,  and  in  plates  or  superficial 
coatings. 

H.=2-5— 3.  G.3=10-l— 11-1,  when  pure  10-5.  Lustre  metallic.  Color 
and  streak  silver- white ;  subject  to  tarnish,  by  which  the  color  becomes 
grayish-black.  Ductile. 

Comp.,  Var.— Silver,  with  some  copper,  gold,  and  sometimes  platinum,  antimony,  bismuth, 
mercury. 

Var.  1.  Ordinary,     (a)  crystallized ;  (6)  filiform,  arborescent ;  (c)  massive. 

2.  Auriferous;   Kusielite.     (G-uldisch-Silber  Hausm.,  Handb.  104,  1813.    Kiistelit  Breiih.,  B. 
H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  169,  1866.)     Contains  10  to  30  p.  c.  of  silver;  color  white  to  pale  brass-yellow. 
There  is  a  gradual  passage  to  argentiferous  gold  (see  GOLD). 

The  name Kustelitewas  given  to  an  ore  from  Nevada,  having  the  following  characters:  £.  —  L- 
2| ;  G.  =  11-32  — 13-10  ;  color  silver-white,  somewhat  darker  than  native  silver  on  afresh  surface; 
Richter  found  in  it  silver,  lead,  and  gold,  the  first  much  predominating.    From  the  1< 
Ophir  mine,  Nevada,  in  bean-shaped  grains. 

3.  Cupriferous.     Contains  sometimes  10  p.  c  of  copper. 

4.  Antimonial    John  found  in  silver  from  Johanngeorgenstadt  (Chem.  Tint.,  i.  285)  1  p.  c.  an 
mony,  and  traces  of  copper  and  arsenic.     (See  further  under  Discrasite.)  .  . 

The  Kongsberg  native  silver  contains  0'40  p.  c.  of  mercury  (D.  Forbes),  and  the  pre 
metal,  Saemann  suggests,  may  account  for  its  fine  crystallization. 

Fordyce  (Phil.  Trans.,  1776,  523)  found  in  silver  from  Kongsberg,  Norway,  silver  14  g< 
Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  xi.  72)  obtained  10  p.  c.  of  copper  from  silver  from  Curcy,  *  ranee.  _ 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily  to  a  silver-white  globule,  which  m  O.F  gives  a  tat 
dark  red  coating  of  oxyd ;  crystallizes  on  cooling.     Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  and  depos 
a  plate  of  copper. 


10 


NATIVE   ELEMENTS. 


Obs.— Native  silver  occurs  in  masses,  or  in  arborescences  and  filiform  shapes,  in  veins  traversing 
gneiss,  schist,  porphyry,  and  other  rocks.  Also  occurs  disseminated,  but  usually  invisibly,  in 
native  copper,  galena,  chalcocite,  etc. 

The  mines  of  Kongsberg  in  Norway,  have  afforded  magnificent  specimens  of  native  silver.  One 
among  the  splendid  suite  from  this  locality  in  the  Royal  collection  at  Copenhagen,  weighs  up. 
wards  of  5  cwt.,  and  recently  two  masses  have  been  obtained  weighing  severaUy  238  and  436 
pounds  The  principal  Saxon  localities  are  at  Freiberg,  Schneeberg,  and  Johanngeorgenstadt ; 
the  Bohemian,  at  Przibram,  and  Joachim sthal.  A  mass  weighing  60  Ibs.  from  the  Himmelsfurst 
mine  near  Freiburg  had  G.=  10-840.  It  also  occurs  hi  small  quantities  with  other  ores,  at  An- 
dreasberg,  in  the  Hartz;  in  Suabia;  Hungary;  at  Allemont  in  Dauphiuy;  in  the  Ural- near 
Beresof;  in  the  Altai,  at  Zme'off;  and  in  some  of  the  Cornish  mines. 

Mexico  and  Peru  have  been  the  most  productive  countries  in  silver.  In  Mexico,  it  has  been 
obtained  mostly  from  its  ores,  while  hi  Peru  it  occurs  principally  native.  A  Mexican  specimen 
from  Batopilas  weighed  when  obtained  400  pounds ;  and  one  from  Southern  Peru  (mines  of 
Huantaya)  weighed  over  8  cwt.  During  the  first  eighteen  years  of  the  present  century,  more 
than  8,180,000  marks  of  silver  were  affomed  by  the  mines  of  G-uanaxuato  alone.  In  Durango, 
Sinaloa,  and  Sonora,  hi  Northern  Mexico,  are  noted  mines  affording  native  silver. 

In  the  United  States  it  is  disseminated  through  much  of  the  copper  of  Michigan,  occasionally 
in  spots  of  some  size,  and  sometimes  in  cubes,  skeleton  octahedrons,  etc.,  at  various  mines.  It 
has  been  observed  at  a  mine  a  mile  south  of  Sing  Sing  prison,  which  was  formerly  worked  for 
silver  ;  at  the  Bridgewater  copper  mines,  New  Jersey ;  in  interesting  specimens  at  King's  mine, 
Davidson  Co.,  N.  C. ;  at  Prince's  location,  Lake  Superior,  Canada  ;  rarely  in  filaments  with  bary- 
tes  at  Cheshire,  Ct.  In  Idaho,  at  the  "  Poor  Man's  lode,"  large  masses  of  native  silver  have  been 
obtained.  In  Nevada,  in  the  Comstock  lode,  it  is  rare,  and  mostly  in  filaments ;  at  the  Ophir 
mine  rare,  and  disseminated  or  filamentous ;  in  California,  sparingly,  in  Silver  Mountain  district, 
Alpine  Co. ;  in  the  Maris  vein,  in  Los  Angeles  Co. ;  in  the  township  of  Ascot,  Canada.  The  yield 
of  the  United  States  at  the  present  time  in  silver  is  about  $20,000,000. 

Alt.— Pseudomorphs,  consisting  of  horn  silver,  red  silver  ore,  and  argentite. 


3.  PLATINUM.  Platina  (fr.  Choco)  Ulloa,  Relac.  Hist.  Viage  Amer.  Merid.,  lib.  6,  c.  10, 
Madrid  1748.  Platiua  (fr.  Carthageua)  W.  Brownrigg  (who  received  it  in  1741  from  C.  Wood), 
Phil.  Trans.  1750,  584.  Platina  del  Pinto  Sche/er,  Ac.  H.  Stockh.  1752,  269.  Polyxen  Hausm., 
Handb.,  97,  1813,  20,  1847. 

Isometric.     Rarely  in  cubes  or  octahedrons  (f.  1,  2).     Usually  in  grains  ; 
occasionally  in  irregular  lumps.     Cleavage  none. 


-5.  G.=16—  19,  17-862,  17'759,  two  masses,  G.  Rose.  17*200, 
a  smaller;  17'108,  small  grains,  Breith.  ;  17'608,  a  mass,  Breith.  ;  17*60,  large 
mass  from  Mschne  Tagilsk,  Sokoloff.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  and  streak 
whitish  steel-gray  ;  shining.  Opaque.  Ductile.  Fracture  hackly.  Occa- 
sionally magneti-polar. 

Comp.  —  Platinum  combined  with  iron,  iridium,  osmium,  and  other  metals.  Analyses  ;  1  —  3, 
Berzelius  (Ac.  H.  Stockholm  1828,  113)  ;  4,  5,  Osann  (Pogg.,  viii.  505,  xi.  411,  xiii.  283,  xiv.  329, 
xv.  158)  ;  6,  7,  Svanberg  (Institut,  ii.  294)  ;  8  M.  Booking  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xcvi.  243)  ;  9—20,  H. 
St.  C.  Deville  &  Debray  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.  III.,  Ivi.  449)  ;  21,  Kromayer  (Arch  Pharm  II.,  ex  14, 
Jahresb.,  1862,  707): 

Os 

1-08  a=100  Berzelius. 
1-25  *=100  Berzelius. 
2-14  a=100  Berzelius. 

-  =99*72  Osann. 

-  =100  Osann. 

0-97  Mn  0-10=101-17  Sv. 
0-19     "  0-31  =  101-23  Sv. 

-  =98-36  Booking. 

-  =100-25  D.  &  D. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
C. 
7. 
8. 
9. 

Goroblago't 

N.  Tagilsk 

u 

ti 

Ural 
Chooo,  S.  A. 
Pinto? 
Borneo 
Choco 

Pt 

86-50 
78-94 
73-58 
83-07 
80-87 
86-16 
84-34 
82-60 
86-20 

Au 

0-20 
1-00 

Fe 
8-32 
11-04 
12.98 
10-79 
10-92 
8-03 
7-52 
10-67 
7-80 

Ir 

4-97 
2-35 
1-91 
0-06 
1-09 
2-52 
0-66 
0-85 

Rh 
1-15 
0-86 
1-15 
0-59 
4-44 

2-16 
3-13 

1-40 

Pd 
1-10 
0-28 
0-30 
0-26 
1-30 
0-35 
1-66 

0-50 

Cu 
0-45 
0-70 
5-20 
1-30 
2-30 
0-40 
tr, 
0-13 
0-60 

I-O 
1-40 
1-96 
2-30 
1-80 

0-11 

1-91 
1-56 
380 
0-95 

Sand 
0-95 

PLATINIBIDIUM. 


11 


Pt 

Au 

Fe 

Ir 

Rh 

Pd 

Cu 

1-0 

Os 

Sand 

10. 

Choco 

80-00 

1-50 

7-20 

1-55 

2-50 

1-00 

0-65 

1-40 

____ 

4-35=100-15  D,  &  D. 

11. 

if 

76-82 

1-22 

7-43 

1-18 

1-22 

1-14 

0-88 

7-98 

.  

2-41=100-28. 

12. 

California 

85-50 

0-80 

6-75 

1-05 

1-00 

0-60 

1-40 

1-10 



2-95=101-15] 

13. 

u 

79-85 

0-55 

4-45 

4-20 

0-65 

]-95 

0-75 

4-95 

0-05a 

2-60=100-00. 

14. 
15. 

a 

Oregon 

76-50 
51-45 

1-20 

0-85 

6-10 
4-30 

0-85 
0-40 

1-95 
0-65 

1-30 
0-15 

1-25 
2-15 

7-55 
37-30 

l-25a 

1-50  Pb?  0-55=  100. 
3-00=100-25. 

16. 

Spain 

45-70 

3  15 

6-80 

0-95 

2-65 

0-85 

1-05 

2-85 

0'05a 

35-95  =  100-00. 

17. 

Australia 

59-80 

2-40 

430 

2-20 

1-50 

1-50 

1-10 

25-00 

0-80a 

1-20=100-00. 

18. 

" 

61-40 

1-20 

4-55 

1-10 

1-85 

1-80 

1-10 

26-00 

_____ 

1-20=100-20. 

19. 

Eussia 

77-50 

und. 

9-60 

1-45 

2-80 

0-85 

2-15 

2-35 

2-30a 

1-00=100-00. 

20. 

" 

76-40 

0-40 

11-70 

4-30 

0-30 

1-40 

4-10 

0-50 

_____ 

1-40  =  100-50. 

21. 

California 

63-30 

0-30 

6-40 

0-70 

1-80 

o-io 

4-25  [22-55]  

—  HgO-60  =100Krom, 

the  loss,  with  some  osmium. 

Var.— (1)  Svanberg  makes  the  Platinum  of  Nos.  2,  7,  8=Fe  Pt3;  Fe  Pt4;  (2)  that  of  3  4.  5= 
Fe  Pt*.  The  last  is  called. Iron-Platinum  (Eisenplatin,  Breiih.);  Gr.  =  14-6 — 15-8,  H.=6. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Infusible.  Not  affected  by  borax  or  salt  of  phosphorus,  except  in  the  state  of  fine 
dust,  when  reactions  for  iron  and  copper  may  be  obtained.  Soluble  only  in  heated  nitro- 
muriatic  acid.  Acts  slightly  on  the  magnet ;  this  property  has  been  supposed  to  depend  on  the 
amount  of  iron  it  contains  ;  but  Kokscharof  states  that  platinum  masses  from  Nischne  Tagilsk  are 
magneti-polar,  and  attract  iron  filings  far  more  strongly  than  the  ordinary  magnet. 

Obs.— Platinum  was  first  found  in  pebbles  and  small  grains,  associated  with  iridium,  osmium, 
palladium,  gold,  copper,  and  chromite,  in  the  alluvial  deposits  of  the  river  Pinto,  hi  the  district 
of  Choco,  near  Popayan,  in  South  America,  where  it  received  its  name  platina,  from  plata,  silver. 
In  the  province  of  Antioquia,  in  Brazil,  it  has  been  found  in  auriferous  regions  in  syenite  (Bous- 
singault). 

In  Russia,  where  it  was  first  discovered  in  1822,  it  occurs  at  Nischne  Tagilsk,  and  Goroblago- 
dat,  in  the  Ural,  in  alluvial  material ;  the  gravel  has  been  traced  to  a  great  extent  up  Mount  La 
Martiane,  which  consists  of  crystalline  rocks ;  in,  Nischne  Tagilsk,  it  has  been  found  with  chro- 
mite in  serpentine.  Formerly  used  as  coins  by  the  Russians.  Russia  affords  annually  about  800 
cwt.  of  platinum,  which  is  nearly  ten  times  the  amount  from  Brazil,  Columbia,  St.  Domingo,  and 
Borneo.  The  amount  coined  from  1826  to  1844,  equalled  two  and  a  half  millions  of  dollars. 

Platinum  is  also  found  on  Borneo,  which  furnishes  600  to  800  Ibs.  annually ;  in  the  sands  of 
the  Rhine  ;  at  St.  Aray,  val  du  Drac ;  county  of  Wicklow,  Ireland ;  on  the  river  Jocky.  St.  Domin- 
go ;  according  to  report,  in  Choloteca  and  Gracias,  in  Honduras ;  in  California,  in  the  Klamath 
region,  at  Cape  Blanco,  etc.,  but  not  abundant ;  in  traces  with  gold  in  Rutherford  Co.,  North 
Carolina ;  at  St.  Frangois  Beauce,  etc.,  Canada  East. 

Although  platinum  generally  occurs  in  quite  small  grains,  masses  are  sometimes  found  of  con- 
siderable magnitude.  A  mass  weighing  1,088  grains  was  brought  by  Humboldt  from  South  Amer- 
ica, and  deposited  in  the  Berlin  museum  ;  specific  gravity  18'94.  In  1822,  a  mass  from  Condoto 
was  deposited  in  the  Madrid  museum,  measuring  two  inches  and  four  lines  in  diameter,  and 
weighing  11,641  grains.  A  specimen  was  found  in  the  year  1827,  in  the  Ural,  not  far  from  the 
Demidoff  mines,  which  weighed  10-^  Russian  pounds,  or  11*57  pounds  troy,  and  similar  masses 
are  not  uncommon;  the  largest  yet  seen  weighed.  21  pounds  troy,  and  is  in  the  DemidofF 
cabinet. 

The  metal  platinum  was  brought  from  Choco,  S.  A.,  by  Ulloa,  a  Spanish  traveller  in  America, 
in  the  ^ear  1735,  and  from  Carthagena,  by  Charles  Wood,  who  procured  it  in  Jamaica.  Ulloa 
speaks  of  specula  made  by  the  people  of  the  country,  of  a  peculiar  metal,  which  Brownrigg  says 
was  "  platiua,"  and  the  latter  mentions  a  "  pummel  of  a  sword,"  and  other  articles  of  platinum, 
received  by  him  from  Carthagena. 


,  4.  PLATINIRIDIUM.     Svanberg,  Jahresb.,  xv.  205,  1834 

Isometric.      In  small  grains  with.  Platinum ;  sometimes  in  cubes  with 
truncated  angles,  (f.  6).     H.  =  6— 7;  G.=22'6— 23.     Color  white. 

Comp. — Platinum  and  iridium  in  different  proportions.     Analyses  by  Svanberg  : 
Plat.        Irid.        Pallad.    Rhod.         Fe          Cu  Os 

1.  N.  Tagilsk  19-64         76-80         0'89         1'78        =99'11 

2.  Brazil    , 


55-44 


27-79         0-49 


6-86 


4-14 


3-30 


trace    =98-02 

Prinsep,  in  a  specimen  from  Ava  in  India,  found  60  of  iridium  and  20  of  platinum.     If  platinum 
and  iridium  are  isomorphous,  it  is  probable  that  the  proportions  of  these  metals  are  indefinite. 


12 


NATIVE   ELEMENTS. 


Dr.  Genth,  after  some  trials,  considers  some  grains  occurring  with  the  California  gold  to  be  Pla- 
tiniridium.    Am.  J.  Sci.  II.,  xv.  246. 

5.  PALLADIUM.   Wollaston,  Phil.  Trans.  1808. 

Isometric.     In  minute  octahedrons,  Haid.     Mostly  in  grains,  sometimes 
comosed  of  diverging  fibres. 


G.=ll-3—  11-8,  "Wollaston  ;  of  hammered,  12-14:8,  Lowry. 
Lustre  metallic.  Color  whitish  steel-gray.  Opaque.  Ductile  and  malleable. 
Comp.—  Palladium,  alloyed  with  a  little  platinum  and  iridium,  but  not  yet  analyzed. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  The  blowpipe  reactions  of  native  palladium  are  undescribed.  As  prepared  by  Deville, 
it  is  the  most  fusible  of  the  platinum  metals.  Oxydizes  at  a  lower  temperature  than  silver,  but 
is  not  blackened  by  sulphurous  gases. 

Obs.—  Palladium  occurs  with  platinum,  in  Brazil,  where  quite  large  masses  of  the  metal  are 
sometimes  met  with  ;  also  reported  from  St.  Domingo,  and  the  Ural. 

Palladium  has  been  employed  for  balances  ;  also  for  the  divided  scales  of  delicate  apparatus, 
for  which  it  is  adapted,  because  of  its  not  blackening  from  sulphur  gases,  while  at  the  same  time 
it  is  nearly  as  white  as  silver. 

6.  ALLOPALLADIUM.    Selenpalladium  Ziriken,  Pogg.,  xvi.  496,  1829.     Palladium  pt. 

Hexagonal,  Zinken.     In  small  six-sided  tables.     Cleavage  :  basal  perfect. 
Lustre  bright.     Color  nearly  silver-white  to  pale  steel-gray. 

Comp.  —  Palladium,  under  the  hexagonal  system,  the  metal  being  dimorphous  ;  the  formula 
probably  Pd3,  instead  of  Pd. 

Obs.  —  From  Tilkerode,  in  the  Harz,  in  small  hexagonal  tables  with  gold. 

7.  IRIDOSMINE.  Ore  of  Iridium,  consisting  of  Iridium  and  Osmium,  Wollaston,  Phil.  Trans., 
1805,  316  (Metals  Iridium  and  Osmium,  first  announced  by  Tennant,  Phil.  Trans.,  1804,  411). 
Native  Iridium  Jameson.  Osmiure  d'  Iridium  Berz.,  Nouv.  Syst.  Min.,  195,  1819.  '  Osmium- 
Iridium  Leonh.,  Handb.,  1821.  Iridosmium;  Osmiridium.  Newjanskit,  Sisserskit,  Haid. 
Handb.,  558,  1845. 

Hexagonal.  Rarely  in  hexagonal  prisms  with  replaced  basal  edges; 
pyramidal  angle,  127°  36',  basal,  124°.  Commonly  in  irregular  flattened 
grains. 

H.=6—  7.  G.=19-3—  21-12.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  tin-white,  and 
light  steel-gray.  Opaque.  Malleable  with  difficulty. 

Comp.  Var.—  Iridium  and  osmium  in  different  proportions.  Two  varieties  depending  on  these 
proportions  have  been  named  as  species,  but  they  are  isomorphous,  as  are  those  of  the  metals  (G-. 
Hose).  Some  rhodium,  platinum,  ruthenium,  and  other  metals  are  usually  present. 

Yar.  1.  Newjanskite,  Haid.;  H.=7;  G.  =  l'8'8—  19'5.  In  flat  scales;  color  tin-white.  Over  40 
p.  c.  of  Iridium.  Named  from  a  Siberian  locality. 

Analysis  by  Berzelius  (Pogg.,  xxxii.  232,  1833): 

Ir  46-77,  Os  49'34,  Rd  3'  15,  Fe  0'74,  giving  the  formula  Ir  Os—  Iridium  49'78,  Osmium  50'22. 
G.  =  19-386—  19-471. 

Clans  obtained  (Beitr.  Platinum,  Dorpat,  1854)  from  six-sided  tables  from  Nischne-Tagilsk  : 
Ir  55-24        Os  27-32     -    PI  10  08         Rd  1-50        Pd  Fe   Cu   tr  =100 

Deville  and  Debray  (Ann.  Oh.  Phys.,  III.  Ivi.  481)  found- 


1.  N.  Grenada 
2. 

3.  California 

4.  Australia 

5.  Borneo 

6.  Russia 


G.=18'9 


Ir 

70-40 
57-80 
53-50 
58-13 
58-27 
77-20 
43-28 

Rd 
12-30 
0-63 
2-60 
3-04 
2-64 
0-50 
5-73 

Pt 

o-io 

0-15 
1-10 
0-62 

Ru 

6-37 
0-50 
5-22 

0-20 
8-49 

Os 
"17-20" 
L35-10 
"43-40" 
"33-46" 
"38'94= 
'21-00' 
40-11' 

Cu 

0-06 

Fe 
—  —  =100 
0-10=100-06 
=  100 
=100 
=100 
=100 
099=100 

0-15 

tr. 
0-78 

MERCURY.  13 

Ir         Rd        Pt       Eu         Os         Cu        Fe 

8.  Russia        G.  =  18'8  64-50       7'50     2-80    -     [22-90]      0'90     1-40=100 

9.  "  G-.  =  20'4  43-94       1'65     0'14      4'68     [48-85]      O'll      0-63=100 
10.                        G.=20-5  70-36       4'72     0'41  [23-01]      0-21      1-29=100 

Thomson  found  in  a  steel-gray  variety  from  Brazil  7  2  -9  p.  c.  of  iridium,  with  24-1  osmium  and 
2'6  iron=100. 

2.  Sisserskite  Haid.  In  flat  scales,  often  six-sided,  color  grayish-white,  steel-gray.  G-=20— 
21-2.  Not  over  30  p.  c.  of  iridium.  One  kind  from  Nisclme  Tagilsk  afforded  Berzelius  (1.  c.)  Ir 
Os4=Iridium  19'9,  osmium  80*1=100  ;  G.  =  21'118.  Another  corresponded  to  the  formula  Ir 
Os3=  Iridium  24'8,  osmium  75-2  =  100,  it  affording  Ir  25,  Os  75.  Named  from  a  Siberian  locality. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  At  a  high  temperature  the  Sisserskite  gives  out  osmium,  but  undergoes  no  further 
change.  The  Newjanskite  is  not  decomposed  and  does  not  give  an  osmium  odor.  With  nitre, 
the  characteristic  odor  of  osmium  is  soon  perceived,  and  a  mass  obtained  soluble  in  water,  from 
which  a  green  precipitate  is  thrown  down  by  nitric  acid. 

Obs.  —  It  occurs  with  platinum  in  the  province  of  Ghoco  in  South  America  ;  near  Katharinenburg, 
Statoust,  and  Kyschtimsk,  in  the  Ural  mountains  ;  in  Australia.  It  is  rather  abundant  in  the 
auriferous  beach-sands  of  northern  California,  occurring  in  small  bright  lead-colored  scales,  some- 
times six-sided.  Also  traces  in  the  gold-washings  on  the  rivers  du  Loup  and  des  Plantes,  Canada. 


8.  MERCURY.     Xurfo  aoyvpos  TTieophr.     'Yfyapyvpo?  KaO'  iavTtjv  [native]  Dioscor.,  E,  ex.    Ar- 
gentum    vivum,  Hydrargyros,  Plin.    xxxiii.    32,    20,    41.      Quicksilver.     Mercurius   AkTiem. 
Gediegen  Quecksilber  Germ.    Mercure  natif  Pr. 

Isometric.     Occurs  in  small  fluid  globules  scattered  through  its  gangue. 
G.=13'568.     Lustre  metallic.     Color  tin-white.     Opaque. 

Comp.  —  Pure  mercury  (Hg)  ;  with  sometimes  a  little  silver. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.,  entirely  volatile,  vaporizing  at  662°  P.  Becomes  solid  at  —  39°  F.,  and  may 
be  crystallized  in  octahedrons.  Dissolves  readily  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.  —  Mercury  in  the  metallic  state  is  a  rare  mineral  ;  the  quicksilver  of  commerce  is  obtained 
mostly  from  cinnabar,  one  of  its  ores.  The  rocks  affording  the  metal  and  its  ores  are  mostly  clay 
shales  or  schists  of  different  geological  ages. 

At  Cividale,  in  Venetian  Lombardy,  it  is  found  in  a  marl  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  Eocens 
nummulitic  beds.  Mercury  has  been  observed  occasionally  in  drift  ;  and  near  Eszbetek,  in  Tran- 
sylvania, and  also  Newmarkt,  in  Galicia,  springs,  issuing  from  the  Carpathian  sandstone,  some- 
times bear  along  globules  of  mercury.  Its  most  important  mines  are  those  of  Idria,  in  Carniola, 
and  Almaden  in  Spain.  At  Idria  it  occurs  interspersed  through  a  clay  slate,  from  which  it  is 
obtained  by  washing.  It  is  found  in  small  quantities  at  Wolfstein  and  Morsfeld,  in  the  Palatinate, 
in  Carinthia,  Hungary,  Peru,  and  other  countries  ;  also  at  Peyrat  le  Chateau,  in  the  department 
of  the  Haute  Yienne,  in  a  disintegrated  granite,  unaccompanied  by  cinnabar;  in  California, 
especially  at  the  Pioneer  mine,  in  the  Napa  Valley,  where  some  of  the  quartz  geodes  contain 
several  pounds  of  mercury. 

9.  AMALGAM.      Quicksilfwer  amalgameradt  mod  gediget    Silfwer    (fr.   Sala)  Cronst.,  189, 
1758.     Naturlich  Amalgam,  Silberamalgam,  Germ.    Amalgam  natif  de  Lisle,  i.  420,  1783.    Mer- 
cure argental  H.    Pella  natural  Del  Bio. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes,  as  in  f.  54,  with 
also  plane  2.  Figure  3  common  ;  also  4,  5,  8, 
9,  13,  14.  Cleavage  :  dodecabedral  in  traces. 
Also  massive. 

H.=3—  3-5.  G.=10-5—  14;  13-755,  Haid. 
Color  and  streak  silver-white.  Opaque.  Frac- 
ture conchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle,  and  giving  a 
grating  noise  when  cut  with  a  knife. 

Comp.  -Both  Ag  Hg2  (=Silver  34-8,  mercury,  65'2),  and 
Ag  Hg3  (^Silver  26-25,  and  mercury,  73-75),  are  here  included 
as  afforded  by  the  following  analyses  :  1  ,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  i. 
182)  ;  2,  Cordier  (J.  d.  M.,  xii.  1,  Phil.  Mag.,  xix.  41);  3,  Beyer 
(CreU's  Ann.,  ii.  90)  : 


14:  NATIVE   ELEMENTS. 

Silver.  Mercury. 

1.  Ag  Hg2,  Moschellandsberg  36  64    =100  Klaproth. 

2.  AgHg3,  AUemont?  27'5  72-5  =  100  Cordier. 

3.  "        MoschcUandsberg  25'0  73'3  =  98'3  Heyer. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.,  on  charcoal  the  mercury  volatilizes  and  a  globule  of  silver  is  left.  In  the 
closed  tube  the  mercury  sublimes  and  condenses  on  the  cold  part  of  the  tube  in  minute  globules. 
Dissolves  in  nitric  acid.  Rubbed  on  copper  it  gives  a  silvery  lustre. 

Obs. — From  the  Palatinate  at  Moschellandsberg,  in  fine  crystals,  and  said  to  occur  where  the 
veins  of  mercury  and  silver  intersect  one  another.  Also  reported  from  Roseuau  in  Hungary,  Sala 
in  Sweden,  AUemont  in  Dauphine,  Almaden  in  Spain. 

Domeyko  reports  (Min.,  187,  Ann.  d.  M.,  VI.  ii.  123,  v.  453)  other  compounds  from  the  mines  of  La 
Rosilla,  province  of  Atacama;  one  of  white  color,  with  Hg  56'4,  Ag  43'6  ;  2,  white  with  (mean  of  3 
anal.)  Hg  53'2,  Ag  46'8=Ag3  Hg4;  3,  granular  and  dull,  (mean  of  3  anal.)  Hg  44'9,  Ag  55-1= Ag 
Hg;  4,  blackish  and  dull,  (mean  of  3  anal.)  Hg  46'6,  Ag  53'4:  5,  blackish  and  dull  metallic,  some- 
times in  crystals,  Hg  35'8,  Ag  64'2=Ag5H3. 

Of  the  last  there  is  a  mass  in  the  museum  at  Santiago,  Chili,  weighing  21f  Ibs.  These  may  be 
only  mixtures  of  a  true  chemical  amalgam  with  silver. 

10.  ARQUERITE.    Arquerite  Berth.,  de  B.,  &  Duf.,  0.  R.,  xiv.  567,  1842,  in  Rep.  on  Art.  by 
Domeyko,  pub.  in  Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xx.  268,  1841. 

Isometric.  In  regular  octahedrons;  also  in  grains,  small  masses,  and 
dendrites.  G.=10*8.  In  color,  lustre,  ductility  like  native  silver,  but 
softer. 

Comp. — According  to  Domeyko  (L  c.)  the  crystallized  contains  Ag6  Hg=  Silver  8 6 '5,  mercury 
13'5=:100. 

Obs. — From  the  mines  of  Arqueros,  in  Coquimbo,  Chili,  where  it  is  the  principal  ore.  In  the 
first  fifteen  years  of  exploration  these  mines  afforded  200,000  marcs  of  silver.  Occurs  with 
barite,  cobalt  bloom,  and  little  sulphuret  and  chlorid  of  silver. 

11.  GOLD  AMALGAM.    H.  Schneider,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliii.  317,  1848. 

In  small  white  grains  as  large  as  a  pea,  easily  crumbling  (Columbia 
variety)  ;  also  in  yellowish-white,  four-sided  prisms  (California  variety). 

Comp.— (Au,  Ag)2  Hg5,  an  analysis  by  Schneider  of  a  specimen  from  Columbia  (1.  c.),  affording, 
mercury  57'40,  gold  38-39,  silver  5*0. 

The  California  amalgam  gave  Sonnenschein  (ZS.  G-.,  vi.  243),  gold  39*02,  mercury  60-98 ;  also 
another,  gold  4T63,  mercury  68-37,  in  which  Au:  Hg=2:  3. 

Obs. — From  the  platinum  region  of  Columbia,  along  with  platinum ;  California,  especially  near 
Mariposa, 

12.  COPPER.    Aes  Cyprium  Plin.  Venus  Akhem.    Gediegen  Kupfer  Germ.     Cuivre  natif  Fr. 

Isometric.  Observed  forms  0,  1,  /,  a-2,  ^-f ,  3-3.  Figs.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6, 
7,  8,  16,  17,  and  others.  Cleavage  none.  Twins  ;  composition-face  octa- 
hedral, very  common,  and  producing,  in  connection  with  distortion,  com- 
plex forms ;  one  a  double .  six-sided  pyramid,  made  of  the  six  planes  i-2 
about  one  cubic  angle  of  f.  17,  and  the  six  about  the  diagonally  opposite, 
the  rest  wanting.  Often  filiform  and  arborescent;  the" latter  with  the 
branches  passing  off  usually  at  60°,  the  supplement  of  the  dodecahedral 
angle;  the  branches ^  sometimes  twin-dodecahedrons  modified  by  planes 
<9,  1,  and  the  composition-face  longitudinal,  but  contained  under  only  one 
dodecahedral  plane  along  the  upper  side  of  the  branch,  and  either  side  of 
this  one  octahedral  and  one  cubic,  with  an  oblique  extremity  made  up  of 
two  cubic  planes  (Rose).  Also  massive. 


IRON.  15 

H.=2'5— 3.    G. =8-838,  native,  Whitney ;  8-948— 8'958,  electrotype  cop- 

Sjr,  Dick.     Lustre  metallic.     Color  copper-red.     Streak  metallic  slimmo*. 
uctile  and  malleable.     Fracture  hackly. 

Comp. — Pure  copper,  bat  often  containing  some  silver,  bismuth,  etc, 

P.  Collier  obtained  ir015  p.  c.  silver  in  native  copper  from  the  Minnesota  mine.  (Private  com- 
munication.) 

Hautefeuille  states  that  a  Lake  Superior  specimen  afforded  him,  Copper  69-280,  silver  5*543, 
mercury  0-0119,  gangue  25'248  (C.  R.,  xliii.  166);  while  F.  A.  Abel  found  in  a  specimen  of  same' 
which  had  a  thick  vein  of  native  silver  running  through  it  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  II.  i.  89),  0-002  p.  c.  of 
silver,  with  a  trace  of  lead,  and  in  another  0*56  of  silver.  Abel  obtained  for  a  Urulian,  from  the 
Kirghiz  District,  0'034  silver,  O'll  bismuth,  a  trace  of  lead,  and  1-28  of  arsenic. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  readily ;  on  cooling,  becomes  covered  with  a  coating  of  black  oxyd. 
Dissolves  readily  in  nitric  acid,  giving  off  red  nitrous  fumes,  and  produces  a  deep  azure-blue 
solution  with  ammonia. 

Obs. — Copper  occurs  in  beds  and  veins  accompanying  its  various  ores,  and  is  most  abundant  in 
the  vicinity  of  dikes  of  igneous  rocks.  It  is  sometimes  found  in  loose  masses  imbedded  hi  the  soil. 

In  Siberia,  and  the  island  of  Nalsoe,  in  Faroe,  it  is  associated  with  mesotype,  in  amygdaloid, 
and  though  mostly  disseminated  in  minute  particles,  sometimes  branches  through  the  rock  with 
extreme  beauty.  At  Turinsk,  in  the  Urals,  in  fine  crystals.  Common  in  Cornwall,  at  many  of  the 
mines  near  Redruth;  and  also  in  considerable  quantities  at  the  Consolidated  mines,  Wheal  Buller, 
and  others.  Brazil,  Chili,  Bolivia,  and  Peru  afford  native  copper ;  a  mass  now  in  the  museum  at 
Lisbon,  supposed  to  be  from  a  valley  near  Bahia,  weighs  2,616  pounds;  north  of  Tres  Puntos, 
desert  of  Atacama,  a  large  vein  was  discovered  in  1859.  In  Bolivia,  at  Corocoro,  in  sandstone, 
and  called  in  commerce  "Barilla  de  Cobre"  (copper  barilla).  Also  found  at  some  localities  in 
China  and  Japan. 

This  metal  has  been  found  native  throughout  the  red  sandstone  (Triassico-Jurassic)  region  of 
the  eastern  United  States,  in  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  more  abundantly  in  New  Jersey, 
where  it  has  been  met  with  sometimes  in  fine  crystalline  masses,  especially  at  New  Brunswick, 
Somerville,  Schuyler's  mines,  and  Flemington.  One  mass  from  near  Somerville,  on  the  premises 
of  J.  C.  Van  Dyke,  Esq.,  of  N.  Brunswick,  weighed  "78  pounds,  and  is  said  originally  to  have  weighed 
128.  Near  N.  Brunswick  a  vein  or  sheet  of  copper,  a  line  or  so  thick,  has  been  traced  for  several 
rods.  Near  New  Haven,  Conn.,  a  mass  was  formerly  found  weighing  90  pounds. 

No  known  locality  exceeds  in  the  abundance  of  native  copper  the  Lake  Superior  copper  region, 
near  Kewenaw  Point,  where  it  exists  in  veins  that  intersect  the  trap  and  sandstone.  The  annual 
yield  of  native  copper  at  the  present  time  is  about  8,000  tons.  Masses  of  great  size  were 
observed  in  this  district  near  the  Ontanagon  river,  by  Mr.  Schoolcraft,  in  1821.  The  largest 
single  mass  yet  found  was  discovered  in  February,  1857,  in  the  Minnesota  mine,  in  the  belt  of 
conglomerate,  which  forms  the  foot- wall  of  the  vein.  It  was  45  feet  in  length,  22  feet  at  the 
greatest  width,  and  the  thickest  part  was  more  than  8  feet.  It  contained  over  90  p.  c.  copper, 
and  weighed  about  420  tons.  This  copper  contains  silver,  sometimes  in  visible  grains,  lumps,  or 
strings,  and  occasionally  a  mass  of  copper,  when  polished,  appears  sprinkled  with  large  silver 
spots,  resembling,  as  Dr.  Jackson  observes,  a  porphyry  with  its  feldspar  crystals.  The  copper 
occurs  in  trap  or  sandstone,  near  the  junction  of  these  two  rocks,  and  has  probably  been  produced 
through  the  reduction  of  copper  ores.  It  is  associated  with  prehnite,  datolite,  analcite,  laumon- 
tite,  pectolite,  epidote,  chlorite,  wollastonite,  and  sometimes  coats  amygdules  of  calcite,  etc.,_  in 
amygdaloid.  Strings  of  copper  often  reticulate  through  crystals  of  analcite  and  prehnite. 
Pseudomorphs  after  scalenohedrons  of  calcite  are  sometimes  met  with.  Besides  this  occurrence 
in  the  vicinity  of  trap,  it  is  also  in  some  parts  of  the  Kewenaw  region  distributed  widely  in  grains 
through  the  sandstone. 

Native  copper  occurs  sparingly  in  California;  at  the  Union  and  Keystone,  Napoleon  and  Lancha 
Plana  mines  in  Calaveras  Co. ;  in  the  Cosumnes  mine,  Amador  Co. ;  in  serpentine,  in  Sta.  Barbara 
Co.  Also  on  the  G-ila  river  in  Arizona ;  in  large  drift  masses  in  Russian  America. 

13.  IRON.    MsnaAlchem.     Gediegen  Eisen  Germ.    Fer  natif.fr. 

Isometric.     Cleavage  octahedral. 

H.=4-5.     G.=7'3— 7-8;  7-318  a  partially  oxydized  fragment  of  a  cry st 
of  meteoric  iron  from  Guilford  Co.,  X.  C.     Lustre  metallic.     Color  iron- 
gray.     Streak  shining.     Fracture  hackly.     Ductile.    Acts  strongly  on  the 
magnet. 


16 


NATIVE   ELEMENTS. 


Obi—The  occurrence  of  masses  of  native  iron  apart  from  that  of  meteoric  origin  is  not  placed 
beyond  doubt.  An  iron  so  regarded,  with  some  reason,  occurs  in  the  ,  hill  country  above  Bexley 
in  Bassa  Co  Liberia  Africa.  An  analysis  afforded  A.  A.  Hayes  (Am.  J.  bci.,  11.  xx,.  loo)  iron 
98-40  quartz  graLs?  magnetite  and  a  zeolite  1-60-100.  The  mass  of  ron  from  Canaan  Ct,  pub- 
lished as  nativ^,  was  arficial.  A  fragment  of  iron  found  near  Knoxville,  Tenn.^ut  of  mice  rtam 
exact  locality  and  possibly  meteoric,  afforded  Genth  ib.,  xxvm.  246)  Iron  99  79,  nickel  (  !4,  mag- 
-121,  silicium  0'075,  cobalt  trace=  100-148.  Cramer  describes  a  mass  weigh- 


the  mine  of  Hackenburg.  It  is  said  to  have  been  .  observed  m  thin 

lamina,  in  an  ironstone  conglomerate  in  Brazil,  and  in  lava  m  Auvergne  ;  also  m  the  keuper  m 
Thuringia,  in  an  argillaceous  sandstone,  containing  fossils  ;  it  afforded  bu  a  trace  of  nickel  :  G  = 
5-24,  (Pogg,  Ixxxvui.  1853,  145,  where  other  localities  are  mentioned)  ;  also  at  Chotzen  in  Bohe- 
mia; in  a  limestone  (the  Planerkalk),  affording  on  analysis  Fe  98-83,  graphite  0-74,  As  0-32,  Ni  0-61, 
and  thought  to  be  possibly  an  ancient  meteorite  (Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs,  viu.  354). 

The  presence  of  metallic  iron  in  grains  in  basaltic  rocks  (from  Giant's  Causeway,  etc.)  has  been 
announced  by  Dr.  Andrews.  After  pulverizing  the  rock  and  separating  by  means  of  a  magnet  the 
grains  that  were  attracted  by  it,  he  subjected  the  grains  to  the  action  of  an  acid  solution  of  sul- 
phate of  copper  in  the  field  of  a  microscope,  which  salt,  when  there  is  a  trace  of  pure  iron  present, 
gives  a  deposit  of  copper  ;  and  in  his  trials  there  were  occasional  deposits  of  copper  m  crystalline 
bunchps.  It  has  been  noticed  in  other  related  rocks. 

Meteoric  iron  usually  contains  1  to  20  per  cent,  of  nickel,  besides  a  small  percentage  of  other 
metals,  as  cobalt,  manganese,  tin,  copper,  chromium  ;  also  phosphorus  common  as  a  phosphuret, 
sulphur  in  sulphurets,  carbon  in  some  instances,  chlorine. 

For  a  review  of  papers  on  meteoric  iron,  see  Rammelsberg's  Handbuch  der  Mmeralchemie 
(Liepzig  1860).  The  following  are  a  few  analyses  :  1,  Berzelius  (Ac.  H.  Stockh.,  1834,  Pogg., 
xxxiii.  123);  2,  Bergemann  (Pogg.,  Ixxviii.  406);  3,  W.S.Clarke  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixxxii.  367); 
4,  Berzelius  (Ac.  H.  Stockh.,  1832,  Pogg.,  xxvii.  118);  5,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am  J.  Sci.,  II.  xix.  153)  : 


Iron 

Nickel 

Cobalt 

Manganese 

Copper ) 

Tin       J 

Magnesium 

Carbon 

Sulphur 

Fe,  Ni,  P 

Chrome-iron 

Gangue 


1 

Siberia. 

88-042 

10-732 

0-455 

0-132 

0-066 

0-050 

0-043 

tr. 


0-480 
100-000 


Zatatecas,  Mexico. 
85-09 
9-89 
0-67 

0-03 

0.19 

C,  Fe  0-33 
0-84 
1-65 
1-48 


100-33 


3 

4 

5 

Lenarto. 

Bohumilitz. 

Knoxville,  Term. 

90-153 

93-77 

88-02 

6-553 

3-81 

14-62 

0-502 

0-21 

0-50 

0-145 



—  — 

0-080 



0-06 

0-082 









Mg  0-24 

0-482 



0-08 

1-226 

2-14 

P  019 

Si  0-04 

Si  0-84 



C  0-03 

Cl  0-02 

99-223 


100-00 


99-57 


Reichenbach  has  named  the  alloy  of  iron  and  nickel,  containing  up  to  23  p.  c.  of  the  latter, 
Chamasite ;  that  approaching  probably  the  formula  Fe4  Ni3,  Tcenite :  and  to  that  having  the  formula 
Fe  Ni,  Shepard  has  applied  the  name  OUibleUte.  The  phosphorus  in  the  analyses  is  combined 
with  iron  as  Schreibersiie ;  the  sulphur  as  Troilite ;  the  magnesia,  in  anal.  5,  with  the  silica  prob- 
ably as  Enstatite. 

Among  large  iron  meteorites,  the  Gibbs  meteorite,  in  the  Yale  College  cabinet,  weighs  1,635  Ibs. ; 
length  three  feet  four  inches ;  breadth  two  feet  four  inches  ;  height  one  foot  four  inches.  It  was 
brought  from  Red  River.  The  Tucson  meteorite,  now  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  weighs 
1,400  Ibs. ;  it  was  originally  from  Sonora.  It  is  ring-shaped,  and  is  49  inches  in  its  greatest  diam- 
eter. Still  more  remarkable  masses  exist  in  South  America ;  one  was  discovered  by  Don  Rubin 
de  Celis  in  the  district  of  Chaco-Gualamba,  whose  weight  was  estimated  at  32,000  Ibs. ;  and 
another  was  found  at  Bahia  in  Brazil,  whose  solid  contents  are  at  least  twenty-eight  cubic  feet, 
and  weight  14,000  Ibs.  The  Siberian  meteorite,  discovered  by  Pallas,  weighed  originally  1,600  Ibs. 
and  contained  imbedded  crystals  of  chrysolite.  Smaller  masses  are  quite  common.  Meteoric  iron 
is  perfectly  malleable,  and  may  be  readily  worked  in  a  forge,  and  put  to  the  same  uses  as  manu- 
factured iron. 

Bahr  has  observed  grains  of  native  iron  in  a  fragment  of  petrified  wood.  The  iron  was  mixed 
with  limonite  and  organic  matter,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  produced  by  the  deoxydation  of  a 
salt  of  iron  by  the  organic  matter  of  the  wood.  He  calls  the  iron  Sideroferrite. 

Von  Dechen  reports  that  an  artificial  iron  has  been  observed  by  him,  which  has  cubic  cleavage. 
(Verb.,  nat.  Ver.  Bonn,  1861.) 


ZINC. 


17 


14.  ZINC. 

Hexagonal,  Rose.     Cleavage  :  basal  perfect. 

H.=2.  G.=7.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  and  streak  white,  slightly 
grayish. 

Comp. — Zinc,  with  sometimes  a  trace  of  cadmium  and  other  metals. 

Obs.— Reported  by  G.  Ulrich  as  having  been  found  in  a  geode  in  basalt,  near  Melbourne, 
Victoria  Land,  Australia ;  the  piece  weighed  4^-  ozs.,  and  was  incrusted  with  smithsonite  and 
aragonite,  and  some  cobalt  bloom.  Also  said  to  occur  in  the  gold  sands  of  the  Mittamitta  river, 
north  of  Melbourne,  along  with  topaz,  corundum,  etc. ;  a  single  piece,  according  to  L.  Beckerj 
having  been  found  which  contained  traces  of  cadmium  and  other  metals.  (L.  Becker,  in  Trans' 
Phil.  Inst,  Yictoria,  1856,  and  Jahrb.  Min.,  1857,  812,  698;  G-.  Ulrich,  in  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xviii.  63.)  It 
should  bo  stated  that  the  zinc  said  to  come  from  the  Melbourne  basalt  was  found  by  a  quarryman 
and  not  by  a  scientific  observer,  and  that  therefore  there  may  be  an  error  with  regard  to  its  actually 
having  been  taken  from  the  basalt.  The  existence  of  native  zinc  seems  still  to  need  confirmation. 

Stolba  has  recently  obtained  artificially  hexagonal  crystals  of  zinc,  six-sided  prisms  with  low 
pyramidal  terminations  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcvi.  182).  Zinc  is  supposed  to  occur  also  in  isometric  forms 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxi.  191). 

15.  LEAD.      Plumbum  nigrum  Plin.,  xxxiv.  47.     Saturnus  Alchem.      G-ediegen  Blei  Germ. 

Plomb  natif  Fr. 

Isometric.     Found  in  thin  plates  and  small  globules. 
H.=1'5.     G.=ll'44:5,  when  pure.     Lustre  metallic.     Color  lead-gray. 
Malleable  and  ductile. 

Comp.  Pure  lead. 

Pyr. — B.B.  fuses  easily,  coating  the  charcoal  with  a  yellow  oxyd,  which,  treated  in  K.  F., 
volatilizes,  giving  an  azure-blue  tinge  to  the  flame. 

Obs. — This  species  is  reported  as  occurring  in  globules  in  galena  at  Alstonmoor;  in  lava  in 
Madeira,  Rathke:  at  the  mines  near  Carthagena  in  Spain;  in  Carboniferous  limestone  near 
Bristol,  and  at  Kenmare,  Ireland;  according  to  E.  P.  Greg,  Jr.,  in  thin  sheets  in  red  oxyd  of 
lead  near  a  basaltic  dyke  in  Ireland;  in  an  amygdaloid  near  Weissig;  in  basaltic  tufa,  at 
Rautenberg,  in  Moravia ;  with  gold  in  an  Altai  gold  region,  seven  miles  from  Mt.  Alatau ;  the 
gold  region  of  Velika,  southern  Slavonia ;  near  Katherinenburg,  in  the  Urals ;  in  the  district  of 
Zoinelahuacau,  in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  a  granular  limestone,  containing  in  some  places 
species  of  ammonites,  in  laminae,  in  a  foliated  argentiferous  galena;  in  the  iron  and  manganese 
ore  bed  of  Paisberg,  Wermland,  with  hematite,  magnetite,  and  hausmannite  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  21); 
also  in  white  quartz  north-west  of  Lake  Superior,  near  the  Dog  lake  of  the  Kaministiquia,  in  the 
form  of  a  small  string  (Chapman,  Can.  J.,  1865). 


16.  TIN.    Plumbum  candidum  Plin.,  xxxiv.  47.    Jupiter  Alchem.    Gediegen  Zinn  Germ.    Etain 

natif  Fr. 

Tetragonal.  1  Al,  over  basal  edge,=57°  13',  over  pyramidal =140°  25', 
l-i  M-i,  over  basal  edge, =42°  II7,  over  pyramidal=150°  31';  a=0'38566. 
In  grayish-white  metallic  grains. 

Comp. — Tin  with  some  lead,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiii.  300. 

Obs.— The  above  angles  are  from  artificial  crystals  galvanically  deposited,  measured  by  Miller. 
Reported  as  occurring  with  the  Siberian  gold ;  also  in  the  Rio  Tipuani  vaUey,  in  Bolivia,  but 
probably  only  an  artificial  product  (D.  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxix.  133,  xxx.  142.) 


17.  ARSENIC.    Gediegen  Arsenik  Germ.    Arsenic  natif  Fr. 

Ehombohedral.  7?A7?=85°  41',  0 A72=122°  9',  0=1-3779.  Observed 
forms  E,  -£,  0 ;  -£A-£:=1130  21'.  Cleavage:  basal,  imperfect.  Often 
granular  massive ;  sometimes  reticulated,  reniform,  and  stalactitic.  Struc- 
ture rarely  columnar. 


13  NATIVE   ELEMENTS. 

H.=3-5.  (^—5.93.  Lustre  nearly  metallic.  Color  and  streak  tin-white, 
tarnishing' soon  to  dark-gray.  Fracture  uneven  and  fine  granular. 

Comp.-Arsenic,  often  with  some  antimony,  and  traces  of  iron,  silver  gold  or  bismuth. 

The  arsenical  bismuth  of  Werner  (Arsenik  Wismuth  Wern.,  Letztes  Mm -Syst.,  23  5G  1817, 
Sreilh.,  Char.,  157,  1823,  Arsenik-Glanz,  Wismutischer  Arsen-Glanz,  Broth.,  Char.,  273,  1832), 
from  Marienberg,  is  arsenic  containing  3  p.  c.  of  bismuth.  H.=2  ;  G.  =  5'3b— 5'39. 

Pyr.— B  B  on  charcoal  volatilizes  without  fusing,  coats  the  coal  with  white  arsenous  acid, 
and  affords  the  odor  of  garlic;  the  coating  treated  in  R.  F.  volatilizes,  tinging  the  flame  blue. 

Obs.— Native  arsenic  commonly  occurs  in  veins  in  crystalline  rocks  and  the  older  schists, 
and  is  often  accompanied  by  ores  of  antimony,  red  silver  ore,  realgar,  blende,  and  other  metallic 
minerals. 

The  silver  mines  of  Freiberg,  Annaberg,  Marienberg,  and  Schneeberg,  afford  this  metal  m  con- 
siderable quantities ;  also  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  Kapmk  m  Transyl- 
vania, Oravicza  in  Hungary,  Kongsberg  in  Norway,  Zmeoff  in  Siberia,  in  large  masses,  and  at  St. 
Maria  aux  Mines  in  Alsace ;  abundantly,  at  the  silver  mines  at  Chanarcillo,  and  elsewhere  in 
Chili.  In  the  United  States  it  has  been  observed  by  Jackson  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  on  the  estate 
of  Mr.  Francis  Kimball,  in  thin  layers  in  dark-blue  mica  slate,  stained  by  plumbago,  and  contain 
ing  also  white  and  magnetic  pyrites ;  also  at  Jackson,  N.  H. ;  on  the  E.  flank  of  Furlong  Mtn., 
Greenwood,  Me. 

The  name  arsenic  is  derived  from  the  Greek  dppevucov  or  dpaevirfv,  masculine,  a  term  applied  to 
orpiment  or  sulphuret  of  arsenic,  on  account  of  its  potent  properties. 

Alt.— Oxydizes  on  exposure,  producing  a  black  crust,  which  is  a  mixture  of  arsenic  and  arsen- 
olite  (3cs),  and  also  pure  arseuolite. 

17 A.  ANTIMONIAL  ARSENIC.— An  antimonial  arsenic,  containing,  according  to  Schultz  (Eamm. 
Mm.  Ch.,  984),  7'97  j 
A  similar  compound, 
and  antimony  9'18  (- 

Co.,  California,  in  finely  crystalline,  and  somewhat  radiated,  reniform  masses,  between  tin-white 
and  iron-black  on  a  fresh  fracture,  but  grayish-black  on  tarnishing,  associated  with  arsenolito, 
calcite,  and  quartz. 

18.  ANTIMONY.    Gediget  Spitsglas  (fr.  Sahlberg)  v.  Swab.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  x.  100,  1748, 

Cronst.,  Min.,  201,  1758.     Spiesglas,  Gediegen  Antimon,  Germ.    Antimoine  natif  Fr. 

Rhombohedral.  E  A  R  =  87°  35',  Eose,  Of\E  =  123°  32'  A  a  =  1-3068. 
Ohserved  planes,  7?,  0,  £,— 2,  £2  ;  0A-J-  (cleavage  plane) =142°  58'.-j-A-J-= 
117°  7',  2A2  =  89°  25',  ^AJ=144°  24',  <9A£=159°  26',  6>A2=108°  20'. 
Cleavage :  basal,  highly  perfect ;—- J-  distinct.  Generally  massive,  lamellar ; 
sometimes  botryoidal  or  reniform  with  a  granular  texture. 

H.=3— 3-5  G. =6-646— 6-72,;  6'65— 6'62,  crystals,  Kenngott.  Lustre 
metallic.  Color  and  streak  tin-white.  Very  brittle. 

Comp. — Antimony,  containing  sometimes  silver,  iron,  or  arsenic.  Analysis  by  Klaproth  (Beitr., 
iii.  169):  from  Andreasberg,  Antimony  98,  silver  1,  iron  025=99'25. 

Pyr. — B.B.,  on  charcoal  fuses,  gives  a  white  coating  in  both  0.  and  R.  F. ;  if  the  blowing  be  inter- 
mitted, the  globule  continues  to  glow,  giving  off  white  fumes,  until  it  is  finally  crusted  over  with 
prismatic  crystals  of  oxyd  of  antimony.  The  white  coating  tinges  the  R.  F.  bluish-green.  Crys- 
tallizes readily  from  fusion. 

Occurs  in  lamellar  concretions  in  limestone  at  Sahlberg,  near  Sahl,  in  Sweden  ;  at  Andreasberg 
in  the  Harz ;  in  argentiferous  veins  in  gneiss  at  Allemont  in  Dauphiny ;  at  Przibram  in  Bohemia ; 
in  Mexico;  Huasco,  Chili;  Sarawak -in  Borneo;  in  argillite  at  South  Ham,  Canada;  at  Warren, 
N.  J. ;  at  Prince  William  antimony  mine,  N.  Brunswick,  rare. 

Alt. — Oxydizes  on  exposure  and  forms  Valentinite  (Sb). 

19.  ALLEMONTITE.    Antimoine  natif  arsenifere  H.,  Tr.  iv.  281,  1822.     Arsenikspiessglanz 
Zippe,  Verb..  Ges.  Mus.  Bohmen,  1824,   102.    Arsenik-Antimon  Hausm.    Arseniure  d'  Anti- 
moine Fr.    Antimon-Arsen  Naum.    Arsenical  Antimony,  Allemontit,  Haid.,  Handb.,  557,  1845. 

Ehombohedral.  In  reniform  masses  and  amorphous  ;  structure  curved 
lamellar ;  also  fine  granular. 


TELLURIUM.  ^g 

JI.=:3-5.     G.= 6-13,  Thomson;  6-203,  Eammelsberg.     Lustre  metallic 
occasionally  splendent ;  sometimes  dull.     Color  tin- white,  or  reddish-o-ray  • 
often  tarnished  brownish-black. 

Comp.— Sb As3— Arsenic  65'22,  antimony  34'78  Analysis  by  Rammelsberg  of  the  Allemont 
ore  (1st  Supp.  18) :  Arsenic  62']  5,  antimony  37'85  — 100,  giving  1  Sb  to  2*6  As. 

Pyr.— B.B.  emits  fumes  of  arsenic  and  antimony,  and  fuses  to  a  metallic  globule,  which  takes 
fire  and  burns  away,  leaving  oxyd  of  antimony  on  the  charcoal. 

Obs. — Occurs  sparingly  at  Allemont ;  Przibram  in  Bohemia,  associated  with  blende,  antimony 
spathic  iron,  etc. ;  Schladmig  in  Styria ;  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz. 

20.  BISMUTH.     Bisemutum,  Plumbum  cinereuni,  Agric.,  Foss.,  439,  Interpr.  467.     Antimo- 
nium  femininum,  Tectum  Argenti,  Alcliem.     Gediegen  Wismuth  Germ. 

Hexagonal.  72  A  72=87°  40',  G.  Rose;  6>A72=123°  36';  a=l-3035. 
Observed  planes,  72,  —72,  0,  2,  and  — 2  ;  2  A  2=69°  28'.  Cleavage  :  basal, 
perfect,  2,  —2,  less  so.  Also  in  reticulated  and  arborescent  shapes ;  foliated 
and  granular. 

H.=2— 2-5.  G.  =  9-727.  Lustre  metallic.  Streak  and  color  silver- 
white,  with  a  reddish  hue;  subject  to  tarnish.  Opaque.  Fracture  not 
observable.  Sectile.  Brittle  when  cold,  but  when  heated  somewhat  mal- 
leable. 

Comp.  Var. — Pure  bismuth,  with  occasional  traces  of  arsenic,  sulphur,  tellurium.  (1)  A 
specimen  from  a  gold  mine  of  the  Peak  of  Sorata  gave  G-enth  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxvii.  247),  Bi 
99*914,  Te  OC42,  Fe  $r=99'956;  and  (2)  Forbes  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxix.  3),  Bi  94*46,  Te  5'09,  As 
0'38,  S  0'07,  Au  tr=WQ.  Forbes's  mineral  is  much  like  tetradymite  in  foliation,  and  probably 
contains  12  to  15  p.  c.  of  that  species.  (3)  A  fine  scaly  variety  from  Bispberg  in  Dalecarlia,  analyzed 
by  Clene  and  Feilitzen  (CEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,1861,  Io9),  contains  as  mixture  3  to  7  p.  c.  of  sulphid 
of  iron. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  and  entirely  volatilizes,  giving  a  coating  orange-yellow 
while  hot,  and  lemon-yellow  on  cooling.  Fuses  at  476°  F.  Dissolves  in  nitric  acid;  subsequent 
dilution  causes  a  white  precipitate.  Crystallizes  readily  from  fusion. 

Obs. — Bismuth  occurs  in  veins  in  gneiss  and  other  crystalline  rocks  and  clay  slate,  accompany- 
ing various  ores  of  silver,  cobalt,  lead,  and  zinc.  It  is  most  abundant  at  the  silver  and  cobalt 
mines  of  Saxony  and  Bohemia,  Schneeberg,  Altenberg,  Joachimsthal,  Johanngeorgenstadt,  etc. 
It  has  also  been  found  at  Modum  and  Gjellebak  in  Norway,  and  Fahlun  in  Sweden.  At  Schnee- 
berg it  forms  arborescent  delineations  in  brown  jasper.  At  Wheal  Sparnon,  near  Redruth,  and 
elsewhere  in  Cornwall,  and  at  Carrack  Fell  in  Cumberland,  it  is  associated  with  ores  of  cobalt; 
formerly  from  near  Alva  in  Stirlingshire ;  in  a  large  and  rich  vein  at  the  Atlas  mine,  Devonshire  ; 
at  San  Antonio,  near  Copiapo,  Chili;  -Mt.  Illampa  (Sorata),  in  Bolivia. 

At  Lane's  mine  in  Monroe,  Conn.,  it  is  associated  in  small  quantities  with  wolfram,  scheelite, 
galena,  blende,  etc.,  in  quartz ;  occurs  also  at  Brewer's  mine,  Chesterfield  district,  South  Carolina. 


21.  TELLURIUM.  Aurum  paradoxum  vel  problematicum  Mailer  v.  Reictenstein,  Phys.  Arb. 
Wien,  i.  1782.  Sylvanite  Kirwan,  Min.,  ii.  324,  1796.  Gediegen-Tellur  Zlapr.,  Beitr.,  iii.  2,  1802. 
Gediegen  Sylvan  Germ.  Tellure  natif  auro-ferrifere  H. 

Hexagonal.     72  A  72=86°   57',  G.  Kose;    0  A  72=123°  4',  a  1*3302. 
Observed  planes,  72,  -72,  7,  0  ;  72  A  -72,  over  base,  =113°  52'.     In  s 
sided  prisms,  with  basal  edges  replaced.     Cleavage :  lateral  perfect,  basal 
imperfect.     Commonly  massive  and  granular. 

1L=2— 2-5.      G.=6-l— 6-3.     Lustre  metallic.      Color  and  streak  tin- 
white.     Brittle. 


NATIVE   ELEMENTS. 


Comp—  According  to  Klaproth  (1.  c.),  Tellurium  92-55,  iron  7  "20  and  gold  0*2  5  A  specimen 
from  Vgyag  afforded  Petz  (Pogg,  ML  447),  Tellurium  97-215,  and  gold  2'78o,  with  a  trace  of 

ir°pyrl!lnPtheropen  tube  fuses,  giving  a  white  sublimate  of  tellurous  acid  which  B.  B  fuses  to 
colorless  transparent  drops.  On  charcoal  fuses,  volatilizes  almost  entirely,  tinges  the  flame 
green  and  gives  a  white  coating  of  tellurous  acid. 

Obs.-Nltive  tellurium  occurs  at  the  mine  of  Maria  Loretto,  near  Zalathna,  in  Transylvania 
(whence  the  name  Sylvan  and  Sylvanite),  in  sandstone,  accompanying  quartz,  iron  pyrites,  and 
gold.  About  forty  years  since  it  was  found  in  considerable  abundance,  and  was  melted  to  extract 
the  small  quantity  of  gold  it  contains. 

22.  NATIVE  SULPHUR.    Natiirlicher  Schwefel  Germ.    Soufre  Fr. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=101°  46',  0  A  1-*=113°  6/  5  <*  :  *>  :  ^2'344  :  1  : 
1-23.  Observed  planes  :  0  ;  vertical,  /,  i-i,  i-\  i-%,  *-3  ;  domes,  3U,  -J-z,  \-i, 
H  4"*  5  octahedral,  1,  J-,  £,  \,  1-8,  f  8. 


0Aj==i84°47' 

#A£=123    30 
0  A  1=108    19 


0  A  1-3=115°  53' 
0Al-*=117   41 
0A4=128    12 


lAl,  mac.,=106°  25' 
1  A  1,  brack,  =85  07 
lAl,  bas.,=14:3  23 

Cleavage:  /,  and  1,  imperfect. 
Twins,  composition-face,  /,  some- 
times producing  cruciform  crystals. 
Also  massive,  sometimes  consisting 
of  concentric  coats. 

H.=1'5—  2-5.  G.=2-072,  of  crys- 
tals from  Spain.  Lustre  resinous. 
Streak  sulphur-yellow,  sometimes 
reddish  or  greenish.  Transparent  — 
subtranslucent.  Fracture  conchoidal, 
more  or  less  perfect.  Sectile. 

Comp.  —  Pure  sulphur;  but  often  contami- 
nated with  clay  or  bitumen. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Burns  at  a  low  temperature  with  a 
bluish  flame,  with  the  strong  odor  of  sulphurous 
acid.    Becomes  resinously  electrified  by  friction 
Insoluble  in  water,  and  not  acted  on  by  the  acids. 
Obs.  —  Sulphur  is  dimorphous,  the  crystals  being  obtuse  oblique  rhombic  prisms,  of  90°  32', 
and  inclination  of  the  vertical  axis=95°  46',  when  formed  at  a  moderately  high  temperature 
(125°  C.,  according  to  Frankeuheim). 

The  great  repositories  of  sulphur  are  either  beds  of  gypsum  and  the  associate  rocks,  or  the 
regions  of  active  and  extinct  volcanoes.  In  the  valley  of  Noto  and  Mazzaro,  in  Sicily  ;  at  Conil, 
near  Cadiz,  in  Spain  ;  Bex,  in  Switzerland  ;  Cracow,  in  Poland,  it  occurs  in  the  former  situation  ; 
near  Bologna,  Italy,  in  fine  crystals,  imbedded  in  bitumen.  Sicily  and  the  neighboring  volcanic 
isles  ;  the  Solfatara,  near  Naples  ;  the  volcanoes  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  etc.,  are  localities  of  the 
latter  kind.  The  crystals  from  Sicily  are  sometimes  two  or  three  inches  in  diameter.  It  is  also 
deposited  from  hot  springs  in  Iceland;  and  in  Savoy,  Switzerland,  Hanover,  and  other  countries, 
it  is  met  with  in  certain  metallic  veins  ;  near  Cracow  and  in  Upper  Egypt  there  are  large  deposits. 
A  fibrous  variety  is  found  near  Siena,  in  Tuscany.  Abundant  in  the  Chilian  Andes. 

Sulphur  is  found  near  the  sulphur  springs  of  New  York,  Virginia,  etc.,  sparingly  ;  in  many  coal 
deposits  and  elsewhere,  where  sulphid  of  iron  is  undergoing  decomposition  ;  in  microscopic 
crystals  at  some  of  the  gold  mines  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  ;  as  a  powder  and  in  crystals  in 
the  Western  lead  regions,  in  cavities  in  the  limestone  ;  in  minute  crystals  on  cleavage  surfaces  of 
galena,  Wheatley  mine,  Phenixville,  Pa.  ;  in  small  masses  in  limestone  on  the  Potomac,  twenty-five 
miles  above  Washington  ;  in  California,  at  the  geysers  of  Napa  valley,  Sonoma  Co.  ;  in  Santa  Barbara 
in  good  crystals  ;  near  Clear  lake,  Lake  Co.,  a  large  deposit,  with  a  vein  of  cinnabar  (now  worked) 
cutting  through  it;  in  Nevada,  in  Humboldt  Co.,  in  large  beds;  Nye  and  Esmeralda  Cos..  12  m 
N.  of  Silver  Peak;  Washoe  Co. 


DIAMOND. 


21 


The  sulphur  mines  of  Sicily,  the  crater  of  Tulcano,  the  Solfatara  near  Naples,  and  the  beds  of 
California,  afford  large  quantities  of  sulphur  for  commerce.  It  is  also  obtained  in  roasting  the 
sulphids  of  iron  and  copper. 

This  species  is  homceomorphous  with  barytes  and  marcasite  if  H  be  taken  as  the  unit  macro- 
dome.  The  above  figure,  57,  is  by  Scacchi  of  Naples. 

23.  SELENSULPHUR.    Selenschwefel  Strmneyer,  Schw.  J.,  xliil  453. 
Resembling  sulphur,  but  of  an  orange  or  brownish  color. 

B.B.  no  charcoal  burns  readily,  yields  fumes  of  selenium  and  sulphurous  acid.  From  Vulcano, 
one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  mixed  with  sulphur.  Also  observed  by  the  author  at  Kilauea,  Hawaii. 


24.  DIAMOND.  Adamas,  punctum  lapidis,  pretiosior  auro,  Manilius,  Astron.,  iv.  1.  926  (the 
earliest  distinct  mention  of  true  Diamond).  Adamas,  in  part,  Plin.,  xxxvii.  15.  Demant  Germ. 
Diamant  Fr. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes,  1,  2,  /,  0,  3-f,  ^-f ,  i-% ;  often  tetrahedral 
in  planes  1,  2,  and  3-f.  Figs  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  8,  24,  25,  2T;  also  i$, 
similar  to  f.  16  and  17 ;  also  f.  40,  all  usually  with  curved  faces,  as  in  f. 
58  (=27),  59  (=39),  60,  the  planes  of  which  are  3-J-;  60  is  a  distorted 
form  of  58,  Cleavage :  octahedral,  highly  perfect.  Twins ;  composition- 


59. 


face,  octahedral,  as  in  fig.  50,  but  with  curved  faces;  f.  61,  which  is  an 
elliptic  twin  of  58,  the  middle  portion  between  two  opposite  sets  ot  six 
planes  being  wanting ;  f.  63,  in  which  composition  is  parallel  to  the  oci 
hedral  faces,  but  the  form  corresponds  to  two  interpenetrating  tetrahe- 
drons, as  illustrated  in  f.  62.     Karely  massive. 


22  NATIVE   ELEMENTS. 

H.=10.  GK=3-5295,  Thomson;  3-55,  Pelouze.  Lustre  brilliant  ada- 
mantine. Color  white  or  colorless :  occasionally  tinged  yellow,  red,  orange, 
green,  blue,  brown,  sometimes  black.  Transparent;  translucent  when 
dark  colored.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Index  of  refraction  2'439.  Exhibits 
vitreous  electricity  when  rubbed. 

Comp. — Pure  carbon,  isometric  in  crystallization. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary,  or  crystallized.  The  crystals  often  contain  numerous  microscopic  cavities, 
as  detected  by  Brewster,  and  some  are  rendered  nearly  black  by  their  number;  and  around  these 
cavities  the  diamond  shows  evidence,  by  polarized  light,  of  compression,  as  if  from  pressure  in 
the  included  gas  when  the  diamond  was  crystallized.  Sometimes  crystals  bear  impressions  of 
other  crystals.  The  back  planes  of  diamonds  reflect  all  the  light  that  strikes  them  at  an  angle 
exceeding  24°  13',  and  hence  comes  the  peculiar  brilliancy  of  the  gem.  The  refraction  of  light 
by  the  diamond  is  often  irregular,  probably  arising  from  the  cause  which  has  produced  the  convex 
forms.  "In  some  plates  from  crystals,  Descloiseaux  has  observed  a  fixed  star  of  six  symmetrical 
rays,  and  in  others,  allied  in  character,  the  rays  were  replaced  by  three  large  elliptical  areas. 
Descloiseaux  shows  that  the  rays  are  symmetrical  with  reference  to  the  faces  of  the  octahedron. 

2.  Massive.    In  black  pebbles  or  masses,  called  carbonado,  occasionally  1,000  carats  in  weight. 
H,=:10  ;  G. =3*01.2 — 3 '4 16.     Consist  of  pure  carbon,  excepting  0  '2  7  to  2  '0 1  p.  c. 

3.  Anthracitic;  Carbon  diamantaire,  Count  de  Douhet,  Les  Mondes,  Ap.  11,  1867.    Like  anthra- 
cite, but  hard  enough  to  scratch  even  the  diamond.    In  globules  or  mammillary  masses,  consisting 
partly  of  concentric  layers ;  fragile;  G.  =  1'66;  composition,  Carbon  97,  hydrogen  0'5,  oxygen  1-5. 
Cut  in  facets  and  polished,  it  refracts  and  disperses  light,  with  the  white  lustre  peculiar  to  the 
diamond.     Locality  unknown,  but  supposed  to  come  from  Brazil.     C.  Mene  has  observed  that  an 
anthracite  from  Creuzot,  consisting  of  C  98'2,  0  0'04,  ash  0'12,  long  heated  in  pieces  in  a  crucible, 
takes  a  metallic  lustre,  and  will  then  cut  glass  like  a  diamond.     As  anthracite  is  derived  from 
bituminous  coal,  by  subjection  to  more  or  less  heat  under  pressure,  it  is  possible  that  the  degree 
or  condition  of  heating  may  produce  an  anthracite  with  its  particles  partly  or  wholly  of  the  nature 
of  the  diamond,  and  still  have  the  low  specific  gravity  of  anthracite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Burns,  and  is  wholly  consumed  at  a  temperature  of  14°  "Wedgewood,  producing 
carbonic  acid  gas.  It  is  not  acted  on  by  acids  or  alkah'es. 

Obs. — The  diamond  appears  generally  to  occur  in  regions  that  afford  a  laminated  granular 
quartz  rock,  called  itacolumite,  which  pertains  to  the  talcose  series,  and  which  in  thin  slabs  is 
more  or  less  flexible.  This  rock  is  found  at  the  mines  of  Brazil  and  the  Urals ;  and  also  in  Georgia 
and  North  Carolina,  where  a  few  diamonds  have  been  found.  It  has  also  been  detected  in  a 
species  of  conglomerate,  composed  of  rounded  siliceous  pebbles,  quartz,  chalcedony,  etc.,  cemented 
by  a  kind  of  ferruginous  clay.  Diamonds  are  usually,  however,  washed  out  from  the  soil. 
According  to  M.  Denis  (Ann.  des  M.,  III.  xix.  602)  the  diamond  in  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  is  found 
in  two  different  deposits ;  one  called  gurgulho,  consisting  of  broken  quartz,  and  covered  by  a  thin 
bed  of  sand  or  earth ;  the  other,  ca-scalho,  of  rolled  quartz  pebbles,  united  by  a  ferruginous  clay, 
resting  usually  on  talcose  clays,  the  whole  the  debris  from  talcose  rocks.  The  first  deposit 
affords  the  finest  diamonds,  and  both  contain  also  gold,  platinum,  magnetic  iron,  rutile,  etc.  The 
most  celebrated  mines  are  on  the  rivers  Jequitinhonha  and  Pardo,  north  of  Rio  Janeiro,  where 
the  sands  (the  waters  being  turned  off)  are  washed  by  slaves.  It  has  lately  been  found  in  Bahia, 
on  the  river  Cachoeira,  at  the  mines  of  Surua  and  Sincora ;  and  Damour  has  recognized  in  the 
sand  of  the  locality,  quartz,  feldspar,  rutile,  brookite,  anatase,  zircon,  diaspore,  magnetic  iron,  gold 
in  grains,  anhydrous  phosphate  of  alumina  and  lime,  a  silicate  of  yttria,  and  a  hydro-phosphate  of 
yttria.  At  Bogagem,  Minas  Geraes,  an  enormous  diamond  of  254£  carats  has  been  found ;  it  was 
,1  dodecahedron,  with  beveled  edges,  in  which  there  were  impressions  of  other  diamond  crystals, 
showing  that  it  was  originally  one  of  a  cluster;  it  weighs,  since  cutting,  122  to  125  carats,  and  is 
called  the  "  Star  of  the  South."  The  Brazilian  mines  were  first  opened  in  1727,  and  it  is  estimated 
that  since  then  they  have  yielded  two  tons  of  diamonds. 

The  Ural  diamonds  occur  in  the  detritus  along  the  Adolfskoi  rivulet,  where  worked  for  gold, 
and  also  at  other  places. 

In  India  the  diamond  is  met  with  at  Purteal,  between  Hyderabad  and  Masulipatam,  where  the 
famous  Kohinoor  was  found ;  but  there  are  now  only  two  places  of  exploration,  and  these  are  let 
to  some  of  the  natives  for  less  than  25  francs  a  year;  and  if  the  hands  find  a  stone  worth  four  or 
five  rupees  ($2  to  $2|)  a  month,  they  consider  themselves  fortunate.  To  such  a  state  are  the 
famous  mines  of  Golconda  now  reduced.  They  are  obtained  also  near  Parma  in  Bundelcuud, 
where  some  of  the  most  magnificent  specimens  have  been  found ;  also  on  the  Mahanuddy  near 
Ellore.  The  locality  on  Borneo  is  at  Pontiana,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Eatoos  mountain.  The 
river  Gunil,  in  the  province  of  Constantine  in  Africa,  is  reported  to  have  afforded  some  diamonds. 

In  the  United  States  a  few  crystals  have  been  met  with  in  Rutherford  Co.,  N.  C.,  and  Hall  Co. 


DIAMOND.  23 

Ga.  (Am.  J.  Sci.  II.  ii.  253,  and  xv.  373);  they  occur  also  at  Portis  mine,  Franklin  Co  N  C 
(Genth);  one  handsome  one,  over  £  in.  in  diameter,  in  the  village  of  Manchester  opposite 
Richmond,  Va. 

In  California,  at  Cherokee  ravine,  in  Butte  Co. ;  also  in  N.  San  Juan,  Nevada  Co  •  in  French 
Corral,  one  of  l£  carats;  at  Forest  Hill,  El  Dorado  Co.,  of  l£  carats;  Fiddletown,  Amador  Co  • 
near  Placerville.  Eeported  from  Idaho. 

In  Australia,  in  the  valley  of  the  Turon ;  in  the  bed  of  the  Macquarie ;  mouth  of  Pyramid 
Creek  ;  on  Calcula  Creek  ;  and  also  in  Victoria;  also  in  West  Australia,  at  Freernantle. 

In  Brazil  the  diamond  has  been  found  massive,  in  small  black  pebbles,  called  carbonado,  bavin" 
the  specific  gravity  3*012 — 3'416.  They  proved  on  trial  to  be  pure  carbon  excepting  2*07  to  0-27 
per  cent.  This  compact  diamond  is  sold  in  the  region  at  75  cents  the  carat  of  three  and  one-sixth 
grains  troy,  and  the  masses  are  sometimes  1,000  carats  in  weight. 

Brewster  finds  that  diamonds  contain  generally  numerous  microscopic  cavities,  and  some  are 
rendered  nearly  black  by  their  number ;  and  around  these  cavities  the  diamond  shows  evidence 
of  compression,  as  if  from  pressure  in  the  included  gas  when  the  diamond  was  crystallizing. 
Diamonds  have  been  observed  having  impressions  of  other  crystals. 

The  largest  diamond  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge  is  mentioned  by  Tavernier  as  hi  posses- 
sion of  the  Great  Mogul.  It  weighed  originally  900  carats,  or  27t>9'3  grains,  but  was  reduced  by 
cutting  to  861  grains.  It  has  the  form  and  size  of  half  a  hen's  egg.  It  was  found  in  1550  in  the 
mine  of  Colone.  The  Pitt  or  Regent  diamond  weighs  but  186-25  carats,  or  419^  grains;  but  is 
of  unblemished  transparency  and  color.  It  is  cut  in  the  form  of  a  brilliant,  and  is  estimated  at 
£125,000.  The  Kohinoor  measured,  on  its  arrival  in  England,  about  If  inches  in  its  greatest 
diameter,  over  £  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  weighed  186^-  carats,  and  was  cut  with  many 
facets.  It  has  since  been  recut,  and  reduced  to  a  diameter  of  1-fa  by  If  nearly,  and  thus 
diminished  over  one-third  in  weight.  It  is  supposed  by  Mr.  Tennant  to  have  been  originally  a 
dodecahedron,  and  he  suggests  that  the  great  Russian  diamond  and  another  large  slab  weighing 
130  carats  were  actually  cut  from  the  original  dodecahedron.  Tavernier  gives  the  original  weight 
at  787^-  carats.  The  Rajah  of  Mattan  has  in  his  possession  a  diamond  from  Borneo,  weighing 
367  carats.  The  mines  of  Brazil  were  not  known  to  afford  diamonds  till  the  commencement  of 
the  18th  century. 

Colorless  diamonds  are  in  general  most  highly  esteemed.  "When  cut  and  polished,  a  diamond  of 
the  purest  water  in  England,  weighing  one  carat,  is  valued  at  £12  ;  and  the  value  of  others  is 
calculated  by  multiplying  the  square  of  the  weight  in  carats  by  1 2,  except  for  those  exceeding 
20  carats,  the  value  of  which  increases  at  a  much  more  rapid  rate.  This  rule  is  scarely  regarded 
in  market,  as  the  standard  of  purity  and  taste  for  different  countries  differs,  and  the  slightest  tinge 
of  color  affects  greatly  the  commercial  value.  Blue  is  an  exceedingly  rare  color ;  and  one  of  this 
shade,  the  Hope  diamond,  weighing  only  4|-  carats,  but  of  peculiar  beauty  and  brilliancy,  is  valued 
at  £25,000.  A  yellowish  diamond  of  large  size  (value  £12,000)  has  been  found  by  Fremy  to  take 
a  rose-red  color  when  heated,  which  color  it  retains  for  two  or  three  days,  and  then  resumes*  the 
original  yellow.  An  emerald-green  diamond  in  the  Dresden  Treasury  weighs  31£  carats. 

The  ancient  Romans  had  rings  set  with  the  diamond,  and  used  the  chippiugs  for  arming  gravers' 
tools.  Pliny  speaks  of  the  six-angled  form  of  the  crystals  of  the  adamas,  and  their  resemblance 
to  two  pyramids  or  tops  placed  base  to  base,  a  description  that  would  apply,  perhaps,  as  well  to  a 
double  hexagonal  pyramid  as  to  an  octahedron ;  yet  it  is  probable,  from  the  other  characters  men- 
tioned, the  hardness,  rarity,  small  size,  use,  and  occurrence  in  gold  regions,  that  the  octahedral 
diamond  was  referred  to.  The  adamas  of  the  ancients  included  some  corundum  and  other  hard 
stones,  and  even  hard  metal.  Theophrastus  makes  no  mention  of  the  true  diamond.  (See,  on  the 
adamas  of  the  ancients,  King  on  Precious  Stones  and  Gems,  p.  19.) 

The  method  of  polishing  diamonds  was  discovered  in  1456,  by  Louis  Berquen,  a  citizen  of 
Bruges,  previous  to  which  time  the  diamond  was  known  in  Europe  only  in  its  uncut  state.  It 
appears  to  have  been  practised  long  before  in  India,  the  faceting  of  the  Kohinoor  dating  far  back 
into  uncertain  time.  (See  King,  pp  30,  31.) 

The  diamond  has  probably  proceeded,  like  mineral  coal  and  oil,  from  the  slow  decomposition  oi 
vegetable  material,  or  even  from  animal  matters,  either  source  affording  the  requisite  carbon ;  but 
it  has  been  formed  under  those  conditions  as  to  heat  that  has  produced  the  metamorpni 
argillaceous  and  arenaceous  schists  and  their  auriferous  quartz  veins  ;  since  it  is  found  exclusively 
in  gold  regions,  or  in  the  sands  derived  from  gold-bearing  rocks.     The  schists  that  were  a 
at  the  time  may  have  previously  been  shales  impregnated  with  petroleum,  or  other  carbonaceous 
substances  (hydrocarburets)  of  organic  origin.     Chancourtois  observes  that  the  formation  Ir 
hydrocarburetted  vapor  or  gas  is  analogous  to  that  of  sulphur  from  hydrosulphuretted  emana- 
tions.    In  the  oxydation  of  the  latter  by  the  humid  process,  the  hydrogen  becomes  oxydu 
only  a  part  of  the  sulphur  changes  to  sulphurous  acid,  the  rest  remaining  as  sulphur.     , 
humid  oxydation  of  a  carburetted  hydrogen,  the  hydrogen  is  oxydized,  part< 
carbonic  acid,  and  the  rest  remains  as  carbon  and  may  form  crystallized  diamond. 


24: 


NATIVE   ELEMENTS. 


25.  GRAPHITE.  Plumbago,  Molybd«ena,  Bly-Ertz,  Bromell,  Min.,  58,  1739  [not  Plumbago 
Agric.,  Gesner],  Blyertz  pt.,  Mica  pictoria  nigra,  Molybdoena  pt.,  Wall,  131,  1747.  Mioa  des 
Peintres,  Crayon,  Fr.  Trl  Wall,  1753.  Black  Lead.  Reissbley  (=  Drawing-lead)  Germ.  Molyb- 
denum Zw?i.,  1768.  Plumbago  Scheele  (proving  its  carbon  nature),  Ak.  H.  Stockholm,  1779. 
Plombagine  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  1783.  Graphit  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  380,  1789,  KarsL,  Mus.  Lesk.,  ii 
339,1789.  Carburet  of  Iron.  Fer  carbure  Fr. 

Hexagonal.  In  flat  six-sided  tables.  It,  A  R=  85°  29',  Kenngott,  by  cal- 
culation from  Ticonderoga  crystals,  which  have  the  planes  27?,  -f-2  and  2-2, 
with,  approximately,  0AJ-  2=137°,  0  A  2= 110°,  and  O  A  2=122°.  A  plane, 
observed  by  Haidinger,  is  probably  J-  R,  or  ^-2  ;  the  angle  measured,  40°  56', 
was  the  basal  angle  of  the  pyramid.  The  basal  planes  (0)  are  often  striated 
parallel  to  the  alternate  edges.  Cleavage  :  basal,  perfect.  Commonly  in 
imbedded,  foliated,  or  granular  masses.  Barely  in  globular  concretions 
radiated  in  structure. 

H.=l— 2.  G.=2-0891;  of  Ticonderoga,  2*229  Kenngott;  2'U  Wun- 
siedel,  Fuchs.  Lustre  metallic.  Streak  black  and  shining.  Color  iron- 
black — dark  steel-gray.  Opaque.  Sectile;  soils  paper,  Thin  laminae 
flexible.  Feel  greasy. 

Var. — (a)  Foliated;  (&)  columnar,  and  sometimes  radiated;  (c)  scaly,  massive,  and  slaty; 
(d)  granular  massive ;  (e)  earthy,  amorphous,  without  metallic  lustre  except  in  the  streak;  (/)  in 
radiated  concretions. 

Comp.— Pure  carbon,  with  often  a  little  oxyd  of  iron  mechanically  mixed.  Scheele  (1779, 1.  c.) 
and  some  later  chemists  made  the  iron  essential,  and  the  species  a  carburet  of  iron.  Vanuxem  in 
1825  (J.  Ac.  Philad.,  v.  21)  showed  that  the  iron  was  an  oxyd,  and  unessential.  He  obtained 
from  the  graphite  of  Bustletown,  Pa.,  Carbon  94-4,  ox.  iron  and  manganese  1-4,  silica  2-6,  H  0'6— 
99.  Fuchs  found  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  vii.  253)  only  0'33  p.  c.  of  ash  (or  impurities)  in  that  of  Wunsiedel, 
a  pure  black,  amorphous,  unmetallic  kind,  metallic  in  streak,  having  G.  =  2'14;  Fritzsche  (B.  H. 
Ztg.,  323,  1854)  0-9  in  that  of  Ceylon. 

The  following  are  analyses  of  different  graphites  by  C.  Mene  (C.  E.,  Ixiv.  1091,  1867) : 


Comp.  of  100  parts  of  ash. 


G.      Carbon  Vol.      Ash 


1.  Ural,  Mt.  Alibert 

2.  Cumberland,  Eugland 

3.  Mugrau,  Bohemia 

4.  Zaptau,  Lower  Austria 
'    5.  Swarbock,  Bohemia 

6.  Fagerita,  Sweden 

7.  Cumberland 

8.  Passau,  Bavaria 

9.  Buckingham,  Canada 

10.  Cumberland 

11.  Ceara,  Brazil 

12.  Passau,  Bavaria 

13.  Madagascar 

14.  Ceylon 

15.  Pissie,  Hautes-Alpes 

her  analyses:  16-19,  V.  Regnault  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  II.  i.  202);  20,  21,  C.  G.  Wheeler  (priv 


2-1759 

94-03 

0-72 

5-25 

2-3455 

91-55 

1-10 

7-35 

2-1197 

91-05 

4-10 

4-85 

2-2179 

90-63 

2-20 

7-17 

2-3438 

88-05 

1-05 

10-90 

2-1092 

87-65 

1  55 

1080 

2-5857 

84-38 

2-62 

13-00 

2-3032 

81-08 

7'30 

11-62 

2-2863 

78-48 

1-82 

19-70 

2-4092 

78-10 

6-10 

15-80 

2-3865 

77-15 

2-55 

20-30 

2-3108 

73-65 

4-20 

22-15 

2-4085 

70-69 

518 

24-13 

2-2659 

68-30 

5-20 

26-50 

2-4572 

59-67 

3-20 

37-13 

Alk.  & 

Si 

XI 

Fe 

Mg,C£ 

i  loss. 

64-2 

24-7 

10-0 

0-8 

0-3 

52'5 

28-3 

12-0 

6-0 

1-2 

61-8 

28-5 

8-0 

0-7 

ro 

55-0 

30-0 

14-3 



0-7 

620 

28-5 

6-3 

1-5 

1-7 

58-6 

31-5 

7-2 

0-5 

2-2 

62-0 

25-0 

lo-o 

2-6 

0-4 

53-7 

35-6 

6-8 

1-7 

2-2 

65'0 

25-1 

6-2 

0-5 

1-2 

58-5 

30-5 

7-5 

3-5 

__ 

79-0 

11-7 

7-8 

1-5 



69-5 

21-1 

5-5 

2-0 

1-9 

59-6 

31-8 

6-8 

1-2 

0-6 

50-3 

41-5 

8-2 

_ 

__ 

68-7 

20-8 

8-1 

1-5 

0-9 

16.  Canada  (I.) 

17.  »      (II) 

18.  »      (III.) 

19.  Siberia 

20.  Albert  mine,  Siberia 
21. 


C 

86-8 
7635 
98-56 
89-51 
94-7 
97-17 


H 
0-5 
0-70 
1-34 
0-60 


Ash 

12-6=99-9  Regnault. 
23-40=100-45  Regnault. 

0-20=100-10  Regnault. 
10-40  =  100-51  Regnault. 

53=100  Wheeler. 

2-83=100  Wheeler. 


GEAPHITE.  25 


C  ocr/oo,  asn  JO'in,  waier  u-»s» ;  v.  rusirevsfci  round  (Verh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet  1857  1858)  C 
8408,  Si  1098,  H  3-77,  with  some  £e,  Oa,  Mn,  and  G.  =  2-26-2'31.  In  G.  of  the  Kirghis 
Steppe,  Hermann  found  C  40-55,  earthy  matters  56'56,  H  2'89=100.  These  results  show  that 
the  variations  arising  from  impurities  are  great.  The  material  analyzed  by  Wheeler  is  that  used 
by  the  firm  of  A.  W.  Faber. 

Tremenheerite,  Piddington,  appears  to  be  impure  graphite,  or  is  between  coal  and  graphite ;  it  is 
scaly  in  structure,  and  highly  metallic  in  lustre.  It  afforded  Piddington  Carbon  85-70,  water  and 
sulphur  4'00,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  2'50,  earthy  impurities,  chiefly  silica,  7 '50,  water  and  loss  0'30= 
100 ;  the  iron  occurs  as  sulphuret.  Tenasserim,  Rev.  F.  Mason,  Maulmam,  1852,  p.  52. 

Pyr,,  etc. — At  a  high  temperature  it  burns  without  flame  or  smoke,  leaving  usually  some  red 
oxyd  of  iron.  B.B.  infusible ;  fused  with  nitre  in  a  platinum  spoon,  deflagrates,  converting  the 
reagent  into  carbonate  of  potash,  which  effervesces  with  acids.  Unaltered  by  acids. 

Obs. — Graphite  occurs  in  beds  and  imbedded  masses,  laminae,  or  scales,  in  granite,  gneiss,  mica 
schist,  crystalline  limestone.  It  is  in  some  places  a  result  of  the  alteration  by  heat  of  the  coal  of 
the  coal  formation.  Sometimes  met  with  in  greenstone.  It  is  a  common  furnace  product. 

A  fine  variety  of  graphite  occurs  at  Borrowdale  in  Cumberland,  in  nests  in  trap,  which  occurs 
in  clay  slate  ;  in  Glenstiathfarrar  in  Invernesshire,  forms  nests  in  gneiss ;  at  Arendal  in  Norway,  in 
quartz ;  at  Pargas  in  Finland ;  in  the  Urals,  Siberia,  Finland ;  in  various  parts  of  Austria ;  Prus- 
sia ;  France ;  at  Craigman  in  Ayrshire,  it  occurs  in  coal  beds,  which  have  been  altered  by  contact 
with  trap.  In  Irkutsk,  in  the  Tunkinsk  mts.,  at  the  very  valuable  Mariinskoi  graphite  mine,  a 
large  mass  has  been  obtained,  having  the  structure  of  the  wood  from  which  it  was  formed.  Large 
quantities  are  brought  from  the  East  Indies. 

Forms  beds  in  gneiss,  at  Sturbridge,  Mass.,  where  it  presents  a  structure  between  scaly  and 
fine  granular,  and  an  occasional  approximation  to  distinct  crystallizations ;  also  at  North  Brook- 
field,  Brimfield,  and  Hinsdale,  Mass. ;  extensively  in  Cornwall,  near  the  Housatonic,  and  in  Ash- 
ford,  Conn. ;  also  in  Brandon,  Vt. ;  at  Grenville,  C.  E.,  associated  with  sphene  and  tabular  spar 
in  granular  limestone.  Foliated  graphite  occurs  in  large  quantities  at  Ticonderoga,  on  Lake  George ; 
also  upon  Roger's  Rock,  associated  with  pyroxene  and  sphene.  Near  Amity,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y., 
it  is  met  with  in  white  limestone,  accompanying  spinel,  chondrodite,  hornblende,  etc. ;  at  Rossie, 
St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  with  iron  ore,  and  in  gneiss ;  in  Franklin,  N.  J.,  in  rounded  concre- 
tions radiated  within  ;  in  Wake,  N.  C. ;  on  Tyger  River,  and  at  Spartenburgh  near  the  Cowpens 
Furnace,  S.  C. ;  also  hi  Bucks  Co.,  Penn.,  three  miles  from  Attleboro',  associated  with  tabular 
spar,  pyroxene,  and  scapolite ;  and  one  and  a  half  miles  from  this  locality,  it  occurs  in  abundance 
in  syenite,  at  Mansell's  black  lead  mine.  There  is  a  large  deposit  at  St.  John,  New  Brunswick. 

In  the  United  States,  the  mines  of  Sturbridge,  Mass.,  of  Ticonderoga  and  Fishkill,  N.  Y.,  of 
Brandon,  Vt.,  and  of  Wake,  N.  C.,  are  worked ;  and  that  of  Ashford,  Conn.,  formerly  afforded  a 
large  amount  of  graphite. 

The  name  Uack  kad,  applied  to  this  species,  is  inappropriate,  as  it  contains  no  lead.  The  namo 
graphite,  of  Werner,  is  derived  from  ypac&w,  I  write. 

Nordenskiold  makes  the  graphite  of  Ersby  and  Storga,rd  monodmic,  with  the  inclination  of  the 
vertical  axis  88°  14',  i-i  (cleavage  face)  on  faces  of  oblique  prism=l06°  21',  and  angle  of  prism 
122°  24'  (Pogg.,  xcvi.  110). 


26  SFLPHIDS,   TELLTJEIDS,   ETC. 


II.  SULPHIDS,   TELLURIDS,    SELENIDS,    ARSENIDS, 
ANTIMONIDS,   BISMUTHIDS. 


THERE  are  three  natural  divisions  of  the  species  of  this  section : 

1.  SIMPLE  SULPHIDS  AND  TELLTJKIDS  OF  METALS  OF  THE  SULPHUR  OR 
ARSENIC  GROUP. 

2.  SIMPLE  SULPHIDS,  TELLURIDS,  SELENIDS,  ARSENIDS,  ANTIMONIDS,  BIS- 
MUTHIDS, OF  METALS  OF  THE  GOLD,  IRON,  AND  TIN  GROUPS.     Some  of  the 
species  contain,  along  with  sulphur,  also  arsenic,  antimony,  or  bismuth  ; 
but  the  arsenic,  antimony,  or  bismuth,  in  such  cases,  replaces  sulphur  as 
its  isomorph. 

3.  DOUBLE  SULPHIDS  :  OR  SULPHARSENITES,  SULPHANTIMONITES,  SULPHO- 
BISMUTHITES. 

In  this  section  of  Sulphids,  etc.,  the  atomic  weights  of  arsenic,  antimony  and  bismuth  are  taken 
at  half  the  value  given  in  the  table  on  pagexvi,  as  it  is  in  this  state  that  they  approximate  to  sul- 
phur in  the  forms  and  relations  of  their  compounds.  The  atomic  weights  thus  halved  are,  for 
arsenic  37'5,  antimony  61,  bismuth  105;  that  of  sulphur  being  16. 


1.  SIMPLE  SULPHIDS  AND  TELLURIDS  OF  METALS  OF 
THE  SULPHUR  AND  ARSENIC  GROUPS. 

1.  REALGAR  GROUP.    Composition  AS.    Crystallization  Monoclinic. 

26.  REALGAR,  AsS. 

2.  ORPIMENT  GROUP.     Composition  R2S3.     Crystallization  Orthorhombic. 

27.  ORPIMENT,  As2S3  29.  STIBNITE,  Sb2S3 

28.  DTMOEPHITE,      ?As4S3  30.  BISMUTHINITE,    Bi2S3 

3.  TETRADYMITE  GROUP.    Containing  Bi,  Te. 

31.  TETRADYMITE,  33.  WEHRLITE. 

32.  JOSEITE. 

4.  MOLYBDENITE  GROUP.    Containing  Molybdenum. 

34.  MOLYBDENITE,  MoS2. 


26.  REALGAR.  ZavSa^KT,  Theophr.,  325  B.C.  Zav3a(>aXr,  Dioscor.,  50  A.D.  Sandaracha  Plin., 
xxxv.  6,  77  A.D.  Sandaraca  Germ.  Reuschgeel,  Rosgeel,  Agric.,  444,  etc.,  1529,  Interpr.,  468, 
1546.  Rauschgelb  pt.,  Arsenicum  sulphure  mixtum,  Risigallum  pt.,  Realgar,  Arsenicum  rubrum, 
Watt.,  224,  1747.  Arsenic  rouge  Fr.  Trl  Wall.,  406,  1753.  Realgar  natif,  Rubine  d'  Arsenic, 


SULPHIDS,    ETC.  27 

efe  Me,  in.  333, 1783.  RedSulphuret  of  Arsenic.   Rothes  Rauschgelb.  Operment  Germ   Arsenic 
sulfure"  rouge  FT. 

Monoclinic.    0=66°  5',  /A  7=74°  26',  Marignac,  Scacchi  0 A  1-1=138° 
21';  a:b:  c=0'6755  :  1  :  0-6943. 

0  A  7=104°  12'  0  A  ^=113°  55'         a  A    1=133°  V 

6>A1-^=139    38  £2A£.2=113      6  i4  A  1-2=115    1 

Cleavage  :  *4,  <9  rather  perfect ;  I,  i-i  in  traces.     Also  granular,  coarse 
or  fine ;  compact. 


i-i 


i-2 

•HMB 

42 

2-2 


1-2 


4-2 


i-4 


2-4 


1-4 


3-6 


i-i 


2-2 


Observed  planes. 

H.=1'5 — 2.  Gr.=3'4 — 3*6.  Lustre  resinous.  Color  aurora-red  or 
orange-yellow.  Streak  varying  from  orange-red  to  aurora-red.  Trans- 
parent— translucent.  Fracture  eonchoidal,  .uneven. 

Comp. — As  S— Sulphur  29-9,  arsenic  70-1—100.  A  specimen  from  Pola  de  Lena  in  Asturia, 
Spain,  gave  Hugo  Miller  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  xi.  242)  S  SO'OO,  As  70-25. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  melts,  volatilizes,  and  gives  a  transparent  red  sublimate ;  in  the 
open  tube,  sulphurous  fumes,  and  a  white  crystalline  sublimate  of  arsenous  acid.  B.B.  on  char- 
coal burns  with  a  blue  flame,  emitting  arsenical  and  sulphurous  odors.  Soluble  in  caustic  alkalies. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  ores  of  silver  and  lead,  at  Felsobanya  in  Upper  Hungary,  at  Kapnik  and 
Nagyag  in  Transylvania,  at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  at  Andreasberg 
in  the  Harz ;  at  Tajowa  in  Hungary,  in  beds  of  clay ;  at  Binnenthal,  Switzerland,  in  dolomite ;  at 
Wiesloch  in  Baden,  in  the  Muschelkalk ;  near  Julamerk  in  Koordistan;  in  Yesuvian  lavas,  in 
minute  crystals.  Strabo  speaks  of  a  mine  of  sandaraca  (the  ancient  name  of  this  species)  at 
Pompeiopolis  in  Paphlagonia. 

For  recent  crystallographic  observations  see  Hessenberg's  Min.  Notizen,  Nos.  1  and  3. 

The  name  realgar  is  of  Arabic  origin. 

Alt.— Changes,  on  exposure,  to  orpiment  (As2  S8)  and  arsenolite  (As2  O3),  6  of  As  S  becoming 
2  As2  S3,  and  2  As  being  set  free  which  changes  to  As2  O3  or  arsenolite  (Volger).  A  black  crust 
sometimes  forms  on  realgar,  which  Is  supposed  by  Volger  to  be  a  sulphid  containing  less  sulphur 
than  realgar. 

27.  ORPIMENT.  'AppevtK6v  Theophr.  ' A.^svix6v  Dioscor.  Auripigmentum,  Arrhenicum,  Plin., 
xxxiii.  22,  xxxiv.  56.  Auripigmentum,  Germ.  Operment,  Agnc.,  Interpr.,  463,  1546.  Orpiment. 
Rauschgelb  pt.,  Risigallum  pt.,  Arsenicum  flavum,  Wall,  224, 1747.  Arsenic  jaune  Fr.  trl  Wall., 
i.  406,  1753.  Gelbes  Rauschgelb  Germ.  Arsenic  sulfure  jaune  Fr.  Yellow  sulphuret  of  Arsenic 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=100°  40r,  0  A  14=126°  3(X;  a  :  I :  c=l'3511  :  1  : 
1*2059.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure. 


28 


STJLPHIDS,    ETC. 


0  Al-?=131°  45' 

0  A  2-5=127   27 


-2  A  2-2    adj.  =  94: 


49' 

20 


-2  A  2-2  ov.  1-E=131    36 


Cleavage  :  i-i  highly  perfect,  i-iiu  traces.  £-£  longitudi 
nallj  striated.  Also,  massive,  foliated,  or  columnar ; 
sometimes  reniform. 

H.  =  1-5  —  2.  G.  =  3-48,  Haidinger  ;  3'4,  Breithaupt. 
Lustre  pearly  upon  the  faces  of  perfect  cleavage ;  else- 
where resinous.  Color  several  shades  of  lemon-yellow. 
Streak  yellow,  commonly  a  little  paler  than  the  color. 
Subtransparent — subtranslucent.  Sub-sectile.  Thin  lami- 
nae obtained  by  cleavage  flexible  but  not  elastic. 

Comp.— As2  S3=Sulphur  39,  arsenic  61  =  100. 
Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube,  fuses,  volatilizes,  and  gives  a  dark  yel- 
low sublimate ;  other  reactions  the  same  as  under  realgar.    Dissolves  in  nitromuriatic  acid  and 
caustic  alkalies. 

Obs.— Orpiment  in  small  crystals  is  imbedded  in  clay  at  Tajowa,  near  Neusohl  in  Upper  Hun- 
gary. It  is  usually  ia  foliated  and  fibrous  masses,  and  in  this  form  is  found  at  Kapnik  in  Tran- 
sylvania, at  Moldawa  in  the  Bannat,  and  at  Felsobanya  iri^  Upper  Hungary,  where  it  exists  in 
metalliferous  veins,  associated  with  realgar  and  native  arsenic ;  at  Hall  in  the  Tyrol  it  is  found  in 
gypsum ;  at  St.  Gothard  in  dolomite ;  at  the  Solfatara  near  Naples,  it  is  the  result  of  volcanic 
sublimation ;  in  Fohnsdorf,  Styria,  found  in  brown  coal.  Near  Julamerk  in  Koordistan,  there  is 
a  large  Turkish  mine.  Occurs  also  at  Acobarnbillo,  Peru.  Small  traces  are  met  with  in  Edenville. 
Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  on  arsenical  iron. 

The  name  orpiment  is  a  corruption  of  its  Latin  name  auripigmentum,  "  golden  paint,"  which  was 
given  in  allusion  to  the  color,  and  also  because  the  substance  was  supposed  to  contain  gold. 

The  crystalline  form  is  made  monoclinic  by  Breithaupt  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  194).  He  makes  i-l  the 
clinodiagonal  plane,  and  i-l  the  front  or  orthodiagonal,  with  the  planes  i-i,  above  and  below  i-i, 
hemidomes,  inclined  at  unequal  angles  on  i-i,  that  below  at  an  angle  2°  to  3 c  the  smaller,.  Also, 
he  makes  «'-2  the  plane  /.  No  definite  measurements  are  given. 


GG 


28.  DIMORPHITE.    Dimorfina  Scacchi,  Mem.  G-eol.  sulla  Campania,  Napoli,  116,  3849. 

Orthorhombic.  Two  types :  (A),  /A  /=  98°  6',  0  A  l-l  =  127°  50' ;  a  : 
I  :  c=l-2S76  :  1  :  1/1526 ;  (B)  common  form,  /A  7=100°  32',  0  Al-«=127° 

1';  a  :  I  :  e=  1-3262  :  1  :  1-203. 
Observed  planes  as  in  the  an- 
nexed figures. 

In  A,  0 A  1=120°  23',  6>Al-z 
=131°  50',  6>Af2  =  150°  49', 
1-fcAl-S  over  0=83°  40',  lAl 
ov.  14=111°  10'. 

In  B,  0  A  £-5=121°  6',  OM-i 
=  151°  7',  0AfJ=116°40/,*4  A 
£f=112°  45 '.  Cleavage  none. 
Crystals  minute. 

H.=l*5.  G.=3-58.  Lustre  splendent  adamantine.  Color  orange-yel- 
low:  powder  saffron-yellow.  Translucent  and  transparent.  Fragile. 

Comp.— From  imperfect  trials  by  Scacchi,  perhaps  As4  S3=rSulphur  24-55,  arsenic  75-45=100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Heated  in  a  porcelain  crucible  with  a  spirit  lamp,  affords  odorous  fumes  and  be- 
comes red ;  with  more  heat  becomes  brown,  gives  off  yellow  fumes,  and  evaporates,  leaving  no 
residue ;  with  soda  a  garlic  odor.  Completely  soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

.   °1bs?---:From  a  fumarole  of  the  Solfatara^  Phlegraan  fields.    Crystals  not  over  half  a  millimeter 
in  their  longest  direction. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC.  99 

29.  STIBNITE.  Sn'^c',  Er.'fc,  IlAarvo^aA^,  Dfoseor.  Stimmi,  Stibi,  Stibium,  PZm  xxx*ii  33 
34.  Stibi,  Spiessglas,  Basil  Valentine  (who  proved  it  to  contain  sulphur),  1430.  Lupus  metal- 
lorum  Alchem.  Spiess-Glass-Erz  Bruckmann,  Berkwerke,  1727.  Spitsglasmalm,  Minera  Anti- 
monii,  Antimonium  Sulphure  mineralisatum,  Wall,  237,  1747.  Grauspiessglaserz,  Grauspiess- 
glauzerz,  Antimonglanz,  Germ.  Antimoine  sulfure  Fr.  Sulphuret  of  Antimony;  Gray  Anti- 
mony; Antimony  Glance.  Stibine  Bead.,  Tr.,  ii.  421,  1832.  Antimonit  Raid.  Handb  563 
1845.  Stibnite  Dana,  Min.,  1854. 

Ortho-rhombic.     /A/— 90°  54',  0  A  1-£=134°  16' ;  a:  I:  c=l-0259  :  1 


20r.          0  M-i=134:0  4:2'%. 
6>Al  — 124   45  i-z  A  -i-2,  mac., =127   38 

6>A2-5=rll3    49          14 A 14,  top, =89    24 

Lateral  planes  deeply  striated 
longitudinally.  Cleavage :  i-i  highly 
perfect.  Often  columnar,  coarse  or 
fine ;  also  granular  to  impalpable. 

H.=2.  G.=4-516,  Haiiy;  4-62, 
Mohs.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  and 
streak  lead-gray,  inclining  to  steel- 
gray  :  subject  to  blackish  tarnish, 
sometimes  iridescent.  Fracture 
small  sub-conchoidal.  Sectile.  Thin 
laminae  a  little  flexible. 


0  A  1=124°  45'. 
lAl,brach.,=108    40 
1A1,  bas.,=110    30 


Comp.—  Sb2  S3=  Sulphur  28-2,  antimony 
7  1*8  =100.  Bergmann,  who  made  the  first 
determination  of  the  sulphur  in  the  mineral 

(Opusc.,  ii.  167,  1782),  obtained  S  26,  Sb  74=100.  Eight  analyses  of  stibnito  from  Arnsberg. 
Westphalia,  gave  Schneider  a  mean  of  Sb  71*48,  S  28*52,  excluding  0-33  p.  c.  of  quartz;  the 
results  of  the  analyses  varied  from  71*441  to  71*519  (Pogg.,  xcviii.  293).  Schnabel  obtained 
for  the  same  Sb  72*02,  S  27*85,  Fe  0*13  (Ramm.  Min.  Oh.,  39). 

Pyr,,  etc.  —  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  and  antimonous  fumes,  the  latter  condensing  as  a 
white  sublimate  which  B.B.  is  non-volatile.  On  charcoal  fuses,  spreads  out,  gives  sulphurous 
and  antimonous  fumes,  coats  the  coal  white  with  oxyd  of  antimony  ;  this  coating  treated  in  R.F. 
tinges  the  flame  greenish-blue.  Fus.  =  l.  When  pure  perfectly  soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  with  spathic  iron  in  beds,  but  generally  in  veins.  Often  associated  with  blende, 
heavy  spar,  and  quartz. 

Met  with  in  veins  at  Wolfsbcrg,  in  the  Harz:  at  Braunsdorf,  near  Freiberg;  at  Przibram; 
Felsobanya,  Schemnitz,  and  Kremmtz,  in  Hungary,  where  it  often  occurs  in  diverging  prisms, 
several  inches  long,  accompanied  by  crystals  of  heavy  spar  and  other  mineral  species  ;  at  Pereta, 
in  Tuscany,  in  crystals  :  in  Katharinenberg,  in  the  Urals  ;  in  Dumfriesshire,  fibrous  and  laminated  ; 
in  Cornwall,  abundant  near  Padstow  and  Tintagel  ;  also  crystallized  at  Wheal  Boys  ;  at  Hare  Hill, 
in  Scotland  ;  in  Perthshire.  Also  found  at  different  Mexican  mines.  Also  abundant  in  Borneo. 

In  the  United  States,  it  occurs  sparingly  at  Carmel,  Penobscot  Co.,  Me.  ;  at  Cornish  and  Lyme, 
N.  H.  ;  at  "  Soldier's  Delight,"  Md.  ;  abundant  in  the  granitic  range,  south  side  of  Tulare  valley, 
near  pass  of  San  Amedio  ;  in  the  Humboldt  mining  region  in  Nevada,  and  usually  argentiferous  ; 
also  in  the  mines  of  Aurora,  Esmeralda  Co.,  Nevada.  Also  found  in  New  Brunswick,  20  m.  from 
Fredericton,  S.W.  side  of  St.  John  R. 

This  ore  affords  nearly  aU  the  antimony  of  commerce.  The  crude  antimony  of  the  shops  is 
obtained  by  simple  fusion,  which  separates  the  accompanying  rock.  From  this  product  most  oi 
the  pharmaceutical  preparations  of  antimony  are  made,  and  the  pure  metal  extracted.  ^ 

This  ore  was  emloed  by  the  ancients  for  coloring  the  hair,  eyebrows,  etc.,  to  increase 


ployed  by 
apparent  size  of  the  eye  ;  whence  they  called  the  ore 


i/,  from  TrAari?,  broad,  and  ' 


30  SULPHIDS,    ETC. 

eye.  According  to  Dioscorides,  it  was  prepared  for  this  purpose  by  enclosing  it  in  a  lump  of 
dough,  and  then  burning  it  in  the  coals  till  reduced  to  a  cinder.  It  was  then  extinguished  with 
milk  and  wine,  and  again  placed  upon  coals  and  blown  till  ignition :  after  which  the  heat  was 
discontinued,  lest,  as  Pliny  says,  "plumbum  fiat,"  it  become  lead.  It  hence  appears  that  the  metal 
antimony  was  occasionally  seen  by  the  ancients,  though  not  distinguished  from  lead. 

On  cryst.  see  Krenner,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  li.  1864,  436. 

Alt.— Changes  on  exposure  by  partial  oxydation  to  antimony  blende  (2  Sb2  S3  +  Sb2  O3),  and  by 
further  oxydation  to  valentinite  (S2  O3).  Antimony  ochre  (Sb2  03  +  Sb2  O5),  and  also  Sb2  05+5H, 
are  other  results  of  alteration. 

30.  BISMUTHINITB.    Visimutum  Sulphure  mineralisatum  (fr.  Riddarhyttan)  CronsL,  193, 
1758.    Wismuthglanz  Germ.;  Bismuth  sulfure  Fr.    Sulphuret  of  Bismuth.     Bismuth  Glance. 
Bismuthine  Beud.,  Tr.,  iL  418,  1832.    Bismutholamprite  Glock.,  Syn.,  27,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.  /A 7=91°  30'.  Observed  planes  J,  i-i,  i-i,  i-l,  Brooke. 
Cleavage :  brachy  diagonal  perfect ;  macrodiagonal  less  so  ;  basal  perfect. 
In  acicular  crystals.  Also  massive,  with  a  foliated  or  fibrous  structure. 

H.=2.  G.=6-4:-6'459;  T'2;  7'16,  Bolivia,  Forbes.  Lustre  metallic. 
Streak  and  color  lead-gray,  inclining  to  tin-white,  with  a  yellowish  or  iri- 
descent tarnish.  Opaque. 

Comp. — Bi2  S8=Sulphur  18*75,  bismuth  81-25  —  100 ;  isomorphous  with  stibnite.  Analyses :  1, 
H.  Eose  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixxii.  192);  2,  Wehrle  (Baumg.  Ztg.,  x.  385);  3,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  299); 
4,  Hubert  (Haid.  Ber.,  iii.  401);  5,  Rammelsberg  (5th  SuppL,  261);  6,  F.  A.  Genth  (Am.  J.  ScL 
II.  xxiiL  415);  7,  D.  Forbes  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxix.  4) : 

S  Bi 

1.  "Riddarhyttau  18-72  80-98=09-70  Rose. 

2.  Retzbanya  18"28  80'96=:99-24  Wehrle. 

3.  Gjellebak  19-12  79'77,  Fe  015,  Cu  0-14=99'18,  Scheerer;  G.  6'403. 

4.  Oravicza  19-46  74'55,  Fe  0'40,  Cu  3'13,  Au  0'53,  Pb  2-26=100-33  Hubert. 

5.  Cornwall  18-42  78'00,  Fe  1*04,  Cu  2'42=99'88  Rammelsberg. 

6.  Riddarhyttan  18-19  77'33,  Fe  0'31,  Cu  0*39,  Te  0'30,  Se  tr.,  Actinolite  2'93=99'45  Geuth. 

7.  Bolivia  19-61  80-93=100-54  Forbes. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes,  and  a  white  sublimate  which  B.B.  fuses  into 
drops,  brown  while  hot  and  opaque  yellow  on  cooling.  On  charcoal  at  first  gives  sulphurous 
fumes,  then  fuses  with  spirting,  and  coats  the  coal  with  yellow  oxyd  of  bismuth.  Fus.=l.  Dis- 
solves readily  in  hot  nitric  acid,  and  a  white  precipitate  falls  on  diluting  with  water. 

Obs. — Accompanies  molybdenite  and  apatite  in  quartz,  at  Brandy  Gill,  Carrock  Fells,  in  Cum- 
berland, having  a  foliated  structure;  occurs  near  Redruth;  at  Botallack  near  Land's  End;  at 
Herland  Mine,  Gwennap ;  with  childrenite,  near  Callington ;  at  Lanescott  mine,  near  St.  Austell  • 
at  Johanngeorgenstadt,  Altenberg,  Schneeberg,  in  limestone ;  with  cerium  ore  at  Riddarhyttauj 
Sweden ;  at  the  San  Baldomero  mine,  near  Sorata,  Bolivia,  foliated,  massive,  and  acicular. 

Occurs  with  gold,  pyrite,  and  chalcopyrite  in  Rowan  Co.,  N.  C.,  at  the  Earnhardt  vein.  Re- 
ported by  Shepard  to  have  been  found  with  chrysoberyl  at  Haddam,  Ct. 

G.  Rose  obtained  from  artificial  crystals,  /A/=90°  40',  i-2  A*-2=53°*40'  and  126°  20'  IM4= 
20,  fr4Afr4=23°  23',  «-4AM=152°  14'.  G.=7'10— 6'89,  the  variation  depending  on  some 
bismuth  present.  Pogg.,  xci.  402. 

31.  TETRADYMITB.     Ore  of  Tellurium  (fr.  Tellemark)  EsmarJc,  Trans.  G.  Soc.,  iii.  413,  June 
1,  1815.     TeUurwismuth  (fr.  Riddarhyttan)  Berz.,  Ac.  H.  Stoekh.,  1823.     Telluric  Bismuth.     Te- 
tradymite  (fr.  Schubkau)  Haid.,  Baumg.  ZS.,  ix.  129,  1831.     Bismuth  tellure,  Telluro  selenie 
bismuthifere  Fr.    Bornine  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  538,  1832.    Bismuthotellurites  pt.   Gloclcer,  Syn.  19, 
1847.    Tellurbismuth  Bakh,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxxv.  99,  1863. 

Hexagonal.  0A#=118°  38',  E/\R  =  81°  2' ;  a  =  1-5865.  -2A-2= 
66°  40',  6>A-2=105°  16',  Haid,  from  Schubkau  crystals.  Crystals  often  . 

Cleavage  :  basal,  very  perfect.    Also  massive,  foliated,  or  granular. 
T5-2.    G.=7-2— T-9,     Lustre  metallic,  splendent.  Color  pale  steel- 
gray.     JNot  very  sectile.     Laminse  flexible.     Soils  paper. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 


31 


Comp.,  Var.— Consists  of  bismuth  and  tellurium,  with  sometimes  sulphur  and  selenium  If 
sulphur,  when  present,  replaces  part  of  the  tellurium,  the  analyses  for  the  most  part  afford  the 
general  formula  Bi2  (Te,  S)3. 


from 


Yar.  I.— Free  from  sulphur.     Bi2  Te3— Tellurium  48-1,  bismuth  51-9  ;  analyses  1—7.    G=7'868 
>m  Dahlonega,  Jackson;   7 '642,  id.,  Balch. 

2.  Sulphurous.    Bi2  (|  Te  +  £S)3;  analyses  8—11.     G.=7'500,  crystals  from  Schubkau  Wehrle- 
7-514,  id.,  Baumgartner ;  7'237,  fr.  Davidson  Co.,  Genth.     The  name  Bornine,  after  von  Born  was 
given  by  Beudaut  in  1 832,  and  Wehrle's  analysis  of  the  Schubkau  ore  was  the  only  one  cited. 

3.  Seleniferous.     The  TeUemark    ore,  according  to    Berzelius,  gives  B.B.  a  strong  odor  of 
selenium.  . 


1. 

Fluvanna  Co.,  Va 

48-19 



tr. 

53-07 

2. 

U                          li 

47-07 



tr. 

53-78 

3. 

«                          U 

49-79 



tr. 

51-56 

4. 

Dahlonega 

48-22 

tr. 

tr. 

[50-83] 

5. 

n 

47-25 

tr. 

tr. 

50-97 

6. 

u 

48-26 





51-46 

7. 

u 

48-73 



— 

51-57 

8. 

Schubkau 

34-6 

4-8 

tr. 

60-0 

9. 

u 

36-05 

4-32 

— 

58-30 

10. 

II 

35-8 

4-6 



59-2 

11. 

Whitehall,  Va. 

35-05 

3-65 

— 

58-80 

12. 

Davidson  Co.,  N.C. 

33-84 

5-27 

tr. 

61-35 

Analyses:  1—3,  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xix.  16);  4,  5,  Genth  (ib.,  xxxi.  368) ;  6  7  D  M  Balch 
(ib.,  xxxv.  99);  8,  Wehrle  (Schw.  J.,  lix.  482,  1830);  9,  Berzelius  (Jahresb.,  xii.  178,  1831);  10, 
Hruschauer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlv.  456);  11,  C.  T.  Jackson  (This  Min.,  712,  1850);  12,  Genth  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xvi.  81): 

Te          S       Se       Bi        Fe 

-  =101-26  Genth. 

-  =100-85  Genth. 

-  =101-35  Genth. 

7  Cu  0-06,  Au,  quartz,  etc.,  0'72  =  100  Genth. 

)  "  0-06,      "         »       »  0-80=99-33  Genth. 

-  =  99-72  Balch. 

-  =100-30  Balch. 

-  =  99-4  Wehrle. 

-  gangue  0'75=99'42  Berz. 

-  =99-6  Hruschauer. 

-  Au,  3Pi,  Si  2-70=100-20  Jackson. 

-  =100-46  Genth. 

Fisher  obtained  in  an  analysis  of  the  Fluvanna  mineral,  6'81  p.  c.  of  selenium.  But  Dr.  Genth 
finds  in  it  no  selenium  or  sulphur.  C.  T.  Jackson  obtained  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxvii.  366)  the  compo- 
sition of  jose'Lte  for  the  Dahlonega  mineral ;  but  the  later  results  of  Genth  and  Balch  havo 
shown  this  to  be  incorrect. 

Pyr. — In  the  open  tube  a  white  sublimate  of  tellurous  acid,  which  B.B.  fuses  to  colorless  drops. 
On  charcoal  fuses,  gives  white  fumes,  and  entirely  volatilizes;  tinges  the  E.F.  bluish-green; 
coats  the  coal  at  first  white  (tellurous  acid),  and  finally  orange-yellow  (oxyd  of  bismuth) ;  some 
varieties  give  sulphurous  and  selenous  odors ;  that  from  Fluvanna  Co.,  Va.,  gave  Fisher  a  red 
sublimate  of  selenium  in  the  open  tube. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Schubkau  near  Schemnitz ;  at  Eetzbanya ;  at  Tellemark  hi  Norway ;  at  Bast- 
naes  mine,  near  Eiddarhyttan,  Sweden. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Virginia,  at  the  Whitehall  gold  mines,  Spotsylvania  Co.,  at  Monroe 
mine,  Stafford  Co.,  and  Tellurium  mine,  Fluvanna  Co.,  with  native  gold;  in  North  Carolina,  David- 
son Co.,  about  5  m.  W.  of  Washington  mine,  in  foliated  scales  and  lamellar  masses  along  with 
gold,  chalcopyrite,  magnetite,  epidote,  limonite,  etc. ;  it  was  partly  altered  to  a  combination  of 
tellurous  acid  and  oxyd  of  bismuth,  with  but  little  of  carbonate  of  bismuth  (Genth,  L  c.) ;  in 
Georgia,  Lumpkin  Co.,  4  m.  E.  of  Dahlonega,  and  also  in  Cherokee  and  Polk  counties. 

32.  JOSEITE.     Tellurure  de  Bismuth  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xiii.  372,  1845.    Bornine, 
Tellure  bismuthifere  du  Bresil,  Duf.  [not  Borniue  Bsud.]     Joseit  Kenng.,  Min.,  121,  1853. 

Hexagonal,  with  perfect  basal  cleavage,  like  tetradymite.  Soft.  Gr.= 
7*924 — 7'936.  Lustre  submetallic.  Color  grayish-black,  steel-gray.  Fragile. 

Comp.— From  Damour's  analyses,  Bi3  Te2  (S,  Se)2=Ei3  (\  Te  +  i(S,  Se))4,  or  a  tellurid  of  bis- 
muth, in  which  half  of  the  tellurium  is  replaced  by  sulphur  and  selenium.  Analyses  by  Damour 


1.  San  Jose,  Brazil 

2          "  " 


Te 

15-93 
15-68 


S        Se 
3-15     1-48 

4-58 


Bi 

79-15     =99-71 
78-40     =98-66 


Rammelsberg  obtained  from  an  allied  mineral,  from  Cumberland,  England  (Mm.  Ch.,  5) :  Tel- 
lurium 6-73,  sulphur  6'43,  bismuth  84-33=97-49 ;  corresponding  to  Bi4,  Te,  S  ,  making  the 
=  1:  4. 


32  SULPHIDS,    ETC. 

An  ore  from  Sorata,  passing  for  native  bismuth,  an.d  mentioned  under  that  species,  gave  Forbes, 
as  there  cited,  5-09  p  .0.  of  tellurium,  with  As  0-38,  and  S  0-07 ;  while  Genth  found  in  another 
specimen  only  0-042  Te.  Forbes's  specimen  may  have  the  formula  Bi"  Te.  It  is  foliated  nearly 

Pvr.— S  the  Brazil  ore  acts  nearly  like  tetradymite.  In  an  open  tube  it  gives  off  some  sul- 
phur then  white  fumes  of  oxyd  of  tellurium,  and  then  affords  a  decided  odor  of  selenium  ;  and  m 
the  upper  part  of  the  tube  a  white  coating  with  some  brick-red  over  it,  due  to  the  selenium ;  and 
a  yellowish  residue  below  due  to  the  oxyd  of  bismuth. 

Obs.— Found  in  granular  limestone  at  San  Jose,  near  Mariana,  province  of  Mmas  G-eraes,  Brazil, 
and  first  brought  to  France  by  Mr.  Claussen. 

33.  WEHRLITE.     Argent  molybdique  de  Born,  Cat.  de  Eaab.,  ii.  419,  1790.     Wasserblei- 
silber,  Molybdan-silber,  Wern.,  Letztes  Min.  Syst.,  18,  48,  1817.      Molybdic  silver.     Wismuth- 
rfanz  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  i.  254,  1795.   Tellurwismuth  Berz.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1823.   Wismuthspiegel 
"Weiss.      Spiegelglanz  [= Mirror-glance]   Bretih.      Tetradymite  pt.   many  authors.     Wehrlite 
Huot,  Min.,  i.  188,  1841.    Pilsenit  Kenng.,  Mhi.,  121,  1853. 

Hexagonal.     Like  tetradymite  in  perfect  basal  cleavage. 
H.z=i 2.     G.= 8-44,  wehrle.     Lustre  very  bright.     Color  light  steel- 
gray.     Thin  folia  a  little  elastic. 

Comp.— Bi  (Te,  S),  with  Te:  S=3:  1,  from  an  imperfect  analysis  by  Wchrle  (Baumg.  Ztg.,  ix. 
144): 

Deutsch-Pilsen         Te  29'74        S  2'33        Bi  61'15        Ag  2'07     =95'29 

Pyr,,  etc. — Like  tetradymite. 

Obs. — From  Doutsch  Pilsen,  in  Hungary.  First  reported  as  an  ore  of  silver  and  molybdenum. 
Distinguished  from  tetradymite  by  its  high  specific  gravity.  Breithaupt  obtained  Gr.r=8'00  with  a 
specimen  not  wholly  free  from  the  gangue. 

34.  MOLYBDENITE.    Not  Molybdana  [=product  fr.  partial  reduct.  and  oxyd.  of 'Galena] 
Dioscor.,  Plin.,  Agric.    Blyertz,  Molybdena  pt.  [rest  graphite]  Wall,  131,  1747,  Linn.,  1748,  1768. 
Sulphur  ferro  et  stanno  saturatum  (fr.  Bastnaes,  etc.),  Wasserbley  pt.,  Molybdena  pt.,  Cronst., 
139,  1758.    MolybdaBna  (with  discov.  of  metal)  Hielm,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1782,  1788-1793.     Was- 
serblei  Wern.    Molybdanglanz  Germ.    Molybdena  Kirw.,  Min.,  1796  (calls  the  metal  Molybden- 
ite).   Sulphuret  of  Molybdena.     Molybdenite  Brongn.,  ii.  92,  1807,  citing  Kirwan  as  authority. 

Monoclinic  ?  Hexagonal  ?  In  short  or  tabular  hexagonal  prisms. 
Twins:  consisting  of  three  combined  crystals,  sometimes  indicated  by 
striae  on  the  base  of  the  hexagonal  prisms,  at  right  angles  to  its  sides,  hav- 
ing occasionally  replaced  terminal  edges.  Cleavage :  eminent,  parallel  to 
base  of  hexagonal  prisms.  Commonly  foliated,  massive,  or  in  scales ;  also 
fine  granular. 

H.=l — 1'5,  being  easily  impressed  by  the  nail.  G.=4*44 — 4*8.  Lustre 
metallic.  Color  pure  lead-gray.  Streak  similar  to  color,  slightly  inclined 
to  green.  Opaque.  Laminae  very  flexible,  not  elastic.  Sectile,  and  almost 
malleable.  Gray  trace  on  paper. 

Comp.— Mo  S2-Sulphur  41'0,  molybdenum  59-0=100.  Analyses:  1,  Brandea  (Schw.  J.,  xxix. 
325);  2,  Seybert  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  iv.  1822,  320);  3,  4,  Svanberg  &  Struve  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliv.  257);  5, 
Wetherill(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  443): 

Mo  S 

1.  Altenberg  59'6  40-4=100  Brandes. 

2.  Chester,  Pa.        G.=4'444  59'42  39'68=99'10  Seybert. 

3.  Smoaland  58*627  40-573,  gangue  0'800  S  &  S. 

4.  Bohiislau  57'154  39'7lO,       "       3'136  S  &  S. 

5.  Reading,  Pa.  55-727  38-198,  £e  3*495,  Si  2-283,  H.  0-297  Wetherill 


SULPHIDS,  ETC.  03 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  infusible,  imparts  a  vel 
lo wish-green  color  to  the  flame;  on  charcoal  the  pulverized  mineral  gives  in  O.F.  a  stron^  odor 
of  sulphur,  and  coats  the  coal  with  crystals  of  molybdic  acid,  which  appear  yellow  while  hot  and 
white  on  cooling ;  near  the  assay  the  coating  is  copper-red,  and  if  the  white  coating  be  touched 
with  an  intermittent  R.F.,  it  assumes  a  beautiful  azure-blue  color.  Decomposed  by  nitric  acid 
leaving  a  white  or  grayish  residue  (molybdic  acid). 

Obs. — Molybdenite  generally  occurs  imbedded  in,  or  disseminated  through,  granite,  gneiss 
zircon-syenite,  granular  limestone,  and  other  crystalline  rocks.  At  Numedal  in  Sweden,  Arendal' 
Selba,  and  Tellemarken  in  Norway,  Nertsehinsk  in  Russia,  and  Auerbach  in  Saxony,  it  has  been 
observed  in  hexagonal  prisms.  Pound  also  at  Altenberg  and  Ehrenfriedersdorf 'in  Saxony 
Schlackenwald  and  Ziunwald  in  Bohemia ;  Rathausberg  in  Austria ;  near  Miask,  Urals ;  Bastuaes' 
etc.,  Sweden;  in  Finland;  Laurvig  in  Norway;  Chessy  in  France;  Peru;  Brazil;  Calbeck  Fell' 
Carrock  Fells,  and  near  the  source  of  the  Caldew  iii  Cumberland,  associated  with  tungstate 
of  lime  and  apatite ;  several  of  the  Cornish  mines ;  in  Scotland  at  East  Tulloch,  south  of  Loch 
Tay;  at  Mount  Cory  by  on  Loch  Creran,  etc. 

In  Maine,  at  Blue  Hill  Bay  and  Camdage  farm,  in  large  crystallizations ;  also  at  Brunswick, 
Bowdoinham,  and  San  ford,  but  less  interesting.  In  Conn.,  at  Haddam.  and  the  adjoining  towns 
on  the  Connecticut  river,  in  gneiss  in  crystals  and  large  plates ;  also  at  Saybrook.  In  Vermont, 
at  Newport,  with  crystals  of  white  apatite.  In  N.  Hampshire,  at  Westmoreland,  four  miles  south 
of  the  north  village  meeting-house,  in  a  vein  of  mica  slate,  abundant ;  at  Llaudaff  in  regular  tabu- 
lar crystals ;  at  Franconia.  In  Mass.,  at  Shutesbury,  east  of  Locke's  pond ;  at  Brimfteld,  with 
iolite.  In  N.  York,  two  miles  southeast  of  Warwick,  in  irregular  plates  associated  with  rutile, 
zircon,  and  pyrite.  In  Penn.,  in  Chester,  on  Chester  Creek,  near  Reading ;  near  Concord,  Cabarrus 
Co.,  N.  C.,  with  pyrite  in  quartz.  In  California,  at  Excelsior  gold  mine,  in  Excelsior  district.  In 
Canada,  at  Balsam  Lake,  Terrace  Cove,  Lake  Superior ;  north  of  Balsam  Lake,  on  a  small  island 
in  Big  Turtle  Lake,  with  scapolite,  pyroxene,  etc.,  in  a  vein  of  quartz  intersecting  crystalline 
limestone;  at  St.  Jerome,  0.  E. ;  at  Seabeach  Bay,  near  Black  River,  N.  W.  of  L.  Superior  (48°  46' 
N.,  87°  17' W.). 

Distinguished  from  plumbago  by  its  lustre  and  streak,  and  also  by  its  behavior  before  the  blow- 
pipe and  with  acids. 


2.  SIMPLE  SULPHIDS,  TELLUBIDS,  SELENIDS,  AKSEOTDS, 
ANTIMOOTDS,  BISMUTHIDS,  PHOSPHIDS,  OF  METALS  OF 
THE  GOLD,  IKOST,  AND  TIN  GEOUPS. 

Three  divisions  of  these  Sulphids,  Arsenids,  etc.,  are  here  recognized : 
(1)  a  basic  division,  in  which  the  atomic  ratio  between  the  sulphur  or 
arsenic  metal  and  the  others  is  1  to  more  than  one ;  (2)  a  proto  division, 
with  the  ratio  1:1;  (3)  a  deuto  division,  with  the  ratio  1:2.  In  these 
ratios,  and  in  stating  the  formulas  beyond,  the  halved  atomic  weights  of 
arsenic,  antimony,  and  bismuth  are  in  view,  as  stated  on  p.  26.  In  the 
third  division,  some  species  are  included  which  appear  to  be  combinations 
of  deuto  and  proto  compounds. 

The  mineral  chalcopyrite  is  sometimes  referred  to  the  double-binary  sulphids,  on  tha  ground 
of  its  containing,  along  with  a  protosulphid,  the  sulphid  Fe2  S3 ;  but  as  the  existence  of  a  sesqui- 
sulphid  Fe2  S3  is  not  established,  while  Fe  S2  is  the  one  of  common  occurrence,  the  more  probable 
view  of  the  sulphid  is  that  it  consists  of  two  sulphids  Fe  S  and  Fe  S2  in  combination.  This  view 
is  sustained  by  the  near  isomorphism  of  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite.  The  above  remark  applies  also 
to  bornite  and  pyrrhotite,  in  which  Fe2  S3  has  been  supposed  to  be  present.  Fe2  Ss;  it  should  be 
noted,  equals  Fe  S  +  Fe  S2.  Linnaite  and  carrolite  come  into  the  same  category. 

In  an  article  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  xliv.  1867,  the  author  gives  reasons  for 
believing  that  the  compounds  crystallizing  in  hexagonal  forms  have  the  number  of  atoms  of  the 
negative  element  8,  or  a  multiple  of  3,  and  in  tetragonal  forms,  a  multiple  of  4 ;  whence  it  foUows, 
that  while  ordinary  isometric  blende,  or  sulphid  of  zinc,  for  example,  may  be  Zn  S,  the  hexagonal, 

3 


34: 


STJLPHEDS,    ETC. 


or  wurtzite,  is  probably  Zn3  S3.    The  principle,  if  real,  has  a  very  wide  application  among  chemical 
and  mineral  species. 

I.  BASIC  OR  DYSCRASITE  DIVISION. 

Ag2Sb  37.    DOMEYKITE  "Gil 

Ag3  Sb  38.  ALGODONITE  <3u( 

AgflBi  39.  WHITNEYITE  €u! 

II.  PROTO  OR  GALENA  DIVISION. 
1.  GALENA  GROUP.— Isometric,  holohedral. 


35.      DYSCRASITB 

(B) 
36. 


As3 

As3 

As2 


40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 

44. 


ARGENTITE       AgS  48.  ALTAITE 

NAUMANNITE     (Ag,  Pb)  Se  49.  BOKNITE 
EUCAIBITE         (-Gu,  Ag)  Se 

CROOKESITE       (6u,  Tl)  Se  50.  BERZELIANITE 

GALBNITB          Pb  8  51.  CASTILLITE 

44  A.  HUASOOLITE       (Pb,  Zn)  S  52.  ALABANDITE 

45.  OLAUSTHALITE   Pb  Se  53.  SYEPOORITE 

46.  ZORGITE  ?(Pb,  €u)  Se  54.  PEXTLANDTTE 

47.  LEHRBACHITE    (Pb,  Hg)  Se  55.  GRUNAUITE 

2.  BLENDE  GROUP.—  Isometric,  tetrahedral. 

56.  SPHALERITE          Zn  S  [PRZIBRAMITE] 

[MARMATITE         (Zn,  Fe)  S  57.  VOLTZITE 

3.  CHALCOOITE  GROUP.—  Orthorhombic. 


58.  HESSITE  Ag  Te 

59.  DALEMINZITE        Ag  S 

60.  ACANTHITE  Ag  S 

4.  PTRRHOTITE  GROUP.—  Hexagonal 


64.  CINNABAR 

65.  TIEMANNITE 

66.  MlLLERITE 

67.  TROILITE 

68.  PYRRHOTITE 


Hg  S 
Hg  Se  ? 

Ni  S 

Fe  S 
Fe 


61.  CHALCOCTTE 

62.  STROMEYERITE 

63.  STERNBERGITB 

69.  GREENOCKITE 

70.  WURTZITB 

71.  NlCCOLITE 

72.  BREITHAUPTITE 

73.  KANEITE 

Fe,  Ni,  P 

III.   DEUTO  OR  PTRITE  DIVISION. 


Fe  S3 
74.  SCHREIBERSITE 


1.  PTRITE  GROUP.—  Isometric. 

75.  PYBITE  Fe  S3 

76.  HAUERITE         Mn  S2 

77.  CUBANITE          ^(Fej-G^S  +  FeS^ 

78.  CHALCOPYRITE  2  (6u,  Fe)  S  +  Fe  S2 

79.  BARNHARDTITE  [2(eu,Fe)S  +  FeS2]  +  [O 

80.  STANNITE          2  (6u,  Fe,  Zn)  S  +  Sn  S2 

81.  LINN^EITE          2CoS  +  CoS2 


83.  SMALTITE, 


84. 
85. 
86. 
87. 

88. 


82.  CARROLLITE       2(6u,  Co)S  +  Co  S2  +  [2Co  S2]  89. 
2.  MARCASITE  GROUP.—  Orthorhombic. 

90.  MARCASITE          Fe  S2  *  94. 

91.  LEUCOPYRITE       Fe  As2  95. 

92.  RAMMELSBERGITE  Ni  As2  96. 

93.  MOHSITE  FeAs2+FeAs  97. 

[98.  SYLVANITE 


SKUTTERUDITE 

COBALTITE 

GERSDORFFITE 

ULLMANNITE 

CORYNITE 

LAURITE 

ARSENOPYRITE 
GLAUCODOT 
PACITE 
ALLOCLASITE 
(Ag,  Au)  Te9 


PbTe 
(611,  Fe)  S 
(€hi,  F 
OuSe 
(Ou,  Zn, 
MnS 
CoS 
(Ni,  Fe)  S 


(Zn,  Cd)  S 
Zn  S  +  iZnO 


(€u,  Ag)  S 

(Fe,  Ag)S+iFeS3 


CdS 
ZnS 

Ni  As 
NiSb 
Mn  As 


(Co,  Fe,  Ni)  As3 
R  As  +  R  As2 
Co  As3 
Co  (S,  As)2 
Ni  (S,  As)2 
Ni  (S,  Sb,  As)2 
Ni  (S,  As,  Sb)2 


Fe  (S,  As)3 
(Co,  Fe)  (S,  As)2 
Fe(iS  +  f  As)3 
Co(S,  As)2+nBi  As 


STJLPHIDS,    ETC. 


35 


3.  NAGYAGITE  GROUP.— Tetragonal. 

99.  NAGYAGITE 

4.  COVELLITE  GROUP.— Hexagonal. 

100.  GOVELLITB  Cu  S,  or 


I.  BASIC  OK  DYSCEASITE  DIVISION. 


35.  DYSCRASITE.  Argentum  nativum  antimonio  adunatura  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  159,  1782. 
Spiesglanz-Silber  Sell,  Lempe  Mag.,  iii.  5,  1786.  Silberspiessglanz,  Spiesglas-Silber,  Antimon- 
Silber,  Germ.  Antimonial  Silver.  Argent  Antimonial  Fr.  Discrase  Send.,  ii.  613,  1832.  Dis- 
crasit  Frobel,  ?  Prodr.  Stochiolith,  1837. 


1  A  l,brach.,=92( 
i-2  A  £2=  98  13J 
£-3  A  £-8 =120    1 


Orthorhombic.     /A  7=119°  59';    0  A  \-l  130°  41';   a  :  I  :  c=M633 
1  :  1-7315. 

0  A    £=146°    7'         6>Al-2     =     146° 

6>A     1=126    40          0A2-*     =     126 

6>  A  1-5=142    12  1  A   1,  mac.,  132    42 

Cleavage :  basal  distinct :  1-2  also  distinct ;  I 
imperfect.  Twins :  stellate  forms  and  hexagonal 
prisms.  Also  massive,  granular ;  particles  of 
various  sizes,  weakly  coherent. 

H.=3-5— 4.  G.=9-44— 9-82;  9*4406,  Haiiy. 
Lustre  metallic.  Color  and  streak  silver-white, 
inclining  to  tin- white ;  sometimes  tarnished  yel- 
low or  blackish.  Opaque.  Fracture  uneven. 


0 

* 

l-l 

1 

1-3 

l-l 

2-i 

i-i 

I 

i-2 

a 

i-b 

i-i 

Oomp. — (A)  Ag2  Sb= Antimony  22,  silver  78=100.     Also  Observed  planes. 

(B)  Ag3  Sb= Antimony  15 '66,  silver  84*34.   Also  Ag3  Sb2=  Silver 

72-92,  antimony  27-08.  Analyses:  1,  2,  7,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  ii.  298,  iii.  173);  3,  Vauquelin 
(Haiiy's  Min.,  iii.  392);  4,  Abich  (Crell's  Ann.,  1798,  ii.  3);  5,  Plattner  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  30); 
6,  8,  9,  Rammelsberg  (ZS.  G-.,  xvi.  620) : 


1.  "Wolfach,  coarse  granular 


2.  Andreasberg,  foliated  granular,  Gr.=9'82 

3.  " 

4.  " 

5.  " 

6.  " 

7.  Wolfach,  fine  granular 

8.  " 

9.  " 


Antimony  [24 


[23] 
[22] 

[24-75] 
15-0 

[27-08] 
[IB] 
15-81 

[17-81] 


Silver  78  Klaproth. 

77  Klaproth. 

78  Vauquelin. 
75-25  Abich. 

84-7  =  99-7  Plattner. 

72-72  Rarara. 

84  Klaproth. 

83-85,  As  *r=99-66  Ramm. 

82-19  Ramm. 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a  globule,  coating  the  coal  with  white  oxyd  of  antimony, 
and  finally  giving  a  globule  of  almost  pure  silver.      Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  oxyd 
antimony. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  veins  near  Wolfach  in  Baden,  Wittichen  in  Suabia,  and  at  Andreasberg  in 
Harz,  associated  with  several  ores  of  silver,  native  arsenic,  and  galena,  and  other  species ;  also  at 
AUemont  in  Dauphine,  Casalla  in  Spain,  and  in  Bolivia,  S.  A. 

If  less  rare,  this  would  be  a  valuable  ore  of  silver.     Named  from  Ju«pa«?,  a  bad  alloy. 

Arsenic  Silver  (Arseniksilber),  from  Andreasberg,  analyzed  by  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  i.  183),  and 


36  SULPHIDS,    ETC. 

Dumenil  (Scliweig.  J.,  xxxiv.  357),  has  been  shown  by  Rammelsberg  to  be  probably  a  mixture  of 
arsenopyrite.  arsenical  iron,  and  dyscrasite  (Pogg.,  Ixxvii.  262,  and  Miu.  Ch.,  28). 

35C.  Domeyko  found  a  mass  of  ore  from  Chanarcillo,  Chili,  which  was  mainly  impure  chloro- 
broinid  of  silver  externally,  to  contain  within  (Tr.  do  Ensayes,  238,  1858)  55'9  p.  c.  of  chlorid  of 
silver,  15-1  of  an  antimonid  of  silver,  with  14-5  of  carbonates  and  14'2  ochreous  clay;  and  this 
antimouid,  he  says,  consists  of  Sb  36,  Ag  64,  and  "appears  to  constitute  a  distinct  species."  The 
formula  would  be  Ag  Sb.  This  species  is  not  mentioned  in  his  Mineralogy  of  1860. 

Domeyko  states  (Miu.  190,  1860)  that  at  Chanarcillo  a  finely  granular  grayish- white  silver  ore, 
disseminated  in  grains,  taking  the  lustre  of  silver  when  rubbed,  afforded  him  4  to  6  p.  c.  of  anti- 
mony; that  of  the  Descubridora  mine  4-1  Ag;  that  of  the  Rosario  mine  5-8  p.  c.  He  also  states 
that  "the  filamentous  silver  of  Bolivia  contains  Sb  3 -7,  As  2 -3  p.  c. 

35D.  CUANARCILLITB  Dana.— Re  describes  further  (ib.)  a  silver-white,  shining  arsenio-anti- 
monial  ore  from  Chanarcillo,  disseminated  through  calcite,  which  afforded  him  Sb  19'6  — 21*4,  As 
23-3—22-3,  Ag  53'6— 53'3,  Fe  3-0—3-0.  Regarding  the  iron  as  arsenical  iron,  he  deduces  the 
formula  Ag2  (As,  Sb)3. 

Rammelsberg  points  out  the  isomorphism  of  dyscrasite  and  the  antimonid  of  zinc,  Zn2  Sb, 
described  by  Cooke  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xviii.  229,  xx.  222). 

36.  OHILENITE.    Aleacion  de  plata  con  bismuto  Domeyko,  Min.,  187,  1845.     Plata  Bismutal 
id.,  ib.  185,  1860.     Chilenite  Dana. 

Amorphous ;  granular. 

Soft.     Silver-white,  but  tarnishing  easily  to  yellowish. 

Comp.— Ag6  Bi=Bismuth  13-8,  silver  86-2.  Domeyko  obtained  (Min.,  185,  1860)  Bi  101,  Ag 
GO-1,  Cu  6-8,  As  2-8,  gangue  19'0,  corresponding  to  Bi  14'4,  silver  85'6.  Also  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  v. 
456)  Bi  15-3,  Ag  84*7.  For  the  last  the  material  was  separated  from  a  mass  containing  8  to  10 
p.  c.  of  it  disseminated  in  small  points. 

Obs. — From  the  mine  of  San  Antonio  in  Copiapo. 

36A.  BISMUTH  SILVER  OF  SCHAPBACH,  SCHAPBACHITE.  (Bisrnuthisch.es  Silber  Selb,  CrelTa 
Ann.,  179^,  i.  10,  Schapbachite  Kenng.,  Min.,  118,  1853).  According  to  F.  Sandberger,  this  bis- 
muth-silver, analyzed  by  Klaproth,  is  a  mixture  of  bismuthiue  in  needles,  argentite,  and  galena 
(Jahresb.,  1863,  797,  1864).  Klaproth  obtained  (Beitr.,  ii.  291)  Bi  27,  Ag  15,  Pb33,  Fe4'3,  Cu  0'9, 
S  16*3.  Sandberger  gives  an  analysis  by  von  Muth,  who  obtained  Bi  8'22,  Ag  4'05,  Pb  45-30, 
Fe  0-07,  S  9-72,  quartz  32-33  =  99-69;  which,  after  separating  the  iron  as  Fe  S2,  affords  for  the  rest 
1  Bi  S3,  12  R  S.  D.  Forbes  remarks  with  regard  to  Klaproth's  analysis  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxv.  105) 
that  the  sulphur  is  sufficient  to  make  sulphids  of  the  metals,  and  suggests  the  same  conclusion. 

37.  DOMEYKITE.    Arsenikkupfer  (fr.  Copiapo)  Zinken,  Pogg.,  xli.  659,  1837.     Arseniure  de 
cuivre  Domeyko,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  hi.  3,  1843 ;  Cobre  Blanco  id.,  Min.  138,  1 845.     Weisskupfer 
Hausm.    Cuivre  arsenical  Fr.     Arsenical  Copper.     Domeykite  Haid.,   Handb.,    562,    1845. 
Coudurrite  W.  PhiUips,  Phil.  Mag.,  ii.  286,  1827. 

Reniform  and  botryoidal ;  also  massive  and  disseminated. 

H.=3— 3-5.  G.=7— 7-50,  Portage  Lake,  Genth.  Lustre  metallic,  but 
dull  on  exposure.  Color  tin-white  to  steel-gray,  with  a  yellowish  to  pinch- 
beck-brown, and,  afterward,  an  iridescent  tarnish.  Fracture  uneven. 

Comp,— Ou3  As2= Arsenic  28'3,  copper  71-7  =  100.  Analyses :  1,  2,  Domeyko  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV. 
iii.  5) ;  3,  4,  F.  Field  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  x.  289) ;  5,  D.  Forbes  (2  J.  G.  Soc.,  xvii.  44);  6,  7,  F.  A.  Genth 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiii.  193);  8,  9,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxi.  305);  10,  Blythe  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  L 
213) : 

1.  Calabozo,  Chili  As  28-36  Cu  71-64=100  Domeyko. 

2.  Copiapo  23-29        70'70,  Fe  0'52,  S  3'87 =98-38  Domeyko. 

3.  28-44        71-56=100  Field.  * 

4.  Coquimbo,    "  28-26         7l'48  =  99'74  Field. 

5.  Coracoro,  Bolivia  28-41        71-13,  Ag  0-46=100  Forbes 

6.  Portage  Lake  29'25         70-68=96-93  Genth. 

29-48         70-01=99-59  Genth. 
8.  Cornwall,  Condurrite        18'70         70  51,  Fe  0'66  Rammelsberg 

17-84         70-02,  gangue  TO 7  Rammelsberg 

19-51        60-21,  Fe  0-25,  S  2'33,   H  2-41,  C  T62.  H  0'44,  N  0'06, 

013-17  =  100  Blythe. 


SULPHID6,    ETC.  3f 

(A)  Condurrite  is  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  other  ores.  It  is  black  and  soft  soiling  the 
fingers.  It  appears,  sometimes,  at  least,  to  be  a  mixture  of  arsenite  of  copper  with  doinevkite 
and  some  sulphid  of  copper.  Rammelsberg  treated  one  specimen  with  muriatic  acid  and  analyzed 
the  soluble  and  insoluble  portions  separately,  obtaining 

1.  Insoluble        As  13-89     Cu  12'81    S  2*20    gangue  0-70=29-60 

2.  Soluble  A"s    3'70     Cu  62'29    fi  5-83=7182. 

The  insoluble  portion  contains,  therefore,  As  4'16,  Cu  13-89,  with  10-85  of  sulphid  of  copper  • 
corresponding,  the  last  excluded,  to  arsenic  23-04,  copper  76*96=100. 

Von  Kobell  ( J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxix.  204),  with  the  same  treatment  of  another  specimen,  found  the 
composition  of  the  soluble  part,  As  8*03,  Cu  79*00,  3Pe  3*47,  H  9'50=100,  and  the  insoluble  con- 
sisted of  arsenic  and  some  sulphid  of  copper  in  grains. 

Blythe  concludes,  as  a  mean  of  many  analyses,  that  the  arsenid  of  copper  contained  in  condur- 
rite  consists  of  arsenic  28'85,  copper  71-15,  which  corresponds  with  the  domeykite  ;  and  Faraday's 
analysis  (Phil.  Mag.,  1827,  286)  leads  to  the  same  result,  or  arsenic  29-88,  copper  70*11 ;  but 
Rammelsberg's  analysis  gives  a  larger  proportion  of  copper. 

Pyr.,  etc,— In  the  open  tube  fuses  and  gives  a  white  crystalline  sublimate  of  arsenous  acid. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  arsenical  fames  and  a  malleable  metallic  globule,  which,  on  treatment  with  soda,' 
gives  a  globule  of  pure  copper.  Not  dissolved  in  muriatic  acid,  but  soluble  hi  nitric  acid. 

Obs, — From  the  Chilian  mines  of  Algodones  in  Coquimbo,  in  Illapel,  San  Antonio  in  Copiapo, 
etc. 

In  K  America,  found  on  the  Sheldon  location,  Portage  Lake  ;  and  mixed  with  copper-nickel  at 
Michipicoten  Island,  in  L.  Superior. 

Condurrite  is  from  the  Condurrow  mine,  near  Helstone,  and  Wheal  Druid  mine  at  Cambrae,  near 
Redruth,  Cornwall. 

38.  ALGODONITE.    F.  Field,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  x.  289,  1857. 

In  incrustations  minutely  crystalline.  Commonly  massive  and  distinctly 
granular. 

H.:=4.  G.=7'62,  from  Chili,  Gentli.  Lustre  metallic  and  bright,  but 
becoming  dull  on  exposure.  Color  steel-gray  to  silver-white,  the  latter  on 
a  polished  surface.  Opaque.  Fracture  sub-conchoidal,  affording  a  granular 
surface. 

Comp,— eu8  As2=-Gu9  As-As  16-50,  Cu  83-50=100.  Analyses:  1,  F.  Field  (I  a);  2—4, 
Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.  II.  xxxiii.  192) : 

As  Cu  Ag 

1.  Chili  (£)  16-23         83'30        0-31     =99'84  Field. 

2.  "  (H)  16-95         82-42          tr.      =99-37  Genth. 

3.  L.  Superior  15'30        84-22         0-32     =99-84  Genth. 

4.  "  16-72         82-35         0'30  Genth. 

In  analysis  3,  a  little  whitneyite  was  mixed  with  the  ore,  and  hence  the  higher  percentage  of 
copper  (Genth). 

Pyr, — The  same  as  with  domeykite,  but  less  fusible. 

Obs. — In  Chili,  at  the  silver  mine  of  Algodones,  near  Coquimbo,  in  the  Cerro  de  los  Seguas, 
Department  of  Eaucagua ;  in  the  United  States,  in  the  Lake  Superior  region.  A  transported  mass 
of  mixed  whitneyite  and  algodonite,  weighing  95—100  Ibs..  was  found  on  St.  Louis  R.  The  color 
is  grayer,  and  the  texture  more  granular  and  less  malleable,  than  in  whitneyite. 

39.  WHITNEYITE,     Genth,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxvii.  400,  1859,  xxxiii.  191,  1862.    Darwmite 
D.  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xx.  423,  1860. 

Massive.     Crystalline ;  very  fine  granular. 

H.=3-5.  G.  =  8-246— 8-471,  from  Lake  Superior,  varying  probably  on 
account  of  porosity,  Genth  ;  8*64  from  Chili,  Forbes.  Lustre  dull  and  sub- 
metallic  on  surface  of  fresh  fracture,  but  strong  metallic  where  scratched  or 
rubbed,  but  soon  tarnishing.  Color  pale  reddish  to  grayish-white,  pale  red- 
dish-white on  a  rubbed  surface ;  becoming  yellowish-bronze,  brown,  and 
brownish-black  on  exposure.  Sometimes  iridescent.  Opaque.  Malleable, 


38  SULPHIDS,    ETC. 

Comp.— 6u9  Asa=Arsenic  11-64,  copper  88-36=100.  Analyses :  1—4,  F.  A.  G-enth  (L  c.) ;  5, 
id.  (priv.  contrib.) ;  6,  D.  Forbes  (1.  c.) : 

As  Cu    Ag  &  insol. 

1.  Michigan 

2. 

3. 

4.  " 

5.  Sonora 

6.  Chili 

Pyr, — Less  fusible  than  algodonite ;  otherwise  as  in  domeykite. 

Obs. — In  Houghton  Co.,  Michigan,  coated  with  red  copper.  A  loose  mass,  weighing  about  15 
Ibs.,  and  consisting  partly  of  algodonite,  was  found  on  the  Pewabic  location,  1  m.  from  Hancock 
village,  Portage  Lake ;  recently  found  in  place  on  the  Sheldon  location,  near  Houghton,  Mich. ; 
stated  to  occur  at  the  Albion  location,  about  a  mile  from  the  Cliff  mine,  in  a  vein  4  inches  wide  ; 
also  at  the  Minnesota  mine ;  also  in  Souora  (Genth),  near  La  Lagoona,  a  ranch  on  the  road  to 
Libertad,  Gulf  of  California,  35m.  fr.  Saric. 

Named  after  J.  D.  Whitney. 


(|)11-61         88-13 
12-28         87-48 
12-28         87-37 
10-92  (?)    87-64 
11-46         88-54 
(A)  11-58         88-14 

0-40 
0-04 
0-03 
0-19 
tr. 
0-28 

—  100-14  Genth. 
=  99-80  Genth. 
=  99-68  Genth. 
=  98-75  Genth. 
=  100       Genth. 
=  100       Forbes. 

II.  GALEKA  DIVISION. 

[For  list  of  species  see  page  34.] 

40.  ARGENTITE,  Argentum  rude  plumbei  coloris  et  Galenas  simile,  cultro  diffinditur,  dentibus 
compressum  dilatatur,  Agric.,  438,  1529;  Germ.  Glaserz,  Agric-.,  Interpr.,  463,  1546;  Henckel, 
Min.,  1734  (proving  it  a  sulphur  compound).  Silfverglas,  Minera  argenti  vitrea,  Argeritum  sul- 
phure  mineralisatum,  Wall.,  308,  1746;  Sage,  Ann.  Ch.,  ii.  250,  1776  (with  earliest  anal.) 
Glanzerz,  Silberglas,  Silberglanz,  Schwefel-Silber,  "Weichgewachs,  Germ.  Yitreous  Silver,  Sul- 
phuret  of  Silver,  Silver  Glance.  Argent  sulfure  Fr.  Argyrose  Send.,  Tr.,  ii.  392,  1832.  Ar- 
gentit  Raid.,  Handb.,  565,  1845.  Argyrit  GlocJc.,  Syn.,  23,  1847. 

Isometric.     Observed  planes  0,  I,  1,  2,  2-2.     Figs.  1  to  11,  23.     Cleav- 

e  :  dodecahedral  in  traces.     Also  reticulated,  arborescent,  and  filiform  ; 

so  amorphous. 

H.=2— 2-5.  G.r=7-196— 7-365.  Lustre  metallic.  Streak  and  color 
blackish  lead-gray  ;  streak  shining.  Opaque.  Fracture  small  sub-conchoi- 
dal,  uneven.  Perfectly  sectile. 

Comp.— Ag  S=Sulphur  12'9,  silver  87-1=100,  Analyses:  1.  2,  Klaproth  (Beitr..  i.  158);  3, 
Lindaker  (Vogl's  Min.  Joach.,  78): 

S  Ag 

1.  Joachimsthal  [15]  85    =100  Klaproth. 

2.  Himmelsfurst  [14-7]        85 -3  =  100  Klaproth. 

3.  Joachimsthal  14-46        77'58   Pb  3'68,  Cu  1-53,  Fe  2*02=99-27  Lind. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  open  tube  gives  off  sulphurous  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  with  intu- 
mescence hi  O.F.,  emitting  sulphurous  fumes,  and  yielding  a  globule  of  silver. 

Obs,— This  important  ore  of  silver  is  found  at  Freiberg,  Aunaberg,  Joachimsthal  of  the  Erzge- 
birge  ;  at  Schemnitz  and  Kremnitz  in  Hungary ;  in  Norway  near  Kongsberg ;  in  the  Altai  at  the 
Smeinogorsk  mine ;  in  the  Urals  at  the  Blagodat  mine ;  in  Cornwall ;  in  Bolivia ;  Peru ;  Chili ; 
Mexico  at  Guanajuato,  Zacatecas,  Catorce,  San  Pedro  del  Potosi,  etc. 

Occurs  in  Nevada,  at  the  Comstock  lode,  at  different  mines,  along  with  stephanite,  native  gold, 
etc. ;  in  the  vein  at  Gold  Hill;  common  in  the  ores  of  Reese  River;  probably  the  chief  ore  cf 
silver  in  the  Cortez  district ;  in  the  Kearsarge  district,  Silver-Sprout  vein. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 


39 


A  mass  of  sulphid  of  silver  is  stated  by  Troost  to  have  been  found  in  Sparta,  Tennessee  •  occurs 
with  native  silver  and  copper  in  northern  Michigan.  [A  silver  ore  not  yet  analyzed '  occurs 
according  to  Jackson,  with  gray  antimony,  at  Cornish,  N.  H.] 

Alt. — Native  silver,  at  Joachimsthal.  Also  a  mixture  called  silver-black  (Silberschwarze 
Germ.}. 

40 A.  ARGENTOPYRITE  (Silberkies).  This  mineral  from  Joachimsthal,  made  a  species  by  v.  Wai- 
tershausen  (Ges.  Wiss.  G-ottingen,  1866,  No.  2),  is  shown  by  Tschermak  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  liv. 
342)  to  be  a  pseudomorph  consisting  of  the  minerals  argentite,  marcasite,  pyrrhotite,  pyrargyrite! 
It  occurs  in  small  hexagonal  crystals,  which  were  probably  pyrrhotite  originally.  Yon  Walters- 
liausen  obtained  in  his  analysis,  Sulphur  34'2,  iron  39-3,  silver  26*5. 

40B.  JALPAITE  Breithaupt(B.  H.  Ztg.,  xv.  85, 1858).— Jalpaite  is  a  cupriferous  silver-glance  from 
Jalpa,  Mexico.  It  is  isometric  in  cleavage,  and  malleable  like  ordinary  argentite ;  color  blackish 
lead-gray;  G.  =  6'877 — 6'89().  Composition  according  to  E.  Eichter  (1.  c.)  S  14'36,  Ag  71-51  Cu 
13-12,  Fe  0-79,  affording  the  formula  3  Ag  S  +  -6u  S  or  (f  Ag  +  £  Ou)  S. 


massive,  granu- 


41.  NAUMANNITE.     Selensilber  Q-.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xiv.  471,  1828.     Selensilberglanz.     Seleni- 
ure  d'argent  Fr.     Seleniuret  of  Silver.     Naumannit  Haid.,  Handb.,  565,  1845. 

Isometric.     In  cubes.     Cleavage:  cubic,  perfect.     Also 
lar,  and  in  thin  plates. 

H.  =  2*5.     G.  =  8-0.     Lustre  metallic,  splendent.     Color  and  streak  iron- 
black. 

Comp. — (Ag,  Pb)  Se.    Pure,  AgSe=Selenium 26-8,  silver  73'2.    Analyses:  1,  Eose(L  c.);  2. 
Eammelsberg  (2d.  Suppl.,  127,  and  Min.  Ch.,  34) : 

1.  Tilkerode  Selenium  [29'53]  Silver  65'56  Lead  4*91=100  Eose. 

"    60-15=98-34  Eamm. 


2. 


26-52 


11-67 


In  No.  1,  Ag  :  Pb=13  ;  1,  in  2,  1  :  5. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.I3.  on  charcoal  it  melt  3  easily  in  the  outer  flame  ;  in  the  inner,  with  some  intu- 
mescence. With  soda  and  borax  it  yields  a  bead  of  silver. 

Obs, — Occurs  at  Tilkerode  in  the  Harz.     Named  after  the  crj-stallographer  Naumann. 

According  to  Del  Eio,  another  selenid  of  silver  occurs  at  Tasco  in  Mexico,  crystallized  in  hexag- 
onal tables.  (Beud.  Tr.,  ii.  535.) 

42.  EUCAIRITE.     Eukairit  Berz.,  Afh.  vi.  42,  1818.     Cuivre  selenie  argental  H.    Seleniuret 
of  silver  and  copper.     Selenkupfersilber  Qerm. 

Massive  and  granular ;  also  in  black  metallic  films,  staining  the  calcite 
in  which  it  is  contained. 

Soft ;  easily  cut  by  the  knife.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  between  silver- 
white  and  lead-gray.  Streak  shining. 

Comp. — €-u  Se  +  Ag  Se=(-Gu,  Ag)  Se=Selenium  31-6,  copper  25-3,  silver  43-1=100.  Analy- 
ses: 1-3,  Berzelius  (1.  c.);  4-6,  Nordenskiold  (Bull.  Soc.  Ch.,  II.  vii.  411): 

1.  Skrikerum        Selenium  28'54        Copper  25'30 

2.  '        26-00  "      23-05 
-   3.                                       •        28-63                "      25-39 

4  '        32-01  "      23-83 

5.  '      [31-97]  "      25-30 

6.  '      [32-22]  "      24-86 


Silver  42-73=96-57. 

1      42-73,  gangue  8-90=96'88. 
'      42-86=96-88. 

1      44-21,  thallium  fr-.=100'41  Nord. 
'      42-73,       "         "  =100Nord. 
'      42-57=  100  Nord. 


Pyr,,  etc.—  B  B.  gives  copious  fumes  of  selenium,  and  on  charcoal  fuses  readily  to  a  gray  me- 
tallic globule,  leaving  a  bead  of  selenid  of  silver.  With  borax  a  copper  reaction.  Dissolves  in 
boiling  nitric  acid. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  small  quantities  in  the  Skrikerum  copper  mine  in  Smoaland,  Sweden,  in  a 
kind  of  serpentine  rock,  imbedded  in  calcite  ;  in  Chili  at  Aguas  Blancas,  near  Copiapo  (this  variety 
affording  Domeyko  (Min.,  206)  Se  32-2,  Cu  28-0,  Ag.  39-8),  and  at  the  mines  of  Flamenco,  a  few 
leagues  north  of  Trespuntas,  in  the  desert  of  Ataeama.  Also  a  similar  ore  (Ann.  d.  M.,  VI.  v. 
458,  and  C.  E,  Iviii.  556)  on  the  east  side  of  the  Andes  of  Chili,  in  the  province  of  San  Juan, 
where  it  occurs  in  a  narrow  vein  (10-12  mm.  broad),  and  has  a  lead-gray  color,  tarnishes  easily, 
and  is  partly  granular,  and  partly  very  imperfectly  lamellar  ;  at  the  Cacheuta  mine,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Mendoza,  with  other  selenids. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 


Named  by  Berzelius  from  ev,  Ktnp6s,  opportunely,  because  found  by  him  soon  after  the  discovery 
of  the  metal  selenium. 

43.  OROOKESITE.     A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  CEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1866,  Bull  Soc.  Ch.,  II.  vii.  413. 

Massive,  compact ;  no  trace  of  crystallization. 

H.=2-5— 3.     G.=6-90.     Lustre  metallic.     Color  lead-gray.     Brittle. 

Oomp.— (^u,  Tl,  Ag)  Se=Selenium  33*28.  copper  45'76,  thalh'um  17-25,  silver  3-71  =  100. 
Analyses :  Nordenskiold  (1.  c.) : 

Se  Cu  Ag  Fe  Tl 

1.  [33-27]  46-11  1-44  0'63  18-55  —  100. 

2.  30-86  46-55  5*04  0'36  16"27=99'OS. 

3.  32-10  44-21  5-09  1-28  16-89=99'57. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  very  easily  to  a  greenish-black  shining  enamel,  coloring  the  flame 
strongly  green.  Insoluble  in  muriatic  acid ;  completely  soluble  in  nitric. 

Obs. — From  the  mine  of  Skrikerum  in  Norway.  Formerly  regarded  as  selenid  of  copper  or 
berzelianite.  Named  after  "Wm.  Crookes,  the  discoverer  of  the  metal  thalh'um. 

44.  GALENITE.     Galena  Plin.,  xxxiii.  31  [not  Galena  or  Molybdasna  (= litharge-like  product 
from  the  ore),  Plin.,  xxxiv.  47,  53].    Molybdsena  pt.,  Plumbago  pt.,  Galena,  Pleiertz,  Plei-Glanz, 
Agric.,  1546.     Plumbago  pt,  Blyglants,  Galena,  Plumbum  sulphure  et  argento  mineralisatum, 
Wall,  292,  1747,  Cronst.,  167,  168,  1758.     Sulphuret  of  Lead.     Plomb  sulfure  Fr.     Galenit  von 
Kob.,  Min.,  201,  1858. 

Plumbago,  Pleischweis  ?  Agric.,  Interpr.,  467,  1546.  Bleischveif,  Plumbago,  Plumbum  sulphure 
et  arsenico  mineralisatum,  Wall.,  294,  1746.  Steinmannite  Zippe,  Verh.  Ges.  Mus.  Boh  men., 
1833,  39.  Targionite  BecU,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  60,  1852.  Supersulphuretted  Lead  Johnston, 
Eep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  572,  1833;  Thomson,  Min.,  i.  552,  1836;  Johnston-is  Greg  &  Lettsom,  Alin., 
448,  1858. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes :  0,  1,  I;  2,  3 ;  3-3,  2-2,  f-f .  Figs.  1  to 
8,  23  with  planes  1,  70,  71,  the  last  a  distorted  form.  Cleavage,  cubic, 

71 


Rossie,  N.  Y. 


perfect ;  octahedral  in  traces.  Twins,  like  f.  50  ;  the  same  kind  of  composi- 
tion repeated,  f.  72,  and  flattened  parallel  to  1.  Also  reticulated,  tabular ; 
coarse  or  fine  granular ;  sometimes  impalpable ;  occasionally  fibrous. 

H.=2-5— 2-75.  G.=7'25— 7'7.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  and  streak 
pure  lead-gray.  Surface  of  crystals  occasionally  tarnished.  Fracture  flat 
subconchoidal,  or  even.  Frangible. 

Comp.,  Var.— Pb  S=Sulphur  13-4,  lead  86'6=100.    Contains  silver,  and  occasionally  selenium 
B  fr.  Fahlun,  Berz.),  zinc,  cadmium,  antimony,  copper,  as  sulphids;  besides,  also,  sometimes 

native  silver  and  gold;  and  even  platinum  has  been  reported  as  occurring  in  a  galeuite  from  the 

Dept.  of  Charente,  France. 

Var.  1.    Ordinary,     (a)  Well  crystallized;  (6)  somewhat  fibrous  and  plumose-  (c)  granular 

coarse  or  fine ;  (d)  crypto-crystalline. 


Pb 

Sb 

Fe 

Cu 

Zn 

Ag 

80-700 

3-307 

1-377 

0-440 

0-024 

0-325=  99-013 

78-238 

4-431 

1-828 

tr. 



0-485  =  200-227 

78-284 

2-452 

2-811 





0-560=  99-610 

72-440 

4-308 

1-855 

4-251 



0-65o  =  100-284 

72-90 

5-77 

1-77 

I'll 

1-33 

0-72  =  99-220 

SULPHIDS,    ETC.  41 

2.  Argentiferous.     All  galenite  is  more  or  less  argentiferous,  and  no  external  characters  serve 
to  distinguish  the  kinds  that  are  much  so  from  those  that  are  not. 

3.  Containing  arsenic,  or  antimony,  or  an  ore  of  these  metals,  as  impurity.     Here  belong  the 
lleiscliweifi  td'rgionite,  and  steinmannite,  which  appear  to  he  merely  impure  galenite 

4.  Containing  an  excess  of  sulphur,  through  mixture.     Supersulphuretted  lead  of  Johnston  and 
others  (or  Johnstouite)  is  here  included.     The  excess  of  sulphur  is  owing  to  a  decomposition  of  a 
portion  of  the  mass,  setting  part  of  the  sulphur  free. 

Analyses :  1,  Thomson  (Ed.  Phil.  J.,  1829,  256) ;   2,  3,  Lerch  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xlv.  325): 
I.Durham       -  S  13'02   Pb  85-13    Fe  0-50=98-65  Thomson. 

2.  Przibram     G.=  7'252         14-41          81-80   Zn  3-59  =  99-80  L.   Pb  S  to  Zn  S  as    6-1 

3.  GL=7-324         14-18         83'6l          2'18=99'97  L.   Pb  S  to  Zn  S  as  12  ':  1 
Schwartz  found  6-02  p.  c.  of  cadmium  in  a  galena  from  Altenberg. 

The  silver  present  is  detected  easily  by  cupellation.  The  galenite  of  the  Harz  affords  -03  to 
•05  p.  c.  of  silver ;  the  English  '02  to  '08 ;  that  of  Leadhills,  Scotland,  '03  to  '06 ;  of  Monroe,  Ct. 
3  p.  a;  of  Roxbury,  Ct.,  assayed  by  P.  Collier,  1-85  p.  c.  silver;  Eaton.  K  H.,  O'l,  C.  T.  Jackson; 
Shelburne,  N.  H.,  0'15;  of  Missouri,  '0012  to  •0027,  Litton;  Arkansas,  0'03  to  '05,  Sillimau  Jr  • 
Middletown,  Ct.,  0-15  to  0'2()  p.  c.;  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  0'05  to  0-06  p.  c. 

The  following,  from  Tuscany,  contain  antimony  and  silver  (E.  Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  IT.  xiv.  60) : 

S 

1.  Bottino        12-840 

2.  "  15-245 

3.  "  15-503 

4.  Argentiera  16-780 

5.  "  15-62 

No  5  is  the  targionite  of  Bechi,  occurring  in  octahedrons  with  G.  =  6'932. 

The  Ueischweif  from  Clausthal  in  the  Harz,  G.  =  7'53 — 7 -55,  analyzed  by  Rammelsberg  (Mm. 
Chem.,  49)  afforded,  Pb  S  95'85,  Zn  S  3'34,  Fe  S2  0'54,  Sb  S3  0'30=100-03.  Schwarz  (Ber.  Ak, 
Wien,  xxv.  561)  found  in  one  specimen  of  ateinmannite,  Pb  S  76'48,  with  As2  S3  9'25,  Sb2  S3  0-77, 
Zn  S  11-38,  Fe  S  2-10  =  99'88 ;  and  in  another,  less  lead,  only  a  trace  of  zinc,  very  little  arsenic, 
and  much  antimony ;  and  he  concluded  that  the  sulphid  of  lead  was  the  only  constant  constituent. 

The  supersulphuretted  lead  gave  Johnston,  Pb  S  90'38,  S  8-71.  R.  Hofmann  found  8*7  p.  c.  of 
sulphur  in  a  galenite  from  Now-Sinka,  Transylvania,  along  with  51-30  of  sulphate  of  lead. 

Pyr. — In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  emits  sulphurous 
fumes,  coats  the  coal  yellow,  and  yields  a  globule  of  metallic  lead.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid.  » 

Obs. — Occurs  in  beds  and  veins,  both  in  crystalline  and  uncrystallirie  rocks.  It  is  often  asso- 
ciated with  pyrite,  marcasite,  blende,  chalcopyrite,  arsenopyrite,  etc.,  in  a  gangue  of  quartz,  calcite, 
barite  or  fluor,  etc. ;  also  with  cerussite,  anglesite,  and  other  salts  of  lead,  which  are  frequent 
results  of  its  alteration.  It  is  also  common  with  gold,  and  in  veins  of  silver  ores.  E.  J.  Chapman 
remarks  that  galenite  is  seldom  much  argentiferous  except  when  it  is  associated  with  mispickel 
or  some  other  arsenical  ore. 

At  Freiberg  in  Saxony  it  occupies  veins  in  gneiss ;  in  Spain,  in  granite  at  Linares,  and  also  in 
Catalonia,  Grenada,  and  elsewhere;  at  Clausthal  and  Neudorf  in  the  Harz,  and  at  Przibram  in 
Bohemia,  it  forms  veins  in  clay  slate ;  in  Styria  it  occurs  in  the  same  kind  of  rock  in  beds ;  at 
Sala  in  Sweden  it  forms  veins  in  granular  limestone ;  through  the  gray wacke  of  Leadhills  and 
the  killas  of  Cornwall,  in  veins;  in  mountain  limestone  in  Derbyshire,  Cumberland,  and  the 
northern  districts  of  England,  and  also  in  Bleiberg,  and  the  neighboring  localities  of  Carinthia.  In 
the  English  mines  it  is  associated  with  calcite,  pearl  spar,  fluor,  barite,  witherite,  calamine,  and 
blende.  Other  localities  are  Joachimsthal,  where  it  is  worked  principally  for  the  silver ;  Przibram 
in  Bohemia;  in  Nertschinsk,  East  Siberia;  in  Algeria;  near  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  in  Australia; 
Chili;  Bolivia,  etc. 

Extensive  deposits  of  this  ore  in  the  United  States  exist  in  Missouri,  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Wis- 
consin. The  ore  occurs  in  stratified  limestone,  of  different  periods  of  the  Lower  Silurian  era, 
especially  the  Trenton,  associated  with  blende,  smithsonite  ("  dry-bone  "  of  the  miners),  calcite, 
pyrite,  and  often  an  ore  of  copper  and  cobalt.  The  mines  of  Missouri  were  discovered  in  172a 
by  Francis  Renault  and  Mr.  la  Motte  ;  they  are  situated  in  the  counties  of  Washington,  Jefferson, 
and  Madison.  Of  the  Upper  Mississippi  lead  region,  five-sixths,  says  Whitney  (Rep.  Up.  Miss, 
region,  1862),  belong  to  Wisconsin,  and  the  richest  portion  is  in  that  part  of  the  State  adjoining 
Illinois  and  Iowa.  The  productive  lead  district  is  bounded  on  the  west,  north,  and  east  by  the 
Mississippi,  Wisconsin,  and  Rock  rivers.  The  occurrence  of  calc  spar  in  the  soil,  or  sink  holes 
in  lines,  are  considered  indications  of  lead.  From  a  single  spot,  not  exceeding  fifty  yards  square, 
1,500  tons  of  ore  have  been  raised. 

Occurs  also  in  Illinois,  at  Cave-in-Rock,  associated  with  fluorite.     In  New  York,  at  Rossie,  fet 


42  8ULPHIDS,    ETC. 

Lawrence  Co.,  in  veins  from  one  to  three  or  four  feet  in  width,  the  crystals  often  very  large  (like 

f  70   without  t),  with  calcite,  iron  and  copper  pyrites,  and  some  blende  and  celestme;  near 

n  -,-,'         /~i-     •     _  i ~-.:~  ,-v,  ™;iiat,~>Tia  n-rif.  with  blfiTide.  iron  and  Conner  nvrites : 


like  70,  except  that  the  edges  . 

where  the  ore  is  associated  with  chalcopyrite  and  blende;  also  less  extensively  at  Blue  Hill 
Bav  Bino-ham  and  Parsonsville.  In  New  Hampshire,  at  Eaton,  with  blende  and  chalcopyrite ; 
and 'also  at  Haverhill,  Bath,  and  Tamworth.  In  Vermont,  at  Thetford.  In  Connecticut,  at  Middle- 


and  at  Haysboro,  near  Nashville,  with  blende  and  heavy  spar.  In  Michigan,  in  the  region  of 
Chocolate  river  and  elsewhere,  and  Lake  Superior  copper  districts;  on  the  N.  shore  of  L. 
Superior,  in  Neebing  on  Thunder  Bay,  and  around  Black  Bay. 

In  California,  at  many  of  the  gold  mines.  In  Nevada,  abundant  on  Walker's  river,  and  at 
Steamboat  Springs,  Galena  district.  In  Arizona,  in  the  Castle  Dome,  Eureka,  and  other  districts. 
In  Colorado,  at  Pike's  Peak,  etc. 

Alt.— Minium,  anglesite,  cerussite,  pyromorphite,  wulfenite,  tetrahedrite,  chalcocite,  diallogite, 
quartz,  limonifce,  pyrite,  pistomesite  (pistopyrite  Breith.),  calamine,  occur  as  pseudomorphs  after 
galenite,  partly  from  alteration,  and  partly  through  removal  and  substitution.  A  change  to  the 
carbonate  (cerussite),  with  the  setting  free  of  sulphur,  is  the  most  common. 

The  specimens  regarded  as  pseudomorphs  after  pyromorphite,  from  Bernkastel  on  the  Mosel, 
Breithaupt  makes  into  a  new  species  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxi.  99,  1862,  xxii.  36,  18«3),  which  he  calls 
plumbeine,  or  one  species  of  his  Sexangulites,  regarding  this  sulphid  of  lead  as  crystallized  in 
hexagonal  prisms,  and  not  a  pseudomorph.  It  has  G.=  6-729—6-87,  and  hexagonal  cleavage. 
He  places  with  it  the  stalactitic  galena  of  Cornwall,  Freiberg,  and  Przibram. 

A  galenite  occurs  in  Lebanon  Co.,  Pa.,  which  has  an  easy  octahedral  cleavage,  as  first  observed 
by  Dr.  John  Torrey.  It  is  regarded  by  some  as  proof  of  dimorphism  of  the  sulphid  of  lead,  and 
by  others  as  a  result  of  pseudomorphism  after  a  mineral  with  octahedral  cleavage.  See  Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xxxv.  126.  Dr.  Torrey  observes  that  on  moderate  heating  the  cleavage  becomes  cubic.  In 
specitic  gravity  it  does  not  diner  from  ordinary  galenite. 

Fournetite  of  Ch.  Mene  (C.  R.,  li.  463),  supposed  to  be  near  tetrahedrite,  is  pronounced  by 
Fouruet  (C.  R.,  liv.  1096)  a  mixture  of  galenite  with  copper  ore.  , 

Artif. — Galenite  is  sometimes  a  furnace  product.  It  has  been  made  in  crystals  by  heating 
oxyd  or  silicate  of  lead  with  vapor  of  sulphur  (Wurtz) ;  also  by  suspending  sulphate  of  lead  in  a 
bag  in  water  saturated  with  carbonic  acid,  and  in  which  putrid  fermentation  is  kept  up  (as  by  an 
byster  in  the  water),  there  resulting  an  incrustation  of  galenite  upon  the  shells  (Gages,  Brit. 
Assoc.,  206.  1863). 

44A.  HUASCOLITE  Dana.  (Galena  blendosa  Domeyko,  Min.,  168,  1860.  Sulphid  of  lead  and 
zinc  D.  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  xxv.  110.)  The  characters  are  mostly  those  of  galenite.  It  has  a 
granular  or  saccharoidal  texture,  a  lead-gray  color  rather  paler  than  ordinary  galenite,  but  little 
lustre,  and  is  apparently  homogeneous  and  without  any  mixture  of  blende.  Domeyko  obtained 
(1.  c.)  S  19-2,  Pb  48-6,  Zn  25'6,  gangue  3' 1;  which  corresponds  nearly  to  Pb  S  +  l£  Zn  S.  It 
comes  from  Ingahuas,  in  the  province  of  Huasco,  where  it  forms  large  aggregated  masses  or 
nodules  in  the  lower  part  of  the  vein. 

44B.  CUPROPLUMBITE  Breith.  (Kupferbleispath  of  the  Germans,  Galena  cobriza  Domeyko),  from 
Chili,  where  it  is  not  rare,  appears  to  be,  as  Domeyko's  name  for  it  and  his  description  implies 
(Min.,  1860,  168),  a  mere  mixture  of  galenite  and  chalcocite.  The  structure,  color,  and  lustre 
vary  from  those  of  galenite  to  those  nearly  of  chalcocite  and  covellite :  the  color  a  little  darker, 
and  passing  to  iron-gray  and  indigo-blue  ;  the  lustre  generally  feeble  and  sometimes  almost  want- 
ing, and  looking,  says  Domeyko,  "  as  if  sulphuret  of  copper  were  distributed  through  it."  The 
specimens  contain  disseminated  ores  of  copper,  and  come  from  a  mine  in  Catemo  (Aconcagua). 
Analyses:  1,  Plattner  (Pogg.,  Ixi.  671) ;  2,  Field  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxvii.  387) : 

1.  S  [15-1]     Pb  64-9     Cu  19-5     Ag  0'5  =100  Plattner.     G.  =  6'4— 6'43 

2.  Algodones  17 '00  28'25         53-63  =  98-88  Field.     G.  =  6'10. 

Field  has  named  the  variety  analyzed  by  him  Alisonite ;  it  was  from  Mina  Grande,  near  Co- 
quimbo.  According  to  G.  Ulrich,  a  similar  mineral  occurs  at  M'lvor  in  Victoria,  Australia. 
Geuth  suggests  that  this  mineral  may  have  resulted  from  the  alteration  of  galenite,  which  is  prob- 
ably true  in  some  cases. 

45.  CLAUSTHALITB.  Selenblei  Zinken,  1823,  Pogg.,  ii.  415,  1824,  iii.  271 ;  H.  Rose,  ib.,  ii. 
415,  iiL  281.  Seleniuret  of  Lead.  Plomb  seleuiure  Fr.  Clausthalie  Bead.,  Tr.,  il  531.  Claus- 
thalite. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC.  4.3 

Kobalt-BleigJanz  [=Cobaltic  Galena]  ffausm.,  Nordd.  Beitr.  B.  H.,  iii.  120.  Kobaltbleierz  Hausm., 
Handb.,  183,  1813 ;  id.  Strom.  &  Hausm,,  Gott.  gel.  Anz.,  1825,  329.  Selenkobaltblei  H.  Rose 
Fogg.,  iii.  288,  290.  Tilkerodite  Haid.,  Handb.,  566,  1845. 

Isometric.  Occurs  commonly  in  fine  granular  masses  ;  some  specimens 
foliated.  Cleavage  cubic. 

H.=2'5— 3.  G.=7'6— 8-8.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  lead-gray,  somewhat 
bluish.  Streak  darker.  Opaque.  Fracture  granular  and  shining. 

Comp.,  Var.— Pb  Se=Selenium  27-6,  lead  72-4=100.  Besides  (1)  the  pure  selenid  of  lead,  there 
are  others,  often  arranged  as  distinct  species,  which  contain  cobalt,  copper,  or  mercury,  in  place 
of  part  of  the  lead,  and  sometimes  a  little  silver  or  iron.  The  proportions  of  these  ingredients 
vary  so  much  and  so  irregularly,  that  the  true  chemical  constitution  of  the  ores,  as  Rammelsberg 
states,  is  yet  doubtful.  (2)  The  cobaltic  ore  (anal.  3),  Tilkerodite  Haid.,  is  here  retained  as  a  va- 
riety of  clausthalite.  It  affords  the  formula  6  Pb  Se  +  Co  S2,  according  to  Rose,  who  makes  the 
loss  mainly  selenium ;  but  taking  the  results  as  they  stand,  6  Pb  Se  +  Co  Se. 

Analyses :  1,  H.  Rose  (L  c.) ;  2,  Stromeyer  (Fogg.,  ii.  403) ;  3,  H.  Rose  (Fogg.,  iii  288) : 

Se  Pb  Co  Fe 

1.  Clausthalite         27'59      .71-81 =  99-40  Rose. 

2.  28-11         70-98         0-83       =99'92  Strom.     G.=7'697. 

3.  Tilkerodite  31-42         63'92         3'14        0'45     =98-93  Rose. 

Pyr. — Decrepitates  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  open  tube  gives  selenous  fumes  and  a  red  sub- 
limate. B.B.  on  charcoal  a  strong  selenous  odor ;  partially  fuses.  Coats  the  coal  near  the  assay 
at  first  gray,  with  a  reddish  border  (selenium),  and  later  yellow  (oxydof  lead)  ;  when  pure  entirely- 
volatile  ;  with  soda  gives  a  globule  of  metallic  lead.  The  tilkerodite  yields  a  black  residue,  and 
gives  a  cobalt-blue  bead  with  borax. 

Obs. — Much  resembles  a  granular  galeuite  ;  but  the  faint  tinge  of  blue  and  the  B.B.  selenium 
fumes  serve  to  distinguish  it. 

Found  with  the  following  selenic  ores :  first  by  Zinken,  near  Harzgerode  in  the  Harz  with 
hematite,  at  Clausthal,  Tilkerode,  Zorge,  and  Lehrbach;  at  Reinsberg,  near  Freiberg,  in  Saxony ; 
at  the  Rio  Tinto  mines  near  Seville,  Spain ;  Cacheuta  mine,  Mendoza,  S.  A. 

46.  ZORGITE.  Selenblei  mit  Selenkupfer  H.  Pose,  Pogg.,  ii.  415, 1824.  Selenkupferblei,  Selen- 
bleikupfer,  Hose,  ib.,  iii.  293,  294,  296.  Seleniuret  of  Lead  and  Copper.  Zorgite  B.  &  M,  153, 
1852.  Raphanosmit  v.  Kol.,  Taf.,  6,  1853. 

Massive,  granular,  like  Clausthalite. 

H.=2'5.  G.=7— T'5.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  dark  or  light  lead-gray, 
sometimes  inclining  to  reddish,  and  often  with  a  brass-yellow  or  blue  tar- 
nish. Streak  darker.  Brittle. 

Comp. — Pb  Se  +  Cu  and  Se  in  varying  amounts ;  and  perhaps  only  a  mixture  of  clausthalite 
with  the  other  ingredients.  Analyses :  1,  2,  H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  iii.  288) ;  3,  4,  Kersten  (ib.,  xlvi. 
265): 

Se         Pb         Cu      Ag 

1.  Tilkerode     34-26    47-43     15-15     1-29  £e  Pb  2-08  =  100-51  Rose. 

2.  "  29-96     59.67       7'86    Fe  Pb  0'44  undec.  1  -00=99-26  Rose. 

3.  Glasbach     SO'OO     53.74       8'02     0'05  £e  2'00  S  tr.,  quartz  4'5 =98-31  Kerst. 

4.  "  29-35     63-82       4'00     0'07  Fe  S  tr.,  quartz  2'06=99'30  Kerst. 

(1)  No.  1  is  Rose's  Selenbkikupfer=4:  Pb  +  4  Cu  +  7  Se,  or  wanting  i  Se  of  Pb  Se  +  Cu  So;  and 
(2)  No.  2  his  SelenkupferNei=9  Pb  +  4  Cu+  12  Se,  which  is  near  2  Pb  Se  +  Cu  Se,  the  formula  Oi 
No.  3  ;  (3)  No.  4=5  Pb  Se  +  Cu  Se.  The  deficiency  of  Se  in  Nos.  1  and  2  may  be  a  result  of 
partial  alteration. 

Pyr.— Like  clausthalite,  but  yielding  a  black  residue  and  a  globule  of  copper,  with  usually,  when 
cupelled,  a  trace  of  silver. 

Obs,— Occurs  under  similar  circumstances  with  clausthalite  at  Tilkerode  and  Zorge  m  the  Harz ; 
at  Glasbach  near  Gabel  in  Thuringia,  in  argillaceous  schist  with  galenite,  chalcopynte,  malachite,  in 
a  gangue  of  calcite,  siderite,  fluorite,  and  quartz. 


44  SULPHIDS,    ETC. 

47.  LEHRBACHITE.    Selenblei  mit  Selenquecksilber  H.  Rose,  ii.  418,  1824,  iii.  297.     Selen- 
Quecksilberblei  Leonh.,  Handb.,  592,  1826.     Seleniuret  of  Lead  and  Mercury.    Lehrbachite  B.  & 
M.,  Mm.,  153,  1852. 

Massive,  granular. 

G.=7-804— 7'876.     Color  lead-gray,  steel-gray,  iron-black.     Brittle. 

Comp.— Pb  Se  with  Hg  Se.    Analyses  :  1,  Kose  (1.  c.);  2,  3,  Schultz  (Eamm.  Min.  Ch.,  1011): 

1.  Tilkerode    Se  24'97     Pb  55-84    Hg  16-94=97-75. 

2.  "  27-68  61-70  8'33,     S  0'8,     £e  0'64=99'15  S.,  G.=7'OS9. 

3.  "  24-41  16-93  55-52,     S  1'1=97'96  S.,  G.=8'104. 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  lustrous  metallic  gray  sublimate  of  selenid  of  mercury ;  with 
soda,  a  sublimate  consisting  of  globules  of  mercury.  In  the  open  tube  gives  reactions  for  selen- 
ium, and  a  sublimate  of  selenate  of  mercury  condensing  in  drops.  On  charcoal  like  clausthalite. 

Obs.— From  Tilkerode  and  Lehrbach,  in  the  Harz,  like  clausthalite. 

48.  ALTAITE,    Tellurblei  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xviii.68,  1830.     Tellurid  of  Lead.    Elasmose  HuoL, 
Min.,  i.  1841 ;   0.  d'Halloy,  Introd.  &  la  Geol.,  1833  (not  of  Beud.  Tr.,  1832),  etc.     Altait  Haid., 
Handb.,  556,  1845. 

Isometric.     Usually  massive ;  rarely  in  cubes.     Cleavage :  cubic. 
H.:=3— 3-5.     G.  =  8-159,  G.  Eose.     Lustre  metallic.     Color  tin-white, 
resembling  that  of  native  antimony,  with  a  yellow  tarnish.     Sectile. 

Comp. — Pb  Te— Tellurium  38*3,  lead  61-7.  Analysis  by  G-.  Eose  (Pogg.,  xviii.  68)  gave  silver 
1*28  p.  c. ;  and  from  an  imperfect  approximative  determination  of  the  lead  and  tellurium  Rose 
assumed  them  to  have  the  same  relation  as  in  hessite,  or  Tellurium  38-37,  lead  60*35. 

Pyr. — In  the  open  tube  fuses,  gives  fumes  of  tellurous  acid,  forming  a  white  sublimate,  which 
B.B.  fuses  into  colorless  drops.  On  charcoal  in  R.F.  colors  the  flame  bluish,  fuses  to  a  globule, 
coats  the  coal  near  the  assay  with  a  lustrous  metallic  ring  of  tellurid  of  lead,  outside  of  which  it 
is  brownish-yellow,  and  in  O.F.  still  more  yellow.  Entirely  volatile,  except  a  trace  of  silver. 

Obs. — From  Savodinski  near  Siranovski,  in  the  Altai,  with  hessite. 

Huot  says  that  Beudant  in  his  lectures  changed  his  first  use  of  the  name  Elasmose ;  and  the 
later  use  Huot  adopts  in  his  Mineralogy,  and  Omalius  d'Halloy  in  his  Introduction  to  Geology. 
The  confusion  thus  occasioned,  and  the  unallowable  form  of  the  name,  are  reasons  enough  for  set- 
ting it  aside  altogether,  and  adoptiug  Altaite. 

49.  BORNITE.      Kupferkies    pt.,   Kupfer-Lazul    HencM,    Pyrit.,   1725.      Lefverslag,    Brun 
Kopparmalm,  MineraCupri  Hepatica,  Cuprum  sulfure  et  ferro  mineralisatum,  Wall,  283,  1747. 
Cuivre  vitreuse  violette  Fr.  Trl  Wall.,  1753.     Koppar-Lazur,  Minera  Cupri  Lazurea,  Cronst., 
175,  1758.    Buntkupfererz  Wern.     Purple  Copper  Ore  Kirw.     Variegated  Copper  Ore.     Cui- 
vre pyriteux  hepatique,  H.    Phillipsite  Beud.,  ii.,  Tr.,  ii.  411.  1832.     Pyrites  erubescens  Dana, 
Min.,  408,  1837;  Poikilopyrites   Glock.,  Grundr.,  328,  1839.     Bornit  Haul,  Handb.,  562,  1845. 
Poikilit  Breith.    Erubescite  Dana,  Min.,  510,  1850.     Cobre  abigarrado,  Cobre  panaceo,  Do- 
meyJco. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes  0,  7,  1,  2-2.  Figs.  1,  2,  3,  11,  14.  Cleav- 
age :  octahedral  in  traces.  Twins :  f.  50.  Massive,  structure  granular  or 
compact. 

H.— 3.  G.=4:-4:— 5-5.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  between  copper-red  and 
pinchbeck-brown ;  speedily  tarnishes.  Streak  pale  grayish-black,  slightly 
shining.  Fracture  small  conchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp.,  Var.— (-Gu,  Fe)  S,  the  proportion  of  €u  to  Fe  varying;  and  sometimes  (there  being  an 
excess  of  sulphur  above  the  ratio  of  unity)  united  to  Fe  S2  (pyrite),  either  as  an  impurity  or  a 
chemical  compound;  at  times  also  mixed  with  chalcopyrite.  As  it  is  a  result  of  the  alteration  of 
other  ores,  occurring  only  sparingly  at  great  depths  in  veins,  such  compounds,  or  mixtures,  are 
not  improbable. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC.  45 


22-li',  '  U    =        :  L  near1^  whence  the  sPedal  form"  •*  (  *  <*  +  4  Fe)  S=  Sulphur 

(2).' 
per  62  '5,  Fe  13*8  =  100. 


mate 


•i],  copper  firics,  j-e  r<o  =  juu. 

(2).  In  onal.  3,  4,  17,  18,  Ou  :  Fe=2  :  1  nearly,  and  hence  (jeu  +  £Fe)  S=Sulphur  23-7  COD- 

*r  62 "5,  Fe  13*8  =  100. 

(3).  In  the  other  analyses  FeS2  is  apparently  present,  (a).  Anal.  2,  16,  19,  20  21  22  anproxi 
^ate  more  or  less,  in  the  ratio  of  sulphur  to  the  metals,  to  15:  13,  whence  the  formula  11  2*n 
S  +  2  Fe  S2  (=4i  <?u  S  +  Fe2  S3  Ramm.)  =  S  26-00,  Cu  61-87,  Fe  12-13.  (6).  Anal  7  and ^3  cor- 
respond to  6  (6u,  Fe)  S  +  Fe  S2  (=5  -Gu  S  +  Fe2  S3  Ramm.).  (c).  Anal.  8  9  10  12  15  cor 
respond  to  5  (6u,  Fe)  S  +  2-  Fe  S2  (=3  €u  S  +  2  Fe2  S3  Ramm.)=S  28*04,  Cu  55*60  Fe  16*36- 
100.  (d).  Anal.  24^10  (€hi,  Fe)  S  +  Fe  S2  (=9  <?u  S  +  Fe2  S3  Ramm.).  Rammelsbero-  write! 
for  No.  5,  10  €u  S  +  Fe2  S3=  1 1  (€u,  Fe)  S  +  Fe  S2 :  and  for  No.  6,  8  6u  S  +  Fe2  S3=9  Ou  S  + 

In  anal.  25,  the  proportion  of  copper  is  unusually  small;  Ou  :  Fe  =  3  :  2  ;  formula  3  6u  S  + 
Fe  S  +  Fe  S2  (  =  |  €u  +  £  Fe)  S  +  i-  Fe  S2.  But  Mene  observes  that  the  ore  is  not  pure  and 
that  after  separating  the  impurity,  or  what  is  so  regarded,  it  corresponds  to  €u  S  +  Fe  S2.  ' 

The  presence  of  the  ordinary  sulphid  of  iron  Fe  S2  appears  to  be  far  more  probable  than  that 
of  the  uncertain  Fe2  S8,  as  stated  on  page  38. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  iii.  48,  vii.  540,  556);  3,  Phillips  (Ann.  Phil.  1822 
297);  4,  Brandes  (Schw.  J.,  xxii.  354);  5-9,  Plattner  (Pogg.,  xlvii.  351);  10,  Varrentrapp  (ib  )• 
11,  Hisinger  (Afh.,  iv.  362);  12,  Chodnef  (Pogg.,  Ixi.  395);  13,  Bodemann  (Pogg.,  Iv.  115);  14 
Staaf  (GEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1848,  66);  15-18,  E.  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  61);  D.  Forbes  (Ed 
N.  Phil.  J.,  1.  278);  20,  Booking  (Ann.  Ch.  Ph.,  xcvi.  244);  21,  C.  Bergemann  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1857, 
394);  22,  Rammelsberg  (ZS.  G.,  xviii.  19);  23,  Collier  (private  contrib.);  24,  Rammelsberg  (ib 
20);  25,  Mene(C.  R.,  bdii.  53): 

S  Cu          Fe 

1.  Montecastelli,  Tuscany  21*4  67'2         6*8,  gangue  4*0  =  99'4  Berthier. 

2.  St.  Pancrace  2*2-8  59'2  13*0,  gangue  5*0=100  Berthier. 

3.  Ross  I.,  L.  Killarney  23-75  61'07  14*0,  quartz  0*5  =  99-32  Phillips. 

4.  Siberia  21-65  61-63  12-75,     "      3*5=99-53  Brandes. 

5.  Sangerhausen,  massive  22*58  71*00       6*41=99-99  Plattner. 

6.  Eisleben,  massive  22*65  69-72       7-54=99-91  Plattner. 

7.  Woiteki,  White  Sea,  mass.  25-06  63-03  11-56=95-65  Plattner. 

8.  Condurra  M.,  Cornw.,  cryst.  28*24  56*76  14*84=99*84  Plattner. 

9.  Dalarne,  massive  25-80  56-10  17*36,  Si  0-13=99*39  Plattner. 

10.  "  26-98     58*20     14-85  =  100-03  Varrentrapp. 

1 1.  Vestanforss,  Westmannl'd  24*70  63*33  11*80  =  99-83  Hisinger. 

12.  Redruth  cryst.  26'84  57'89  14'94,  gangue  0*04=99-71  Chodnef. 

13.  Bristol,  Ct.,  massive  25-70  62*75  1 1-64,  quartz  0*04=100-13  Bodemn. 

14.  Westmannland  60-56  10*24,  gangue  4*09=99'11  Staaf. 

15.  Mt.  Oatini  24'93  55-88  18-03=98-84  Bechi. 

16.  23-36     59-47     13-87,  gangue  0-75,  £e  1-50  =  98-95  B. 

17.  Miemo  23'98     60*16     15-09  =  99*23  Bechi. 

18.  Fericcio  24'70     60-01      15-89  =  100-60  Bechi. 

19.  Jemteland,  Sweden  24*49     59'71     11-12,  Mn  tr.,  Si  3*83  =  99'15  Forbes— G.  = 

4*432. 

20.  Coquimbo  25*46     60'80     13*67=99-93  Booking. 

21.  Ramos,  Mexico  2H-46     62*17     11'79,  Ag  2-58=100  Berg.     G.  =  5— 5-476. 

22.  "  G.  =  5'030     25*27     6166     ll'SO,  Pb  1*90,  Ag  tr.  =  \ 00*63  Ramm. 

23.  Bristol,  Ct.  25-83     61-79     1T77,  Ag  /r.  =  99'39  CoUier. 

24.  Lauterberg  23'75     68-73       7 '63  =  100-11  Ramm. 

25.  Corsica  26'3       50*0       15'4,  insol  8'1  =  99'80  Mene. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  faict  sublimate  of  sulphur.  In  the  open  tube  yields 
sulphurous  acid,  but  gives  no  sublimate.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  in  R.F.  to  a  brittle  magnetic 
globule.  The  roasted  mineral  gives  with  the  fluxes  the  reactions  of  iron  and  copper,  and  with 
soda  a  metallic  globule.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  with  separation  of  sulphur. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  other  copper  ores,  and  is  a  valuable  ore  of  copper.     Crystalline  varieties 
are  found  in  Cornwall,  and  mostly  in  the  mines  of  Tincroft  and  Dolcoath  near  Redruth,  where 
is  called  by  the  miners  "  horse-flesh  ore."     Other  foreign  localities  of  massive  varieties  are  at  Ross 
Island  in  Killarney,  in  Ireland  ;  at  Mount  Catini,  Tuscany;  in  cupriferous  shale  in  the  Mansfe 
district,  Germany ;  and  in  Norway,  Siberia,  Silesia,  and  Hungary. 

It  is  the  principal  copper  ore  at  some  Chilian  mines,  especially  those  of  Tamaya  and  Sapos ; 
also  common  in  Peru,  Bolivia,  and  Mexico.  At  the  copper  mine  in  Bristol,  Conn.,  it  is  abundant, 
and  often  in  fine  crystallizations  (f.  1,  3,  4,  and  14  with  planes  0).  At  Cheshire,  it  is  met  witli 


46  STJLPHIDS,    ETC. 

in  cubes,  along  with  barite,  malachite,  and  chalcocite.  Found  massive  at  Mahoopeny,  near 
Wilkesbarre,  Penn.,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  same  State,  in  cupriferous  shale,  associated  in  small 
quantities  with  vitreous  copper ;  also  in  granite  at  Chesterfield,  Mass. ;  also  in  New  Jersey.  A 
common  ore  in  Canada,  at  the  Acton  and  other  mines,  along  a  belt  of  1 5-20  m.,  between  L.  Mem- 
phremagog  and  Quebec. 

Named  after  von  Born,  a  distinguished  mineralogist  of  the  last  century.  The  name  Phillip- 
site  has  a  prior  use  for  another  species. 

50.  BERZELIANITE.  Selenkupfer  Berz..  Afh.,  vi.  42,  1818.  Selenid  of  copper;  Seleniuret 
of  Copper.  Cuivre  selenie  Fr.  Berzeline  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  534,  1832.  Berzelianite  Dana,  Min., 
509,  1850. 

In  thin  dendritic  crusts.  Soft.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  silver- white. 
Streak  shining. 

Oomp — 6u  Se=Selenium  38*4,  copper  61-6=100.    Analysis  by  Berzelius  (L  c.)  : 
Selenium  40  Copper  64. 

Pyr. — In  the  open  tube  gives  a  red  sublimate  of  selenium,  with  white  crystals  of  selenous 
acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal  seleuous  fumes,  and  with  soda  yields  a  globule  of  copper. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Skrikerum  in  Sweden,  and  also  near  Lehrbach  in  the  Harz. 

Beudant  gave  the  name  Berzeline  to  this  species,  which,  as  it  has  another  earlier  application  in 
the  science,  is  given  to  another  form  above. 

51.  CASTILLITE.    Castillit  Ramm.,  ZS.  G.,  xviii.  213. 

Massive.     Distinctly  foliated. 

H.=3.  G.=5'186— 5 '241.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  and  tarnish  as  in 
bornite. 

Comp. — 4£  (€u,  Zn,  Pb,  Ag)  S  +  Fe  S2  with  €u :  Zn :  Pb  :  Ag=30 :  7  :  2£  :  1).  Analysis  :  Eam- 
melsberg  (La): 

S  Cu  Zn  Pb  Ag  Fe 

25-65         41-11       12-09         10'04         4'64          6'49  =  100'02 

Eammelsberg  writes  the  formula  (Cu  Ag)Q  S+2  (Cu,  Pb,  Zn,  Fe)  S. 

Pyr-j  etc. — B.B.  fuses  rather  difficultly,  and  changes  to  a  slag  colored  red  by  copper.  In 
nitric  acid  dissolves  with  the  separation  of  sulphur  and  sulphate  of  lead,  and  gives  a  blue  solution. 

Obs.— -From  Guanasevi  in  Mexico,  where  it  was  considered  an  argentiferous  bornite.  It  is  near 
bornite  in  constitution,  as  observed  by  Rammelsberg. 

52.  ALABANDITE.  Schwarze  Blende  (fr.  Transylvania)  Mutter  v.  Reichenstein,  Phys.  Arb.  Fr. 
inWien,  i.  2nd  Quart,  86,  1784;  Bindheim,  Sohrift.  Ges.  Fr.,  Berl.v.452,  17  84  (making  it  comp. 
of  Mn,  S,  Fe,  Ag).  Schwarzerz  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iii.  35,  1802.  Braunsteinkies  Leonh.,  Tab.,  70, 
1806.  Brunsteinblende  [=Manganblende]  Blumenbach,  Handb.,  i.  707,  1807.  Manganglanz 
Karst.,  Tab.,  72,  1808.  Manganese  sulfure,  H.,  Tab.,  iii.  1809.  Sulphuret  of  Manganese. 
Schwefel-Mangan  Germ.  Alabandine  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  399,  1832.  Blumenbachit  Breith.,  B  H. 
Ztg.,xxiL  193,  1866. 

Isometric.  In  cubes  and  octahedrons.  Cleavage  :  cubic  perfect.  Twins  : 
simple,  with  composition-face  octahedral ;  also  cruciform,  made  of  five  com- 
bined octahedrons.  Usually  granularly  massive. 

H.=:3-5-4,  G.=3-95-4-04.  4-036,  Mexico.  Lustre  submetallic. 
Color  iron-black,  tarnished  brown  on  exposure.  Streak  green.  Fracture 
uneven. 


iR^m?'"^MnS=SulpTUJ  36'7'  man^anese  63-3=100.  Analyses:  1,  Arfvedson  (Ak.  H.  Stockh. 
1822);  2,  Bergemann  ( Jahrb.  Min.,  1857,  394): 

62-1  =  100  Arfvedson. 
62-98=99-79  Bergemann. 


1.  Transylvania        Sulphur  37-9        Manganese  62-1  =  100  Arfvedson 

2.  Mexico  "        36-81  "          — ;-—     ~~. 


ETC.  1  4.7 

Earlier  analyses  by  Klaproth,  Vauquelin,  and  Del  Rio  give  erroneous  results,  the  first  two  find- 
ing  it  mainly  Mn,  with  11  to  15  S. 

Pyr.  —  Unchanged  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes.  Roasted  on  charcoal, 
the  assay  is  converted  into  oxyd,  which,  with  the  fluxes,  gives  the  reactions  of  manganese.  Solu- 
ble in  dilute  nitric  acid,  with  evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Obs.  —  Manganblende  occurs  in  veins  in  the  gold  mines  of  Nagyag,  Kapnik,  and  Offenbanya,  in 
Transylvania,  associated  with  tellurium,  carbonate  of  manganese,  and  quartz  ;  at  Gersdorf,  near 
Freiberg,  a  variety  containing  a  trace  of  arsenic  ;  in  Mexico,  at  the  mine  Preciosa  in  Puebla,  with 
tetrahedrite. 

With  regard  to  the  cruciform  twins  of  five  octahedrons,  Schrauf,  who  describes  them,  observes 
that  5  times  the  tetrahedral  angle  70£  is  nearly  360°. 

53.  SYEPOORITB.     Sulphuret  of  Cobalt  Middleton,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xviii.  352,  1846.  Syepoorite 
J.  Nicoll,  Min.,  458,  1849.     Kobaltsulfuret  pt.,  Schwefel  Kobalt  pt.,  Kobaltkies  pt.,  Graukobalt- 
erz,  Germ. 

Massive,  disseminated  in  grains  or  veins. 
G.=5-45.     Color  steel-gray,  inclining  to  yellow. 

Comp.—  Co  S=Sulphur  35%  cobalt  64-8=100.    Analysis  by  Middleton  (L  c.)  : 
Sulphur  35*36        Cobalt  64-64=100. 

Obs.  —  From  Syepoor,  near  Rajpootanah  in  North-west  India,  where  it  occurs  in  ancient  schists 
with  pyrrhotite.  It  is  employed  by  the  Indian  jewelers  to  give  a  rose  color  to  gold. 

54.  PENTLANDITE.      Eisen-Nickelkies  Scheerer  ^  Pogg.,  Iviii.  316,  1843.      Sulphuret  of 
'  Iron  and  Nickel     Pentlandite  Dufr.,  Min.,  il  549,  1856.     Nicopyrite  Shep.,  Min.,  307,  1857. 

Isometric.     Cleavage  octahedral.     Massive,  granular. 
H.=3*5—  4.     G.—  4*6.     Color  light  bronze-yellow.     Streak  light  bronze- 
brown.     Not  magnetic. 


Comp,—  (£Ni  +  £  Fe)  S  =  Sulphur  36'0,  iron  41*9,  nickel  22'1  =100.  Analysis:  Scheerer 
(Pogg.,  Iviii.  315): 

S  Fe  Ni  Cu 

1.  36-45         42-70         18-35         1-16=98-66 

2.  36-64        40-21         21'07         1-78=99'70 

Excluding  the  copper  as  chalcopyrite,  No.  1  gives  S  37'02,  Fe  43'73,  Ni  19-25  ;  No.  2,  S  36'86,  Fe 
40-86,  Ni  22-28.  Rivot  found  (Dufr.  Min.,  1.  c.),  for  the  ore  from  Craigmuir  in  Argyleshire,  S  35'8, 
Fe  54-8,  Ni  7  -6,  quartz  1'4=99'6. 

Pyr.—  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes.  The  powdered  mineral  roasted  B.B.  on  charcoal 
gives  with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  nickel  and  iron. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  with  chalcopyrite  in  a  hornblende  rock  near  Lillehammer  in  Southern  Norway  ; 
slightly  mixed  with  magnetite  at  Craigmuir,  9  m.  from  .Inverary,  in  Argyleshire,  Scotland,  in 
gneiss  ;  also  2  m.  from  Inverary,  both  extensively  mined  ;  at  Wheel  Jane  in  Kenwyn,  Cornwall. 
The  ore  is  valuable  for  the  extraction  of  nickel. 

Named  after  Mr.  Pentland. 

55.  GRUNAUITE.    Nickelwismuthglanz  v.  Kob.,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  vi.  332,  1835.    Bismuth  Nickel. 
Griinauite  NicoL,  Min.  458,  1849.     Saynit  v.  Kob,  Taf.,  13,  1853. 

Isometric.     Figs.  2,  6,  7.     Cleavage  octahedral. 

H.=4-5.  Q.=5'13.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  light  steel-gray  to  silver- 
white,  often  yellowish  or  grayish  through  tarnish.  Streak  dark  gray. 
Brittle. 

Comp.—  Analyses  :  1,  Kobell  (1.  c.)  .  2,  3,  Schnabel  (Ramrn.,  4th  Suppl.,  164)  : 


SULPHTDS,    ETC. 


S 

Bi 

m 

Fe 

Co 

Cu 

1. 

38-i6 

14-11 

40-65 

3-48 

0-28 

1-68 

2. 

31-99 

10-49 

22-o3 

5-55 

11-24 

11-59 

3. 

33-10 

10-41 

22-78 

6-06 

11-73 

11-56 

Pb 

1-58  =  100-24  Kobell. 
7'11  =  1<>0  Schnabel. 
4-36  =  100  Schnabel. 

The  sulphur  is  to  the  metals  present  as  4£ :  3.     No  probable  formula  has  beon  deduced. 
Pyr.,  etc.— Fuses  to  a  gray,  brittle,  magnetic  globule,  coloring  the  charcoal  greenish-yellow 
Dissolves  iu  nitric  acid,  excepting  the  sulphur. 

Obs.— Found  at  G-riinau,  in  Sayn  Altenkirchen,  with  quartz  and  chalcopynte. 

56.  SPHALERITE  or  BLENDE.  Galena  inanis,  Germ.  Blende,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  465,  1546 
Bliiude,  Pseudo-galena,  Zincum  S,  As,  et  Fe  minoralisatum,  Wall,  Min.,  248,  1747.  Zincum, 
cum  Fe,  S  mineralisatum  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  1782.  Sulphuret  of  zinc.  Zinc  sulfure  Fr.  Zinc- 
Blende.  Sphalerit  Glock.,  Syn.,  17,  1847.  Black-Jack  Engl  Miners. 

Cleiophane  Nuttal  Marmatite  (fr.  Marmato)  Boussingault,  Pogg.,  xvii.  399,  1829.  Przibramite 
Huot,  Min.,  298,  1841. '  Marasmolite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xii.  210,  1851,  Christophit  Breith , 
B.  H.  Ztg.'  xxii.  27.  Rahtite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xli.  209,  1866. 

Isometric :  tetrahedral,  Observed  planes,  0 ;  /;  1 ;  2  ;  *-f ,  i-2  ;  2-2, 
3-3,  4-4,  5-5.  Figs.  3,  29  to  33;  also  73,  74.  Cleavage:  dodecahedral, 
highly  perfect.  Twins :  composition-face  1,  as  in  f.  75  ;  also  76,  of  which 
73°is  the  simple  form.  Also  botryoidal,  and  other  imitative  shapes;  some- 
times fibrous  and  radiated ;  also  massive,  compact. 


H.=3-5— 4.  G.=3'9— 4-2.  4-063,  white,  New 
Jersey.  Lustre  resinous  to  adamantine.  Color 
brown,  yellow,  black,  red,  green ;  white  or  yellow 
when  pure.  Streak  white — reddish-brown.  Trans- 
parent— translucent.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brit- 
tle. 

Comp.,  Var. — Zn  S— Sulphur  33,  zinc  67  =  100.  But  often 
having  part  of  the  zinc  replaced  by  iron,  and  sometimes  by  cad- 
mium. 

Var.  1.  Ordinary.  Containing  little  or  no  iron;  colors  white 
to  yellowish-brown,  sometimes  black;  G.  =  3'9  — 4-1.  The  pure 
white  blende  of  Frankliu,  N.  J.,  is  the  cleiophane  (anal.  5). 

2.  Ferriferous;   Marmatite.     Containing  10  p.  c.  or  more  of 

iron;  dark-brown  to  black;  G-.=r3-9— 4-2.  The  proportion  of  sulphid  of  iron  to- sulphid  of  zinc 
varies  from  1:5  to  1:2,  and  the  last  ratio  is  that  of  the  christophite  of  Breithaupt  (1.  c.),  a 
brilliant-black  blende  from  St.  Chris  tophe  mine,  at  Breitenbrunn,  near  Johanngeorgenstadt,  having 
G.— 3-91— 3-923  (1.  c.). 

3.  Cadmiferous ;  Przibramite.    The  amount  of  cadmium  present  in  any  blende  thus  far  analyzed 
is  less  than  5  per  cent. 

Each  of  the  above  varieties  may  occur  (a)  in  crystals  ;  (&)  firm,  fibrous,  or  columnar,  at  times 
radiated  or  plumose ;  (c)  cleavable,  massive,  or  foliated ;.  (d)  granular,  or  compact  massive. 


8ULPHIDS,    ETC. 


The  brass-ore  (Messingerz  Germ.)  of  early  mineralogists  is  a  mixture  of  blende  and  chalconvrite 
Shepard's  marasmolite  (1.  c.)  is  a  partially  decomposed  blende  containing  some  free  sulphur 

Analyses:  1,  Arfvedson  (Ac.  H.  Stockh.,  1822,  438,  Pogg.,  i.  62);  2,  Lowe  (Pogg  xxxviii  161V 
3,  Kersten  (Pogg.,  Ixiii.  132);  4,  C.  Kuhlemaun  (ZS.  nat.  Ver.  Halle,  viii.  499);  5,  T  H  Henri 
(Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  i.  23);  6,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xx.  250);  7,  8,  9,  Jackson  (G-  Rep  N 
Hampshire,  208);  10,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  300);  11,  12,  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  61)-  13* 
Scheerer  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xix.,  No.  15)  ;  14,  Heinichen  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxii.  27)  ;  15,  Lecanu  (J  de  Pharm  ' 
ix.  457);  16,  17,  18,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  ix.  419);  19,  20,  Boussingault  (Pogg.,  xvii.  399): 


Zn 


Fe 


1. 

2.  Przibram,  fibrous 

3.  Carinthia,  Raibel,  rli.  yw. 

4.  Clausthal,  Hack 

5.  N.  Jersey,  white 

6.  Phenixville,  Pa. 

7.  Eaton,  N.  PL,  ywh.  bn. 

8.  Lyman,  N.  H. 

9.  Shelburne,  N.  H. 

10.  Christiania,  fibrous 

11.  Tuscany,  marmatite 

12.  " 

13.  Titiribi,  N.  G.,  bkh.  bn. 

14.  Christophite,  black 


15.  Charente 

16.  England,  gray 

17.  Caguliu,  brown 

18.  Luchon 

19.  Marmato,  Marmatite 
20          "  « 


33-66 

66-34 



33-15 

61-40 

2-29 

32-10 

64-22 

1-82 

33-04 

65-39 

1-18 

32-22 

67-46 



33-82 

64-39 



33-22 

63-62 

3-10 

33-4 

55-6 

8-4 

32-6 

52-0 

10-0 

33-73 

53-17 

11-79 

32-12 

50-90 

11-44 

33-65 

48-11 

16-23 

33-82 

54-17 

11-19 

33-57 

44-67 

18-25 

ZnS 

82-76 

91-8 

75-5 

94-4 

77-5 

76-8 

Cd 

-  =100  Arfvedson. 
1-50=98-34  Lowe. 

tr.t  Sb  and  Pb  0'72,  H  0-80=99-16  Kersten. 
0-79,  Cu  0-13,  Sb  0-63  =  101-06  Kuhlemann. 

tr.=  99-68  Henry. 

0-98,  Cu  0-32,  Pb  0-78  =  100-29  Smith. 
0*6  including  loss  =100  Jackson. 
2-3=99-7  Jackson. 
3-2,  Mn  1-3=99-1  Jackson. 

-  ,  Mn  0-74,  Cu  «r.=99-43  Scheerer. 
1-23,  Fe  S2  0-75=96-44  Bechi. 

tr.,  Cu  /r.=97'99  Bochi. 
0-82,  Mn  0-88=100-88  Scheerer. 
0-28,  Mn  2-66,  Sn.fr.  =99-43  Heinichen. 

FeS 
13-71=96-47  Lecanu. 

6-4=98-2  Berthier. 
17-2  =  92-7  Berthier. 

5-4=99-8  Berthier. 
22-5  =  100  Boussingault 
23-2=100  Boussiiigault. 


The  marmatite  of  anal.  19  affords  the  formula  3  ZnS  +  FeS=77  Zn  S  and  23  FeS;  of  anal.  12,  5 
Zn  S  +  2  FeS ;  another,  of  brown  color,  from  near  Burbach  in  Siegen,  afforded  Schnabel  (Pogg., 
cv.  144)  5  ZnS  +  FeS;  Breithaupt's  christophite=2  ZnS  +  FeS. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes,  and  generally  changes  color.  B.B.  on  char- 
coal, in  R.F.,  some  varieties  give  at  first  a  reddish-brown  coating  of  oxyd  of  cadmium,  and  later 
a  coating  of  oxyd  of  zinc,  which  is  yellow  while  hot  and  white  after  cooling.  With  cobalt  solution 
the  zinc  coating  gives  a  green  color  when  heated  in  O.F.  Most  varieties,  after  roasting,  give 
with  borax  a  reaction  for  iron.  With  soda  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  a  strong  green  zinc  flame.  Diffi- 
cultly fusible. 

Dissolves  in  muriatic  acid,  during  which  sulphuretted  hydrogen  is  disengaged.  Some  specimens 
phosphoresce  when  struck  with  a  steel  or  by  friction. 

Obs, — Occurs  in  both  crystalline  and  sedimentary  rocks,  and  is  usually  associated  with  galena ; 
also  with  barite,  chalcopyrite,  fluorite,  siderite,  and  frequently  in  silver  mines. 

Derbyshire,  Cumberland,  and  Cornwall,  afford  different  varieties ;  also  Transylvania ;  Hungary ; 
the  Harz ;  Sahla  in  Sweden  ;  Ratieborzitz  in  Bohemia ;  many  Saxon  localities.  Splendid  crystals 
are  found  in  Binnenthal.  A  variety  having  a  divergent  fibrous  structure  and  presenting  botry- 
oidal  forms  is  met  with  in  Cornwall ;  at  Raibel ;  and  at  G-eroldseck  in  Baden. 

Abounds  with  the  lead  ore  of  Missouri,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  Illinois.  In  N.  York,  Sullivan 
Co.,  near  Wurtzboro',  it  constitutes  a  large  part  of  a  lead  vein  in  millstone  grit,  and  is  occasionally 
in  octahedrons ;  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  brown  blende  occurs  at  Cooper's  falls,  in  a  vein  of  carbonate 
of  lime;  at  Mineral  Point  with  galena,  and  in  Fowler,  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Belmont,  in  a  vein  with 
iron  and  copper  pyrites  traversing  serpentine;  at  the  Ancram  lead  mine  in  Columbia  Co.,  of 
yellow  and  brown  colors ;  in  limestone  at  Lockport  and  other  places,  in  honey  and  wax-yellow 
crystals  often  transparent ;  with  galena  on  Flat  Creek,  two  miles  south-west  of  Spraker's  Basin. 
In  Mass.,  at  Sterling  of  a  cherry-red  color,  with  galena ;  also  yellowish-brown  at  the  Southampton 
lead  mines ;  at  Hatfield,  with  galena.  In  N.  Hamp.,  at  the  Eaton  lead  mine ;  at  Warren,  a  large 
vein  of  black  blende,  In  Maine,  at  the  Lubec  lead  mines ;  also  at  Bingham,  Dexter,  and  Parsons- 
field.  In  Conn.,  yellowish-green  at  Brookfield;  at  Berlin,  of  a  yellow  color;  brownish-black 
Roxbury,  and  yellowish-brown  at  Lane's  mine,  Monroe.  In  N.  Jersey,  a  white  variety  (dewphane 
of  Nuttall)  at  Franklin.  In  Penn.,  at  the  Wheatley  and  Perkiomen  lead  mines,  in  handsome 
crystallizations;  near  Friedeusville,  Lehigh  Co.,  a  white  waxy  var.  In  Virginia,  at  Walton  s 
gold  mine,  Louisa  Co.,  and  more  abundantly  at  Austin's  lead  mines,  Wythe  Co.,  where  it  o< 

4 


50  STJLPHIDS,    ETC. 

crystallized,  or  in  radiated  crystallizations.  In  Michigan,  at  Prince  vein,  Lake  Superior,  abundant. 
In  Illinois,  near  Kosiclare,  with  galenite  and  calcite;  at  Marsden's  diggings,  near  Galena,  in 
stalactites,  some  6  in.  or  more  through,  and  covered  with  cryst.  pyrite,  and  galenite.  In  Wisconsin, 
at  Mineral  Point,  in  fine  crystals,  and  many  of  large  size  (3  in.  through,  or  so),  altered  to  smith- 
sonite.  In  Tennessee,  at  Haysboro',  near  Nashville. 

Named  blende  because,  while  often  resembling  galena,  it  yielded  no  lead,  the  word  in  German 
meaning  blind  or  deceiving.  Sphalerite  is  from  <r^uA?p'if,  treacherous. 

Alt. — Blende  by  oxydation  changes  to  zinc  vitriol.  Calamine  (2n3  Si  +  l£  fi),  smithsonite  (2n 
C),  and  limonite  occur  as  pseudomorphs.  The  sulphate  is  decomposed  by  bi-carbonate  of  lime, 
producing  smithsonite ;  and  the  alkaline  silicates  in  solution,  acting  on  the  sulphate  or  carbonate, 
afford  silicate  of  zinc. 

Artif. — Blende  may  be  made  in  crystals  from  a  solution  of  sulphate  containing  some  putrifying 
animal  matter;  in  an  experiment  by  Gages,  using  oysters  for  the  animal  matter,  the  shells  were 
turned  partly  into  carbonate  of  zinc  and"  selenite,  and  some  blende  incrusted  them.  Also  may  be 
made  by  subjecting  heated  oxyd  or  silicate  of  zinc  to  vapors  of  sulphur. 

Rahtite  of  Shepard  (1.  c.)  is  a  wholly  uncrystalline  blende,  with  G.=4'128,  containing  iron  and 
copper,  and  probably  a  mere  mixture  of  blende  and  other  minerals.  Shepard  says  that  it  occurs 
"  in  the  upper  decomposed  portion  of  the  Ducktown  copper  lode,  associated  with  melaconite  and 
various  mixtures  of  chalcopyrite,  redruthite,"  etc.  The  specimen  analyzed  by  Mr.  Tyler  for  Prof. 
Shepard  was  iron-black,  while  Shepard  says  that  the  mineral  is  "  dark  lead-gray,  with  a  tinge  of 
blue,  not  unlike  some  of  the  ores  of  antimony."  Tyler  obtained  (1.  c.)  for  the  composition  of  his 
specimen,  S  33-36,  Zn  47 '86,  Fe  6-18,  Cu  14*00,  giving  approximately  10  S,  7  Zn,  1  Fe,  2  Cu,  and 
equivalent  to  7  ZQ  S  +  Fe  S2  +  £hi  S,  or  7  of  blende,  with  1  pyrite  and  1  chalcocite  (redruthite). 
Since  €u  (not  Cu)  replaces  Fe  and  the  related  metals  in  the  sulphids,  the  formula  cannot  be  (Zn, 
Fe,  Cu)  S,  or  that  of  a  cupreous  blende. 

57.  VOLTZITB.     Voltzine  Fournet,  Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  iii.  519,  1833.  Oxysulphuret  of  Zinc.   Leber- 
blende  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xv.  1838,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxii.  26.    Yoltzit  Eamm.,  Handw.,  260,  1841. 

In  implanted  spherical  globules  ;  structure  thin  curved  lamellar. 

H.=4— 4*5.  G.=3'66— 3*81.  Lustre  vitreous  to  greasy;  or  pearly  on 
a  cleavage  surface.  Color  dirty  rose-red,  yellowish,  brownish.  Opaque  or 
subtranslucent. 

Var.— G.=3-66  fr.  Rosieres,  Fournet;  3'691  fr.  Geyer;  3'7ll  fr.  Marienberg;  3'777  fr.  Corn- 
wall ;  3-804  fr.  Johanngeorgenstadt 

Oomp. — 4Zn  S  +  Zn  0=Sulphid  of  zinc  82-73,  oxyd  of  zinc  17'27  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Four- 
net  (L  c.);  2,  Lindaker  (Yogi's  Min.  Joach.,  175): 

1.  Rosieres  Zn  S  82'92  Zn  0  15-34  3?e  1'84  Resinous  subst  tr.  =  100'10  Fournet. 

2.  Joachimsthal  82'75  17'25  =  100  Lindaker. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  like  blende.    In  muriatic  acid  affords  fumes  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Rosieres,  near  Pont  Gibaud,  in  Puy  de  D&me  ;  Elias  mine  near  Joachimsthal, 
with  galenite,  blende,  native  bismuth,  etc. ;  near  Marienberg  (the  leberbknde) ;  Hochmuth  near 
Geyer ;  Cornwall,  probably  at  Redruth ;  at  Bernkastel  on  the  MoseL  in  pseudomorphs  after 
quartz. 

Named  after  the  French  mining  engineer,  Voltz. 

The  supposed  artificial  voltzite  from  the  Freiberg  smelting-works  has  been  shown  to  be 
blende. 

58.  HESSITE.    Tellursilber  G.  Pose,  Pogg.,  xviii.  64,  1830.     Savodinskite  Huot,  Min.,  i.  187, 
1841.    Telluric  Silver.    Hessit  Frobel,  Grundz.  Syst.  Kryst.,  49,  1843. 

Orthorhombic,  ^and  resembling  chalcocite,  Kenngott,  Peters.  Occurring 
planes  0,  /,  i-i,  i4,  m-i,  i-n,  and  others.  Cleavage  indistinct.  Massive ; 
compact  or  fine-grained ;  rarely  coarse-granular. 

H.=2— 3-5.  G.=:8'3— 8-6.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  between  lead-gray 
and  steel-gray.  Sectile.  Fracture  even. 

Oomp.— Ag  Te=Tellurium  37-2,  silver  62-8=100.    Silver  sometimes  replaced  in  part  by  gold. 
Analyses:  1,  2,  G.  Rose  (Pogg.,  xviii.  64);  3,  Petz  (ib.,  Ivii.  647);  4,  Rammelsberg  (4th  Suppl., 


6ULPHIDS,    ETC. 


51 


1.  Savodinski,  Altai  Te  36-96  Ag  62'42     Fe  0-24=99-62  Eose. 

2.  "      G.  =  8'41 -8-565     36'89         62-32  0-50=99-71  Rose. 

3.  Nagyag  Gr.  =  8-31  —  8-45     [87'76]        61*55,  Au  0'69,  Fe,  Pb,  S,  «r.  =  100  Petz. 

4.  Ketzbanya  27*96        54'67     Foreign  substances  15-25=97-88  Ramm. 
Pyr. — In  the  open  tube  a  faint  white  sublimate  of  tellurous  acid,  which  B.B.  fuses  to  colorless 

globules.  On  charcoal  fuses  to  a  black  globule ;  this  treated  in  R.F.  presents  on  cooling  white 
dendritic  points  of  silver  on  its  surface ;  with  soda  gives  a  globule  of  silver. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  Savodinski  mine,  about  10  versts  from  the  rich  silver  mine  of  Zirianovski, 
in  the  Altai,  in  Siberia,  in  a  talcose  rock,  with  pyrite,  black  blende,  and  chalcopyrite.  Specimens 
in  the  museum  of  Barnaul,  on  the  Ob,  are  a  cubic  foot  in  size.  Also  found  at  Nagyag  in  Transyl- 
vania, and  at  Retzbanya  in  Hungary ;  Stanislaus  mine,  Calaveras  Co.,  Cal. 

Kenngott  examined  crystals  from  Nagyag,  and  Peters,  from  Retzbanya.  Hess  made  the  Altai 
mineral  rhombohedral,  which  Kokscharof  does  not  sustain. 

58 A.  PETZITE.  (Tellursilber  Pefe,  Pogg.,  Ivii.  470;  Tellurgoldsilber  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1847. 
Petzit  HaioLj  Handb.,  1845.)  Differs  from  hessite  in  gold  replacing  much  of  the  silver.  H.=2-5. 
G.  =  8-72  — 8-83,  Petz;  9—9-4,  KiisteL  Color  between  steel-gray  arid  iron-black,  sometimes  with 
pavonine  tarnish.  Streak  iron-black.  Brittle.  Composition  AuTe+4|AgTe,  Petz:  Au  Te  +  3 
AgTe,  Genth.  Analyses:  1,  Petz  (1.  c.) ;  2-4,  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlv.  310);  5,  'Kiistel  (ib., 
B.  H.  Ztg.,  1866,  128)  : 


Te  [34-98] 

2.  Stanislaus  mine     (f)  [32-23] 

3.  Golden  Rule  mine        32-68 

4.  "  "  [34-16] 

5.  Stanislaus  mine  35-40? 


Ag  46-76  Au  18-26,  Fe,  Pb,  S  *r.  =  100  Petz. 
42-14  25-63=100  Genth. 

41-86  25-60=100-14  Genth. 

40-87  24-97  =  100  Genth. 

40-60  24-80=100-80  Kiistel. 


Occurs  at  the  localities  stated,  with  other  ores  of  tellurium. 

59.  DALEMINZITE.    Daleminzit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxi.  98,  1862,  xxii.  44,  1863. 

Orthorhombic,  and  isomorphous  with  chalcocite  :  7  A  7=  116°.     Occur- 
ring planes  (9,  7,  *4,  2-2,  1--J. 

H. = 2-2-5.    GL = f'044-7'049.   Physical  characters  like  those  of  argentite. 

Comp. — Ag  S,  or  same  as  for  argentite,  it  being  the  same  chemical  compound  under  an 
orthorhombic  form. 
Pyr. — Same  as  for  argentite. 

Obs. — From  the  Himmelfahrt  mine  near  Freiberg.     Much  resembles  stephanite. 
Named  from  Dalminzien,  the  ancient  name  of  Freiberg. 
Akanthite  is  also  orthorhombic  sulphid  of  silver,  but  of  very  different  angles. 

60.  ACANTHITE.    Akanthit  Kenng.,  Pogg.,  xcv.  462,  1855. 

Orthorhombic.     7 A  7=110°  54' ;    0  A  1-1=124°  42' ;  a  :l  :  t- 
1  :  1-4523.    Observed  planes  :  as  in  f.  77,  with  also  vertical  *-5,  *-2 
JUIj  |-2?5   5..^  5..^  24,  84?;  octahedral,  £,  J;  f-5?;   1  *'  a 
f  g;  f*;  20-|?;  4-2,  f2,  1-2,  f-i,  jyMf?  (Dauber). 
O  A  14=135°  10r ;  O  A  1=119°  42X ; 


;  domes, 
f 8;  2-8; 


. 

A  f-2=140 


JLO  ,   1-i  /\  *-*=  1±O       1O  ,    JL-/.  /\  -L-'fr,  UVC1   K-lj J.J.V 

36X.  Twins :  composition  parallel  to  1-i  Crystals 
usually  slender-pointed  prisms.  Cleavage  indistinct. 
H.=2-5  or  under.  G.=7-16-7'33  ;  7-16-7'236, 
from  Freiberg;  7'188— 7'326  from  JoachimsthaL 
Lustre  metallic.  Color  iron-black  or  like  argentite. 
Fracture  uneven,  giving  a  shining  surface.  Sectile. 

Comp.— Ag  S,  or  like  argentite.  P.  "Weselsky  obtained  (J.  pr. 
Ch.,  Ixxxi.  487)  from  a  Freiberg  specimen  86'71  silver,  12'70  sul- 
phur; from  a  Joachimsthal  specimen,  87 -4  silver. 

Pyr. — Same  as  for  argentite. 


52 


SULPIIIDS,    ETC. 


Obs.-At  Joachimsthal,  with  pyrite,  argentite,  and  calcite  usually  on  quartz  ;  also  at  the  Him- 
melfurst  mine,  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  along  with  argentite  and  stephamte  The  crystals  are 
parallel  with  those  of  stromeyerite  when  1-i  is  made  /;  m  that  case  /A  /=  110  >  36  ,  and  /-»  Alt 
-89°  40':  while  in  stromeyerite  these  angles  are  119°  35'  and  t*  A  l-»  =91  44  ;  and  twins  are 
compounded  paraUel  to  /  in  each.  On  cryst.,  see  H.  Dauber,  Ber.  Ak  Wien  xxxix.  685.  The 
prisms  1-1  and  I,  correspond  nearly  in  angle  to  the  twining  form  |4  of  chalcocite. 

The  ore  analyzed  by  W.  C.  Taylor,  and  referred  by  him  to  stromeyerite,  may  belong  to  acan- 
thite,  as  suggested  by  Kenngott;  but  this  can  be  made  certain  only  by  ascertaining  its  crystal- 
line  form. 

61.  CHALCOCITE.  Ms  rude  plumbei  coloris  pt,  Germ.  Kupferglaserz,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  461, 
1546.  Koppar-Glas  pt.,  Cuprum  vitreum,  Wall,  282,  1147.  Cuivre  vitreux  Fr.  Trl  Wall.,  i. 
509,  1753.  Kopparmalm,  Cuprum  sulphure  mineralisatum  pt.,  Cronst.,  174,  1758.  Vitreous 
Copper  Sulphuret  of  Copper.  Cuivre  sulfure  Fr.  Kupferglanz  Germ.  Copper  Glance.  Chal- 
cosine  Jfeud,,  Tr.,  ii.  408,  1832.  Cyprit  Glock.,  Syn.,  1847.  Eedruthite  Nicol,  Min.,  1849. 
Kuprein  Broth.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxii.  35,  1863. 

Digenit  Breifft.,  Fogg.,  Ixi.  673,  1844.     Carmenite  H.  Hahn,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  86,  1865. 


d: 


Orthorhombic.     7  A  7-119°  35',  0  A  1-*=120°  57' 
:  1*7176.     Observed  planes:  0',  vertical,  7,  i-1,  ^^, 
^,  1-?,  f-?,  $4  ;  octahedral,  £,  J,  1,  4. 

6^  A  4-147°  16'        0  A  fS=147°  6'        6^  A  14-135°  52r 

(9  A  1=136    24         (9  A  2-1=117    16     i-8  A  *-8=120  25 

0  A  1=117    24        0  A  ffcl24    30        1  A  1,  mac.,=126  56  J- 


0=1-6676 
domes> 


\ 


Bristol,  Ct. 


Bristol,  Ct. 


Bristol,  Ct. 


Cleavage :  /,  indistinct.  Twins :  (1)  composition-face  7,  producing  hex- 
agonal, or  stellate  forms  (left  half  of  f.  80) ;  (2)  composition-face  -f-£,  a  cruci- 
form twin  (f.  80),  crossing  at  angles  of  111°  and  69°  ;  (3)  (f.  81),  a  cruciform 
twin,  having  0  and  7  of  one  crystal  parallel  respectively  to  i4  and  0  of  the 
other  ;  (4)  c.-face  ^-.  Also  massive,  structure  granular,  or  compact  and  im- 
palpable. 

H.-2-5-3.  G.=5-5-5'8;  5-7022  Thomson.  Lustre  metallic.  Color 
and  streak  blackish  lead-gray ;  often  tarnished  blue  or  green ;  streak  some- 
times shining.  Fracture  conchoidal. 

Comp. — Ou  S=Sulphur  20*2,  copper  79'8=100.  Analyses :  1,  Ullmann  (Syst.  tab.  Uebers., 
243);  2,  3,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  290);  4,  Schnabel  (Ramm,  4th  Supp.,  121);  5,  C.  Bechi  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xvi.  61);  6,  7,  Wilczynsky  (Ramm.,  5th  Suppl.,  151,  and  Min.  Oh.,  997);  8,  P.  Collier 
(private  contrib.): 

S  Cu  Fe 

1.  Siegen  19-00        79'50        0'75,  Si  l'00=100-25  Ullmann 

2.  Tellemark,  Norway,  G.=5'795     20-43        77'76        0-91=99-10  Scheerer. 


STTLPHIDS,    ETC.  53 

S  Cu  Fe 

3.  Tellemark,  Norway,  G.  =  5-521     20-36  79*12  0-28=99-76  Scheerer 

4.  Siegen,  massive  21-50  74'73  1-26,  Si  2-00=99-49  Schnabel 

5.  Mt.  Catini  20-50  76'54  1 -75=98-79  Bechi 

6-  Chili  21-81         74-71  8'33=9»-85  Wilczynsky 

7.  Montagone,  Tuscany  21-90         71-31  6-49=99-70  Raimnelsbere 

8.  Bristol,  Ct.                                     20-26        79-42  0  33,  Ag  0'11  =  100-12  Collier. 
Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  nothing  volatile  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  open  tube  gives  off  sulphurous 

fumes.     B.B.  on  charcoal  melts  to  a  globule,  which  boils  with  spirting ;  with  soda  is  reduced  to 
metallic  copper.     >  oluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Cornwall  affords  splendid  crystals  where  it  occurs  in  veins  and  beds  with  other  ores  of 
copper,  and  especially  near  St.  Just.  It  occurs  also  at  Fassnetburn  in  Haddingtonshire  in  Ayr- 
shire, and  in  Fair  Island,  Scotland.  The  compact  and  massive  varieties  occur  in  Siberia,  Hesse 
Saxony,  the  Bannat,  etc.;  Mt.  Catini  mines  in  Tuscany;  Mexico,  Peru,  Bolivia,  Chili.  Near- 
Angina,  Tuscany,  a  crystal  has  been  obtained,  weighing  half  a  pound. 

In  the  United  States,  compact  varieties  occur  in  the  red  sandstone  formation  at  Simsbury  and 
Cheshire,  Conn.;  also  at  Schuyler's  mines,  N.  J.  Bristol,  Conn.,  affords  large  and  brilliant 
crystals,  f.  79-81;  fig.  80,  a  crystal,  with  its  strias  and  irregularities,  compounded  by  two 
different  methods.  Another  crystal  has  a  small  octahedral  plane  situated  obliquely  upon  the 
intersection  of  1,  |,  and  adjoining  the  brachy diagonal  section,  which  is  probably  the  plane  f-2. 
2-?  A  24  in  the  Bristol  crystals  =  125°  43'.  In  Virginia,  in  the  United  States  copper  mine  district,' 
Blue  Ridge,  Orange  Co.  Between  Newmarket  and  Taneytown,  Maryland,  east  of  the  Monocacey] 
with  chalcopyrite.  In  Arizona,  near  La  Paz ;  in  N.  W.  Sonora.  In  Nevada,  in  Washoe  Hum- 
boldt,  Churchill  and  Nye  Cos. 

The  Argent  en  epis  or  Cuivre  spidforme  of  Haiiy,  which  is  merely  vegetable  matter  impregnated 
with  this  ore,  occurs  at  Frankenberg  in  Hessia,  and  also  Mahoopeny,  Penn. 

Under  the  name  Oupreine,  Breithaupt  separates  the  larger  part  of  the  specimens,  referred  to 
chalcocite,  on  the  ground  alleged  that  they  are  hexagonal  instead  of  orthorhombic,  and  have  a  lower 
specific  gravity.  He  gives  for  the  angle  between  the  base  and  a  pyramidal  face  117°  53'  approxi- 
mately, and  G.=5'5  — 5-586  of  the  mineral  from  12  different  localities.  He  cites  Scheerer's  two 
analyses  above  of  the  Tellemark  mineral.  Other  localities  mentioned  are  Kongsberg  in  Norway ; 
near  Freiberg,  Sadisdorf,  Deutsch-Neudorf,  in  Saxony ;  Schmiedeberg  in  Silesia ;  Hettstedt  and 
Sangerhausen  in  Thuringia;  near  Siegen;  Mt.  Catini  in  Tuscany;  Bosgolovsk  in  Siberia;  Karga- 
liusk  Steppes  in  Orenberg ;  Cornwall ;  Eleonora  and  Ulrique  in  Mexico ;  West  Coast  of  Africa. 
Breithaupt  is  certainly  in  error  with  regard  to  the  Cornwall  mineral,  as  the  measurements  of 
Phillips  and  others,  and  recently  of  Maskelyne  (in  a  letter  to  the  author),  conclusively  prove ;  and 
probably  in  error  throughout. 

Beudant's  name,  clialcosine,  has  priority.  We  change  the  termination  ine,  which  ought  to  be 
out  of  the  science,  and  substitute  c  for  s.  Chalcite  (Xa\KLT^  in  Greek),  Aristotle's  name  for  the 
common  ore  of  Cyprus,  cannot  be  employed  in  modern  mineralogy,  because  it  has  the  same  pro- 
nunciation with  calcite.  But  with  the  added  syllable,  used  above,  this  objection  does  not  hold. 
Moreover,  the  word  thus  altered  does  not  imply  an  identity  of  the  species  with  that  of  Cyprus, 
about  which  there  is  yet  much  doubt. 

Alt — Occurs  altered  to  chalcopyrite,  bornite,  covellite,  melaconite. 

Specimens  are  often  penetrated  with  the  covellite,  or  indigo-copper,  resulting  from  the  altera- 
tion. (A)  Digenite  of  Breithaupt  (1.  c.)  is  probably  a  mineral  of  this  kind.  Plattner  obtained  B.B., 
7(J'2  of  copper  and  0'24  of  silver,  whence  the  formula  -Gu  S  +  2  -Gu  S2,  making  it  a  compound  of 
1  chalcocite +  2  covellite.  Localities  mentioned  are  Sangerhausen  in  Thuringia;  Szaska  in  Tran- 
sylvania; in  the  Government  of  Orenburg;  Platten  in  Bohemia;  Angola,  W.  Coast  of  Africa; 
Chili,  with  cuproplumbite. 

(B)  Carmeniie  of  Hahn  (1.  c.).  from  Carmen  island,  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  approaches  digenite. 
It  is  an  impure  chalcocite,  containing  visibly,  as  the  author  finds  after  personal  examination,  much 
covellite.     Hahn  analyzed  the  mass  by  first  separating  into  two  parts,  one  soluble  in  muriatic 
acid,  and  the  other  not ;  and  the  former  was  then  analyzed,  and  the  composition  obtained  given  as 
that  of  carmenite;  it  was  S  26*22,  Sb  0'97,  Cu  71'30,  Fe  1-37,  Ag  0-05,  gangue  0-77  =  100-68, 
corresponding  to  1  chalcocite  +  1  covellite. 

(C)  HARKISITE  of  Shepard  (Rep.  on  Canton  Mine,  cited  in  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxii.  256  and  Pratt 
Am.  J.  Sci.  II.  xxiii.  409),  from  Canton  mine,  Georgia,  and  later  found  at  the  Polk  Co.  copper 
mines  in  East  Tennessee,  is  chalcocite  with  the  cleavage  of  galena,  and,  as  Genth  has  proved,  is 
pseudomorphous  after  galena.     Genth's  many  analyses  of  the  Tennessee  mineral  (Am.  J.  Sci.  II. 
xxxiii.  194)  show  a  variation  in  composition  from  that  of  chalcocite  to  that  of  a  mixture  with  27 
p.  c.  of  galena.     Unaltered  galena  has  been  observed  within  crystals  of  harrisite  both  at  the 
Georgia  and  Tennessee  localities.     Its  color  is  dark  lead-gray  and  bluish-black.     As  Geutb 
observes,  it  is  related  to  the  so-callef!  cuproplumUt*  (p.  42). 


54 


STJLPHTDS,    ETC. 


Artif.—  The  double  sulphate  of  copper  and  iron,  in  carbonated  water  containing  putreseibla 
animal  matter,  afforded  Gages  malachite,  selenite,  and  some  chalcocite. 

62.  STROMEYBRITE.  Silberkupferglanz  Hausm.  &  Strom.,  G-eL  Anz.  G-ott,  ii.  1249,  1816 
Argent  et  cuivre  sulfure  Bournon,  Cat.,  212,  1817.  Sulphuret  of  Silver  and  Copper.  Argentif- 
erous Sulphuret  of  Copper.  Cuivre  sulfure  argentifere  Fr.  Stromeyerine  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  410, 
1832.  Stromeyerite  Shep.,  ii.  211,  1835. 

Orthorhombic  hus  with  chalcocite.   /A/—  119°35/.    Observed 

planes  0,  i-i,  % 
compact. 

H.=2'5—  3. 
Streak  shining. 

Comp  __  (Ag€u)S,  orAgS  +  -euS=Sulphurl5-8,  sUver  53-1,  copper  31'1  =  100.  Analyses:  1. 
W  J.  Taylor  (Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  Nov.,  1859);  2,  Stromeyer  (Schw.  J.,  xix.  325);  3,  Sander  (Fogg., 
xL  313)  ;  4—7,  Domeyko  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  iii.  9)  ;  8,  9,  P.  Collier  (private  contrib.)  : 


isomorphous  with  chalcocite. 
\  i;  6^=154°  16',   <9  A£-£=155°  7'.     Also   massive, 

GT  —6.2—6-3.     Lustre  metallic.      Color  dark  steel-gray. 
Fracture  subconchoidal. 


1.  Copiapo 

2.  Schlangenberg,  Siberia 

3.  Eudelstadt,  Silesia 

4.  S.  Pedro,  Chili 

5.  Catemo,        " 
6         "  " 
7. 

8.  Arizona 

9.  " 


S  Ag  Cu        Fe 

16-35  69-59  11-12  2'86=99'92  Taylor. 

15-782  52-272  30*478  0'333=98'865  Stromeyer. 

15-92  52-71  30-95  0'24=99'82  Sander. 

17-83  28-79  53'38  =100  Domeyko. 

19-93  24-04  53-94  2'09— 100  Domeyko. 

20-53  16-58  6058  2'3 1  =  100  Domeyko. 

21-41  12-08  63-98  2-53  =  100  Domeyko. 

19-44  14-05  64-02  0'48,  Hg  1'30=99'29  Collier. 

19-41  7-42  72-73  0'33=99'89  Collier. 


Domeyko's  analyses  indicate  a  large  proportion  of  the  copper  sulphid,  No.  4  containing,  along 
with  Ag  S,  as  Rammelsberg  shows  (Min.  Chem.,  54),  9  €u  S ;  5,  6  €u  S ;  6,  4  €u  S  ;  7,  3  €u  & 
Taylor's  analysis  corresponds  to  (Ag,  -Gu,  Fe)  S. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses,  but  gives  no  sublimate  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous 
fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  in  O.F.  fuses  to  a  semi-malleable  globule,  which,  treated  with  the  fluxes, 
reacts  strongly  for  copper,  and  cupelled  with  lead  gives  a  silver  globule.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Found  associated  with  chalcopyrite  at  Schlangenberg,  near  Kolyvan  in  Siberia ;  at  Ru- 
delstadt,  Silesia ;  also  in  Chili ;  at  Combavalla  in  Peru ;  at  Heintzelman  mine  in  Arizona. 

Named  after  Stromeyer,  by  whom  the  mineral  was  first  analyzed  and  established. 

63.  STERNBERGITE.  Haid.,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.,  Ed.,  1827,  and  Brewst.  J.,  vii.  242. 

Orthorhombic.  7X7=119°  30',  O  A  1-*=124°  49', 
B.  &  M. ;  a:  I  :c=l'4379  :1  :  1'7145.  6>Al  = 
121°,  0  A  2=106°  43',  <9  A  2-2=120°  48'.  Stria 
of  0  macrodiagonal,  of  sides  horizontal.  Cleavage : 
basal  highly  eminent.  Commonly  in  implanted  crystals,  forming  rose-like 
or  fan-like  aggregations.  Sometimes  compound  parallel  to  7. 

H.=l— 1-5.  G.=4-215.  Lustre  of  0  brightly  metallic.  Color  pinch- 
beck-brown, occasionally  a  violet-blue  tarnish  on  1  and  2.  Streak  black. 
Opaque.  Thin  laminae  flexible  ;  may  be  smoothed  down  by  the  nail  when 
bent,  like  tin  foil.  Leaves  traces  on  paper  like  plumbago. 

Comp.— Ag  S  +  3  Fe  S  +  Fe  S2— 4  (±  Ag  +  f  Fe)  S  +  Fe  S2=Sulphur  30-4,  silver  34*2,  iron  35'4 
=  100.  Ratio  of  sulphur,  iron,  and  silver  more  exactly  6:4:1.  Analysis  by  Zippe  (Pogg.,  xxviL 
690): 

Sulphur  30-0        Silver  33'2        Iron  36-0=99-2. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  off  sulphur  and  fuses 
to  a  magnetic  globule,  the  surface  of  which  shows  separated  metallic  silver.  The  washed  nun- 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 


55 


eral,  treated  with  the  fluxes,  gives  reaction  for  iron  ;  on  charcoal  yields  a  globule  of  metallic  ail™ 
Soluble  ID  aqua-regia  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  chlorid  of  sliver. 

Obs.—  Occurs  with  ores  of  silver,  particularly  pyrargyrite  and  stephanite,  at  Joachimsthal  in 
Bohemia,  and  Johanngeorgenstadt  m  Saxony.  Named  after  Count  Casper  Sternbere  of  Prague 

The  Flexible  silver  ore  (Argent  mlfure  flexibk  Bourn.,  Biegsam&r  Silberglanz)  from  HiinmelsY  iirst 
mine,  near  Freiberg,  is  referred  here.     According  to  Brooke  &  Miller  the  figure  bv  Phil 
distorted  figure  of  argentite. 

The  angles  of  sternbergite,  above  given,  are  from  very  perfect  crystals  in  Mr.  Brooke's  collec 
tion,  which  were  formerly  in  the  possession  of  Count  Bournon  (B.  &  M.,  p.  180).  The  plane  2-tia 
on  the  edge  of  0  A*4;  and  besides  this,  there  is  another  10-1  represented  by  these  authors  with 
also  the  macrodome  G-i,  and  the  pyramid  2-2. 

64.  CINNABAR.  Kwdfiapts  (fr.  Spain)  Theophr.  vA^toV  Vioscor.  Minium  Vitruv.,  Plin.  Minium 
nativum,  Germ.  Bergzinober,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  466,  1546.  Cinnabar;  Sulphuret  of  Mercury. 
Zinnober,  Schwefelquecksilber,  Merkur-Blende,  Germ. 

Khombohedral.    E  A  ^=92°  36',  E  A  0=127°  6' 
planes  :  rhombohedrons,  &  J,  f,  f  ,  1,  f  ,  £,  E,  £, 


;  a=  1-144:8.    Observed 
2,  ^,  4,    ,       8,  -f  , 


-2,  -V-,  -«  -f,  -i,  -f,  -fr,  -4-;  pyramids,  22,  62;  scalenohedron 


and  also 
coatings. 

<9  A  £= 


0,  Z     Also  granular,  massive;   sometimes  forming  superficial 


=101°58/ 


83 


=110      6 
r=90 

/A/=:120 

Twins:  composition- 


32' 
36 

24 
43 

6>A2.=  71   48 

Cleavage :  1^  very  perfect, 
face  0. 

H.=2— 2.5.  G.  =  8-99S,  a  cleavable  variety  from 
N"eumarktel.  Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  metal- 
lic when  dark  colored,  and  to  dull  in  friable  varieties. 
Color  cochineal-red,  often  inclining  to  brownish-red 
and  lead-gray.  Streak  scarlet,  subtransparent,  opaque.  Fracture  subcon- 
choidal,  uneven.  Sectile.  Polarization  circular.  Ordinary  refraction  2-854, 
extraordinary  3 '201,  Descl. 

Var. — 1.  Ch'dinary:  either  (a)  crystallized;  (b)  massive,  granular,  or  compact;  bright  red  to 
reddish-brown  in  color ;  (c)  earthy  and  bright  red. 

2.  Hepatic  (Quecksilberlebererz  and  Quecksilberbranderz,  Germ.,  Inflammable  cinnabar),  of  a 
liver-brown  color,  with  sometimes  a  brownish  streak,  occasionally  slaty  in  structure,  though  com- 
monly granular  or  compact.  Cinnabar  mixed  with  an  organic  substance  called  idrialine  (q.  v.) 
occurs  at  Idria. 

The  corallinerz  of  Idria  is  a  curved  lamellar  variety  of  hepatic  cinnabar. 

Comp.— Hg  S  (or  Hg3  S3)= Sulphur  13-8,  quicksilver  86'2  =  100.  Sometimes  impure  from 
clay,  oxyd  of  iron,  bitumen.  Analyses  :  1,  2,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv.  14) ;  3,  John  (John's  Ch.  Unt, 
i.  252);  4,  5,  Schnabel  (Ramm.,  4th  Suppl.,  269);  6,  A.  Bealey  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  iv.);  7,  Klaproth 
(Beitr.,  iv.  24) : 

Hg 

85-00=99-25  Klaproth. 
84-50=99*25  Klaproth. 
78-4,  £e  1-7,  £10-7,  Ca  1'3, 
86-79=100-46  Schnabel. 
84-55,  gangue  1'02=99'35  Schnabel. 
69-36,  Fe  1'23,  Ca  1'40,  &1  0-61,  Mg  0'49,  Si  14'30  Bealey. 
81-80,  3Pe  0-2,  £l  0-55,  Cu  0'02,  Si  0'65,  C  3'3=99^7  Klaproth. 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  a  black  sublimate.  Carefully  heated  in  the  open  tube  gives  sulphur- 
ous fumes  and  metallic  mercury,  condensing  in  minute  globules  on  the  cold  walls  of  the  tube. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  wholly  volatile  if  pure. 

Obs.— Cinnabar  occurs  in  beds  in  slate  rocks  and  shales,  and  rarely  in  granite  or  porphyry.     IV 


1.  Neumarktel 

2.  Japan 

3.  " 

4.  Westphalia 

5.  Wetzlar 

6.  California 

7.  Idria,  hepatic 


S 

14-25 
14-75 
17-5 
13-67 
18-78 
11-38 
13-75 


0'2  =  100  John. 


56  SULPHIDS,    ETC, 

has  been  observed  in  veins,  with  ores  of  iron.  The  Idria  mines  are  in  the  Carboniferous  forma- 
tion ;  those  of  New  Almaden,  California,  in  partially  altered  Cretaceous  or  Tertiary  beds. 

Good  crystals  occur  in  the  coal  formations  of  Moschellandsberg  and  Wolfstein  in  the  Palatinate ; 
also  in  Japan,  Mexico,  and  Brazil.  The  most  important  European  beds  of  this  ore  are  at  Almaden 
in  Spain,  and  at  Idria  in  Carniola,  where  it  is  usually  massive.  It  occurs  at  Reichenau  in  Upper 
Carinthia ;  in  beds  traversing  gneiss  at  Dunbrawa  in  Transylvania ;  in  graywacke  at  Windisch 
Kappel  in  Carinthia ;  at  Neumarktel  in  Carniola ;  at  Kipa  in  Tuscany ;  at  Schemnitz  in  Hungary  ; 
in  the  Urals  and  Altai ;  in  China  abundantly,  and  in  Japan ;  San  Onofre  and  elsewhere  in  Mexico  ; 
at  Huanca  Velica  in  Southern  Peru,  abundant ;  in  the  Provinces  of  Coquimbo  ;  Copiapo  in  Chili ; 
forming  extensive  mines  in  California,  in  the  coast  ranges  at  different  points  from  Clear  lake  in  the 
north  (near  which  there  is  a  vein  in  a  bed  of  sulphur)  to  San  Luis  Obispo  in  the  south,  the  prin- 
cipal mines  in  which  region  are  at  New  Almaden  and  the  vicinity,  in  Santa  Clara  Co.,  about  60  m. 
S.S.E.  of  San  Francisco.  Also  in  Idaho,  in  limestone,  abundant. 

This  ore  is  the  source  of  the  mercury  of  commerce,  from  which  it  is  obtained  by  sublimation. 
"When  pure  it  is  identical  with  the  manufactured  vermilion  of  commerce. 

The  above  figure  is  from  an  elaborate  paper  by  Schabus,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  vi.  63. 

The  name  Cinnabar  is  supposed  to  come  from  India,  where  it  is  applied  to  the  red  resin,  drag- 
on's blood.  The  native  cinnabar  of  Theophrastus  is  true  cinnabar ;  he  speaks  of  its  affording 
quicksilver.  The  Latin  name  of  cinnabar,  minium,  is  now  given  to  red  lead,  a  substance  which 
was  early  used  for  adulterating  cinnabar,  and  so  got  at  last  the  name.  It  has  been  said  (King  on 
Precious  Stones)  that  the  word  mine  (miniera,  Hal.}  and  mineral  come  from  the  Latin  for  quicksilver 
mine,  miniaria  (Fodina  miniaria). 

65.  TIEMANNITE.     Selenquecksilber  Marx,  Schw.  J.  liv.  223, 1828.     Selenid  of  Mercury. 
Selenmercur,  Tiemannit,  Naumann,  Min.,  425,  1855. 

Massive  ;  compact  granular.     Cleavage  none. 

H.=2-5.  G.  =  7-1-7-37,  Clausthal;  7'274,  fr.  Tilkerode.  Lustre 
metallic.  Color  steel-gray  to  blackish  lead-gray. 

Comp.— Selenid  of  mercury.  Perhaps  Hg  Se=Selenium  28'4,  mercury  71-6=100;  but  the 
analyses  correspond  mostly  to  Hg6  Se5=Selenium  24'8,  mercury  75*2  =  100.  Anal.  4  gives  Hg11 
Se10.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Kerl  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  1852);  3,  Eammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxxviii.  39);  4, 
Schultz  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  1010): 

Se         S        Hg 

1.  Zorge  21-27     0'36     65-52,  quartz  10-2^=99-57  KerL 

2.  "  24-05     0-12     72-26,       "         2'86  =  99'74  Kerl. 

3.  "  25-5      74-5  =  100  (quartz  excluded)  Ramm. 

4.  Tilkerode          23-61     0'70     74-02  =  98'33  Schultz. 

Pyr. — Decrepitates  in  the  closed  tube,  and,  when  pure,  entirely  sublimes,  giving  a  black  sub- 
limate, with  the  upper  edge  reddish-brown ;  with  soda  a  sublimate  of  metallic  mercury.  In  the 
open  tube  emits  the  odor  of  selenium,  and  forms  a  black  to  reddish-brown  sublimate,  with  a  border 
of  white  selenate  of  mercury,  the  latter  sometimes  fusing  into  drops.  On  charcoal  volatilizes, 
coloring  the  outer  flame  azure-blue,  and  giving  a  lustrous  metallic  coating. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  chalcopyrite  near  Zorge  in  the  Harz;  at  Tilkerode;  near  Clausthal;  in 
California,  in  the  vicinity  of  Clear  lake.  Named  after  the  discoverer,  Tiemann. 

A.  ONOFRITE  of  Haidinger  (SelenschwefelquecksHber  H.  Rose,  Merkurglanz  Breith.,  Char.,  ]832), 
from  San  Onofre,  Mexico,  first  made  known  by  Del  Rio,  is  either  a  compound  or  mixture  of  selenid 
and  sulphid  of  copper.  H.  Rose  obtained  (Pogg.,  xlvi.  315,  1839)  !-e  6'49,  S  10-30,  Hg  81-63  = 
98- I 2,  corresponding  to  Hg  Se  +  4  Hg  S.  It  is  a  fine  granular  ore,  of  a  dark  lead-gray  color,  shin- 
ing when  rubbed.  Gr.=5'56,  Del  Rio ;  powder  soils. 

66.  MILLERITE,  Haarkies  (as  a^var.  of  Schwefelkies)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  383,  1789;  (fr. 
Johanng.)  Hoffmann,  id.,  175,  1791.  Fer  sulfure  capiUaire  (as  a  var.  of  Pyrite)  H.,  Tr.,  iv.  1801. 
Capillary  Pyrites.  Gediegen  Nickel  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  v.  231,  1810.  Schwefelnickel  Ben.;  Arf- 
vedson,Ac.  H.  Stockh.,  1822,  427.  Nickelkies  Germ.  Sulphuret  of  Nickel  Nickel  sulfure  Fr. 
Harkise  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  400,  1832.  Capillose  Chapman,  Min.,  135,  1843.  MiUerit  Haid.,  Handb., 
561,  1845.  Trichopyrit  Glock,,  Syn,,  43,  1847. 

Bhombohedral.  R  A  R=14A°  S',  Miller.  a=0'32955.  Observed 
planes  :  rhombohedral  R,  -1,  £,  -|,  -3;  prismatic  /,  i-2,  £4;  ^  A/= 
110°  50',  7A3=138°  47',  iAi=1610  22',  6>A^=159°  10'. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC.  57 

Cleavage  :  rhombohedral,  perfect.  Usual  in  capillary  crystals.  Barely 
in  columnar  tufted  coatings,  partly  semi-globular  and  radiated 

H.  =  3—3-5.  G.=  4--6— 5-65;  5'65  fr.  Saalfeld,  Ramm.;  4-601,  fr.  J0- 
achimsthal,  Kenngott.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  brass  yellow,  inclining  to 
bronze-yellow,  with  often  a  gray  iridescent  tarnish.  Streak  bright 
Brittle. 

Comp.— Nl  S= Sulphur  35'1,  nickel  64-9=100.  Analyses:  1,  Arfvedson  (Ac.  H.  Stockh  18->2 
427);  2,  Rammelsberg  (1st  Suppl.,  67) ;  3,  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiii.  195): 

S          2STi        Co      Fe        Cu 

1.  34-26     64-35 =98-61  Arfvedson. 

2.  Saalfeld  35 -7 9     61*34   1-73     1 14 =100  Ramm. 

3.  Gap  mine,  Pa.  35-14     63-08     0'58     0'40     0'87,  gaugue  0-28=100-35  G. 

A  partly  altered  millerite  afforded  Genth  (1.  c.)  S  33*60,  Ni,  Co  59'96,  Fe  1-32,  Cu  4-63  gangue 
0-54=100-05. 

Pyr.j  etc. — In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a  globule.  When 
roasted,  gives  with  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  a  violet  bead  in  O.F.,  becoming  gray  in  R.F. 
from  reduced  metallic  nickel.  On  charcoal  in  R.F.  the  roasted  mineral  gives  a  coherent  metallic 
mass,  attractable  by  the  magnet.  Most  varieties  also  show  traces  of  copper,  cobalt,  and  iron  with 
the  fluxes. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  capillary  crystals,  in  the  cavities  and  among  crystals  of  other  minerals.  Found 
at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia ;  Johaungeorgenstadt ;  Przibram;  Riechelsdorf;  Andreasburg;  Him- 
melfahrt  mine  near  Freiberg;  Marienberg  in  Saxony;  Cornwall,  and  other  places.  Near  Mer- 
thyr  Tydvil,  at  Dowlais,  it  is  found  in  regular  crystals,  occupying  cavities  in  nodules  of  spathic 
iron. 

Occurs  at  the  Sterling  mine,  Antwerp,  N.  Y.,  in  capillary  crystals  with  spathic  iron ;  the  largest 
crystal  yet  observed  was  about  a  fifth  of  a  line  in  diameter,  and  in  some  cases  crystals  of  spathic 
iron  are  transfixed  loy  the  needles  of  millerite  (Am.  J.  Sci.  II.  ix.  287);  in  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  at 
Gap  mine,  with  pyrrhotite,  where  it  occurs  in  coatings  of  a  radiated  fibrous  structure,  from  a  line 
to  a  third  of  an  inch  thick,  often  with  a  velvety  surface  of  crystals,  or  tufts  of  radiated  needles. 

The  capillary  pyrites  (Haarkies)  of  Werner  was  true  millerite,  from  Johanngeorgenstadt,  accord- 
ing to  Hoffman  (Min.,  iv.  168,  1817).  But  capillary  pyrite  and  marcasite  have  sometimes  gone  by 
the  same  name. 

67.  TROILITE.    Pyrrhotite  pt.     Protosulphid  of  iron.     Sulphid  of  iron  of  Meteorites.    Troilit 
Said.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xlvii.  283,  1863. 

Resembles  pyrrhotite.     Observed  only  massive. 

H.— 4-0.  G.=4-75-4-82 ;  4-787,  fr.  Seelasgen,  Ramm. ;  4-817,  fr.  Sevier 
Co.,  Ramm. ;  4*75,  fr.  Knoxville,  Smith.  Color  tomback-brown.  Streak 
black. 

Comp.— Fe  S  (or  Fe3  S3)=Sulphur  36-36.  iron  63*64= 100.  It  thus  differs  from  pyrrhotite  in 
being  a  true  protosulphid.  Analyses:  1,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xix.  156);  2,  Rammelsberg 
(Pogg.,  Ixxiv.  62);  3,  4,  id.  (ib.,  cxxi.  365): 

S  Fe  Ni         Cu 

1.  Knoxville,  Tenn.  35-67  62'38  0'32  1r.,  Si  0'56,  Cu  0-08=98-91  Smith. 

2.  Seelasgen  37-16  62-84  —  =100a  Ramm. 

3.  Sevier  Co.,  Tenn.  35'39  62'65  l'96b  — =100  Ramm. 
4              "            "  36-64  61-80  l'56b  — =100  Ramm. 

a  Excluding  impurities.     b  With  some  cobalt. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  pyrrhotite. 

Obs.— Almost  all  iron  meteorites  contain  this  sulphid  of  iron  in  nodules  dissemmatec 
less  sparingly  through  the  mass. 

Named  after  Dominico  Troili,  who,  in  1766,  described  a  meteorite  that  fell  that  year  at  Alb* 
in  Modona,  and  which  contains  this  species.     The  meteorite  resembles  much  that  of  \V  ei  x>n, 
Conn.,  in  general  appearance. 


58 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 


68.  PYRRHOTITE.  Vattenkies,  Pyrites  fusca>  Minera  hepatica,  pt.,  Watt.,  Min.,  209,  212, 
1747.  Pyrites  en  prismes  hexagonales  ForsL,  Cat.;  1772 ;  Bourn,  de  Lisle's  Crist.,  iii.  243,  1783. 
Magnetischer-Kies  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  383,  1789.  Magnetic  Pyrites  Kirwan,  1796.  Magnetic 
Sulphuret  of  iron.  Magnetkies  Germ.  Fer  sulfure  magnetique  Fr.  Leberkies  pt.  Germ. 
Leberkies  Leonh.,  Handb.,  665,  1826.  Leberkise  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  404,  1832.  Magnetopyrite 
Glocker,  Grundr.,  1839.  Pyrrotin  pt.,  Magnetischer  Pyrrotin,  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  iv.  265,  1835. 

Hexagonal.     0  A  1=135°  8';  a=0'862.     Observed  planes:  0,  /,  £,  1, 
1-2,  2-2,  i-2. 

0  A  1=90°. 

0  A  2=116    28r. 


0  A  2-2=119°  53'. 
2  A    2=126    52'. 


1  A  1  =  138°  48'. 
If\  7=120. 


84 


0 


Cleavage  :   0,  perfect ;  /,  less  so.     Commonly 
massive  and  amorphous ;  structure  granular. 

H.=3-5— 4-5.     G.=4-4:— 4-68.     Lustre  metal- 
lic.    Color  between  bronze-yellow  and  copper- 
red,  and  subject  to  speedv  tarnish.     Streak  dark 
grayish-black.    Brittle.    ^Magnetic,  being  attract 
able  in  fine  powder  by  a  magnet,  even  when  not  affecting  an  ordinary 
needle. 


Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  G-.  fr.  Kongsberg,  4'584  Kenngott;  fr.  Bodenmais,  4*546  Sehaffgotsch ;  fr. 
Harzburg,  4*580  Eamm. ;  fr.  Xalastoc,  Mexico,  4*564  Ramm. ;  fr.  Trumbull,  Ct,  4'640  Ramm. 

2.  N'iccoliferous.    G.  of  Klefva,  4-674  Berz  ;  of  Hilsen,  4'577  Ramm  ;  of  Gap  mine  4*543  Ramm. 

Comp.— (1)  Mostly  Fe7  S8=:6  Fe  S  +  Fe  S2=Sulphur  39'5,  iron  60-5=100;  but  varying 
to  Fe8  S"=7  Fe  S+Fe  S2,  Fe9  S10=8  Fe  S4-Fe  S2,  Fe10  Su=9  Fe  8  +  Fe  S2.  The  species  is  iso- 
morphous  with  Cd  S  (greenockite),  and  Frankenheim  wrote  the  formula  Fe  S ;  yet  no  native 
pyrrhotite,  except  that  of  meteorites  (troilite),  gives  this  composition.  Berzelius  foun,d  that  on 
heating  pyrite  it  was  reduced  to  Fe7  S8,  and  not  to  Fe  S.  Rammelsberg  obtained  in  the  same  way 
Fe7  S8,  and  the  other  ratios  of  pyrrhotite. 

Analyses:  1,  Stromeyer  (Gilb.  Ann.,  xviii.  183,  209);  2,  3,  Plattner  (Pogg.,  xlvii.  369);  4,  5, 
Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xi.  499) ;  6,  H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  xlvii.) ;  7,  Sehaffgotsch  (Pogg.,  1.  533) ;  8, 
Stromeyer  (1.  c.) : 


1.  Harz 

Iron  40-15 

Sulphur      59-85 


2.  Brazil 
40-43 
59-63 


3.  Fahlun 
40-22 
59-72 


4.  Sitten 
39-0 
61-0 


5.  Sitten 
4'i-2 
59-8 


100-00  St.  100-06  P.      99-94  P.     lOO'O  B.      lOO'O  B. 
»  With  0-82  silca=100-12. 


6.  Bodenm. 
38-78 
60-52 

R. 


7.  Bavaria 
[39-41] 
60-59 

100  Sch. 


8.  Bareges 
43-63 
56-37 

100  St. 


Rammelsberg  found  (Pogg.,  cxxi.  337)  in  the  P.  of  Harzburg,  Fe  60-00  —  60  83,  G.=4'58;  of 
Trumbull,  Ct.,  61-03  (mean  of  3  anal.),  G.=4'64;  Harz  (Treseburg,  same  as  anal.  1  above),  Fe 
59-21,  G. =4-5 13.  For  other  analyses,  see  Middleton,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxviii.  352;  Baumert,  Verh. 
nat.  Ver.,  Bonn,  xiv.  Ixxxv. ;  N.  de  Leuchtenberg,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  vii.  403. 

Analyses  of  niccoliferous  pyrrhotites:  1,  Berzelius  (Jahresb.,  xxi,  184);  2,  Scheerer  (Pogg., 
Iviii.  318);  3,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  113);  4,  5,  6,  id.  (Pogg.,  cxxi.  361): 

S          Fe        Ni      Co 

1.  Klefva 

2.  Modum 

3.  ? 

4.  Horbach 

5.  Hilsen 


38-09 
40-46 
39-95 
40-03 


Fe 

.57-64 
56-03 
58-90 
55-96 


6.  Gap  Mine,  Pa. 


[40-27]   56-57 
[38-59]   55-82 


Ni 
3-04 
2-80 
2-60 
3-86 
3-16 
5-59 


0-09,  Mn  0-22,  Cu  0'45=99'53  Berz. 

,  Cu  0-40,  =  99-69  Scheerer. 

=101-45  Ramm. 

=99-85  Ramm.,  G.=about  4-7. 

=100  Ramm. 

=100  Ramm. 


Strecker  found  nickel  in  a  hexagonal  pyrrhotite  from  Snarum  in  Norway  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xvii.  304), 
Pyr.,  etc.-*-Unchanged  in  the  closed  tube.    In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  acid.     On  char- 
coal in  R.F.  fuses  to  a  black  magnetic  mass  ;  in  O.F.  is  converted  into  red  oxyd,  which  with  fluxes 
gives  only  an  iron  reaction  when  pure,  but  many  varieties  yield  small  amounts  of  nickel  arid 
Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  with  evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 


cobalt. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC.  59 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Kongsberg,  Modum,  Snarum  Hilsen,  in  Norway ;  Klefva  in  Sweden  •  Andreas- 
berg  and  Treseburg,  Harz ;  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria ;  Breitenbrunn,  Fahlun,  Joachims  thai,  N.  Ta- 
gilsk ;  Minas  Geraes  in  Spain,  in  large  tabular  crystals ;  the  lavas  of  Vesuvius ;  Cornwall ;  Appin 
in  Argyleshire. 

In  N.  America,  in  Vermont,  at  Stafford,  Corinth,  and  Shrewsbury;  in  many  parts  of  Massachu- 
setts ;  in  Connecticut,  in  Trumbull  with  topaz,  in  Monroe,  and  elsewhere ;  in  N.  York,  1|  m.  N. 
of  Port  Henry,  Essex  Co. ;  near  Natural  Bridge  in  Diana,  Lewis  Co. ;  at  O'Neil  mine  and  else- 
where in  Orange  Co.  In  N.  Jersey,  Morris  Co.,  at  Hurdstown,  cleavable  massive.  In  Pennsyl- 
vania, at  the  Gap  mine,  Lancaster  Co.,  niccoliferous.  In  Tennessee,  at  Ducktown  mines,  abun- 
dant. In  Canada,  in  large  veins  at  St.  Jerome,  etc. 

The  niccoliferous  pyrrhotite  is  the  ore  that  affords  the  most  of  the  nickel  of  commerce.  At  the 
Camden  nickel  works  (N.  Jersey)  this  ore  (from  the  Gap  mine)  is  the  principal  one  used,  but 
along  with  niccoliferous  pyrite  and  some  millerite.  Prior  to  1864,  the  whole  amount  of  pure  nickel 
made  in  the  country  was  not  over  100,000  Ibs.  Since  then,  up  to  May,  1867,  the  Camden  works 
have  turned  out  105,000  Ibs. ;  and  now  they  produce  at  the  rate  of  150,000  Ibs.  a  year  (letter 
from  J.  Wharton,  Esq.). 

Named  from  jru/jpdrijj,  reddish. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  pyrite  (G.  Rose,  ZS.  G.,  x.  98) ;  also  to  limonite  and  siderite. 

(A)  KRCEBERITE  D.  Forbes  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxix.  9,  1865).  Krceberite  is  a  strongly  magnetic 
pyrite,  in  copper-colored  crystals,  not  yet  analyzed,  which  Forbes  says  "appears  to  be  principally 
a  subsulphid  of  iron."  The  reasons  for  this  opinion  are  not  stated.  Named  after  P.  Krceber.  It 
was  from  between  La  Paz  and  Yungas,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Andes. 

69.  GREENOCKITE.    Greenockite  Jameson,  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  xxviii.  390,  1840.    Sulphuret 
of  Cadmium  Connel,  ib.,  392.    Cadmium-blende.    Cadmium  sulfure  Fr. 

Hexagonal ;  hemihedral,  with  the  opposite  extremes  dissimilar.  0  A  1 
=136°  24'  ;  a—- 0-8247.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure,  with 
also  4  and  i-2. 

0  A  i=154°  32'  /A  1=133°  36'  1  A  1,  pyr.,=139°  39' 

0  A  2=117  42  /A  2=152  18  2  A  2,    "    =127  26 

Cleavage  :  /,  distinct ;  0,  imperfect.  84A 

H.=3-3-5.  G.=4-S,  Brooke;  4-9-4-999,  Breit- 
haupt ;  4*5,  the  artificial,  Sochting.  Lustre  adaman- 
tine. Color  honey-yellow  ;  citron-yellow  ;  orange- 
yellow — veined  parallel  with  the  axis ;  bronze-yellow. 
Streak-powder  between  orange-yellow  and  brick-red. 
Nearly  transparent.  Strong  double  refraction.  Not 
thermoelectric,  Breithaupt. 

Comp.— Cd  S  (or  Cd3  S^Sulphur  22-3,  cadmium  77*7.  Analysis  by  Connel  (loc.  cit.) :  Sulphur 
22-56,  and  cadmium  77-30=99'86. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  assumes  a  carmine-red  color  while  hot.  fading  to  the  origina' 
yellow  on  cooling.  In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal,  either  alone  or  with 
soda,  gives  in  R.F.  a  reddish-brown  coating.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid,  affording  sulphuretted 
hydrogen. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  short  hexagonal  crystals  at  Bishoptown,  in  Renfrewshire,  Scotland,  in  a  por 
phyritic  trap  and  amygdaloid,  associated  with  prehnite ;  also  at  Przibram  in  Bohemia,  on  bl< 
at  the  Ueberoth  zinc  mine,  near  Friedensville,  Lehigh  Co.,  Pa. 

This  species  is  related  in  form  to  niccolite  and  breithauptite.     It  has  been  found  as  a  furm 
product  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixxxvii.  34,  and  Halle  Zeitschr.,  i.  346,  1853). 

Named  after  Lord  Greenock  (later  Earl  Cathcart).     The  first  crystal  was  found  near  60  yea 
since  by  Mr.  Brown  of  Lanfyne,  and  was  taken  by  him  for  blende.    It  was  over  half  an 
across. 

70.  WURTZITE.     G.  Friedel,  C.  R.,  lii.  983,  1861.    Spiauterit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  XXL  98,  1862, 

xxv.  193. 

Hexagonal.  Isomorphous  with  greenockite.  0  A  1=129°  (approxi- 
mately). Occurring  form  a  quartzoid,  with  occasionally  planes  ot  the  c 


CO 


STJLPHTDS,    ETC. 


responding  hexagonal    prism;    the  latter    planes    horizontally   striated 
Cleavage  :  basal  and  prismatic. 

II.=3'5— 4.     G.=3'98.   Lustre  vitreous.    Color  brownish-black.    Streak 
brown. 
Comp.— Zn  S,  or  perhaps  more  correctly  Zu3  S3.    Analysis  by  C.  Friedel  (1.  c.) : 

S  Zn         Fe        Pb        Sb         Cu 

32-6        55-6        8-0        2'7        0*2        <r.=99'l. 

The  lead  and  antimony  are  from  the  gaugue. 

Pyr. — Same  as  for  sphalerite  or  blende. 

Obs. — From  a  silver-mine  near  Oruro  in  Bolivia.  According  to  Breithaupt  (1.  c.)  a  radiated 
blende  from  Przibram  (his  spiauterite)  is  hexagonal;  also  that  from  Albergaria  Yelha  in  Por- 
tugal ;  from  Quesbesita,  Peru,  in  tabular  crystals  grouped  and  forming  a  crust,  some  of  the  crys- 
tals £  inch  across. 

Wurtzite  and  sphalerite  are  the  same  compound  under  distinct  crystalline  forms — a  case  of 
dimorphism. 

Named  after  the  French  chemist,  Adolphe  Wurtz. 

Artif. — May  be  made  in  crystals  by  a  long  and  high  heating  of  amorphous  blende  (C.  R.,  Ixii. 
999) ;  or  better  by  subliming  the  blende  in  a  current  of  sulphurous  acid,  long,  transparent,  color- 
less hexagonal  prisms  having  been  thus  formed  (ib.,  Ixiii.  188). 

71.  NICCOLITE.  Kupfernickel  [=False  Copper,  it  resembling  but  not  yielding  copper] 
Hiiirne,  Anledn.  Malm  og  Berg.,  76,  1694.  Cuprum  Nicolai  [mistaken  trl.  of  Kupf.]  J.  Woodward, 
Foss.,  1728.  Kupfernickel,  Arsenicum  sulphure  et  cupro  mineralisatum,  aeris  modo  rubente. 
Wall.,  228,  1747.  Niccolum  ferro  et  cobalto  arsenicatis  et  sulphuratis  min.  (fr.  Saxony)  Cronst. 
Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1751,  1754  (first  discov.  of  metal) ;  Min.,  218, 1758.  Cuprum  min.  arsen.  fulvum 
Linn.,  1768.  Mine  de  cobalt  arsenicale  tenant  cuivre  Sage,  Min.,  58,  1772;  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  iii. 
135,  1783.  Niccolum  nativum  Bergm.,  Opusc.,  ii.  440,  1780.  Rothnickelkies,  Arsenicnickel, 
Germ.  Copper  Nickel,-  Arsenical  Nickel.  Nickeline  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  586,  1832.  Arpenischer 
Pyrrotin  Brtith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  iv.  266,  1835.  Niccolite  Dana. 

Hexagonal;  isomorphous  with  breithauptite.  0 A 1—136°  35';  a: 
0-81944.  Observed  planes,  O  and  1 ;  1  A  1,  pjr.,  =  138°  48'.  Usually 
massive,  structure  nearly  impalpable ;  also  reniform  with  a  columnar 
structure  ;  also  reticulated  and  arborescent. 

H.==5 — 5*5.  G.=7*33 — 6*671.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  pale  copper- 
red,  with  a  gray  to  blackish  tarnish.  Streak  pale  brownish -black.  Opaque. 
Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 


Comp.— Ni  As  (or  Ni3  As3)=Arsenic  55-9,  nickel  44-1=100; 
replaced  by  antimony.  Analyses  :  1,  Stromeyer  (Gel.  Anz.  Gott. 
xxii.  256) ;  3,  Suckow  (Verwitt.  im  Min.,  58,  Eamm.  4th  SuppL 
Phys.,  xiii.  52);  5,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  292);  6,  Ebelmen  (Ann. 
bel  (Ramm.  4th  Suppl.,  122,;  8,  Grunow  (ZS.  G.,  ix.  40)  : 

--      -~        „„        Sb 

1.  Riechelsdorf 

2.  " 

3.  " 

4.  Allemont 

5.  Krageroe,  G.  =  7'662 

6.  Ayer,  G.  =  7'39 

7.  Westphalia 

8.  Sangerhausen 


As  Ni        Fe      Pb  Co 

54-73  44-21  0'34     0'32    

46-42  48-50  0'34     0'56    

53-69  45-76  2'70    

48-80  39-94  0'16  8'00 

54-35  44-98  0'21    Cu  O'll 

54-05  43-50  0'45    0'32  0'05 

52-71  45-37 .    

54-89  43-21  0'54    _ 


sometimes  part  of  the  arsenic 

1817,  204) ;  2,  Pfaff  (Schw.  J., 

122);  4,  Berthier  (Ann.   Ch. 

d.  M.,   IV.  xi.  55) ;  7,  Schna- 


0-40  =  100  Strom. 
0-80=97-02  Pfaff. 
0-15  =  102-30  Suckow. 
2-00  =  98-90  Berth. 
0-14=99-79  Scheer. 
2-18,  gangue  0-20  =  100'75  E. 
0-48,  Cu  1-44=100  Schnabel. 
1-35  =  99-99  Grunow. 


An  ore  from  Balen  in  the  Pyrenees  afforded  Berthier  As  33'0,  Sb  27-8,  Ni  33'0,  Fe  T4,  S  2'8. 
quartz  2-0=100,  in  which  a  large  part  of  the  arsenic  is  replaced  by  antimony. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —In  the  closed  tube  a  faint  white  crystalline  sublimate  of  arsenous  acid.  In  the  open 
tube  arsenous  acid,  with  a  trace  of  sulphurous  acid,  the  assay  becoming  yellowish-green.  On 


61 

charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes  and  fuses  to  a  globule,  which,  treated  with  borax  glass,  affords  bv 
successive  oxyclation,  reactions  for  iron,  cobalt,  and  nickel.  Soluble  in  nitromuriatic  acid 

Obs.— Accompanies  cobalt,  silver,  and  copper  in  the  Saxon  mines  of  Annaberg,  Schneeberg  etc  • 
also  in  Tlmringia,  Hesse,  and  Styria,  and  at  Allemont  in  Dauphiny ;  occasionally  in  Cornwall  as 
at  Pengelly  and  Wheal  Chance;  formerly  at  the  Hilderslone  Hills,  Scotland;  at  Chanarc'illo 
near  Copiapo,  and  at  Huasco,  Chili ;  abundant  at  Mina  de  la  Rioja,  Oriocha,  in  the  Argentine 
Provinces. 

Found  at  Chatham,  Conn.,  in  gneiss,  associated  with  smaltine. 

This  is  an  important  ore  of  nickel. 

Named  from  the  contained  metal.  The  name  of  the  species  should  be  formed  from  the  Latin 
word  for  nickel,  niccohim,  proposed  by  Cronstedt.  and  hence  should  be  written  niccoline,  or  better 
niccolite,  in  place  of  Beudant's  nickeline.  Nic/celine  and  nickeliferous  are  not  more  proper  words  than 
would  be  copperine  and  copperiferous. 

72,  BREITHAUPTITE.     Antimonnickel  Stromeyer  &  Hausm.,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott.,  2001,  1833. 
Antimonial  Nickel ;  Antimoniet  of  Nickel.     Hartmannite  Chapman,  Min.,  1843.    Breithauptit 
Haid.,  Handb.,  559,  1845. 

Hexagonal.  0  A  1=135°  15';  a=0-8585.  Observed  planes:  0,  *.  f, 
/.  O  A  £=153°  38',  O  A  |=1230  55'.  In  thin  hexagonal  plates.  Also 
arborescent  and  disseminated. 

H.=5'5.  G.=  7*541  Breithaupt.  Lustre  metallic,  splendent.  Color  in 
the  fresh  fracture  light  copper-red,  inclining  strongly  to  violet.  Streak 
reddish-brown.  Opaque.  Fracture  uneven — small  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 

Comp. — Ni  Sb  (or  Ni3  Sb3)= Antimony  67 '4,  nickel  32-6=100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Stromeyer 
(Pogg.,  xxxi.  134): 

1.  Sb  63-734        Ni  28-946        Fe  0-866        Galena  6-437=99-983 

2.  59-706  27-054  0'842  12-357  =  99-959 

Pyr. — In  the  open  tube  white  antimonial  fumes.  On  charcoal  fuses  in  E.F.,  gives  off  anti- 
monial  vapors,  and  coats  the  coal  white;  if  lead  is  present  a  yellow  coating  near  the  assay; 
treated  with  soda  the  odor  of  arsenic  may  be  distinguished  in  most  specimens. 

Obs. — Found  in  the  Harz  at  Andreasberg,  with  calcite,  galenite,  and  smaltine.  Has  been 
observed  as  a  furnace  product,  crystallized. 

Named  after  the  Saxon  mineralogist,  Breithaupt. 

73.  KANEITB.    Arseniuret  of  Manganese  Kane,  Q.  J.  Sci.,  II.  vi.  382.    Kaneit  Haid.,  Handb. 

559,  1845. 

In  botryoidal  masses,  also  amorphous ;  structure  foliated  or  granular.  H.  above  5  ?  stated  as 
hard.  Gr.  =  5'55.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  grayish-white,  with  a  black  tarnish.  Opaque.  Fracture 
uneven.  Brittle. 

Analysis  by  Kane  (1.  c.):  Manganese  45-5,  arsenic  51*8,  and  a  trace  of  iron=97-3,  corre- 
sponding to  Mn  As = Manganese  42 -4,  arsenic  5 7 '6 =100. 

B.B.  burns  with  a  blue  flame,  and  falls  to  powder ;  at  a  higher  temperature  the  arsenic  evapo- 
rates, and  covers  the  charcoal  with  a  white  powder.  Dissolves  in  aqua  regia,  without  leaving  any 
residue. 

It  is  supposed  to  be  from  Saxony,  and  was  first  observed  by  R.  J.  Kane,  of  Dublin,  attached  to 
a  mass  of  galenite. 

74,  SCHREIBERSITB.    Schreibersit  Haid.,  Haid.  Ber.,  iii.  69,  1847. 

In  steel-gray  folia  and  grains.     Folia  flexible. 
H.  =  6-5     (J.=7-01-7-22.     Magnetic. 

Comp.— Analyses :  1,  Patera  (Haid.  Ber.,  1.  c.,  and  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  viii.  439);  2,  Fisher  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xix.  157);  3,  4,  5,  J.  L.  Smith  (ib.,  xix.  157): 
P         Fe        Ni  C 

1.  Arva  7-26     87-20      4-24        undet. =93-70  Patera. 

2.  Braunau  11-72     55'43     25*02  1  '16,  01  2-85,  Si  0'98=98'16  Fisher. 

3.  E.  Tennessee  13-92     57'22     25-84     Co   0'32,  Cu  tr.,  Zn  tr.,  01  0'13,  Si  1'62,  Al  1'63  =  100'66  S, 

4.  "  undet.    56-04     26'43      "     0'41,  Cu  tr.,  Si,  Si  undet.  Smith. 

5.  "  14-86     56-53     28'12      "     0'28,  Cu  tr.,  "    "       "      Smith. 


62 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 


Obs. — Found  only  in  meteoric  iron. 

The  schreibersite  of  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  ii.),  from  a  meteorite,  is  supposed  to  be  a  "  sesqui- 
sulphuret  of  chromium."  The  name  has  been  changed  to  shepardite  by  Haidinger.  It  is  not 
contained  in  Shepard's  recent  list  of  meteoric  minerals,  in  ibid.,  xliii.  28. 


III.  PYKITE  DIVISION. 

[See  for  list  of  species,  page  34]. 

75,  PYRITE,  Servos  Theophr.  Hvptrris  pt.  Dioscor.,  E.  cxlii.  Pyrites  pt.  PUn.,  xxxvi.,  30. 
Pyrites  pt.,  Arab.  Marchasita,  Germ.  Kis,  Agric.,  334,  431,  467,  1529,  1546.  Pyrites  pt., 
Marchasita  (=cryst.  Pyr.)  ffenckel,  Pyrit.,  1725.  Kies  pt.,  Svafelkies  pt.,  Pyrites  pt. 
(=mass.  and  nodular  Pyr.),  Marchasita  (:=cryst.  Pyr.),  Wall,  208,  211,  1747.  Pyrites  pt. 
(=glob.  var.,  etc.);  Marcasite  (=cryst.  Pyr.),  Mundic  (=massive  var.)  Hill,  Foss.,  324-332, 
1771.  Schwefelkies,  Eisenkies,  Germ.  Iron  Pyrites,  Bisulphuret  of  iron.  Fer  sulfure  FT. 
Xanthopyrites  Glock.,  Handb.,  314.  1839. 

Isometric ;  pyritohedral.  Observed  planes :  i-2,  ^-f ,  ^'-3,  i-±£- ;  2-2,  3-3  ; 
4-2,  3-|,  5-f ,  f|>  2-f  Figs.  1,  2,  3,  41-49,  85-88.  The  cube  (f.  1)  most 
common;  the  pyritohedron,  f.  47,  and  related  forms,  f.  41,  46,  very 


85 


Cornwall,  Pa. 


Schoharie. 


common.  Cubic  faces  often  striated,  with  striations  of  adjoining  faces  at 
right  angles,  and  due  to  oscillatory  combination  of  the  cube  and  pyritohe- 
dron, the  striae  having  the  direction  of  the  edges  between  0  and  i-2  in  f.  46. 


63 

Crystals  sometimes  acicular  through  elongation  of  cubic  and  other  forms. 
Cleavage :  cubic  and  octahedral,  more  or  less  distinct.  Twins :  1,  com- 
position-face //  this  composition  either  (a)  single,  or  (5)  repeated  parallel 
to  each  /,  producing  thus  forms  like  f.  90,  consisting  of  combined  pyritohe- 
drons,  also  a  cube,  having  striations  on  each  face  parallel  to  its  sides  and 
meeting  at  an  angle  in  the  diagonals.  2,  C.-face  0,  fig.  89.  Also  reni- 
form,  globular,  stalactitic,  with  a  crystalline  surface;  sometimes  radiated 
subfibrous.  Also  amorphous. 

H.  =  6— 6-5.  G.=:4:-83— 5-2;  5'185,  polished  crystals,  Zepharovich. 
Lustre  metallic,  splendent  to  glistening.  Color  a  pale  brass-yellow,  nearly 
uniform.  Streak  greenish  or  brownish-black.  Opaque.  Fracture  con- 
choidal,  uneven.  Brittle.  Strikes  fire  with  steel. 

Comp.,  Var.— Fe  SQ=Sulphur  53'3,  iron  46-7=100.  Nickel,  cobalt,  and  thallium,  and  also 
copper,  sometimes  replace  a  little  of  the  iron,  or  else  occur  as  mixtures ;  and  gold  is  sometimes 
present,  distributed  invisibly  through  it.  Thallium  occurs  in  traces  in  much  pyrite,  it  showing 
its  presence  often  in  the  chimneys  of  furnaces  where  pyrite,  or  ores  containing  it,  are  roasted. 

Yar.  1.  Ordinary,  (a)  In  distinct  crystals  ;  (&)  nodular,  or  concretionary,  often  radiated  within; 
(c)  stalactitic ;  (d)  amorphous. 

2.  Niccoliferous.     Schnabel  found  0*168  of  nickel  in  a  kind  from  a  silver  mine  near  Eckerhagen. 
A  pyrite  from  the  Kearney  ore-bed,  G-ouverneur,  N.  Y.,  is  similar;  it  is  pale  bronze  in  color,  and 
radiated  botryoidal;  H.=5'5;  G-.=4'863  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  444). 

3.  Cobaltiferous.     Specimens  from  Cornwall,  Lebanon  Co.,  Pa.  (f.  88),  afforded  J.  M.  Blake  2  p. 
c.  of  cobalt.     Fig.  88,  by  Mr.  Blake,  represents  the  planes  about  an  angle  of  the  cube,  one  of 
which,  2-|,  has  not  been  before  observed  in  pyrite,  though  known  in  cobaltite  (p.  71).    The 
crystals  are  much  distorted. 

4.  Cupriferous.    A  variety  from  Cornwall,  Lebanon  Co.,  Pa.,  gave  J.  C.  Booth  (Dana's  Min., 
1854,  55)  2-39  p.  c.  of  copper,  affording  the  formula  (Fe,  Cu)  S2.     The  analysis  gave  S  53'37,  Fe 
44-47,  Cu  2 '3 9.     It  tarnishes  readily,  assuming  the  bluish  tarnish  of  steel. 

5.  Stanniferous ;   Ballesterosiie  Schulz  &  Paillette  (Bull.  G-.  Fr.,  II.  vii.,  1 6).    A  kind  in  cubes, 
containing  tin  and  zinc,  occurring  in  argillite,  6  m.  S.  of  Eibadeo,  hi  Galicia.    Named  after  Lopez 
Ballesteros. 

6.  Auriferous.    Containing  native  gold.    See  under  GOLD.    The  pyrite  of  most  gold  regions  is 
auriferous.     The  fact  is  not  apparent  in  any  of  the  external  characters. 

7.  Argentiferous.     From  Hungary. 

8.  Thalliferous.     The  pyrite  of  the  Eammelsberg  mine,  near  Goslar,  Prussia,  is  especially  rich 
in  thallium ;  and  also  that  of  Saalfeld.     Thallium  occurs  in  the  furnaces  of  the  Bethlehem  (Pa.) 
iron  works,  which  W.  T.  Roepper  attributes  to  the  pyrite  of  the  Pennsylvania  coal  used. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  a  sublimate  of  sulphur  and  a  magnetic  residue.  B.B.  on  char- 
coal gives  off  sulphur,  burning  with  a  blue  flame,  leaving  a  residue  which  reacts  like  pyrrhotite. 

Insoluble  in  muriatic  acid,  but  decomposed  by  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Pyrite  occurs  abundantly  in  rocks  of  all  ages,  from  the  oldest  crystalline  to  the  most 
recent  alluvial  deposits.  It  usually  occurs  in  small  cubes,  but  often  modified  as  above  described ; 
also  hi  irregular  spheroidal  nodules  and  in  veins,  in  clay  slate,  argillaceous  sandstones,  the  coal 
formation,  etc.  Cubes  of  gigantic  dimensions  have  been  found  in  some  of  the  Cornish  mines ; 
pentagonal  dodecahedrons  and  other  forms  occur  on  the  island  of  Elba,  sometimes  five  to  six 
inches  in  diameter.  Large  octahedral  crystals  are  found  at  Persberg  in  Sweden.  Magnificent 
crystals  come  from  Peru;  also  from  Traversella  in  Piedmont,  twins  of  which  locality  are  figured 
by  Q.  Sella,  one  of  them  a  large  pyritohedron  (f.  47)  with  a  small  converse  pyritohedron  (f.  48) 
astride  of  each  of  the  six  cubic  edges.  Alston-Moor,  Derbyshire,  Fahlun  in  Sweden,  Kongs- 
berg  in  Norway,  are  well-known  localities.  The  clay  at  Miinden  in  Hanover,  and  the  chalk 
at  Lewes  in  Surrey,  have  afforded  some  remarkable  compound  crystals.  It  has  also  been  met 
with  in  the  Vesuvian  lavas  in  small  irregular  crystals. 

In  Maine,  at  Corinna,  Peru,  Waterville,  and  Farmington,  in  crystals ;  at  Bingham  (saw  mills), 
Brooksville,  and  Jewell's  Id.,  massive.    In  tf.  Hampshire,  at  Unity,  massive.    In  Mass.,  at  Heath,  m 
cryst. ;  at  Hawley  and  Hubbardston,  massive.  In  Vermont,  at  Shoreham,  in  limestone,  crystals  abu 
dant ;  Hartford,  in  cubes  2-4  in.    In  Conn.,  at  Lane's  mine,  Monroe,  in  octahedrons ;  Orange  J 
Milford,  hi  cubes  in  chlorite  slate;  Middletown  lead  mine,  sometimes  acicular,  and  also  scatte 
over  quartz,  like  f.  89 ;  at  Stafford,  in  mica  slate ;  massive  at  Colchester,  Ashford,  Tolland,  bt 
and  Union.     In  N.  York,  at  Rossie,  fine  crystals  (f.  85,  87)  occur  at  the  lead  mine  in  gre< 
at  Schoharie,  a  mile  west  of  the  court-house,  in  single  and  compound  crystals,  often  highly  pott 


64:  STJLPHIDS,    ETC. 

and  abundant ;  in  interesting  crystals  at  Johnsburgh  and  Chester,  Warren  Co. ;  in  gneiss  near 
Youkers  •  in  Orange  Co.,  at  Warwick  and  Deerpark ;  in  Jefferson  Co.,  in  Champion  and  near  Oxbow 
on  the  banks  of  Vrooman's  lake,  in  modified  octahedrons  (f.  7);  massive  in  Franklin,  Putnam, 
and  Orange  Cos.,  etc.  In  Pennsylvania,  in  crystals  at  Little  Britain,  Lancaster  Co. ;  at  Chester, 
Delaware  Co. ;  in  Carbon  and  York  Cos.' ;  at  Knauertown,  Chester  Co. ;  in  Cornwall,  Lebanon  Co., 
in  lustrous  cubo-octahedrons,  and  with  an  elegant  steel  tarnish,  sometimes  an  inch  through ;  at 
Pottstown.  near  French  Creek,  in  large  yellow  octahedrons.  In  Wisconsin,  near  Mineral  Point. 
In  Illinois',  near  Galena,  at  Marsdeu's  Diggings,  in  stalactites  of  great  beauty  with  a  surface  of 
crystals  In  N.  Car.,  near  Greensboro',  Guilford  Co.,  in  crystals.  Auriferous  pyrite  is  common  at 
the  mines  of  Colorado,  and  many  of  those  of  California,  as  well  as  in  Virginia  and  the  States  south. 
In  Canada  2  miles  N.  W.  of  Brockville,  a  cobaltiferous  var.,  in  the  Laurentian ;  on  the  river 
Assumption,  seignory  of  Daillebout,  and  at  Escott,  a  niccoliferous  var.,  containing  also  some 

This  species  affords  the  greater  part  of  the  sulphate  of  iron  and  sulphuric  acid  of  commerce, 
and  also  a  considerable  portion  of  the  sulphur  and  alum.  The  auriferous  variety  is  worked  for 
gold  in  many  gold  regions. 

The  name  pyrite  is  derived  from  -Co,  fire,  and  alludes  to  the  sparks  from  friction.  Pliny  men- 
tions several  things  as  included  under  the  name  (xxxvi.  30):  (1)  a  stone  used  for  grindstones  ; 
(2)  a  kind  which  so  readily  fires  punk  or  sulphur  that  he  distinguishes  it  as  pyrites  vivus,  and 
which  may  have  been  flint  or  a  related  variety  of  quartz,  as  has  been  supposed,  but  more  proba- 
bly was  emery,  since  he  describes  it  as  the  heaviest  of  all;  (3)  a  kind  resembling  brass  or  copper: 
(4)  a  porous  stone,  perhaps  a  sandstone  or  buhrstone.  The  brassy  kind  was  in  all  probability  our 
pyrite.  But  with  it  were  confounded  copper  pyrites  (chalcopyrite),  besides  marcasite  and  pyrrho- 
tite,  although  these  three  kinds  of  pyrites  fail  of  the  scintillations.  In  fact.  Dioscorides  calls 
pyrite  an  ore  of  copper,  yet  in  the  next  sentence  admits  that  some  kinds  contain  no  copper ;  and. 
moreover,  he  states  that  the  mineral  gives  sparks.  This  confounding  of  iron  and  copper  pyrites 
is  apparent  also  in  the  descriptions  of  the  vitriols  (sulphates  of  iron  and  copper)  by  Pliny  and 
other  ancient  writers,  and  equally  so  in  the  mineralogy  of  the  world  for  more  than  fifteen  cen- 
turies after  Pliny,  as  is  even  now  apparent  in  the  principal  languages  of  Europe.  Kupferwasser 
(copper-water)  of  the  Germans  being  the  copperas  of  the  English  and  couperose  of  the  French. 
It  is  quite  probable  that  copperas  and  couperose  are  in  fact  corruptions  of  the  German  word,  instead 
of  derivatives  from  cuprosa  or  cuprirosa,  as  usually  stated,  for  the  Latin  u  would  not  have  become 
ou  in  French. 

Under  the  name  marc-asite  or  marchasite,  of  Spanish  or  Arabic  origin,  the  older  mineralogists 
Henckel,  Wallerius,  Linna3us,  etc.,  included  distinctively  crystallized  pyrite,  the  cubic  preemi- 
nently ;  the  nodular  and  other  varieties  being  called  pyrites,  and  the  less  yellow  or  brownish  and 
softer  kinds,  wasserkies,  this  last  including  our  marcasite  and  pyrrhotite,  and  some  true  pyrite. 
Werner  first  made  pyrrhotite  a  distinct  species. 

Alt. — Pyrite  readily  changes  to  a  sulphate  of  iron  by  osydation,  some  sulphur  being  set  free. 
Also  to  limonite  on  its  surface,  and  afterward  throughout,  by  the  action  of  a  solution  of  bicar- 
bonate of  lime  carrying  off  the  sulphuric  acid  as  change  proceeds,  and  from  limonite  to  red  oxyd 
of  iron.  Green  vitriol,  limonite,  gothite,  hematite,  quartz,  graphite,  ochreous  clay,  occur  as  pseu- 
domorphs  after  pyrite. 

Artif. — May  be  made  by  the  slow  reduction  of  sulphate  of  sesquioxyd  of  iron  in  presence  of 
some  carbonate. 

76.  HAUERITE.    Hauerit  Haid.,  Nat.  Abh.  Wien,  i.  101,  107,  4to,  1847. 

Isometric;  pyritohedral,  figs.  2,  7,  6,  8,  44  (0,  3-f),  41  (0,  *-3) ;  the 
octahedral  form  most  common.  Cleavage:  cubic  imperfect.  Crystals 
sometimes  globularly  clustered. 

H.=4.  Gr.:=3'463,  v.  Hauer.  Lustre  metallic-adamantine.  Color  red- 
dish-brown, brownish-black.  Streak  brownish-red. 

Comp. — Mn  S2=Sulphur  53'7,  manganese  46-3  =  100.  Analysis  by  Patera  (1.  c.,  Pogg.,  Ixx. 
148) : 

S  53-64  Mn  42-97  Fe  1'30  Si  1-20=99-11. 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  a  sublimate  of  sulphur ;  in  the  open  tube  sulphurous  acid,  and  becomes 
green.  On  charcoal  gives  sulphur ;  the  roasted  mineral  reacts  for  manganese  with  the  fluxes. 

Obs. — From  Kalinka,  Hungary,  in  clay  with  gypsum  and  sulphur,  in  a  region  something  like  a 
solfatara,  trachytic,  and  other  eruptive  rocks  decomposing  and  adding  to  the  clay,  and  the  sulphur 
given  off  at  the  same  time  making  depositions  of  sulphur  and  sulphids.  One  crystal  found  meas- 
ures 1£  inches  through. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 


65 


77.  CUBANTTE.    Cuban  Bretih.,  Pogg.,  lix.  325,  1843.    Cubanite  Chapman. 

Isometric.  Massive.  Cleavage  cubic,  and  rather  more  distinct  than  in 
ordinary  pyrites,  Breith.  Color  between  bronze  and  brass-yellow.  Streak 
dark  reddish-bronze,  black.  H.=4.  G.=4'026—  4*042  Br.;  4'169  Booth- 
4-18  Smith. 


Comp.—  2  Fe,  1  Cu,  4  S=4  Fe,  1  €u,  8  S^-Gu  S  +  Fe  S  +  3  Fe  S2=  2  pyrite  +  1  chakopyrite.  Cu  S 
+  Fe2  S3,  Booth,  which  is  the  same  with  the  preceding  in  its  atomic  proportions. 

Analyses:  1,  Eastwick  (communicated  by  J.  C.  Booth);  2,  Magee  (ib.);  3,  Stevens  (ib.);  4, 
Sclieidauer  (Pogg.,  Lxiv.  280);  5,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xviii.  381): 

S  Cu  Fe  Si 

1.  39-01  19-80  38-01  2-30=99-12  Eastwick. 

2.  39-35  21-05  38'80  1-90=10MO  Magee. 

3.  39-05  20-12  38'29  2'85=100-31  Stevens. 

4.  34-78  22-96  42-51  Pb  ir.^100'25  Scheidauer. 

5.  39-57  18-23  37'10  Si  Fe  4'23=99'13  Smith. 

Breithaupt  obtained  in  repeated  trials  19  per  cent,  of  copper.  Smith  hi  two  other  incomplete 
analyses  found  sulphur  39*20,  39'30,  and  copper  19-10,  19-00. 

Pyr.  —  In  the  closed  tube  a  sulphur  sublimate  ;  in  the  open,  sulphurous  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal 
gives  sulphur  fumes  and  fuses  to  a  magnetic  globule.  The  roasted  ore  re  cats  for  copper  and 
iron  with  the  fluxes  ;  with  soda  on  charcoal  gives  a  globule  of  metallic  iron  with  copper. 

Obs.  —  From  Barracanao.  Cuba. 


78.  OHALCOPYRITE.  ?  XaA«ns  (fr.  Cyprus)  Aristotle.  ?  XaA«'r»?,  TLvpins  pt.,  Dioscor.,  ?  Chal- 
citis  pt.,  Pyrites  pt.,  Plin.  Pyrites  aerosus  pt.,  Pyrites  aureo  colore,  Germ.  G-eelkis  o.  Kupferkis 
Agric.,  212,  Interpr.,  467,  1546.  Pyrites  pt.,  Germ.  Kupferkies,  Gesner,  Foss.,  1565.  Pyrites 
flavus,  Chalco pyrites,  Henckel,  Pyrit.,  1725.  Gul  Kopparmalm,  Cuprum  sulphure  et  ferro  min- 
eralisatum,  Chalcopyrites,  Wall,  284,  1747.  Cuivre  jaune,  Pyrite  cuivreuse,  Fr.  Trl.  WalL,  iL 
514,  1753.  Copper  Pyrites.  Pyritous  Copper.  Cuivre  pyriteux  Fr.  Towanite  B.  &  M.,  Min., 
182,  1852. 

Tetragonal;  tetrahedral.  OM-i=135°  25r ;  a  =  0*98556.  Observed 
planes  :  0 ;  vertical,  /,  i-i,  i-3 ;  octahedral  or  tetrahedral,  J-,  -|-,  %,  1,  f ,  2, 
1-^,  |-^,  %-i ;  other  planes,  -|-3,  5-5. 


0  A  1=125  40 
0  A  2=109  44 


0  A  2^=116°  54X 

0  A  f-^=124      5 

1  Al,pyr.,=10953 

5 


2A2,pyr.,=96°  33' 
fAf  pyr.,=10044 
lAl,f  92,=T120andT07 


STJLPHIDS,    ETC. 


94 


Cleavage:  %4  sometimes  distinct;  0,  indistinct.  Twins:  composition- 
face  (1)  1-1,  f.  93,  94 ;  in  93  repeated  parallel  to  4  terminal  edges  of  a  pyramid ; 
also  similar  to  fig.  39,  through  combinations  of  sphenoids ;  (2)  the  plane  1, 

similar  to  f.  50,  also  similar  to  f.  62,  p.  21,  but 
with  the  interpenetrating  tetrahedrons  of  the 
forms  in  fig.  92 ;  also  somewhat  similar  to  fig. 
119,  under  tetrahedrite.  Often  massive  and 
impalpable. 

H.=3-5— 4.  G.=4-l—  4-3.  Lustre  metallic. 
Color  brass-yellow ;  subject  to  tarnish,  and  often 
iridescent.  Streak  greenish-black — a  little  shin- 
ing. Opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal,  uneven. 

Oomp. — A  sulphid  of  copper  and  iron,  containing  2  of  cop- 
per, 2  of  iron,  and  4  of  sulphur= Sulphur  34'9,  copper  34"6, 
iron  30-5=1 00.  Formula  €u  S  +  Fe  S  +  Fe  S2=  2  (\  -Gu  +  £Fe) 
S  +  Fe  S2,  usually  written  -Gu  S  +  Fe2  S3,  the  objection  to 
which  has  already  been  mentioned  (p.  33).  Some  analyses 
give  other  proportions ;  but  probably  from  mixture  with  pyrite. 
These  are  indefinite  mixtures  of  the  two,  and  with  the  increase  of  the  latter  the  color  becomes 

This  species,  although  tetragonal,  is  very  closely  isomorphous  with  pyrite,  the  variation  from  the 
cubic  form  being  slight,  the  vertical  axis  being  0*98556  instead  of  1. 

Analyses:  1,  H.  Rose  (Gilb.,  Ixxii.  185);  2,  Hartwall  (Leonh.  Handb.,  646);  3,  4,  E.  Bechi 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  161);  5,  D.  Forbes  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  L  278);  6,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II. 
xx.  249);  7,  Joy  (Lye.  N.  H.  N.  York,  viii.  125): 

Fe  30-47  quartz  0-27=100-01  Rose. 

30-03  2-23=100-79  Hartwall. 

30-29  =100*00  Bechi. 

29-75  0*86=99-56  Bechi. 

32-77  Mn  tr.,  Si  0*32  =  99-62  Forbes. 

29-93  Pb  0-35  =  99-23  Smith. 

31-25  "   0-30,  Si  0-20=100-83  Joy. 

Traces  of  selenium  have  been  noticed  by  Kersten  in  an  ore  from  Reinsberg  near  Freiberg  ;  and 
that  from  Rammelsberg  near  Goslar  must  contain  the  same,  it  being  one  of  the  furnace  products 
(Rammelsberg,  Mm.  Chem.,  1'20).  Thallium  is  also  present  in  some  kinds,  and  more  frequently 
present  in  this  ore  than  in  pyrite. 

Other  analyses :  Malaguti  and  Durocher  (Ann.  des  M.,  IV.  xvii.  229). 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  a  sulphur  sublimate ;  in  other  reactions 
like  cubanite.  Dissolves  in  nitric  acid,  excepting  the  sulphur,  and  forms  a  green  solution ;  am- 
monia in  excess  changes  the  green  color  to  a  deep  blue. 

Obs. — Chalcopyrite  is  the  principal  ore  of  copper  at  the  Cornwall  mines,  and  10,000  to  12,000 
tons  of  pure  copper  are  smelted  annually  from  150,000  to  160,000  tons  of  ore.  It  is  there  associated 
with  tin  ore,  galenite,  bornite,  chalcocite,  tetrahedrite,  and  blende.  The  copper  beds  of  Fah- 
lun  in  Sweden,  are  composed  principally  of  this  ore,  which  occurs  in  large  masses,  surrounded 
by  a  coating  of  serpentine,  and  imbedded  in  gneiss.  At  Rammelsberg,  near  Goslar  in  the  Harz, 
it  forms  a  bed  in  argillaceous  schist,  and  is  associated  with  pyrite,  galenite,  blende,  and  minute 
portions  of  silver  and  gold.  The  Kurprinz  mine  at  Freiberg  affords  well-defined  crystals.  It 
occurs  also  in  the  Bannat.  Hungary,  and  Thuringia ;  in  Scotland  in  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Perth- 
shire  and  elsewhere ;  in  Tuscany  (analyses  3,  4) ;  in  South  Australia ;  in  fine  crystals  at  Cerro 
Blanco,  near  Copiapo,  Chili. 

In  Maine,  at  the  Lubec  lead  mines ;  at  Dexter.  In  N.  Hamp.,  at  Franconia,  in  gneiss ;  at 
Unity,  on  the  estate  of  Jas.  Neal;  Warren,  on  Davis's  farm;  at  Eaton,  2  m!  N.E.  of  Atkins's 
tavern ;  Lyme,  E.  of  E.  Village ;  HaverliiU,  etc.  In  Vermont,  at  Stafford,  Corinth,  Waterbury, 
Shrewsbury.  In  Mass.,  at  the  Southampton  lead  mines ;  at  Turner's  falls  on  the  Connecticut, 
near  Deerfield,  and  at  Hatfield  and  Sterling.  In  Connecticut,  at  Bristol  and  Middletown,  some- 
times in  crystals.  In  New  York,  at  the  Ancram  lead  mine ;  five  miles  from  Rossie,  beyond  De  Long's 
mills  at  the  Rossie  lead  mines,  in  crystals ;  in  crystals  and  massive  near  Wurtzboro',  Sullivan  Co. : 
very  large  crystals  and  massive  at  Ellenville,  Ulster  Co.  In  Pennsylvania,  at  Phenixville;  at 
Pottstown,  Chester  Co.  (Elizabeth  mine).  In  Maryland,  in  the  Catoctin  mts. ;  between  New- 


1.  Sayn                    S  35'87 
2.  Finland                   36-33 
3.  Val  Castrucci         35'62 
4.  Mt.  Catini               36'16 
5.  Jemtel'd,  Sweden  33*88 
6.  Phenixville             36*10 
7.  Ellenville                36-65 

Cu  34-40 
32-20 
34-09 
32-79 
32-65 
32-85 
32-43 

SULPHIDS,    ETC.  67 

market  and  Taneytown  ;  near  Finksbury,  Carroll  Co.,  abundant  (Patapsco  and  other  mines),  with 
bornite,  carrollite,  and  malachite.  In  Virginia,  at  the  Phenix  copper  mines,  Fauquier  Co.,  and  the 
Walton  gold  mine,  Louisa  Co.  In  N.  Carolina,  near  Greensboro',  abundant  massive  (Fenress 
or  North  Carolina,  and  Macculloch  mines),  along  with  spathic  iron  in  a  quartz  gangue.  In  Ten- 
nessee,. 30  miles  from  Cleveland,  in  Polk  Co.  (Hiwassee  mines),  with  black  copper  and  pyrites. 

In  Cal,  in  different  mines  along  a  belt  between  Mariposa  Co.  and  Del  Norte  Co.,  on  west  side 
of,  and  parallel  to,  the  chief  gold  belt ;  occurring  massive  in  Calaveras  Co.,  at  Union,  Keystone, 
Empire,  Napoleon,  Campo  Seco,  and  Lancha  Plana  mines,  and  in  crystals  on  Domingo  Creek ;  in 
Mariposa  Co.,  at  the  La  Yictoire  and  Haskell  claims,  and  on  the  Chowchillas  river ;  in  Amador 
Co.,  at  the  Newton  mine ;  in  El  Dorado  Co.,  at  the  Cosumues,  Hope  Valley,  Bunker  Hill,  El 
Dorado,  Excelsior  mines ;  in  Plumas  Co.,  at  the  Genesee  and  Cosmopolitan  mines. 

In  Canada,  in  Perth  and  near  Sherbrooke ;  extensively  mined  at  Bruce  mines,  on  Lake  Huron. 

The  Cornwall  chalcopyrite  is  not  a  rich  ore ;  what  is  picked  for  sale  at  Redruth  rarely  yielding 
12,  generally  only  7  or  8,  and  occasionally  but  3  or  4  per  cent,  of  metal.  Its  richness  may  in 
general  be  judged  of  by  the  color;  if  of  a  fine  yellow  hue,  and  readily  yielding  to  the  hammer,  it 
may  be  considered  a  good  ore;  but  if  hard,  and  pale-yellow,  it  is  poor  from  admixture  with 
pyrite. 

Eeadily  distinguished  from  pyrite,  which  it  somewhat  resembles,  by  its  inferior  hardness ;  it 
may  be  cut  by  the  knife,  while  pyrite  will  strike  fire  with  steel.  The  effects  of  nitric  acid  are  also 
different.  Differs  from  gold  in  being  brittle,  on  which  account  it  cannot  be  cut  off  in  slices,  like 
the  latter  metal ;  and,  moreover,  gold  is  not  attacked  by  nitric  acid. 

Occurs  as  a  furnace  product  near  Goslar. 

Alt,— Changes  on  exposure  with  moisture,  especially  if  heated,  to  a  sulphate.  Malachite, 
covellite,  chrysocolla,  black  copper,  chalcocite,  and  oxyd  of  iron,  are  other  forms  into  which  it  is 
sometimes  altered. 

Named  from  x,a^K6gi  brass,  and  pyrites,  by  Henckel,  who  observes  in  his  Pyritology  (1725)  that 
chalcopyrite  is  a  good  distinctive  name  for  the  ore.  Aristotle  calls  the  copper  ore  of  Cyprus 
chalcitis ;  and  Dioscorides  uses  the  same  word ;  but  what  ore  was  intended  is  doubtful.  There  is 
no  question  that  copper-pyrites  was  included  by  Greek  and  Latin  authors  under  the  name  pyrites 
(q.  v.,  p.  64). 

79.  BARNHARDTITE,     Genth,  Am.  J.  Sea.,  II.  xix.  17,  1855,  xxviil  248. 

Compact  massive. 

H.:=3-5.     G.=4-521.     Lustre  metallic.     Color  bronze-yellow.     Streak 

¥rayish-black,  slightly  shining.      Fracture   conchoidal,  uneven.     Brittle, 
amishes  easily,  giving  pavonine  tints,  or  becoming  pinchbeck-brown. 

Oomp.— 2  €u  S  +  Fe  S  +  Fe  S2=l  chalcopyrite +1  chalcocite = Sulphur  30'5,  copper  48%  iron 
21-3.  Analyses:  1-3,  W.  J.  Taylor,  F.  A.  Genth,  and  P.  Keyser  (1.  c.);  4,  Genth  (priv.  contrib.): 

S  Fe  Cu 

1.  Earnhardt's  Land  29'40        22'23        47'61,  Ag  ir.  Taylor. 

2.  Pioneer  Mills  29*76        22*41         46'69  Genth. 

3.  »          «  30-50         21-08         48-40  Keyser. 

4.  Bill  Williams'  Fork  28-96         20'44         50'41  Genth. 

In  another  ore  from  Earnhardt's  land,  Taylor  found  (1-  c.)  S  32'9,  Fe  28-4,  Cu  40'2,  correspond- 
ing to  8  S  +  4Fe  +  2^-6u. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  gives  sulphurous  fumes,  and  fuses  easily  to  a  magnetic  globule.  With  borax 
reactions  for  copper  and  iron. 

Obs,— Occurs  in  N.  Carolina  with  other  copper  ores,  at  Dan  Earnhardt's  land,  Pioneer  Mills, 
Phenix  mine,  and  Vanderburg  mine,  in  Cabarrus  Co. ;  also  near  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  Go. ;  a! 
Bill  Williams'  Fork,  in  California,  with  chalcopyrite,  etc. 

It  may  be  a  chalcopyrite,  partly  altered  to  copper-glance  (chalcocite),  as  would  b 
Dr.  Geuth's  later  observations. 

(A)  HOMICHLIN  Breithaupt  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xvii.  385,  424,  1858,  xviii.  65,  321)  is  closely  « 
the  preceding,  and  may  be  chalcopyrite  partly  altered  to  bornite.    Occurs  in  tetragonal  <x 
crystals,  but  mostly  massive;  H.=4-5;  G.  =4-472-4-480;  color  more  bronze-like  than  in  chal- 
copyrite ;  streak  black.  .    -,     0  ,-,    Q  ,  -pa  as 

Analysis  by  Richter  0-  c.,  xviii.  321):  S  30*21,  Fe  25-81,  Cu  43'76=3  <?u  S  +  2 Fe ,8- 
or  3  €u  S  +  3  Fe  S  +  Fe  S2,  corresponding  to  1  of  chalcopyrite,  2  of  chakoate,  and  < 
or  to  1  of  chalcopyrite  and  2  of  boruite.  „  K_ 

Occurs  with  malachite  and  other  copper  ores  at  Plauen  in  Voigtland;  also  s; 
Breithaupt,  in  Bavaria,  Duchies  of  Hesse  and  Nassau,  Silesia,  the  Harz,  at  Rhembreitenbach 
the  Rhine,  in  Algeria,  in  Chili  at  Remolinos  and  Tocopilla,  and  in  Japan. 


68  SULPHIDS,    ETC. 

Ducktownite  is  a  blackish  copper  ore  from  Ducktown,  Term.,  named  by  Shepard,  who  found  in 
it  30-76  iron,  26*04  copper,  with  43-20  of  undetermined.  G-.  J.  Brush  has  shown  that  it  is  not 
homogeneous,  and  only  a  mixture,  grains  of  pyrite  being  visible  through  the  mass,  and  also  a 
softer  gray  mineral,  which  is  probably  chalcocite.  See  Rep.  on  Mt.  Pisgah  Copper  Mine,  N. 
Haven,  1859,  and  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxviii.  129,  1859. 

80.  STANNTTE.     Geschwefeltes  Zinn  (fr.  Cornwall)  Rlapr.,  Schriften  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  vii.  169, 
1787,  Beitr.,  ii.  257,  1797,  v.  228,  1810,    Zinkies  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789,  385,  397.    Tin  Pyrites 
Kino.,  ii.  300,  1796.    Sulpburet  of  Tin;  Bell  Metao.  Ore.     Etain  sulfure  Fr.     Stannine  Send., 
Tr.,  ii.  416,  1832. 

Prboabiy  tetragonal,  and  hemihedral  like  chalcopyrite,  Kermgott. 
Cleavage :  parallel  to  the  faces  of  the  cube  and  dodecahedron  indistinct. 
Commonly  massive,  granular,  and  disseminated. 

H.=:4:.  G.=4-3— 4-522;  4'506,  fr.  Zinnwald,  Kammelsberg.  Lustre 
metallic.  Streak  blackish.  Color  steel-gray  to  iron-black,  the  former 
when  pure ;  sometimes  a  bluish  tarnish ;  often  yellowish  from  the  presence 
of  chalcopyrite.  Opaque.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp. — 2  (6u,  Fe,  Zn)  S  +  Sn  S2,  which,  the  ratio  of  -Gu,  Fe,  Zn,  being  2:1:1,  corresponds 
to,  Sulphur  29-6,  tin  27 "2,  copper  29*3,  iron  6'5,  zinc  7 '5  =  100.  The  ratio  between  the  sulphur 
of  the  two  terms  is  1  :  1,  as  in  chalcopyrite.  Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Breitr.,  v.  228);  2,  Kuder- 
natsch  (Pogg.,  xxxix.  146);  3,  Johnston  (Rep.  G.  Cornwall,  etc.,  1839);  4,  Mallet  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II. 
xvii.  33);  5,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg..  Ixxxviii.  607): 

S  Sn  Ou  Fe  Zn 

1.  Wheal  Rock  30'5  26'5  30'0  12*0        _-99'0  Klaproth. 

2                                      29-64  25'55  29-39  12'44  1'77,  gangue  1'02=99'81  Kud. 

3.  St.  Michael's  Mt.       29'929  31-618  23-549  4'791  10-113=100  Johnston.       , 

4.  "  29-46       26-85       29'18         6'73        7'26,  gaugue  0'16=99-64  Mai. 

5.  Zinnwald  29*05       25'65       29'38         6'24       9'68=100  Rammelsberg. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  a  faint  sublimate ;  in  the  open  tube 
sulphurous  acid,  and  a  sublimate  of  oxyd  of  tin  quite  near  the  assay.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a 
globule,  which  in  O.F.  gives  off  sulphur,  and  coats  the  coal  with  white  oxyd  of  tin  ;  the  roasted 
mineral  treated  with  borax  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  copper. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  affording  a  blue  solution,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  oxyd  of 
tin. 

Obs. — Formerly  found  at  Wheal  Rock,  Cornwall,  and  at  Cam  Brea,  where  it  constituted  a 
considerable  vein,  and  was  accompanied  by  pyrite,  blende,  and  other  minerals ;  more  recently  in 
considerable  quantity  in  granite  at  St.  Michael's  Mount,  where  it  is  sold  as  an  ore  of  copper;  also 
at  Stenna  G-wynn,  St.  Stevens,  and  at  Wheal  Primrose,  Wheal  Scorrier,  and  occasionally  at  Botal- 
lack  mine,  St.  Just ;  also  at  the  Cronebane  mine,  Co.  Wicklow,  in  Ireland ;  Zinnwald,  in  the 
Erzgebirge,  with  blende  and  galenite.  It  frequently  has  the  appearance  of  bronze  or  bell  metal, 
and  hence  the  name  bell-metal  ore. 

81.  LINNJEITE,    Kobolt  med  Jem  och  Svafelsyra  (fr.  Bastnaes)  G.  Brandt,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  119, 
1746.     Kobalt  med  forvswafladt  Jam,  Cobaltum  Ferro  Sulphurate  mineralisatum,  Cronst.,  213, 
1758.     Cobaltum  pyriticosum  Linn.,  1768;  de  Born,  Lithoph.,  i.  144,  1772.     Mine  de  Cobalt 
sulfureuse  de  Lisk,  iii.  134,  1783.     Kobalt-Glanz  pt.  Wern.,  Kirwan,  etc.    Svafelbunden  Kobolt 
Hisinger,  Afh.,  iii.  316,  1 810.     Kobaltkies  Hausm.,  Handb.,  158,  1813.    Schwefelkobalt.     Sul- 
phuret  of  Cobalt;    Cobalt  Pyrites.      Cobalt  sulfure  Fr.     Koboldino  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  417,  1832. 
Linneit  Raid.,  Handb.,  560,  1845.     Kobaltnickelkies  [not  Kobaltkies]  Ramm. ;  Siegenite  (fr. 
Miisen)  Dana,  Min.,  687,  1850. 

Isometric.  Figs.  2,  6,  7.  Cleavage :  cubic,  imperfect.  Twins  :  com- 
position-face octahedral.  Also  massive,  granular  to  compact. 

H.=5'&  G.=4*8— 5.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  pale  steel-gray,  tarnish- 
ing copper-red.  Streak  blackish-gray.  Fracture  uneven  or  subconchoidal. 


SFLPHIDS,    ETC. 


69 


Comp.,  Var.— 2  Co  S  +  Co  S2=Sulphur  42-0,  cobalt  58-0=100 ;  but  having  the  cobalt  replaced 
partly  by  nickel  or  copper. 

Var.  1.  Cupriferous;  LINN^EITE  Haid.  (1.  c.).  Ore  from  Bastnaes.  The  copper  has  been  attrib- 
uted to  mixed  chalcopyrite ;  but,  in  view  of  the  composition  of  carrollite,  this  is  probably  not 
true  of  all  of  it.  The  name  Unnceite,  after  Linnaeus,  was  given  distinctively  by  Haidino-er  to  the 
Baslnaes  mineral  (1.  c.). 

2.  Niccolijerous ;  Nickel- Linnceite  SIEGENITE  Dana  (1.  c.).  Ore  from  Miisen,  near  Siegen  and 
elsewhere.  The  specimens  from  Miisen  afforded  Rammelsberg,  in  his  recent  analysis  (No.  5), 
14'60  of  nickel ;  and  he  shows  that  the  earlier  analyses  are  erroneous,  owing  to  the  fact  that  a 
method  of  separating  nickel  and  cobalt  completely  was  not  known  when  the  analyses  were  made. 

Analyses.  1,  Hisinger  (Afhandl.,  iii.  319);  2,  Wernekink  (Schw.  J.,  xxxix.  306,  and  Leonh! 
ZS.  f.  Mm.,  1826);  3,  Schnabel  (Ramm.,  4th  SuppL,  lit);  4,  Ebbinghaus  (ib.);  5,  Rammelsberg 
(J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxvi.  340) ;  6-8,  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxiii.  419) : 


1.  Bastnaes 

2.  Miisen 

3.  "       Sieg. 

4.  "      Sieg. 

5.  " 

6.  Mineral  Hill,  Sieg. 

7.  "          Sieg. 

8.  Missouri,  Sieg. 


s 

38-50 
42-52 
41-98 
42-30 
43-04 
39-70* 
41-15 
41-54 

Co        Ni 

43-20      
53-35      

22-09     33-64 
11-00     42-64 
40-77     14-60 
25-69     29-56 
[50-76] 
21-34     30-53 

Fe 
3-53 
2-30 
2-29 
4-69 

1-96 
3-20 
3-37 

Cu 

14-40,  gangue  0-33=99-96  Hisinger. 
0-97=98-87  Wernekink. 

=100  Schnabel.     G.=4'8. 

=100-63  Ebb.     G.=5'0. 

0-49  =  98-90  Ramm. 

2-23,  Insol.  0-45=99-59  Genth. 

InsoL  1*26=100  Genth.  [Gem. 

Pb  0-39,  Cu,  Sb  tr.,  Insol.  1 '07=98-24 


Pyr..  etc. — The  variety  from  Miisen  gives,  in  the  closed  tube,  a  sulphur  sublimate ;  in  the 
open  tube,  sulphurous  fumes,  with  a  faint  sublimate  of  arsenous  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives 
arsenical  and  sulphurous  odors,  and  fuses  to  a  magnetic  globule.  The  roasted  mineral  gives 
with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  nickel,  cobalt,  aud  iron.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of 
sulphur. 

Obs. — In  gneiss,  with  chalcopyrite,  at  Bastnaes,  near  Riddarhyttan,  Sweden ;  at  Miisen,  near 
Siegen,  in  Prussia,  with  heavy  spar  and  spathic  iron ;  at  Siegeii  (siegenite),  in  octahedrons ;  at 
Mine  la  Motte,  in  Missouri,  mostly  massive,  sometimes  octahedral  and  cubo-octahedral  crystals ; 
and  at  Mineral  Hill,  in  Maryland,  in  a  vein  in  chlorite  slate,  with  chalcopyrite,  bornite,  blende, 
pyrite,  etc. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  yellow  earthy  cobalt  so-called  (gelb  Erdkobalt),  which  is  a  mixture  of 
erythrite  and  pitticite. 


82.  CARROLLITE.  Faber,  Am.  J.  Sd,  II.  xiii.  418, 1852. 

Isometric.  Rarely  in  octahedrons.  Massive.  Fracture  subconchoidal 
or  uneven. 

H.=5'5.  G.=:  4-85,  Smith  and  Brush.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  light 
steel-gray,  with  a  faint  reddish  hue. 

Comp.— Cu  S  +  Co2  S3 ;  or  its  equivalent  Ou  S  +  Co  S  +  Co  S2  (obtained  by  doubling  the  number 
of  atoms),  which  may  be  written  2  (i  Ou  +  i  Co)  S  +  3  Co  S2 :  analogous  to  Cuban. 
1—3,  Smith  and  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvL  367) ;  4,  Genth  (ib.,  xxiii.  418) : 

1.  Patapsco  mine 
2. 

3.  " 

4.  " 

Faber  obtained  in  an  incorrect  analysis  (1.  c.)  S  27'04,  Co  28-50,  Ni  1-50,  Fe  5-31,  Cu  32-99,  As 
1-81,  silica  2-15  =  99-30. 

Pyr.— Like  siegenite,  except  that  the  roasted  mineral  reacts  for  copper  with  the  fluxes 

Obs.— In  Carroll  Co.,  Maryland,  at  Patapsco  mine,  near  Finksburg;  and  also  at  Spnngfle 
mine,  associated  and  mixed  with  chalcopyrite  and  chalcocite. 

This  species  may  prove  to  be  identical  with  the  Bastnaes  linnseite  (or  true  linnseite),  on  a  new 
analysis  of  the  latter,  both  being  cupriferous. 


S 
41-93 
40-94 
40-99 
41-71 

Co 
37-25 
38-21 
37-65 
38-70 

Ni 
1-54 
1-54 
1-54 
1-70 

Fe 
1-26 
1-55 
1-40 
0-46 

Cu 
17-48 
17-79 
1918 
17-55, 

As 
tr.=  99-46  S.  &  B. 
Jr.  =  100-03  S.  &  B. 
rfr.  =  100-76  S.  &  B. 
quartz  0-07  =  100-19 

G. 

70 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 


83.  SMALTTTB.  ?  Cobaltum  cineraceum  Agric.,  459,  1529.  Koboltmalm,  Koboltglants,  Min- 
era  Cobalti  cinerea,  Cobaltum  arsenico  mineralisatum,  pt.  (Cobaltite  here  included),  Wall,  231 
1747.  ?  Cobaltum  Ferro  et  Arsenico  mineralisatum,  Giants-Cobalt  (fr.  Schneeberg),  Cronst.,  212, 
1758.  Mine  de  Cobalt  grise  De  Lisle,  Crist.,  333,  1772;  Mine  de  Cobalt  arsenicale  De  Lisle,  iii. 
123,  1783.  Weisser  Speisskobold,  Grauer  Speisskobold,  Wern.  Gray  Cobalt  ore  Kirw.,  1796. 
Tin-white  cobalt.  Speiskobalt  Hausm.,  Handb.,  155,  1813.  Smaltine  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  584,  1852. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes  :  0, 1,  2-2,  7,  also  an  undetermined  tetrahex- 
ahedron.  Figures  1,  2,  5,  6,  8,  9.  Cleavage :  octahedral,  distinct.  Cubic, 
in  traces.  Also  massive  and  in  reticulated  and  other  imitative  shapes. 

H.=5'5— 6.  G.=6'4:  to  7*2.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  tin-white,  inclin- 
ing, when  massive,  to  steel-gray,  sometimes  iridescent,  or  grayish  from 
tarnish.  Streak  grayish-black.  Fracture  granular  and  uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp.,  Var.— For  typical  kind  (Co,  Fe,  Ni)  As2=  (if  Co.  Fe,  and  Ni  be  present  in  equal  parts) 
Arsenic  72*1,  cobalt  9*4,  nickel  9-5,  iron  9-0=100.  It  is  probable  that  nickel  is  never  wholly  absent, 
although  not  detected  in  some  of  the  earlier  analyses ;  and  in  some  kinds  it  is  the  principal  metal. 
The  varieties  based  on  the  proportions  of  cobalt,  nickel,  and  iron,  are  the  following : 

Var.  1.   Cobaltic ;  SMALTINE.     Contains  little  nickel  or  iron. 

2.  Niccoliferous ;  CHLOANTHITE  Breith.  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  iv.  1845  ;  Wei s snick elkies  pt,  Weissnickelerz, 
Arsenik-Nickel,  Germ. ;  White  Nickel;  Eammelsbergit  Raid.,  Handb.,   560,   1845;  Chathamite 
Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xlvii.  351,  1844).     Contains  much  nickel,  the  cobalt  simetimes  nearly  wanting. 

3.  Ferriferous ;  SAPFLOBITE  Breith.   (Grauer  Speiskobold  Wern. ;  Eisenkobalterz  Hausm. ;  Eisen- 
kobaltkies  v.  Kob.).     Contains  over  10  p.  c.  of  iron  with  cobalt,  or  with  cobalt  and  nickel. 

But  the  atomic  proportion  of  arsenic  and  other  elements  often  varies  much  from  the  normal 
above  stated,  and  without  correspondence  with  the  three  groups  just  pointed  out.  These  varia- 
tions lead  to  the  following  groups,  as  distinguished  by  Eammelsberg,  which,  however,  blend  more 
or  less  with  one  another  : 

A.  Composition  E  As3,  with  E=Co,  Fe,  and  some  Ni.     Includes  some  of  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3,  above. 

B.  E  As2,  with  E=Ni,  Fe,  and  some  Co.     Includes  most  chloanlhiie,  No.  2.     Anal.  6  tpl2. 

C.  E  As  +  E  As2.     Anal.  13  to  15.     Includes  some  of  Nos.  2  and  3. 

D.  E  Asa+  2  E  As3.     Anal.  16  to  21.    Includes  some  of  1  and  2.  In  this  last  the  arsenic  consti- 
tutes 73 — 76  p.  c.,  and  the  mineral  approximates  to  Skutterudite. 

Analyses:  Series  A.  1,  Varrentrapp  (Pogg.,  xlviii.  505);  2,  Hofmann  (Pogg.,  xxv.  485);  3, 
Kobell  (Grundz.  Min.,  300) ;  4,  Klauer  ( Eamm.,  5th  SuppL,  225) ;  5,  Lauge  (Eamm.,  Min.  Oh.,  24).— 
Series  B.  6,  Booth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxix.  241);  7,  Eammelsberg  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Iv.  486);  8,  9,  id.  (1st 
Suppl.,  15);  10,  F.  Marian  (Vogl's  Min.  Joaoh.,  158);  11,  C.  U.  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xlvii.  351); 
12,  Genth(This  Min.,  512,  1854).— Series  C.  13,  Jackel  (Eose's  Kryst.  Ch.,  53);  14,  Eammels- 
berg (5th  Suppl.,  225);  15,  Salvetal  &  Wertheim  (These,  Paris,  1854,  79).— Series  D.  16, 
Stromeyer  (Gel.  Anz.  Gott.,  1817,  72);  17,  Sartorius  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixvi.  278) ;  18,  19,  B.  W. 
Bull  (Eose's  Kryst.  Ch.,  52) ;  20,  Karstedt  (Eamm.,  5th  Suppl.,  225) ;  21,  Marian  (1.  c.) : 


B. 


C. 


As 

Co 

Ni 

Fe 

Cu 

1. 

Tunaberg 

69-46 

23-44 



4.95 

,  S  0-90-98-75  Yarr. 

2. 

Schneeberg 

70-37 

13-95 

1-79 

11-71 

1-39,  S  0-66,  Bi  0'01  =  99-88  Hofm. 

3. 
4. 

it 

Eiechelsdorf 

71-08 
68-73 

9-44 
16-37 

12-15 

18-48 
2-30 

tr.     S  tr.,      Bi  1  '00  =  100  Kob. 
0-45  =  100  Klauer. 

5. 

Schneeberg 

73-55 

6-28 

14-49 

5-20 

,  S  0-27=99-79  Lange. 

G. 

of  mineral  of  anal. 

7,  6-411  ;  8  and  9,  6'735  ;   10,  6'28—  6'89. 

i 

6. 

Eiechelsdorf 

72-64 

3-37 

20-74 

3-25 

=100  Booth. 

7. 
8. 

Allemont 
Kamsdorf 

71-11 
70-34 

"—  ~—~ 

18-71 
28-40 

6-82 
tr. 

,  S  2-29=98-93  Eamm. 
=  98-74  Eamm. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 

Joachimsthal 
Chatham,  Ct. 

a 

70-93 
71-47 
70-00 
70-11 

3-62 
1-35 
3-82 

29-50 
21-18 
12-19 
9-44 

tr. 
2-83 
17-70 
11-85 

=100-43  Eamm. 
0-29,  S  0-58=99-97  Marian. 
=101-21  Shepard. 
,  84-78=100  Genth. 

G. 

of  min.  of  anal.  13, 

6-84; 

14,  6-374. 

13. 

14. 
15. 

Eiechelsdorf 
u 

Schneeberg 

66-02 
60-42 
58-71 

21-21 
10-80 
3-01 

25-87 
35-00 

11-60 
0-80 
0-80 

1-90,  S  0-49,  Bi  0-04=101-26  Jackel. 
,  82-11  =  100  Eamm. 
,  S  2-80=100-32  Salv.  &  W. 

SULPHIDS,    ETC.  7] 

D.  a.  ofmin.  of  anal.  19,  6-537;  21,  6'807. 

As        Co       Ni          Fe       Cu 

16.  Riechelsdorf  74*21     20-31    3-42     0'16,  S  0-88=98-98  Strom 

17.  73-53       9-17   14'06       2'24    ,  S  0'94=99'94  Sartorius. 

18.  "  76-09       4-56  12'25       6'82    =  99'72  Bull. 

19.  Schneeberg  V5-85       3-32  12'04       6'52     0-94  =  98-67  Bull. 

20.  "  74-80       3-7912-86       7'33    ,  S  0-85=99-63  Karst. 

21.  Joachimsthal          74'52     11-72     1-81       5'26     I'OO,  S  1-81=99-72  Marian. 

J.  L.  Smith  found  over  8  p.  c.  of  copper  in  a  smaltiue  from  Atacama,  his  analysis  affording 
(Qilliss's  Exped.,  ii.  102)  As  70'85,  Co  24-13,  Ni  1'23,  Fe  4'05,  Cu  8'41,  S  0-08  =  100-75. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic;  in  the  open  tube  a  white 
sublimate  of  arsenous  acid,  and  sometimes  traces  of  sulphurous  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  an 
arsenical  odor,  and  fuses  to  a  globule,  which,  treated  with  successive  portions  of  borax-glass, 
affords  reactions  for  iron,  cobalt,  and  nickel. 

Obs. — Usually  occurs  in  veins,  accompanying  ores  of  cobalt  or  nickel,  and  ores  of  silver  and 
copper ;  also,  in  some  instances,  with  niccolite  and  arsenopyrite ;  often  having  a  coating  of 
annabergite. 

Occurs  with  silver  and  copper  at  Freiberg,  Annaberg,  and  particularly  Schneeberg  in  Saxony ; 
at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  the  reticulated  varieties  are  frequently  found  imbedded  in  calc  spar, 
and  also  at  "Wheal  Sparnon  in  Cornwall ;  at  Eiechelsdorf  in  Hesse,  in  veins  in  the  copper  schist ; 
at  Tunaberg  in  Sweden ;  Allemont  in  Dauphins';  at  the  silver  mines  of  Tres  Puntas  and  others  in 
Chili,  but  only  in  small  quantities.  Also  in  crystals  at  Mine  La  Motte,  Missouri.  See  analyses 
above  for  the' varieties  at  these  localities. 

At  Chatham,  Conn.,  the  chloanthite  (chathamite)  occurs  hi  mica  slate,  associated  generally  with 
arsenopyrite  and  sometimes  with  niccolite. 

This  species  and  the  cobaltite  were  confounded  by  the  mineralogists  of  last  century;  and 
although  right  chemical  distinctions  were  early  indicated  by  those  of  Sweden,  doubts  continued 
until  the  analyses  by  John  and  Stromeyer  in  1811  and  1817.  Rome  de  Lisle  brought  out  and 
figured  correctly  the  crystallographic  distinctions  in  1772  and  1783;  but  the  value  of  his  deter- 
minations were  not  generally  appreciated. 

Alt.— Occurs  altered  to  erythrite  (arsenate  of  cobalt),  a  change  due  to  the  oxydation  of  the 
arsenic  and  cobalt  on  exposure  to  moisture. 

84.  SKUTTERUDITE.    Tesseral-Kies,  Hartkobaltkies,  BreUh.,  Pogg.,  ix.  115,  1827.   Arsenik- 
kobaltkies  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  xlii.  546,  1837.     Hartkobalterz  Hausm.,  Handb.,  69,  1847.     Skut- 
terudit  Raid.,  Handb.,  560,  1845.    Modumite  Nicol,  Min.,  457,  1849. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes  0,  /,  1,  2,  f ,  2-2,  ^-3,  2-f.  Fiffs.  1,  2,  3,  10. 
Cleavage  :  cubic,  distinct ;  /,  in  traces.  Also  massive  granular. 

H.=6.  Gr.=6'Y4— 6-84.  Lustre  bright  metallic.  Color  between  tin- 
white  and  pale  lead-gray,  sometimes  iridescent. 

Oomp.— Co  As3=Arsenic  79'2,  cobalt  20-8=100.  Analyses:  1,  Scheerer  (L  c.);  2,  3,  Wohler 
(Pogg.,  xliii.  591): 

1.  Skutterud  As  77-84         Co  20*01        Fe  1-51     S  0-69=100-05  Scheerer. 

2.  "         cryst.  79'2  18'5  1-3=99'0  Wohler. 

3.  "         mass.  79'0  19-5  1'4=99'9  Wohler. 

Pyr.— Reactions  like  those  of  smaltite,  but  gives  a  more  copious  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic 
in  the  closed  tube.  ... 

Obs.— From  Skutterud,  near  Modum,  in  Norway,  in  a  hornblendic  gangue  in  gneiss,  witJ 
sphene  and  cobaltite,  and  the  crystals  sometimes  implanted  on  those  of  cobaltite. 

85.  COBALTITE.     Cobaltum  cum  ferro  sulfurato  et  arseuicato  mineralisatum,  Glants-Kobolt 
pt  (fr.  Tunaberg),  Cronst,  213,  1758.    Mine  de  Cobalt  blanche  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  334,  1772.    1 

de  Cobalt  arsenico-sulfureuse  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  iii.  129,  1783.     G-lanz-Kobold  Wen. 
Glanz  Germ.      Cobalt  gris  pt.  ff.      Glance  Cobalt;    Bright-White  Cobalt.     Glanzkob 
Clock.,  Grundr.,  1831.     Cobaltine  Beud.,  Tr.  ii.  450,  1832. 

Isometric;  pyritohedral.     Observed  planes,  as  in  the  annexed  figure; 


72 

f.  46,  47.     Cleavage 
granular  or  compact. 

95 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 

cubic,  perfect.    Planes  0  striated.     Also  massive, 

H.=5-5.  G.— 6— 6-3.  Lustre  metallic.  Color 
silver- white,  inclined  to  red ;  also  steel-gray,  with 
a  violet  tinge,  or  grayish-black  when  containing 
much  iron.  Streak  grayish-black.  Fracture  un- 
even and  lamellar.  Brittle. 

Oomp.,  Var.— Co  S2  +  Co  As2,  or  Go  (S,  As)2= Sulphur  19-3, 
arsenic  45-2,  cobalt  35-5  =  100.  The  cobalt  is  sometimes  largely 
replaced  by  iron,  and  sparingly  by  copper. 

Var.  1.   Ordinary.     Contains  little  iron.     Anal.  1 — 6. 
2.  Ferriferous;  PERROCOBALTITE (Stahlkobalt Ramm.,  4th  SuppL, 
116,  5th  SuppL,  148,  1853;  Ferrocobaltine  Dana,  Min.,  58,  1854). 
Contains  much  iron  (anal.  7 — 9) ;  from  the  Hamberg  mine,  Siegen. 
Analyses :  1,  Stromeyer  (Schw.  J.,  xix.  336) ;  2,  Schnabel  (Ramm.,  3d  SuppL,  65) ;  3,  Huberdt 
(Ramm.,  4th  Suppl ,  116);  4,  Patera  (ib.);  5,  Ebbinghaus  (ib.);  6,  7,  Schnabel  (ib.);  8,  Schnabel 
(ib.,  5th  SuppL,  149);  9,  Heidingsfeld  (ib.): 


S 


As 


Co 


1.  Skutterud 
2.  Siegen 
5.  Skutterud 
6.  Siegen,  massive 
7.        "     plumose 
8.         "          " 
9.        "          " 

20-08 
19-10 
20-25 
19-35 
19-98 
20-86 
19-08 

43-46 
44-75 
42-97 
45-31 
42-53 
42-94 
43-14 

33-10 
29-77 
32-07 
33-71 
8-67 
8-92 
9-62 

Fe 

3-23=99-87  Stromeyer. 

6-38=100  Schnabel. 

3-42,  quartz  1-63=100-34  Ebbinghaus. 

1-63  =  99-99  Schnabel. 
25-98  Sb  2-^4=100  Schnabel. 
28-03=100-75  SchnabeL 
24-99,  Sb  1-04,  Cu  2'36,  gangueO-52^100-75  Heid. 

The  analyses  of  supposed  cobaltite  by  Patera  and  Huberdt  are  given  under  ALLOCLASITE. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Unaltered  in  the  closed  tube.  In  the  open  tube,  gives  sulphurous  fumes,  and  a 
crystalline  sublimate  of  arsenous  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  off  sulphur  and  arsenic,  and  fuses 
to  a  magnetic  globule ;  with  borax  a  cobalt-blue  color.  Soluble  in  warm  nitric  acid,  separating 
arseuous  acid  and  sulphur. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Tunaberg,  Riddarhyttan,  and  Hokansbo,  in  Sweden,  in  large,  splendid,  well- 
defined  crystals ;  also  at  Skutterud  in  Norway.  Other  localities  are  at  Querbach  in  Silesia,  Siegen 
in  "Westphalia,  and  Botallack  mine,  near  St.  Just,  in  Cornwall.  The  most  productive  mines  are 
those  of  Vena  in  Sweden,  where  it  occurs  in  mica  slate ;  these  mines  were  first  opened  in  1809. 

This  species  and  smaltite  afford  the  greater  part  of  the  smalt  of  commerce.  It  is  also  employed 
in  porcelain  painting. 

86.  GERSDORFFITE.  Niccolum  Ferro  et  Cobalto  Arsenicatis  et  Sulphuratis  mineralisatum, 
Kupfernickel,  pt.  (white  var.  fr.  Loos),  Cronst.,  218, 1758,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1751, 1754.  [The  species 
later  taken  for  Kupfernickel  and  Cobalt  ore,  until  1818.]  Nickelglanz,  Weisses  Mckelerz,  Pfaff, 
Schw.  J.,  xxii.  260,  1818;  Berz.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1820.  Sulfo-arseniure  de  nickel  Bead.,  1824. 
Nickelarsenikglanz,  Nickelarsenikkies,  Arseniknickelglanz,  Germ.  Mckel  Glance.  Disomose 
Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  448,  1832.  Tombazite  pt.  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  xv.  330,  3838.  Gersdorffit  (fr. 
Schladming)  pt.  Lowe,  Pogg.,  Iv.  503,  1842.  Amoibit  pt.  v.  Kob.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiii.  402,  1844. 

Isometric ;  pyritohedral.  Observed  planes  (9,  1,  i-2.  Figs.  2,  6,  7,  46. 
Cleavage :  cubic,  rather  perfect.  Also  lamellar  and  granular  massive. 

H.=5'5.  G.=5'6— 6'9.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  silver-white — steel- 
gray,  often  tarnished  gray  or  grayish-black.  Streak  grayish-black.  Frac- 
ture uneven. 

Oomp.,  Var.— Normal,  Ni  S2+Ni  As2,  or  Ni  (S,  As)2=Arsenic  45-5,  sulphur  19-4,  nickel  35'1  = 
100.  But  the  composition  varies  in  atomic  proportions  rather  widely,  and  the  species  is  not  yet 
fully  understood. 

Var.  1.  Normal.    Having  the  above  composition. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 


73 


2.  Lowe's  gersdorffite  (No.  10)  affords  1  [Ni  S2  + Ni  As^j+l  niccolite  (p.  60),  corresponding  to 
At.  ratio  for  As,  S,  Ni,  3  :  2  :  3.     Lowe  deduced  4:3:4,  the  formula  from  which  would  differ 
only  in  the  last  member  being  $  niccolite.     Anal.  9  falls  in  with  this  formula. 

3.  Von  KobelTs  amoiUte,  (anal.  17)  afforded  him,  4  As +  3  S  +  4  Ni= Arsenic  47-4,  sulphur  15-2 
iiickel  37'4.     4  As +  3  S  +  4£  Ni  is  nearer  the  analysis.    The  mineral  occurs  at  Lich'tenberg  in  the 
Fichtelgebirge  in  light  steel-gray  octahedrons,  having  H.=:4. 

4.  II.  =4     Pless's  analyses  (Nos.  12-14),  and  also  Bogen's  of  the  ore  of  Siegen  (No.  15),  corre- 
spond to  2  Ni  S  +  Ni  As2.     This  ore  may  be  named  plessite. 

5.  Dobschauite.     Anal.  18  corresponds  to  At.  ratio  for  As,  S,  (Ni,  Pe,  Co),  2-1-2    e-ivine-  the 
formula  1  [R  S2  +  R  As2]  +  2  niccolite. 

Analyses:  1,  Berzelius  (1.  c.);  2,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixviii.  511);  3,  4,  Schnabel  (Verh.  Yer. 
Bonn,  viii.  307,  Ramm.  Min.-Ch.,  65);  5,  Bergemann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxv.  244);  6,  Dobereiner  (Schw. 
J.,  xxvi.  270);  7,  Rammelsberg  (Handw.,  ii.  14);  8,  Heidingsfeld  (Ramm.,  5th  Suppl.,  174);  9-11, 
Lowe  (Ramm.,  2d  Suppl.,  102,  Pogg.,  Iv.  503);  12-14,  Pless  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  1L  250);  15.  Bogen 
(B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiii.  55);  16,  Bergemann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxix.  412);  17,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.'xxxiii. 
402);  18,  Zerjau  (Anz.  Ak.  Wien,  1866,  173): 

As          S         Ni          Fe         Co 

0-92*  Si  0  9=100-58  Berzelius. 

Sb  0-86=100  Ramm. 

=100  Schnabel. 

2-23,  Cu  2-75=101-96  Schnabel. 
0-27,  Sb  0-61  =  10014  Bergemann. 

=100  Dobereiner. 

=100  Rammelsberg. 

0-60,  Cu  0-11,  Sb  0-33=100-97  Heid. 

=  100  Lowe. 

=99-65  Lowe. 

,  quartz  1'87=99'12  Lowe. 

14-12  =  100-23  Pless. 
0-83=99-69  Pless. 
2-88  =  100  Pless. 

=100-17  Bogen. 

1-64,  Cu  4-01,  Sb  0-62  =  100-46  B. 
to-.,  Pb  0-82  =  100  Kobell. 
7-46,  Si  1-63=99-26  Zerjau. 
a  with  some  Cu.  b  by  loss.  c  with  some  Co. 

Pyr,,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  a  yellowish-brown  sublimate  of  sulphid 
of  arsenic.  In  the  open  tube  yields  sulphurous  fumes,  and  a  white  sublimate  of  arsenous  acid. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  sulphurous  and  garlic  odors  and  fuses  to  a  globule,  which,  with  borax-glass 
gives  at  first  an  iron  reaction,  and,  by  treatment  with  fresh  portions  of  the  flux,  cobalt  and  nickel 
are  successively  oxydized. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  forming  a  green  solution,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  arsenous 
acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Loos  in  Helsingland,  Sweden ;  in  the  Albertine  mine,  near  Harzgerode  in  the 
Harz,  with  chalcopyrite,  galenite,  caloite,  fluor-spar,  and  quartz;  at  Schladming  in  Styria;  Kams- 
dorf  in  Lower  Thuringia ;  Haueisen,  near  Lobenstein,  Voigtland ;  at  the  quicksilver  mine  (anal 
4)  and  at  Pfingstweise  (anal.  5),  near  Ems.  Also  found  as  an  incrustation  of  cubes,  with  planes  1 
and  2-2,  on  decomposed  galenite  and  blende,  at  Phenixville,  Pa. 

87.  ULLMANNITE.  Nickelspiesglaserz  (fr.  Siegen)  Uttmannfais  discov.  in  1803),  Syst.-Tab., 
166,  379,  1814  Nickelspiessglanzerz  Hausm.,  Handb.,  192,  1813.  Antimonnickelglanz,  Nick- 
elantimonglanz,  An'dmon-Arseniknickelglanz,  Germ.  Nickel  Stibine ;  Nickeliferous  Gray  An- 
timony.  Antimoine  sulfure  nickelifere  H.,  1822.  UUmannit  Frobd,  1843. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes,  0,  1,  I;  f.  5,  6,  7.  Cleavage:  cubic, 
perfect.  Occurs  also  massive ;  structure  granular. 

H.=5— 5-5.  G.=6-2— 6-51;  6-352— 6'506,  Harzgerode,  Ramm.  Lustre 
metallic.  Color  steel-gray,  inclining  to  silver-white.  Brittle. 

Oomp.— Ni  S2  +  Ni  (Sb,  As)2,  Ramm.,  or  Ni  (S,  Sb,  As)3=(arsenic  excluded)  Nickel  27'7, 
antimony  57'2,  sulphur  15-1  =  100.  The  arsenic  is  sometimes  wanting,  as  in  anal  3,  4.  Analyse; 


1. 

Loos,  Sweden  - 

45-37 

1934 

29-94 

4-11 

2. 

Harzgerode,  G.  5-65 

44-01 

18-83 

30-30 

6-00 

3. 

Miisen,  cryst. 

46-02 

1894 

32-66 

2-38 

4. 

Ems,  massive 

38-92 

17-82 

35-27 

4-97 

5. 

"     cryst. 

45-02 

19-04 

34-18 

1-02 

6. 

Kamsdorf 

48- 

14- 

27.0 

11- 

7. 

Lobenstein 

48-02 

20-16 

31-82 



8. 

u 

46-12 

18-96 

33-04 

1-81 

9. 

Prakendorf 

46-10 

16-25 

28-75 

8-70 

10. 

Schladming,  Gersdorf. 

49-83 

14-13 

26-14 

9-55 

11. 

"        G-.  6-7—6-9 

42-52 

1422 

38-42 

2-09 

12. 

"    cryst.,  G.  6-64 

39-04 

16-H5 

19-59 

11-13 

13. 

<;            a 

39-88 

16-11 

27-90 

14-97 

14. 

u           u 

39-40 

16-91 

28-62 

12-19 

15. 

Siegen 

37-52 

17-49 

40-97 

4-19 

16. 

Ems,  massive 

33-25 

21-51 

22-79 

16-64 

17. 

Airwibite,       G.  6'08 

45-34b 

14-00 

37-34 

2-50 

18. 

Dobschau 

49-73 

9-41 

25-83 

5-20 

74  SULPHIDS,   ETC. 

1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  vi.  329);  2,  Ullmann  (Syst  tab.  Uebers.,  394);  3,  4,  H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  xv.  588); 
5,  Rammelsbeig  (Pogg.,  Ixiv.  189): 

As  Sb  S  Ni 

1.  Freusberg  11-75        47'75         15-25        25-25  =  100  Klaproth. 

2.  Siegen     '  9'94        47'56         16-40         26-10=100  Ullraann. 

3.  "  -         55-76         15-98         27'36  =  99-10  H.  Rose. 

4.  «  -         54-47         15-55         28'04—  98'06  H.  Rose. 

5.  Harzgerode  2-65        50'84        17-38        29-43,  Fe  1-83=102-13  Ramm. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  faint  white  sublimate.  In  the  open  tube  sulphurous 
and  antimonous  fumes,  the  latter  condensing  on  the  walls  of  the  tube  as  a  white  non-volatile 
sublimate.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a  globule,  boils,  and  emits  antimonous  vapors,  which  coat 
the  coal  white  ;  treated  with  borax-glass  reacts  like  gersdorffite.  Some  varieties  contain  arsenic. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  forming  a  green  solution,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  antimonous 
acid. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  the  Duchy  of  Nassau,  in  the  mines  of  Freusburg,  with  galenite  and  chalcopy- 
rite  ;  in  Siegen,  Prussia  ;  at  Harzgerode  and  Lobenstein. 

Rammelsberg  calls  an  ore  from  the  Harz  bournonit-mckslglanz.  It  occurs  in  cubes  ;  H.=4'5. 
G.=5-635—  5-706.  Analysis  (Pogg.,  Ixxvii.  254): 

As  Sb  S  Ni  Co  Pb          Cu  Fe 

28-00         19-53         16-86         27'04         1-60         513         1-33         0'51  =  100 
It  comes  from  Wolfsberg  in  the  Harz. 

88.  CORYNITE,    Korynit  v.  Zepharovich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  H.  117,  1865. 

Isometric.    In  octahedrons,  with  convex  faces.    Also  in  globular  groups. 

H.=4-5—  5.  G.=5-994r;  5'95-6-029,  v.  Z.  Lustre  metallic.  Color 
silver-  white,  inclined  to  steel-gray  on  fresh  fracture  ;  streak  black.  Opaque. 
Fracture  uneven. 

Comp.—  Ni  SQ+Ni  (As,  Sb)2,  or  like  ullmannite,  and  differing  in  that  the  arsenic  present 
exceeds  in  amount  the  antimony.  Analysis  :  v.  Payer  (1.  c.)  : 

As  Sb  S  Ni  Fe 

37-83  13-45  17'19  28'86  1'98=99'31 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  open  tube  affords  sulphurous  acid  and  a  crystalline  white  sublimate.  In 
the  mattrass  also  finally  a  narrow  yellowish-red  and  a  broader  yellow  zone.  B.B.  on  charcoal 
fuses  easily  at  surface,  yielding  fumes  of  sulphurous  acid  and  antimony.  "With  borax-glass 
reactions  of  iron,  cobalt,  and  finally  nickel,  with  an  arsenical  odor. 

Obs.  —  From  Olsa,  in  Carinthia,  with  bournonite  ;  crystals  about  2£  mm.  through. 

Named  from  Kopvi/r/,  a  club. 


89.  LAURITE.    Laurit  Wohl&r,  Ann.  Ch.  Phann.,  cxxxix.  116. 

Isometric.  In  small  octahedrons,  with  faces  of  the  cube,  and  2-2,  i-2. 
Cleavage  :  octahedral  distinct. 

H.  above  7.  G.=6'99,  v.  Waltershausen.  Lustre  metallic,  bright. 
Color  dark  iron-black  ;  powder  dark-gray.  Brittle. 

Comp.  —  Sulphid  of  osmium  and  ruthenium.  Perhaps  1  2  Ru'  S3  +  Os  S4,  or  Ru  S2  [  +  Jg  Ru4  Os] 
=Sulphur  32-12,  Ru  62-88,  Os  5'00=100.  Analysis:  Wohler  (1.  c.): 

S  31-79  [Os  3-03]  Ru  65-18=100 

The  osmium  was  determined  by  the  loss,  and  the  ruthenium  was  not  wholly  pure  from  it,  the 
amount  used  for  analysis  having  been  but  0-3145  grain. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Heated  it  decrepitates.  B.B.  infusible,  giviag  first  sulphurous  and  then  osmic  acid 
fumes.  Not  acted  upon  by  aqua  regia,  or  by  heating  with  bisulphate  of  potash. 

Obs.  —  From  the  platinum  washings  of  Borneo.  Found  among  fine-grained  platinum  which 
had  been  brought  from  Borneo. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 


75 


90.  MARCASITB.  Not  Marchasite  [=Cryst  Pyrite]  Arab.,  Agric.,  1546 ;  Henckel,  1125 ;  WaU., 
1747;  Cronst.,  1758;  Linn.,  1768;  de  Lisle,  1783.  ?  Pyrites  argenteo  colore,  Germ.  Wasserkies 
o.  Weisserkies,  Agric.  Interpr.,  477,  1546;  Ferruru  jecoris  colore,  Germ.  Lebererz,  pt.,  Agric., 
ib.,  469.  Yattenkies  [= Wasserkies]  pt.,  Pyrites  fuscus  pt.,  P.  aquosus  pt.,  Wall,  212,  1747. 
Swafwelkies  pt.  Cronst.,  184,  1758.  Pyrites  lamellosus  Born.,  Lithoph.,  ii.  106,  1772.  P. 
aquosus?  id.,  107.  Pyrites  rhomboidales  pt.  de  Lisle,  Crist,  1772,  iiL  242,  1783.  Pyrites 
lamelleuse  en  cretes  de  coq  [^Cockscomb  Pyrites]  Forst.,  Cat,  1772;  de  Lisle,  Crist,  iii.  252, 
1783.  Pyrites  fuscus  lamellosus  Wall,  ii.  134,  1778.  Strahlkies,  Leberkies  [=Radiated 
Pyrites,  Hepatic  Pyrites]  pt,  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789.  Fer  sulfure  var.  radie  H.,  Tr.,  1801, 
Brongn.,  Tr.,  1807.  Wasserkies  (Dichter  o.  Leberkies,  Strahlkies,  Haarkies  pt)  Hausm., 
Handb.,  149,  1813.  Fer  sulfure  blanc  pt  H.  White  Pyrites  Aikin,  Min.,  1814.  Fer  sulfure 
prismatique  rhomboidale  Bourn.,  Cat,  301,  1817.  Prismatic  Iron  Pyrites  James.,  iii.  297,  1820. 
Kammkies,  Speerkies,  Zellkies  pt.,  Germ.  Cockscomb,  Spear,  and  Cellular  Pyrites.  Markasit 
Haid.,  Handb.,  467,  561,  1845. 

Orthorhombic.     /A  7—106°  5',  0  A  l-fcl22°  26',  a  :  I  :  <?=1'5737  :  1  : 
1-3287. 

0  A  1=116°  55'       1  A  1,  mac.,=115°  10' 
0  A  £-£=158  27        1  A  1,  brach.,=89  6 
0  A  1-£=130  10        1  A  1,  bas.,=126  10 

Cleavage:  /rather  perfect ;  1-Hn  traces.  Twins:  plane 
of  composition  /,  sometimes  consisting  of  five  individuals, 
united  by  the  acute  lateral  angle  (f.  97) ;  also  others  with 
composition  parallel  to  l-£.  Also  globular,  reniform,  and 
other  imitative  shapes — structure  straight  columnar ;  often 
massive,  columnar,  or  granular. 

H.=6— 6-5.  G.=4-678— 4-847.  Lustre  metallic.  Color 
pale  bronze-yellow,  sometimes  inclined  to  green  or  gray. 
Streak  grayish  or  brownish-black.  Fracture  uneven.  Brit- 
tle. 

97 

96 


l-i  A  l-fc64°  52' 

l-i  A  1-2=80  20 
/  A  i-£=126  57 


Observed  planes. 


Oomp.,  Var. — Fe  S2,  like  pyrite. 

The  varieties  that  have  been  recognized  depend  mainly  on  state  of  crystallization. 

1.  Radiated  (Strahlkies):  Radiated;  also  the  simple  crystals. 

2.  Cockscomb  P.  (Kammkies) :  Aggregations  of  flattened  crystals  into  crest-like  forms. 

3.  Spear  P.  (Speerkies) :  Twin  crystals,  with  reentering  angles  a  little  like  the  head  c 
in  form. 

4.  Capillary  (Haarkies) :  In  capillary  crystallizations. 

5.  Hepatic  P.  (Leberkies  and  Pyrites  fuscus  pt.) :  The  massive  of  dull  colors,  being  r      ed  tro 
frap,  liver;  but  including,  among  the  older  mineralogists  especially,  brown  speci 

pyrite,  altered  more  or  less  to  limonite.  .  .  ,      - 

6.  Cellular  P.  (Zellkies):  In  cellular  specimens,  formed  by  the  incrustation  ol 
other  minerals  that  have  disappeared ;  partly  pyrite.  . 

7.  Arsenical:  Nearly  white  in  color  (in  part  kyrosite  Breith.,  and  weisskupfererz) ;  con 
trace  of  arsenic.  T      ..    flin.  A 

Analyses:    1,  Hatchett  (Phil.  Trans.,   325,   1804);    2,  3,  Berzelma  (Schw.  J.,  mil.  b 
Scheidhauer  (Pogg.,  btiv.  282);  5,  Trapp  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiil  55): 


76  SIJLPHIDS,    ETC. 

Fe  S 

1.  46-4          63-6=100  Hatchett. 

2.  '45-66        54-34=1 00  Berzelius. 

3.  Spear  P.  45-07         52-35,  Mn  0'70,  Si  0'80=99'92  Berzelius. 

4.  Kyrosite  45  60        58-05,  Cu  T41,  As  0-93=100-99  Scheidhauer. 

5.  Miinsterthal,  BadeD        46'93        51'95=98'88  Trapp. 

Pyr. — Like  pyrite.    Yery  liable  to  decomposition ;  more  so  than  pyrite. 

The  Jcyrosite  Breith.,  caUed  also  weisskupfererz,  Char.,  1823,  111,  246,  and  arsenid  of  copper,  ia 
from  the  Mine  Briccius,  near  Annaberg.  A  Chilian  weisskupfererz  contains,  according  to  Plattner 
(Breith.,  in  Pogg,  Mil.  281),  12-9  p.  c.  of  copper,  besides  iron  and  sulphur,  but  no  arsenic. 
Another  so  called,  from  Schneeberg,  is,  according  to  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxi.  159),  impure 
marcasite.  Weisskupfererz  (also  called  weisskupfer  and  weisserz)  occurs  as  the  name  of  a  species  in 
all  the  mineralogical  works  of  last  century,  from  Henckel's  Pyrotology,  in  1725,  where  it  is  called 
a  whitish  copper  ore,  and  placed  near  tetrahedrite ;  and  the  light  color,  from  Henckel  down,  is 
attributed  to  the  presence  of  arsenic.  It  has  finally  been  run  out  as  mostly  impure  marcasite ; 
and  the  domeykite  and  related  species  (p.  36)  are  now  the  only  true  white  copper. 

Obs.-— The  spear  variety  occurs  abundantly  in  the  plastic  clay  of  the  brown  coal  formation  at 
Littmitz  and  Altsattell,  near  Carlsbad  in  Bohemia,  and  is  extensively  mined  for  its  sulphur  and 
the  manufacture  of  the  sulphate  of  iron.  The  radiated  variety  occurs  at  the  same  place ;  also  at 
Joachimsthal,  and  in  several  parts  of  Saxony.  The  cockscomb  variety  occurs  with  galenite  and 
fluor-spar  in  Derbyshire ;  crystals  near  Castletou  in  Derbyshire ;  near  Alston  Moor  in  Cumber- 
land; near  Tavistock  in  Devonshire ;  and  radiated  at  East  Wheal  Rose  and  elsewhere  in  Cornwall. 

At  Warwick,  N.  Y.,  it  occurs  in  simple  and  compound  crystals,  in  granite,  with  zircon.  Hustis's 
farm,  in  Phillipstown,  N.  Y.,  affords  small  crystals,  referred  by  Beck  to  this  species,  occurring  in 
magnesian  limestone.  Massive  fibrous  varieties  abound  throughout  the  mica  slate  of  New  Eng- 
land, particularly  at  Cummington,  Mass.,  where  it  is  associated  with  cummingtonite  and  garnet. 
Occurs  at  Lane's  mine,  in  Monroe,  Conn.,  and  hi  the  topaz  and  fiuor  vein  in  Trumbull ;  also  in 
gneiss  at  East  Had  dam ;  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  with  common  pyrite.  In  Canada  in  Neebing.  a  few 
miles  east  of  the  Kamanistiquia  R. 

Marcasite  is  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  sulphur,  sulphuric  acid,  and  sulphate  of  iron, 
though  less  frequently  than  pyrite.  Its  color  is  considerably  paler  than  that  of  ordinary  pyrite. 

The  word  marcasite,  of  Arabic  or  Moorish  origin  (and  variously  used  by  old  writers),  was  the 
name  of  common  crystallized  pyrite  among  miners  and  mineralogists  in  later  centuries,  until  near 
the  close  of  the  last.  It  was  first  given  to  tttis  species  by  Haidinger  in  1845. 

The  species  is  probably  recognized  by  Agricola  under  the  name  wasserkies  and  lebererz ;  and 
also  under  the  same  by  Cronstedt ;  and  it  is  Wasserkies  of  Hausmann  in  both  editions  of  his  great 
work.  This  name,  wasserkies  (pyrites  aquosus,  as  Cronstedt  translates  it),  is  little  applicable ; 
yet  may  have  arisen  from  the  greater  tendency  of  the  mineral  to  become  moist  and  alter  to  vitriol 
than  pyrite — if  it  be  not  an  early  corruption,  as  Agricola  seems  to  think  (see  above),  of  Weisserkies 
(white  iron  pyrites).  It  appears  to  have  been  used  also  for  easily  decomposable  pyrite ;  and 
pyrrhotine  was  also  included  under  its  other  name,  pyrites  fuscus.  The  rhombic  crystallization  is 
mentioned  by  de  Lisle ;  but  Hauy  long  afterward  considered  it  only  an  irregularity  of  common  iron 
pyrites.  Marcasite  is  made  by  Breithaupt  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  iv.  257,  1835)  a  generic  name  for  the 
various  species  of  pyrites. 

LONCHIDITE  Breit.  &  Plattn.,  Pogg.,  Ixxvii.  135  (Kausimkies,  Br.  Char.,  254,  1832).  This  mineral 
appears  to  be  a  mixture  of  marcasite  and  mispickel.  Breithaupt  gives  for  it  the  angles  104°  20' 
for  /A  I,  and  100°  36'  for  the  brachydome.  H.=6'5.  G-.=4'925— 5.  Color  tin- white,  sometimes 
greenish  or  grayish;  streak  black.  Analysis  by  Plattner  (loc.  cit.),  S  49-61,  As  4*40,  Fe  44-23, 
Co  0-35,  Cu  0-75,  Pb  0-20=99'54,  equivalent  to  24  of  marcasite  (Fe  S2)  and  1  of  Fe  As2.  From 
Freiberg,  Schneeberg,  and  Cornwall. 

Alt. — Limonite  and  pyrite  occur  as  pseudomorphs  after  marcasite. 

91.  LEUOOPYRITE.  Prismatic  Arsenical  Pyrites  (communic.  by  Mohs)  pt.  Jameson,  iii.  272, 
1820.  Axotomer  Arsenik-Kies  pt.  Molis,  Grundr.,  525,  1823.  Arsenikalkies,  Arsenikeisen, 
Arseneisen,  pt.,  Germ.  Leucopyrite  pt.  Shep.,  Min.,  ii.  9,  1835.  Arsenosiderit  pt.  Glock., 
Grundr.,  321,  1839.  Mohsine  pt.  Chapman,  1843.  Lolingit  pt.  Haid.,  Handb.,  559,  1845. 
Satersbergit  Kenng.,  Min.,  Ill,  1853. 

Orthorhombic.     Form  like  that  of  arsenopyrite,  and  probably  the  same 
in  angles  with  that  of  lolingite.     Also  massive. 


SULPHIDS,    ETC. 


77 


As 

S 

1.  Fossum,  Norway 
2. 

70-09 
70-22 

1-33 
1-28 

3.  Schladming 
4.  Breitenbrunn 

72-18 
69-85 

0-70 
1-10 

5.  Andreasberg 

70-59 

1-65 

H.=:5— 5-5.  G.=6'8— 8'71;  6*80  from  Andreasberg,  Tiling;  7«0$ 
from  Fossam,  Sclieerer;  7'28  from  Breitenbrunn,  Behneke;  8'67— 8-71 
from  Schkdming,  Weidenbusch.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  between  silver- 
white  and  steel-gray.  Streak  grayish-black.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp,— Fe  As2= Arsenic  72'8,  iron  27-2=100  ;  or  (Fe,  M,  Co)  As2.  Analyses;  1,  2,  Scheerer 
(Pogg.,  xlix.  536,  1.  153);  3,  Weidenbusch  (Rose's  Kryst.  Oh..  54);  4,  Behncke  (Pog£.  xcviii 
187);  5,  lUing  (ZS.  nat.  Ver.  Halle,  1854,  339): 

Fe 

27-39=98-81  Soheerer. 
28-14=99-64  Scheerer. 
26-48=99-36  Weid. 
27-41,  Sb  1-05=99-41  Behncke. 
28-67  =  100-91  Illing. 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic ;  in  the  open  tube  a  white  sub- 
limate of  arsenous  acid,  with  traces  of  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  the  odor  of 
arsenic ;  in  O.F.  a  white  coating  of  arsenous  acid,  and  in  R.F.  a  magnetic  globule.  With  the 
fluxes  the  roasted  mineral  reacts  only  for  iron. 

Obs, — Occurs  with  copper  nickel  at  Schladruing;  at  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  in  Saxony;  at  Saters- 
berg,  near  Fossum,  in  Norway. 

A  crystal  of  arsenical  iron,  weighing  two  or  three  ounces,  was  found  in  Bedford  Co.,  Penn.,  but 
it  is  not  known  under  what  circumstances ;  and  in  Randolph  Co.,  K  C.,  a  mass  of  nearly  two 
pounds  weight.  Whether  these  were  leucopyrite  or  lolingite  is  uncertain.  Also  found  at  Paris, 
Maine. 

The  name  leucopyrite  is  derived  from  AEUKO?,  white,  and  pyrites;  it  was  given  by  Shepard  in 
1835. 

92.  RAMMELSBERGITE.    Weissnickelkies  Ho/m.,  Pogg.,  xv.  491,  1829.    Rammelsbergite 
Dana,  Min.,  61,  1854.    [Not  Rammelsbergite  (Syn.  of  Chloanthite)  Haid.,  Handb.,  1845.] 

Orthorhombic ;  /A  7=123°— 124°  ? 

H.=5-25-5-75.  G.=7'099— 7'188  Breith.  Slightly  ductile.  Otherwise 
]ike  the  preceding. 

Comp.— Ni  As2,  like  chloanthite= Arsenic  71'7,  nickel  28-3=100.  Analysis:  1,  Hoffmann 
(Lc.): 

As  Ni  Bi  Cu  S 

Schneeberg        71-30        28-14        2-19        T50        0-14=102-27 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic ;  other  reactions  the  same  as 
with  niccolite  (p.  60). 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Schneeberg  and  at  Riechelsdorf.  It  was  first  separated  from  the  isometric 
white  nickel  by  Breithaupt. 

93.  LOLINGITE.    Syn.  same  as  for  LKUCOPYEITE  (p.  76),  with  also  Glanzarsenikkies  JBreith., 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  iv.  260,  261,  1835.    Mohsine  pt.  Chapman,  Pract.  Min.,  138,  1843.    Lblingit  pt.  ffaid., 
1845.    Geierite  (fr.  Geyer)  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  167,  1866. 

97A  Orthorhombic.     Form  like  that  of  mispickel,  l-i  A  H= 

122°  Kose,  122°  20'  Breith.    Cleavage :  rather  perfect  in  one 
direction.     Also  massive. 

H.=5— 5-5.  G.=6-2-47'3  ;  6'246  from  Geyer ;  7-00- 
7-228  from  Eeichenstein.  In  other  physical  characters  like 
leucopyrite. 

Comp.— Fe  As  +  Fe  As'= Arsenic  66-8,  iron  33-2=100.     Analyses:    1, 
Meyer  (Pogg,  1.  154);  2,  Karsten  (Bisenhiitt,  ii.  19);  3,  Weidenbusch  (Rose a 
Kryst.  Chem.,  54);  4,  Behncke  (Pogg.,  xcviii.  187);  5,  Hofmann  (Pogg.,  xv.  4fc 


78 


As 

S 

1.  Reichenstein 

63-14 

1-63 

2.            " 

65-88 

1-77 

3.            " 

65-61 

1-09 

4.  Geyer 
5.  Eeichenstein 

68-94 
65-99 

6-07 
1-94 

Fe 

30-24,  gangue  3-55=98-56  Meyer. 
32-35  =  100  Karsten. 
31-51,  gangue  1 -04=99-25  Weid. 
32-92,  Sb  1-37=99-30  B. 
28-06J  gangue  2-17=9816  Hofmann. 

The  last  analysis  affords  a  composition  intermediate  between  those  of  leucopyrite  and  lolingite. 
The  4th  is  between  this  species  and  mispickel,  and  has  been  called  geyerite.  It  is  tin-white,  with 
black  streak.  G-.=6"321— 6'246  Bebncke,  6  550  Breith. 

Pyr. — Same  as  for  leucopyrite. 

Obs. — At  Reichenstein  in  Silesia,  in  serpentine,  with  arsenopyrite ;  at  Greyer  in  Saxony,  in 
crystals,  having  distinctly  the  form  of  arsenopyrite,  and  massive,  mixed  with  quartz ;  at  Loling, 
near  Huttenberg  in  Carinthia,  in  chalybite,  along  with  bismuth  and  scorodite. 

Named  by  Chapman  after  Mohs,  by  whom  the  mineral  was  first  described,  and  who  mentions 
Loling  as  the  first  locality  at  which  it 'was  found;  but  as  mohsiie  was  previously  given  to  a  variety 
of  menaccanite,  Haidinger's  name  is  here  adopted. 

94.  ARSENOPYRITE,  or  MISPICKEL.  ?  Lapis  subrutilus  atque  non  fere  aliter  ac  argenti 
spuma  splendens  et  friabilis,  Germ.  Mistpuckel,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  465,  1546.  Pyrites  caudidus, 
Wasserkies  pt,  Gesner,  Foss.,  1565.  Arsenikaliskkies,  Mispickel,  Henckel,  Pyrit.,  1725. 
Arsenikaliskkies,  Hvit  Kies  (=Pyrites  albus),  Mispickel,  Arsenik-Sten,  Wall,  227,  228,  1747. 
Mispickel,  Pyrite  blanche,  Fr.  trl  Wall.,  1753.  Arsenikkies  Wern.,  1789.  Eauschgelbkies. 
Fer  arsenical  Fr.  Arsenical  Pyrites.  Dalarnit,  G-iftkies,  Glanzarsenikkies,  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch., 
iv.  259,  261,  1835.  Arsenopyrite  GlocJc.,  Syn.,  38,  1847. 

Danaite=Cobaltic  Mispickel  (fr.  Franconia)  Hayes,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxiv.  386,  1833.  Kobaltar- 
senikkies  Germ.  ?  Vermontit  (fr.  U.  S.)  Breith.,  1.  c.  Akontit  (fr.  Sweden)  Breith.,  1.  c.  Thai- 
heimit,  Giftkies,  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  167,  1866. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=111°  53',  0  A  14=119°  37' ;  a  :  I  :  c=l-Y588  : 
1  :  1-4793.  But  /A  /varying  from  111°  to  112°  30',  and  14  A  14  from 
119°  30'  to  121°  30'.  Observed  planes :  see  f.  98,  99,  100. 


Franconia,  N.  H. 

0  A  1-5=118°  18' 
6>A   1  =11512 
6>A  3  =9855 
O  A  3-|=99  37 


100 


Franconia,  N.H.,  and  Kent,  N.T. 


Danaite. 


0  A  H=158°  23; 
O  A  |4=149  16 
0  A  14=130  4 
O  A  34=105  40 


14  A  14,  bas.,=120°  46' 
14  A  14,  bas.,=99  52 
a4A34,  ib.,=14840 
i,  top,=118  32 


Cleavage :  /  rather  distinct ;  0,  faint  traces.    Twins :  composition-face  7. 
and  14.     Also  columnar,  straight,  and  divergent ;  granular,  or  compact. 


SULPHIDS.    ETC. 


79 


H.=5'5-6.  G.=6-0— 6-4;  6'269,  Franconia,  Kenngott.  Lustre  metal- 
lic. Color  silver- white,  inclining  to  steel-gray.  Streak  dark  grayish-black. 
Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 


Comp.,  Var.— Fe  S2  +  Fe  As2=Fe  (As,  S)2=Arsenic  46-0,  sulphur  19-6,  iron  34-4=100.  Part 
of  the  iron  sometimes  replaced  by  cobalt. 

Var.  1.   Ordinary.     Containing  little  or  no  cobalt. 

Breithaupt  makes  /A  7=111°  1'  and  l-tAl-£=120°  52'  for  cryst.  fr.  Dalarne,  Sweden  (his 
dalarnite)  and  G.=5'66 — 5-69;  111°  27'  for  id.  fr.  Freiberg,  Chemnitz,  Munzig,  Villarica,  Brazil, 
Riesengebirge,  Zinnwald,  Altenberg,  with  G.=5'839 — 6'053;  112°  4'  and  120°  30',  for  id.  fr.  Thal- 
heim  near  Stolberg  in  the  Erzgebirge,  Schlackenwald,  Cornwall,  with  G.=6'155 — 6*221  (giftkies 
and  ihalheimite,  Breith.).  For  M.  of  Mt.  Sorata,  G.  =  6-256  D.  Forbes. 

2.  Cobaltic 
S)2.      /A/ 
Teschemacher : 

Skutterud,  /A  7=111°  40'— 112°  2',  14  A  1-1=121°  30',  Scheerer.  Vermontite  and  akontite  are 
cobaltiferous  (Breith.).  The  vermontite  is  supposed  to  be  from  Vermont  [Franconia?]  ;  it  gave 
him  7A  7=111°  38',  and  G.=6'207.  The  akoutite  is  from  Hokansbo  and  Vena,  in  Sweden,  and 
gave  7  A  7=110°  29',  with  G.  =  6*008  and  6'059.  For  D.  from  Mt.  Sorata,  fibrous,  G.  =  6'94,  granular 
5*86,  D.  Forbes.  The  danaite  was  named  after  J.  Freeman  Dana,  who  first  made  known  the 
Franconia  locality. 

3.  Niccoliferous.     Containing  nickel. 

4.  Argentiferous.     Containing  a  little  silver,  and  occurring  in  acicular  crystals  (Weisserz  pt. 
Wern.;  Fer  arsenical  argeutifere  77.     From  Braiiusdorf,  in  Saxony. 

Analyses  :  1,  Stromeyer  (Schw.  J.,  x.  404) ;  %2,  Chevreul  (Gill.  Ann.,  xvii.  84) ;  3,  Thomson  (Ann. 
Lye.,  N.  York,  iii.  85) ;  4,  Baldo(Jahrb.  Min.,  1866,  594) ;  5,  Weidenbusch  (Rose's  Kryst.  Ch.,  56); 
6,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs  ,  iv.  400) ;  7,  Freitag  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  58) ;  8—11,  Behncke  (Pogg., 
xcviii.  184);  12,  Potyka  (Pogg.,  cvii.  304);  13,  D.  Forbes  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxix.  6);  14,  Kroeber 
(ib.,  xxix.  ft);  15  16,  Winkler  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  167);  17,  D.  Forbes  (1.  c.);  18,  Scheerer  (Pogg., 
xlii.  546) ;  19,  Wohler  (Pogg.,  xliii.  591) ;  20,  A.  A.  Hayes  (Am.  J.  ScL,  xxiv.  386) ;  21,  J.  L.  Smith 
(Gillis's  Exped.,  ii.  102) ;  22,  D.  Forbes  (I  c.) : 


As 


S        Fe 


Co 


1.  Freiberg 

2.  " 

3.  " 

4.  Orawicza 

5.  Reichenstein 

6.  Muhlbach 

7.  Johannisberg 

8.  Sahla,  Swed. 

9.  Altenberg,  Sil. 

10.  Freiberg,  Sax. 

11.  Landeshuth,  Sil. 

12.  Sahla 

13.  Inquisivi 

14.  Bolivia 

15.  Thalheim 

16.  Ehrenfriedersdorf 

17.  Mt.  Sorata 

18.  Skutterud,  CdbaMf. 

19.  "  " 

20.  Franconia,  Danaite 

21.  Copiapo 

22.  Mt.  Sorata 


42-88 

21-08 

36-04 

— 

43-418 

20-132 

34-938 



45-74 

19-60 

33-98 

= 

43-85 

2060 

35-59 



45-92 

19-26 

33-08 

? 

45-00 

21-36 

33-52 



41-91 

21-14 

36-95 

= 

42-05 

18-52 

37-65 

~» 

43-78 

20-25 

34-35 

» 

44-83 

20-38 

34-32 

=: 

44-02 

19-71 

34-83 

j 

43-26 

19-13 

34-78 

, 

46-95 

18-12 

34-93 

tr.= 

43-68 

16-76 

34-93 

0-09, 

44-00 

19-77 

34-02 



44-97 

19-89 

33-75 

1-03,' 

45-46 

19-53 

34-47 

0-44, 

46-76 

17-34 

26-36 

9-01  = 

47-45 

17-48 

30-91 

4-75  = 

41-44 

17-84 

32-94 

6-45=: 

44-30 

20-25 

30-21 

5-84r 

42-83 

18-27 

29-22 

3-11, 

=100  Stromeyer. 
=98-488  Chevreul. 
=99-32  Thomson. 
=  100-04  Baldo. 

gangue  1-97  =  100-23  "Weid. 
=99-88  Hauer. 
=  1 00  Freitag. 

Sb  1-10=99-32  B.     Gk  =  5-82. 

Sb  1-05=99-43  B.     G.=6'042. 

=99-53  B.     G.  =  6-046. 

Sb  0-92=99-54  B.     G.=6*067. 

Sb  1-29,  Bi  0-14=98-60  Potyka.  G.  =  6'095. 

100  D.  Forbes. 

Ni  4-74,  Ag  0-09,  Au  0'002,  Sb  tr.  =  100-202 

Kroeber. 

gangue  0-92=98-71  Winkler. 

gangue  0'22=r99-86  Winkler. 

Ni  0-03,  Mn  0-14=100-07  Forbes. 

=  100-47  Scheerer. 

=  100-59  Wohler. 

=98-67  Hayes. 

=  100-60  Smith. 

Ni  0-81,  Mn  512,  Bi  0'64=100  Forbes. 


Jordan  has  analyzed  arseuopyrite  from  near  Andreasberg  (J.  pr.  Chem.,  x.  436)  and  obtained  As 
55-000,  88-344,  Fe  36-437,  AgO'011  =  99'792,  giving  nearly  the  formula  2  Fe  S  +  3Fe  As  =Arse 
56-7,  sulphur  8-0,  iron  35-2  =  100.     Jordan  made  out  3  As,  S,  3  Fe,  which  requires  arsenic    2'9, 
sulphur  7-5  iron  39'6=100. 

Basntsch  obtained  from  an  ore  from  the  coal  formation  of  Merseburg  (Z8.  Ver.  Halle,  vu.  3, 
As  38-23,  S  21-70,  Fe  35'97,  Si  3'27,  Mg,  Ca  trace=99'l1 ;  G.=5'36-5'66;  giving  the  formula 


80  SULPHIDS,    ETC. 

2  Fe  As2 +3  Fe  S2.  Analysis  11,  by  Behncke,  corresponds  to  7  Fe,  6  S,  6  As.  The  discrepancy 
in  these  cases  may  be  owing  to  impurities. 

Pyr,,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  at  first  gives  a  red  sublimate  of  sulphid  of  arsenic,  then  a  black 
lustrous  sublimate  of  metallic  arsenic.  In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  white  sub- 
limate of  arsenous  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal  reacts  like  leucopyrite.  The  varieties  containing  cobalt 
give  a  blue  color  with  borax-glass  when  fused  in  O.F.  with  successive  portions  of  flux  until  all  the 
iron  is  oxydized.  Gives  fire  with  steel,  emitting  an  alliaceous  odor.  Decomposed  by  nitric  acid 
with  separation  of  arsenous  acid  and  sulphur. 

Obs. — Found  principally  in  crystalline  rocks,  and  its  usual  mineral  associates  are  ores  of  silver, 
lead,  and  tin,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  and  blende.  Occurs  also  in  serpentine. 

Abundant  at  Freiberg  and  Munzig,  where  it  occurs  in  veins ;  at  Reichenstein  in  Silesia,  in  ser- 
pentine ;  in  beds  at  Breitenbrunn  and  Raschau,  Andreasberg,  and  Joachimsthal ;  at  Tunaberg  in 
Sweden;  at  Skutterud  in  Norway;  at  Wheal  Mawdlin  and  Unanimity,  Cornwall,  and  at  other 
localities ;  in  Devonshire  at  the  Tamar  mines. 

In  New  Hampshire,  in  fine  crystallizations  in  gneiss,  at  Franconia  (danaite)  associated  with  chal- 
copyrite ;  also  at  Jackson,  and  at  Haverhill.  In  Maine,  at  Blue  Hill,  Corinna ;  Newfield  (Bond's 
mountain),  and  Thomaston  (Owl's  head).  In  Vermont,  at  Brookfield,  Waterbury,  and  Stock- 
bridge.  In  Mass.,  at  Worcester  and  Sterling.  In  Conn.,  at  Chatham,  with  smaltite  and  niccolite  ; 
at  Monroe  with  wolfram  and  pyrite ;  at  Derby  in  an  old  mine,  associated  with  quartz ;  at  Mine 
Hill,  Roxbury,  in  fine  crystals  with  siderite.  In  New  Jersey,  at  Franklin.  In  N.  York,  massive, 
in  Lewis,  ten  miles  south  of  Keeseville,  Essex  Co.,  with  hornblende ;  in  crystals  and  massive, 
near  Edenville,  on  Hopkins's  farm,  and  elsewhere  in  Orange  Co.,  with  scorodite,  iron  sinter,  and 
thin  scales  of  gypsum ;  also  in  fine  crystals  at  two  localities  a  few  rods  apart,  four  or  five  miles 
north-west  of  Carmel,  near  Brown's  serpentine  quarry  in  Kent,  Putnam  Co.  In  California,  Nevada 
Co.,  Grass  valley,  at  the  Betsey  mine,  and  also  at  Meadow  lake,  with  gold,  the  danaite  in  crystals 
sometimes  penetrated  by  gold.  In  S.  America,  in  the  San  Baldomero  mine  of  Mt.  Sorata  in  Bolivia, 
both  the  mispickel  and  danaite,  the  former  having  crystallized  out  of  the  latter  and  the  most 
abundant  ore ;  also  both  at  Inquisivi  in  Bolivia ;  also,  niccoliferous  var.,  between  La  Paz  and 
Yungas  in  Bolivia  (anal,  by  Kroeber). 

Alt. — Pseudomorphs  consisting  of  pyrite. 

94A.  PLINIAN.— Plinian  Breifh.,  Pogg.,  Ixix.  430,  1846,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  168,  1866.  Yar.  of  Mis- 
pickel G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  Ixxvi.  84.  Monoclinic,  according  to  Breithaupt,  who  figures  the  planes,  P 
(1-t),  M  (i-l\  I,  with  h  between  P  and  I,  and  o  below  /,  in  the  same  zone  with  P,  h,  I.  1^1=61° 
302,  P  to  vertical  axis  51°  S6'=PhM,  PAA=146°  0',  JfA^=134°  20',  o  A7&=fL5°  55',  0Aa=ll7° 
33',  o/\M=W3°  15',  ^A^=119°0',Pon  edge  hh=\Ql°  12',  Jfon  edge  hh=ll±°  12'.  Cleavage: 
P  and  M  distinct.  Also  massive. 

H.r=5-5— 6.  G.=6'272— 6-292,  fr.  St.  Gothard;  6-299— 6 '307.  fr.  Ehronfried.  Lustre  metallic. 
Color  tin-white ;  streak  black. 

Composition :  Fe  S2  +  Fe  As2,  or  Fe  (S,  As)2,  like  arseuopyrite.  Analysis  by  Plattner  (Pogg.,  Ixix. 
430):  As  45-46,  S  20'07,  Fe  34-46=99-99. 

From  Ehrenfriedersdorf  hi  crystals,  also  from  St.  Gothard,  according  to  Breithaupt. 

95,  GLAUCODOT.    Glaucodot  Breith.  &  Plattn.,  Pogg.,  Ixvii.  127,  1849. 
Orthorhombic.    /A  /=112°  36' ;  form  like  that  of  arsenopyrite.     Cleav- 
basal  perfect ;  prismatic  less  so.     Also  massive. 

H.=:5.  G.=5-975-6'003.  Lustre  metallic.  Color 
grayish  tin-white.  Streak  black. 

Oomp.— (Co,  Fe)  S2  +  (Co,  Fe)  As2,  with  Co  to  Fe  as  2  : 1  (or  Co,  Fe) 
(S,  As)2— Sulphur  19'4,  arsenic  45 -5,  cobalt  23'8,  iron  1 1-3=100.  Anal- 
ysis :  Plattner  (L  c.) : 

As          S         Coa        Fe 

Chili          43-20     20'21     24'77     1 1  -90  •{  100'OS  Plattner. 
«  With  trace  of  nickel 

Py*. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of  arsenous  acid. 
In  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  sublimate  of  arsenous  acid. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  givesjaff  sulphur  and  arsenic,  fusing  to  a  feebly 

magnetic  globule,  which  is  black  on  the  surface,  but  on  the  fracture  has  a  light  bronze  color  and 
a  metallic  lustre.  Treated  with  borax  in  R.F.  until  the  globule  has  a  bright  metallic  surface,  the 
flux  shows  a  strong  reaction  for  iron ;  if  the  remaining  globule  is  treated  with  a  fresh  portion  of 
borax  in  O.F.,  the  flux  becomes  colored  smalt-blue  from  oxydized  cobalt. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  chlorite  slate  with  cobaltite,  in  the  province  of  Huasco,  Chili.  The  supposed 
glaucodot  of  Orawicza  is  allodasite  (p.  81.) 


ETC.  g-^ 

96.  PACITE.    Rhombites  Pacites,  Pazit  (fr.  La  Paz),  Breith.,  B.  II.  Ztg.,  xxv.  167,  1866. 

Orthorhombic.  7A  7=115°  24'.  1-5  A  1-5,  over  <9,  119°  56'.  Occurring 
planes  6>,  7,  1-i  Measurements  only  approximative.  Cleavage  :  /  rather- 
indistinct.  Also  massive. 

H.=4-4'5.  G.=6-297-6-303,  Weisbach.  Lustre  metallic.  Colortin- 
white,  inclining  to  steel-gray  ;  streak  black. 

Oomp — re  S2  +  4  Fe  As2= Arsenic  63'56,  sulphur  6*78,  iron  29-66= 100.  Analysis  by  Winkler 
(L  ex): 

As  64-84    S  7-01     Fe  24'35     Co  0'13     Cu  O'll     Bi  0-10    Au,  Ag  0'006    gangue  2-88=99-426. 

Obs. — From  La  Paz  in  Bolivia,  in  masses  and  thin  plates  in  the  gangue,  with  native  gold  and 
bismuth. 
Named  from  the  locality,  or  its  Latin  signification,  pax,  peace. 

97.  ALLOCLASITE.    Alloklas  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  liiL  220,  1866,  Glaucodot  pt. 

Breith. 

Orthorhombic.     /A 7=  106°;  0  A  1-5=118°  ;  1-5 A  1-5=58°.     Cleavage: 
0  and  /perfect. 
H.=4-5.     Gr.  =  6'6.     Color  steel-gray.     Streak  nearly  black. 

Comp. — 2  Co  S2  +  Co  As2 +  4  Bi  As,  or  a  compound  related  to  glaucodot  and  cobaltite  +  4  Bi 
As;  or  3  Co  S  + 3  Co  As +  2  As  S3,  Tschermak. 
Analyses :  1,  Hein  (1.  c.) ;  2,  3,  Hubert  &  Patera  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1848,  325)  : 

S          As        Bi        Au      Fe      Zn        Co        Ni 

1.  Orawicza     16-22     32'69     30'15     0'68     5'58     2'4l     10'17     1'55=99'45  Hein. 

2.  "  16-60     37-20     18*40      tr.      4'85 25-60   =102*65  Hubert. 

3*.       "  19-78    43-63     4-56 32-02   =99'99  Patera. 

a  After  subtracting  gold,  silica,  and  bismuth. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  arsenic  fumes,  and  a  bismuth  coating.  Fuses  to  a  dull 
globule.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  gold. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Orawicza,  Hungary. 

Named  from  aAAos,  *Aaw,  because  its  cleavage  differs  from  that  of  arsenopyrite  and  marcasite, 
which  it  resembles. 

98.  SYLVANITE.  Weissgolderz  Matter  v.  Reichenstein,  Ph.  Arb.  eintr.  Fr.  Wien,  Qu.  3,  48. 
Or  blanc  d'Offenbanya,  ou  graphique,  Aurum  graphicum,  v.  Born,  Cat.  de  Raab,  ii.  467,  1790. 
Prismatisches  weisses  G-olderz  v.  Fichtel,  Min.  Bemerk.  Carpathen,  ii.  108, 1791,  Min.,  124,  1794; 
Aurum  bismuticum  Schmeisser,  Min.,  ii.  28,  1795.  Schrifterz  Esmark,  N.  Bergm.  J.,  ii.  10, 1798» 
Wern.,  1800.  Sylvane  graphique  BrocJi.,  1800.  Tellure  ferrifere  et  aurifere  H.,  1801.  Schrift- 
Tellur  Hausm.,  1813.  Graphic  Tellurium  Aikin,  1814.  Goldtellur.  Tellure  auro-argentifere 
H.,  1822.  Sylvane  Beud.,  Tr.,  1832.  Sylvanit  Necker,  Min.,  1835.  Aurotellurite  Dana,  Mia., 
390,  1837. 

Or  gris  jaunatre  v.  Born,  1.  c.,  1790.  Gelberz  Karsten,  Tab.,  56,  1800.  Sylvane  blanc  Broch., 
1800.  Tellure  aurifere  etplombifere  pt.  K,  1801.  Weiss-Sylvanerz  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig,  i.  55, 
1803.  Weisstellur  Hausm.,  1813.  Yellow  TeUurium  Aikin,  1814.  Miillerine  Beud.,  Tr.,  iL  541, 
1832.  Mullerite. 

JVlonoclinic,  Eose,  Koksch.  67=55°  21J-',  /A  7=94°  26',  ^  A  14=121° 
21' ',  a:b:  c=I'W32  : 1 :  0-889,  Koksch.  Observed  planes  :  0;  vertical,  7, 
i-i,  i-l.  i-%  ;  domes,  — 1-^,  |-4,  14 ;  octahedral,  ^--2,  1-2,  1-7. 

OM-i=124:0  39f        i^ A 7=137°  13r        ^Al-J=128°  24' 
0/\— 14=144  '          *4A^=151  37        i-*A^4=107  12 
6>A1  =132   26  ^Al=141    54         i4 A 1-7=  99  44J- 


82  SULPHIDS,    ETC. 

Cleavage:  i-l  distinct.  Twins:  composition- 
face  i4,  as  in  the  figure.  Also  massive ;  imper- 
fectly columnar  to  granular. 

H.=l'5-2.  G.=5-732;  8-28,  Petz.  Lustre 
metallic.  Streak  and  color  pure  steel-gray  to  sil- 
ver-white, and  sometimes  nearly  brass-yellow. 
Fracture  uneven. 

Comp.,  Var.— (Ag,  Au)  Te3=  (if  Ag:Au=l  :  1)  Tellurium 
55-8,  gold  28-5,  silver  15'7  =  100.  Antimony  sometimes  replaces 
part  of  the  tellurium,  and  lead  part  of  the  other  metals. 

Var  1.  Sylvanite.  (Schrifterz  Wern.,  etc.,  1  st  par.  Syn.)  Con- 
taining little  or  no  lead.  G. =7 -5— 8-5.  Anal.  1-7.  The  angles 
given  above  are  of  this  variety,  and  are  from  Kokscharof. 

2.  MuUerite.  Gelberz  Karsten,  Weisstellur  Wem.,  etc.,  2d 
par.' Syn.)  Containing  much  lead.  Anal.  8-10.  Haidinger  gives 
the  annexed  figure  and  angles  for  103. 

the  weisstellur,  making  it  different 
in  dimensions  from  the  preceding. 
MAM=105°  30',  OAa=108°30', 
OAa=143°  5'.  It  is  from  Nag- 
yag.  G.=7-99-8-33.  The  yel- 
low color  does  not  distinguish  the 
two  varieties,  and  the  propriety 
of  separating  them  is  doubtful. 
Much  of  the  so-called  gelberz  (yel- 
low ore)  is  not  mullerite,  as  shown  by  Petz's  analyses. 

Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr..  iii.  16);  2,  Berzelius  (Jahresb.,  xiii.  162,  analysis  imperfect);  3-9, 
Petz  (Pogg.,  Mi.  472);  10,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iii.  20): 


li 


Te  Sb        Au 

1.  Offenbanya  60'  30- 

2.  »  52-  tr.  24-0 
8.           "             Gk=8'28  59-97  0'58  26'97 

4.  "  58-81  0-66  26-47 

5.  White  cryst.  G.=8'27  55'39  2'50  24'89 

6.  "  G.=7-99  48-40  8'42  28'98 

7.  Yellow  cryst.  G.=8'33  51-52  5'75  27-10 

8.  "      massive  44'54  8*54  25'31 

9.  "           "  49-96  3'82  29*62 
10.  Mullerite,  Gelberz  44-75  26'75 


Ag        Pb 

10-  =100  Klaproth. 

11-3  1-5,  Cu,  Fe,  S,  As  tr.  B. 

11-47  0-25,  Cu  0-76=100  P. 

11-31  2-75  =  100  Petz. 

14-68  2-54=100  Petz. 

10-69  3-51  =  100  Petz. 

7-47  8-16=100  Petz. 

10-40  11-21=100  Petz. 

2-78  13-82  =  100  Petz. 

8-50  19-50,  S  0-5=100  K. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  gives  a  white  sublimate,  which  near  the  assay  is  gray ;  when 
treated  with  the  blowpipe  flame  the  sublimate  fuses  to  clear  transparent  drops.  B.B.  on  charcoal 
fuses  to  a  dark-gray  globule,  covering  the  coal  with  a  white  coating,  which  treated  in  R.F.  disap- 
pears, giving  a  bluish-green  color  to  the  flame ;  after  long  blowing  a  yellow,  malleable  metallic 
globule  is  obtained.  Most  varieties  give  a  faint  coating  of oxyd  of  lead  and  antimony  on  charcoal. 

Obs. — With  gold,  at  Offenbanya  in  Transylvania,  in  narrow  veins,  which  traverse  porphyry ; 
also  at  Nagyag  in  the  same  country.  In  California,  Calaveras  Co.,  at  the  Melones  and  Stanislaus 
mines. 

Named  from  Transylvania,  the  country  in  which  it  occurs,  and  in  allusion  to  sylvanium,  one  of 
the  names  at  first  proposed  for  the  metal  tellurium.  Called  graphic  because  of  a  resemblance  in 
the  arrangement  of  the  crystals  to  writing  characters. 

For  KokscharoPs  paper  on  cryst.,  see  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  ix.  192.  His  &,  c,  a  are  c,  a,  in  of 
Brooke  and  Miller. 


99.  NAGYAGITB.  Aurum  Galena,  Ferro.  et  particulis  volatilibus  mineralisatum,  Scopoh, 
Ann.  Hist.  Nat.,  iii.  107 ;  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  i.  68,  1772.  Nagiakererz  Wern.  Bergra.  J.,  1789. 
Or  gris  lamelleux  v.  Born,  Cat.  de  Raab,  1790.  Blattererz  Karst.,  Tab.,  56,  1800.  Foliated 
Tellurium;  Black  Tellurium.  Elasmose  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  539,  1832.  Elasmosine  Huot,  Min.,  i 
185,  1841.  Nagyagite  Raid.,  Handb.,  566,  1845. 


STJLPHIDS,    ETC. 


83 


Tetragonal.     0  A  1^=127°  37' ;  «=l-298.     Observed  planes  as  in  the 

J1       .£*  _   _ .  /~\        A        -t  -i  -i  r>  O       r*  .*•?  /         -f         .       -«  -j   ^  *-*  r\       _i     ^   *  ^     •*• 


104 


Te 

S 

Pb 

Au 

Ag 

1.    32-2 

3-0 

54-0 

9-0 

0-5 

2.    31-96 

3-07 

55-49 

8-44 

tr. 

3.    30-52 

8-07 

50-78 

9-11 

0-53 

4.    17-22 

9-76 

60-83 

5-84 



5.    18-04 

9-68 

60-27 

5-98 



6.    15-11 

8-56 

60-10 

12-75 

1-82 

annexed  figure.      <9  A  1=118°  37',  1  A  1=103°  H',  0  A  2-*=lllc 

2-i  A  2-i,  bas.,=137°  52'.  Cleavage:  basal.  Also 
granularly  massive,  particles  of  various  sizes ;  gener- 
ally foliated. 

H.  =  l  — 1-5.  G.=6-85— 7-2.  Lustre  metallic, 
splendent.  Streak  and  color  blackish  lead-gray. 
Opaque.  Sectile.  Flexible  in  thin  laminae. 

Comp. — Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iii.  32);  2,  Brandes  (Schw.  J.,  xxxv.  409);  3,  P.  Schon- 
lein (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ix.  166);  4,  5,  Folbert  (Yerh.  Sieb.  Ver.  Nat.  Hermannstadt,  viii.  99.  and  Kennjr 
Ueb.,  1856);  6,  S.  J.  Kappel  (Jahresb.,  1859,  770): 

Cu 

1-3=100  Klaproth. 
M4=100-10  Brandes. 
0-99  =  100  Schonlein. 

Sb  3-69,  Se  <r.  =  97-34  Folbert. 

Sb  3-86,  Se  *r.=97'83  Folbert. 

Se  1-66=100  Kappel. 

Schonlein  found  in  other  trials,  Pb  61*01,  51-06,  Te  2667,  S  9-62,  10-59;  and  Petz  obtained 
(Pogg.,  Mi.  478),  8-54,  7-81,  6*48  per  cent,  of  gold.  Schonlein's  and  Folbert's  analyses  (3-5) 
correspond  to  2  (Pb,  Au)  +  3  (Te,  Sb,  S)  Ramm.  In  Schonlein's,  Te  :  S  =  l  :  3  nearly;  in  Folbert's 
Te  +  Sb  :  S=l  :  2.  The  formula  for  the  latter  may  be  written  R  Te  +  R  S2. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  gives,  near  the  assay,  a  grayish  sublimate  of  antimonate  and 
tellurate,  with  perhaps  some  sulphate  of  lead ;  farther  up  the  tube  the  sublimate  consists  of  anti- 
monous  acid,  which  volatilizes  when  treated  with  the  flame,  and  tellurous  acid,  which  at  a  high 
temperature  fuses  into  colorless  drops.  B.B.  on  charcoal  forms  two  coatings :  one  white  and 
volatile,  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  antimouite,  tellurite,  and  sulphate  of  lead;  and  the  other 
yellow,  less  volatile,  of  oxyd  of  lead  quite  near  the  assay.  If  the  mineral  is  treated  for  some  time 
in  O.F.  a  malleable  globule  of  gold  remains;  this  cupelled  with  a  little  assay  lead  assumes  a  pure 
gold  color.  Decomposed  by  nitro-muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — At  Nagyag  and  Offenbanya  in  Transylvania,  in  foliated  masses  and  crystalline  plates, 
accompanying,  at  the  former  place,  rhodonite,  blende,  and  gold ;  and  at  the  latter,  associated  with 
antimonial  ores.  Folbert  states  that  the  Nagyag  crystals  examined  by  him  were  hexagonal  and 
not  of  the  tetragonal  system,  and  had  G.  =  6*680,  or  not  exceeding  this. 

Berthier  has  analyzed  another  ore  very  similar  to  the  above  in  physical  characters,  consisting 
of  Tellurium  13'0,  sulphur  11'7,  lead  63'1,  gold  6'7,  antimony  4*5,  copper  1-0=100;  corresponding 
to  2 IS,  6Te,  4Sb,  ISPb,  2Au,  but  probably  impure  with  sulphuret  of  antimony.  It  is  called 
Blatterine  by  Huot,  Min.,  i.  189,  1841. 

(A)  SILBERPHYLLINGLANZ  Breith.  (Schw.  J.,  i.  178,  1828),  occurring  in  gneiss  at  Deutsch-Pilsen, 
Hungary,  appears  to  be  related  to  nagyagite.  Its  color  is  blackish-gray;  structure  foliated  mas- 
sive, it  having  one  perfect  cleavage;  H.  =  1'2;  G-.  =  5'8 — 5'9. 

According  to  Plattner  (Probirkunst,  3d  edit.,  421)  the  constituents  are  antimony,  lead,  tel- 
lurium, gold,  silver,  and  sulphur — 4-9  p.  c.  of  gold,  0'3  of  silver — the  sulphur  probably  in  com- 
bination with  the  antimony  and  lead.  Only  a  trace  of  selenium  was  found,  contrary  to  the  earlier 
determinations  of  Harkort  and  Breithaupt. 

100.  COVBLLITE.  Freieskben,  Geogn.  Arb.,  iii.  129  (fr.  Sangerhausen) ;  Kupferindig  Breith., 
in  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  2,  178,  1817.  Indigo-Copper;  Blue  Copper.  Covelline,  Sulfure  de  cuivre  da 
Yesuve,  Beud.,  ii.  409,  1832.  Breithauptite  Chapm.,  Min.,  125,  1843.  Cantonite  Pratt,  Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xxii.  449,  xxiii.  409. 

Hexagonal.  Observed  planes :  0,  I;  with  faces  of  two  hexagonal 
pyramids  1  and  J;  basal  edge  of  1,155°  24';  1  A  £=150°  94'Kenngott 
Cleavage :  basal,  very  perfect.  Rarely  in  crystals.  Commonly  massive  or 
spheroidal ;  surface,  sometimes  crystalline. 

H.=l-5-2.  G.  of  crystalB=4-590,  4'636,  Zepharovich.  Lustre  of  crystals 
Bubmetallic,  inclining  to  resinous,  a  little  pearly  on  cleavage-face ;  subre- 


84  SULPHARSENITES,    ETC. 

sinous  or  dull  when  massive.     Color  indigo-blue  or  Barker.     Streak  lead- 
gray  to  black,  shining.     Opaque.     Thin  leaves,  flexible. 

Comp.— Ou  S2— Cu  S= Sulphur  33-5,  copper  66-5  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Walchner  (Schw.  J., 
xlix.  158) ;  2,  Covelli  (Ann.  Oh.  Phys.,  xxxv.  105);  3,  C.  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xii.  22) : 

S  Cu  Fe 

1.  Badenweiler        32-64  64-773  0'462,  Pb  1-046=98-921  Walchner. 

2.  Vesuvius  32-0  66'0  =98-0  Oovelli. 

3.  Leogang  34'30  64'56  1-14=100  Hauer. 

A  Dillenberg  covellite  afforded  G-rimm  (Jahresb.,  1850,  702)  66'82  bisulphid  of  copper,  3-96 
pyrite,  18-63  quartz,  and  10'57  £e  Mn  £. 

Analysis  of  ore  of  Algodon  bay,  Bolivia,  by  v.  Bibra,  in  J.  pr.  Oh.,  xcvi.  202. 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphur ;  in  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  burns  with  a  blue  flame,  emitting  the  odor  of  sulphur,  and  fuses  to  a  globule, 
which  reacts  like  chalcocite. 

Obs. With  other  copper  ores  near  Badenweiler  at  Leogang  in  Salzburg,  where  it  is  some- 
times in  small  crystals  of  the  form  above  described;  at  Kielce  in  Poland;  Sangerhausen  in 
Saxony ;  Mansfeld,  Thuringia ;  Vesuvius,  on  lava ;  common  in  Chili ;  at  Algodon  bay  in  Bolivia. 

Named  after  Covelli,  the  discoverer  of  the  Vesuvian  covellite,  by  Beudant,  and  without  refer- 
ence to  the  ore  as  previously  described. 

Covellite  is  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  other  ores  of  copper,  and  is  often  mixed  with  chalcocite 
or  copper-glance,  from  which  it  has  been  derived.  (See  Digenite  and  Carmenite,  p.  53.) 

(A)  CANTONITE  is  covellite  from  the  Canton  mine,  Georgia,  occurring  in  cubes,  with  a  cubical 
cleavage.    It  is  associated  with  harrisite  (pseudomorphs  of  chalcocite  after  galenite,  see  p.  53), 
and  is  regarded  by  G-enth  as  a  pseudomorph  of  covellite  after  the  harrisite.     G-enth  obtained  in 
his  analysis  (1.  c.,  xxiii.  417),  S  32-76,  Se  trace,  Ag  0'36,  Cu  65'60,  Pb  O'll,  Fe  0'25,  insoluble  0'16 
=99-24. 

(B)  ALISONITE  Field. — Alisonite  is  an  indigo-copper,  containing  a  much  larger  proportion  of 
lead  than  the  cantonite ;  but  it  is  probably,  like  that,  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  galenite.     The 
color  is  a  deep  indigo-blue,  tarnishing  on  exposure;  G-.=6'10;  H.=2*5 — 3.      Analyses  by  F. 
Field  (1,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxvii.  387  ;  and  2,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  xiv.  160): 

S  Cu  Pb 

1.  17-00  53-63  28-25=98-88 

2.  17-69  53-28  28'81=99'78 

Corresponding  to  3  Ou  S  +  Pb  S=S  17'78,  Cu  53-34,  Pb  28-88.    It  occurs  at  "  Mina  Grande  "  near 
Goquimbo,  Chili,  associated  with  cerussite,  malachite,  and  vanadate  of  lead  and  copper. 


3.  SULPHAKSENITES,  SULPHANTIMOOTTES,  SULPHO- 
BISMUTHITES.* 

The  species  here  included  are  arranged  according  to  the  amount  of  the  basic  metal  (lead,  silver, 
copper,  iron),  beginning  with  those  in  which  the  proportion  is  the  smallest.  Several  of  the 
species  require  more  investigation  :  - 

R:S:A  R:S  +  A  F 

101.  CHALCOSTIBITE,  III.  1:4:2  1:6  Ou  S  4-  Sb2S3 

102.  EMPLBOTITE,  III.  1:4:2  1:6  €u  S  +  Bi2S8 

103.  CHIVIATITE,  IIL  ?  1  :  5£  :  3  ?  (^u,  Pb)  S  +  f  BisS« 

*  In  the  table  of  species  the  system  of  crystallization  is  indicated  by  Roman  numerals 

I.  Isometric  System.  IV.  Monoclinic  System. 

II.  Tetragonal  System.  V.  Triclintc  System. 

III.  Orthorhombic  System.  VI.  Hexagonal  System. 


SULPHARSENITES,    ETC. 


85 


104.  BERTHIEBITE,  III. 

105.  SARTORITE,  III. 

106.  ZINKBNITE,  III. 

107.  JORDANITE,  ITT. 

108.  MlAEGYRITE,   IV. 

109.  PLAGIONITE,  IV. 

110.  BlNNTTE,  I. 

111.  BRONGNIARDITE,  I. 

112.  JAMESONITE,  III. 

113.  DUFRENOTSITE,    HI. 

114.  FREIESLEBENITE,  IV. 

115.  PYROSTILPNITE,  IV. 

116.  RlTTINGERITE,  IV. 

117.  PYRARGYRITE,  VI. 

118.  PROUSTITE,  VI. 

119.  BOURNONITE,  III. 

120.  STYLOTYPITE,  III. 

121.  WlTTICHENITE,  TIL 

122.  BOULANGERITE,  III. 

123.  KOBELLITE,  III. 

124.  AlKOTTE,  III. 

125.  TETRAHEDRITE,  I. 

126.  POLYTELITE 

127.  TENKANTITE,  I. 

128.  MENEGHINITE,  IV. 

129.  GEOCRONITE,  III. 

130.  STEPHANITE,  III. 

131.  POLYBASITE,    III. 

132.  ENARGITE 

133.  XANTHOCONITE 


B:  S:  A 
1:4:2 
1:4:2 
1:4:2 

1:4:2 

l:¥:f 
?  1  :  3  :  £ 

Itli  I 

1 :  f  :  1 
1  :  f  :1 


1:  2 
1  :2 
1:J 

1:  2 
1:  2 


1:2:$ 


1  : 


:  f 


1:4:3 


R:S  +  A 
1  :  6 
1  :  6 
1  :  6 

1  :  6 
1  :5 

lin 

1:3| 
1:0* 
1  :3 


l:2f 
1:2? 
1  :  2* 

1  :  2^ 


l:2| 
1  :  2J 

1:2* 

1  :  2 
1  :  2 


F 

FeS  +  Sb2S3 
PbS  +  As2S3 
PbS  +  Sb2S3 

AgS  +  Sb2S3 


2(Pb, 
2(Pb,  Fe)S  +  Sb2S3 
2PbS  +  As2S3 
f(Pb,  Ag)S  +  Sb2S3 


3  AgS  +  Sb2S3 
3  AgS  +  As2S3 
3(Ou,  Pb)S  +  Sb2S3 
u,  Ag, 


3PbS  +  Sb2S3 
3PbS  +  (Bi,  Sb)2S3 
Pb)S  +  Bi2S3 

u,  Ag,  Hg)  S  +  (Sb,  As)3S3 


4  (€u,  Fe)  S  +  AsQS3 


5  Pb  S  +  (Sb,  As)2S3 
Sb2S3 


10  (Ag,  €hi)  S  +  (Sb,  As)2S3 


APPENDIX.— 134.  CLAYITE,  I.  Pb,  Cu,  S,  As,  Sb.    135.  BOLIVIANITE,  in.  Ag,  S,  Sb. 


101.  CHALCOSTIBITE.  Kupferantimonglanz  Ziriken,  Pogg.,  xxxv.  357,  1835.  Sulphuret 
of  Copper  and  Antimony;  Antimonial  Copper.  Eosite  Hwt,  Min.  I  197,  1841.  Chalkostibit 
GlocJc.,  Syn.,  32,  1847.  Wolfsbergite  Nicott,  Min.,  484,  1849. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=101°,  i-2  A  i-2=138°  12r,  £2  A  ^=112°  24r.  In 
small  aggregated  tabular  prisms  presenting  the  planes  0,  /,  i-2,  i-».  Cleav- 
age :  *-*,  very  perfect ;  0,  less  so. 

H.=3— 4.  G-.^^Y^S,  H.Eose;  5-015,  Breith.  Lustre  metallic.  Streak 
black.  Color  between  lead-gray  and  iron -gray.  Opaque.  Fracture  con- 
choidal. 

Comp.—euS  +  Sb2S3= Sulphur  25-7,  antimony  48'9,  copper  25*4=100.  Analyses:  1,  H. 
Kose  (1.  c.);  2,  T.  Eichter  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  1857,  No.  27): 

S  Sb  Cu  Fe          Pb 

1.  Wolfsberg        26'34        46-81         24'46        V39        0'56=99'56  Rose. 

2.  Guadiz  25-29        48'30        25'36         1-23       =100'18  Richter. 

The  iron  is  supposed  to  exist  as  pyrite,  and  the  lead  as  feather  ore. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  at  first,  and  then  fuses,  giving  a  faint  sublimate 
sulphid  of  antimony,  which  on  cooling  is  dark  red;  in  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  and  anti- 
monous  fumes,  the  latter  forming  a  white  sublimate.    B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  to  a  globule,  emitting 
antimonous  fumes,  coating  the  coal  white;  the  globule  treated  with  borax  reacts  i 
soda  gives  a  globule  of  metallic  copper. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  oxyd  of  antimony. 


86  SULPHAKSENITES,    ETC. 

Obs.— From  Wolfsberg  in  the  Harz,  in  nests  imbedded  in  quartz ;  and  at  Guadiz,  Spain.  It  is 
usually  covered  with  a  coating  of  pyrite.  Glocker's  name  antedates  Nicoll's.  Rosite  has  an  earliei 
use. 

102.  EMPLECTITE.  "Wismuth-Kupfererz  (fr.  Tannenbaum)  Selb,  Tasch.  Min.,  xi.  441,  451, 
1817.  Kupferwismuthglanz  R.  Schneider,  Pogg.,  xc.  166,  1853.  Emplektit  Kenng.,  Min.  Forsch., 
125,  1853.  Tannenite  Dana,  Min.,  73,  1854.  Hemichalcit  v.  Kob.,  G-esch.  Min.,  600,  1864. 

Orthorhombic.  /  A  7=92°  20',  0  A  1-5=14:1°  8'.  w  In  thin  striated 
flattened  prisms.  Observed  planes,  /,  i-i,  *-f ,  ^-J-,  £-2,  fc#,  1-?,  i-£.  £•£  A  \-1 
=128°  52',  £*  A  $-5=  104:°  55',  ^  A  *-|=14rT°  23',  £*  A  £5=117°  30',  *'-}  A 
£f =114:°  4:6',  i-5  A  £3,  ov.  £*=55°,  1-5  A  1-5,  top,=102°  16'. 

Lustre  bright  metallic.     Color  grayish  to  tin-white. 

Oomp.— €u  S  +  Bi3  S3=Sulphur  19-1,  bismuth  62-0,  copper  18-9=100.  Analyses :  E.  Schneider 
(Pogg.,  xc.  166): 

(I)  Sulphur  18-83        Bismuth  62-16         Copper  18-72  =  99-71 

"        22-4  "        52-7  "       20-6        Iron  4'1=99'8  , 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily,  with 
frothing  and  spirting;  treated  with  soda  coats  the  coal  dark-yellow  from  oxyd  of  bismuth,  aiid 
gives  a  globule  of  copper. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur. 

Obs.  —From  the  mines  of  Tannenbaum,  near  Schwarzenberg,  Saxony ;  also  from  Cerro  Blanco 
hi  Copiapo,  Chili  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  v.  459). 

On  cryst.,  see  Dauber,  Pogg.,  xcii.  241 ;  "Weisbach,  Pogg.,  cxxviii.  435. 

103.  CHIVIATITE.    Chiviatit  Ramm.,  Pogg.,  Ixxxviii.  320. 

Foliated  massive ;  cleavable  in  three  directions  in  one  zone,  one  making 
an  angle  with  the  second  of  153°,  and  with  the  third  of  133°,  Miller. 
G.=6'920.     Lustre  metallic.     Color  lead-gray, 

Comp.— (-611,  Pb)  S  +  iBi2S3=Sulphur  17-76,  bismuth  62'96,  lead  16'72,  copper  2'56=100 
Analysis  by  Rammelsberg  (L  c.) : 

S  Bi  Pb  Cu          Fe          Ag         insol. 

18-00        60-95         16-73        2-42         1-02          tr.          0'59=99'71 

Pyr. — Same  as  for  aikinite,  Ramm. 

Obs. — From  Chiviato,  in  Peru ;  along  with  pyrite  and  barite.     Resembles  bismuth-glance. 

104.  BERTHIERTTE,    Haidingerite  Berthier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys..  xxxv.  351,  1827.     Berthierit 
Said.,  Ed.  J.  Sci.,  vii.  3153,  1827. 

In  elongated  prisms  or  massive ;  a  longitudinal  cleavage  rather  indis- 
tinct. Also  fibrous  massive,  plumose  ;  also  granular. 

H.=2— 3.  G.=4— 4*3.  Lustre  metallic,  less  splendent  than  stibnite. 
Color  dark  steel-gray,  inclining  to  pinchbeck-brown ;  surface  often  covered 
with  iridescent  spots. 

Oomp.— Fe  S  +  Sba  S3=  Sulphur  29-9,  antimony  57-0,  iron  13-1  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  3,  Ber- 
thior  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxxv.  51);  4,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xl.  153);  5,  Peftko  (Haid.  Ber.,  i. 
62);  6,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  iv.  635);  7,  Sackur  (Ramm.,  Min.  Chem.,  988);  8,  Ramm.  (ZS. 
Gr.,  xviii.  244): 

S  Sb  Fe          Zn 

1.  Chazelles  30-3  52-0          16*0        0'30=98'6  Berthier. 

2.  Martouret  28'81         61'34          9'85     =100  Berthier. 

3.  Anglar  29-18        58*65        12-17     =100  Berthier. 


SULPHAKSENITES,    ETC. 


87 


S 

Sb 

Fe 

4.  Braunsdorf 

31-32 

54-70 

11-43 

5.  Arany  Idka 

29-27 

57-88 

12-85 

6.  Braunsdorf 

30-53 

59-31 

10-16 

7.          " 

28-77 

50-91 

10-55 

8.  S.  Antonio,  Cal. 

29-12 

56-61 

10-09 

Zn 
0-74,  Mil  2-54=100-73  Ramm. 

=100  Pettko.     G-.=4'043. 

=100-73  Hauer. 

Mn  3-73  =  99-96  Sackur. 

Mn  3-56=99-38  Ramm. 

AnaL  3-8  correspond  to  the  above  formula. 

No.  l=3Fe  S  +  2Sb2  S3=Sulphur  30'5,  antimony  51-7,  iron  17'8=100. 
No.  2  =  3FeS  +  4SbaS3=Sulphur29-6,  antimony  60'0,  iron  10-4=100. 

Pyr.,  etc, — In  the  closed  tube  fuses,  and  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of  sulphur ;  with  a  strong 
heat  yields  a  black  sublimate  of  sulphid  of  antimony,  which  on  cooling  becomes  brownish-red. 
In  the  open  tube  gives  off  fumes  of  sulphur  and  antimony,  reacting  like  stibnite.  B.B.  on  char- 
coal gives  off  sulphur  and  antimony  fumes,  coats  the  coal  white,  and  the  antimony  is  expelled, 
leaving  a  black  magnetic  slag,  which  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron. 

Dissolves  readily  in  muriatic  acid,  giving  out  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Obs, — At  ChazeUes  and  Martouret  in  Auvergne,  associated  with  quartz,  calcite,  and  pyrite ;  in 
the  Vosges,  Commune  of  Lalaye,  containing  about  32  of  Sb  to  18  of  Fe ;  at  Anglar  in  La  Creuse ; 
also  at  Braunsdorf  in  Saxony,  and  at  Padstow  in  Cornwall ;  at  Arany  Idka  in  Hungary ;  at  Real 
San  Antonio,  Lower  California,  massive ;  near  Fredericton,  N.  Brunswick. 

Yields  antimony,  but  of  inferior  quality. 


105,  SARTORITE.  Skleroklas  +  Arsenomelan  v.  Waltershausen^  Pogg.,  xciv.  115,  1855,  c.  537. 
Skleroklas  v.  Rath,  ib.,  cxxii.  380.  Binnit  C.  Eeusser,  Pogg.  xciv.  335,  1855,  xcvii.  120. 
Dufrenoysite,  pt.,  .Duf.,  Tr.,  pi.  235,  f.  66.  DescL,  Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  viiL  389,  1855.  Arseuomelan 
Petersen,  Offenb.  Yer.,  vii.  13,  1866.  Sartorite  Dana. 

Orthorhombic.     /A  7=123°  21',  0  A  14=131°  3'  ;  a  :  b  :  0=11483  :  1  : 
1*8553.     Observed  planes:   0  (broad)  ;  in  zone  i~i  (all  narrow,  the  crystals 


elongated  and  channelled  in  this  direction)  £4,  ^4,  -^4,  -ff-i,  \  £4,  -f  4,  -lj-4, 
£4,  14,  £4,  f  4,  ?  54,  104,  i-i  ;  in  zone  i-i,  14,  44,  J-4,  24,  44,  i-i  ;  1  (large 
planes),  v.  Rath. 

6>Al=m°  28y,  calc.  105 

0  A  1=126   40,  raeas. 
0  A  l-i=  130  15,  meas. 

0  A  24=128  56. 

1  A  1,  brack,  =91  22 
1A1,  macrod.,=135  46 
1A1,  bas.,=105  3 

1  A  14=135  41 
1  A  14=  157  53 

Crystals  slender.     Cleavage  :  0  quite  distinct. 

H.=3.      G.=5-393.     Lustre  metallic.     Color  dark  lead-gray;   streak 
reddish-brown.     Opaque.     Brittle. 

Comp.—  Fb  S  +  As2S3=Sulphur  26-39,  arsenic  30-93,  lead  42-68=100.   Analyses:  1,  Walters- 
hausen (Pogg.,  xcvii.  124);  2,  3,  Stockar-Escher  (Kenng.  Ueb.,  56-57,  176): 


1.  Binnen 
2. 


S 

25-91 
25-30 
25-77 


As 
28-56 
26-33 
26-82 


Pb 
44-56 
46-83 
47-39 


Ag 
0-42 
1-62 


Fe 
0-45=99-90  Walt. 

=100-08  S.-E. 

=99-98  S.-E. 


Yon  Waltershausen  states  that  his  analysis  (No.  1)  was  made  on  striated  crystals,  which  proves 
it  to  pertain  to  this  species  as  defined  by  v.  Rath  (1.  c.).    The  other  two  analyses  by  Stockar- 


88  6ULPHAKSENITES,    ETC. 

Escher  may  have  been  made  on  material  containing  portions  of  the  other  prismatic  species  of  the 
locality ;  yet  in  the  sulphur  and  arsenic  they  agree  with  the  other  analysis,  and  diverge  but  little 
in  the  lead. 

Pyr,,  etc. — Nearly  the  same  as  for  dufrenoysite,  but  differing  in  strong  decrepitation. 

Obs. — From  the  Binnin  valley  with  dufrenoysite  and  binnite.  As  the  name  Scleroclase 
is  inapplicable,  and  the  mineral  was  first  announced  by  Sartorius  v.  Waltershausen,  the  species 
may  be  appropriately  called  Sariorite. 

106.  ZINKENITE.    Zinkenit  G.  Pose,  Pogg.,  vii.  91,  1826. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  1=  120°  39',  Rose;  120°  34',  Kenngott.  Usual  in 
twins,  as  hexagonal  prisms,  with  a  low  hexagonal  pyramid  at  summit ;  angle 
at  pyramidal  edge=165'  26' ;  /  on  face  of  pyramidal 04°  42'.  Lateral 
faces  longitudinally  striated.  Sometimes  columnar,  fibrous,  or  massive. 
Cleavage  not  distinct. 

H.=3— 3'5.  G.=5'30— 5'35.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  and  streak  steel- 
gray.  Opaque.  Fracture  slightly  uneven. 

Comp.— PbS-t-Sb2  S3=Sulphur  22'1,  antimony  42-6,  lead  35-3=100.  Analyses  :  1,  2,  H.  Eose 
Pogg.,  viii.  99);  3,  Kerl  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  1853,  No.  2) : 

1.  Wolfsberg    S  22-58     Sb  44'39    Pb  31-84    Cu  0-42=99-23  Rose. 

2.  "  undet.         44-11  31-97        undet.  Rose. 

3.  21-22         43-98          30-84    Ag  0'12,  Fe  1-45=97-61  K. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Decrepitates  and  fuses  very  easily ;  in  the  closed  tube  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of 
sulphur,  and  sulphid  of  antimony ;  in  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  white  sublimate  of 
oxyd  of  antimony.  B.B.  on  charcoal  is  almost  entirely  volatilized,  giving  a  coating  which  on  the 
outer  edge  is  white,  and  near  the  assay  dark  yellow;  with  soda  in  R.F.  yields  globules  of  lead. 

Soluble  in  hot  muriatic  acid  with  evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  and  separation  of  chlorid 
of  lead  on  cooling. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  antimony  mine  of  Wolfsberg  in  the  Harz ;  the  groups  of  columnar  crystals 
occur  on  a  massive  variety  in  quartz ;  the  crystals  sometimes  over  half"  an  inch  long,  and  two  or 
three  lines  broad,  frequently  extremely  thin  and  forming  fibrous  masses.  Has  been  reported  from 
St.  Trudpert  in  the  Schwarzwald.  Named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Zinken,  the  director  of  the  Anhalt 
mines,  by  G-.  Rose. 

Resembles  stibnite  and  bournonite,  but  may  be  distinguished  by  its  superior  hardness  and 
specific  gravity. 

Kenngott  makes  the  crystallization  monoclinic,  and  the  pyramidal  planes  oblique  basal  planes ; 
but  such  twins  with  pyramids  so  formed  are  not  known  among  monoclinic  species. 

107.  JORDANITE.    Jordanit  v.  Rath,  Verh.  Nat.  Yer.  Bonn,  March,  1864,  Pogg.,  cxxii.  387,  1864. 

Orthorhombic.  /A/=123°  29' ;  0 A  14=128°  27';  a:  b:  c=  1-2595:1:1 -8604.  Observed  planes : 
0;  in  zone  i-i,  f-f,  K  £-*,  f-i-  ^4,  24,  3-?,  6-?;  in  zone  1,  f,  $,  J,  f,  |,  f,  1,  f,  7.  Planes  all 
narrow,  except  0 ;  crystals  hexagonal  in  general  form. 

0 A 2-2=126°  27'         0AV-*='130°45'         0Af=115°  0' 
0Af-t=134   34          OAl-i  =124   58          CM  £=144   26£ 

Twins :  composition-face  J;  forms  hexagonal,  arragonite-like.  Cleavage :  i-l  distinct.  Streak 
pure  black. 

COMP. — Undetermined. 

PYR.,  ETC.— Nearly  as  for  sartorite. 

OBS. — From  the  Binnen  valley,  with  sartorite  (q.  v.).  Approaches  closely  sartorite  in  its 
planes  and  angles,  but  differs  in  occurring  in  twin  crystals,  and  in  its  black  streak. 

Named  after  Dr.  Jordan  of  Saarbruck,  who  furnished  vom  Rath  with  his  specimens. 

108.  MIARGYRITB.    Hemiprismatische  Rubin-Blende  (fr.  Braunsdorf)  Mohs,   Grundr.,  606, 
1824.  Miargyrit  #.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xv.  469, 1829.   Hypargyrite,  Hypargyron-Blende  (fr.  Clausthal), 
Sreith.,  Char.,  286,  333,  1832.     Kenngottite  (fr.  Felsobanya)  Raid.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xxii.  236 
1856. 

Monoclinic.  67=48°  14',  /A  7=106°  31',  0  A  14=136°  8';  a:~b:c= 
1-2883  : 1 :  0*9991,  Naumann.  Observed  planes  :  O ;  vertical,  /,  i4,  i4,  i-2, 


i-%  ;  domes  £-^, 
octahedral,^  5 


SULPHAHSENITES,    ETC. 

i,  l-i,  £*,  14,  34  ; 

HhA-t,H;«H, 


89 


6>  A  ^=131°  46'     O  A  f£=139°  58' 
#A/=122    16      OM-i=  98    24: 
6>A  j-  =109    16     ^'Al-^=129  50 

Observed  angles  by  Weisbach,  from 
Braiinsdorf  crystals:  /A  7=104°  36' 
-105°  50';  <9  A  ^=132°  28',  134°  15', 
127°  II7,  131°  35'  ;  i-i  A  1^=129°  17' 
129°,  49'. 

Crystals  thick  tabular,  or  stout,  or 
short  prismatic,  pyramidal.     Lateral  planes  deeply  striated.     Cleavage: 
f&,  1-i  imperfect. 

H.=2-2-5.  G.=5-2-5-4  ;  mostly  5'22-5'24.  Lustre  submetallic-ada- 
mantine.  Color  iron-black.  Streak  dark  cherry-red.  Opaque,  except  in 
thin  splinters,  which,  by  transmitted  light,  are  deep  blood-red.  Fracture 
subconchoidal. 

Comp.—  Ag  S  +  SbaS3=  Sulphur  21-8,  antimony  41-5,  silver  36-7=100.  Analysis  by  H.  Rose 
(Pogg.,  xv.  469): 

S  21-95         Sb  39.14        Ag  36-40        Cu  1-06        Fe  0'62=99-17. 

The  kenngottite  (1.  c.)  which  Weisbach  refers  here  (Pogg.,  cxxv.  457),  has  not  been  analyzed; 
von  Hauer  found  in  it  (Pogg.,  xcviii.  165)  about  30  p.  c.  of  silver;  G-.=6'06.  Hypargyrite  is  a 
massive  variety;  Gr.=4'779  —  4-890,  Breith.;  it  afforded  Plattner  (1.  c.)  35  p.  c.  of  silver.  For 
Weisbach's  measurements  see  Pogg.,  1.  c. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  fuses  easily,  and  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphid  of 
antimony  ;  in  the  open  tube  sulphurous  and  antimonous  fumes,  the  latter  as  a  white  sublimate. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  quietly  with  emission  of  sulphur  and  antimony  fumes  to  a  gray  bead,  which 
after  continued  treatment  in  O.F.  leaves  a  bright  globule  of  silver.  If  the  silver  globule  be  treated 
with  phosphorus  salt  in  O.F.,  the  green  glass  thus  obtained  shows  traces  of  copper  when  fused 
with  tin  in  R.F. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  oxyd  of  antimony. 

Obs.  —  At  Braunsdorf,  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  associated  with  tetrahedrite,  pyrargyrite,  etc.  ; 
Felsobanya  (kenngottite}  with  pyrite,  galenite,  blende,  barite;  Przibram  in  Bohemia;  Clausthal 
(hypargyrite)  ;  Guadalajara  in  Spain  ;  at  Parenos,  and  the  mine  Sta.  M.  de  Catorce,  near  Potosi  ; 
also  at  Molinares,  Mexico,  with  diallogite. 

Named  from  /*«wr,  less,  apyupor,  silver,  because  it  contains  less  silver  than  some  kindred  ores. 


109.  PLAGIONITE.    Plagionit  a.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xxviii.  421,  1833. 

Monoclinic.  (7=72°  28', /A  7=85° 
158°  9',  Eose  ;  a  :  ~b  :  c  =  0-37015  :  1 
served  planes  as  in  f.  107. 

0  A  1=154°  20'  O 

0  A  2=138  52  1  A  1=142  3 

0  A  -1=149  2  A  2=120  49 


25;, 
0-8802. 


-1  A>7O    OO/ 

—  ±U  (      oZi 


10Y 


Crystals  thick  tabular;  the  plane  0  shining  and 
smooth ;  others  striated.  Cleavage :  2,  perfect,  but 
seldom  affording  smooth  surfaces.  Also  massive, 
granular. 

H.=2'5.  G.=5'4.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  black- 
ish lead-gray.  Opaque.  Brittle. 


90  SULPHAKSENTTES,    ETC. 

Oomp.  —  Pb  S  +  Sb2  S3  +  £  Pb  S=Sulphur  21-3,  antimony  38'2,  lead  40'5.  Analyses  :  1,  H.  Rose 
(Pogg.,  xxviii.  428);  2,  Kudernatsch  (Pogg.,  xxxvii.  588);  3,  Scbultz  (Ramm.  Min.  Cb.,  1006): 

1.  Wolfsberg  S  21-53  Sb  37-94  Pb  40-52=99-99  Rose. 

2.  "  21-49  37-53  40-98  =  100  Kudernatsch. 

3.  "  21-10  37-84  39-36,  Cu  1'27=99'53  Schultz. 

Pyr.  —  Same  as  in  zinkenite. 

Obs,  —  At  Wolfsberg  in  geodes  and  druses  of  crystals  in  massive  plagionite,  or  crystallized  on 
quartz,  and  was  discovered  by  Zincken.  Named,  in  allusion  to  its  unusually  oblique  crystalliza- 
tion, from  TrX<iyt<>$,  oblique. 

Taking  the  planes  2,  2,  as  the  lateral  faces  of  the  fundamental  prism,  the  lateral  angle  is  nearly 
the  same  as  in  freieslebenite. 

110.  BINNITB.    Dufrenoysite  v.  Waltershausen,  Pogg.,  xciv.   119,   1855;    0.  Heusser,  Pogg., 
xciv.  334,  xcvii.  115.     Binnito  Descl,  Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  viii.  389,  1855. 

Isometric.  Figures  3,  14,  and  others  :  observed  planes  :  0,  I,  2-2,  with 
1,  f,  and  6-6,  on  some  crystals.  Cleavage  not  distinct. 

fi.=4'5.  G.  =4*4:77'.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  on  fresh  fracture  black, 
sometimes  brownish  or  greenish.  Streak  cherry-red.  Brittle. 

Comp.  —  From  anal.  1,  f  -Gu  S  +  Asa  S3=Sulphur  29*7,  arsenic  31-1,  copper  39-2  =  100.  From 
anal.  2,  -Gu  S  +  £  As2S5,  or  like  enargite.  Analyses:  1,  Uhrlaub  (Pogg.,  xciv.  117);  2,  Stockar- 
Escher  (Kenng.  Uebers.,  1856-57,  174): 

S  As  Cu  Pb  Ag  Fe 

1.  27-55  30-06  37-74  2*75  1-23  0'82  =  1  00-15  Uhr. 

2.  32-73  18-98  46'24  -  1'91  -  -99'86  S.-E. 

Pyr.  —  In  the  closed  tube,  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphid  of  arsenic  ;  in  the  open  tube  a  crystal- 
line sublimate  of  arsenous  acid,  with  sulphurous  fumes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  an  arsenical 
odor  and  a  faint  white  coating,  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  duh1  iron-black,  magnetic  globule, 
which,  according  to  Wiser,  is  surrounded  by  a  coating  of  oxyd  of  zinc.  The  globule  yields  metal- 
lic copper  with  soda. 

Obs  —  In  dolomite,  in  the  valley  of  Bremen,  with  realgar,  orpiment,  blende,  pyrite,  sartorite, 
and  dufrenoysite. 

111.  BRONGNIARDITE.    Damour,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IY.  xvi.  227,  1849. 

^Isometric.  In  octahedrons  with  truncated  edges  (1,  1),  Damour.  Massive, 
without  cleavage. 

H.  above  3.  G.=5'950.  Lustre  like  that  of  bournonite.  Color  and 
streak  grayish-black. 

Comp.—  Pb  S  +  Ag  S  +  Sb2  S3,  or  2  (Pb,  Ag)  S  +  Sb2  S3=Sulphur  19-4,  antimony  29-5,  silver  26'1, 
lead  25-0=100.  Analyses:  Damour  (1.  c.)  : 

S             Sb  Ag  Pb  Ou         Fe  Zn 

1.  19-38  29-95  25-03  24'74  0'54  0'30  0-40=100-34. 

2.  19-21  29-60  24-46  25'05  0'61  0'26  0'32=99-51. 

3.  19-14  29-75  24-81  24'94  0'70  0'22  0'37  =  99-93. 


Pyr.,  etc.—  In  the  closed  tube  a  feeble  orange  sublimate  with  a  white  one  above  ;  in  the  open 
tube  fuses,  affords  an  odor  of  sulphur  and  a  white  sublimate  of  oxyd  of  antimony.  B.B.  on  char- 
coal decrepitates,  fuses  easily,  giving  off  an  odor  of  sulphur  and  white  vapors  ;  after  roasting, 
yields  a  globule  of  silver,  with  a  yellow  coating  of  oxyd  of  lead.  Rapidly  attacked  by  concentrated 
nitric  acid. 

Obs.  —  From  Mexico. 

112.  JAMESONTTE,  Grey  antimony  pt.  Jam.,  Syst.,  iii.  390,  1820.  Axotomous  Antimony- 
Glance  Jam.,  Man.,  285.  Axotomer  Antimon-Glanz  Mohs,  Grundr.,  586,  1824.  Jamesonite 
Haid.,  TrL  Mohs's  Min.,  i.  451  (iii.  26),  1825. 


SULPHARSENITES,    ETC.  9| 

Bleischimmer  Pfaff,  Schw.  J.,  xxvii.  1.     Pfaffite  Huot,  i.  192,  1841. 

AntimoniaUsk  Fadererz  pt.,  Minora  antimonii  plumosa  pt.,  Wall,  1747 ;  Federerz  G&rm  • 
Mine  d'antimoine  au  plumes  Fr. ;  Feather  ore,  Plumose  Antimonial  Ore,  pt.  (rest  mostly  Stibnite)' 
through  last  cent.  Antimoine  sulfure  capillaire  pt.  [or  var.  of  Stibnite]  K,  Tr.,  1801 ;  Haarfor- 
miges  Grauspiessglanzerz  pt.  Karst.,  Tab.,  52,  1800 ;  Haarf.  Antimonglanz  Mohs,  1824,  Leonh., 
1826.  Federerz  of  Wolfsberg  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xv.  471,  1829  ;  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  425,  1832.  Feder- 
erz,  var.  of  Jamesonite,  v.  Kob.,  Char.,  ii.  175,  1831.  Wolfsbergite  ffwt.,  Miu.,  i.  193.  Plumo- 
sit  Raid.,  Handb.,  569,  1845.  Plumites  Glock.,  Syn.,  30,  1847.  Heteromorpb.it  Ramm.,  Pogg., 
Ixxvii.  240,  1849.  Federerz,  var.  of  Jamesonite,  Ramm.,  Min.  ChM  71,  1860.  '' 

Orthorhombic.  7  A  7=101°  20'  and  Y8°  40'.  Observed  planes  7,  i-i. 
Cleavage  basal,  highly  perfect;  7 and  i-i  less  perfect.  Usually  in  acicular 
crystals.  Also  fibrous  massive,  parallel  or  divergent;  also  in  capillary 
forms ;  also  amorphous  massive. 

H.=2-3.  G.=5-5-5-8;  5'564,  from  Cornwall,  Haidinger;  5-616, 
from  Estremadura,  SchaiFgotsch ;  5'601,  from  Arany  Idka,  Lowe;  5'6T88, 
massive,  Ramm. 

VAR. — a,  well  crystallized ;  5,  fibrous  or  columnar,  sometimes  diverging ;  c,  capillary,  or  cobweb- 
like  ;  d,  granular  or  compact. 

The  capillary  is  feather  ore  (Federerz  Germ.)  regarded  as  a  species  by  nearly  all  the  min- 
eralogists of  last  century,  but  including  capillary  stibnite ;  made  a  variety  of  Stibnite  by  v.  Born, 
Karsten,  Haiiy,  Mohs,  Leonhard,  and  other  authors,  until'  1829;  and  a  distinct  species  again 
by  most  authors  after  the  analysis  by  Eose  in  1829  ;  but  referred  to  Jamesonite  by  v.  Kobell  in 
1830,  and  Rammelsberg  in  1860.  An  amorphous  variety  occurs  with  the  feather  ore  at  Wolfsberg 
(anal.  7),  for  which  Rammelsberg  gives  the  hardness  3-0,  and  0-.= 5 -67 88. 

Comp.— 2  (Pb,  Fe)  S  +  Sb2S3=(if  Fe  :  Pb=l  :  4)  Sulphur  21-1,  antimony  32-2,  lead  43-7,  iron 
3-0  =  100.  But  excluding  the  iron  as  sulphid,  Rose  makes  the  formula  f  Pb  S  +  Sb2S3= Sulphur  20'7, 
antimony  34'8,  lead  4-45  =  100.  Yon  Zepharovich  sustains  the  first  formula  (Sitz.  Ak.  Wien, 
1867,  169).  Analyses  5  to  10  of  feather  ore  agree  well  with  the  preceding,  whence  Rammela- 
berg's  reference  to  Jamesonite. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  viii.  101);  3,  Schaffgotsch  (Pogg.,  xxxviii.  403);  4,  A.  Lowe 
(Haid.  Ber.,  L  62);  5,  H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  xv.  471);  6,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ann.,  Ixxvii.  241;  7, 
Poselger  (ib.,  Ramm.,  Min.  Oh.,  71);  8-10,  0.  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  60): 

S  Sb         Pb       Fe      Cu       Zn 

1.  Cornwall  22-15     S4'40     40-75     2-.30     0'13    =99'73  Rose. 

2.  "  22-53     34-90     38'71     2'65     0'19     0'74=99'72  Rose. 

3.  Estremadura  21'78     32-62     39-97     3-63 0'42,  Bi  1-06=99-48  Sch. 

4.  Arany  Idka  18'59     33-10    40'82     2'99     1-78     0'35,  Ag  1'48,  Bi  0'22=99'33L6we. 

5.  Wolfsberg,  feather  ore  19'72     31-04    46-87     1*30   0'08=99'01  Rose. 

6.  "  "        20-23   [31-96]  44*32     2'93     0'56    =100  Ramm. 

7.  Wolfsberg,  massive     20-52   [31-54]  44'0       2'91     1-03 =100  Poselger. 

8.  Tuscany,  capil  18-39     30-19    47-68     0'26     I'll     1-08=98-7 1  Bechi. 

9.  "         acic.  19-25     29'24    49'31 '2'00    0'21= 100-01  Bechi. 

10.         "         capil.  20-53     32-16     43'38     0'94     1'25     1-74=100  BechL 

Pyr. — Same  as  for  zinkenite. 

Obs. — Jamesonite  occurs  principally  in  Cornwall,  associated  with  quartz  and  minute  crystj 
bournonite ;  occasionally  also  in  Siberia,  Hungary,  at  Valentia  d' Alcantara  in  Spain,  and  Brazil 
Its  perfect  cleavage  at  right  angles  with  the  vertical  axis  is  sufficient  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
species  it  resembles.     Named  after  Prof.  Jameson  of  Edinburgh. 

The  feather  ore  occurs  at  Wolfsborg  in  the  Eastern  Harz ;  also  at  Andreasberg  and  < 
at  Freiberg  and  Schemnitz;  in  the  Anhalt  at  Pfafienberg  and  Meiseberg;  in  Tuscany,  n< 
tino ;  at  Chonta  in  Peru. 

Zundererz,  or  Bergzunderz  [=Tinder  Ore]  of  G.  Lehmann  (Mem.  Ac.  Berlin,  20,   1758),  which 
is  soft  like  tinder  and  dark  dirty  red  in  color,  has  been  referred  to  kermesite,  but  proves 
jamesouite  or  feather  ore  mixed  with  red  silver  and  arsenopyrite.    Borntrager  obt 
analysis  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  xxxvi.  40)  S  19-57,  As  12-60,  Sb  16-88,  Pb  4<r06,  Ag  2'56,  Fe  4'o2  = 
Andreasberg  and  Clausthal  in  the  Harz. 


STJLPHAKSE.NITES,    ETC. 


113.  DUFRENOYSITE.  Dufrenoysite  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xiv.  379,  1845.  Gott- 
hardit  Ramm.,  Berz.  Ch.  Min.,  229,  256,  1847.  Arsenomelan  and  Scleroelase  pt.  v.  WaUersh. 
Pogg.,xciv.  115,  1855.  Dufrenoysite  pt.  DescL,  Ann.  d.  M.,  Y.  viii.  389.  Skleroklas  Petersen, 
Oflfenb.  Ver.,  vii.  13,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1867,  203. 

Orthorhombic.     /A 7=93°  39',    0  A  1-5=121°  30',  a:  I :  0=1-6318  : 1: 

1*0658.     Observed  planes  :   0  ;  verti- 
cal, 7,  ir%,  i-1 ;  domes,  |-2,  |4,  l-£,  J4, 
1-5, 2-i ;  octahedral,  1,2.  0  A 14 

9',  <9  A  14=142°  34',  0  f\2-i= 
10T02',  0  A  1=114°  5',  6>A2=102°36/, 

1  A  1-1=14:1  °  20|,  1  A  1-5=138°  15',   V. 

Rath.  Usual  in  thick  rectangular 
tables.  Cleavage :  O  perfect.  Also 
massive. 

H.=3.  G.=5-549, Damour;  5-5616, 

Landolt;  5*569,  v.Rath.    Lustre  metallic.    Color  blackish  lead-gray  ;  streak 

reddish-brown.     Opaque.     Brittle. 

Comp.— 2  Pb  S  +  As2S8=Sulphur  22-10,  arsenic  20*72,  lead  57-18=100.  Analyses:  1,  2, 
Damour  (L  c.) ;  3,  4,  Landolt  &  Berendies  (Dissert,  de  Dufrenoysite,  18 64,  Pogg.,  cxxii.  374) : 

Cu 

0-31  =  99-54  Damour. 
0-22=101-03  Damour. 

=99-0  L.  &  B. 

L.  &B. 

Analyses  of  dufrenoysite  have  been  published  by  Uhrlaub  and  Nason  (Pogg.,  c.  537),  and  by 
Stockar  Escher  (Kenng.  Forsch.,  '56,  '57,  176) ;  but  as  they  were  made  without  discriminating  the 
species,  and  give  intermediate  results,  they  are  not  cited  here  in  detail.  Peterson  has  also  pub- 
lished two  analyses  (1.  c.),  and  gives  the  following  as  the  mean  of  1 7  anal,  by  the  chemists  just 
mentioned  and  himself : 

S            As           Pb           Ag           Fe        Cu 
1.         24-31         24-25         50'86         0'41         ?     =99'83 

Peterson  in  one  analysis  obtained  S  23-22,  As  25-83,  Pb  50-74,  Ag  0-21 ;  and  in  the  other  S  25*00, 
As  23-93,  Pb  51-32,  Ag  O'l  2.  He  makes  the  formula  [2  Pb  S  +  As2S3]  +  [Pb  S  +  As2  S3] =Pb  S  + 
f  As2  S3. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Easily  fuses  and  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphur  and  sulphuret  of  arsenic ;  in  the 
open  tube  a  smell  of  sulphur  only,  with  a  sublimate  of  sulphur  in  upper  part  of  tube,  and  of 
arsenous  acid  below.  On  charcoal  decrepitates,  melts,  yields  fumes  of  arsenic  and  a  globule  of 
lead,  which  on  cupellation  yields  silver. 

Obs. — From  the  valley  of  Binnen  in  the  St.  Gothard  Alps,  in  crystalline  dolomite,  along  with 
sartorite,  jordanite,  binnite,  realgar,  orpiment,  blende,  pyrite.  The  crystals  are  sometimes  an 
inch  across. 

Damour,  who  first  studied  the  arsenio-sulphids  of  Binnen,  analyzed  the  massive  ore  and  named 
it  dufrenoysite.  He  inferred  that  the  crystallization  was  monometric  from  some  associated  crystals, 
and  so  published  it.  This  led  von  Waltershausen  and  Heusser  to  call  the  monometric  mineral 
dufrenoysite.  and  the  latter  to  name  the  trimetric  binnite.  Von  Waltershausen,  after  studying  the 
prismatic  mineral,  made  out  of  the  species  arsenomelan  and  sderoclase,  yet  partly  on  hypothetical 
grounds.  Recently  it  has  been  found  that  three  orthorhombic  minerals  exist  at  the  locality,  as  an- 
nounced by  voui  Rath,  who  identifies  one,  by  specific  gravity  and  composition,  with  Damour's 
dnfrenoysite-;  another  he  makes  scleroclase  of  von  Waltershausen  (sartorite,  p.  87) ;  and  the  other 
he  names  jordaniie  (p.  88). 


S 

As 

Pb 

Ag 

Fe 

1.  Binnen 

22-49 

20-69 

55-40 

0-21 

0-44 

2. 

22-30 

20-87 

56-61 

0-71 

0-32 

3.         " 

23-27 

21-76 

53-62 

0-05 

0-30 

4. 

23-11 

21-35 

52-02 

una 

!* 

6ULPHARSENITES,    ETC. 


93 


114,  FREIESLEBENITE.  Mine  d'antimoine  grise  tenant  argent  (fr.  Himmelsfurst)  'dt 
Lisle,  Descr.  de  Min.,  35,  1773,  Crist,  iii.  54,  1783.  Dunkles  Weissgultigerz  (id.  loc.,  known 
since  1720)  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  i.  173,  1795.  Schilf-Glaserz  Freieskben,  Geogn.  Arb.,  vi.  97,  1817 
Antimonial  Sulphuret  of  Silver,  Sulphuret  of  Silver  and  Antimony.  Argent  sulfur^  antimoni- 
fere  et  cuprifere  Levy,  Descr.  Min.  Heuland,  1838.  Donacargyrite  Chapm.,  Min  128  1843~ 
Freieslebenit  Haid.,  569,  1845. 


a 


Monoclinic.  67=87°  46',  I A  7=119°  12',  0  A  14=137°  10'  (B  &  M  V 
:  b  :  c=l-5802  :  1  :  1-7032.  Observed  planes  :  O;  vertical,  7,  U  i-l  U 
3,  <Hb  HJ  M  ;  domes,  14,  J4,  14,  f \  24;  octahedral,  £,  1,  1-4,  1-2,  f§! 

109 

0  A  14=123°  55'  1-2  A  1-2,  front,=152°  36' 

O  A  1-4=156  8  i-±  A  i-%       "     =132  48 

0  A  24=118  21  ^-3A^-3       «     =15754 

1  A  1,  front,=128  2  14  A  14,  top,=94  20 
1-4  A  1-4     «    =1666 


Prisms  longitudinally  striated.    Cleavage:  7  perfect. 

H.  =  2-2-5.  G.=6— 6-4;  6'194,  Hausmann  ;  6'23, 
fr.  Przibram,  v.  Payr.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  and 
streak  light  steel-gray,  inclining  to  silver-white,  also 
blackish  lead-gray.  Yields  easily  to  the  knife,  and  is 
rather  brittle.  Fracture  subconchoidal — uneven. 


Comp.— 5  (Pb,  Ag)  S  +  2  Sb2  S3  (fr.  v.  Payr's  anaL)=,  if  Ag  :  Pb=3  :  4,  Sulphur  18-6,  antimony 
25-9,  lead  31 '2,  silver  24'3r=100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Wohler  (Pogg.,  xlvi.  146);  3,  Escosura  (Rev. 
Minera,  vi.  358,  Ann.  d.  M.,  Y.  viii.  495);  4,  v.  Payr  (Jahrb.  Min.  1860,  579): 


3.  Spain 

4.  Przibram 


S  Sb  Pb  Ag  Fe          Cu 

18-77  27-72  30'00  22'18  O'll         1-62=100  W. 

18-72  27-05  30-08  23'78        =99'60  W. 

17-60  26-83  31-90  22-45       =98'78  Escosura. 

18-41  27-11  30-77  23'08  0*63=100  Payr. 


Pisani  refers  here  the  massive  dark  weissgultigerz  analyzed  by  Klaproth,  who  obtained  (1.  c.) 
S  22-00,  Sb  21-50,  Pb  41-00,  Ag  9*25,  Fe  1'75,  £1  I'OO,  Si  0-75=97'25,  considering  part  of  the 
silver  as  here  replaced  by  lead. 

Pyr.— In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  and  antimonial  fumes,  the  latter  condensing  as  a 
white  sublimate.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily,  giving  a  coating,  on  the  outer  edge  white,  from 
antimonous  acid,  and  near  the  assay  yellow,  from  oxyd  of  lead;  continued  blowing  leaves  a 
globule  of  silver. 

Obs.— With  argentite,  siderite,  and  galenite,  in  the  Himmelsfurst  mine,  at  Freiberg  in  Saxony, 
and  Kapnik  in  Transylvania ;  at  Ratieborzitz,  the  ore  of  which  locality  contains  bismuth,  accord- 
ing to  Zincken;  at  Przibram  in  crystals,  often  twins,  and  2  to  6  lines  long;  at  Felsobanya;  at 
Hiendelencina  in  Spain,  with  argentite,  red  silver,  siderite,  galenite,  etc. 

The  crystals  from  Himmelsfurst  are  tridinic,  according  to  Breithaupt  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  189). 
Chapman  took  his  name  donacargyrite  from  the  British  Museum,  knowing  nothing  of  its  origin. 
Such  a  name  ought  not  to  displace  freieskbenite. 

115.  PYROSTILPNTTE.    Feuerblende  Bretth.,  Char.,  285,  333,  1832.    Fireblende  Dana,  Min., 

543,  1850.     Pyrostilpnite,  Daw,. 

Monoclinic.  In  delicate  crystals  grouped  like  stilbite.  Observed  planes, 
7,  ^  1-2,  14,  24,  B.  &  M. 


94: 


STJLPHABSENTTES,    ETC. 


I A  7=139°  12'.  24  A  24,  top,=Y4°.        i-\  A  14=123°  34'. 

14  A  14,  top,=112  52.     i-l  A  24=148  42.  1-2  A  1-2,  top,  =  62  36. 

Cleavage :  -£4,  and  crystals  flattened  in  this  direction.  Faces  i-l  striated 
parallel  to  the  clinodiagonal.  Twins:  plane  of  composition  i-i  (ortho- 
diagonal). 

H.=2.  G.=4'2— 4*25.  Lustre  pearly-adamantine.  Color  hyacinth- 
red.  Translucent.  Sectile  and  somewhat  flexible. 

Oomp. — Contains  62'3  per  cent,  of  silver,  along  with  sulphur  and  antimony  (Plattner,  1.  c.,  333). 

Pyr. — Like  pyrargyrite. 

Obs. — From  the  Kurprinz  mine  near  Freiberg ;  Andreasberg ;  Przibram. 

Named  from  Trty,  fire,  and  emA™^,  shining,  in  allusion  to  its  fire-like  color. 

116.  RTTTINGERITB.    Rittingerit  Zippe,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  ix.  2,  345,  1852. 

Monoclinic;  6y=88°  26'.  In  small  rhombic  tables  with  replaced  basal 
edges.  Observed  planes:  0,  £,  7,  ±6,  ±1.  Observed  angles:  0  A  7= 
91°  24',  7  A  7=126°  18',  0  A  1=132°  24',  0  A  -1=130°  50*,  1  A  -1=96° 
20',  0  A  -6=98°  30',  0  A  £=150°,  -1  A  -1=140°  1'.  Cleavage :  0  imper- 
fect. 

H.= 1-5—3.  Lustre  submetallic-adamantine.  Plane  0  blackish-brown 
in  the  larger  crystals,  less  dark  in  the  more  minute ;  other  parts  iron-black. 
Translucent  and  dull  honey-yellow  to  hyacinth-red  in  the  direction  of  the 
axis.  Streak  orange-yellow.  Brittle. 

Comp. — Probably  a  compound  of  sulphid  of  silver  and  antimony. 

Pyr. — B.B.  same  as  with  pyrargyrite ;  fuses  very  easily,  gives  an  arsenical  odor,  and  finally  a 
globule  of  pure  silver. 

Obs. — From  Joachimsthal,  in  small  crystals. 

117.  PYRARGYRITE.  Argentum  rude  rubrum  pt.,  Germ.  Rothgolderz,  Agric.,  362,  Interpr., 
462,  1546.  Argentum  rubri  coloris  pt.,  Gemein  Rothguldenerz,  Gesner.,  Foss.,  62,  1565.  Roth- 
gylden  pt.,  Argentum  arsenico  pauco  sulphure  et  ferro  mineralisatum  pt.,  Minera  argenti  rubra 
,var.  opaca,  var.  nigrescens,  Wall,  310,  1747.  Mine  d'argent  rouge  Fr.  Trl.  "Wall.,  1753.  Ruby 
Silver  Ore  pt,  Red  Silver  Ore  pt,  Hill,  Foss.,  1771.  Dunkles  Rothgiiltigerz,  Lichtes  id.  pt., 
Wern.,  1789.  Dark  Red  Silver  Ore;  Antimonial  Red  Silver.  Argent  antimonie  sulfure  pt.  H., 
Tr.,  1801.  Argent  rouge  antimoni ale  Proust.,  J.  de  Phys.,  lix.  407,  1804.  Prosit  Sell,  Denks. 
Nat  Schwab.,  L  311,  Tasch.  Mm.,  401,  1817.  Rubinblende  pt.  Mohs.  Antimonsilberblende. 
Pyrargrit  Ghck.,  Handb.,  388,  1831.  Argyrythrose  Send.,  Tr.,  ii.  430,  1832. 

Rhombohedral.      Opposite   extremities 
of  crystals  often  unlike.    R  A  7i?=1080  42', 

~R      Ji       "1\/T          /")         D         -1  oAr      A  c\f  /-r 

Observed  planes  in  this  and  the  following 
species :  basal  and  prismatic,  O,  I,  £-2,  i-% , 
%  ^-fr  ;  rhombohedral,  ^,  J,  ^  f,  R  (or 
1),|,  4-14,  -5,  -|,  -2,  -I,  -1,  -*, 
—3-5  —  a  j  pyramidal,  §-2,  -J-2, ;  scaleno. 


r.f.  f  -  r,  * 

V»   I',  f, 


f,  .».  ft 

,  -8t,  -51 

- 


'  -*' 


0^  J==156°32' 
L3=112  33' 
L7:=100  14 


SULPHAESENITES,    ETC. 
4-AJ  =137°  58' 

=125  39 


95 


=144°  21' 
3  =164     5 


Cleavage :  ^  rather  imperfect.  Twins :  composition-face  -i  as  in 
f.  113,  which  consists  of  four  individuals  ;  0  or  basal  plane,  as  in  f.  114  • 
also  R  and  I.  Also  massive,  structure  granular,  sometimes' impalpable  ' 


113 


1.  Andreasberg 
2.  Mexico 
3.  Zacatecas,  Mex. 
4.  Chili 

S 
16-61 
18-0 
17-76 
17-45 

Sb 
22-85 
21-8 
24-59 
23-16 

H.=2—  2-5.  G.=5'7—  5*9.  Lustre  metallic-adamantine.  Color  black, 
sometimes  approaching  cochineal-red.  Streak  cochineal-red.  Translucent 
—  opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal. 

Comp.—  ?,  Ag  S  +  SbQ  S3=Sulphur  17'7,  antimony  22'5,  silver  59'8=100.  Analyses:  1,  Bons- 
dorff(Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1821,  338);  2,  Wohler  (Ann.  d.  Pharm.,  xxvii.  157);  3.  Bottger  (Ramm. 
Handw.,  ii.  106);  4,  F.  Field  (Q.  J.  Oh.  Soc.,  xii.  12)  : 

Ag 

68-95,  gangue  0-30=98-70  Bonsdorff. 

60-2  =  100  Wohler. 

57-45=99-80  Bottger. 

59-01=99-62  Field. 

Henckel  found  arsenic  in  ruby  silver  (Pyritol,  169,  1725),  and  both  light  and  red  silver  ores 
were  afterwards  considered  arsenical,  until  Klaproth's  analysis,  detecting  antimony  alone,  in  1794 
(Beitr.,  i.  141)  ;  after  this  both  were  supposed  to  be  antimonial,  until  Proust,  in  1804  (J.  de  Phys., 
lix.  403)  showed  that  there  were  two  species,  an  antimonial  and  an  arsenical. 

Fyr,,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  fuses  and  gives  a  reddish  sublimate  of  sulphid  of  antimony;  in 
the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  white  sublimate  of  oxyd  of  antimony.  B.B.  on  charcoal 
fuses  with  spirting  to  a  globule,  gives  off  sulphid  of  antimony,  coats  the  coal  white,  and  the  assay 
is  converted  into  sulphid  of  silver,  which,  treated  in  O.F.,  or  with  soda  in  R.F.,  gives  a  globule  of 
fine  silver.  In  case  arsenic  is  present  it  may  be  detected  by  fusing  the  pulverized  mineral  with 
soda  on  charcoal  in  R.F. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  antimonous  acid. 

Obs.  —  The  dark-red  silver  ore  occurs  principally  with  calcite,  native  arsenic,  and  galenite, 
at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz  ;  also  in  Saxony,  Hungary,  Norway,  at  G-audalcanal  in  Spain,  and  in 
Cornwall.  In  Mexico  it  is  worked  extensively  as  an  ore  of  silver.  In  Chili  it  is  found  in  crystals 
at  mine  Dolores  and  Chanarcillo  near  Copiapo.  In  Nevada,  at  Washoe  in  Daney  Mine  ;  in  Ophir 
mine,  rare  ;  abundant  about  Austin,  Reese  river,  but  no  good  crystals  ;  at  Poorman  lode,  Idaho, 
in  masses  sometimes  of  several  hundred  weight,  along  with  cerargyrite. 

A  light-red  ore  from  Andreasberg,  according  to  Zincken,  contains  no  arsenic.  _  A  gray  ore  from 
the  same  locality,  contains  both  arsenic  and  antimony,  and  may  be  miargyrite.  On  cryst.  of 
pyrargyrite,  see  Q.  Sella,  Acad.  Sci.  Torino,  8vo,  1856. 

Alt.—  Occurs  like  proustite,  changed  to  argentite  (AgS);  topyrite;  so-called  argentopyrite  ; 
silver. 


96  SULPHARSEOTTES,    ETC, 


118.  PROUSTTTE.  Argentum  rude  rubrum  translucidum  carbunculis  simile,  Germ.  Durch- 
sichtig  Rodtguldenerz,  Agric.,  362,  Interpr.,  462,  1546.  Argentum  rubri  coloris  pellucidum, 
Schon  Rubin  Rothguldenerz,  Gesner,  Foss.,  62,  1565.  Minera  argenti  rubra  pellucida  Watt.,  311, 
1747.  Ruby  Silver  Ore  pt.  HiU.  Argent  rouge  arseuicale  Proust,  J.  de  Phys.,  lix.  404,  1804. 
Lichtes  Rothgiiltigerz  pt.,  Arsenikalisches  id.,  Arseuiksilberblende,  Germ.  Rubinblende  pt. 
Arsenical  Silver  Ore  ;  Light  Red  Silver  Ore.  Proustite  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  445,  1832. 


Khombohedral.  Bf\R=Wl°  48',  <9  A  72=137°  9'  ;  a=0'78506.  Also 
granular  massive. 

H.=2—  2*5.  G.—  5*422—  5  '56.  Lustre  adamantine.  Color  cochineal- 
red.  Streak  cochineal-red,  sometimes  inclined  to  aurora-red.  Subtranspa- 
rent  —  subtranslucent.  Fracture  conchoidal  —  uneven. 

Oomp.—  3  Ag  S-f  As2  S8=Sulphur  19'4,  arsenic  15-2,  silver  65-4=100.  Analyses:  1,  H.  Rose 
(Pogg.,  xv.  472)-  2,  F.  Field  (Q.  J.  Chem.  Soc.,  xii.  12)  : 

1.  Joachimsthal        819-51         As  15'09        Ag  64'67         Sb  0-69=99-96  Rose. 

2.  Chili  19-81  15'12  64'88=99'81  Field. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  fuses  easily,  and  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of  sulphid  of  arsenic  ; 
in  the  open  tube  sulphurous  fumes  aud  a  white  crystalline  sublimate  of  arsenous  acid.  B.B.  on 
charcoal  fuses  and  emits  odors  of  sulphur  and  arsenic  ;  by  prolonged  heating  in  O.F.,  or  with  soda 
in  R.F.,  gives  a  globule  of  pure  silver.  Some  varieties  contain  antimony. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  arsenous  acid. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  at  Freiberg,  Johanngeorgenstadt,  Marienberg,  and  Annaberg;  at  Joachimsthal 
in  Bohemia  ;  Wolfach  in  Baden  ;  Markirchen  in  Alsace  ;  Chalanches  in  Dauphine  ;  Guadalcanal 
in  Spain  ;  in  Mexico  ;  Peru  ;  Chili,  near  Copiapo,  at  Chanarcillo,  some  crystals  3  in.  long  (D. 
Forbes.)  In  Nevada,  in  the  Daney  mine,  and  in  Comstock  lode,  but  rare  ;  in  veins  about  Austin, 
Lander  Co  ;  in  microscopic  crystals  in  Cabarrus  Co..  N.  C.,  at  the  McMakin  mine  ;  in  Idaho,  at 
the  Poorman  lode,  with  pyrargyrite,  native  silver  and  gold,  and  cerargyrite. 

Named  after  the  French  chemist,  J.  L.  Proust. 

Alt.  —  Occurs  altered  to  pyrrhotite,  Breith. 

119.  BOURNONTTE.  Ore  of  Antimony  (fr.  Endellion)  P.  JRashleigh,  Spec.  Brit.  Min.,  i.  34, 
pL  xix.,  1797.  Triple  Sulphuret  of  Lead,  Antimony,  and  Copper  Bournon  (with  figs.),  Phil. 
Trans.,  30,  1804;  Ch.  Hatchett  (anal.),  ib.,  63.  Bournonite,  Antimonial  Lead  Ore,  Jameson, 
Syst.,  ii.  579,  1805,  iii.  372,  1816.  Spiessglanzblei  Karst.,  in  Klapr.  Beitr.,  iv.  82,  1807,  and 
Tab.,  68,  1808.  Plomb  sulfure  antimonifere  H.,  Tabl.,  1809.  Endellione  Bourn.,  Cat.  Min., 
409,  1813.  Schwarz  Spiesglanzerz  Wern.  Antimoine  sulfur^  plumbo-cuprifere  H.,  Tr.,  iv. 
1822.  Radelerz  [=Wheel  Ore]  Kapnik  miners.  Endellionite  Zippe,  Char.  Min.,  213,  1859. 

Prismatischer  Spiesglas-G-lanz  Mohs,  Char.,  1820;  Prismatoidischer  Kupfer-G-lanz  Mohs, 
Grundr.,  ii.  559,  1824.  Antimonkupfer-Glanz  Breith.  Wolchit  Haid.,  Handb.,  564,  1845. 
Wolchite. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=93°  40',  0  A  1-^=136°  IT,  a  :  I  :  c=0'95618  : 
1  :  1-0662.  Observed  planes:  0  ;  vertical,  i-i,  i-i,  i-±,  *-|,  *-2,  i-$,  i-~,  i-2, 
i-\,  *-|;  domes,  |-^,  f^,  14,  8-1;  J4,  fS,  f^,  j-»,  |-^,  1-^,  |-^,  f-^,  2-z,  3-1; 
octahedral,  |,  J,  f,  },  1,  2,  1-5,  2-2,  3-8,  f-5,  1-1,  f|,  1-2,  2-2. 

0  A  f  £=154°  2r.  0  A  i=146°  45'.        1  A  1,  mac.,  =114°  6r. 

0  A  1-^=147  29.  O  A  1=12T  20.  1  A  1,  brach,=109  6. 

0  A  1-2=133  26.  O  A  f-g=144  29.  £2  A  ^-2,  ov.  ^,=129  44. 

0  A  2-2=115  20.  O  A  l-fe!38  6.  i-l  A  i-2,  ov.  ^,=123  52. 


SULPHARSEOTTES,    ETC. 


97 


Cleavage:  i-i  imperfect;  i-i  and  0  less  distinct.  Twins:  composition- 
face  I;  crystals  often  cruciform  (f.  116),  crossing  at  angles  of  93°  40'  and 
86°  20' ;  hence,  also,  cog-wheel  shaped.  Also  massive :  granular,  compact. 


115 


H.=2'5— 3.  Gr.^5'7— 5*9.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  and  streak  steel- 
gray,  inclining  to  blackish  lead-gray  or  iron-black.  Opaque.  Fracture 
conchoidal  or  uneven.  Brittle. 


S 

Sb 

Pb 

1.  Neudorf 

20-31 

26-28 

40-84 

2.         " 

19-63 

25-68 

41-38 

3.  Meiseberg 

19-49 

24-60 

40-42 

4. 

18-99 

24-82 

40-04 

5.  Wolfsberg 

19-76 

24-34 

42-88 

6.  Clausthal 

(f)  18-81 

23-79 

40-24 

7.  Cornwall 

20-30 

26-30 

40-80 

8.  Alais 

19-4 

29-4 

38-9 

9.  Mexico 

17-8 

28-3 

40-2 

10.  Huasco 

20-45 

26-21 

40-76 

Oomp.,  Var.— 3  (€u,  Pb)  S  +  Sb2  S3,  or  (3€u  S  +  Sb2S3)  +  2  (3  Pb  S  +  Sb2S3)  Ramm.=  Sulphur 
19%  antimony  25-0,  lead  42-4,  copper  12-9  —  100.  Analyses:  1,  H.  Eose  (Pogg.,  xv.  573);  2, 
Sinding  (Ramm.  Handw.,  123);  3-5,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxvii.  253);  6,  C.  Kuhlemami  (ZS. 
Nat.  Ver.  Halle,  viii.  500);  7,  F.  Field  (Q.  J.  Oh.  Soc.,  xiv.  158);  8.  9,  Dufrenoy  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III. 
x.  371): 

Cu 

12-65  =  100-08  Rose. 
12-68=99-37  Binding. 
13-06=97-57  Ramm. 
15-16=99-01  Ramm. 
13-06=100-04  Ramm. 
12-99,  Fe  2-29,  Mn  0'17,  Si  2'60=100  K. 
12-70=100-10  Field. 
12-3=100  Dufrenoy. 
13-3  =  99-6  Dufrenoy. 
12-52=99-94  Field.     G.=5-80. 

The  Meiseberg  mineral  (No.  4)  is  light-gray,  and  occurs  in  tabular  crystals,  with  an  uneven 
conchoidal  fracture,  and  submetallic  lustre.  Gr.=5'703,  Zincken ;  5*726  and  5'792,  Bromeis ;  5'779, 
Rammelsberg. 

Another  variety  (No.  3)  is  iron-black,  with  the  faces  of  a  rhombic  octahedron  largely  developed. 
Fracture  conchoidal.  Lustre  metallic.  G-.  =  5'822  and  5-847,  Bromeis;  5*844,  Zincken;  5*863, 
Rammelsberg. 

The  Wolfsberg  ore  (No.  5)  is  iron-black.  The  crystals  are  rectangular  prismatic.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Lustre  metallic.  G.  =  5'726,  Rammelsberg;  5'796,  Zincken ;  5-801  and  5-855,  Bromeis. 

For  Zirkel  on  cryst.  and  history,  nee  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xlv.  431,  1862.  Zirkel  makes  the  macro 
diagonal  of  the  crystal  above  the  vertical  axis ;  and  in  this  we  have  not  followed  him,  becausi 
the  above  is  strictly  the  normal  position  for  the  vertical  axis,  or  that  which  homology  with  the 
cube  requires,  since  0  A  14  and  0  A  l-l  are  near  135°.  The  faces  i-l  and  *4  are  homologous  wit. 
the  cubic  faces,  and  I,  I  with  the  dodecahedral,  the  angle  between  which,  either  side  of  t-t,  is 
near  90°. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  a  dark-red  sublimate.    In  the  open 
gives  sulphurous  acid,  and  a  white  sublimate  of  oxyd  of  antimony.    B.B.  on  charcoal  ii 
and  at  first  coats  the  coal  white,  from  antimonous  acid ;  continued  blowing  gives  a  yellow  cc 
of  oxyd  of  lead;  the  residue,  treated  with  soda  in  R.F.,  gives  a  globule  of  copper. 

7 


98  6ULPHARSENITES,    ETC. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  affording  a  blue  solution,  and  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphur,  and  a 
white  powder  containing  antimony  and  lead. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  mines  of  Neudorf  in  the  Harz  (which  include  the  Meiseberg  localities), 
where  the  crystals  occasionally  exceed  an  inch  in  diameter ;  also  at  Wolfsberg,  Clausthal,  and 
Andreasberg  in  the  Harz;  with  quartz,  tetrahedrite,  and  phosphorescent  blende,  at  Kapnik  in 
Transylvania,  in  flattened  crystals;  at  Servoz  in  Piedmont,  associated  with  pearl  spar  and 
quartz.  Other  localities  are  the  parish  of  Braunsdorf  and  Gersdorf  in  Saxony,  Olsa  in  Carinthia, 
etc. ;  Endellion  at  Wheal  Boys  in  Cornwall,  where  it  was  first  found,  and  hence  called  endellione, 
by  Count  Bournon,  after  whom  it  was  afterward  named ;  in  Mexico ;  at  Huasco-Alto  in  Chili ; 
at  Machacamarca  in  Bolivia ;  in  Peru. 

Alt.— Occurs  altered  to  cerussite,  malachite,  azurite,  and  also  (as  Rammelsberg  has  shown)  to 
the  mineral  called  wokhite,  which  occurs  in  similar  crystals,  with  the  same  hardness  and  same 
sp.  gr.  (5-88—5-94  Ramm.).  It  was  originally  from  Wolch  in  Carinthia,  but  occurs  also  at  Olsa, 
with  true  bournonite. 

Schrotter,  in  his  analysis  of  wolchite  from  Wolch,  obtained  (Baumgartn.  ZS.,  viii.  284)  S  28-60, 
Sb  16-65,  As  6-04,  Pb  29-90,  Cu  17'35,  Fe  1-40=99-94.  Rammelsberg  found,  as  the  mean  of  4 
analyses  (Min.  Chem.,  80),  S  16-81,  Sb  24-41,  Pb  15-59,  Cu  42-83,  Fe  0-36=100,  excluding  the 
percentage  of  mixed  carbonate,  sulphate,  and  antimouial  salts  of  lead  and  copper,  and  some  water. 

120.  STYLOTYPITE.    Stylo  typ  v.  Kobell,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  1865,  i.  163,  1865.     Canutillo 

Chilian  miners. 

Orthorhombic.  1 1\  I  about  92 J°,  near  that  of  Bournonite.  Twins : 
cruciform,  angle  of  intersection  near  90°.  Cleavage  :  none  distinct. 

H.=3.  G.=4r'79.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  iron-black;  streak  black. 
Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal,  uneven. 

Comp. — 3  (€u,  Ag,  Fe)  S  +  Sb2  S3,  the  species  being  an  iron- silver-copper  bournonite  (ratio  -Gu 
-t-  Ag :  Fe=2  :  1,  and  <3u  :  Ag=6  :  l)=Sulphur  24-9,  antimony  31'6,  copper  28'2,  silver  8'0,  iron 
7-3=100.  Analysis :  v.  KobeU  (1.  c.) : 

S  Sb  Cu  Fe  Ag 

24-30  30-53  28'00  7'00  8'30,  Pb,  Zn  fr-.=98'13 

Fyr.,  etc. — B.B.  decrepitates,  and  fuses  very  easily.  On  charcoal  a  steel-gray  globule,  which 
is  magnetic ;  fumes  of  antimony,  and  some  lead  coating  the  coal. 

Obs. — From  Copiapo  in  Chili. 

Named  from  O-H;AO?,  column,  and  run-o?,  /orm,  in  allusion  to  the  columnar  form,  in  which  it  differs 
from  tetrahedrite,  although  approaching  it  in  composition. 

121.  WITTIOHENITE.    Kupferwismutherz  Selb.,  Denks.  d'Aerzte  u.  Nat.  Schwab.,  i.  419; 
Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iv.  91, 1807.    Bismuth  sulfure  cuprifere  Fr.    Cupreous  Bismuth ;  Cupriferous  Sul- 
phuret  of  Bismuth.    Wismuth-Kupfererz  Leorih.,  1826.    Wittichit  v.  Kob.,  Taf.,  13,  1853.    Witti- 
chenit  Kenng.,  Uebers.  1853,  118,  1855. 

Orthorhombic.  Observed  planes  0,  i-i,  i-l,  1-2,  1-2,  7,  and  isomorphous 
with  bournonite,  Breith. ;  prismatic  angle  of  110°  50',  Sandberger.  Mas- 
sive and  disseminated  ;  also  coarse  columnar,  or  an  aggregate  ot  imperfect 
prisms.  Cleavage  in  one  vertical  direction. 

H.=3-5.  G-.=5;  4'3,  fr.  Gallenbaeh,  Hilger.  Color  steel-gray,  tin- 
white,  tarnishing  pale  lead-gray.  Streak  black. 

Comp. — 3  €u  S  +  Bi2S3  (from  Schneider's  analyses) = Sulphur  19-44,  bismuth  42-11,  copper 
38-45  =  100;  3  (€u,  Fe)  S  +  Bi2S3,  from  Hilger's. 

Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (1.  c.);  2,  Schenck  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xci.  232);  3,  Tobler  (ib.,  xcvi.  207); 
4-7,  Schneider  (Pogg.,  xciii.  305,  472,  xcvii.  476,  cxxvii.  302) ;  8,  Hilger  (ib.,  cxxv.  144) : 

S  Bi  Cu  Fe 

1.  Wittichen  12-58  47-24  34'66  =94'48  Klaproth. 

2.  "  17-79  48-13  31-14  2-54=99-60  Schenck. 


SULPHABSENITES,    ETC.  99 

S  Bi  Cu  Fe 

3.  Wittichen            17'26  49-65  31-56  2-91  =  101-38  Tobler 

J-  16'15  51-83  31-31  =99-29  Schneider 

5.  m}5'8!  50'62  33'19  =99-68  Schneider. 

?;          «                JRIJ2J  ?*??  0-20,  Co  0-36=99-19  Schneider. 
8.          ' 


(1)18-69  51-40  28-82  0-91=99-82  Schneider 

18-21  41-53  36-91  3'13=99'78  Hilger. 


In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  white  sublimate  of  sulphate  of  bismuth. 


,  ....    separation  of  sulphur. 

Obs.— From  cobalt  mines  withbarite,  near  Wittichen  in  Gallenbach,  Baden;  analyses  4-6  are 
of  specimens  from  the  Neugliick  mine,  and  7,  8,  from  the  Daniel  mine ;  also  at  ZelL  near  Wolfach  • 
at  Christophsaue  near  Freudeustadt. 

Alt. — Undergoes  easy  alteration,  becoming  yellowish-brown,  then  red  and  blue  externally 
forming  apparently  covellite ;  also  changing  to  a  greenish  earthy  mineral,  which  is  a  mixture  of 
malachite,  oxyd  of  bismuth,  and  hydrated  oxyd  of  iron ;  also  to  an  earthy  yellow  bismutite  and 
bismuth-ochre.  (Sandberger,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1865,  274.) 

122.  BOULANGERITE.  Plomb  antimonie  sulfure  Boulanger,  Ann,  d.  M.,  III.  vii.  575,  1835. 
Schwefelantimonblei  Germ.  Sulphuret  of  Antimony  and  Lead.  Boulangerit  Thaulow,  Pogg.,  xli. 
216,  1837 ;  Hausm.,  ib.,  xlvi.  281.  Embrithite,  Plumbostib,  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  x.  442,  1837. 

In  plumose  masses,  exhibiting  in  the  fracture  a  crystalline  structure ; 
also  granular  and  compact. 

H.=2-5— 3.  G.  =  5-?5-  6-0.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  bluish  lead-gray ; 
often  covered  with  yellow  spots  from  oxydation. 

Comp.— 3  Pb  S  +  Sb2S3= Sulphur  18'2,  antimony  231,  lead  58-7  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Boulan- 
ger  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  vii.  575);  2,  Thaulow  (Pogg.,  xli.  216);  3,  Bromeis  (Pogg.,  xlvi.  281);  4, 
Briiel  (ib.) ;  5,  Abendroth  (Pogg.,'  xlvii.  493) ;  6,  Rammelsberg  (3d  SuppL,  28) ;  7,  8,  E.  Bechi  (Am. 
J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  60) ;  9,  G-euth  (private  contrib.) : 

S  Sb  Pb 

1.  Molieres  18-5  25'5  53'9,  Fe  1%  Cu  0'9=100  Boulanger. 

2.  Nasafjeld,  18-86  24-60  55'57=99'03  Thaulow. 

3.  Nertschinsk          18'21  25'04  56-29=99-54  Bromeis. 

4.  "  19-11  23-66  53-87,  Fe  1-78,  Ag  0-05=98-47  Briiel. 

5.  Ober-Lahr  19'05  25-40  55-60  =  100-07  Abendroth. 

6.  Wolfsberg  18*91  25-94  55-15  =  100  Rammelsberg.     GT.  =  5'96. 

7.  Tuscany,  mass.     17-99  26'08  53-15,  Cu  1'24,  Zn  1'41,  Fe  0-35  =  100-23  Bechi. 

8.  "          acic.      17-82  27'74  55"39    "   1'25    "   0'09    "   0'23  =  101'52  Bechi. 

9.  Union  Co.,  Nev.  17'91  2o'35  54-82,  Fe  0'42,  Ag  fr.  =  100  Genth. 
Pyr. — Same  as  for  ziukenite. 

Obs.— Quite  abundant  at  Molieres,  department  of  G-ard,  in  France ;  also  found  at  Nasafjeld  in 
Lapland ;  at  Nertschiusk ;  Ober-Lahr  in  Sayn-Altenkirchen ;  Wolfsberg  in  the  Harz ;  near  Bottino 
in  Tuscany,  both  massive,  acicular,  and  fibrous. 

Embrithite  is  from  the  locality  of  boulangerite  at  Nertschinsk,  and  is  probably  the  same  species. 
It  is  granular  in  texture,  of  a  lead-gray  color,  has  G.  =  6'29 — 6-:Ul ;  aud  contains,  according  to 
Plattner  (1.  c.),  lead  53'3,  copper  0'8,  silver  0-04,  along  with  antimony  and  copper.  Named  from 
ipffoiOris,  heavy. 

Plumbostib  is  also  from  Nertschinsk.  It  consists,  according  to  Plattuer,  of  antimony,  arsenic, 
sulphur,  a  little  iron,  with  5  8 -8  p.  c.  of  lead;  and  appears  to  be  boulaugerite.  Named  from  plum- 
bum and  stibium. 

123.  KOBELLITB.     Kobellit  Sdtterberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  188,  1839 ;  Jahresb.,  xx.  215. 
Eesembles  gray  antimony,  but  brighter  in  lustre ;  structure  radiated. 
G-.=6-29-6-32,  Satterberg  ;  6-145,  Kamm.     Soft.     Color  blackish  lead 
gray  to  steel-gray.     Streak  black. 

Comp.— (3  Pb  S  +  Bi2  S3)  +  (3  Pb  S  +  Sb2  S3)  Ramm.=3  Pb  S  +  (Bi,  Sb)2  S3=Sulphur  16'8,  bismuth 
18-2,  antimony  10'6,  lead  54*4=100. 


100  SULPHARSENITES,    ETC. 

Analyses:  1,  Satterberg  (loc.  cat.);  2,  Rammelsberg  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  Ixxxvi.  340): 

S  Sb  Bi  Pb  Fe          Cu 

1.  17-86          9-24        27-05        40-12         2'96        0'80,  gangue  1-45=99-48  S. 

2.  17-47         10-43         20-52         48'78         1'55          =98*75  R. 

Rammelsberg's  analysis  represents  the  composition  of  pure  kobellite  after  excluding  5'61  p.  c. 
cobaltiferous  pyrites,  and  3'67  p.  c.  chalcopyrite,  present  as  mechanical  impurities  in  the  speci- 
men analyzed. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  the  closed  tube  fuses  and  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of  sulphur.  In  the  open 
tube,  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  sublimate  of  oxyd  of  antimony.  On  charcoal  fuses  and  forms  a 
coating,  the  outer  edge  of  which  is  white  from  antimonous  acid,  etc.,  and  near  the  assay  dark 
yellow.  Soluble  in  concentrated  muriatic  acid,  with  evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Obs. — From  the  cobalt  mine  of  Hvena  in  Sweden,  associated  with  actinolite,  chalcopyrite,  and 
small  reddish-white  crystals  of  a  cobaltiferous  mispickel  (Kobaltarsenikkies).  Named  after  von 
Kobell. 

124.  AIKINITE.     Nadelerz  Mohs,  Null's  Kab.,  iii.  726,  1804.     Bismuth  sulfure  plumbo-cupri- 
fere  K,  Tab!.,  105,  1809.     Needle  Ore;  Acicular  Bismuth ;  Cupreous  Bismuth.    Aikinite  Chap- 
man, Min.,  127,  1843.    Patrinite  Haid.,  Handb.,  568,  1845.     Belonit   Gtock.,  Syn.,  27,  1847. 
Acieulite  Nicol,  Min.,  487,  1849. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  1=  110°  nearly,  Homes.  Crystals  long,  imbedded, 
acicular,  longitudinally  striated.  Also  massive. 

H.  =  2— 2-5.  G.=6-l— 6-8;  6757,  Frick.  Lustre,  metallic.  Color 
blackish,  lead-gray,  with  a  pale  copper-red  tarnish.  Opaque.  Fracture 
uneven. 

Comp.— (3  6u  S  +  Bi2  S3)  +  2  (3  Pb  S  +  Bia  S3)=3  (6u,  Pb)  S  +  Bi2  S3=Sulphur  16'7,  bismuth 
36'2,  lead  36-1,  copper  11-0=100.  Supposed  to  be  isomorphous  with  bournonite. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Frick (Pogg.,  xxxi.  529) ;  3,  Chapman  (Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxxi.  541) ;  4,  Hermann 
(J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxv.  452) : 

S  Bi  Pb  Cu  Ni 

1.  Beresof         16'05        34'62         35'69         11-79         =  98'15  Frick;  G.=6'757. 

2.  "  16-61         36-45         36*05         10*59          =99 -70  Frick. 

3.  "  18-78         27-93         40'10         12-53          =99 '64  Chapman;  G.=6'l. 

4.  "  16-50         34-87         36'31         10'97         0'36,  Au  0'09  =  lOO  Herm. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  gives  sulphurous  fumes,  and  also  a  white  sublimate,  which  may 
be  fused  into  clear  drops  that  are  white  on  cooling ;  the  assay  becomes  surrounded  with  a  black 
fused  oxyd,  which  on  cooling  is  transparent  and  greenish-yellow.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  and 
gives  a  white  coating,  yellow  on  the  edge  nearest  the  assay ;  with  the  fluxes,  reactions  for  cop- 
per, and  after  long  blowing  a  globule  of  metallic  copper. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  sulphate  of  lead. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Beresof  near  Katharinenburg,  Urals,  with  gold,  malachite,  and  galenite,  in 
white  quartz.  In  the  United  States,  in  the  gold  region  of  G-eorgia  (?)  in  slender  crystals,  some 
of  which  have  a  centre  of  gold,  and  others  are  altered  to  bismuth-ochre  or  cupreous  carbonate  of 
bismuth  (Genth,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiii.  190);  probably  at  Gold  Hill,  Rowan  Co.,  N.  Carolina. 

Alt. — Occurs,  as  just  stated,  altered  to  bismuth-ochre  and  native  gold. 

EETZBANYITB  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxv.  450,  1859).  A  lead-gray  ore  of  bismuth,  occurring 
mixed  with  the  product  of  its  alteration,  at  Retzbanya  in  Hungary.  It  is  without  trace  of  crys- 
tallization; H.  =  -2-5;  G-.  =  6'21.  Afforded  Hermann,  S  1T93,  0  7'14,  Li  38'38,  Pb  36'01,  Ag 
1-93,  Cu  4-22  =  99-61. 

125.  TETRAHEDRITE.    Argentum  arsenico  cupro  etferro  mineralisatum,  Falerts,  Grauerts, 
Minera  argenti'  grisea,  Wall,  313,  1747.     Falerz,  Argentum  cupro  et  antimonio  sulph.  mineral- 
isatum, Cronst.,  157,  1758;  Pyrites  cupri  griseus,  Fahlkupfererz,  Cronst.,  175, 1758.     Argentum 
cinereum  crystallis  pyramidatis  trigonis  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  i.  82,  1772.     Cuprum  cinereum  cryst. 
trigonis,  etc.,  v.  Born,  ib.,  108.    Fahlerz,  Kupferfahlerz,  Schwarzerz  pt.,  Antimonfahlerz,  Germ. 


SULPHARSENITES,    ETC. 


101 


Mine  de  cuivre  grise  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  iii.  315  (with  figs,  cryst),  1183.  Cuivre  gris  Fr.  Gray 
Copper  Ore.  Panabase  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  438,  1832.  Tetraedrit  ITaid,  Handb.,  563,  1845.'  Clino. 
edrit  pt,  Fahlit,  Breilh.,.  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  181. 

Argentif.  :  Argentmn  rude  album  pt.  Agric.,  Foss.,  362,  1546.  "Weisgylden,  Miuera  argenti 
albapt,  Wall,  312,  1747;  Cronstedt,  156,1758.  Weissgultigerz  pt.,  Silberfahlerz,  Graugiltigerz 
pt,  Schwarzgiltigerz  pt,  Germ.  Freibergit  Kenng.,  Min.,'  117,  1853.  Polytelit  v.  Kob.,  Taf.,  10, 
1853  [not  of  Glock.,  Syn.,  31,  1847]. 

Mercurial:  Schwarzerz  pt.  Wern.  QuecksilberfaMerz.  Graugiltigerz  pt.  Hausm.  Spaniolith 
v.  Kob.,  Min.  Namen,  98,  1853.  Schwatzit  Kenng.,  Min.,  1.  c.,  1853.  Hermesit  Breilh.,  B.  H. 
Ztg.,  xxv.  182. 

Isometric  ;  tetrahedral.  Observed  planes  :  those  of  f.  117,  with  also  4-4 
5-5?,  H,  JjPf  ;  on  one  crystal  from  Kahl,  1,  2-2,  f£,  J£J£,  -1,  -2-2^ 
—4-4.  —5-5?,  with  0  and  &,  Hessenberg.  Twins,  composition  face  octahe- 


dral, producing,  when  the  composition  is  repeated,  the  form  in  f.  119,  the 
simpler  condition  of  which  is  shown  in  f.  118,  a  solid  seemingly  made  of 


119 


118 


two  interpenetrating  tetrahedrons  ;  also  forms  similar  to  f.  62,  63,  p.  21,  in 
which  the  tetrahedrons  are  united  in  a  reversed  position.  Also  massive  ; 
granular,  coarse,  or  fine  ;  compact  or  crypto-crystalline. 

H.=:  3—4*5.  G.  =4*5— 5  "11.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  between  light 
flint-gray  and  iron-black.  Streak  generally  same  as  the  color  ;  sometimes 
inclined  to  brown  and  cherry-red.  Opaque ;  sometimes  subtranslucent  in 
very  thin  splinters,  transmitted  color  cherry-red.  Fracture  subconchoidal 
— uneven.  Rather  brittle. 

Comp.,  Var. — 4  Cu  S  +  Sb2  Ss,  with  part  of  the  copper  often  replaced  by  iron,  zinc,  silver,  or 
quicksilver,  and  rarely  cobalt,  and  part  of  the  antimony  by  arsenic,  and  rarely  bismuth ;  whence 
the  general  formula  4  (6uf  Fe,  Zn,  Ag,  Hg)  +  (Sb,  As,  Bi)2  S3.  Ratio  Ag  +  €u :  Zn  +  Fe  generally 
=  2:1.  There  are  thus : 

A.  An  antimonial  series ; 

B.  An  arsenio-antimonial  series ; 

C.  A  bismuthic  arsenio-antimonial ; 

besides  an  arsenical,  in  which  arsenic  replaces  all  the  antimony,  and  which  is  made  into  a  die 
species  named  iennantite.     In  the  analyses  below  the  largest  amount  of  arsenic  given  is  about  20 
p.  c.  (anal.  20.) 

Yar.  1.   Ordinary.   Containing  little  or  no  silver  (Cupreous  tetrahedrite ;  Kupferfanlerz,  Lien 
Fahlerz,  Graugiltigerz  pt.,  Germ.).     Color  steel-gray  to  dark  gray.    G.  =  5— 5'8.  ^ 

2.  Argentiferous;  Freibergite  (Syn.  above).     Light  steel-gray,  sometimes  iron-bl 

3'.  Mercu'riferous ;  Schwatzite  (Syn.  above).  Color  gray  to  iron-black.  G.  =  5—5-6.  Breithaupt 
designates  the  ore  of  Schwatz  alone  schwatzte,  having  G.=5'107;  that  of  Kotterbach  and  ( 


102 


SULPIIAKSENITES,    ETC. 


having  G.= 5'2 — 5'28,  spaniolite;  that  of  Moschellandsberg,  having  G.  =  5  5 — 5-566,  hermesite 
(from  the  Greek  for  Mercurius),  it  affording  Hg  24*10,  Ag  5'62.  But  another  ore  from  Mosehel- 
landsberg  contains  Hg  17-32  p.  c.,  and  no  silver,  a  fact  which  shows  the  futility  of  attempts  to 
divide  up  tetrahedrite  into  distinct  groups  or  species. 

4.  Platiniferous.  An  ore  from  Guadalcanal,  Spain,  contains,  according  to  Yauquelin,  1 — 10  p.  c. 
of  platinum. 

In  distinguishing  these  varieties,  color,  as  above  seen,  is  a  poor  criterion,  it  depending  largely 
on  the  amount  of  iron  present.  The  argentiferous  ores  are  commonly  tho  lighter  gray,  but  not 
always  so. 

Analyses  :  Ordinary.  1.  Kerl  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  1853,  No.  2) ;  2,  Bromeis  (Pogg.,  Iv.  117) ;  3,  Ame- 
lung  (Ramm.,  3d  SuppL,  51);  4,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv.  61);  5,  H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  xv.  576);  6,  C. 
Kuhlemann  (ZS.  nat.  Ver.  Halle,  viii.  5nO,  Jahresb.,  1856,  834);  7,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II. 
xliii.  67);  8,  Sandmann  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixxxix.  364);  9,  H.  Rose  (1.  c.) ;  10,  "Wandesleben 
(Jahrb.  Pharm.  ii.  105,  Jahresb.,  1854,  814) ;  11,  A.  Lowe  (Rose's  Reis.  Ural,  i.  197) ;  12,  Wittstein 
(Viert.  pr.  Pharm.,  iv.  72);  13,  Sandmann  (1.  c.);  14,  Sandberger  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1865,  584);  15,  H. 
Rose  (1.  c.) ;  1 6,  Ebelmen  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xi.  47) :  17,  H.  Rose  (1.  c.) ;  18,  Hilger  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1865, 
591);  19,  20,  v.  Bibra  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcvi.  204). 

Argentiferous.  21,  Svanberg  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  iv.  85);  22,  C.  Kuhlemann  (1,  c.) ;  23,  J.  L. 
Smith  (G-illiss's  Exp.,  ii.  91);  24,  H.  Rose  (1.  c.);  25  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliii.  67);  26, 
Sander  (Ramm.,  1st  SuppL,  52);  27-29,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxvii.  251);  30,  Paykull  ((Efv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  1866,  85,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  c.  62) ;  31,  F.  A.  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  83) ;  32,  Klaproth  (Beitr., 
iv.  73);  33,  34,  H.  Rose  (1.  c.). 

Mercurial.  35-37,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  g.  Reichs.,  1852,  98,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ix.  55) ;  38,  Klaproth  (Beitr., 
iv.  65);  39,  v.  Hauer  (1.  c.);  40,  41,  Kersten  (Pogg.,  lix.  131,  Ixvii.  428);  42,  C.Bechi(Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  xiv.  60);  43,  Scheidhauer  (Pogg.,  Iviii.  161);  44,  v.  Hauer  (1.  c.);  45,  H.  Weidenbusch  (Pogg., 
IxxvL  86);  46,  G.  v.  Rath  (Pogg.,  xcvi.  322);  47,  (Ellacher  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1865,  594): 


I.  Containing  little  or  no  Silver. 

Sb        As        Cu      Fe        Zn      Ag 


1.  Rammelsberg,  mas. 

2.  Durango 

3.  Kamsdorf 

4.  Kapnik 
5. 

6.  Andreasberg 

7.  Arkansas 

8.  Mornshausen 

9.  Dillenburg 

10.  Freiberg 

11.  Beresof 

12.  Cornwall 

13.  Stahlberg 

14.  Schwarzwald 

15.  Gersdorf 

16.  Algeria 

17.  Elsace 

18.  Kahl,  in  Zechstein 

19.  Algodon,  Bolivia 

20.  "  " 


25-82 
23-76 

23-73 

28-00 
25-77 
25-22 
26-71 
(|)  24-61 
25-03 
27-27 
26-10 
25-64 
(|)  25-52 

28-78 
25-97 

28-87 
22-00 
23-94 
27  -3  « 
26-50 
25-65 
25-27 
17-40 
21-47 
23-66 
19-71 

tr. 

2-88 
0-67 
1-02 
1-65 
2-26 
2-40 
2-42 
4-40 
4-98 

37-95 
37-11 

38-78 
37-75 
37-98 
37-18 
36-40 
38-17 
38-42 
42-02 
40-57 
39-18 
38-41 

2-24 
4-42 

5-03 
3-25 
0-86 
3-94 
1-89 
1-59 
1-52 
8-41 
2-92 
6-99 
2-29 

2-52 
5-02 

3-59 
5-00 
7-29 
5-00 
4-20 
6-28 
6-85 
1-89 
5-07 

6-50 

26-40     14-72     6-98     33'83     6'40 


26-33 
27-25 
26-83 

28-34 

19-66 
21-14 


16-52  7-21 
14-77  9-12 
12-46  10-19 
15-05  10'19 

18^00  19-30 
11-64  20-05 


38-63 
41-57 
40-60 
32-04 

36-35 

38-72 


4-89 
4-66 
4-66 
4-85 

4-29 
6-33 


2-76 
2-24 
3-69 
3-84 


0-67=97-98  Kerl. 

1-09,  Pb  0-54,   und.  0-47  = 
98-38  Bromeis. 
=100  Amelung. 

0-25=96-25  Klaproth. 

0-62=99-34  Rose. 

1-58=100-97  Kuhlemann. 

2-30=99-02  Smith. 

0-62,  Ni  «r.  =  ti8-57  Sandm. 

0-83=100-18  Rose. 

0-06  =  99-45  Wandesleben. 
[0-56]=99-ll  Lowe. 
=99-87  Wittstein. 

0-69,  Ni  tr.,  Si  0-36  =  98-46 
Sandmanu. 

1-37,  Co  4-21,  Ni  tr.,  Bi4'55 
=98-46  Sandberger 

2-37  =  98-71  Rose. 
=99-61  Ebelmen. 

0-60,  quartz  0-41  =  99-44  R. 

0-22,    Co  2-95.   Pb  0'43,  Bi 
1-83=99-74  Hilger. 

0-58,   Hg  ^.=98-1 8  Bibra. 

0-45,  Pb,  Hg  <r.  =  98'33B. 


21.  ApWionite 

22.  Clausthal 

23.  Chili 

24.  Clausthal 

25.  Arkansas 

26.  Clausthal 


2.  Containing  Silver :  Freibergite. 


30-05     24-77 


32-91  1-31  6-40  3-09,      Pb   0-04,      Co   0'49, 
gaugue  1-29=100-37  Svanberg. 

25-54     27-64 34'59  6'23  3'43  3-18=100-61  Kuhlemann. 

26-83     23-21     3'05     36'02  2'36  4'52  3 '41=99-40  Smith. 

24-73     28-24 34'48  2'27  5-55  4-97  =  100-24  Rose. 

25-32     27-01     0-61     33-20  0'82  6'10  4'97=98'03  Smith. 

24-10     26-80   35-70  4-50   8'90,  Pb  0'90=100'90  Sand. 


SULPHAKSENITES,    ETC. 


27.  Meiseberg,  massive 

28.  "  " 

29.  cryst. 

30.  Longban 

31.  Cabarrus,  N.  C. 
82.  Wolfach 

33.  " 

34.  Freiberg 


S 
24-22 
24-69 
24-80 
23-32 
25-48 
25-50 
23-52 
21-17 

Sb 
26-44 
25-74 
26-56 
[28-76] 
17-76 
27-00 
26-63 
24-63 

As 
11-55 

Cu 
31-53 
32-46 
30-47 
80-04 
30-73 
25-50 
25-23 
14-81 

Fo 
4-36 
4-19 
3-52 
1-86 
1-42 
7-00 
3-72 
5-98 

103 

Zu  Ag 

3-25  7-27=97-07  Ramm. 

8-00  7-55=97-63  Raram. 

3-39  10-48,  Pb  0-78=100  Ramm 

6-02  10-00=1 00  PaykulL 

2-53  10-53  =  100  Genth. 

13-25  =  98-25  Klaproth 

3-10  17-71=99-91  Rose. 

0-99  31-29=98-87  Rose. 


3.   Containing  Mercury :  Spanioliie. 


35. 

Poratsch,  Hungary 

22-00 

31-56 



39-04 

7-38 



0-12 

36. 

«                       a 

19-38 

33-33 



34-23 

9-46 



o-io 

37. 

u                      u 

24-89 

30-18 



32-80 

5-85 



0-07 

38. 

((                      « 

26-00 

19-50 



39-00 

7-50 

_____ 

39. 

u                     u 

24-37 

25-48 

ir. 

30-58 

1-46 



0-09 

40. 

Y.  di  Castello 

24-17 

27-47 



35-80 

1-89 

6-05 

0-33 

41. 

Angina,  Tuscany 

23-40 

27-47 



35-90 

1-93 

6-24 

0-33 

42. 

U                                (( 

24-14 

26-52 



37-72 

1-64 

6-23 

0-45 

43. 

Iglo,  Hungary 

(|)  24-74 

19-34 

4-23 

37-54 

5-21 

1-07 

tr. 

44. 

Zavatka     " 

25-90 

2o-70 

tr. 

36-59 

7-11 

- 

0-11 

45. 

Schwatz,  Tyrol 

22-96 

21-35 



34-57 

2-24 

1-34 

46. 

Kotterbach 

(1)  22-53 

19-34 

2-94 

35-34 

0-87 

0-69 



47. 

Moschellandsberg 

21-90 

23-45 

0-31 

32-19 

1-41 

o-io 

o-io 

G 

.in  anal.  12,  4-73;   13,  4'58;  21 

,  4-87  ; 

27,  4-89—4-946  ;  2 

8,4-526;  29, 

4-762;  37,  4'733  ;  39,  5- 

107  ;  41,  4-84  ;  44 

,  4-605 

;  45,  5' 

107; 

46,  5-356. 

Hg 

0-52=100-62  Hauer 
3-57  =  100-07  Hauer 
5-57=99-36  Hauer. 
6-25=98-25  Klap. 

16-69=98-67  Hauer. 
2-70=98-41  Kersten 
2-70=97-97  Kersten 
3-03=99-73  Bechi. 
7-87=100  Scheidh. 
3-07  =  90-48  Hauer. 

15-57,     gangue  0*80= 
98-83  Weidenbusch. 

17-27,  Pb  0-21,  Bi  0-81 
=  100  Rath. 

17-32,  Co  0-23,  Bi  1'57, 

gangue  1-39=99-87  0. 

4-852  ;  35,  4*582  ;  36, 


Cobalt  occurs  in  the  ore  of  Schwarzwald,  Moschellandsberg,  Schottenhofen  near  Zell,  Clara  near 
Schapbach,  and  others. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Differ  in  the  different  varieties.  In  the  closed  tube  all  fuse  and  give  a 'dark-red 
sublimate  of  sulphid  of  antimony ;  when  containing  mercury,  a  faint  dark -gray  sublimate  appears 
at  a  low  red  heat ;  and  if  much  arsenic,  a  sublimate  of  sulphid  of  arsenic  first  forms.  In  the  open 
tube  fuses,  gives  sulphurous  fumes  and  a  white  sublimate  of  antimony ;  if  arsenic  is  present,  a 
crystalline  volatile  sublimate  condenses  with  the  antimony ;  if  the  ore  contains  mercury  it  con- 
denses in  the  tube  in  minute  metallic  globules.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  gives  a  coating  of  anti- 
monous  acid  and  sometimes  arsenous  acid,  oxyd  of  zinc,  and  oxyd  of  lead ;  the  arsenic  may  be 
detected  by  the  odor  when  the  coating  is  treated  in  R.F. ;  the  oxyd  of  zinc  assumes  a  green  color 
when  heated  with  cobalt  solution.  The  roasted  mineral  gives  with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  iron 
and  copper ;  with  soda  yields  a  globule  of  metallic  copper.  To  determine  the  presence  of  a  trace 
of  arsenic  by  the  odor,  it  is  best  to  fuse  the  mineral  on  charcoal  with  soda.  The  presence  of  mer- 
cury is  best  ascertained  by  fusing  the  pulverized  ore  in  a  closed  tube  with  about  three  times  its 
weight  of  dry  soda,  the  metal  subliming  and  condensing  in  minute  globules.  The  silver  is  de- 
termined by  cupellation. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  with  separation  of  sulphur  and  antimonous  and  arsenous  acids. 

Obs. — The  Cornish  mines,  near  St.  Aust.,  have  afforded  large  tetrahedral  crystals,  with  rough  and 
dull  surfaces.  More  brilliant  crystallizations  occur  at  the  Levant  mine  near  St.  Just,  at  Condur- 
row  mine  and  other  places  in  Cornwall ;  at  Andreasberg  and  Clausthal  in  the  Harz ;  Kremnitz 
in  Hungary;  Freiberg  hi  Saxony-  Przibram  in  Bohemia;  Kahl  in  Spessart;  Kapnik  in  Transyl- 
vania ;  Dillenburg  in  Nassau ;  and  other  localities  mentioned  above. 

The  ore  containing  mercury  occurs  in  Schmolnitz,  Hungary ;  at  Poratsch,  Zavatka,  and  Kotter- 
bach  near  Iglo ;  at  Schwatz  in  the  Tyrol ;  and  in  the  valleys  of  Angina  and  Castello  in  Tuscany. 

Tetrahedrite  is  found  in  America;  in  Mexico,  at  Durango,  etc.;  at  various  mines  in  Chili;  in 
Bolivia;  at  the  Kellogg  mines,  10  m.  N.  of  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  with  galenite.  In  California  in 
Mariposa  Co.,  in  the  Pine  Tree  gold  vein  and  others ;  in  Shasta  Co.,  Chicago  claim.  In  Nevada, 
abundant  at  the  Sheba  and  De  Soto  mines,  Humboldt  Co.,  massive  and  rich  in  silver  (the  De  Soto 
containing  1 6'4  p.  c.  of  silver,  Allen) ;  near  Austin  in  Lander  Co. ;  in  Arizona  at  the  I 
mine,  containing  1-f-  p.  c.  of  silver ;  at  the  Santa  Rita  mine. 

Alt.— Chalcopyrite,   malachite,    azurite,   amalgam,   bournonite,  erythrite,  cinnabar,  covellite, 
occur  as  pseudomorphs  after  tetrahedrite.     Also  a  red  pulverulent  mineral,  consisting  of  an  a< 
of  antimony,  oxyd  of  copper  or  oxyd  of  mercury,  etc.     (See  Ammiolite.) 

Annivite  of  Brauns  (Mitth.  nat.  Ges.  Bern,  1854,  Kenngott's  Ueb.,  1855),  from  the  Anmvei 


104 

valley  in  the  Valais,  is  probably,  according  to  Kenngott,  only  tetrahedrite.  Brauns  obtained  S 
23-75,  Sb  8-80,  As  10*96,  Bi  4-94,  Cu  35*57,  Fe  3-85,  Zn  2-01,  quartz  9-40=  100-28.  Excluding  the 
quartz,  the  composition  corresponds  nearly  to  4  R  S  +  (As'2  S3,  Sb2  S3,  Bi2  S3).  It  occurs  only 
massive,  and  is  mixed  with  chalcopyrite. 

Studerite  of  Fellenberg  (Mitth.  nat.  Ges.,  Bern,  1864,  178)  is  a  similar  compound  (Kcnug.. 
Min.  d.  Schweiz,  402).  It  is  from  Ausserberg  in  the  Upper  Valais,  Switzerland.  Fellenberg 
obtained,  S  24-70,  Sb  15'43,  As  11-38,  Bi  0'57,  Cu  37'89,  Fe  2-73,  Zn  6'06,  Pb  0'38,  Ag  0'95, 
gangue  1-81.  G. =4-657. 

A.  FIELDITE.— An  ore  from  mine  Altar,  30  leagues  from  Coquimbo,  afforded  F.  Field  (Q.  J.  Ch. 
Soc.,  iv.  332),  S  30-35,  As  3-91,  Sb  20-28,  Cu  36'72,  Zn  7'26,  Fe  1-23,  Ag  0'075,  Au  0'003.     It  is 
soft,  of  greasy  appearance,  greenish-gray,  slightly  reddish,  with  powder  bright-red.     Domeyko 
considers  it  impure  with  blende,  pyrite,  and  galenite.    Ettling  observes  (ib.,  vi.  340)  that  the  con- 
stitution is  analogous  rather  to  enargite  than  tetrahedrite,  corresponding  to  the  formula  4  (6u, 
Zn,  Fe,  Ag)  S  +  (Sb,  As2)  S5.     Kenngott  has  named  it  Fieldite. 

B.  APHTHONTTE  (or  Aftonite)  Svanberg. — A  steel-gray  ore,  resembling  tetrahedrite,  if  not  iden- 
tical with  it;  H.=3;  G.=4'S7;  and  it  contains,  according  to  Svanberg  (Berz.  Jahresb.,  xxvii. 
236),  S  30-05,  Sb  (with  tr.  of  As)  24-77,  Cu  32-91,  Ag  3'09,  Zn  6'40;  Fe  T31,  Co  0'49,  Pb  0'04, 
gangue  1-29  =  100-35.     Ratio  of  sulphid  of  antimony  to  that  of  the' other  metals,  3  :  6*4.     From 
Wermland  in  Sweden. 

126.  POLYTELITE  Glock.,  Syn.,  31,  1847.  (Weissgiiltigerz  pt.)  An  ore  consisting  mainly  of 
lead  silver,  antimony,  and  sulphur.  Glocker  cites  Rammelsberg's  analysis  (Pogg.,  Ixviii.  515, 
Min.  Ch.,  99)  of  an  ore  from  Hoffnung  Gottes  mine  near  Freiberg,  a  fine-granular  ore,  having  G. 
=5-438 — 5-465,  apparently  homogeneous,  but  somewhat  mixed  with  blende  and  pyrite.  Klaproth 
analyzed  a  related  weissgultigerz  from  the  Himmelsfurst  mine  near  Freiberg  (Beitr.  i.  166). 


1.  Himmelsfurst,  light 

2.  "  dark 

3.  Hoff.  G. 


S 

13-21 
22-39 
22-53 


Sb 

8-50 

21-88 

22-39 


Cu 


0-32 


Fe 
2-42 
1-79 
3-83 


Zn 


6-79 


Pb 
51-81 
41-73 
38-36 


Ag 

22-00=97-94  K. 
9-41=97-20  K. 
5-78=100  R. 


Rammelsberg  makes  the  mineral,  from  his  analysis,  a  silver-lead  tetrahedrite,  with  the  formula 
4  (Pb,  Ag,  Fe,  Zn)  S  +  Sb2  S3,  in  which  the  ratio  Fe  :  Zu  :  Pb  +  Ag=2  :  3  :  6,  and  Pb  :  Ag=7  :  1. 


127.  TENNANTITE.  Gray  Sulphuret  of  Copper  in  dodecahedral  crystals  Sowerby,  Brit.  Min., 
1817.  Tennantite  Wm.  &  R  Phillips,  Q.  J.  Sci.,  vii.  95,  100,  1819.  Arsenikalfahlerz  Germ. 
Kupferblende  Breith.,  Char.,  131,  251,  1823,  Pogg.,  ix.  613,  1827.  Sandbergerit  Breith.,  B.  H. 
Ztg.,  xxv.  187,  1866. 

Isometric;  holohedral,  Phillips.  Observed  planes  0,  7,  1,  2-2,  f-f. 
Figs.  55,  57,  58,  and  18  with  planes  of  55.  Cleavage:  dodecahedral  im- 
perfect.. Twins  as  in  tetrahedrite.  Massive  forms  unknown. 

H.=3-5-4.  G. =4-37-4-53;  4-37-4-49,  Cornwall;  4'53,  Skutterud. 
Lustre  metallic.  Color  blackish  lead-gray  to  iron-black.  Streak  dark 
reddish-gray.  Fracture  uneven. 

Comp.— 4  (6u,  Fe)  S  +  As2  S3,  agreeing  in  crystalline  form  and  general  formula  with  tetrahe- 
drite. Analyses:  1,  Phillips  (1.  c.);  2,  Kudernatsch  (Pogg.,  xxxviii.  397);  3,  Wackernagel 
(Ramm,  Min.  Ch.,  88);  4,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  88);  5,  Fearnley  (Scheerer  in  Pogg.,  Ixv.  298); 
6,  Plattner  (Pogg.,  Ixvii.  422) ;  7,  Merbach  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  187): 


1.  Trevisane,  Cornw. 

2.  "  " 

3.  "  " 

4  "  " 


S 

30-25 
27-76 
26-88 
26-61 


5.  Skutterud,  G.=4*53   29-18 

6.  Kupferblende  28-11 

7.  Sandb&rg trite  25*12 


As 
12-46 
19-10 
20-53 
19-03 
19-01" 
18-88 
14-75 


Cu 

47-70 
48-94 
48-68 
51-62 
42-60 
41-07 
41-08 


Fe       Zu 

9-75    =100-1 6  Phillips. 

3-57    Ag  tr.,  Si  0'08=99'45  Kud. 

3-09    =99-18  Wack. 

=  99-21  Ramm. 

=100  Fearnley. 

8-89.  Ag,  Sb,  tr.,  Pb  0'34=99-51  PI. 
7-19,  Sb  7-19,  Pb  2-77  =  100-48  Merbach, 


1-95 
9-21 
2-22 
2-38 


The  Kupferblende  Breith.  (or  zincfahlerz),  from  near  Freiberg  (anal.  6),  has  part  of  the  iron 
replaced  by  zinc.     Its  streak  is  brownish  or  dirty  cherry-red ;  G.=4«2— 4'4.     The  sandbergerite 


SULPHARSENITES,    ETC. 


105 


(anal.  7),  from  L.  Morococha  in  Peru,  is  stated  to  have  cubic  cleavage,  an  iron-black  color  and  G. 
=4'369 ;  it  is  in  tetraliedral  crystals,  having  also  the  planes  i,  2-2. 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphid  of  arsenic.  In  the  open  tube  gives 
sulphurous  fumes,  and  a  sublimate  of  arsenous  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  with  intumescence 
and  emission  of  arsenic  and  sulphur  fumes  to  a  dark -gray  magnetic  globule.  The  roasted  mineral 
gives  reactions  for  copper  and  iron  with  the  fluxes ;  with  soda  on  charcoal  gives  metallic  copper, 
with  iron. 

Obs. — Formerly  found  in  the  Cornish  mines,  particularly  at  Wheal  Jewel  in  Gwennap,  and 
Wheal  Unity  in  G-winear,  usually  in  splendent  crystals  investing  other  copper  ores ;  but  latterly 
not  met  with  unless  at  East  Relistian  mine.  Also  at  Skutterud  in  Norway,  and  in  Algeria. 

Named  after  the  chemist,  Smithson  Tennant. 


128.  MENEGHINITE. 


,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  60,  1852. 


^Monoclinic,  v.  Rath.  Observed  planes  :  vertical,  i\  i-i,  /,  i-^  i-b,  i-^ 
i-|,  i-k  ;  hemidomes  !-£,  2-*,  -1-*,  -2-*  ;  hem  [octahedral,  2-2,  and  four  others. 
/A  7=14:0°  16',  i-l  A  i-\,  front,  108°  17',  irk  A  i-b,  front,  85°  23',  i-i  A  -14 
=110°  0',  i-i  A  -2-^124:0  30',  i-i  A  1-4=107°  54:',  i-i  A  2-*=  124°  29'. 
Crystals  slender  prismatic.  Twins  :  composition-face  i-i;  \-i  A  -1-^=177° 
54/,  the  two  faces  1-^,  -\-i  being  nearly  in  the  same  plane.  Also  compact 
fibrous. 

H.=2'5.  G.  —  6*339.  Lustre  metallic,  very  bright.  Resembles  boulan- 
gerite. 

Comp.  —  4  Pb  S  +  Sb2  S3.  analogous  to  tetrahedrite.  Analysis:  1,  E.  Bechi  (1.  c.);  2,  v.  Rath 
(Pogg.,  cxxxii.  1867)  : 

S  Sb  Pb  Cu  Fe 


1.  Bottino 
2. 


17-52 
16-97 


19-28 
18-37 


59-21 
61-47 


3-54 
0-39 


0-35=99-90  Bechi. 

0-23,  undec.  0-82  =  98-25  Rath. 


Obs. — Occurs  at  Bottino,  near  Serravezza,  in  Tuscany,  along  with  galenite,  boulangerite, 
jamesonite,  etc.,  and  also  crystals  of  albite ;  also  in  the  neighboring  valley  of  Castello.  First 
observed  by  Prof.  Meneghini,  of  Pisa.  The  crystallization  has  been  determined  as  above  given, 
and  crystals,  both  simple  and  compound,  figured  by  v.  Rath  (1.  c.).  Q.  Sella  made  it  orthorhombic 
(Gazz.  uffic.  d'ltal,  1862). 

129.  GEOCRONITE.     Geokronit  Svanberg,  Jahresb.,  xx.  203,  1839.     Kilbrickenite  Apjohn, 
Trans.  R.  Irish  Ac.,  1840.     Schulzit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  166,  1847. 

Orthorhomic.  /A 7=119°  44',  Kerndt.  Observed  planes:  I,  i-i,  1-2. 
1-5  A 1-2,  pyram.,  about  153°  and  64°  45',  bas.,  122°.  Cleavage  :  I.  Usually 
massive.  Also  granular  or  earthv. 

H.=2— 3.  G.=6-4— 6-6.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  and  streak  light 
lead-gray — grayish  blue.  Fracture  uneven. 

Comp.— 5  PbS  +  (Sb,  As)2  S3=Sulphur  16'5,  antimony  16'7,  lead  66-8=100.  Analyses  :  1, 
Svanberg  (Jahresb.,  xx.  203) ;  2,  Sauvage  (Ann.  de  M.,  III.  xvii.  525);  3,  Kerndt  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  302); 
4,  Apjohn  (1.  c.);  5,  tivauberg  (GEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1848,  64)  : 


1.  Sala,  Sweden         G.  =  6'54 

2.  Merido,  Schulzite  G.  =  6'43 

3.  Tuscany,     G.  =  6'45— 6'47 

4.  Kilbrickenite        G.  =  6-407 

5.  Fahlun  G.  =  6'434 


S 

16-26 
16-90 
17-32 
16-36 
15-16 


Sb  As 

9-58  4-69 

16-00 

9-69  4-72 

14-39  

5-66  4-62 


Pb  Cu  Fe 

65-45  1-51  0-42,  Zn  0-1 1=99-03  Sv. 

64-89  1-60  =99-39  Sauvage. 

66-55  1-15  1-73=100-95  Kerndt. 

68-87  0-38=100  Apjohn. 

64-17  4-17  0-08,  Ag  0'24,  Zn  0'59,  Cu 


4-17,  A-l  1-9=98-35  Svanberg. 


Svanberg  deduces  for  the  last  the  formula  6  Pb  S  +  (Sb,  As)2  S3. 
Pyr. — Same  as  for  zinkenite. 


106 


SULPHARSENTTES,    ETC. 


Obs  __  From  the  silver  mines  of  Sala  in  Sweden  ;  also  from  Gallicia,  Merido  in  Spain,  in  nodules 
in  galena  ;  it  crumbles  easily  and  soils  the  fingers  ;  the  valley  di  CasteUo  near  Pietro  Santo,  in 
Tuscany. 

The  kilbrickenite  is  from  Kilbricken,  Clare  Co.,  Ireland. 

The  name  geocronite  is  derived  from  -yft,  earth,  and  K>'i/o<r,  Saturn,  the  alchemislie  name  for 
lead. 

A  mineral  found  at  Tinder's  gold  mine,  Louisa  Co.,  Ya.,  may  be  this  species.  It  contains,  ac- 
cording to  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xix.  9)  S  16,  Pb  60,  Ag  0'25,  with  antimony  and  arsenic. 

An  antimonial  ore  from  between  La  Paz  and  Yungas,  in  Bolivia,  is  referred  here  by  D.  Forbeti 
(Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxix,  9). 

130.  STEPHANITE.  Argentum  rude  nigrum?,  Germ.  Schwarzerz,  pt,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  462, 
1456.  Svartgylden,  Schvartsertz,  pt.  Minera  argenti  nigra  spongiosa  (fr.  Freiberg)  Wall. 
313,  1747.  Argentum  mineralisatum  nigrum  fragile  (fr.  Schemnitz,  etc.),  Eoschgewachs  (of 
Hung,  miners)  Born.,  Lithoph.,  i.  81,  1772.  Sprodglaserz  Wern.,  1789.  Sprodglanzerz.  Brittle 
Silver  Ore,  or  Glance.  Brittle  Sulphuret  of  Silver.  Argent  noir  pt.  H.,  Tr.,  1  801.  Argent  suJ- 
fure  fragile  Fr.  Schwarzgiiltigerz  Leonh.,  Handb.,  638,  1826.  Psaturose  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  432, 
1832.  Stephanit  Said.,  Handb.,  570,  1845. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=115°  39',  0  A  1-*=132°  32^;  a\  I  :  0=1-0897  : 
1  :  1-584:4:.  Observed  planes  :  0\  vertical,  i-i,  i-l,  i-u,  *-9  *-3  *-3  domes 
f-2,  1-2,  2-2,  4-2, 


H  15-*> 

120 


7-?,  8-2,  1-S;  octahedral, 
,  1-3,  f  S,  3-5,  f  2,  4-2, 


,  -J-,  £,  f,  1,  2, 
>  5-f,  |-|,  6-| 


n,  3-~,  J-7, 
S   3-5. 


0 


0  A  1=147°  14'. 
0  A  1=127  51. 
O  A  2=111  14. 
6>  A 1-2= M5  34:. 

<9  A  2-2=126  6. 


1-2  A 1-2,  ov.  ^-2, =68°  52'. 
2-2  A  2-2,  ov.  i-i, =107  4-8. 
1A1,  mac.,  =  131  16. 
lAl,  brach.,=96  8. 


Cleavage :  2-2  and  i-i  imperfect.  Twins :  composition- 
face  /;  forms  like  those  of  aragonite  frequent.  Also 
massive,  compact,  and  disseminated. 

H.=2— 2-5.  G.  =  6-269,  Przibram.  Lustre  metallic. 
Color  and  streak  iron-black.  Fracture  uneven. 

Comp.— 5  AgS  +  Sb2S3=Sulphur  16-2,  antimony  15-3,  silver  68-5=100.     Analyses:  1,  H. 
Eose-  (Fogg.,  xv.  474);  Kerl  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  1853,  No.  2): 


1.  Scheranitz 

2.  Andreasberg 


S 

16-42 
16-51 


Sb 

14-68 
15-79 


68-54 
68-38 


Fe 


0-14 


Cu 

0-64=100-28  Eose. 
=100-82  Kerl. 


Considered  an  arsenical  mineral  until  Klaproth's  analysis  in  1793  (Beitr.,  i.  162). 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  fuses,  and  after  long  heating  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of 
sulphid  of  antimony.  In  the  open  tube  fuses,  giving  off  antimonial  fumes  and  sulphurous  acid. 
B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  with  projection  of  small  particles,  coats  the  coal  with  antimonous  acid, 
which  after  long  blowing  is  colored  red  from  oxydized  silver,  and  a  globule  of  metallic  silver  is 
obtained. 

Soluble  in  dilute  heated  nitric  acid,  sulphur  and  oxyd  of  antimony  being  deposited. 

Obs, — In  veins,  with  other  silver  ores,  at  Freiberg,  Schneeberg,  and  Johanngeorgenstadt  in 
Saxony ;  at  Przibram  and  Eatieborzitz  in  Bohemia ;  at  Schemnitz  and  Kremnitz  hi  Hungary ;  at 
Andreasberg  in  the  Harz ;  at  Zacatecas  in  Mexico  ;  and  in  Peru. 

In  Nevada,  an  abundant  silver  ore  in  the  Comstock  lode ;  at  Ophir  and  Mexican  mines  in  fine 
crystals ;  in  the  Eeese  river  and  Humboldt  and  other  regions.  In  Idaho,  at  the  silver  mines 

Named  after  the  Archduke  Stephan,  Mining  Director  of  Austria.     A  valuable  ore  of  silver. 

The  species  is  homceomorphous  with  aragonite.     See  on  cryst.,  F.  H.  Schroeder,  Pogg.,  xcv.  257. 

Alt. — Crystals  occur  altered  to  silver,  and  also  to  argentopyrite  (p.  39). 


SULPHARSENITES,    ETC. 


107 


131.  POLYBASITE.    Sprodglaserz  pt.  Wern.     Polybasit  H.  Bose,  Pogg.,  xv.  573,  1829.    Eu, 
genglanz  Breith.,  Char..  266,  1832. 

Orthorhombic,  Descl.  /A  I  nearly  120°,  0  A  1—121°  30'  Observed 
planes  0,  7,1.  1  A  1,  pyr.,  =  129°  32',  1  A  1,  bas.,=117°.  Crystals  usually 
short  tabular  prisms,  with  the  bases  triangularly  striated  parallel  to  alter- 
nate edges.  Cleavage :  basal  imperfect.  Also  massive  and  disseminated. 

H.— 2— 3.  G.=:6-214.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  iron-black;  in  thin 
crystals  cherry-red  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  iron-black.  Opaque  except 
when  quite  thin.  Fracture  uneven. 

Oomp.— 9  (Ag,  Ou)  S  +  (Sb,  As)2  S3— ,  if  containing  silver  without  copper  or  arsenic,  Sulphur 
14-8,  antimony  9-7,  silver  75-5  =  100.  More  probably  10  (Ag,  -Gu)  S  +  (Sb,  As)2  S3,  in  which  the 
second  member  is  half  what  it  is  in  the  preceding  species,  and  the  at.  ratio  (Ag,  -Gu)  and  (S,  Sb, 
As)  is  2  :  3.  Analyses:  1-3,  H.  Rose  (1.  c.);  4,  C.  A.  Joy  (Inaug.  Diss.,  24):  5,  Tomier  (Lotos, 
1859,  85,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1860,  716): 


Cu 
9-93 
3-04 
4-11 
3-36 
3-36 


Fe 

0-06 

0-33 

0-29 

0-34 

0-14 


Zn 

=100-15  Rose. 

0*59=99-70  Rose. 

=100-30  Rose. 

=100-45  Joy. 

=99-13  Tonner. 


1.  Durango,  Mexico  17'04  5*09  3'74  64  29 

2.  Schemnitz        .  16 '83  0*25  6'23  72'43 
3    Freiberg  16'35  8'39  1-17  69'99 

4.  Cornwall  15 -87  5 "46  3 -41  72*01 

5.  Przibram,  G.=6'03  15*55  11*53    68*55 

D.  Forbes  found  in  crystallized  specimens  from  Tres  Puntos,  Chili,  67-47  and  66*94  p.  c.  of  silver, 
and  in  a  massive  ore  from  Romero,  S.  of  Copiapo,  66-14  p.  c.  (Private  communication.) 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  open  tube  fuses,  gives  sulphurous  acid  and  antimouial  fumes,  the  latter 
forming  a  white  sublimate,  sometimes  mixed  with  crystalline  arsenous  acid.  B.B.  fuses  with 
spirting  to  a  globule,  gives  off  sulphur  (sometimes  arsenic),  and  coats  the  coal  with  antimonous 
acid ;  with  long-continued  blowing  some  varieties  give  a  faint  yellowish-white  coating  of  oxyd  of 
zinc,  and  a  metallic  globule,  which  with  salt  of  phosphorus  reacts  for  copper,  and  cupelled  with 
lead  gives  pure  silver. 

Decomposed  by  nitric  acid. 

Obs. —  Occurs  in  the  mines  of  Guanaxuato  and  Gaudalupe  y  Calvo  in  Mexico ;  also  at  Guarisamez 
in  Durango,  with  chalcopyrite  and  calcite ;  at  Tres  Puntos,  desert  of  Atacama,  Chili :  at  Freiberg 
and  Przibram.  In  Nevada,  at  the  Reese  mines ;  in  Idaho,  at  the  silver  mines  of  the  Owhyhee 
district. 

Named  from  ™Xi5c,  mmy,  and  /?<icns,  lose,  in  allusion  to  the  many  metallic  bases  present. 

Alt. — Stephanite  and  pyrite  occur  as  pseudomorphs  after  polybasite. 

132.  ENARGITE.    Enargit  Breifh.,  Pogg.,  Ixxx.  383,  1850.    Guayacanite  Field,  Am.  J.  ScL, 

II.  xxvii.  52,  1859. 

Orthorhombic.     /A  7=97°  53',  O  A  14=136°  37',  Dauber;   a  :  I  :  c— 
0-94510  :  1   :  1-1480.       Observed 
planes  :    0  /     vertical,  //   -a'4,   i-l ; 
domes,  £4,  14,  24,  14;  octahedral, 

0  A  £4=154°  43' 
0  A  24=117  53 
O  A  14=140  20 
0  A  1=128  35 

Cleavage  :  I  perfect ;  ^'4,  i-i  dis- 
tinct ;  0  indistinct.  Also  massive, 
granular  or  columnar. 

H.=3.  G.=4-43-4-45;  4-362, 
Kenngott.  Lustre  metallic.  Color 
grayish  to  iron-black;  streak  gray- 
ish-black, powder  having  a  metallic  lustre. 


Peru. 

Brittle.     Fracture  uneven. 


108 


SULPHAESENITES,    ETC. 


S 

As 

Sb 

Cu 

Fe 

I. 

Peru 

32-22 

17-60 

1-61 

47-20 

0-57 

2. 

Chili,  Guay. 

31-82 

19-14 



48-50 

tr. 

3. 

Coquimbo 

32-11 

18-10 



48-89 

0-47 

4. 

N.  Grenada 

34-50 

16-31 

1-29 

46-62 

0-27 

5. 

Chesterfield 

33-78 

15-63 



50-59 



6. 

Cosihuirachi 

31-86 

17-17 



50-08 

0-09 

7. 

u 

32-45 

15-88 



49-21 

1-58 

8. 

Colorado     (f 

)  30-95 

17-46 

1-35 

46-64 

1-02 

Comp.— At.  ratio  for  Cu,  As,  S=3  :  1  :  4;  whence  3  6u  S  + As2  S5=Sulphur  32-5,  arsenic  19-1, 
copper  48-4=100.  Analyses:  1,  Plattner  (Pogg.,  Ixxx.  383);  2,  F.  Field  (1.  c.);  3,  v.  Kobel 
(Ber.  Ak.  Munch.,  i.  161,  1865);  4,  W.  J.  Taylor  (Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  168,  1857);  5,  Genth  (Am.  J. 
Scl,  II.  xxiii.  420);  6,  7,  Luthe  &  Eammelsberg  (ZS.  G.,  xviii.  241);  8,  B.  S.  Burton  (private 
contrib.) : 

S         As        Sb       Cu       Fe       Ag 

0-02,  Zn  0-23  =  99-45  Plattner. 
£r.=99-46  Field. 

Te  0-05,  Zn,  Se  <r.  =  99-62  Kobell. 

=98-99  Taylor. 

=100  Genth. 

=99-20  Luthe. 

=99-12  Ramm. 

insol.  1-98  =  99-40  Burton. 

Genth's  analysis  was  made  on  "too  small  a  quantity  for  a  complete  examination." 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphur ;  at  a  higher  tempera- 
ture fuses,  and  gives  a  sublimate  of  sulphid  of  arsenic.  In  the  open  tube,  heated  gently,  the 
powdered  mineral  gives  off  sulphurous  and  arsenous  acids,  the  latter  condensing  to  a  sublimate 
containing  some  antimonous  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  and  gives  a  faint  coating  of  arsenous 
acid,  antimonous  acid,  and  oxyd  of  zinc ;  the  roasted  mineral  with  the  fluxes  gives  a  globule  of 
metallic  copper. 

Soluble  in  nitro-muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — From  Morococha,  Cordilleras  of  Peru,  at  a  height  of  15,000  feet,  in  large  masses,  occa- 
sionally with  small  druses  of  crystals,  along  with  tennantite,  imbedded  in  crystalline  limestone 
(anal.  1);  Cordilleras  of  Chili  (guayacanite,  anal.  2);  same,  mine  of  Hediondas,  Prov.  Coquimbo 
(anal.  3);  mines  of  Santa  Anna^  N.  Grenada,  in  cavities  in  quartz  (anal.  4);  at  Cosihuirachi  in 
Mexico ;  Brewster's  gold  mine,  Chesterfield  district,  S.  Carolina  (anal.  5) ;  in  Colorado  (anal.  8) ;  at 
Willis's  Gulch,  near  Black  Hawk. 

For  Dauber  on  cryst.,  see  Pogg.,  xcii.  237.  Breithaupt  (ib.,  Ixxx.  383)  made  /A  7=98°  11',  and 
Rammelsberg  (ZS.  G.,  xviii.  242)  98°  10'. 

133.  XANTHOCONITE.    Xanthokon  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xx.  67,  1840. 

Bhombohedral ;  R  A  R =71°  34';  0  A  J2=110°  30',  a=2'3l63.  Ob- 
served planes  R,  -2,  0.  0  A  2=100°  35'.  Cleavage  :  R,  and  0.  Usually 
in  reniform  masses,  with  the  interior  consisting  of  minute  crystals. 

H.i=2.  G.=5'0— 5*2.  Color  dull-red  to  clove-brown;  crystals  orange- 
yellow  on  the  edges  by  transmitted  light.  Streak-powder  yellow.  Brittle. 

Comp.— (3  Ag  S  +  As2  S5)  +  2  (3  Ag  S  +  As2  S3)=Sulphur  21-1,  arsenic  14-9,  silver  64-0=100. 
Analyses:  Plattner  (Pogg.,  Ixiv.  275): 

S  As  Ag  Fe 

1.  21-36  [13-49]  64-18  0'97=100 

2.  21-80  [14-32]  63-88  =  100 

Pyr.— In  the  closed  tube,  at  a  gentle  heat,  the  yellow  color  is  changed  to  dark-red,  but  OD 
cooling  it  regains  its  original  color ;  at  a  higher  temperature  fuses,  and  gives  a  faint  sublimate  of 
sulphid  of  arsenic.  In  the  open  tube,  and  on  charcoal,  behaves  like  proustite. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  stephanite  at  the  Himmelsfiirst  mine  near  Freiberg. 

Named  in  allusion  to  its  yellow  powder,  from  £avduS,  yellow,  and  KOVIS,  poivder. 


APPENDIX   TO   SULPHIDS,  ETC. 

134.  CLAYITE  W.  J.  Taylor,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  Nov.  1859. 

Isometric,  tetrahedral.     Occurring  form  the  tetrahedron,  with  planes  of  the  dodecahedron. 
Crystals  small.     Also  massive,  incrusting. 
H.=2-5.    Lustre  metallic.     Color  and  streak  blackish  lead-gray.     Opaque.     Sectile. 


SULPHARSENITES,    ETC.  109 

Analyses  by  W.  J.  Taylor  (1.  c.) : 

S  As  Sb  Pb  Cu  Ag 

1.  8-22  9-78  6-54  68-51  7-67  trace 

2.  8-14  undet.          undet.  67'40  5'62  * 

From  Peru.    Probably  a  result  of  alteration.    Requires  further  investigation. 

135.    BOLIVIANITE.    Bolivian  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  188. 

Orthorhombic.     In  acicular  rhombic  prisms,  tufts,  and  fine  columnar.     Resembles  stibnite. 
H.r=2^.     G-. =4-820—  4-828.     Cleavage:   £4  distinct     Lustre  submetallic.     Color  lead-gray,  a 
tittle  darker  than  in  stibnite. 

According  to  T.  Richter,  an  antimonial  sulphid  of  silver,  containing  8*5  p.  c.  of  silver. 
From  Bolivia. 

65B.  SULPHOSELENID  OF  ZINC  AND  MERCURY.    A.  del  Castillo,  in  priv.  comm.,  dated 
Mexico,  Feb.  27,  1865,  to  Prof.  Henry,  and  from  him  to  the  author. 

In  crystals  (rhombohedrons  ?) ;  cleavage  not  observed. 

H.=:3.     G.= 6-67— 7-165.     Color  dark  lead-gray.    Streak  grayish-black. 

COMP. — According  to  Castillo's  trials,  a  compound  of  sulphur,  selenium,  zinc,  and  mercury,  of 
undetermined  proportions. 

PTR.,  ETC. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  grayish -black  sublimate,  and  above  this  a  ring  of  metal- 
lic mercury ;  in  the  open  tube  affords  the  odor  of  selenium,  a  blackish  zone  of  selenium,  and 
above  this  a  grayish-red  oxyd,  and  still  higher  a  sublimate  of  mercury.  B.B.  the  selenium  and 
mercury  are  volatilized,  leaving  a  residue  of  oxyd  of  zinc,  yellow  while  hot  and  white  on  cooling. 
On  charcoal  burns  with  a  bluish  flame,  giving  first  the  odor  of  sulphur  and  then  of  selenium  ;  the 
assay  turns  yellow,  then  red,  and  finally  yields  a  yellow  skeleton  of  oxyd  of  zinc.  Insoluble  in 
nitric  acid ;  soluble  in  nitre-muriatic  acid. 

OBS. — Occurs  at  the  quicksilver  mines  of  G-uadalcazar,  along  with  cinnabar,  and  in  cavities  in 
barite,  fluorite,  and  gypsum.  Appears  to  be  near  onofrite,  No.  65A,  p.  56. 


110  COMPOUNDS   OF    CHLOKINE,    BKOMINE,    IODINE. 


III.    COMPOUNDS  OF  CHLORINE,  BROMINE,  IODINE. 


1.  AKHYDROUS  CHLORIDS,  ETC. 

1.  Composition  R2  (01,  Br,  I). 
1.  CALOMEL  GROUP.     Tetragonal. 

136.  CALOMEL,  Hg2  Cl. 

2.  Composition  R  (Cl,  Br,  I). 

1.  HALITE  GROUP.    Isometric. 

137.  SYLVITE,  K  Cl.  140.  CERARGYRITE,  Ag  Cl, 

138.  HALITE,  Na  Cl.  141.  EMBOLITE,  Ag  (Cl,  Br). 

139.  SAL  AMMONIAC,  JSTH4  Cl.  142.  BROMTRITE,  Ag  Br. 

2.  IODTRITE  GROUP.    Hexagonal. 

143.   lODYRITE,   Ag  I.  144.   COCCINITE,    Hg  I. 

3.  COTUKNITE  GROUP.    Orthorhombic. 

145     COTUNNITE,    PbCl. 

3.  Composition  R2  Cl3. 
MOLYSITE  GROUP. 

146.  MOLYSITE,  Fe2  Cl3. 

2.  HYDROUS  CHLORIDS. 

147.  CARNALLITE,  (K  Mg)  Cl  +  4  I'l.       149.  KREMERSITE,  2  (K,  Am)  Cl  +  Fe2  Cl3  +  3  H. 

148.  TACHHYDRITE,  (Ca,  Mg)  Cl  +  4  H. 


3.  OXYCHLORIDS. 

150.  MATLOCKITE,  PbCl+PbO.  153.  ATACAMITE,  3CuH  +  (CuCl)H 

1 51.  MENDIPITE,  Pb  Cl  +  2  Pb  0.  1 53 A.  TALLINGITE,  4  Cu  H  +  (Cu  Cl)  H  +  3  aq. 

152.  SCHWARTZEMBERGITE,  Pb  I  +  2  Pb  0.     154.   PEROYLITE. 

Appendix. — 155.  CHLORID  OF  MAGNESIUM.     156.  CHLORID  OP  MANGANESE.     157. 
15«.  BROMID  OF  ZINC. 


CHLOKIDS. 


Ill 


1.  AJSTHYDKOUS  CHLORIDS,  ETC. 


136.  CALOMEL.  Horn  Mercury  (fr.  Deux  Fonts)  Woulfe,  Phil.  Trans.,  618,  1776.  ' 
mercure  cornee  de  Lisle,  Crist,  iii.  161,  1783.  Quecksilber-Hornerz  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  381,  1789 
Horn  Quicksilver;  Dichlorid  of  Mercury.  Kalomel,  Chlorquecksilber,  Chlormercur,  Germ'  Mer- 
cure  chlorure  Fr. 

Tetragonal.      6>Al-fcl29°  4';  a=l-232.      Observed  planes:  vertical, 
7,  i-l,  i-±  ;  octahedral,  J,  -J-,  1  ;  f  -i,  %-i  ;  zirconoid,  2-2,  2-f  ,  |-2. 

6>  A  2-4=112°  5'          0  A  1=119°  51'         2-*A2-£pyr  =  98°    8' 
36        6>A£=149    51          lAl,      pyr.,^104    20 


Pyramid  2-&  when  ^  alone  gives  a  very  acute  termination  to  the  prism. 
Cleavage  :  7,  indistinct.  Twins  compounded  so  as  to  have  the  vertical 
axis  in  one  line,  but  the  edges  of  the  pyramid  of  one  in  the  same  plane  with 
the  faces  of  the  pyramid  of  the  other. 

H.  =  l—  2.  Q.=  6-4:82,  Haidinger.  Lustre  adamantine.  Color  white, 
yellowish-gray,  or  ash-gray,  also  grayish,  and  yellowish-white,  brown. 
Streak  pale  yellowish-white.  Translucent  —  subtraiislucent.  Fracture  con- 
choidal.  Sectile. 

Comp.  —  Hg2  Cl=Chlorine  15-1,  mercury  84-9  =  100. 

Pyr,,  etc,  —  In  the  closed  tube  volatilizes  without  fusion,  condensing  in  the  cold  part  of  the  tube 
as  a  white  sublimate  ;  with  soda  gives  a  sublimate  of  metallic  mercury.  B.B.  on  charcoal  volati- 
lizes, coating  the  coal  white.  Insoluble  in  water,  but  dissolved  by  nitro-inuriatic  acid  ;  blackens 
when  treated  with  alkalies. 

Obs,  —  At  Moschellandsberg  in  the  Palatinate,  coating  the  cavities  of  a  ferruginous  gangue, 
associated  with  cinnabar  —  crystals  often  large  and  well-defined  ;  also  at  the  quicksilver  mines  of 
Idria  in  Carniola  ;  Almaden  in  Spain  ;  Horzowitz  in  Bohemia. 

According  to  Hessenberg,  crystals  from  Moschellandsberg  afford  0  A  1-^=129°  40',  0  /\2-i= 
112°  35'. 

Named  from  Ka\6g,  beautiful,  and  ptXi,  honey,  the  taste  being  sweet,  and  the  compound  the  Mer- 
curius  dulcis  of  early  chemistry. 

137.  SYLVITE.  Muriate  of  Potash  (fr.  Vesuvius)  Smilhson,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  vi.  258,  1823. 
Chlorid  of  Potassium.  Kali  Salzsaures,  Chlorkalium,  Germ.  Sylvine  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  511,  1832. 
Hoevelit  H.  Girard,  Jahrb.  Min.  1863,  568.  Leopoldit  E.  Eeichardt,  Jahrb.  Min.  1866,  331. 
Schatzellit  and  Hdvellit  (fr.  Stassfurt),  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  276,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys..  IV.  v.  318,  324. 

Isometric.     Figs  1,  6,  2.     Cleavage  cubic.     Also  compact. 
H.=2.      G.=l-9—  2.     White  or  colorless.     Yitreous.     Soluble;  taste 
like  that  of  common  salt. 

Comp.—  K  Cl—  Potassium  52'5,  chlorine  47-5  =  100.  That  of  Vesuvius,  according  to  A.  Muller 
(Verh.  Ges.  Basel,  1854,  113),  is  pure,  affording  no  trace  of  lime,  magnesia,  or  alumina,  and  only  a 
trace  of  soda.  The  sylvite  of  the  Anhalt  salt  mine,  Leopoldshall,  afforded  Reichardt  (1.  c.)  K  52  '4, 
Cl  47-4. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  in  the  platinum  loop  fuses,  and  gives  a  violet  color  to  the  outer  flame.  Added 
to  a  salt  of  phosphorus  bead,  which  has  been  previously  saturated  with  oxyd  of  copper,  colors  the 
O.F.  deep  azure.  Water  completely  dissolves  it,  100  parts  taking  up  34*5  at  18'75°  C.  Heated 
with  sulphuric  acid  gives  off  muriatic  acid  gas. 

Obs,  —  Occurs  at  Vesuvius,  about  the  fumaroles  of  the  volcano.  Also  at  Stassfurt,  in  the 
carnallite  beds  of  the  salt  formation  ;  at  Leopoldshall  (leopoldite). 

The  compound  is  the  Sal  digestivus  Sylvii  of  early  chemistry,  whence  Beudant's  name  for  the 
species.  There  is  no  reason  for  changing  it  in  the  fact  that  the  earlier  known  mineral  was  of 
volcanic  origin. 


112 


COMPOUNDS   OF    CHLORINE,    BROMINE,    IODINE. 


138.  HALITE.  COMMON  SALT.  Rock  Salt,  Muriate  of  Soda,  Chlorid  of  Sodium.  Kochsalz, 
Steinsalz,  Bergsalz,  Germ.  Soude  muriatee,  Chlorure  de  sodium,  Sal  gemme,  Fr.  Salmare 
Send.,  Tr.,  1832.  Halites  Glock.,  Syn.,  290,  1847. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes,  6>,  1,  7,  *-2.  Figs.  1, 
2,  6,  16,  and  6  +  16 ;  usually  in  cubes ;  rarely  in  octa- 
hedrons; faces  of  crystals  sometimes  cavernous,  as  in 
f.  122.  Cleavage :  cubic,  perfect.  Massive  and  granu- 
lar, rarely  columnar. 

H.=2;5.  G.=2-l— 2-257 ;  of  pure  crystals,  2-135, 
Hunt.  Lustre  vitreous.  Streak  white.  Color  white, 
also  sometimes  yellowish,  reddish,  bluish,  purplish  ; 
often  colorless.  Transparent — translucent.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Bather  brittle.  Soluble  ;  taste  purely  saline. 

Comp.— ISTa  Cl= Chlorine  60-7,  sodium  39-3=100.  Commonly  mixed  with  some  sulphate  of 
lime,  chlorid  of  calcium,  and  chlorid  of  magnesium,  and  sometimes  sulphate  of  magnesia,  which 
render  it  liable  to  deliquesce.  Analyses:  1-8,  Berthier  (Ann.  d  M.,  x.  259):  9,  Fournet  (ib.,  IV 
ix.  551);  10,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch'.,  1014);  11,  12,  C.  A.  Goessmann  (Rep.  on  Petit  Anse  Salt 
Mine,  Bureau  of  Mines,  New  York,  18t>7,  17): 


1.  Vic,  white 

2.  "    grayish 

3.  "    gray 

4.  "    red 


NaCl 
99-3 
97-8 
90-3 
99-8 


5.  Marennes,  whitish  97*2 

6.  "         yellow  96-70 

7.  "         red  96-78 

8.  "         green  96-27 

9.  Algiers  9  7  -8 

10.  Stassfurt  97  '35 

11.  Petit  Anse,  white  98'88 


MgCl 


0-4 

0-23 

0-68 

0-27 

1-1 



tr. 


CaS 
0-5 
0-3 
5-0 

1-2 
1-21 
1-09 
1-09 

1-01 
0-79 


12.  St.  Domingo 


98-33       0-04        1-48 


NaS  MgS 

Clay  0-2=100  B. 

—  1-9  =  100  B. 

2-0  2-0  H  0-7  =  100  B. 

—  H  0-2=100  B. 

0-5        .        0-7  =  100  B. 

0-66  1-20=100  B. 

0-60  0-85=  100  B. 

0-80  1-57  =  100  B. 

Si  1'5,  H  0-6  =  100  P. 

0-43  0-23,  H  0-30=99-32  Ramm. 

CaCl  tr.,  H  0*33  =  100  Goessmann. 

0'06,  H  0'07,insol.  0'01=99'99  Goessmann. 


Other  analyses:  Salt  from  Stassfurt,  by  Heiutz,  ZS.  nat.  Ver.  Halle,  xi.  345;  from  Algiers, 
by  de  Marigny  and  Simon,  Ann.  d.  M.,  xii.  674;  from  Wieliczka,  Berchtesgaden,  Hall  in  the  Tyrol, 
Hallstadt,  Schwabisch-Hall,  by  G.  Bischof,  Geol.,  ii.  1069,  1675 ;  from  Erfurt  and  Cardona,  by 
Sochting,  ZS.  nat.  Ver.  Halle,  vii.  404;  from  Vesuvius,  1822,  by  Laugier,  Pogg.,  iii.  79;  from 
Vesuvius,  1850,  by  Bischof ;  from  Vesuvius,  1850,  by  Scacchi,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xvii.  323;  from 
Vesuvius,  1855,  by  Deville,  Bull.  G.  Pr.  II.  xiii.  620. 

Dissolves  in  three  parts  of  water.  Some  varieties  attract  moisture,  but  are  unchanged  in  a  dry 
atmosphere. 

The  martinsite  of  Karsten  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvi.  127)  contains  9*02  per  cent,  of  sulphate  of  magnesia, 
which  is  equivalent  to  1 0  parts  of  common  salt  to  1  of  sulphate  of  magnesia.  It  is  from  Stass- 
furt. In  Rammelsberg's  analysis  the  water  was  hygroscopic,  and  the  specimen  contained  0'48 
of  mixed  karstenito.  In  a  dirty  reddish  salt  from  Abingdon,  Washington  Co.,  Va.,  E.  Stieren 
found  (Jahresb.,  1862,  766)  NaCl  90-55,  gypsum  0  45,  clay  and  carb.  lime  9-00= 100.^ 

The  bluish  and  indigo-colored  salt  of  Stassfurt,  etc.,  possibly  owes  its  color,  according  to  Prof. 
S.  TV.  Johnson,  to  the  presence  of  subchlorid  of  sodium. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  fuses,  often  with  decrepitation ;  when  fused  on  the  platinum 
loop  colors  the  flame  deep  yellow.  Other  reactions  like  those  given  under  sylvite. 

Obs. — Common  salt  occurs  in  extensive  but  irregular  beds  in  rocks  of  various  ages,  associ- 
ated with  gypsum,  polyhalite,  clay,  sandstone,  and  calcite;  also  dissolved,  and  forming  salt 
springs. 

In  Europe  and  England  it  occurs  in  the  Triassic,  associated  with  red  marl  or  sandstone,  but  it  is 
not  confined  to  these  rocks.  At  Durham,  Northumberland,  and  Leicestershire,  England,  salt  springs 
rise  from  the  Carboniferous  series ;  in  the  Alps,  some  salt  works  are  supplied  from  Oolitic  rocks ; 
the  famous  mines  of  Cardona  and  Wieliczka  are  referred,  the  former  to  the  Green  Sand  formation, 


CHLORIDS. 


113 


and  the  latter  to  Tertiary  rocks.  Salt  springs  also  occur  in  volcanic  regions.  In  the  United  States 
the  brines  of  New  York  come  from  Upper  Silurian  strata ;  those  of  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Vir- 
ginia, mostly  from  Devonian  and  Subcarboniferous  beds;  those  of  Michigan,  mainly  from  the 
Subcarbouiferous  and  Carboniferous ;  while  in  Louisiana,  at  Petit  Anse,  there  is  a  thick  bed  of 
pure  salt  in  the  Post-tertiary  or  more  recent  deposits  of  the  coast ;  recent  explorations  there  have 
proved  that  it  underlies  144  acres,  and  it  has  been  penetrated  to  a  depth  of  38  feet  without 
showing  any  change  in  its  structure  or  purity.  Salt  also  occurs  as  efflorescences  over  the  drv 
prairies  and  shallow  ponds  or  lakes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  California,  Atacama ;  and  in  most 
desert  or  semi-desert  regions  there  are  numerous  salt  lakes. 

The  principal  mines  of  Europe  are  at  Wieliczka,  in  Poland ;  at  Hall,  in  the  Tyrol ;  Stassfurt,  in 
Prussian  Saxony;  and  along  the  range  through  Reichenthal  in  Bavaria,  Hallein  in  Salzburg, 
Hallstadt,  Ischl,  and  Ebensee,  in  Upper  Austria,  and  Aussee  in  Styria;  in  Hungary,  at  Marmoros 
and  elsewhere ;  in  Transylvania ;  Wallachia,  Gallicia,  and  Upper  Silesia ;  Vic  and  Dieuze  in 
France ;  Valley  of  Cardona  and  elsewhere  in  Spain,  forming  hills  300  to  400  feet  high ;  Bex  in 
Switzerland;  and  Northwich  in  Cheshire,  England.  At  Cheshire  it  occurs  in  a  basin-shaped 
deposit,  and  is  arranged  in  spheroidal  masses,  from  5  to  8  feet  in  diameter,  which  are  composed 
of  concentric  coats,  and  present  polygonal  figures.  It  is  but  little  contaminated  with  impurities, 
and  is  prepared  for  use  by  merely  crushing  it  between  iron  rollers.  At  the  Austrian  mines, 
where  it  contains  much  clay,  the  salt  is  dissolved  in  large  chambers,  and  the  clay  thus  precipitated. 
After  a  time  the  water,  fully  saturated  with  the  salt,  is  conveyed  by  aqueducts  to  evaporating 
houses,  and  the  chambers,  after  being  cleared  out,  are  again  filled ;  at  Berchtesgaden,  the  water 
is  saturated  in  a  month,  at  Hall  it  takes  nearly  a  year. 

It  also  occurs,  forming  hills  and  covering  extended  plains,  near  Lake  Oroomiah,  the  Caspian 
Lake,  etc.  In  Algeria ;  in  Abyssinia;  in  India  in  the  province  of  Lahore,  and  in  the  valley  of 
Cashmere;  in  China  and  Asiatic  Russia;  in  South  America,  in  Peru,  and  at  Zipaquera  and 
Nemocon,  the  former  a  large  mine  long  explored  in  the  Cordilleras  of  Granada.  Occasionally 
formed  at  the  eruptions  of  Vesuvius,  as  in  1855,  when  it  was  found  in  cubes,  incrustations,  and 
stalactites. 

In  the  United  States,  salt  has  been  found  forming  beds  with  gypsum,  in  Virginia,  "Washington 
Co.,  18  m.  from  Abingdon ;  in  the  Salmon  River  Mts.  of  Oregon;  in  Louisiana,  as  already  men- 
tioned. Brine  springs  are  very  numerous  in  the  Middle  and  Western  States.  These  springs  are 
worked  at  Salina  and  Syracuse,  N.  Y. ;  in  the  Kanawha  Valley,  Va. ;  Muskingum,  Ohio ;  Michi* 
gan,  at  Saginaw  and  elsewhere ;  and  in  Kentucky.  The  salt  water  is  obtained  by  boring,  and 
raised  by  means  of  machinery,  and  thence  conveyed  by  troughs  to  the  boilers,  where  it  is  evapo- 
rated by  artificial  heat ;  or  to  basins  for  evaporation  by  exposure  to  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

The  following  table  by  Prof.  Beck  (Mineralogy  of  New  York,  p.  112),  gives  the  amount  of  brine 
required  for  a  bushel  of  salt  at  the  principal  salt  springs  in  the  United  States : 


Galls. 

Boone's  Lick,  Missouri  450 

Conemaugh,  Penn.  300 

Shawneetown,  111.  280 

Jackson,  Ohio  213 

Lockhart's,  Miss.  180 

St.  Catherines,  Upper  Canada  120 

Zanesville,  Ohio  95 


Kanawha,  Va. 
Grand  River,  Ark. 
Illinois  River,  Ark. 
Montezuma,  N.  Y. 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 
Muskingum,  Ohio 
Salina— Old  wells 
New  wells 


Galls. 

75 

80 

80 

70 

50-60 

50 

40-45 

30-35 


Sea  water  at  Nantucket  gives  a  bushel  of  salt  for  every  350  gallons. 

Composition  of  Syracuse  brines,  according  to  analyses  by  Dr.  C.  A.  Goessmann  (private  com- 
munication) : 

I.                    II.  III.                 IV. 

16-7503             15-5317  18-2465             13-3767 

0-5673               0-5772  0'5117               0-5234 

0-1594               0-1533  0'1984              0'1037 

0-1464               0-1444  0'178£               0'1336 

0-0022               0-0024  0'0025 

0-0110               0-0109  0-0119 

0-0034              0-0044  0*0036 

82-8600             83-5757  80*8470            85-8508 


Chlorid  of  sodium 
Sulphate  of  lime 
Chlorid  of  calcium 
Chlorid  of  magnesium 
Bromid  of  magnesium 
Chlorid  of  potassium 
Carbonate  of  protoxyd  of  iron 
Water 


100 


100 


100 


100 


No.  I.  has  G.=M300  at  16°  Banine",  and  20°  C.    No.  II.  has  G.=1'1225  at  15°  Baume,  and 
21°  C.    The  Saginaw  brines,  Michigan,  afford  about  19-250  of  salt. 

8 


COMPOUNDS    OF   CHLOKINE,    BROMINE,    IODINE. 

Vast  lakes  of  salt  water  exist  in  many  parts  of  the  world.  Lake  Timpanogos  in  the  Rocky 
mountains,  4,200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  now  called  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  is  2,000  square 
miles  in  area  L.  Gale  found  in  this  water  20-1 96  per  cent,  of  chlorid  of  sodium  (Stansb.  Exped. 
cited  in  Am.  J.  ScL  II.  xvii.  129).  The  Dead  and  Caspian  Seas  are  salt,  and  the  waters  of  the 
former  contain  20  to  26  parts  of  solid  matter  in  100  parts.  Prof.  Gmelin,  who  analyzed  a  portion 
of  these  waters  of  specific  gravity  1'212,  found  them  to  contain  chlorid  of  calcium  3'336,  chlorid 
of  magnesium  12-167,  chlorid  of  sodium  7'039,  sulphate  of  lime  0"052,  bromid  of  magnesium  0-443, 
chlorid  of  potassium  1'086,  chlorid  of  aluminum  0-144,  chlorid  of  ammonium  0'007,  chlorid  of 
manganese  0-161  =  24-435,  with  75-565  water=100'000.  This  result  is  given  as  corrected  by 

Alt  —Anhydrite  gypsum,  polyhalite,  occur  as  pseud omorphs  after  this  species  ;  also  celestine, 
dolomite  quartz  hematite,  pyrite ;  the  removal  of  the  salt  cubes  by  their  solution,  leaves  a  cavity 
which  any  mineral  may  then  occupy.  The  hopper-shaped  crystals  often  leave  an  impression  of 
their  form  on  clays. 

139.  SAL  AMMONIAC.  Naturliches  Salmiak  (fr.  Bucharia)  J.  G.  Model,  Yersuch  iiber  ein 
nat.  Salmiak,  Leipzig,  1758.  Muriate  of  Ammonia;  Chlorid  of  Ammonium.  Salmiak  Germ. 
Ammoniaque  muriatee  Fr.  Salmiac  Beud.,  Tr.,  1832. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes,  0,  1,  /,  2-2.  Figs.  1,  2,  3,  6,  10,  14. 
Cleavage  octahedral.  Also  stalactitic,  and  in  globular  masses ;  in  crusts, 
or  as  an  efflorescence. 

H.=1'5— 2.  G.=1'528.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  white;  often  yellow- 
ish or  grayish.  Streak  white.  Translucent — opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Soluble ;  taste  saline  and  pungent ;  not  deliquescent. 

Comp.— NH4Cl=Am  Cl= Ammonium  33-7,  chlorine  66-3=100.  Klaproth  obtained  (Beitr.,  Hi. 
89): 

Vesuvius.  Bucharia. 

Chlorid  of  ammonium                       99'5  97-50 

Sulphate  of  ammonia                           0'5  2'50 

B.  Silliman,  Jr.,  obtained  (Dana's  G.  Rep.  Expl.  Exp.,  202)  for  a  specimen  from  Kilauea,  Hawaii, 
Chlorid  of  ammonium  65'53,  chlorid  of  iron  12-14,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  8'10,  chlorid  of  aluminum 
13-00,  insoluble  matter  and  loss  1-23=100.  For  an  analysis  of  an  impure  Stromboli  specimen, 
see  C.  Schmidt,  in  ZS.  G.,  ix.  403. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Sublimes  in  the  closed  tube  without  fusion.  Pulverized  with  hydrate  of  lime,  or 
heated  with  a  solution  of  caustic  alkali,  gives  off  pungent  ammoniacal  vapors.  Soluble  in  three 
times  its  weight  of  water. 

Obs. — Occurs  about  volcanoes,  as  at  Etna,  the  island  of  Yulcano,  Vesuvius,  Stromboli,  Sand- 
wich Islands,  and  near  Hecla  after  the  eruption  of  1845,  as  observed  by  Bunsen.  Observed  after 
the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  1855,  in  rhombic  dodecahedrons  with  cavernous  faces ;  and  as  u^ual 
it  occurred  where  the  lavas  had  spread  over  soil  and  vegetation.  Also  found  in  small  quantities 
in  the  vicinity  of  ignited  coal  seams,  as  at  St.  Etienne  in  France,  and  also  at  Newcastle,  and  in 
Scotland ;  crystallized  near  Duttweiler  in  Prussia,  where  a  coal  seam  has  been  burning  for  more 
than  a  hundred  years.  It  occurs  also  in  Bucharia ;  at  Kilauea  in  Hawaii,  a  variety  which  con- 
tains largely  of  iron  (see  above),  and  becomes  rusty  yellow  on  exposure ;  in  guano  from  the  Chiu- 
cha  Islands. 

The  a\s  Sfifji(oviaK6^  sal-ammoniac  of  Dioscorides,  Celsius,  and  Pliny,  is  proved  by  Beckmann  (Hist, 
of  Inventions,  iv.  360)  to  be  common  rock  salt,  dug  in  Egypt,  near  the  oracle  of  Ammon.  The 
name  was  afterward  transferred  to  the  muriate  of  ammonia,  when  subsequently  manufactured  in 
Egypt.  Sal-ammoniac  is  supposed  to  have  been  included  by  the  ancients,  with  one  or  two  other 
species,  under  the  name  of  nitrum,  which,  according  to  Pliny,  gave  the  test  of  ammonia  when 
mingled  with  quicklime. 

140.  OERARGYRITE.  Argentum  cornu  pellucido  simile  (fr.  Marienberg),  Germ.  Hornfarbs- 
Silber,  Gesner,  Foss.,  63,  1565.  Argentum  rude  jecoris  colore,  lucem  corneam  habens  (fr.  Frei- 
berg, etc.)  G.  Fdbricius,  De  Rebus  Met.,  1566.  Glaserz,  dursichtig  wie  ein  Horn  in  einer  Lan- 
tern, Matthesius,  Sarept.,  1585.  Horn-Silfver,  Minera  argenti  cornea,  A.  sulphure  et  arsenico 
mineralisatum,  Watt.,  310, 1747.  Argento  acido  salis  mineralisatum,  Hornerz,  Oronst.,  159,  1758. 


CHLOKIDS,    BROMIDS. 

Silberhornerz,  Silberkerat,  Hornsilber,  Chlor-Silber,  Germ.  Horn  Silver;  Corneous  Silver 
Argent  muriate,  Argent  corne,  Chlorure  d'argent  Fr.  Buttermilcherz  (first  mentioned  early  in 
17th  century).  Kerargyre  Seud.,  Tr.,ii.  501,  1832.  Kerat  Raid.,  Handb.,  506,  1845.  Argyro- 
ceratite  Gtock.,  Syn.,  249,  1847.  Plata  cornea  blanca  Domeyko,  Min.,  200,  1845.  Kerargyrite 

Isometric.  Observed  forms,  0,  I,  1,  2,  2-2 ;  f.  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  T ;  also  5 
with  planes  1,  2,  2-2.  Cleavage  none.  Twins:  composition-face  octa- 
hedral. Usually  massive  and  looking  like  wax ;  sometimes  columnar,  or 
bent  columnar  ;  often  in  crusts. 

H.=l— 1*5.  G.— 5*552;  5-31— 5-43,  Domeyko.  Lustre  resinous,  pass- 
ing into  adamantine.  Color  pearl-gray,  grayish-green,  whitish,  rarely 
violet-blue,  colorless  sometimes  when  perfectly  pure ;  brown  or  violet- 
brown  on  exposure.  Streak  shining.  Transparent — feebly  subtranslucent. 
Fracture  somewhat  conchoidal.  Sectile. 

Comp. — Ag  01= Chlorine  24'7,  silver  75-3  =  100.  This  constitution  corresponds  with  Klap- 
roth's  analyses  (Boitr.,  i.  134,  and  iv.  10) ;  also  F.  Field's  of  a  specimen  from  Chailarcillo,  Chili 
(Q.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  x.  239). 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  fuses  without  decomposition.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  a  globule 
of  metallic  silver.  Added  to  a  bead  of  salt  of  phosphorus,  previously  saturated  with  oxyd  of  copper, 
and  heated  in  O.F.,  imparts  an  intense  azure-blue  to  the  flame.  A  fragment  placed  on  a  strip  of 
zinc,  and  moistened  with  a  drop  of  water,  swells  up,  turns  black,  and  finally  is  entirely  reduced 
to  metallic  silver,  which  shows  the  metallic  lustre  on  being  pressed  with  the  point  of  a  knife. 
Insoluble  in  nitric  acid,  but  soluble  in  ammonia. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  veins  of  clay  slate,  accompanying  other  ores  of  silver,  and  usually  only  in  the 
higher  parts  of  these  veins.  It  has  also  been  observed  with  ochreous  varieties  of  brown  iron 
ore ;  also  with  several  copper  ores,  calcite,  barite,  etc. 

The  largest  masses,  and  particularly  those  of  a  green  color,  are  brought  from  Peru,  Chili,  and 
Mexico,  where  it  occurs  with  native  silver.  In  Chili,  at  some  mines,  it  is  a  much  less  common 
ore  than  the  chlorobromid ;  often  contains,  intimately  mixed  with  it,  native  silver  in  very  minute 
grains  ;  it  occurs  at  Tres  Puntos,  Atacama,  Chailarcillo  near  Copiapo,  and  elsewhere  in  Chili.  Also 
in  Nicaragua  near  Ocotal ;  in  Dept.  of  G-racias,  Honduras.  It  was  formerly  obtained  in  the  Saxon 
mining  districts  of  Johanngeorgenstadt  and  Freiberg,  but  is  now  rare ;  a  mass  weighing  six  and 
three-quarter  pounds,  from  this  region,  is  in  the  Zwinger  collection  at  Dresden.  It  also  occurs  in 
the  Altai,  at  the  mines  of  Smeinogorsk  and  Krukovskoi ;  at  Konigsberg  hi  Norway ;  in  Alsace ; 
rarely  in  Cornwall,  and  at  Huelgoet  in  Brittany.  In  Nevada,  about  Austin,  Lander  Co.,  abun- 
dant ;  at  mines  of  Comstock  lode.  In  Arizona,  in  the  Willow  Springs  disk,  veins  of  El  Dorado 
canon,  and  San  Francisco  dist.  In  Idaho,  at  the  Poorman  mine,  in  crystals  some  half  an  inch 
across,  mostly  cubes  and  cubo-octahedrons,  but  occasionally  with  other  planes,  and  in  twins  con- 
sisting of  two  interpenetrating  cubes,  the  angles  of  one  projecting  from  the  faces  of  the  other. 

At  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  an  earthy  variety  is  met  with,  called  by  the  Germans  Buttermilk 
ore  (Buttermilcherz,  Thonige  Hornsilber\  which,  according  to  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  i.  137),  contains 
silver  24'64,  chlorine  8-28,  alumina  67'08.  Funckens  describes  it  as  "  weiss  uud  diinn  wie  cine" 
Buttermilch  "  (Lenz  Min.,  ii.  101,  1794). 

Named  from  Ktpa^  horn,  and  apyvp>s,  silver — Geratargyrite,  the  proper  derivative,  being  contracted 
to  Cerargyrite.  The  Greek  k  becomes  c,  as  in  other  cases. 

141.  EMBOLITE.  Chlorobromure  d'argent  Domeyko,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  vi.  153,  1844;  Berthier, 
ib.,  IV.  ii.  540,  1842.  Plata  cornea  verde  Domeyko,  Min.,  202,  1845.  Embolit  Breith.,  Pogg., 
Ixxvii.  134,  1849.  Chlorobromid  of  Silver.  Chlorbromsilber.  Megabromite,  Microbromit, 
Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xviii.  449,  1859. 

Isometric.  Figs.  1, 4,  6,  7,  6  4-  7,  11.  Also  massive ;  sometimes  stalactitic 
or  concretionary  at  surface. 

H.=l-l-5.  '  GL=5-31-5-43,  Domeyko:  5-53,  Yorke;  5-79-5-81, 
Breith.  Lustre  resinous  and  somewhat  adamantine.  Color  grayish-green 
and  asparagus-green  to  pistachio  or  yellowish-green,  and  yellow,  often  dark ; 
becoming  darker  externally  on  exposure. 


116 


COMPOUNDS   OF   CHLOKINE,    BROMINE,    IODINE. 


Comp. — Ag  (01,  Br),  the  ratio  of  the  chlorine  to  the  bromine  varying  indefinitely,  the  yellowish 
varieties  and  those  of  deeper  green  colors  containing  the  largest  proportion  of  bromine.  Analyses : 
1,  2,  Domeyko  (Min.,  1845,  203,  and  1860,  212);  3,  Miiller  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xviii.  449);  4,  5,  Domeyko 
(L  c.) ;  6,  7,  F.  Field  (Q.  J.  Oh.  Soc.,  x.  239) ;  8,  Yorke  (Q.  J.  Oh.  Soc.,  iv.  149) ;  9,  Plattner  (Pogg., 
Ixxvii.  134);  10,  11,  Domeyko  (1.  c.);  12,  Eichter  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xviii.  449);  13,  F.  Field  (1.  c.);  ar- 
ranged in  the  order  of  the  proportion  of  bromid  to  chlorid  (mentioned  in  column  Br :  01),  commenc- 
ing with  those  having  the  least  of  the  bromid: 

1.  Chafiarcillo,  pearly  green 
2. 

3.  Copiapo,  microbromite 

4.  Quillota,  pearly  green 

5.  Chanarcillo  "        " 

6.  "          light  geeen 

7.  "          embolite 

8.  Chili,  Greenish  yettow 

9.  Chafiarcillo,  embolite 

10.  " 

11.  "  yellow 

12.  Megabromite 

13.  Chafiarcillo,  dark  green. 

The  megabromite  and  microbromite  of  Breithaupt  are  only  varieties  of  embolite  based  on  the  pro- 
portion of  bromid  to  chlorid,  and  are  even  indistinct  as  varieties,  these  extremes  being  connected 
by  indefinite  shadings.  The  above  numbers  for  Domeyko's  and  Yorke's  analyses  are  calculated 
from  their  statements  of  the  proportion  of  chlorid  and  bromid,  which  they  give  as  follows : 


Ag 

Br 

Cl 

Br 

Cl 

71-94 

7-92 

20-14 

1 

5-67 

Domeyko. 

70-44 

11-53 

18-03 

1 

3-5 

(i 

69-84 

12-39 

17-77 

1 

3 

Miiller. 

69-28 

14-30 

16-42 

1 

2-75 

Domeyko 

69-14 

14-63 

16-23 

1 

2-5 

H 

68-22 

16-84 

14-92 

1 

2 

Field. 

66-94 

19-82 

13-18 

1 

1-5 

u 

66-95 

19-90 

13-15 

1 

1-5 

Yorke. 

66-86 

20-08 

13-05 

Plattner. 

66-84 

20.09 

13-07 

1 

1-5 

Domeyko. 

66-53 

20-85 

12-62 

1 

1-33 

it 

64-19 

26-49 

9-32 

1 

0-8 

Richter. 

61-07 

33-82 

5-00 

1 

0-33 

Field. 

Chlorid  of  silver 
Bromid  of  silver 


1 

81-4 
18-6  D. 


2 

72-9 
27-1  D. 


4 

66-4 
33-6  D. 


65-6 
34-4  D. 


53-2 
46-8  Y. 


10 
52-8 
47-2  D. 


11 
51-0 
49-0 


Obs. — Abundant  in  Chili,  constituting  the  principal  silver  ore  of  the  mines  of  Chafiarcillo,  and 
found  also  at  Agua-Amarga,  Tres-Puntas,  Rosilla,  and  at  all  the  new  openings  in  the  province  of 
Copiapo ;  found  also  at  Eulalia  in  Chihuahua.,  Mexico ;  at  the  mine  of  Ooloal  in  G-racias,  Honduras. 

Named  from  e/*/?<5Aioi/,  an  intermediate,  because  between  the  chlorid  and  bromid  of  silver. 

142.  BROMYRITB.  Bromure  d' Argent,  Plata  Yerde  Mex.,  (fr.  Mexico  and  Huelgoet),  Berth., 
Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xix.  734,  742,  1841,  IT.  ii.  526.  Bromid  of  Silver;  Brom'c  Silver.  Bromsilber 
Germ.  Bromit  Haid.,  Handb.,  506,  1845.  Bromyrite  Dana,  Min.,  93,  1854.  Bromargyrit 
TJaram.,  Min.  Ch.,  196,  1860.  Plata  cornea  amarilla  melada  Domeyko,  Min.,  214,  I860. 

Isometric.  Figs.  1,  2,  4,  6.  Occurs  usually  in  small  concretions  ;  rarely 
in  crystals. 

H.=2— 3.  G.=5*8— 6.  Lustre  splendent,  Color  when  pure  bright- 
yellow  to  amber-colored,  slightly  greenish  ;  often  grass-green  or  olive-green 
externally.  Little  altered  in  color  on  exposure.  Sectile. 


Comp. — Ag  Br=Bromine  42-6,  silver  57-4=100. 
526) ;  2,  F.  Field  (Q.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  x.  241) : 


Analyses :  1,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IY.  ii. 


1.  Mexico 

2.  ChanarciUo 


Bromine  42-44 
42-57 


Silver  57-56— 100  Berthier. 
57-43  =  100  Field. 


In  the  Chilian  ore  Domeyko  found  57'1  of  silver, 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  and  with  metallic  zinc  reacts  like  cerargyrite.  B.B.  on  charcoal 
emits  pungent  bromine  vapors  and  yields  a  globule  of  metallic  silver.  Fused  with  bi-sulphate  of 
potash  in  a  matrass  gives  off  yellowish-brown  vapors  of  bromine.  Insoluble  in  nitric  acid.  Diffi- 
cultly soluble  in  ammonia. 

Obs. — With  other  silver  ores  in  the  district  of  Plateros,  Mexico,  and  at  the  mine  of  San  Onofre. 
seventeen  leagues  from  Zacatecas,  associated  with  chlorid  of  silver  and  carbonate  of  lead ;  also  in 
crystals  at  Chanarcillo,  Chili,  with  chlorid  of  silver,  sometimes  imbedded  in  calcite ;  also  at  Huel- 
goet in  Brittany,  with  cerargyrite. 


CHLOKIDS,    IODIDS. 


143.  IODYRITE.     lodure  d'Argent  Vauquelin,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxix.  99,  1825;  Lonuyko,  Ann. 
d.  M.,  IV.  vi.  158,  1844.     Plata  cornea  amariUa  Domeyko,  Min.,  205,  1845.     lodic  Silver.'   lod- 
silber  Germ.  lodit  Said.,   Handb.,  506,   1845.      lodyrite  Dana,  Min.,  95,  1854.     lodimrrrit 
Ramm.,  Min.  Ch.,  197,  1860. 

Hexagonal.     0  A  1=138°  46';  a=O81438.     Observed  planes-  (9/4 
2,  f    Angles: 

0  A  2=118°  6>Ai  =154°  49'         1  A  2,  pyr.,  =127°  36' 

0  A  4=104   53'         i  Ai,    pyr.,=155    26          4A4      "      =122    12 

Cleavage  :  basal  perfect.  Also  massive,  and  in  thin  plates  with  a  lamel- 
lar structure. 

Soft.  G.=5-5—  5-71  ;  5-707,  Damour  ;  5-504,  Domeyko  ;  5-64-5-67, 
Breith.  Lustre  resinous  to  adamantine.  Color  citron  and  sulphur-yellow 
to  yellowish-green,  sometimes  brownish.  Streak  yellow.  Translucent. 
Plates  flexible,  sectile. 

Comp.  —  Ag  1=  Iodine  54,  silver  46=100.  Analyses:  1,  Domeyko  (1.  c.);  5,  Damour  (Ann  d. 
M.,  Y.  iv.  329)  ;  3,  4,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sol,  II.  xviii.  374)  ;  5,  F.  Field  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  x.  241)  : 

Ag  I 

1.  Algodones        46'25        [5  3  -7  5]  =  100  Domeyko. 

2.  "  (|)  45-72          54-03=99-75  Damour. 

3.  "  46-52          52-93  =  99'45a  Smith. 

4.  46-38          53-ll  —  99-49a  Smith. 

5.  Chanarcillo      45-98          54-02=100  Field. 

a  With  traces  of  chlorine  and  copper. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  fuses  and  assumes  a  deep  orange  color,  but  resumes  its  yellow 
color  on  cooling.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  fumes  of  iodine  and  a  globule  of  metallic  silver.  With 
zinc  reacts  like  cerargyrite  and  bromyrite.  Fused  with  bisulphate  of  potash  in  a  matrass,  yields 
violet  vapors  of  iodine. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  thin  veins  or  seams  in  hornstone  at  Albarradon,  near  Mazapil  ;  in  Mexico  ;  at 
Algodones,  12  leagues  from  Coquimbo  ;  less  abundantly  at  Delirio  mines  of  Chanarcillo,  Chili, 
where  the  crystals  are  sometimes  half  an  inch  broad  (Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xviii.  450)  ;  also  at  Gua- 
dalajara in  Spain.  In  Arizona  at  Cerro  Colorado  mine.  Descloizeaux  has  pointed  out  its  ho- 
mosomorphism  with  greenockite  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xl.). 

144.  COCCINITE.    lodure  de  Mercure  Del  Rio;  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  515,  1832.    Coccinit  Haid.,  Handb., 

572,1845.    Mercure  iodure  Fr.    lodquecksilber  Germ. 

In  particles  of  a  reddish-brown  color  on  selenid  of  mercury,  adamantine  in  lustre,  at  Casas 
Viejas,  Mexico;  and  supposed  by  Del  Kio  to  be  an  iodid  of  mercury.    But  Castillo  says  (Colegio 
de  Min.  Mexico,  1865)  that  specimens  labelled  by  Del  Eio  contain  no  iodine,  and  appear  to  be 
largely  chlorine  and  mercury,  yet  are  not  calomel.     Castillo  describes  it  from  Zimapan  and  Cule- 
bras,  both  massive  and  in  acute,  acicular,  rhombic  pyramids,  2-6  mm.  long;  color  fine  red  to  yel- 
low, and  sometimes  yellowish-green,  changing  to  greenish-gray  and  dark  green  on  exposure 
transparent  to  translucent.     In  a  closed  tube  affords  a  sublimate,  white  when  cold,  of  Hg  01,  ai 
leaves  a  residuum  which  is  dull  red  while  hot,  orange-yellow  when  cold,  and  which  B.B.  turns 
aurora-red,  and  is  dissipated  with  an  odor  like  that  of  selenium. 

145.  COTUNNITE.    Cotunnia  Mont  &   Cw.,  Prodr.  Oritt.  Vesuv.     Cotunnite.    Chlorid  of 

Lead. 


acicular  crystals. 


118  COMPOUNDS   OF   CHLORINE,    BROMINE,    IODINE. 

May  be  scratched  by  the  nail.  G.=5'238.  Lustre  adamantine ;  inclin- 
ing to  silky  or  pearly.  Color  white.  Streak  white. 

Oomp.— Pb  Cl=Chlorine  25-5,  lead  74-5=100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  readily,  spreading  out  on  the  coal  and  volatilizing,  gives  a 
white  coating,  the  inner  edge  of  which  is  tinged  yellow  from  oxyd  of  lead;  the  coating  m  K.F. 
disappears,  tinging  the  flame  azure ;  with  soda  gives  metallic  lead.  Added  to  a  salt  of  phosphorus 
bead,  previously  saturated  with  oxyd  of  copper,  gives  the  reaction  for  chlorine  (see  cerargyrite). 
Soluble  in  about  22  parts  of  hot  water. 

Obs.— Found  by  Monticelli  and  Covelli,  in  the  crater  of  Vesuvius,  after  the  eruption  of  1 822, 
accompanied  by  chlorid  of  sodium,  and  chlorid  and  sulphate  of  copper ;  also  by  Scacchi  and  Guis- 
cardi  on  the  lava  of  1855. 

Named  after  Dr.  Cotugno  of  Naples.    Angles  very  near  those  of  haidmgerite. 


146.  MOLYSITE.    Eisenchlorid  Hausm.,  1819,  Handb.,  1463,  1847.     Chlorid  of  Iron.     Moly- 

site  Dana. 

Incrusting.     Color  brownish-red,  light  or  dark,  and  yellow. 

Oomp.— Fe2  Cl3=Chlorine  65'5,  iron  34'5=100. 

Obs. Noticed  by  Hausmann  at  Vesuvius  in  1819,  forming  a  brownish-red  incrustation  on 

lavas ;  and  by  Scacchi  in  the  same  region,  as  a  result  of  recent  eruptions  (Eruz.  Vesuv.,  1850-55), 
who  attributes  the  yellow  color  of  the  lavas  about  the  fumaroles  or  steam-holes  partly  to  this 
species. 

The  existence  of  a  protochlorid  of  iron  (Fe  Cl)  at  Vesuvius  was  announced  by  Monticelli  ana 
Covelli ;  but  this  is  not  confirmed  by  Scacchi. 

Named  from  p6\v<ns,  stain,  in  allusion  to  its  staining  the  lavas.  , 


2.  HYDKOUS  CHLOKIDS. 

147.  OARNALLITE.    Carnallit  H.  Eose,  Pogg.,  xcviii.  161,  1856. 

Massive,  granular ;  flat  planes  developed  by  action  of  water,  but  no  dis- 
tinct traces  of  cleavage  ;  lines  of  striae  sometimes  distinguished,  which  indi- 
cate twin-composition. 

Lustre  shining,  greasy.  Color  milk-white,  but  often  reddish  from  mixture 
of  oxyd  of  iron.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Soluble.  Strongly  phosphorescent. 

Comp.— K  Cl+2  Mg  Cl+12  H=(£  K+f  Mg)  Cl+4  H=Chlorid  of  magnesium  34-20,  chlorid 
of  potassium  26-88,  water  38-92  =  100.  Under  a  more  general  formula  (K,  Mg)  Cl+4  fl.  Analy- 
ses: 1,  2,  Oesten  (Pogg.,  xcviii.,  161);  3,  Siewert  (Jahresb.,  1858,  739);  4,  A.G-oebel  (J.pr.  Ch., 
xcvii.  6) : 

MgCl    KClNaClCaCl   Ca  S    £e          S 

1.  Stassfurt,  reddish    31-46     24'27     5-10     2'62     0'84    0-14     [35-57]  =  100  Oesten. 

2.  "  "          30-51  [24-27]  4'55     3'01     1-26  [0'14]   [36-26J  =  100  Oesten. 

3.  "          white        36-03     27-41     0'23    T14 ,  S  36-33—38-01  Siewert. 

4.  Maman,  Persia        34-65     25'62 39'67,  gangue  0'06  =  100  GoebeL 

The  impure  carnallite  of  the  mine  contains  Mg  Cl  29-53,  K  Cl  21-80,  Na  Cl  7 -95,  sulphate  of 
potash  10-20,  silicate  of  magnesia  and  alumina,  sand,  and  boracic  acid  1*20,  water  and  loss  29'32. 
The  brown  and  red  color  of  much  of  the  mineral  is  due  partly  to  oxyd  of  iron,  which  is  in 
hexagonal  tables,  and  partly  to  organic  matters  (water-plants,  infusoria,  sponges,  etc.).  In  anal. 


OXYCHLORIDS. 

4,  there  was  some  organic  substance  present  with  the  water ;  and  the  carnelian  to  blood-red  color 
is  shown  to  be  due  to  it. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  easily.  Soluble  in  water,  100  parts  of  water  at  18-75° 0.  taking  im 
64-5  parts. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Stassfurt,  where  it  forms  beds  in  the  upper  part  of  the  salt  formation  alter- 
nating with  thinner  beds  of  common  salt  and  kieserite,  and  also  mixed  with  the  common  salt. 
Its  beds  consist  of  subordinate  beds  of  different  colors,  reddish,  bluish,  brown,  deep  red,  some- 
times colorless.  Sylvine  occurs  in  the  carnallite.  Also.fouud  with  salt  at  Maman  in  Persia.  Its 
richness  in  potassium  makes  it  valuable  for  exploration. 

Named  after  von  Carnal  1  of  the  Prussian  mines. 

Artif. — Occurs  artificially  formed  in  the  salt  pans  at  Halle. 

148.  TAOHHYDRITB.    Tachhydrit  Ramm.,  Pogg.,  xcviii.  261,  1856. 

Massive ;  in  roundish  masses.     Two  distinct  cleavages. 
Color  yellowish.     Transparent   to  translucent.     Very  deliquescent  on 
exposure. 

Comp.— (Ca  Cl+2  Mg  Cl)+12  fi=(i  Ca+f  Mg)  Cl+4  H^Chlorine  41 -IT,  calcium  7-76,  mag- 
nesium 9'30,  water  41*77  =  100  ;  or  under  a  more  general  formula,  (Ca,  Mg)  Cl+4  fl.  Analysis  by 
Rammelsberg  (1.  c.) : 

Cl  40-34  Ca7'46  Mg  9'51  H  [42 -69]  =  100 

Pyr.,  etc.— Fuses  easily.  Yery  soluble;  100  parts  of  water  at  18'75°C.  dissolving  160*3  of 
the  salt. 

Obs. — From  the  salt  mines  of  Stassfurt,  in  thin  seams  with  carnallite  and  kieserite,  in 
anhydrite. 

Named  in  allusion  to  its  ready  deliquescence,  from  ra^uj,  quick,  and  ZSup,  water. 

149.  KREMERSITE.    Eisenchlorid  mit  den  Chloralkalien  Kremers,  Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  79,  1851. 

Kremersit  Kenng.,  Min.,  9,  1853. 

Isometric.     In  octahedrons. 
Color  ruby-red.     Easily  soluble. 

Comp.— K  C1+ Am  Cl+Fe2  013+3  fi— 2  (|K+|  Am)  Cl+FeaCl3+3  &=Chlorine  55-86,  potas 
sium  12-32,  ammonium  5'67,  iron  17'65,  water  8'50=100.  Analysis  by  Kremers  (Pogg.f 
Ixxxiv.  79) : 

Cl  K  Am  Na  Fe  S 

55-15  12-07  6-17  0-16  16'89  [9'56]=100. 

It  is  identical  with  an  artificial  salt  obtained  by  Fritzsche. 
Obs. — From  fumaroles  at  Vesuvius,  as  a  product  of  sublimation. 


3.  OXYCHLOKIDS. 

150.  MATLOCKITE.    K.  P.  Greg,  Phil.  Mag.,  IT.  ii.  120,  1851. 

Tetragonal.  0  A  1^=128°  427;  a=l-2482.  Ob- 
served planes,  O,  /,  1,  2-i.  0  A  7=90°,  0  A  2-i= 
111°  50V,  0  A  1  =  119°  34/,  2-i  A  2-*,  pyram.,-9Y°  58X, 
basal,=1360  19X,  lAl,  pyram.,^104:0  6r,  basal,  120° 
52'.  Cleavage:  basal  imperfect  Crystals  gener- 
ally tabular. 


120  COMPOUNDS   OF   CHLORINE,    BROMINE,    IODINE. 

H.  =  2'5— 3.  G.  =  Y'21.  Lustre  adamantine,  occasionally  pearly. 
Color  clear  yellowish,  sometimes  a  little  greenish.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. 

Comp.— Pb  Cl+Pb  0=Chlorid  of  lead  55-5,  oxyd  of  lead  44-5=100.  Analysis  by  Dr.  E.  A. 
Smith  (l.c.): 

Pb  01  55-18  Pb  O  44-30  Moisture  0-07 =99*55. 

Rammelsberg  found  (Pogg.  Ixxxv.  141),  Pb  Cl  52'45,  Pb  0  46'42. 

Pyr..  etc. — Reacts  like  mendipite. 

Obs.— From  an  old  mine  near  Cromford  in  Derbyshire,  with  phosgenite.  Crystals  seldom  large, 
but  one  measures  two  inches  across;  according  to  Kenngott  (Min.  Not,  No.  11),  1  Al,  basal,  = 
121°  2'  and  2-i'A2-i,  basal  edge=136°  17';  also,  as  a  sublimation  product  at  Vesuvius  aftei 
the  eruption  of  1858  (R.  Cappa,  J.  pr  Ch.,  Ixxx.  381). 

151.  MENDIPITE.     Saltsyradt  Ely  (Salzsaures  Blei)  B&rz.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  184,  1823  ;  Ed.  J. 
ScL,  i.  379,  1824.     New  ore  of  lead  from  Mendip,  Peritomous  Lead-baryte,  Haid.,  Mohs's  Min., 
ii.  151,  1825.    Muriate  of  Lead,  Chlorid  of  Lead.    Plomb  chlorure,  pt.,  Fr.     Kerasine  pt.  [resl 
phosgenite]   Beud.  Tr.,  il  502,  1832.     Chlor-Spath  Breith.,  Char.,  61,  1832.    Berzelite  Levy 
Min.  Heul.,  ii  448,  1837.    Mendipit  GlocJc.,  Grundr.,  604,  1839. 

Orthorhombic  ;  /A  7=  102°  36'.  Observed  planes,  0,  I,  i-i,  i-i.  Occurs 
in  fibrous  or  columnar  masses,  often  radiated.  Cleavage  :  /  highly  perfect ; 
diagonal  less  perfect. 

H.— 2*5— 3.  G.=7— 7*1.  Lustre  pearly  and  somewhat  adamantine 
upon  cleavage  faces.  Color  white,  with  a  tinge  of  yellow,  red,  or  blue. 
Streak  white.  Feebly  translucent — opaque. 

Comp.— Pb  Cl  +  2  Pb  0= Chlorid  of  lead  38'4,  oxyd  of  lead  61-6=100.  Analyses:  1,  Berzelius 
(Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1823,  Pogg.,  i.  272,  and  Ramm.  1st  Suppl.,  24) ;  2,  Schnabel  (ib.,  3d  Suppl.,  78); 
3,  Rhodius  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixii.  373) : 

1.  Mendip  Hills  Pb  Cl  39-82  Pb  0  60-18=100  Berzelius. 

2.  Westphalia  38-70  61'25=99'95  Schnabel. 

3.  32-55  67-78  =  100-33  Rhodius. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  becomes  more  yellow.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses 
easily,  and  is  reduced  to  metallic  lead  with  elimination  of  acid  vapors,  giving  the  coal  a  white 
coating  of  chlorid  of  lead,  the  inner  edge  of  which  is  yellow  from  oxyd  of  lead.  With  salt  of 
phosphorus  bead,  previously  saturated  with  oxyd  of  copper,  colors  the  O.P.  azure-blue.  Soluble 
in  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — This  rare  mineral  was  formerly  found  at  the  Mendip  Hills,  in  Somersetshire,  in  small 
radiated  crystalline  masses  on  earthy  black  manganese;  it  has  been  met  with  at  Tarnowitz, 
Silesia,  in  clay  in  opaque  prismatic  crystals ;  at  mine  Kunibert  near  Brillon  in  Westphalia. 

152.  SOHWARTZEMBERGITE.    Oxychloroiodure  de  plomb  (fr.  Atacama)  Domeyko,  Ann. 
d.  M.,  VI.  v.  453,  1864.     Schwartzembergite  Dana. 

Ehombohedral.  In  druses  of  small  crystals.  Also  in  thin  amorphous 
crusts,  compact,  passing  into  earthy. 

H.:=2— 2-5.  G.=5'7.  Schwartzemb.;  6'2—6'3,  Liebe.  Lustre  adamantine. 
Color  honey-yellow,  when  purest;  also  straw-yellow,  inclining  to  lemon- 
yellow,  sometimes  a  little  reddish.  Streak  straw-yellow.  Brittle. 

Comp.— Pbl  +  2  Pb  0,  Liebe.  More  probably,  as  the  analysis  so  gives,  Pb  (I,  Cl)+2  Pb  0,  with 
I:  Cl=3 :  2.  Analysis:  K.  T.  Liebe  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1867,  159) : 

PbCl        Pbl        PbO        PbS       PbC         Sb 
11-40         30-89         48-92         5'51         1*88         0'91=:99-51 


OXYCHLORIDS. 


121 


Liebe  regards  all  the  ingredients  as  impurities  except  the  iodid  and  oxyd  of  lead.  Domevko  in 
an  imperfect  analysis  (1.  c.)  obtained  Pb  Cl  22  8,  Pb  I  18-7,  Pb  0  47-1,  S  2-5,  Ca  1-7,  ga^gue  5-3 
myo'i. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Very  fusible,  like  cerargyrite ;  in  fusing  loses  its  color.  On  charcoal  metallic 
globules.  In  a  matrass  abundant  violet  vapors  of  iodine.  No  effervescence  with  nitric  acid  but 
loses  color,  becoming  first  brownish  and  then  white,  and,  if  some  water  be  added  it  dissolves  com. 
pletely  on  heating. 

Obs.— Forms  crusts  in  galenite  at  a  mine  10  leagues  foom  the  port  of  Paposo  in  the  desert  of 
Atacama,  where  it  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Schwartzemberg. 

153.  ATAOAMITE.  Sable  vert  cuivreux  du  Perou,  Chaux  cuivreuse  unie  &  un  peu  d'acide 
muriatique  et  d'eau,  Rochefoucauld,  Baume  &  Fourcroy,  Mem.  Ac.  Paris,  1786  (pub'd  in  1788); 
B&rfholkt,  ib.,  474  (note  added  in  1788).  Kupfersand,  Salzsaures  Kupfer,  Karat.,  Tab.,  46,  76, 
1800.  Cuivre  muriate  H..  Tr.,  1801.  Muriate  of  Copper.  Atacamit,  Salzkupfererz,  Blumeriboch, 
Handb.  Nat.,  1805.  Kupferhornerz,  Atacamit,  Ludwig,  Min.,  ii.  178,  1804.  Smaragdochalcit 
Hausm.,  Handb.,  1039,  1818.  Halochalzit  Bretth.,  Handb.,  165,  1841.  Remolinite  B.  &  M.,  Min., 
618,  1852.  Marcylite  Shep.,  Marcy's  Expl.  Red  River,  135,  800.  Washington,  1854,  Am.  J.  Sci.' 
II,  xxi.  206;  Dana,  ib.,  xxiv.  122.  Botallackite  A.  H.  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  II.  iii.  212,  1865. 

Orthorhombic.  /A 7=112°  20',  <0  A  14=131°  29';  a:  1: G— 1-131 : 1 : 
1-4:92.  Observed  planes :  vertical,  7,  i-i,  i-l,  i-2,  i-±  ;  domes,  14,  1-i ;  octahe- 
dral, £SA£2,  ov.  ^4, =106°  34',  i-±/\i-l,  ib.,=139°  4=',  14 A 14,  top =105° 
40',  7Al=1430  42',  1 A 1,  mac.,=126°  40'.  Usual  in  modified  rectangular 
prisms,  and  rectangular  octahedrons.  Twins:  composition-face  7;  consisting 
of  three  individuals.  Cleavage :  i-l  perfect,  14  imperfect.  Occurs  also  mas- 
sive lamellar. 

H.=3— 3*5.  G.=4— 4-3;  3*7,  Breith.  Lustre  adamantine — vitreous. 
Color  various  shades  of  bright  green,  rather  darker  than  emerald,  some- 
times blackish-green.  Streak  apple-green.  Translucent — subtranslucent. 

Comp.— 3  Cu  H+Cu  01  H=(f  Cu  +  |  Cu  01)  H=0xyd  of  copper  53'6,  chlorid  of  copper  30-2, 
(chlorine  16-0,  copper  14-3),  water  16-2  =  100.  The  ore  of  Cobija  (anal.  1)  and  botallac-kite  (anal.  8) 
contain  half  more  of  water,  giving  the  formula  3  Cu  H-fCu  Cl  H+2  aq..  Analyses:  1,  Berthier 
(Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  vii.  542) ;  2,  8,  Bibra  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcvi.  203) ;  4,  5,  F.  Field  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  vii.  193); 
6,  Mallet  (Ramm.,  5th  Suppl.,  57) ;  7,  8,  Church  ( J.  Ch.  Soc.,  II.  iii.  81,  213) : 

Cl          Cu        Cu        H 

1.  Bolivia,  Cobija         14-92     50'00     13-33     21-75=100  Berthier. 

2.  "       Algodou     14-96     52'54     13-33     19-17  =  100  Bibra. 

3.  "  "  15-07     52-40     14'00     18'53  =  100  Bibra. 

4.  Copiapo  14-94      56-46     17*79  Field. 

5.  "  15-01      56-24     18-00  Field. 

6.  Chili  16-33     55'94     14'54     12-96,  quartz  0'08=99'85  MaUet. 

7.  CornwaU  15'20     54-32     13'57     16-91  =  100  Church. 

8.  Botallackite  14'51     66-25      22-60=103-36  Church. 

Anal.  4  corresponds  to  Cu  Cl  28-22,  Cu  53-99,  H  1 7'79  ;  and  5  to  Cu  01  28-35,  Cu  53'62,  H  18-00. 
For  other  analyses  see  Ulex,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixix.  361. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  much  water,  and  forms  a  gray  sublimate.  B.B.  on 
charcoal  fuses,  coloring  the  O.F.  azure-blue,  with  a  green  edge,  and  giving  two  coatings,  one 
brownish  and  the  other  grayish-white  ;  continued  blowing  yields  a  globule  of  metallic  copper ;  the 
coatings  touched  with  the  R.F.  volatilize,  coloring  the  flame  azure-blue.  In  acids  easily  soluble. 

Obs.  This  species  was  originally  found  in  the  state  of  sand  in  the  Atacama  province,  northern 
part  of  Chili.  It  occurs  in  different  parts  of  Chili,  especially  at  Los  Remolinos  ;  also  in  veins  m 
the  district  of  Tarapaca,  Bolivia;  at  Tocopilla,  16  leagues  north  of  Cobija,  an  imporant  locality, 
in  Bolivia;  with  malachite  in  South  Australia;  at  the  extraordinary  malachite  locality  in  the 
Serra  do  Bembe,  near  Ambriz,  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa;  at  the  Estrella  mine  in  southern 
Spain ;  at  St.  Just  in  Cornwall,  in  crusts  and  stalactitic  tubes.  Botallackite  occurs  at  the  Botallack 
mine,  Cornwall  in  thin  crusts  of  minute  interlacing  crystals,  closely  investing  killas ;  bchwarzen- 
berg  in  Saxony ;  also  supposed  to  invest  some  of  the  lavas  of  Vesuvius,  but  questioned  by 
Scacchi,  the  mineral  so  called  being  a  basic  sulphate  (Mem.  Incend.  Vesuv.,  1855). 


122  COMPOUNDS   OF   CHLOKINE,    BKOMINE,    IODINE. 

It  is  sometimes  ground  up  in  Chili,  and  sold  under  the  name  of  Arsenitto  as  sand  for  letters. 

Marcylite  of  Shepard,  as  originally  described,  was  an  impure  atacarnite  of  a  black  color ;  a  trial 
afforded  Shepard  copper  54-30,  0  and  01  39*20,  H  9-50.  G.=4— 4-1.  From  the  south  part  of  the 
Red  River,  near  the  Wachita  Mts.  (See  further  under  Melaconite,  p.  137.) 

153 A.  TALLINGITB.    A.  H.  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  II.  iii.  213,  1865. 

In  thin  crusts,  consisting  of  irregular  aggregations  of  minute  globules, 
appearing  botryoidal  under  the  microscope.  Subcrystalline. 

H.=i3.  G.=3'5  (approximate).  Color  bright-blue,  inclining  to  green. 
Streak  white.  Subtranslucent.  Fragile.  Hygroscopic. 

Oomp. — 1  Cu  H  +  Cu  01  fi+3aq  =Chlorid  of  copper  22'55,  oxyd  of  copper  53-29,  water  24-16= 
100;  or  chlorine  11-91,  oxyd  of  copper  66-60,  water  24-16=102-67.  Church  (J.  Ch.  Soc,  II.  iii. 
77)  obtained  Cu  66*24,  Cl  11-33,  which  corresponds  to 

0111-33        Cu  53-57        Cu  10-11        fi  24'99=100. 

In  another  blue  Cornwall  mineral  Church  found  (ib.,  213)  Oxyd  of  copper  67-25,  chlorine  8-73, 
water  26-56=102-54;  which  gives  the  formula  6  Cu  H+Cu  01  H+5  aq=0xyd  of  copper  67-25, 
chlorine  8*58,  water  2613=101-96.  Church  says  the  less  hydrated  copper  sulphates  andchlorids 
are  green,  the  more  hydrated  blue. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  vacuo  loses  hygroscopic  water,  remaining  blue.  At  100°  C.  rapidly  becomes 
green,  losing  considerable  water.  Insoluble  in  water,  but  easily  soluble  in  dilute  acids  and  in 
ammonia. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  Botallack  mine,  Cornwall.  Named  after  R.  Tailing,  of  Lostwithiel,  by 
whom  the  mineral  was  collected. 

Artif. — A  similar  compound  has  been  formed  by  Kane,  and  by  Graham,  by  the  action  of  water 
on  N  H3  Cu  01 ;  its  formula  is  4  Cu  H+Cu  014  +  aq. 

154.  PERCYLITE.    H.  J.  Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxxvi.  131,  1850. 

Isometric.     In  minute  cubes.     Observed  planes  :  0,  1,  /,  i-2. 
H.=2*5.     Color  sky-blue.     Streak  similar  to  the  color. 

Comp. — According  to  Percy,  contains,  besides  some  water,  lead,  chlorine,  copper,  and  probably 
oxygen,  with  Pb  :  Cl  :  Cu=2'66  :  0'84  :  0'77  ;  whence  Percy  suggests  the  formula  (Pb  Cl  +  Pb  0) 
+(CuCl+CuO)  +  aq. 

Pyr. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  odorless  fumes.  B.B.  tinges  the  flame  green  with 
blue  on  the  edges.  With  borax  reacts  for  copper. 

Obs. — Found  with  gold,  and  supposed  to  be  from  Sonora,  Mexico. 


APPENDIX  TO  CHLOEIDS,  BROMIDS,  AND  IODIDS. 

155.  CHLORIC  OF  MAGNESIUM.     156.  CHLORID  OF  MANGANESE. 

Chlorid  of  magnesium  and  chlorid  of  manganese,  according  to  Scacchi  (Mem.  Incend.  Vesuv., 
1855),  probably  occur  in  the  saline  incrustations  formed  at  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  1855.  The 
supposed  existence  of  the  manganesian  chlorid  was  ascertained  by  treating  the  crust  with  distilled 
water  and  testing  with  ferrocyanid  of  potassium,  when  a  white  precipitate  was  thrown  down, 
which  acquired  after  a  while  a  pale  rose  tint ;  and  also  in  other  ways. 

157,  158.  IODID  OP  ZINC. — BROMID  OP  ZINC. — Iodine  and  bromine  are  stated  by  Mentzelto  occur 
along  with  a  cadmiferous  zinc  iu  Silesia,  and  hence  it  is  inferred  that  iodid  and  bromid  of  zinc  exist 
in  nature,  though  not  yet  distinguished. 

Besides  the  preceding  species,  the  following  also  contain  chlorine  :  Sodalite  and  Pyrosmalite, 
and  some  Nephelite,  Nosite,  and  Mica  among  silicates ;  some  Apatite  among  phosphates  ; 
Boracite  among  borates ;  Phosgenite  among  carbonates. 


FLUOKIDS. 


123 


IV.  FLUORINE  COMPOUNDS. 


1.  AJSTHYDEOUS. 

1.  FLUORITE  QROIIP. 

159.  FUJORITE  Ca  F  161.  FLUOCERITE       CeF 

160  YTTBOCERITB        (Ca,  Oe,  Y)  F  162.  FLUOCERINE 

2.  FLUELLITE  GROUP.    Contain  Aluminum. 

163.  FLUELLITE 

3.  CRYOLITE  GROUP.    Contain  Aluminum  and  Sodium  or  Calcium. 

164.  CRYOLITE        3  N&  F  +  Al2  F3  166.  CHIOLITE         3  N"a  F  +  2  Ala  F8 

165.  ARKSUTITE     (Ca,  Na)aF  +  Al2  F3  167.  CHODNEFFITE  2  Na  F  +  APF8 


2.  HYDKOUS. 

1 68.  PACHNOLITE     3  (Ca,  tf  a)  F  +  Ala  F3 + 2  ft    17 0.  GEARKSUTTTE  Caa  F + Ala  F3+ 4  ft 

1 69.  THOMSENOLITE  2  (Ca,  Na)  F  +  Al2  F3  +  2  ft    171.  PROSOPITE 


159.  FLUORITB  or  FLUOR.  Fluores  lapides  gemmarum  similes  sed  minus  duri— -qui  ignis 
calore  liquescunt  [whence  he  derives  the  name] — Colores  varii,  jucundi,  (1)  rubri,  (2)  purpurei 
(vulgo  amethysti),  (3)  candidi,  (4)  lutei,  (5)  cineracei,  (6)  subnigri,  etc.  [with  mention  also  of  its 
use  as  a  flux  in  smelting],  Agric.,  Berm.,  458,  1529 ;  Germ.  Flusse  id.,  Interpr.,  464,  1546.  Fluor 
mineralis  Stolbergicus,  Lithophosphorus  Suhlensis,  Woodward,  Cat.,  1728.  Glas-Spat,  Spatum 
vitreum,  Wall,  64,  1747.  Fluss,  Flussspat,  Glasspat,  Cronst.,  93,  1758.  Flussaures  Kalk 
Scheek,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1771.  Calx  fluorata  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  1782.  Spath  fusible,  Spath 
vitreux,  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  1772,  1783.  Fluorite  Napione,  Min.,  873,  1797.  Fluor  Spar,  Fluate  of 
Lime,  Fluorid  of  Calcium;  Vulg.  Derbyshire  Spar,  Blue-John.  Chaux  fluatee  Fr.  Fluorine 
Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  517,  1832.  Liparit  Glock.,  Syn.  282,  1847. 

Far.— Chlorophane  (fr.  Nertschinsk)  Th.  De  Grotthaus ;  Delameth.,  J.  de  Phys.,  xlv.  398, 
1794.     Ratofkit  Fischer,  John  Ch.  Unters.,  vi.  232,  1812. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes  :  0 ;  /;  1,  2,  3 ;  t-2,  ^3,  *-f,  i+ ;  2-2,  3-3, 
J-£ ;  4-2,  JJ4,  J^LJgL,  74,  -2/--^-.  Figs.  1  (common),  2  to  8, 10, 11, 16, 18,  simi- 
lar to  24  (planes  1,  and  3-3),  26.  Cleavage  :  octahedral,  perfect.  Twins : 
composition-face,  1,  f.  50  ;  also  f.  129,  in  which  the  composition  is  parallel 
to  each  octahedral  face.  Massive.  Karely  columnar;  usually  granular, 
coarse  or  fine.  Crystals  often  having  the  surfaces  made  up  of  small  cubes, 
or  cavernous  with  rectangular  cavities. 


124: 


FLUORINE   COMPOUNDS. 


H.=4.  G.=3'01-3'25  ;  3-1800-3-1889,  Kenngott,  from  43  specimens, 
the  mean  3*183.  Lustre  vitreous ;  sometimes  splendent ;  usually  glimmer 
ing  in  the  massive  varieties.  Color  white,  yellow,  green,  rose  and  crimson- 

124  125 


129 


red,  violet-blue,  sky-blue,  and  brown:  wine-yellow,  greenish  and  violet- 
blue,  most  common ;  red,  rare.  Streak  white.  Transparent — subtranslu- 
cent.  Brittle.  Fracture  of  fine  massive  varieties  flat-conchoidal  and 
splintery.  Sometimes  presenting  a  bluish  fluorescence.  Phosphoresces 
when  heated. 

Comp.,  Var.— Fluorid  of  calcium,  Ca  F=Fluorine  48*7,  calcium  51-3  =  100.  Berzelius  found 
0-5  of  phosphate  of  lime  in  the  spar  of  Derbyshire.  The  presence  of  chlorine  (or  muriatic  acid  in 
old  chemistry)  was  detected  early  by  Seheele.  Kersteu  found  it  in  fluor  from  Marienberg  and 
Freiberg.  The  bright  colors,  as  shown  by  Kenngott,  are  lost  on  heating  the  mineral ;  they  are 
attributed  mainly  to  different  hydrocarbon  compounds  by  Wyrouboff  (Bull.  Soc.  Ch.,  II.  v.  334, 
1866),  the  crystallization  having  taken  place  from  aqueous  solution. 

Yar.  1.  Ordinary ;  (a)  cleavable  or  crystallized,  very  various  in  colors ;  (&)  coarse  to  fine 
granular ;  (c)  earthy,  dull,  and  sometimes  very  soft.  A  soft  earthy  variety  from  Katofka,  Russia, 
of  a  lavender-blue  color,  is  the  raiofkite. 

The  finely-colored  fluors  have  been  called,  according  to  their  colors,  false  ruby,  topaz,  emerald, 
amethyst,  etc.  The  colors  of  the  phosphorescent  light  are  various,  and  are  independent  of  the 
actual  color;  and  the  kind  affording  a  green  color  is  (d)  the  ddorophane  (fr.  %Awpo's,  green,  and 
<pai vw,  /  appear}  or  pyro-emerald. 

Breithaupt  obtained  for  fluor  Gr.=3-0l7,  fr.  Alston  Moor,  Cumberland,  white;  3-170,  Euba, 
blue;  3-176,  ib.,  white;  3-171,  fr.  Siberia,  blue;  3-183,  ib.,  white;  3-166,'  fr.  near  Marienberg, 
green;  3-172,  ib.,  blue;  3-169,  fr.  Bosenbrunn  in  Yoigtland,  green;  3*186,  ib.,  blue;  3-188,  ib., 
white;  3-185,  fr.  Cornwall,  fluorescent;  3-188,  fr.  Switzerland,  rose-red;  3-193,  fr.  near  Freiberg, 
green;  3*255,  fr.  Mexico,  emerald-green  transparent  oct. ;  3-324 — 3*357,  fr.  Siberia,  violet-blue. 

2.  Antozonite  of  Schonbein.  The  dark  violet-blue  fluor  of  Wolsendorf,  Bavaria,  afforded  Schrot- 
ter  0-02  p.  c.  of  ozone,  which  Schonbein  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxiii.  95,  Ixxxix.  7)  showed  to  be  antozone, 
whence  his  name  for  this  variety.  Its  strong  antozone  odor  is  said  often  to  produce  headache 
and  vomiting  in  the  miners.  Schafhautl  states  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharrn.,  xlvi.  344)  that  this  fluor  con- 
tains, Nitrogen  0-02073,  hydrogen  0*00584,  carbon  0'0365,  chlorous  acid  0 '08692.  But  Wyroubof? 
discredits,  in  part,  .his  results ;  he  himself  obtained  Carbon  0'0170,  hydrogen  0*0038,  with  A-l 
0-0180,  3?e  0*0032,  Fe  0*0025,  Cl  0*0071.,  "Wyrouboff  attributes  the  various  colors  to  compounds 
of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  derived  from  a  slight  infusion  of  organic  matters  in  the  solvent  waters  ; 
he  found  (Bull.  Soc.  Ch.,  II.  v.  334,  1866)  that  the  blue  and  violet  colors  changed  to  purple  on 
heating,  and  supposes  that  two  C  H  substances,  a  blue  and  a  red,  were  present,  the  former  more 
volatile,  and  therefore  leaving  the  color  reddish  after  partial  heating. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  phosphoresces.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  and  on 
charcoal  fuses,  coloring  the  flame  red,  to  an  enamel  which  reacts  alkaline  to  test  paper.  "With 
soda  on  platinum  foil  or  charcoal  fuses  to  a  clear  bead,  becoming  opaque  on  cooling ;  with  an 
excess  of  soda  on  charcoal  yields  a  residue  of  a  difficultly  fusible  enamel,  while  most  of  the  soda 
sinks  into  the  coal;  with  gypsum  fuses  to  a  transparent  bead,  becoming  opaque  on  cooling. 
Fused  in  an  open  tube  with  fused  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  the  reaction  for  fluorine.  Treated 
with  sulphuric  acid  gives  fumes  of  hydrofluoric  acid  which  etch  glass. 


FLUORIDS.  125 

Phosphorescence  is  obtained  from  the  coarsely  powdered  spar  below  a  red  heat  At  a  hieh 
temperature  it  ceases,  but  is  partially  restored  by  an  electric  discharge. 

Obs.— Sometimes  in  beds,  but  generally  in  veins,  in  gneiss,  mica  slate,  clay  slate,  and  also  in 
limestones,  both  crystalline  and  u'ncrystalline,  and  sandstones.  Often  occurs  as  the  gangue  of 
metallic  ores.  In  the  North  of  England,  it  is  the  gangue  of  the  lead  veins,  which  intersect  the 
coal  formation  in  Northumberland,  Cumberland,  Durham,  and  Yorkshire ;  the  Cumberland  fluor 
often  contains  drops  of  fluid  within,  especially  the  green  variety  (Greg  and  Lettsom).  In  Derby- 
shire  it  is  abundant,  and  also  in  Cornwall,  where  the  veins  intersect  metamorphic  rocks.  Common 
in  the  mining  district  of  Saxony;  fine  near  Kongsberg  in  Norway.  In  the  dolomites  of  St. 
Gothard  it  occurs  in  pink  octahedrons;  at  Miinsterthal  in  Baden  in  flesh-red  hexoctahedrons! 
It  has  been  detected  in  cannel  coal  by  Prof.  Rogers. 

In  Maine,  on  Long  Island,  Blue  Hill  Bay,  in  veins.  In  N.  Hampshire,  at  N.  village  of  West- 
moreland, 2  m.  S.  of  meeting-house,  white,  green,  purple,  constituting  a  vein  in  quartz ;  at  the 
Notch  in  the  White  Mts.,  green  oct.  in  quartz,  rare.  In  Vermont,  at  Putney,  in  green  cubes.  In 
Massachusetts,  at  the  Southampton  lead  mine.  In  Connecticut,  at  Trumbull,  the  chlorophane  var., 
with  topaz,  in  two  veins,  each  1 8  in.  wide,  in  gneiss ;  at  Plymouth,  in  octahedral  and  dodecahe- 
dral  crystals ;  at  Willimantic,  purple,  in  a  vein  in  gneiss,  and  also  sparingly  at  the  topaz  vein ;  at 
the  Middletown  lead  mine.  In  New  York,  in  Jefferson  Co.,  at  Muscolonge  lake,  formerly  abundant, 
in  gigantic  cubes,  sometimes  modified  (fig.  128),  of  grass-green  and  pale-green  shades,  in  granular 
limestone ;  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  at  Rossie  and  Johnsburgh,  rarely  in  fine  crystals ;  at  Lockport, 
occasionally  in  cubes,  with  selenite  and  celestine  in  limestone  ;  also  similarly  near  Rochester  and 
Manlius ;  Amity,  in  thin  seams,  with  spinel  and  tourmaline.  In  New  Jersey,  near  th«  Franklin 
Furnace.  In  Virginia,  near  Woodstock,  in  limestone  ;  on  the  Potomac,  at  Shepardstown,  in  white 
limestone.  In  Illinois,  Gallatin  Co.,  for  30  m.  along  the  Ohio,  10  to  15  m.  below  Shawneetown, 
and  at  other  places,  dark  purple,  often  in  large  crystals,  in  carboniferous  limestone,  with  galenite, 
and  through  the  soil.  In  California,  at  Mt.  Diablo,  rare  in  white  cubes.  In  Arizona,  hi  Castle 
Dome  dist.,  white,  pink,  green,  purple.  In  Nova  Scotia,  at  Mabou  harbor,  green.  Near  Lake 
Superior,  a  few  miles  from  the  N.E.  corner  of  Thunder  bay,  in  large  violet  cubes  on  amethyst, 
affording  magnificent  specimens. 

Alt. — Fluor  spar  is  slightly  soluble  in  waters  containing  bicarbonate  of  lime  in  solution.  The 
alkaline  carbonates  decompose  it,  producing  carbonate  of  lime  or  cakite,  and  a  subsequent  change 
of  the  calcite  may  produce  other  forms  of  pseudomorphs.  Fluor  spar  occurs  changed  to  quartz, 
by  substitution,  and  also  to  limonite,  hematite,  lithomarge,  psilomelane,  calamine,  smithsonite, 
cerusite,  kaolinite. 

160.  YTTROOERITE.  Yttrocerit  Gahn  &  Berzelius,  Afh.,  iv.  1814.  Yttrocererit  Leonh., 
Handb.,  573,  1826.  Yttria  fluatee  Fr.  Fluate  of  Cerium  and  Yttria.  Ytterflussspath,  Fluss- 
yttrocalcit,  Germ.  Yttrocalcit  Glock.,  Syn.,  283,  1847. 

Massive ;  crystalline-granular  and  earthy.  Cleavage :  in  two  direction? 
inclined  to  one  another  108°  30'. 

H.^4— 5.  Q.= 3 -447,  Berzelius.  Lustre  glistening ;  vitreous — pearly. 
Color  violet-blue,  inclining  to  gray  and  white,  often  white;  sometimes 
reddish-brown.  Fracture  uneven. 

Comp.— Contains  CaF,  CeF,  and  YFvin  different  proportions.  Analyses  by  Gahn  and  Berzeliua 
(Afhandl.,  iv.  151,  and  Schw.  J.,  xvi,  241): 

Ca  €e  Y  FH 

47-63  18-21  9-11  25-Q5 

50-00  16-45  8-10  25'45 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.    B.B.  on  charcoal  alone  infusible;  with  gypsum 
the  yttrocerite  of  Finbo  fuses  to  a  bead,  not  transparent,  and  that  of  Broddbo  is  infusible.     With 
the  three  fluxes  the  Finbo  mineral  behaves  like  fluor  spar;  the  glass  is,  however,  yellow  m  t 
oxydizing  flame  as  long  as  hot,  and  becomes  opaque  sooner  than  the  glass  given  by  tti 
In  a  pulverized  state  it  dissolves  completely  in  heated  muriatic  acid,  forming  a  yellow  solutio 

Obs.— Occurs  sparingly  at  Finbo  and  Broddbo,  near  Fahlun  in  Sweden,  "nbedd 
and  associated  with  albite  and  topaz.  Also  at  Amity,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  m  Mass.,  probably 
Worcester  Co.;  at  Mt.  Mica,  in  Paris,  Maine.  The  Amity  mineral  has  been  examined  by  J  fc. 
Teschemacher.  The  Massachusetts  mineral  afforded  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  (Prpc.  Nat.  H  Boat.,  1844, 
166)  lime,  yttria,  oxyd  of  cerium,  with  some  £l,  £e,  and  Si,  and  a  loss  of  19'4.  The  mineral  is 
mixed  with  fluorite  in  the  vein,  and  probably  the  specimen  analyzed  was  not  pure  trom  it. 


126  FLUORINE   COMPOUNDS. 

Tttrocerite  has  been  considered  a  fluor  spar  in  which  part  of  the  lime  is  replaced  by  oxyds  of 
cerium  and  yttrium.  The  angle  of  cleavage  reported,  108°  30',  differs  but  a  degree  from  the 
angle  between  faces  of  a  regular  octahedron. 

161.  FLUOOERITB.  Neutralt  flussspatssyradt  Cerium  Berz.,  Afh.,  vi.  56,  1818.  Neutrales 
fiusssaures  Cerer,  Flusscerium  ceriumfluat,  Germ.  Neutral  Fluate  of  Cerium.  Cerium  fluatee 
Fr.  Flucerine  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  519,  1832.  Fluocerit  Said.,  Handb.,  500,  1845. 

Hexagonal.  In  hexagonal  prisms  and  plates.  Cleavage:  basal  most 
distinct.  Also  massive. 

H.=4—  5.  G.=4:*7.  Lustre  weak.  Color  dark  tile-red  or  almost  yel- 
low ;  deeper  when  the  mineral  is  wet.  Streak  white,  or  slightly  yellowish. 
Subtranslucent  —  opaque. 

Comp.—  Ce  F  +  Ce2  F3,  Berzelius,  who  obtained  in  an  analysis  (1.  c.)  £e  82-64,  Y  1-12. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  and  at  a  high  temperature  corrodes  the  glass  ;  the 
water  contains  fluorine,  and  tinges  Brazil-wood  paper  yellow;  the  assay  changes  from  yellow  to 
white  by  heat.  B.B.  on  charcoal  infusible,  but  darkens  in  color.  With  soda  it  is  not  dissolved, 
but  divides  and  swells  up  ;  the  soda  is  absorbed  by  the  .charcoal,  and  leaves  a  gray  mass  on  the 
surface. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  at  Finbo  and  Broddbo  near  Fahlun,  in  Sweden,  imbedded  in  quartz  and  albite, 
accompanying  pyrophysalite  and  orthite. 

162.  FLUOCEBINE.  —  (Basisk  flussspatssyradt  Cerium  Berz.,  Afh.  vi.  64.  Basisches  Fluorcerium. 
Basic  fluccrine.  Basicerine  Beud.  Fluocerine  Hausm.,  1847.)  Isometric?  Supposed  to  show 
traces  of  the  rhombic  dodecahedron;  usually  massive.  H.=4"5  —  5.  Lustre  vitreous  or  resin- 
ous. Color  a  fine  yellow,  with  some  red,  and  when  impure,  brownish-yellow.  Streak  yellow, 
brownish.  Subtrauslucent  to  opaque. 

Formula,  Ce2  F3  +  3  (C2  034-fi)=  Cerium  17-6,  fluorine  10*9,  sesquioxyd  of  cerium  66-4,  water 
5-1  =  100.  Berzelius  obtained  in  his  analysis  (1.  c.)  £e  84-20,  and  H  4'95,  and  deduced  as  its 
composition  Ce  F-f  3  Ce  H. 

B.B.  on  charcoal  infusible,  at  a  low  red  heat  appears  almost  black  ;  on  cooling  it  becomes  dark 
brown,  clear  red,  and  finally  yellow.  With  the  fluxes  behaves  like  fluocerite. 

From  Finbo,  with  fluocerite. 

A  mineral  from  Bastnas  afforded  Hisinger  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1838,  189),  Sesquioxyd  of  Ce  (and 
La)  36-43,  fluorid  ibid.  50-15,  water  13-41,  which  corresponds  to  the  formula  Ce2  F3  +  Ce2  03+4E[. 
Named  Bastnasite  by  Huot,  Min.,  i.  296,  1841. 

163.  FLUELLITE.    Fluellite  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  viii.  242,  1824.   Fluate  of  Alumine,  Fluorid 

of  Aluminum. 

Orthorhombic  ;   in  acute  rhombic   octahedrons   with   truncated   apex. 
1A1,  pyram.,:=109°  6',  82°  12',  and,  basal,  144°  ;  /A  7=105°  nearly. 
H.—  3.     Lustre  vitreous.     Color  white.     Transparent. 

Comp.  —  Fluorine  and  aluminum,  according  to  Wollaston. 

Obs,  —  Fluellite  is  a  rare  mineral  found  at  Stenna-gwyn,  in  Cornwall,  in  minute  crystals  on 
quartz,  along  with  wavellite  and  uranite. 

164.  CRYOLITE.     Chryolith,  Thonerde  mit  Flussiiure  Abildgaard,  Scherer's  J.,  ii.  502,  1799; 
d'Andrada,  ib.,  iv.  37,  1800.     Kryolith  Karst.,  Tab.,  28,  73,  1800;  id.  (with  anal.)  Klapr.,  J.  de 
Phys.,  Ii.  473,  1800,  Beitr.,  iii.  207,  1802;    Vauq.,  Ann.  Oh.,  xxxvii.  89,  1801.     Alumine  fluatee 

Cryolite.    Eisstein  Germ. 


Orthorhombic?  7A7=88°  30'  to88°,  0  A/-fel2505r  ;  a:  I  :  c=  1-3789  : 
1  :  1-0265.     Observed  planes  as  in  the  figures.     O  f\  l-fc!26°  40',  6>Al= 


FLUORIDS. 


127 


11T:  30'.  Prisms  often  a  little  tapering,  and  marked  with  striae  parallel 

to  the  edges  //!-£,  and  sometimes  also  to  edges  J/l-2,  and  I/I  as  i 
i  •     .    -i-i-i. ,    i  -i  •  •    /-»_.  ~  ~  r  •*•  j  ^ 


dicated  by  dotted  lines  mno  in  fig.  130. 
Twins  :  composition-face  /,  reenter- 
ing  angle  /A  7=177°,  f.  131 ;  noreen- 
tering  angle  or  apparent  suture  on 
plane  0.  Cleavage:  basal  perfect; 
diagonal  less  so.  Massive,  cleavable. 
H.  =  2-5.  G.  =  2-9  —  3-077,  fr. 
Greenland;  2'95  —  2'96,  fr.  Miask, 
Durnef.  Lustre  vitreous;  slightly 
pearly  on  O.  Color  snow-white ; 
sometimes  reddish  or  brownish  to 
brick-red  and  even  black.  Subtrans- 
parent  —  translucent.  Immersion 
Brittle. 


130 


in  water  increases  the  transparency. 


Comp. — 3  Na  F+A12  F3= Aluminum  13-0,  sodium  32*8,  fluorine  54-2=100.  Analyses:  1, 
Klaproth  (1.  c.) ;  2,  Berzelius  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  315,  1823);  3,  Chodnef  ( Verb.  Ges.  Min.  St.  Pet, 
1845-46,  219);  4,  Durnef  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiii.,  588): 

F  Al  Ca  Na 

1.  Greenland  12'8  26'8    Klaproth. 

2.  [54-07]  13-00  32-93  Berzelius. 

3.  [53-23]  13-23  32'71,  Mn,  Mg  0'83  Chodnef. 

4.  Miask  [53-38]          13'41  0'35  32-31,  Mn,  £e  0'55  Durnef. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fusible  in  the  flame  of  a  candle.  B.B.  in  the  open  tube  heated  so  that  the  flame 
enters  the  tube,  gives  off  hydrofluoric  acid,  etching  the  glass ;  the  water  which  condenses  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  tube  reacts  for  fluorine  with  Brazil-wood  paper.  In  the  forceps  fuses  very  easily, 
coloring  the  flame  yellow.  On  charcoal  fuses  easily  to  a  clear  bead,  which  on  cooling  becomes 
opaque ;  after  long  blowing,  the  assay  spreads  out,  the  fluorid  of  sodium  is  absorbed  by  the  coal, 
a  suffocating  odor  of  fluorine  is  given  off,  and  a  crust  of  alumina  remains,  which,  when  heated 
with  cobalt  solution  in  O.F.,  gives  a  blue  color.  Soluble  in  sulphuric  acid,  with  evolution  of 
hydrofluoric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  a  bay  in  Arksut-fiord,  in  West  Greenland,  at  Evigtok,  about  12m.  from  the 
Danish  settlement  of  Arksut,  where  it  constitutes  a  large  bed  or  vein  in  gneiss,  and  contains 
galenite,  sphalerite,  siderite,  pyrite,  arsenopyrite,  fluorite,  columbite,  cassiterite,  all  often  in  fine 
crystals.  The  exposure  of  the  cryolite  is  about  300  feet  in  length.  It  is  shipped  in  large  quantities 
to  Europe,  and  to  the  United  States  (Pennsylvania),  where  it  is  used  for  making  soda,  and  soda  and 
alumina  salts ;  also  of  late,  in  Pennsylvania,  for  the  manufacture  of  a  white  glass  which  is  a  very 
good  imitation  of  porcelain.  It  has  also  been  used  for  the  manufacture  of  aluminum.  The  first 
specimens  of  cryolite  came  through  Denmark  from  Greenland,  and  the  earliest  notice  of  it  was  by 
Schumacher  in  the  Abh.  Nat.  Ges.  Copenhagen,  iv.  1795.  The  locality  was  described  from 
personal  observation  by  Giesecke  in  Ed.  Eucyc.,  x.  97,  and  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  vi.  141,  1822 ;  and  re- 
ceatly  by  J.  W.  Taylor  in  the  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  xii.  140.  Taylor  states  that  the  cryolite  is  not  white, 
except  within  10  to  15  feet  from  the  surface,  and  that  below  this  it  becomes  dark-colored,  and 
even  black.  He  attributes  the  bleaching  above  to  the  heat  of  two  trap-dykes;  but  as  the  dykes 
are  not  in  contact  with  the  cryolite,  and  the  evidence  is  not  clear  that  they  ever  overlaid  it,  this 
cause  may  be  questioned.  The  contained  ores  and  other  minerals  are  most  abundant  near  the 
junction  with  the  gneiss. 

Dr.  Hagemann  described  the  crystals  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlii.  268)  as  orthorhombic.    The  author 
obtained  the  above  figures  from  specimens  kindly  furnished  by  Dr.  H.     They  occur  implanted  on 
the  massive  cryolite.     The  twin,  by  the  absence  of  a  reentering  angle  on  plane  0,  appears 
prove  that  the  form  is  orthorhombic  and  not  oblique.     Yet  Descloizeaux  states  that  the  optic 
characters,  as  observed  by  him,  indicate  a  monoclinic  form.     Owing  to  the  striations  of  the  crys- 
tals and  their  minuteness,  the  measurements  of  the  author  were  not  very  satisfactory.     O  A  l-J 
in  front,  gave  126°  40'  (5  measurements  126°  30'— 126°  40',  and  three  of  them  126      0  ),  CM  1-1 
back,    125°  10'-125°  37',    0  M-l  about   126°,  1-i  A  2-2  about  159°  40,    (Ml    about   115     30, 
H  front,  A 1-3,  back,  -  71°  25'.     The  angles  obtained  point  to  a  monoclinic  form,  and  but  for 


128  FLUORINE   COMPOUNDS. 

the  twin,  would  have  been  regarded  as  decisive.     The  angle  /A  /  varied  from  89°  30'  to  85°.     The 
planes  2-2  and  1  were  not  observed  on  the  back  of  the  crystal.  Hagemann  found  1-5  A  M—  70°  30'. 

165.  ARKSUTITE.    Arksudite  G.  Hagemann,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlii.  94,  1866. 

Granular  massive.     Cleavage  :  one  quite  distinct. 

H.—  2*5.  G.  =3*029—  3*175.  Lustre  vitreous,  somewhat  pearly  on  a 
cleavage  face.  Color  white.  Translucent.  Brittle. 

Comp.—  (Ca.  Na)2  F  +  A12  F3,  with  Ca  :  Na=l  :  3,—  Aluminum  18-6,  sodium  23'3,  calcium  6'8, 
fluorine  5  1-3  —100.  Analysis:  Hagemann  (1.  c.)  : 

F  Al  Ca  Na  H  Insol. 

51-03  17-87  7-01  23-00  0'57  0-74=100-22 

Pyr.,  etc.—  Fuses  at  a  red  heat,  yielding  no  water. 

Obs.  —  From  the  cryolite  vein  of  Iviktok,  near  Arksut-fiord,  in  South  Greenland.  The  specific 
gravity  3-175,  it  is  said,  may  have  owed  its  excess  above  that  of  the  other  trials  to  the  presence 
of  a  little  pyrite. 

166.  CHIOLITE.    Chiolith  (fr.  Miask)  Hermann  &  Auerbach,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii.  188,  1846. 


131A  Tetragonal.       0  A  l-tl330   49J';    0=1-04184. 

Observed  form  f.  13U.  1  A  1,  pyr.,=108°  23'  ;  1  A  1, 
basal,  =  111°  40'  ;  1  A  1,  over  summit,  =  68°  20'. 
Cleavage  indistinct.  Twins  :  composition-face  1,  as 
in  f.  50.  Occurs  massive  granular,  resembling  cry- 
olite ;  structure  crystalline. 

H.=4      GK  =  2-72,   Hermann;     2*842  —  2*898, 
Bainm.     Color  snow-white.     Lustre  somewhat  re- 

sinous.    Translucent. 
Ilmen  Mts. 

Comp.  —  3  NaF  +  2  AlaF3r=  Fluorine  58-0,  aluminum  18-6,  sodium  23'4=100.  Analyses:  1, 
Hermann  (1.  c.);  2,  Eammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxiv.  315,  1848): 

Al  Na  F 

1.  Miask  18-69  23-78  [57'53]   Hermann. 

2.  "  (f)  18-44  24-05  [57'5l]    Ramm. 

Pyr.  —  Like  cryolite. 

Obs.  —  From  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  near  Miask,  where  it  occurs  in  granite,  with  topaz,  fluorite,  pheua- 
cite,  and  cryolite. 

For  Kokscharof  on  cryst,  see  Verh.  Min.  G-es.  St.  Pet,  1850,  '51,  and  Min.  Russl.,  iv.  393. 

Kenngott  makes  crystals  from  the  topaz  mine  of  Mursinsk  orthorhombic  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xi. 
980),  with  the  prismatic  angle  124°  22',  and  having  the  acute  edge  of  the  prism  truncated,  and 
=117°  49'. 


167.  CHODNEFFITE.  Chiolith  (fr.  Miask)  v.  Worth  &  Chodnef,  Verh.  Russ.  Min.  Ges., 
1845-46,  208,  216,  1846.  Chodneffite  Dana,  Min.,  234,  1850;  Cryolite,  ib.,  97,  1854.  Nipho- 
lith  Nawm.,  Min..  219,  1864. 

G.=2*62—  2*77,  v.  Worth;   3*00,  Kamm.     Like   chiolite  in  physical 
characters. 

Comp.  —  2  Na  F  +  A12  F8=Fluorine  56-4,  aluminum  16'3,  sodium  27-3=100.    Analyses:  1,  A 
Chodnef  (L  c.);  2,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxiv.  314): 


FLUORIDS. 


129 


1.  Miask 


F 

I  [56-82] 
t  [56-57] 


Al 

16-48 
15-75 


Na 

26-70  Chodnef. 
27-68  Ramm. 


Obs.— Rammelsberg  by  his  analyses  appears  to  show  that  besides  cryolite  there  are  two  other 
related  compounds  at  Miask,  one  of  his  analyses  sustaining  the  chiolite  of  Hermann,  and  the 
other  the  chiolite  of  Worth  and  Chodnef;  and  on  the  basis  of  his  results  this  species  is  made 
distinct  from  the  others. 


168.  PACHNOLITE.    Pachnolit  Knop.,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  cxxvii.  61,  1866. 

Monoclinic.  7A  7=98°  34',  %  A  £=108°  15',  7A  £=153° 
37',  0  A  7=90°  20',  front  edge  of  pyr.  on  front  edge  of  prism 
146°  45',  Descl.  Twins :  composition -face  i-l  (f.  132) ;  crys- 
tals always  twins  ;  %  A  f  adjacent  94°  13'.  Cleavage :  0  and 
7,  unequal.  Lustre  vitreous.  Colorless  to  white.  Trans- 
parent to  subtransparent.  Optic-axial  plane  and  one  bi- 
sectrix normal  to  i-l ;  and  inclined  10°— 15°  to  a  normal  to 
i-i,  and  23°  15'— 18°  15'  to  a  normal  to  the  front  edge  of  the 
pyramid. 

Comp.— 3  (Ca,  Na)  F  +  AP  F8+2  H",  with  Ca  :  Na=3  :  2=Fluorine  51-12,  aluminum  12-29, 
calcium  16*14,  sodium  12-38,  water  8-07=100.  Analyses:  1,  Knop  (L  c.);  2,  G-.  Hagemann  (Am. 
,T.  ScL,  ILxli.  119): 

F     •  Al  Ca  Na  H 


50-79 
51-15 


13-14 
10-37 


17-25 

17-44 


Na 
12-16 
12-04 


9-f>0=102-94  Knop. 
8-63=99-63  Hagemann. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube,  heated  gently,  yields  water  which  is  neutral ;  at  a  higher  heat, 
that  which  is  acid.  Heated  rapidly  it  is  decomposed  with  crackling,  and  the  formation  of  a  white 
cloud  which  condenses  on  the  walls  of  the  tube.  Decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  giving  out 
fluohydric  acid. 

Obs. — Incrusts  the  cryolite  of  Greenland,  being  a  result  of  its  alteration.  The  pyramidal  planes 
sometimes  have  a  stair-like  appearance,  from  interrupted  combination. 

169.  THOMSENOLITE.    Dimetric  Pachnolite  G.  Hagemann,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliL  93,  1866. 

Thomsenolite  Dana. 

Monoclinic.  7A7  about  89°  ;  Ol\I  approx.  92°  and  88°  ; 
0  A  1=121°— 124°,  Dana.  Prisms  slender,  a  little  tapering ;  I 
horizontally  striated.  Cleavage :  basal  very  perfect.  Also 
massive,  opal,  or  chalcedony-like. 

H.i=2'5—  4.  G.=2-74:— 2'76,  of  crystals.  Lustre  vitreous, 
of  a  cleavage-face  a  little  pearly,  of  massive  waxy.  Color 
white,  or  with  a  reddish  tinge.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp.— 2  (Ca,  Na)  F  + Al2  F3+2  H",  with  Ca  :  Na=7  :  3=Fluorine  52-2,  alumi- 
num 15-0,  calcium  15-4,  sodium  7'6,  water  9'8=  100.  Analysis  :  Hagemann  (L  c.) : 


Crystals 


F 
50-08 


Al 
14-27 


Ca 
14-51 


Na 
7-15 


a 

9-70 


Si 
2-0=97-71 


The  compact  afforded  Dr.  Hagemann  a  similar  result. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  more  easily  than  cryolite  to  a  clear  glass.  The  massive  decrepitates  remark- 
ably in  the  flame  of  a  candle.  In  powder  easily  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Found  with  pachnolite  on  the  cryolite  of  Greenland,  and  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  cry- 
olite. 

The  crystals  often  have  an  ochre-colored  coating,  especially  the  terminal  portion ;  and  on  this 
account,  and  the  striated  tapering  sides,  the  measurements  ar^  only  approximations.  The  mineral 


130 


FLTJOKINE   COMPOUNDS. 


was  first  noticed  by  Dr.  Julius  Thomsen  of  Copenhagen,  the  originator  of  the  cryolite  industry, 
after  whom  it  is  here  named.  It  differs  strikingly  from  pachnolite  in  its  pearly  basal  cleavage  and 
its  nearly  square  prisms ;  and  from  cryolite  in  the  horizontal  strias  of  the  same  and  the  facility  of 
cleavage.  The  compact  variety,  first  observed  by  Dr.  Hagemann  (to  whom  the  author  is  indebted 
for  his  acquaintance  with  it),  has  much  of  the  aspect  of  chalcedony ;  it  incrusts  cryolite  or  occu- 
pies seams  or  cavities  in  it,  and  is  covered  by  the  chalky  gearksutite  ;  the  incrustations  are  some- 
times half  an  inch  or  more  thick. 

169A.  HAGEMANNITE.  Hagemannite  Shepard,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xlii.  246,  1866.  Closely  resem- 
bles in  aspect  and  condition  the  compact  thomsenolite,  but  passes  sometimes  into  a  yellow,  opaque, 
jaspery  variety.  It  incrusts  the  cryolite,  and  also  constitutes  seams  £  to  -£  in.  thick.  It  sometimes 
traverses  a  drusy  ferruginous  pachnolite.  It  is  ochre-yellow  to  wax-yellow  in  color,  rarely  faint 
greenish,  dull,  or  with  only  a  faintly  glimmering  lustre,  and  looks  like  an  iron  flint,  or  the  yellow 
chloropal  of  Alar,  Bavaria.  H.=3  — 3'5.  G.  =  2'59  —  2'GO.  Adheres  but  feebly  to  the  tongue. 

Hagemann  obtained  in  an  analysis  F  40-30,  Al  12-06,  Fe  5-96,  Mg  2*30,  Ca  11-18,  Na  8'45,  Si 
7*79,  H  10-44.  Decrepitates  surprisingly  in  the  flame  of  a  candle. 

The  analysis  corresponds  to  the  atomic  ratio  for  F,  Si,  (Al,  Fe),  (Mg,  Ca,  Na),  4:1:1:2.  Tak- 
ing 2  F  for  the  Si,  to  make  Si  F2,  it  leaves  only  2  F  for  the  bases.  No  probable  formula  can  be 
deduced.  Excluding  the  Si,  Mg,  Fe,  the  composition  is  that  of  thomsenolite. 

170.  GEARKSUTITE. 

Earthy,  kaolin-like  in  aspect. 

H.=2.     Lustre  dull.     Color  white,  opaque. 

Comp. — Ca2  F-f  Al2  F3+4  H,  or  essentially  like  that  of  arksutite,  excepting  the  water  and  the 
presence  of  but  little  soda.  Analysis :  G-.  Hagemann  (private  contrib.) : 

F  41-18        Al  15-52        Ca  19-25        Na  2-46        H  20-22. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  the  Greenland  cryolite,  and  is  one  of  the  results  of  its  alteration.  The  authoi 
is  indebted  for  his  knowledge  of  the  mineral  to  Dr.  Hagemaun.  The  underlying  material  is  com- 
pact thomsenolite.  At  the  request  of  Dr.  Hagemann,  it  is  named  by  the  author  from  y>],  earth,  and 
arksutite,  alluding  to  its  earthy  aspect.  » 


171.  PROSOPITE. 
134 


Prosopit  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  xc.  315,  1853,  xcii.,  612,  ci.  361. 

Monoclinic.  I A  7=115°  14';  £-2Ai-2-76°  15',-2A-2=133° 
30',  24  A  24=1160  30',2-8  A  2-5=120°  56'.  Only  in  imbedded 
crystals. 

H.=4:-5.  G.=2-890— 2'898.  Lustre  weak.  Colorless, 
white,  or  grayish. 


Oomp.  —  Analysis  by  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  ci.  361,  385)  : 


Altenberg 


SiF2 
10-71 


42-68 


Mn 
0-31 


Mg 
0-25 


Ca 

22'98 


K 
0'15 


H 
15-50=92-58. 


The  loss  of  7-42  p.  c.  is  regarded  by  Scheerer  as  proving  that  5-50  p.  c.  of  the 
Altenberg.       oxygen  is  replaced  by  fluorine ;  the  mineral  is  thence  regarded  by  him  as  consist  - 
ing  of  f  Si  F2,  6  3tl,  1  Ca,  5  Ca  F,  12  H,  or,  differently  arranged,  f  Si  F2,  1  Al  Fb, 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  glass  tube  affords  water  and  fluorid  of  silicon.  Decomposable  by  sulphuric 
acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  the  tin  mines  of  Altenberg,  in  crystals,  part  of  which  are  a  kind  of  kaolin,  and 
others,  according  to  observations  by  G-.  J.  Brush  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxv.  411),  cleavable  violet  fluor, 
and  others  still  fluor  partly  kaolinized. 

Also  found  at  the  Schlackenwald  tin  mines ;  but  Scheerer  infers,  without  an  analysis,  that  the 
crystals  from  this  place  (Pogg.,  xciL  612)  are  a,  phosphate  with  fluorid,  and  he  gives  the  hypothet. 
ical  formula  (R3  P,  R  F)  Al  F3  +  yH. 

The  crystals  are  closely  like  datolite  in  form,  as  shown  by  the  author  in  the  last  edition  of  this 
work  (p.  502).  Descloizeaux  has  stated  that  optically  they  are  triclinic. 

It  is  yet  doubtful  whether  unaltered  prosopite  has  been  described  or  seen. 

Named  from  vpovwsslo^  a  mask,  in  allusion  to  the  deceptive  character  of  the  mineral. 


OXYDS. 


131 


V.    OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

The  grand  divisions  of  Oxygen  Compounds  among  minerals  are  men- 
tioned on  page  1. 


I.   OXYDS. 

General  Arrangement. 

1.  OXYDS  OF  ELEMENTS  OF  SERIES  I. 

a.  Anhydrous. 
5.  Hydrous. 

2.  OXYDS  OF  ELEMENTS  OF  THE  ARSENIC  AND  SULPHUR  GROUPS,  SERIES  II. 

3.  OXYDS  OF  ELEMENTS  OF  THE  CARBON-SILICON  GROUP,  SERIES  II. 


1.    OXYDS  OF  ELEMENTS  OF  SEEIES  I. 
A.  ANHYDROUS  OXYDS. 

The  elements  of  Series  I.  whose  oxyds  are  here  included  are  those  of  the 
iron  and  tin  groups,  none  of  the  gold  group  occurring  native.  The  oxyds 
have,  with  few  exceptions,  the  general  formulas  RO,  E  0,  E2  O8,  R  O+Ea 
O3,  and  BO2. 

Isometric  forms  occur  under  the  formulas  BO;  E  0  ;  E  O  -f-E2  O8. 
Hexagonal  "  «  EO;E208. 

Tetragonal  "  "  EO2;  2EO+E02. 

Orthorhombic  "  «  EO;  EO+E'O2;  EO'. 

The  following  are  the  groups  of  Anhydrous  Oxyds : 

1.  PROTOXYDS— R  0,  R  0. 
1.  CUPRITE  AND  PERICLASITE  GROUPS.— Isometric. 

172.  CUPRITE  £u  174.  BUNSENITB  #i 

173.  PEKICLASITE  Mg 


132  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

2.  ZINCITE  GROUP.— Hexagonal 

175.  WATER  &  176.  ZINCITE  2n 

3.  MASSICOT  GROUP.— Isometric  and  orthorhombic. 

177.  MASSICOT  Pb  178.  MELACONITE         Cu 

2.  SESQUIOXYDS— R2  O3. 

1.  CORUNDUM  GROUP.— Hexagonal 

179.  CORUNDUM  £l  181.  MENAOOANITE       (Fe,  Ti)2  03or  (Fe,  Ti)203  + 

n$Q 

180.  HEMATITE  £e  182.  PEROFSKTFE          (Ca,  Ti)2  O3 

3.  COMPOUNDS  OF  PROTOXYDS  AND  SESQUIOXYDS— In  the  ratio  1 :  1,  or  R0  +  R203. 

1.  SPINEL  GROUP.— Isometric. 

183.  SPINEL  Mg  (3tl,  Fe)  187.  MAGNESIOFERRITE  Mg  3Pe 

184.  HERCTNITE  Fe  il  188.  FRANKLINITE         (Zn,  Fe,  Mn)  (Fe,  Mn) 

185.  GAHNITE  (Zn,  Fe,  Mg)  (£1,  Fe)  189.  CHROMITE  (Fe,  Mg,  Cr)  (£l,  3Pe,  £r) 

186.  MAGNETITE  Fe  Fe  190.  URANINITB  ?U$ 

2.  CHRYSOBERYL  GROUP.— Orthorhombic. 

191.  CHRYSOBERYL       Bes£l 

4.  DEUTOXYDS— R  O2. 

1.  RUTILE  GROUP.— Tetragonal 

192.  CASSITERITE         Sn  195.  HAUSMANNITE       Mn2  Mn 

193.  RUTILE  Ti  196.  BRAUNTTE  2Mn2Mn+MnSi 

194.  OCTAHEDRTTE        Ti  197.  ?  MINIUM  Pb2  Pb 

2.  BROOKITE  GROUP.— Orthorhombic. 

198.  BROOKJTE  Ti  199.  PYROLUSITE          Mn 

5.  COMPOUNDS  OF  PROTOXYDS  AND  SESQUIOXYDS— In  the  ratio  3:  n,  or  3  RO  +  nR203. 

200.  CREDNERITE  (Monoclinic)  Cu3  Mn2 

Appendix.  201.  PLATTNERITE. 

Some  points  in  the  above  table  require  explanation.  Admitting  the  principle  stated  on  page 
33,  that  in  oxyds  crystallizing  in  the  hexagonal  system  the  number  of  atoms  of  the  negative  element, 
oxygen,  is  3,  or  a  multiple  of  3 ;  and  that  in  those  crystallizing  in  the  tetragonal  system  this 
number  is  2  or  4,  or  a  multiple  of  4 ;  and  that  the  sesquioxyds  Fe2  O3,  Al2  O3  are  hexagonal  species 
in  accordance  with  this  principle,  and  the  deutoxyds  Ti  O2,  Sn  O2  are  tetragonal  in  exemplification 
of  it,*  we  have  reasons  for  the  following  conclusions.  In  the  Zincite  group,  since  water  (ice)  and 
zincite  are  hexagonal,  these  species,  when  thus  crystallized  (whatever  be  true  in  other  states),  may 
have  the  formulas  H3  O3,  and  Zn3  O3.  In  the  Massicot  group,  since  the  two  species  mentioned 
occur  both  hi  isometric  and  orthorhombic  forms ;  and  since  the  orthorhombic  form  is  in  angle 

*  The  principle  does  not  require  that  when  the  number  of  atoms  of  oxygen  is  2  or  4,  or  a  multiple 
of  4,  that  the  forms  should  be  necessarily  tetragonal,  but  recognizes  that  tetragonal  forms  are  then 
possible.  The  oxyd  Ti  O2  crystallizes  not  only  in  tetragonal  forms,  but  also  in  orthorhombic. 


ANHYDROUS   OXYDS.  133 

closely  like  that  of  orthorhombic  Ti  O2  (brookite),  the  angles  /A /and  /A -J  being  99°  89',  126°  29' 
in  cuprite,  and  99°  50,  126°  15'  in  brookite,  it  would  seem  to  be  true  that  while  the  isometric  kinds 
have  the  formulas  Pb  0  and  Cu  0,  as  ordinarily  written,  the  orthorhombic  have  the  formulas  Pb2  0J 
and  Cu2  O2  (or  Ou  O2) ;  and  that  the  latter  ought  to  be  arranged  with  the  deutoxyds,  in  the  same 
group  with  brookite,  which  also  has  2  of  oxygen.  (This  arrangement  would  have  been  adopted 
above,  if  distinct  orthorhombic  forms  of  the  species  had  been  observed  in  nature.) 

Again,  under  the  Rutile  group  are  arranged  the  species  hausmannite  and  braunite,  ores  of  man- 
ganese. The  formula  of  hausmannite  is  9ommonly  written  Mn  Mn,  making  it  analogous  to 
species  of  the  Spinel  group.  But  it  accords  better  with  its  tetragonal  crystallization  and  its  rela- 
tions to  Ti  O2,  to  write  it  Mn2  Mn.  Braunite  has  been  shown  by  Bammelsberg  to  have  a  compo- 
sition that  may  be  represented  by  the  formula  (Mn  Si)2  O3,  in  which  Mn  and  Si  appear  as  replacing 
one  another.  The  constituents,  as  deduced  by  analysts,  are  3  Mn  +  Mn  +  Si,  which  include  8  of 
Mn  and  Si  to  12  of  oxygen,  in  accordance  with  the  above  formula.  But  braunite  has  closely  the 
crystallization  of  Ti  O2  in  rutile ;  and  this  relation  is  brought  out  in  the  formula  2  Mna  Mn+Mn 
Si,  above  given,  which  represents  it  as  corresponding  to  2  of  hausmaunite  and  2  of  a  silicate  analo- 
gous to  zircon,  with  which  silicate  also  it  is  isomorphous.  The  close  relation  and  isomorphism-  of 
Mn  and  Si  assumed  hi  the  formula  (Mn,  Si)2  O3  is  unsustained  by  facts. 


1.  PROTOXYDS. 

172.  CUPRITE.  Aes  caldarium  rubro-fuscum,  Germ.  Lebererzkupfer,  Agric.,  FOBS.,  834,  In- 
terpr.,  462,  1 546.  Minera  cupri  calciformis  pura  et  indurata,  colore  rubro,  vulgo  Kupferglas, 
Kupfer  Lebererz.,  Cronst.,  Min.,  173,  1758.  Cuprum  tessulatum  nudum  Linn.,  Syst,  172,  tab. 
viii.,  1756;  Cuprum  cryst.  octaedrum  #.,  1768.  Octahedral  Copper  Ore,  Bed  Glassy  Copper 
Ore,  Hill,  Foss.,  1771.  Mine  rouge  de  cuivre  Sage,  Min.,  1772.  Mine  de  cuivre  vitreuse  rouge 
de  Lisk,  Crist.,  1772, 1783.  Eothkupfererz.  Cuivre  oxidule.  Oxydulated  copper.  Zigueline 
Send.,  Tr.,  ii.  713,  1832.  Ruberite  Chapm.,  Pract.  Min.,  63,  1843.  Cuprit  Said.,  Handb.,  548, 
1845. 

Ziegelerz=Tile  Ore ;  Kupferlebererz ;  Hepatinerz. 

Haarformiges  Kothkupfererz ;  Cuivre  oxidule  capillaire,  H. ;  Kupferbliithe  Hausm. ;.  Capillary 
Red  Oxyd  of  Copper.  Chalkotrichit  Gkck.,  Grundr.,  369,  1889. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes,  0, 1,  i,  £-2  (e'), 
£5,  2  (a"),  3,  2-2  (a7),  3-f  (o).  Figs.  1  to  8,  and 
f.  135.  Cleavage:  octahedral.  Sometimes 
cubes  lengthened  into  capillary  forms.  Also 
massive,  granular ;  sometimes  earthy. 

H.=3-5-4.  G.=5-85-6-15  ;  5'992,  Haid- 
inger.  Lustre  adamantine  or  submetallic  to 
earthy.  Color  red,  of  various  shades,  particu- 
larly cochineal-red ;  occasionally  crimson-red 
by  transmitted  light.  Streak  several  shade? 
of  brownish-red,  shining.  Subtransparent— 
subtranslucent.  Fracture  conchoidal,  uneven. 
Brittle. 

Oomp,,  Var.— Oxyd  of  copper,  £u=0xygen  11%  copper  88-8=100.    Sometimes  affords  traces 

Var.  1.  Ordinary,   (a)  Crystallized;  commonly  in  octahedrons,  dodecahedrons,  cubes,  and  inter- 
mediate forms :  the  crystals  often  with  a  crust  of  malachite ;  (6)  massive. 

2.  Capillary;  Chakotrichite.     In  capillary  or  acicular  crystallizations,  supposed  f 
orthorhombic,  but,  according  to  Brooke  and  A.  Knop,  really  cubes  elongated  in  the  direction  of 
octahedral  axis  (Knop,  Jahrb.  Min.,  521,  1861). 


134  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

3.  Earthy;  Tile  Ore  (Ziegelerz  Germ.}.  Brick-red  or  reddish-brown  and  earthy,  often  mixed 
with  red  oxyd  of  iron ;  sometimes  nearly  black. 

The  hepatin&rz,  or  liver-ore,  of  Breithaupt  has  a  liver-brown  color.  Von  Bibra  found  (J.  pr.  Ch., 
xcvi.  203)  the  tile-ore  of  Algodon  bay,  Bolivia,  to  contain  chlorine,  and  to  be  a  mixture  of  ataca- 
mite,  cuprite,  hematite,  and  other  earthy  material;  he  obtained  for  one,  atacamite  31*32,  cuprite 
10-85,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  20*50,  gangue  34'42,  water,  antimony,  and  loss  2'87.  In  two  others, 
atacamite  2840,  33-25,  cuprite  12-77,  13'02,  limonite  25'00,  19'07,  gangue  30'81,  32-57,  water,  an- 
timony and  loss  3-02,  2-09. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Unaltered  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  and  colors  the  flame  eme- 
rald-green ;  if  previously  moistened  with  muriatic  acid,  the  color  imparted  to  the  flame  is  momen- 
tarily azure-blue  from  chlorid  of  copper.  On  charcoal  first  blackens,  then  fuses,  and  is  reduced  to 
metallic  copper.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  oxyd  of  copper.  Soluble  in  concentrated 
muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Camsdorf  and  Saalfield  in  Thuringia,  at  Les  Capanne  Yecchie  in  Tuscany ;  on 
Elba,  in  cubes ;  in  Cornwall,  in  fine  translucent  crystals  with  native  copper  and  quartz,  at  Wheal 
Gorland  and  other  Cornish  mines ;  in  Devonshire  near  Tavistock  ;  in  isolated  crystals,  sometimes 
an  inch  in  diameter,  in  lithomarge,  at  Chessy,  near  Lyons,  which  are  generally  coated  with  mala- 
chite ;  at  Katherinenberg  in  Siberia ;  in  South  Australia ;  also  abundant  in  Chili,  Peru,  Bolivia, 
the  crystals  in  which  regions,  as  far  as  examined  by  D.  Forbes,  are  simple  cubes  (private  commu- 
nication) ;  very  fine  crystals  from  Andacollo  near  Coquimbo. 

It  has  been  observed  at  Schuyler's,  Somerville,  and  Flemington  copper  mines,  N.  J.,  crystallized 
and  massive,  associated  with  chrysocolla  and  native  copper ;  also  near  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  in 
red  shale ;  2  m.  from  Ladenton,  Kockland  Co.,  N.  Y.,  with  green  malachite  in  trap ;  at  Cornwall, 
Lebanon  Co.,  Pa. ;  in  the  Lake  Superior  region. 

When  found  in  large  quantities  this  species  is  valuable  as  an  ore  of  copper. 

Named  cuprite  by  Haidinger  from  the  Latin  cuprum,  copper.  Chapman's  name  ruberite  (from  the 
Latin  ruber,  red)  is  prior  in  date  (1.  c.) ;  but  the  laws  of  derivation  would  change  it  to  rubrite  ;  and 
instead  of  introducing  this  altered  name,  that  next  in  priority,  already  long  used,  is  here  adopted. 

Alt, — A  deoxydation  of  this  oxyd  of  copper  sometimes  takes  place,  producing  native  copper. 
It  also  becomes  carbonated  and  green,  by  means  of  carbonated  waters,  changing  to  malachite  or 
azurite ;  or  through  a  silicate  in  solution  it  is  changed  to  chrysocolla ;  or  by  taking  oxygen  it  be- 
comes melaconite.  Limonite  occurs  as  a  pseudomorph  by  substitution  after  cuprite. 

173.  PERICLASITE.    Periclasia  Scacchi,  Mem.  Min.,  Naples,  1841.    Periklas  Germ. 

Isometric.     Figs.  1,  2.     Cleavage :  cubic,  perfect.     Also  in  grains. 
H.=  nearly   6.     G.  =  3 '674,   JJamour.     Color  grayish   to   dark-green. 
Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp. — Mg;  or  magnesia,  with  1  part  in  25  of  protoxyd  of  iron.  Analyses  :  1,  Scacchi  (L  c.); 
2,  3,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  iii.  360,  and  Bull.  Soc.  G-.  Fr.,  1849,  313): 

1.  Mg  89-04  Fe  8-56=97-60  Scacchi. 

2.  93-86  5-97=99-83  Damour. 

3.  93-38  6-01=99-39  Damour. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  unaltered  and  infusible.  With  cobalt  solution  after  long  blowing  assumes  a 
faint  flesh-red  color.  The  pulverized  mineral  shows  an  alkaline  reaction  when  moistened,  and 
dissolves  in  mineral  acids  without  effervescence. 

Obs. — Occurs  disseminated  through  ejected  masses  of  a  white  limestone,  and  in  spots  of  small 
clustered  crystals,  on  Mt.  Somma,  sometimes  with  forsterite  and  earthy  magnesite. 

Named  from  ^pi,  about,  aud  «-A<i<n?,  cleavage. 

Artif.— Formed  in  crystals  of  a  cubo-octahedral  form  by  making  lime  to  act  at  a  high  tempera- 
ture on  borate  of  magnesia  (Ebelmen) ;  by  the  action  of  chorhydric  gas  on  magnesia  (Deville) ;  by 
the  action  of  chlorid  of  magnesium  on  lime  (Daubree). 

174.  BUNSENITE.    Nickeloxydul   C.  Bergemann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxv.  243,  1858.    Protoxyd  of 

Nickel.    Bunsenite  Dana. 

Isometric.     In  octahedrons,  sometimes  having  truncated  edges. 
H.=5*5.     G.=6*398.     Lustre  vitreous.     Color  pistachio-green.     Streak 
brownish-black.     Translucent.     [Characters  of  minute  crystals  half  a  line 


ANHYDROUS   OXYDS. 


in  diameter.]     Artificial  crystals  observed  in  slags  have  a  metallic  lustre 
and  brownish-black  color. 

Comp.  —  Ni,  or  pure  protoxyd  of  nickel. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  cavities  with  other  nickel  ores,  and  ores  of  uranium,  at  Johanmreoreenatndf 
(C.  Bergemann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxv.  239). 
Named  after  Prof.  Bunsen,  who  observed  long  since  artificial  crystals  of  this  oxyd  of  nickel 

175,  WATER. 

Hexagonal.  Usual  in  compound  stellate  forms, 
one  form  of  which  is  shown  in  f.  136. 

G.=0-918,  Brunner;  O9178  at  32°  F.,L.  Dufour. 
Colorless.  Inodorous.  Tasteless.  Liquid  above 
32°  F.,  and  boils  at  212°  F.  A  cubic  inch  of  pure 
water  at  60°  F.,  and  30  inches  of  the  barometer, 
weighs  252*458  grains. 

Comp.—  H0=0xygen  88-89,  hydrogen  11-11  =  100. 

Obs.  —  The  density  of  water  is  greatest  at  39°*1  P.,  according  to 
Joule  and  Playfair.  Despretz  obtained  39C>176;  Hallstrom  39°-38; 
Blagden  and  Gilpin  39°  ;  Hope  39°-5  ;  Muncke  38°-804.  Below  this 
temperature  it  expands  as  it  approaches  32°,  owing  to  incipient  crystallization. 

Water  as  it  occurs  in  nature  is  seldom  pure.  It  ordinarily  contains  some  atmospheric  air,  often 
pure  oxygen  and  carbonic  acid,  besides  various  saline  ingredients,  as  salts  of  magnesia,  lime, 
iron,  soda,  potash,  and  sometimes  traces  of  zinc,  arsenic,  lead,  copper,  antimony,  and  even  tin, 
these  ingredients  being  derived  from  the  rocks  or  soil  of  the  region.  For  citation  of  numerous 
recent  analyses  of  waters,  see  Kenngott's  Uebersicht,  1844-1862  ;  also  the  Jahresbericht  f.  Ch.,  etc. 

Obs.  —  See  on  the  Crystallization  of  Ice,  Leydolt,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien.,  vii.  477.  Also  A.  E.  Norden- 
skidld,  who  states  that  it  is  dimorphous  ;  one  form  probably  orthorhomhic  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxv.  431). 

176.  ZINCITE.  Eed  Oxyd  of  Zinc  A.  Bruce,  Bruce's  Min.  J.,  L,  No.  2,  96,  1810.  Zinkoxyd, 
Eothzinkerz,  Germ.  Zinc  oxyde  Fr.  Bed  Zinc  Ore.  Zinkit  ffaid.,  Handb.,  548,  1845.  Spar- 
talite  B.  &  M.,  218,  1852. 

Hexagonal.  0  A  1=118°  T  ;  #=1-6208.  In  quartzoids  with  truncated 
summits,  and  prismatic  faces  /.  1  A  1=127°  40'  (to  43'),  Rose;  /A  1= 
151°  53'  ;  152°  20',  Levy.  Cleavage  :  basal,  eminent  ;  prismatic.  Some- 
times distinct.  Usual  in  foliated  grains  or  coarse  particles  and  masses  ;  also 
granular. 

H.=4r—  4-5.  G.=5-43—  5-7.  5-684,  orange-yellow  crystals,  W.  P. 
Blake.  Lustre  subadamantine.  Streak  orange-yellow.  Color  deep  red, 
also  orange-yellow.  Translucent  —  subtranslucent.  Fracture  subconchoi- 
dal.  Brittle. 

Comp.—  Zn-  Oxygen  19-74,  zinc  80'26=100  ;  containing  oxyd  of  manganese  as  an  unessential 
ingredient.  Analyses:  1,  Bruce  (1.  c.);  2,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  iv.  483);  3,  4,  Whitney  (Fogg., 
bud.  169);  5,  A.  A.  Hayes  (Am.  J.  ScL,  xlviii.  261);  6,  W.  P.  Blake  (Mining  Mag.,  II.  11.  94,  18 

Zn  Mn  Mn          Fe 

1.  Eed  92  -  8  —100  Bruce. 

2      "  88  12  -  =100  Berthier. 

3'     «  94-45  _  tr.  -  ,Frankl.  4-49,  ign.  1'09=  100-03  Whit 

4*     «  96-19  _  3-70  -  ,  undec.  0-10=99-99  Whitney. 

5'     «  93-48  5-50  -  0-36,  scales  £e  0'44=99'78  Hayes. 

6.  Yellow  99-47  -  0'68  -  ,  ign.  0-23  =  100-38  Blake. 


136  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

Thin  scales  magnified  and  viewed  by  transmitted  light  are  deep  yellow.  The  author  finds  by 
means  of  a  high  magnifying  power  that  this  ore  is  free  from  foreign  scales  of  red  oxyd  of  iron  or 
other  substances ;  and  consequently  the  color  is  probably  due,  as  held  by  G-.  Rose  and  J.  D. 
Whitney,  to  the  presence  of  Mn.  The  crystals  analyzed  by  Blake  (anal.  6),  which  contain  less 
than  1  p.  c.  of  Mn,  were  orange-yellow  in  color. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  in  the  closed  tube  blackens,  but  on  cooling  resumes  the  original  color. 
B.B.  infusible ;  with  the  fluxes,  on  the  platinum  wire,  gives  reactions  for  manganese,  and  on  char- 
coal in  R.F.  gives  a  coating  of  oxyd  of  zinc,  yellow  while  hot,  and  white  on  cooling.  The  coating, 
moistened  with  cobalt  solution  and  treated  hi  R.F.,  assumes  a  green  color.  Soluble  in  acids 
without  effervescence.  On  exposure  to  the  air  it  suffers  a  partial  decomposition  at  the  surface, 
and  becomes  invested  with  a  white  coating,  which  is  carbonate  of  zinc. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  Franklinite  and  also  with  calcite  at  Stirling  Hill  and  Mine  Hill,  Sussex  Co., 
N.  J.,  sometimes  in  lamellar  masses  in  pink  calcite.  It  was  first  noticed,  described,  and  analyzed, 
by  Dr.  Bruce.  Reported  as  forming  pseudomorphs  after  blende  at  Schneeberg. 

An  oxyd  of  zinc,  mixed  with  hydrate  of  iron,  occurs  on  marmatite  at  Bottino  hi  Tuscany,  which 
afforded  C.  Bechi  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xiv.  62)  2n  3] '725,  £e  47-450,  H  20'825. 

Artif. — Mitscherlich  has  observed  minute  six-sided  prisms  in  the  iron  furnaces  of  Konigshutte, 
in  Silesia.  Similar  crystals  have  been  met  with  in  the  zinc  furnaces  near  Siegen ;  also  in  the 
furnaces  and  roast-heaps  at  the  New  Jersey  zinc  mines ;  surface  drusy,  color  white  to  amber- 
yellow  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiii.  417);  in  hexagonal  prisms  in  the  zinc  furnaces  at  Bethlehem,  Pa., 
and  Newark,  N.  J. ;  by  L.  Stadtmuller  at  the  iron  furnace  of  Van  Deusenville,  Mass. ;  also  at 
other  furnaces  in  Europe  and  America. 

177.  MASSICOT.    Bleiglatte.    Lead-ochre.    Plumbic  Ochre.    Oxyd  of  Lead.     Plomb  oxide. 

Massicot  Huot,  Min.,  346,  1841. 

Orthorhombic  and  isometric  (artif.).  Massive ;  structure  scaly  crystalline, 
or  earthy. 

H.=2.  G.=8-0;  7'83— T'98,  from  Mexico,  Pugh;  9'2— 9*36  when 
pure.  Lustre  dull.  Color  between  sulphur  and  orpiment-yellow,  some- 
times reddish.  Streak  lighter  than  the  color.  Opaque.  Does  not  soil. 

Comp. — Pb=0xygen  7*17,  lead  92-83=100;  more  or  less  impure.  Analyses :  1,  John  (Schw. 
J.,  iv.  219,  xxxii.  106) ;  2,  3,  Pugh  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm..  c.  128): 

Pb  C  3Pe,  Ca  Si 

1.  89-10  3-84  0-48  2'40=95'82  John. 

2.  Mexico  92-91  1-88      Pe  5'57  tr.,  S  and  loss  0'14  Pugh. 

3.  92-40  1 38        "  4-85  0'14,         "        1-23  Pugh. 

The  specimens  analyzed  by  Pugh  were  from  the  mine  of  Guillermo,  near  Perote,  in  the  district 
of  Vera  Cruz,  where  native  lead  also  is  reported  to  occur  in  galena. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  readily  to  a  yellow  glass,  and  on  charcoal  is  easily  reduced  to  metallic 
lead. 

Obs. — It  is  said  to  occur  at  Badenweiler  hi  Baden,  in  quartz.  Gerolt  states  that  it  has  been 
ejected  from  the  volcanoes  of  Popocatapetl  and  Jztaccituall,  in  Mexico.  It  is  found  in  many 
places  in  the  provinces  of  Chihuahua  and  Cohahuila  in  considerable  quantities,  having  been  col- 
lected along  the  streams  between  Ceralvo  and  Monterey,  being  supposed  to  come  from  the  range 
of  mountains  running  nearly  north  of  Monterey.  The  specimens  (often  2  or  more  cubic  inches  in 
size)  are  between  orpiment  and  sulphur-yellow  in  color,  and  glisten  like  a  granular  mica  of  a 
nearly  golden  color.  The  natural  surface  is  slightly  crystalline  and  shining,  and  when  broken  it 
shows  a  scaly  texture  (Bailey  in  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  viii.  420). 

Occurs  also  at  Austin's  mines,  Wythe  Co.,  Va, 

Artif. — Artificial  crystals  have  been  obtained  among  furnace  products  and  by  direct  chemical 
methods,  as  well  as  from  fusion,  which  were  orthorhombic  (rhombic  octahedrons,  etc.);  and 
others  that  were  isometric  (cubes,  dodecahedrons,  etc.). 

178.  MEL  ACONITE.    Kupferschwarze  Wem.,  Bergm.  J.,   1789.    Black  Oxyd  of  Copper; 
Black  Copper.    Melaconite  ffuot,  Min.,  326,  1841.    Tenorite  S&mmola,  Opere  Minori,  45,  Napoli, 

1841,  Bull  G-.  FT.,  xiii.  206,  1841-42.    Melaconisa  A.  Scacchi,  Distrib.  Sist.  Min.,  40,  Napoli, 

1842.  Melaconite  Dana,  Min.,  518,  1850. 


ANHYDROUS   OXYDS. 


137 


Isometric  ^and  orthorhombic  (artif.).     Earthy  ;    massive  ;   pulverulent  • 
also  in  shining  flexible  scales.     Karely  in  cubes  with  truncated 


(pseudomorphous  ?). 

H.=3.     G.=6-25,  massive,  Whitney  ;  5-952,  ib.,  Joy.     Lustre  metallic 
and  color  steel  or  iron-gray  when  in  thin  scales  ;  dull  and  earthy,  with  a 
black  or  grayish-black  color,  and  ordinarily  soiling  the  fingers  when'massive 
or  pulverulent. 

Var.—  1.  Earthy-black,  sometimes  under  the  forms  of  crystals.  2.  In  scales,  with  a  metallic 
lustre. 

Comp.  —  Cu  0,  or  £u  O2  (the  latter  for  the  orthorhombic)=  Oxygen  20-15,  copper  79-85=100. 
Analyses  :  1,  2,  Joy  (Pogg.,  Ixxx.  281)  ;  3,  id.  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  T.,  viii.  121)  : 

Cu  Fe         Ca         Si 

1.  Copper  Harbor        99-45       -       -       -  =99-45  Joy. 

2.  "  [95-20]       1-19         0-23         3'38=.100  Joy. 

3.  "  93-06         1-07         0-22         3'08=  97  '43  Joy. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  in  O.F.  infusible  ;  other  reactions  as  for  cuprite  (p.  134).  Soluble  in  muriatic 
and  nitric  acids. 

Obs.  —  Found  on  lava  at  Yesuvius  in  scales  from  a  twentieth  to  a  third  of  an  inch  across,  often 
hexagonal  and  sometimes  triangular  (Semmola)  ;  and  also  pulverulent  (Sacchi,  who  uses  the  name 
melaconise  for  the  mineral).  Common  in  the  earthy  form  about  copper  mines,  as  a  result  of  the 
decomposition  of  chalcopyrite  and  other  copper  ores.  Abundant  thus  at  the  Ducktowu  mines 
in  Tennessee,  and  also  formerly  at  Copper  Harbor,  Keweenaw  Point,  L.  Superior.  At  the  latter 
place  a  vein  afforded,  some  years  since,  40,000  Ibs.  of  this  ore.  Imbedded  in  its  mass  there  were 
numerous  perfect  crystals,  having  the  form  of  cubes  with  truncated  angles.  These  crystals  have 
been  regarded  as  pseudomorphs  after  cuprite  by  Teschemacher,  Hayes,  and  others.  J.  D.  Whitney 
has  pronounced  them  (Rep.  L.  Sup.,  ii.  99)  original  crystals  of  the  species,  on  the  ground  that  the 
red  copper  now  in  the  vein  occurs  only  in  octahedrons. 

Artif.  —  Becquerel  obtained  tetrahedral  crystals  by  fusing  oxyd  of  copper  with  potash  (Ann.  Ch. 
Phys.,  li.  102);  and  Jenzsch  has  described  (Pogg.,  cvii.  647)  orthorhombic  crystals,  found  in  the 
hearth  of  a  calcining  furnace  at  Freiberg,  having  /A/=99°  39',  /A  -£=126°  29',  I  A  1-1=122°  58', 
/A  1-2—113°  58',  approaching  the  angles  of  brookite,  and  showing  a  relation  of  this  oxyd  of  copper 
to  the  deutoxyds  ;  /A  /in  brookite  being  99°  50',  and  /A|=126°  15'. 

Marcylite  Shepard  (Marcy's  Expl.  Red  River,  135,  1854,  Shep.  Min.,  1857,  405)  is  an  uncertain 
mixture  from  the  Red  River,  near  the  Wachita  Mts.,  Arkansas.  Shepard  made  it  (1.  c.)  a  mixed 
hydrous  chlorid  and  oxyd  of  copper,  as  if  containing  atacamite.  Specimens  put  by  him  into  the 
hands  of  S.  W.  Tyler  for  analysis  were  found  to  contain  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xli.  Ill)  63'42  p.  c.  of 
copper  and  17  '2  2  of  sulphur,  with  a  "  supposed  "  amount  of  oxygen  and  water  set  down  at  8  of 
oxygen  and  9  of  water,  whence  it  is  supposed  to  consist  of  oxyd  of  copper  (Cu  0)  39*70,  sulphid 
of  copper  (Cu  S)  47-70,  with  9  of  water.  It  is  evidently  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  a  sulphid  of 
copper. 


2.  SESQUIOXYDS. 

179.  CORUNDUM.    Corindon  (= Sapphire,  Corundum,  and  Emery  united)  K,  Gilb.  Ann.,  xx. 
187,  1805,  Lucas  Tabl.,  i.  257,  1806. 

Ehombohedral.  E  A  7^=86°  4',  0  A  1(72)=122°  26';  (122°  25',  Kok- 
scharof);  a=l'363.  Observed  planes:  rhombohedrons,  £,  £,  1(J?>,  --2, 
-1 ;  pyramids,  f  2  (f.  137,  139,  140,  and  plane  r  in  f.  138),  V~2>  2'2>  f  % 
f-2,  4-2,  Jf-2,  8-2,  9-2 ;  scalenohedrons,  f  I,  f 3,  i5  (=¥^>  H>  H)  J  also  A 
*-2  £ O. 


138 


OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 


0/\  i 
Of\  2 
0  A  2-2 
6>Af2 

(9  A  4-2 


£-2Af2,pyr 

2-2  A  2-2,    " 


£2  A  £-2 

2    A2 


=152°  19' 
=141  48 
=107  38 
=110  9 
=118  49 
=100  24 
=120  59 
=121  58 
-128  2 
=124 
=136  58 
=151  11 
=  78  45 


Cleavage :  basal,  sometimes  perfect, 
but  interrupted,  commonly  imperfect 
in  the  blue  variety ;  also  rhombohedral. 
Large  crystals  usually  rough.  Twins : 
composition-face  jR.  Also  massive 
granular  or  impalpable ;  often  in  layers  from  composition  parallel  to  It. 

H.=9.  G.=3*909— 4*16.  Lustre  vitreous;  sometimes  pearly  on  the 
basal  planes,  and  occasionally  exhibiting  a  bright  opalescent  star  of  six  rays 
in  the  direction  of  the  axis.  Color  blue,  red,  yellow,  brown,  gray,  and 
nearly  white ;  streak  uncolored.  Transparent — translucent.  Fracture 
conchoidal — uneven.  Exceedingly  tough  when  compact. 

Comp.,  Var, — Pure  alumina  3tl= Oxygen  46'6,  aluminum  53-4=100. 

There  are  three  subdivisions  of  the  species  prominently  recognized  in  the  arts,  and  until  early 
in  this  century  regarded  as  distinct  species ;  but  which  actually  differ  only  in  purity  and  state  of 
crystallization  or  structure.  Haiiy  first  (in  1805)  formally  united  them  under  the  name  here  ac- 
cepted for  the  species,  though  the  fact  that  adamantine  spar  and  sapphire  were  alike  in  crystalliza- 
tion did  not  escape  the  early  crystallographer  Rome  de  Lisle,  and  led  him  to  suggest  their  identity. 

YAR.  1.  SAPPHIRE. — 'YoKivflos  (bluish  S.)  Gr.;  Hyacinthos  (id.)  PUn.,  xxxvii.  44;  Asteria  (the 
asteriated)  id.,  xxxvii.  49.  Jacut  Arab.  [fr.  name  in  India,  and  thence  Hyacinthus  Vet.  (?)  King]. 
*Avdpa%  (red  S.,  the  Greek  meaning  burning  coal)  pt,  Theophr.  Carbunculus,  Lychnis  (red  S.),  pt., 
PUn.,  xxxvii.  25,  29.  Saphir,  Sapphirus,  Wall,  Min.,  116;  Orientalisk  Rubin,  id.,  lit,  1747. 
Telesie  K,  Tr.,  1801.  Corindon  hyalin  H.,  1805. 

Includes  the  purer  kinds  of  fine  colors,  transparent  to  translucent,  useful  as  gems.  Stones 
are  named  according  to  their  colors;  true  Ruby,  or  Oriental  Euby,  red;  0.  Topas,  yellow;  0. 
Emerald,  green ;  0.  Amethyst,  purple.  A  variety  having  a  stellate  opalescence  when  viewed  in 
the  direction  of  the  vertical  axis  of  the  crystal,  is  the  Asteriated  Sapphire  (Asteria  of  Pliny).  The 
ruby  sapphire  was  probably  included  under  the  avQpa^  of  Theophrastus,  and  the  Carbuncuhis  and 
Lychnis  of  Pliny. 

2.  CORUNDUM. — Adamas  Siderites  PUn.,  xxxvii.  15.     Karund  Hind.     Corivindum,  Corivendum 
(fr.  India),  Wbodw.,  Cat.  Foss.,  1714,  1725.     Adamantine  Spar  (fr.  India)  Slack,  17 8-?  according 
to  G-reville  and  Klaproth  (v.  seq.).     Bemantspath  Klapr.,  Mem.  Acad.,  Berlin,  1786-87,  Berlin, 
1792  ;  Beitr.,  i.  47,  1795;    Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  i.  375,  390,  1789.     Spath  adamantin  Delameth.,  J.  de 
Phys.,  xxx.  12,  1787;  Haiiy,  ib.,  193.     Corundum  Greville,  Phil.  Trans.,  1798.     Corindon  K,  Tr., 
1801.    Corindon  harmophane  H.    Corindon  adamantin  Brongn.,  Min.,  i.  429,  1807.    Korurid  Germ. 

Includes  the  kinds  of  dark  or  dull  colors  and  not  transparent,  colors  light  blue  to  gray,  brown, 
and  black.  The  original  adamantine  spar  from  India  has  a  dark  grayish  smoky-brown  tint,  but 
greenish  or  bluish  by  transmitted  light,  when  translucent^  and  either  in  distinct  crystals  often 
large,  or  cleavable-massive.  It  is  ground  and  used  as  a  polishing  material,  and  being  purer,  is 
superior  in  this  respect  to  emery.  It  was  thus  employed  in  ancient  times,  both  in  India  and  Europe. 
The  "  Armenian  stone  "  below  is  supposed  by  King  to  have  been  corundum  rather  than  emery. 

3.  EMERY. — 'A<oV^  %  'Ao/imus  [^Armenian  Whetstone],   Theophr.     SpSpts  Dioscor.,  v.    165. 
Naxium  (fr.  Naxos),  Naxium  ex  Armenia,  PUn.,  xxxvL  10.    Pyrites  vivus  (?)  Plin.,  xxxvl  30. 


ANHYDROUS   OXYDS. 


139 


SmirgeV 


oinyris,  Srairis,  Agric.,  Foss.,  1546.     Smergel,  Smiris  ferrea>  Wall  Min    26*7    1747 
Schmirgel,  Germ.     Emeril  IT.,  Tr.,  1801;  Corindou  granuleux  H.,  1805 

Includes  granular  corundum,  of  black  or  grayish-black  color,  and  contains  magnetite  or  hema, 
tite  intimately  mixed.    Feels  and  looks  much  like  a  black  fine-grained  iron  ore  which  it  was  lo 
considered.     There  are  gradations  from  the  evenly  fine-grained  emery  to  kinds  in  which  tl 
corundum  is  in  distinct  crystals.     This  last  is  the  case  with  part  of  that  at  Chester  Massachusetts 

The  following  are  analyses  by  J.  Lawrence  Smith,  taken  from  elaborate  papers  in  the  Am  J  Sci ' 
II.  x.  354,  xi.  53,  xlii.  83.  The  column  of  hardness  gives  the  effective  abrasive  power  of  the  pow- 
dered mineral,  that  of  sapphire  being  100  ;  Mag.  stands  for  Magnetite  • 

1.  Sapphire,  India 


Ruby,  India 
Corundum,  Asia  Minor 

"          Nicaria 
Asia 

"          India 


H. 

G. 

$1 

Mag. 

Ca 

Si 

a 

100 

4-06 

97-51 

1-89 



0-80 

=100-20. 

90 

•  

97-32 

1-09 



1-21 

=99-62. 

77 

8-88 

92-39 

1-67 

1-12 

2-05 

1-60  =  98-83. 

65 

392 

87-52 

7-50 

0-82 

2-01 

0-68=99-53. 

60 

3-60 

86-62 

8-21 

0-70 

3-85 

1-16=101-04. 

58 

3-89 

93-12 

0-91 

1-02 

0-96 

2-86=98-87. 

55 

3-91 

84-56 

7-06 

1-20 

4-00 

3-10=99-92. 

8.  Emery,  Kulah 

9. 

Samos 

10. 

Nicaria 

11. 

Kulah 

12. 

Gumuch 

13. 

Naxos 

14. 

Nicaria 

15. 

Gumuch 

16. 

Kulah 

17. 

Chester 

18. 

<( 

19. 

H 

20. 

(4 

21. 

ii 

57 

4-28 

63-50 

33-25 

0-92 

1-61 

1-90  =  101-18. 

56 

3-98 

70-10 

22-21 

0-62 

4-00 

2-10=99-03. 

50 

3-75 

71-06 

2032 

1-40 

4-12 

2-53=99-43. 

53 

4-02 

63-00 

30-12 

0-50 

2-36 

3-36=98-34. 

47 

3-82 

77-82 

8-62 

1-80 

8-13 

3-11=99-48. 

46 

3-75 

68-53 

24-10 

0-86 

3-10 

4-72  =  101-31. 

46 

3-74 

75-12 

13-06 

0-72 

6-88 

3-10=98-88. 

42 

4-31 

60-10 

33-20 

0-48 

1-80 

5-62  =  101-20. 

40 

3-89 

61-05 

27-15 

1-30 

9-63 

2  00=101-13. 

33 



44-01 

50-21 



3-13 

und. 

40 



50-02 

44-11 



3-25 

n 

39 



51-92 

42-25 



5-46 

•' 

45 



74-22 

19-31 



5-48 

« 

— 



84-02 

9-63 



4-81 

« 

Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  makes  the  formula  of  emery  Fe  A1!,  and  puts  the  mineral  in  the  spinel  family. 
But  neither  microscopic  nor  chemical  investigations  appear  to  sustain  this  view. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  unaltered ;  slowly  dissolved  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  to  a  clear  glass, 
which  is  colorless  when  free  from  iron  ;  not  acted  upon  by  soda.  The  finely  pulverized  mineral, 
after  long  heating  with  cobalt  -solution,  gives  a  beautiful  blue  color.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids, 
but  converted  into  a  soluble  compound  by  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  potash  or  soda.  Friction 
excites  electricity,  and  in  polished  specimens  the  electrical  attraction  continues  for  a  considerable 
length  of  time. 

Obs,  —This  species  is  associated  with  crystalline  rocks,  as  granular  limestone  or  dolomite, 
gneiss,  granite,  mica  slate,  chlorite  slate.  The  fine  sapphires  are  usually  obtained  from  the  beds 
of  rivers,  either  in  modified  hexagonal  prisms  or  in  rolled  masses,  accompanied  by  grains  of  mag- 
netic iron  ore,  and  several  species  of  gems.  The  emery  of  Asia  Minor,  according  to  Dr.  Smith, 
occurs  in  granular  limestone. 

The  best  ruby  sapphires  occur  in  the  Capelan  mountains,  near  Syrian,  a  city  of  Pegu,  and  hi  the 
kingdom  of  Ava ;  smaller  individuals  occur  near  Bilin  and  Merowitz  in  Bohemia,  and  in  the  sand 
of  the  Expailly  river  in  Auvergne.  Blue  sapphires  are  brought  from  Ceylon ;  this  variety  was 
called  Salamstein  by  "Werner.  Corundum  occurs  in  the  Camatic  on  the  Malabar  coast,  in  the 
territories  of  Ava,  and  elsewhere  in  the  East  Indies  ;  also  near  Canton,  China.  _At  St.  Gothard, 
it  occurs  of  a  red  or  blue  tinge  in  dolomite,  and  near  Mozzo  in  Piedmont,  in  white  compact  feld- 
spar. Adamantine  spar  is  met  with  in  large  coarse  hexagonal  pyramids  on  the  Malabar  coast,  and  in 
Gellivara,  Sweden.  Emery  is  found  in  large  boulders  at  Naxos,  Nicaria,  and  Samos  of  the  Grecian 
islands ;  also  in  Asia  Minor,  12  m.  E.  of  Ephesus,  near  Gumuch-dagh,  where  it  was  discovered 
in  situ  by  Dr.  J.  Lawrence  Smith,  associated  with  margarite,  chloritoid,  pyrite,  calcite,  etc, ;  and 
also  at  Kulah,  Adula,  and  Manser,  the  last  24  m.  N.  of  Smyrna;  also  with  the  nacrite  (?)  of  Cum- 
berland, England.  Other  localities  are  in  Bohemia  near  Petschau ;  in  the  Ural,  near  Katharinen- 
burg ;  and  in  the  Ilmen  mountains,  not  far  from  Miask  ;  Frederick  Valley,  Australia. 

In  N.  America^  in  Maine,  at  Greenwood,  in  cryst.  in  mica  schist,  with  beryl,  zircon,  lepidohte, 
rare.  In  Massachusetts,  at  Chester,  corundum  and  emery  in  a  large  and  valuable  vein,  consis 
mainly  of  emery  and  magnetite,  associated  with  diaspore,  ripidolite,  margarite,  etc. ;  the  corun- 
dum occasionally  in  blue  bi-pyramidal  crystals.  In  Connecticut,  at  W.  Farms,  near  Litchneld, 
in  pale  blue  crystals ;  at  Norwich,  with  siUimanite,  rare.  In  New  York,  at  Warwick,  bluish  and 
pink,  with  spinel,  and  often  in  its  cavities ;  Amity,  white,  blue,  reddish  crystals,  with  spinel  and 


140  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

rutile  in  gran,  limestone.  In  New  Jersey,  at  Newton,  blue  crystals  in  gran,  limestone,  with  grass- 
green  hornblende,  mica,  tourmaline,  rare ;  at  Vernon,  near  State  line,  red  crystals,  often  several 
inches  long.  In  Pennsylvania,  in  Delaware  Co.,  in  Aston,  near  Village  Green,  in  large  crystals ; 
at  Mineral  Hill,  in  loose  cryst. ;  in  Chester  Co.,  at  Unionville,  abundant  in  crystals,  some  masses 
weighing  4,000  Ibs.,  and  crystals  occasionally  4  in.  long,  with  tourmaline,  margarite,  and  albite. 
In  N.  Carolina,  in  Buncombe  Co.,  blue  massive,  cleavable,  in  a  boulder ;  in  G-aston  Co.,  crystals 
and  massive  corundum.  In  Georgia,  in  Cherokee  Co.,  red  sapphire.  In  California,  in  Los  Angeles 
Co.,  in  the  drift  of  San  Francisqueto  Pass.  In  Canada,  at  Burgess,  red  and  blue  crystals.  A  so- 
called  emery  from  Arrowsic,  Maine,  ground  and  sold  under  this  name,  is  nothing  but  massive 
garnet,  much  of  it  mixed  with  hornblende. 

Bed  sapphire  is  the  most  highly  esteemed.  A  crystal  weighing  four  carats,  perfect  in  trans- 
parency and  color,  has  been  valued  at  half  the  price  of  a  diamond  of  the  same  size.  They  seldom 
exceed  half  an  inch  hi  length.  Two  splendid  red  crystals,  however,  having  the  form  of  the 
pyramidal  dodecahedron,  and  "  de  la  longueur  du  petit  doigt,"  with  a  diameter  of  about  an  inch, 
are  said  to  be  hi  the  possession  of  the  king  of  Arracan.  Transparent  blue  sapphires  are  some- 
times over  three  inches  long. 

The  sapphire  of  the  Greek  (ocmfctpos)  was  the  lapis  lazuli,  which  agrees  with  the  character 
given  it  by  Theophrastus,  Pliny,  Isidorus,  and  others.  Pliny  remarks,  "Sapphirus  cceruleus 
est  cum  purpura,  habens  pulveres  aureos  sparsos,"  particles  of  pyrite  which  are  frequently  dis- 
seminated through  lapis  lazuli,  looking  like  gold.  The  ancient  names  applied  to  the  species  have 
already  been  given  in  the  synonymy.  See  further  on  this  subject,  King  on  Precious  Stones. 

C.  U.  Shepard,  after  showing  (Descr.  of  Em.  of  Chester,  Mass.,  London,  1865)  that  the  Chester 
emery  is  identical  crystallographically  with  corundum,  takes  the  precaution  to  propose  the  name 
emerite  for  emery,  in  case  it  should  hereafter  be  established  as  a  distinct  species.  But  a  name 
thus  given  has  no  claim  to  recognition. 

Alt. — Corundum  under  some  circumstances  absorbs  water  and  changes  to  diaspore;  and 
perhaps  also  to  the  mica-like  mineral  margarite.  It  is  also  replaced  by  silica,  forming  quartz 
pseudomorphs. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  exposing  to  a  high  heat  4  pts.  of  borax  and  1  of  alumina  (Ebel- 
men) ;  by  decomposing  potash  alum  by  charcoal  (Gaudin) ;  by  subjecting  hi  a  carbon  vessel 
fluorid  of  aluminum  to  the  action  of  boric  acid,  the  process  yielding  large  rhombohedral  plates 
(Deville  &  Caron) ;  by  addition  to  the  last  of  fluorid  of  chromium,  affording  the  red  sapphire  or 
ruby,  or  with  less  of  the  fluorid  of  chromium,  blue  sapphire,  or  with  much  of  this  chrome  fluorid, 
a  fine  green  kind  j  by  action  of  chlorid  of  aluminum  on  lime  (Daubree). 

180.  HEMATITE.  'Ai/iarfrijf  [=Blood-stone]  pt.  Theophr.,  325  B.C.;  Dioscor.,  v.  1-43,  A.D. 
40.  Haematites  pt.  Plin.,  xxxvi.  28,  38,  A.D.  77.  (1)  Galenae  genus  tertium  omnis  metalli 
inanissimum,  Germ.  Eisenglanz,  (2)  Haematites  ^i.=  Germ.  Blutstein,  Glaskopf,  Agric.,  Interpr., 
465,  468,  1546.  (1)  Speglande  Jernmalm,  Minera  ferri  specularis,  (2)  Haematites  ruber,  (3) 
Ochra  rubra,  Wall,  259-266,  1747.  Eotheisenstein.  (1)  Jarnmalm  tritura  rubra,  Speglande 
Eisenglimmer,  (2)  Haematites  ruber,  (3)  Ochra  pt,  Cronst.,  178-185,  1758.  Specular  Iron;  Bed 
Hematite,  Red  Ochre.  Fer  speculaire,  (2)  Hematite  rouge,  Sanguine,  Fr.  (1)  Eisenglanz,  (2) 
Both  Eisenstein,  Bother  Glaskopf,  Bother  Eisenrahm,  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789.  Iron  Glance, 
Bed  Iron  Ore,  Bed  Oxyd  of  Iron,  Micaceous  Iron  Ore.  (1)  Fer  oligiste,  (2)  Fer  oxyde  rouge, 
H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Hamatit  Hausm.,  Haid.  Handb.,  552,  1845,  Hausm.  Handb.,  232,  1847. 

Khombohedral.  R  A  72=86°  10',  0  A  72=122°  30' ;  a=l-3591.  Ob- 
served planes :  rhombohedrons,  ^,  J,  £,  4,  £ ,  1  (E\  f ,  4,  -5,  -2,  -f ,  -f , 

-1,  -4,  -fc  -i,  -i,  -i,  -i ;  scalenohedrons,  f,  f 3,  I3,  }',  42,  4*,  4*,  -*',  -£5, 
-2s;  pyramids,  £-2,  f-2,  f-2,  J^-2,  4-2;  prisms  /,  *-2,  £f,  i-\\  and  the 
basal  plane  0. 

0  A     2=107°  40'  2  A  2=68°  47'  E  A  f  2=154°  2' 

0  A  f-2=137  49  5  A  5=61  34  E  A  4=143  55 

0  A  |-2=118  53  I  A  J=143  7  E  A  ^2=136  55 

0  A  I3 =103  32  J  A  |=115  22  I3  A  £2=162  41 

Cleavage:  parallel  to  It  and  0:  often  indistinct.  Twins:  composition- 
face  It  /  also  0  (f.  145 A).  Also  columnar — granular,  botryoidal,  and  stalac- 


ANHYDROUS   OXYD8. 


title  shapes;   also  lamellar,   laminae  joined  parallel  to  0,  and  variously 
bent— thick  or  thin ;   also  granular,  friable  or  compact. 

H.=5-5— 6-5.     G.=4-5— 5-3 ;  of  some  compact  varieties,  as  low  as  4-2 
Lustre  metallic  and  occasionally  splendent ;  sometimes  earthy.    Color  dark 


14U 


143 


7~iT 


Vesuvius. 


144 


145A 


Elba. 


Elba. 


steel-gray  or  iron-black;  in  very  thin  particles  blood-red  by  transmitted 
light ;  when  earthy,  red.  Streak  cherry-red  or  reddish-brown.  Opaque, 
except  when  in  very  thin  laminae,  which  are  faintly  translucent  and  blood- 
red.  Fracture  subconchoidal,  uneven.  Sometimes  attractable  by  the 
magnet,  and  occasionally  even  magnetipolar. 

Comp.,  Var. — Sesquioxyd  of  iron,  F"e=0xygen  30,  iron  70=100.  Sometimes  containing  tita- 
nium and  magnesium. 

In  a  tabular  crystalline  hematite  from  Vesuvius,  Bammelsberg  found  (Pogg.,  cvii.  453)  Fe  8'11 
and  Mg  0'74 ;  it  was  magnetic,  and  Gr.=5'303;  the  hematite  may  have  contained  some  magnetite 
as  impurity.  Some  hematite  contains  titanium.  Crystals  from  Krageroe  afforded  Rammelsberg 
(Pogg.,  civ.  528)  £e  93'63,  Ti  3'55,  Fe  3'26=100'44=Fe  Ti+13  3Pe,  or  (Fe  Ti)2  03+13  £e. 

The  varieties  depend  on  texture  or  state  of  aggregation,  and  in  some  cases  the  presence  of  im- 
purities. 

Var.  1.  Specular.  Lustre  metallic,  and  crystals  often  splendent,  whence  the  name  specular  iron. 
(&)  When  the  structure  is  foliated  or  micaceous,  the  ore  is  called  micaceous  hematite. 

2.  Compact  columnar;  or  fibrous.      The  masses  often  long  radiating;    lustre  submetallic  to 
metallic;  color  brownish-red  to  iron-black.    Sometimes  called  red  hematite,  the  name  hematite 
among  the  older  mineralogists  including  the  fibrous,  stalactitic,  and  other  solid  massive  varieties 
of  this  species,  limonite,  and  turgite. 

3.  Red  Ochreous.     Red  and  earthy.    Often  specimens  of  the  preceding  are  red  ochreous  on  some 
parts.    Reddle  and  red  chalk  are  red  ochre,  mixed  with  more  or  less  clay. 

4.  Clay  Iron-stone;   Argillaceous  hematite.    Hard,  brownish-black  to  reddish-brown,    heavy 
stone;  often  in  part  deep-red;  of  submetallic  to  umnetallic  lustre;  and  affording,  like  all  the  pre- 
ceding, a  red  streak.    It  consists  of  oxyd  of  iron  with  clay  or  sand,  and  sometimes  other  impur- 
ities.    (6)  When  reddish  in  color  and  jasper-like  in  texture,  often  called  jaspery  clay  iron-stone, 
(c)  When  oolitic  in  structure  (consisting  of  minute  flattened  concretions),  it  is  the  lenticular  iron 
ore. 

Itabiryte  is  a  schist  resembling  mica-schist,  but  containing  much  specular  ore  in  grains  or  scales, 
or  in  the  micaceous  form. 

Breithaupt  states  that  some  rhombohedrons  of  hematite  have  a  magnetic  axis  crossing  obliqued 
the  vertical  axis,  passing  between  two  opposite  lateral  angles  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  149) ;  and  further, 
that  the  three  cleavages  of  the  rhombohedron  are  not  quite  equal. 

Pyr.,  etc,— B.B.  infusible;  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  becomes  magnetic;  with  borax  in  O.F.  gives 
bead,  which  is  yellow  while  hot  and  colorless  on  cooling;  if  saturated,  the  bead  appears  red  while 


142  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

hot  and  yellow  on  cooling ;  in  R.F.  gives  a  bottle-green  color,  and  if  treated  on  charcoal  with 
metallic  tin,  assumes  a  vitriol-green  color.  With  soda  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  is  reduced  to  a  gray 
magnetic  metallic  powder.  Soluble  in  concentrated  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — This  ore  occurs  in  rooks  of  all  ages,  The  specular  variety  is  mostly  confined  to  crystal- 
line or  metamorphic  rocks,  but  is  also  a  result  of  igneous  action  about  some  volcanoes,  as  at  Vesu- 
vius. Many  of  the  geological  formations  contain  the  argillaceous  variety  or  clay  iron-stone,  which 
is  mostly  a  marsh-formation,  or  a  deposit  over  the  bottom  of  shallow,  stagnant  water ;  but  this 
,  kind  of  clay  iron-stone  (that  giving  a  red  powder)  is  less  common  than  the  corresponding  variety 
of  limonite  or  siderite.  The  beds  that  occur  in  metamorphic  rocks  are  sometimes  of  very  great 
thickness,  and,  like  those  of  magnetite  in  the  same  situation,  have  resulted  from  the  alteration  of 
stratified  beds  of  ore,  original!}7  of  marsh  origin,  which  were  formed  at  the  same  time  with  the  enclos- 
ing rocks,  and  underwent  metamorphism,  or  a  change  to  the  crystalline  condition,  at  the  same  time. 
Beautiful  crystallizations  of  this  species  are  brought  from  the  island  of  Elba,  which  has  afforded 
it  from  a  very  remote  period,  and  is  described  by  Ovid  as  "  Insula  iuexhaustis  chalybdum  generosa 
metallis."  The  surfaces  of  the  crystals  often  present  an  irised  tarnish  and  brilliant  lustre ;  the 
faces  0  and  £  are  usually  destitute  of  this  tarnish  and  lustre,  and  may  therefore  assist,  when 
present,  in  determining  the  situation  of  other  planes  when  the  crystal  is  quite  complex.  St. 
Gothard  affords  beautiful  specimens,  composed  of  crystallized  plates  grouped  in  the  form  of  rosettes 
(Eisenrose),  and  accompanying  crystals  of  feldspar.  Near  Limoges,  France,  it  occurs  in  large 
crystals.  Fine  crystals  are  the  result  of  volcanic  action  at  Etna  and  Vesuvius,  and  particularly  in 
Fossa  Cancharone,  on  Monte  Somma,  where  it  incrusts  the  ejected  lavas ;  also  formed  in  most 
recent  eruptions  about  the  fumeroles;  in  that  of  1855,  in  fine  crystallizations  about  the  fumaroles 
some  so  thin  as  to  be  blood-red  by  transmitted  light  (Scacchi).  Arendal  in  Norway,  Longban  in 
Sweden,  Framont  in  Lorraine,  Dauphiny,  and  Switzerland,  also  Cleator  Moor  in  Cumberland, 
afford  splendid  specimens.  Red  hematite  occurs  in  reniform  masses  of  a  fibrous  concentric 
structure,  near  Ulverstone  in  Lancashire,  in  Saxony,  Bohemia,  and  the  Harz.  In  Westphalia  it 
occurs  as  pseudomorphs  of  calcite.  In  Brazil  it  is  associated  with  quartz.  In  Chili  there  are 
immense  beds. 

In  N.  America,  widely  distributed,  and  sometimes  in  beds  of  vast  thickness  in  rocks  of  the 
Azoic  age,  as  in  the  Marquette  region  in  northern  Michigan  ;  and  in  Missouri,  at  the  Pilot  Knob 
and  the  Iron  Mtn. ;  the  former  650  feet  high,  consisting  mainly  of  an  Azoic  quartz  rock,  and  hav- 
ing specular  iron  in  the  upper  part,  the  iron  ore  in  heavy  beds  interlaminated  with  quartz ;  the 
latter  200  feet  high,  and  consisting  at  surface  of  massive  hematite  hi  loose  blocks,  many  10  to  20 
tons  in  weight ;  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

Besides  these  regions  of  enormous  beds,  there  are  numerous  others  of  workable  value,  either 
crystallized  or  argillaceous.  Some  of  these  localities,  interesting  for  their  specimens,  are  in  northern 
New  York,  at  Gouverneur,  Antwerp,  Hermon,  Edwards,  Fowler,  Canton,  etc. ;  Woodstock  and 
Aroostook,  Me. ;  at  Hawley,  Mass.,  a  micaceous  variety ;  at  Piermont,  N.  H.,  id. ;  in  New  York, 
in  Oneida,  Herkimer,  Madison,  Wayne  Cos.,  a  lenticular  argillaceous  var.,  constituting  one  or  two 
beds  in  the  Upper  Silurian ;  the  same  in  Pennsylvania,  and  as  far  south  as  Alabama ;  and  in 
Canada,  and  Wisconsin  to  the  west ;  in  North  and  South  Carolina  a  micaceous  variety  in  schistose 
rocks,  constituting  the  so-called  specular  schist,  or  itaUrite. 

This  ore  affords  a  considerable  portion  of  the  iron  manufactured  in  different  countries.  The 
varieties,  especially  the  specular,  require  a  greater  degree  of  heat  to  smelt  than  other  ores,  but  the 
iron  obtained  is  of  good  quality.  Pulverized  red  hematite  is  employed  in  polishing  metals,  and 
also  as  a  coloring  material.  This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  magnetite  by  its  red  streak, 
and  from  turgite  by  its  greater  hardness  and  its  not  decrepitating  before  the  blowpipe. 

Named  hematite  from  aipa,  blood,  it  seeming,  says  Theophrastus,  as  if  formed  of  concreted  blood. 
This  old  Greek  author  speaks  afterwards  of  a  second  kind  of  hematites  ('Ai/mn'r/y?  favOri),  which 
was  of  a  yellowish- white  color,  probably  a  yellow  ochre,  an  impure  form  of  limonite,  the  species 
long  called  brown  hematite. 

Alt. — By  deoxydation  through  organic  matter  forms  magnetite  or  protoxyds ;  and  from  the  latter 
comes  spathic  iron  by  combination  with  carbonic  acid ;  or  by  further  deoxydation  through  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen  forms  pyrite.  By  combination  with  water  forms  limonite.  Limonite,  mag- 
netite, and  pyrite  constitute  occurring  pseudomorphs  after  hematite. 

Artif, — Formed  in  crystals  by  the  action  of  steam  on  chlorid  of  iron,  regarded  as  the  probable 
method  of  origin  of  the  hematite  of  lavas ;  also  by  the  action  of  perchlorid  of  iron  on  lime 
(Daubree);  by  the  action  of  a  stream  of  muriatic  acid  gas  on  £e,  the  application  being  made  very 
slowly,  lest  the  3Pe  be  all  converted  to  chlorid. 

180A.  MARTITE.  (Martit  Breith.,  Char.,  233,  1832).  Martite  is  sesquioxyd  of  iron  under  an 
isometric  form,  occurring  in  octahedrons  like  magnetite  (f.  2),  and  supposed  to  be  pseudomor- 
phous,  mostly  after  magnetite.  H.=6— 7.  G.=4'809— 4-832,  Brazil,  Breith.;  4-65,  Puy  de 
Dome;  4'35,  Frassem,  Devalque;  5'15,  Brazil,  Ramm. ;  5*33,  Monroe,  N.  Y.,  Hunt.  Lustre  sub- 
metallic.  Color  iron-black,  sometimes  with  a  bronzed  tarnish.  Streak  reddish-brown  or  purplish- 
brown.  Fracture  conchoidaL  Not  magnetic,  or  only  feebly  so. 


ANHYDROUS   OXYDS.  143 

The  crystals  are  sometimes  imbedded  in  the  massive  sesquioxyd.  They  are  distinguished  from 
magnetite  by  the  red  streak,  and  very  feeble,  if  any,  action  on  the  magnetic  needle. 

Found  at  the  localities  mentioned;  also  in  Vermont  at  Chittenden  ;  in  the  Marquette  iron  rerion 
soutfh  of  L.  Superior,  where  crystals  are  common  in  the  ore,  as  if  all  of  it,  or  the  greater  part  were 
martite ;  Bass  lake,  Canada  West ;  at  Monroe.  N.  Y.,  in  a  rock  containing  quartz,  feldspar,  and 
hornblende,  and  imbedded  in  each  of  these  minerals ;  in  Moravia,  near  Schonberg,  in  granite. 

The  martite  of  Monroe  contains  some  Fe,  Brush.  The  octahedral  crystals  from  Chittenden,'  Vt. 
according  to  D.  Olmstead,  are  part  true  magnetite,  with  a  black  powder ;  part  give  a  slightly  red- 
dish streak,  with  little  Fe  ;  and  part  give  a  red  powder  and  contain  no  Fe. 

Whether  the  crystals  of  martite  are  original  crystals  or  pseudomorphs  is  still  questioned ;  but 
the  latter  seems  to  be  the  most  probable  view.  Pseudomorphism  after  magnetite  would  imply 
that  the  Marquette  ore  bed  was  once  all  magnetite  in  composition,  Fe3  O4,  and  has  been  changed 
to  the  sesquioxyd,  Fe2  O3,  by  an  addition  of  oxygen.  Rammelsberg  found  1  *83— 2*80  p.  c.  of  prot- 
oxyd  of  iron  in  the  Brazil  crystals.  The  octahedrons  from  the  fumeroles  of  Vesuvius  afforded 
Rammelsberg  (Min.  Oh.,  159)  Pe  92*91,  Fe  6'17,  Mg  0-&2r=99'90.  The  crystals  from  Frassem, 
France,  contain  0'2  p.  c.  of  sulphur,  which  suggests  that  these  may  be  pseudomorphs  after  pyrite 

181.  MENACCANITE.  Specular  Iron  pt.,  Eisensand  pt.,  of  last  cent.  Menachanite  (fr. 
Cornwall)  Wm.  McGregor,  J.  de  Phys.,  72,  152,  1791,  Crell's  Ann.,  1791,  and  Kirwan's  Min., 
1796  (making  it  to  consist  of  iron  and  an  oxyd  of  a  probably  new  metal).  Eisenhaltige 
Titanerze,  Menakanit  (fr.  Cornw.)  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  ii.  226;  (fr.  Aschaffenberg)  ib.,  232,  235,  1797. 
Titane  oxyde  ferrifere  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Manaken  Karst.,  Tab.,  74,  1808.  Titaneisen stein,  Titan- 
eisen,  Germ.  Titanic  or  Titaniferous  Iron.  Crichtonite  (spelt  Craitonite)  Bourn.,  Cat.,  430? 
1813.  Axotomes  Eisenerz  (fr.  Gastein)  Molis,  G-rundr.,  ii.  462,  1824.=Kibdelophan  v.  Kob., 
Schweig.  J.,  Ixiv.  1832.  Ilmenit  (fr.  L.  Ilmen)  A.  T.  Kupfer,  Kastn.  Arch.,  x.  1,  1827.  Mohsite 
(fr.  Dauphine)  Levy,  Phil.  Mag.,  i.  221,  1827.  Hystatisches  Eisenerz,  Hystatite  (fr.  Arendal), 
Breifh.,  Uib.,  64,  1830,  Char.,  236,  1832.  Basanomelan  (fr.  St.  Gothard,=Eisenrose)  v.  Kob., 
Grundr.,  318.  1838.  Washingtonite  (fr.  Conn.)  8hep.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xliii.  364,  1842.  Titaniofer- 
rite  Ghapm.,  Min.,  1843.  Paracolumbite  (fr.  Taunton)  Skep.,  ib.,  II.  xii.  209,  1851. 

Bhombohedral ;  tetartohedral  to  the  hexagonal  type.     R  A  72=: 85°  40' 

—  86°  10',  86°  5',  Kose  and  Descloizeaux,  85°  59',  Mohs.    Observed  planes : 

rhombohedrons.  f,  1(7?),  -5,  -f,  -2,  -\ ;  pyra- 
mids, -f-2,  f-2,  J^-2,  which  are  hemihedral ;  also 
L  fc-2,  0.  Angles  nearly  as  in  hematite ;  0  A  It 
=  122°  23',  and  R  A  f2=154°  0'  when  E  A  R= 
86°.  Often  a  cleavage  parallel  with  the  terminal 
plane,  but  properly  due  to  planes  of  composition. 
Crystals  usually  tabular.  Twins:  composition- 
face  0 ;  sometimes  producing,  when  repeated,  a 
form  resembling  f.  144.  Often  in  thin  plates  or 

laminae ;  in  loose  grains  as  sand. 

H.=5— 6.    G.:=4-5  — 5.     Lustre  submetallic.    Color  iron -black.    Streak 

submetallic,  powder  black  to  brownish-red.     Opaque.     Fracture  conchoi- 

dal.     Influences  slightly  the  magnetic  needle. 

Comp.,  Var.— (Ti,  Fe)'  O8  (or  hematite,  with  part  of  the  iron  replaced  by  titanium),  the  pro- 
portion of  Ti  to  Fe  varying.     Rammelsberg  writes  the  formula  Fe  Ti  +  n  Je,  which  is  equivri 
to  (i-  Fe  +  i  Ti)2  03+7i  Fe2  O3,  the  Fe2  O3  being  in  varying  proportions     Sometimes  als< 
ing  magnesia  or  manganese,  whence  the  more  general  formula  (Ti,  Fe,  Mn,  Mg)  U  . 

The  varieties  recognized  arise  mainly  from  the  proportions  of  iron^to  titanium, 
been  named  as  follows,  commencing  with  that  containing  the  most  titanium.    . 
external  distinctions  have  yet  been  made  out : 

1.  Kibdelophane.     About  30  p.  c.  titanium  (anal.  1).    In  crystals,  but  usuaUy  massive,  or  in  thm 
plates;  R  A  ^=85°  59';  G.=4'661,  fr.  Gastein,  Mohs;  4'723-4;735   ib.  Breith 

2.  Crichtonite     Composition  essentially  like  that  of  the  preceding  (anal.  2  and  23).    . 


144 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


rhombohedrons,  with  basal  cleavage;   J?A7?=86°  62|';  -5  A  -5=61°  27' ;    G.=4'79,  from  St 
Cristophe  (original);  4*689,  same  compound  from  Ingelsberg,  Ramm.  (anal.  23);  lustre  bright. 

3.  Ilmenite.     26 — 30  p.  c.  titanium,  and  near  the  preceding  in  composition,  but  containing  more 
sesquioxyd  of  iron  (anal.  3-6,  27).     Crystallized  and  massive;  J?A7?=85°  43';  G.=4-895,  fr. 
Ilmen  Mts.  (original),  Breith. ;  4*81 — 4*873,  ib.,  Ramm.     For  same  compound  fr.  Egersund,  4-744 
—4-791,  Ramm.;  fr.  Krageroe  4*701. 

4.  Menaccanite.    About  25  p.  c.  of  titanium,  and  with  more  sesquioxyd  of  iron  than  in  the 
preceding  (anal  7-10,  28,  29).     Massive,  and  in  grains  or  as  a  sand  (Eisensand).     G.--4-7 — i*8, 
fr.  near  Menaccan,  Cornwall  (orig.).     Similar  compound  from  Iserwiese,  4*676 — 4-752,  Ramm. 
(Iserine?) 

5.  Eystatiie.     15 — 20  p.  c.  titanium,  and  much  Fe  (anal.  11-14).     R  A  7?=86°  10';  G.=5,  fr. 
Arendal  (orig.).     Washingtonite  belongs  here  (anal.  13,  14.  SO).     Occurs  in  large  tabular  rather 
dull  crystals;  R  A  J?=86°  approximately;  G.=4«963,  fr.  Westerly,  R.  I.,  and  5*016,  fr.  Litchfield, 
Ct.  (orig.),  Shepard;  for  latter,  4*986,  Ramm. 

6.  Uddevallite  D.    About  10  p.  c.  titanium  and  70  p.  c.  of  £e  (anal   15).    The  Aschaffenberg 
titanic  iron  is  near  this.     It  occurs  massive  and  in  plates,  and  has  G.=4*78. 

7.  Basanomelan  (Eisenrose  of  the  Alps).     6  to  8  p.  c.  Ti,  and  75  to  83  of  Fe  (anal.  17).     G.= 
4'95 — 5*21.    It  is  properly  a  titaniferous  hematite. 

8.  Krageroe  hematite.     Containing  less  than  3  p.  c.  of  titanium  (anal.  35). 

<  9.  Magnesian  Menaccanite;  Picrotanite  D.  Contains  10  to  15  p.  c.  of  magnesia,  anal.  24 ;  formula 
(Fe,  Mg)  Ti;  G.=4*293 — 4-313.  Named  from  r^poj,  Utter,  in  allusion  to  the  magnesia. 

The  Mohsite  is  of  uncertain  locality  and  composition.  The  occurring  rhombohedron  affords  the 
73°  45'  (Levy);  crystals  tabular;  in  twins;  no  cleavage  observable. 

The  loose  Iron-sand  of  Iserwiese,  called  iserine,  is  in  part,  at  least,  in  isometric  octahedrons ; 
and  the  trappisches  Eisenerz,  Breith.,  is  similar.  See  ISERINE  beyond. 

ParacolumUte  is  an  iron-black  mineral  from  1  m.  S.W.  of  Taunton,  Mass.,  having  H.  about  5. 
Pisani  has  proved  it  to  be  of  this  species.  He  found  G. =4*353,  H.  4-5. 

Analyses  :  1,  v.  Kobell  (Schw.  J.,  Ixiv.  59,  245) ;  2,  Marignac  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xiv.  50) ;  3,  4, 
Mosander  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1829,  220,  Pogg.,  xix.  211);  5,  Delesse  (These  sur  Tempi,  de  1'anal., 
etc.,  p.  46);  6,  H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  iii.  163);  7,  v.  Kobell  (L  c.);  8-12,  Mosander  (1.  c.);  13,  Kendall 
(This  Min.,  2d  edit,  527);  14,  Marignac  (1.  c.) ;  15,  Plantamour  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxiv.  302);  16-18,  v. 
Kobell  (1.  c.) ;  19,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1849,  1850,  105,  and  1863,  501);  20,  J.  Miiller 
(Jahrb.,  1859,  775);  21,  22,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  li.  445);  23-35,  Ram melsberg  (Pogg.,  civ. 
497,  and  Min.  Ch.,  406) : 


1.  Gastein,  Kibdel 

2.  St.  Christophe,  Cricht. 

3.  Ilmen  Mts.,  Ilmenite 

4.  "  " 

5.  "  " 

6.  Egersund  " 

7.  "    '        Menace. 

8.  "  " 

9.  " 
10. 

11.  Arendal, 
32.  " 

13.  Litchfield, 
14. 

15.  Uddewalla,     Titan.  L 

16.  Aschaffenberg,   " 

17.  Schweiz,     Basanom. 

18.  "         Titanic  I. 

19.  St.  Paul's,  Canada 

20.  Maxhoven,  Bav. 

21.  Antioquia,  R.  Chico 

22.  "        Cienaga 


23.  Ingelsberg 

24.  Warwick,  N.  T.  4-313,  4'293 

25.  Ilmen  Mts. 

26.  Egersund  4 


Ti 

Fe 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg 

Ca 

59*00 

4-25 

36-00 

1-65 



=100  KobeU. 

52-27 

1-20 

46-53 





=100  Marignac. 

46-92 

10-74 

37-86 

2-73 

1-14 

=99*39  Mosander. 

46-67 

14-71 

35-37 

2*39 

0-60 

0*25,  £r  0*38,  Si  2-80=100*17  M. 

45-4 

40-7 

14-1 





0-5,  Sn  0-5,  Pb  0-2=101-4  Del. 

43-73 

42*70 

13*57 





=100  Rose. 

43-24 

28-66 

27*91 

^___ 

^___ 

=99-81  KobeU. 

42-57 
41-08 

23-21 
25-93 

29*27 
29-04 



1-22 
1-94 

0*50,  £r  0-33,  Si  1*65=98-75  K 
0-49,  Yt,£e  0*58,  Si  0-07  =  99-1  3  M. 

39-04 

29*16 

27*23 

0-21 

2*30 

0*90,  £r  0*12,  Si  0-31  =  99*13  M. 

24*19 

53-01 

19*91 



0*68 

0-33,  Si  1-17  =  99*29  M. 

28*59 

58-51 

13*90 



1-10 

0*86,  £r  0-44,  Si  1-88=100'28  M. 

25*28 

51-84 

22*86 





=99-98  Kendall. 

22-21 

59*07 

18-72 





=100  Marignac. 

15-56 

71-25 

11-32 





,  F,  Si,  loss  1*87  Plantamour. 

14*16 

75-00 

10-04 

0*80 



=100  KobeU. 

12*67 

82:49 

4-84 





=100  KobeU. 

10-0 

88*5 

1-5 

tar. 



=100  KobeU. 

48-60 

10*42 

37-06 



3-60 

=99*68  Hunt 

51*60 



41-79 





0-30,  £l,  Si  2-47  =  100*16  Miiller. 

57-09 



42-11 

0-80 



=100  Damour. 

48-14 



50-17 

1-69 



=100  Damour. 

gr- 

Ti 

Fe 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg                              Fe  Ti  :  Fe 

89 

53*03 

2-66 

38-30 

4-30     1-65=99-94                        1  :  0 

4-293 

57-71 



26-82 

0*90 

13-71=99-14                        1  :  0 

4-873 

45-93 

14-30 

36-52 

2-72 

0-59=100-06                      6  :  1 

4-791 

51-30 

8-87 

39*83 

tr. 

0-40=100-40                      9  :  1 

ANHYDROUS    OXYDS. 


145 


Sp.  gr. 

Ti 

3Pe 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg                                £ 

Rat 
'eti 

io. 
Fe 

4-701 

46-92 

11-48 

39-82 



1-22=99-50 

9 

1 

4-752 

37-13 

28-40 

29-20 

3-01 

2-97  =  100-71 

3 

I 

4-676 

42-20 

23-36 

30-57 

1-74 

1-57=99-44 

3 

m 

4-986 

23-72 

53-71 

22-39 

0-25 

0-50=100-57 

1 

I 

5-060 

16-20 

69-91 

12-60 

0-77 

0-55  =  10003 

1 

2 

4-943 

10-02 

77-17 

8-52 



1-33,  £l  1-46=98-50 

1 

4 

5 

127,  5-150(|) 

9-18 

81-92 

8-60 



=99-70 

1 

4 

5 

•187,  5-209 

9-10 

83-41 

7-63 

0-44 

tr.  =100-58 

1 

4 

5-2406 

3-55 

93-63 

2-26 



=100-44 

1 

13 

27.  Krageroe 

28.  Iserwiese 

29.  " 

30.  Litchfield,  Ct. 

31.  Eisenach 

32.  Snarum 

33.  Binnen  Yal. 

34.  St.  Gothard 

35.  Krageroe 

With  the  analyses  23  to  35  the  ratio  of  Fe  Ti  to  3Pe  is  given  in  the  last  column,  from  Rammelsberg 
who  writes  the  formula  for  23,  24,  Fe  Ti ;  for  25,  6  Fe  f  i  +  £e ;  for  26,  9  Fe  Ti+3Pe,  and  so  on! 
But  calculating  the  ratio  between  the  metals  combined  and  the  oxygen,  for  these  same  analyses* 
we  have : 


Metals.     Oxygen.       Ratio. 

Metals.     Oxygen.        Ratio. 

Anal.  23.         21-77         32-11         1 

•48 

Anal.  30.        20*52        30-80        1 

1-50 

24.         22-71         34-64         1 

•52 

"      31.         20-29         30-62         1 

1-51 

25.         20-67         31-55         1 

•50 

"      32.         20-14        30-29         1 

1-50 

26.         20-09         32-11         1 

•60 

"      33.         20-07         30-14         1 

1-50 

27.         20-58         31-48         1 

•53 

"      34.         20-23         30-44        1 

1-50 

28.         21-17         31-67         1 

•50 

"      35.         20-13         30-22         1 

1-50 

29.         20-62         31-64         1 

•54 

These  ratios  are,  with  two  or  three  exceptions,  almost  exactly  2 :  3,  which  shows  still  better 
that  they  correspond  with  the  general  formula  R2  O3.  Analyses  1  to  22  afford  this  same  ratio  and 
formula.  Rose  made  the  formula  m¥i  +  n  3Pe,  assuming  that  the  Fe  obtained  in  the  analyses 
arose  from  the  oxydation  of  a  supposed  titanic  oxyd  (Ti2  O3)  at  the  expense  of  the  Fe.  This 
view  is  not  sustained,  since  it  has  been  proved  that  the  Fe  exists  as  such  in  the  ore. 

For  other  analyses :  fr.  Harzburg  in  Gabbro,  Streng,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiii.  55 ;  fr.  Cape  de  Yerd 
Isles,  Silva,  C.  R.,  Ixv.  1867 ;  fr.  Lobauer  Berg,  E..  Calberla,  Ber.  Iris  Dresd.,  1866,  136. 

Paracolumbite  afforded  Pisani  Ti  35'66,  F~e  3-48,  Fe  39-08,  M  gl'94,  Ca  2'06,  Si  and  insoluble 
matters  10-66,  &1  7'66  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxvii.  359).  It  is  so  mixed  with  the  gangue  that  it  is  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  obtain  it  pure.  A  menaccanite  found  at  Rajamaki,  Finland,  contains  some  colum- 
bic  acid  replacing  part  of  the  titanic  (Pogg.,  cxxii.  615). 

,  Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible  in  0  F.  although  slightly  rounded  on  the  edges  in  R.F.  With  borax 
and  salt  of  phosphorus  reacts  for  iron  in  O.F.,  and  with  the  latter  flux  assumes  a  more  or  less  in- 
tense brownish-red  color  in  R.F. ;  this  treated  with  tin  on  charcoal  changes  to  a  violet-red  color 
when  the  amount  of  titanium  is  not  too  small.  The  pulverized  mineral,  heated  with  muriatic  acid, 
is  slowly  dissolved  to  a  yellow  solution,  which,  filtered  from  the  undecomposed  mineral  and  boiled 
with  the  addition  of  tin-foil,  assumes  a  beautiful  blue  or  violet  color.  Decomposed  by  fusion  with 
bisulphate  of  soda  or  potash. 

Obs, — The  principal  European  localities  of  this  species  have  been  enumerated  above.  One  of 
the  most  remarkable  is  at  Krageroe,  Norway,  where  it  occurs  in  veins  or  beds  in  diorite,  which 
sometimes  afford  crystals  weighing  over  1 6  pounds.  Fine  crystals,  sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter, 
occur  in  Warwick,  Amity,  and  Monroe,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y. ,  imbedded  in  serpentine  and  white  lime- 
stone, and  associated  with  spinel,  chondrodite,  rutile,  etc. ;  also  4  m.  west  of  Edenville,  and  near 
Greenwood  furnace  with  spinel  and  chondrodite ;  also  at  Chester  and  South  Royalston,  Mass. 
Yast  deposits  or  beds  of  titanic  ore  occur  at  Bay  St.  Paul  in  Canada,  in  syenite ;  one  bed,  90  feet 
thick,  continues  on  in  view  for  300  feet,  and  probably  far  beyond ;  also  in  the  Seignory  of  S 
Francis,  Beauce,  mixed  with  magnetite  as  a  bed  45  feet  thick  in  serpentine  ;  G.=4'56— 4'66;  also 
with  labradorite  at  Chdteau  Richer.  Grains  are  found  in  the  gold  sand  of  California. 

181A.  ISERITE.  (Titaneisenstein  pt.,  Magnetischer  Eisen-Sand  pt.,  Wern.  Iserin  (fr.  Iser) 
Wern.,  Letztes  Min.,  26,  52,  1817,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  258,  1817.  Oktaedrirches  Titaneisen-Oxyd 
Wern.  Iserin  Breith.,  Char.,  51,  1820.  Hexaedrisches  Eisen-Erz  Mohs,  Min.,  436,  1839.)  Iserite 
is  supposed  to  be  isometric  titanic  iron,  and,  like  martite,  to  be  pseudomorphous.  Forms  like  f. 
2,  5,  6,  8. 

Analyses  :  1,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  419);  2,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xix.  350);  3,  Edwards 
(Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  1855);  4,  Yogel  and  Rischauer  (Jahresb.,  1856,  840): 

Ti  £e  Fe          Mg 

57-19  15-67 
30-71  49-93 
13-20  42-08 
18-53  63-00 
10 


1.  Iserwiese 

2.  Plattensee,  Hung. 

3.  Mersey 

4.  Silberberg 


26-00         1-94=100-60  Ramm. 
18-88         3-79=103-31  Hauer. 
31-10,  £1  8-62,  Si  4-02=99-02  Edwards. 
X7-79       =99-32  Y.  &  R. 


146  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

The  locality  of  Iserwiese  gave  the  name  to  this  mineral.  The  titanic  iron-sand  is  partly  in 
octahedral  forms,  and  this  portion,  if  not  all,  is  the  is&rine.  Yet  it  is  still  doubted  whether  the 
otahedrons  are  regular  octahedrons,  or  whether  they  are  acute  rhombohedrons  with  truncated 
apices,  and  therefore  true  ilmenite.  The  Iserwiese  crystals,  as  analyzed  by  Kammelsberg  (anal. 
1),  give  for  the  ratio  between  the  metals  and  oxygen  2  :  2 "33,  which  is  much  more  oxygen  than 
the  formula  Ba  O3  requires,  and  is  still  further  remote  from  that  of  magnetite.  The  ore  from  Sio- 
Fok,  on  the  Platensee,  as  analyzed  by  v.  Hauer  (anal.  2),  affords  the  general  formula  (Fe,  Ti)2  O3 
+  Pe203,  equivalent  to  FeO  Ti02  +  Fe203  (or  Fe  Ti  +  £e).  G.=4'817.  The  grains  were  in 
part  octahedrons,  and  some  with  truncated  angles. 

The  sand  on  the  Mersey  comes  from  the  shores  nearly  opposite  Liverpool,  and  is  mixed  with 
magnetite.  This  is  indicated  in  the  analysis,  which  affords  the  formula  3  Fe  0,  Ti  O2  (or  3  (Fe, 
Ti)2  O3)  +  5  Fe  £e  (or  5  of  magnetite).  Minute  octahedrons  occur  at  Ballycrogan,  Mull  of  Cantyre, 
Sand  from  Miiggelsee,  near  Berlin,  having  Gr.  =  5'075,  afforded  Rammelsberg  a  similar  composi- 
tion, but  with  only  5'20  p.  c.  Ti,  it  giving  him  the  formula  Fe  0  Ti  02+  6  of  magnetite.  It  is  not 
stated  that  this  sand  is  octahedral.  The  ore  from  Silberberg,  near  Bodenmais,  in  Bavaria,  corre- 
sponds nearly  to  4|  (Fe,  Ti)2  03-f8  Fe2  O3,  and  therefore  comes  under  the  general  formula  R2  O3. 

Waltershausen  has  obtained  from  octahedral  crystals  of  an  iron-sand  from  Etna  (Vulk.  Gest. 
121),  having  Gr.=4-43,  Ti  12 '3 8  and  3Pe  92- 18= 104-56.  The  analysis  needs  repetition,  A.  Knop 
obtained  for  a  titanic  iron-sand  a  composition  corresponding  to  magnetite  in  atomic  ratio,  giving  the 
ratio  1  :  1'25  between  the  metals  and  oxygen.  See  under  MAGNETITE. 

Iserine  is  reported  also  from  Bohemia,  Saxony,  Calabria,  Puy-de-Dome  in  France. 

182.  PEROFSKITE.    Perowskit  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xlviii.  558,  1839,  Eeis.  Ural.,  ii.  128. 
Isometric,  Eose  (fr.  Ural).     (Khombohedral  ?).     Observed  planes  :  0,  1, 

1,  2,  ir\ ,  ir% ,  HJ  2'2>  3'35  2'i '  H-  Habit  Cllbic  ;  f-  !>  5> 16  ;  also  1/r>  except 
that  the  planes  are  *-£.  Khombohedral,  Descl.  (fr.  Zermatt) ;  with  Rt\R 
nearly  90°.  Perhaps  dimorphous.  Cleavage  :  parallel  to  the  cubic,  or 
rhombohedral ;  faces  rather  perfect. 

H.=5-5.  G.  =4-017,  fr.  Achmatovsk  ;  4'03— 4'039,fr.  Zermatt,  Damour; 
4'02,  fr.  Schelingen,  Seneca.  Lustre  metallic — adamantine ;  color  pale 
yellow,  honey-yellow,  orange-yellow,  reddish-brown,  grayish-black  to  iron- 
black  ;  streak  colorless,  grayish.  Transparent  to  opaque. 

Oomp.— (Ca  +  Ti)  03=R2  03=Titanic  acid  59-4,  lime  40'6= 100.  Analyses :  1,  Jacobson  (Pogg., 
brii.  596);  2,  Brooks  (ib.);  3,  4,  F.  Seneca  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  civ.  371);  5,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M., 
V.  vi.  512): 

Ti         Ca        Fe 

1.  Achmatovsk,  Hack          58'96    39-20     2'06     Mg,  Mn  <r.  =  100-22  Jacobson. 

2.  "  broivn        59-00     36-76    4'79  "     O'l  1—100-07  Brooks. 

3.  Schelingen,  llack  58'95     35*69'    6-23=100-87  Seneca. 

4.  "  "  59-30     35-94     5-99=101-23  Seneca. 

5.  Zermatt,  yellow         (f)  59-23     39'92     1-14=100-29  Damour. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  forceps  and  on  charcoal  infusible.  "With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  O.F.  dissolve? 
easily,  giving  a  greenish  bead  while  hot,  which  becomes  colorless  on  cooling ;  in  R.F.  the  bead 
changes  to  grayish-green,  and  on  cooling  assumes  a  violet-blue  color.  Entirely  decomposed  by 
"boiling  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  small  crystals  or  druses  of  crystals,  all  of  dark  colors,  associated  with  crystal- 
lized chlorite,  and  magnetic  iron  in  chlorite  slate,  at  Achmatovsk,  near  Slatoust  in  the  Ural ;  at 
Schelingen  in  the  Kaisersthal,  in  white  or  yellowish  granular  limestone,  with  mica,  magnetite,  and 
pyrochlore ;  in  the  vaUey  of  Zermatt,"  near  the  Findelen  glacier,  where  crystalline  masses  occur, 
in  talcose  schist,  as  large  as  the  fist,  and  the  interior,  if  not  the  whole,  is  of  a  light  yellow  color 
(showing  that  the  darker  shades  are  due  to  alteration),  along  with  garnet,  idocrase,  sphene,  zircon, 
corundum,  rutile,  titanic  iron,  serpentine,  etc. ;  at  Wildkreuzjoch,  between  Pfitsch  and  Pfunders 
in  the  Tyrol,  a  crystal,  probably  of  this  species,  having,  according  to  Hessenberg,  the  planes  0,  «', 
•i-|,  3-3,  2-$,  f-f.  Also  in  black  cubo-octahedrons  at  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas  (Sheparcl). 

Named  after  v.  Perofski  of  St.  Petersburg. 

On  cryst.,  see  Gr.  Kose,  1.  c. ;  Kokscharof,  Min.  Russl.,  i.  197 ;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  iv.  20 
Descloizeaux,  Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  xiv.  417.     If  the  forms  were  all  isometric,  they  would  still  be  closely 
isomorphous  with  the  rhombohedron  of  hematite. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  making  lime  to  act  at  a  high  temperature  on  silicate  of  titanium 
{Ebelmen). 


ANHYDROUS   OXYDS.  147 

3.  COMPOUNDS  OF  PEOTOXYDS  AND  SESQUIOXYDS. 

183.  SPINEL. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes :  1,  7J  6>,  2,  3-3.  Habit 
octahedral ;  f.  2,  7,  8,  20.  Faces  of  octahedron  some- 
times convex.  Cleavage  :  octahedral.  Twins :  f.  50 ; 
composition-face  1. 

H.  =  8.  G.=3-5-4:-9;  3*523,  Haidinger;  3*575,  red 
spinel.  Lustre  vitreous  ;  splendent — nearly  dull.  Color 
red  of  various  shades,  passing  into  blue,  green,  yellow, 
brown  and  black ;  occasionally  almost  white.  Streak 
white.  Transparent — nearly  opaque.  Fracture  con- 
choidal. 

Comp.,  Var. — Consists  of  alumina  and  magnesia,  Mg  Si,  with  more  or  less  of  the  magnesia 
(Mg)  usually  replaced  by  protoxyd  of  iron  (Fe),  and  sometimes  also  in  part  by  lime  (Ca),  protoxyd 
of  manganese  (Mn) ;  and  the  alumina  in  part  by  sesquioxyd  of  iron  (F"e).  There  is  thence  a 
gradation  into  kinds  containing  little  or  no  magnesia,  which  stand  as  distinct  species,  viz. :  Her- 
cynite  and  Gahnite.  Mg  Si— Alumina  72,  magnesia  28=100. 

Var.  1.  Ruby,  or  Magnesia  Spinel.  'AvBpat  pt.,  'Ai/fyava  «#  Mi\riTov,  Theophr.  Carbunculus 
pt,  Lychnis  pt.  [rest  ruby  sapphire],  Plin.,  xxxvii.  25,  29.  Spinella,  Carbunculus  pt.,  Rubinus 
pt.,  Garb,  ruber  parvus,  —  Germ.  Spinel,  Ballagius  (a  pallido  colore  videtur  appellasse),  =  Germ. 
Ballas,  Lychnis,  =  Germ.  Gelblichter  Rubin,  Agric.,  Foss.,  293,  Interpr.,  463,  1546.  Rubin  ori- 
entales  octaedrici,  seu  octo  hedris  comprehensi,  quae  modo  triangula  sunt,  modo  trapezia,  aliquan- 
do  hedrae  oblongse  angulos  solidos  occupant,  etc.,  Cappekr,  Prod.  Crystallogr.  Lucerne,  1723. 
Rubinus  pt.  (Spinell,  Ballas,  Rubicelle),  Wall,  Min.,  115,  1447.  Rubis  spinelle  octaedre  (Spinelle, 
Balais),  de  Lisk,  Crist.,  ii.  224,  1783  [by  de  L.  first  made  distinct  in  species  from  Ruby  Sapphire]. 
— Clear  red  or  reddish ;  transparent  to  translucent ;  sometimes  sub  translucent.  G.  =  3-52— 3'58. 
Composition  Mg  Si,  with  little  or  no  Fe,  and  sometimes  oxyd  of  chrome  as  a  source  of  the  red 
color. 

Varieties  are  denominated  as  follows  :  (a)  Spinel-Ruby,  deep-red ;  (b)  Balas-Ruby,  rose-red ;  (c) 
Rubicelle,  yellow  or  orange-red ;  (d)  Almandine,  violet. 

2.  Ceylonite,  or  Iron-Magnesia  Spinel.     Ceylanite  (fr.  the  French  spelling  of  Ceylon)  Delameth.,  J. 
de  Phys.,  xlii.  23,  1793.     Zeylanit  Karst.,  Tab.,  28,  72,  1800.     Pleonaste  H.,  Tr.,  1801.     Ceylonit 
Ramm.     Candite  (fr.  Candy,  Ceylon)  Bourn. — Color  dark-green,  brown  to  black,  mostly  opaque  or 
nearly  so;  G.=3-5— 3-6.    Composition  (Mg,  Fe)  Si  or  (Mg,  Fe)  (Si,  3Pe). 

3.  Magnesia-Lime  Spinel  f     Color  green.     From  analyses  of  specimens  of  green  spinel  from 
Franklin,  N.  J.,  aud  Amity,  N.  Y.,  by  Thomson  (Min.  i.  214),  about  which  it  may  be  right  to  have 
doubts. 

4.  Chlorospinel,  or  Magnesia-Iron  Spinel.     Chlorospinel  (fr.  Slatoust)  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  1.  652, 
1850.     G-ahnit  B.  de  Marni,   1833. — Color  grass-green,  owing  to  the  presence  of  copper;  G.= 
3-591— 3-594.     Composition  Mg  (Si,  F"e),  the  iron  being  in  the  state  of  sesquioxyd. 

5.  Picolite  Charpentier,   J.  d.  M.,  xxxii.  1812,   G-ilb.   Ann.,   xlvii.,    205.      Chrome-ceyhnite.— 
Contains  over  7  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  chrome,  and  has  the  formula  (Mg,  Fe)  (Si,  £e,  €r).  Color  black; 
lustre  brilliant ;  G.=4'08.     The  original  was  from  a  rock  occurring  about  L.  Lherz,  called  Llierzo- 
lite  by  Delametherie  (T.  T.,  ii.  281,  1797),  and  earlier  described  by  Picot  de  la  Peyrouse  (Mem.  Ac. 
Toulouse,  iii.  410).  after  whom  picotite  is  named,  the  constituents  of  which  rock  are  stated  by 
Descloizeaux  (Min.,  i.  65)  to  be  chrysolite,  a  brown  infusible  pyroxene-mineral  related  to  hyper 
sthene,  a  green  fusible  pyroxene,  and  disseminated  grains  (rarely  octahedral  crystals)  ofpwol 

Analyses:  ],  2,  Abich  (Pogg.,  xxiii.  305);   3,  Berzelius  (Gehlen's  J.,  vl  304) ;  4,  5,  1 
son  (Min.,  i.  214);    6,  C.  Gmelin  (Jahresb.,  iv.  156);  7-10,  Abich  (L  c.);  11,  Abich  (Ak.  ±L, 
Stockh.,  1842,  6);   12,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  294);    13,  Erdmann  (Ak.  H.,  Stockh.,  18- 
Pisani  (C.  R.,  Ixiii.) ;  15,  16,  H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  1,  652);  17,  Damour  (Bull.  G-.  Soc.,  II.  xix.  4J 
18,  Hilger  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1866,  399) : 

Si         £•         Fe      Mg         Ca         Si 
I.Ceylon,  red  69-01      0'71     26-21      2'02,  £r  M0=9< 

2.  Aker,  blue  68'94     3'49     25'72     2-25= 

3.  «         »  72-25     4-26     14-63     5'48=96'62  B.  and  H. 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Al 


Mg         Ca 


4.  Franklin,  N.  J.,  green 

5.  Amity,  N.  Y. 

6.  Ceylon,  Ceylonite 

7.  Ural,  Pleonaste 

8.  Monzoni,      " 

9.  Vesuvius,    " 

10.  Iserwiese,    " 

11.  Vesuvius,    " 

12.  Arendal,      " 

13.  Tunaberg,    " 

14.  Auvergne,   " 

15.  Ural,  chlorospinel 

16.  "  " 

17.  L.  Lherz,  Picotite 

18.  Hofheim,      " 


73-31 

, 



13-63 

7-42 

61-79 





17-87 

10-56 

57-20 



20-51 

18-24 



65-27 



13-97 

17-58 



66-89 



8-07 

23-61 



67-46 



5-06 

25-94 



59-66 



19-29 

17-70 



62-84 

6-15 

3-87 

24-87 



55-17 



18-33 

17-65 



62-95 



23-46 

1303 



59-06 

10-72 

13-60 

17-20 



64-13 

8-70 



26-77 

0-27 

57-34 

14-77 



27-49 



55-34 



24-60 

10-18 



53-93 

11-40 

3-85 

23-59 



Si 

5-62=99-98  Thomson. 
CaC  2-80,  H  0'98=99'60  T 

3-1 5=99-11  Gmelin. 

2-50=99-32  Abich. 

1-23  =  99-80  Abich. 

2-38=100-85  Abich. 

1-79=99-17  Abich. 

1-83=99-56  Abich. 

5-09,  Mn  2-71  =  98-95  S. 

=99-44  Erdmann. 

=100-58  Pisani. 

Cu  0-27=100-14  Rose. 

Cu  0*62=100-22  Rose. 

1-98,  <pr  7-90=100  Damour. 
.  €r  7-23  =  100  Hilger. 


Pyr,,  etc. — B.B.  alone  infusible ;  red  variety  changes  to  brown,  and  even  black  and  opaque, 
as  the  temperature  increases,  and  on  cooling  becomes  first  green,  and  then  nearly  colorless,  and 
at  last  resumes  the  red  color.  Slowly  soluble  in  borax,  more  readily  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  with 
which  it  gives  a  reddish  bead  while  hot,  becoming  faint  chrome-green  on  cooling.  The  black 
varieties  give  reactions  for  iron  with  the  fluxes.  Soluble  with  difficulty  in  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid.  Decomposed  by  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  soda  or  potash. 

Obs. — Spinel  occurs  imbedded  in  granular  limestone,  and  with  calcite  in  serpentine,  gneiss, 
and  allied  rocks.  It  also  occupies  the  cavities  of  masses  ejected  from  some  volcanoes. 

In  Ceylon,  in  Siam,  and  other  eastern  countries,  it  occurs  of  beautiful  colors,  as  rolled  pebbles 
in  the  channels  of  rivers.  Pleonaste  is  found  at  Candy,  in  Ceylon.  At  Aker,  in  Sweden,  is 
found  a  pale-blue  and  pearl-gray  variety  in  limestone.  Small  black  splendent  crystals  occur  in 
the  ancient  ejected  masses  of  Mount  Somma,  with  mica  and  idocrase ;  also  in  compact  gehlenite 
at  Monzoni,  in  the  Fassa  valley. 

From  Amity,  N.  Y.,  to  Andover,  N".  J.,  a  distance  of  about  30  miles,  is  a  region  of  granular. lime- 
stone and  serpentine,  in  which  localities  of  spinel  abound.  At  Amity  crystals  are  occasionally  16 
in.  in  diameter ;  and  one  collected  by  Dr.  Heron  weighs  49  Ibs. ;  it  is  in  three  pieces,  and  contains 
cavities  studded  with  crystals  of  corundum  ;  colors,  green,  black,  brown,  and  less  commonly  red, 
along  with  chondrodite  and  other  minerals.  A  mile  S.W.  of  Amity,  on  J.  Layton's  farm,  is  a 
remarkable  locality;  also  on  W.  Raynor's  farm,  a  mile  N. ;  another  half  mile  N.  affording  grayish- 
red  octahedrons  ;  and  others  to  the  south.  Localities  are  numerous  about  Warwick,  and  also  at 
Monroe  and  Cornwall,  though  less  favorable  for  exploration  than  those  at  Amity  (form  1,  also  1, 
«,  3-3,  f.  147).  Franklin,  N.  J.,  affords  crystals  of  various  shades  of  black,  blue,  green,  and  red, 
which  are  sometimes  transparent,  and  a  bluish-green  ceylonite  variety  here,  has  the  lustre  of 
polished  steel ;  Newton,  N.  J.,  pearl-gray  crystals,  along  with  blue  corundum,  tourmaline,  and 
rutile  ;  at  Byram,  red,  brown,  green,  and  black  colors,  along  with  chondrodite ;  at  Sterling,  Sparta, 
Hamburgh,  and  Vernon,  N.  J.,  are  other  localities.  Light-blue  spinels  occur  sparingly  in  lime- 
stone in  Antwerp,  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.,  2£  m.  S.  of  Oxbow,  and  rose  and  reddish-brown  in  Gou- 
verneur,  2  m.  N.  and  £  m.  "W.  of  Somerville,  St.  Lawrence  Co. ;  green,  blue,  and  occasionally  red 
varieties  occur  in  granular  limestone  at  Bolton,  Boxborough,  Chelmsford,  and  Littleton,  Mass. 
Soft  octahedral  crystals  occur  in  Warwick,  which  are  pseudomorphs,  consisting  partly  of  steatite 
or  serpentine.  Good  black  spinel  is  found  in  Burgess,  Canada  West;  blue  with  clintonite  at 
Daillebout,  C.  E. 

Alt. — Observed  altered  to  steatite,  serpentine,  volknerite,  mica. 

Artif.— Formed  in  crystals  by  heating  a  mixture  of  alumina  and  magnesia  with  boracic  acid, 
and  also,  for  red  spinel,  some  oxyd  of  chrome ;  for  black,  oxyd  of  iron  (Ebelmen) ;  by  using  fluorids 
of  aluminum  and  magnesium  and  boracic  acid,  with  heat  (Deville  &  Caron) ;  by  action  of  chlorid 
of  aluminum  in  vapor  on  magnesia  (Daubree). 


184,  HERCYNITE. 


Hercynit  F.  X.  Zippe,  Min.  Bohm.,  1839. 
Spinel. 


Hercinite  bad  orthogr.    Iron- 


Isometric.     Occurs  massive,  fine  granular. 

H.=7-5-8.     G.=3-91-3-95.     Lustre  vitreous,  externally  dull.     Color 
black.    Streak  dark  grayish-green  to  leek-green.     Opaque. 


ANHYDROUS   OXYDS.  J^g 

Comp.—  Fe  £l=  Alumina  68-9,  oxyd  of  iron  41-1=100.  Analysis  by  B.  Quadrat  (Ann.  Ch. 
Pharm.,  Iv.  357)  i 

£l  61-17         Mg  2-92        Fe  35-67=99-76. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  infusible.  The  heated  powder  becomes  brick-red,  and  gives  iron  reactions 
"With  soda  fuses  only  imperfectly  to  an  olive-green  mass. 

Obs.  —  From  Ronsberg,  at  the  eastern  foot  of  the  Bohmerwald  Mts. 

Named  from  the  Latin  of  the  Bohemian  Forest,  Siiva  Hercynia  (Plin.,  iv.  25,  28). 

185.  GAHNITB.  Zinc-Spinel.  Automolite  (fr.  Fahlun)  Ekeberg,  Afh.,  i.  84,  1806.  Gahnit  v 
Moll,  Efem.,  iii.  78,  1807.  Spinelle  Zincifere  H.,  Tabl.,  67,  99,  1809.  Dysluite  (fr.  Sterling, 
N.  J.)  Keating,  J.  Ac.  N.  ScL,  Philad.,  ii.  287,  1821  ;  Step-,  Min.,  L  158,  1832,  ii.  1  76,  1835  ;  Thom- 
son, Min.,  i.  220,  1836.  Kreittonite  v.  Kob.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliv.,  99,  1848.  Spinellus  superius  Breith., 
Haudb.,  623,  1847. 

Isometric.     In  octahedrons,  dodecahedrons,  etc.,  like  spinel. 

H.=7*5—  8.  Gr.=4—  4-6.  Lustre  vitreous,  or  somewhat  greasy.  Color 
dark  green,  grayish-green,  deep  leek-green,  greenish-black,  bluish,  black, 
yellowish,  or  grayish-brown  ;  streak  grayish.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 

Comp.,  Var.  —  2n  A1!,  with  h'ttle  or  no  magnesia.  _  The  oxyd  of  zinc  sometimes  replaced  in 
small  part  by  prot9xyd  of  manganese  or  of  iron  (Mn,  Fe),  and  the  alumina  in  part  by  sesquioxyd 
of  iron  (Fe).  2n  :&l=Alumina  61-3,  oxyd  of  zinc  38'7  =  100. 

Var.  1.  Automolite,  or  Zinc  Gahnite,  2n  A1!,  with  sometimes  a  little  iron.  G.=4'l—  4-6.  Colors 
as  above  given. 

2.  Dysluite,  or  Zinc-Manganese-Iron  Gahnite.    Composition  (2n,  Fe,  Mn)  (&L  F~e).    Color  yel- 
lowish-brown or  grayish-brown.    G.=4—  4'6.    Form  the  octahedron,  or  the  "same  with  truncated 
edges. 

3.  Kreittonnite,  or  Zinc-Iron  Gahnite.     Composition  (2n,  Fe,  Mg)  (3tl,  3Pe).     Occurs  in  crystals, 
and  granular  massive.     H.=7—  8.     G.=4'48—  4'89.     Color  velvet  to  greenish-black;  powder 
grayish-green.     Opaque. 

Analyses:  1,  Ekeberg  (G-ehlen's  N.  J.,  v.  418);  2,  3,  Abich  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1842,  6);  4,  F.  A. 
Genth  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxxiii.  196)  ;  5,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  221);  6,  v.  Kobell  (L  c.): 

Si     £e        Fe      Mg      Mn        2n      Si 

1.  Fahlun,      Automolite    60-00     9'25   -   -      fr.      24-25    4-75=98-25  E. 

2.  "  "  55-14     5-85    -     5'25       fr.       30'02     3-84=100-10  A. 

3.  Franklin,  K  J.   "  57-09    -  4-55     2'22       fr.  34-80     1-22=99-38  A. 

4.  Canton  mine       "  53'37     6'68  3'01     3-22  0'20  30'27     2'37,  Cu  1'23=100'35  G. 

5.  Sterling,  K  J.,  Dysl.  30'49  41'93  ---  7'60  16'80     2'97,  fl  0'40  T. 

6.  Bodenmais,  Kreitt.  44'66  16'33  -    3'05  24-00  -  ,  Ca  1*30,  insoL  10=99-64  K. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  A  coating  of  oxyd  of  ziuc  when  treated  with  a  mixture  of  borax  and  soda  on  char- 
coal. Otherwise  like  spinel. 

Obs.—  Automolite  is  found  at  Fahlun,  Sweden,  in  talcose  schist  ;  at  Franklin,  N.  Jersey,  with 
franklinite  and  willemite  ;  at  the  Canton  mine,  Ga.  (of  the  form  1,  i)  ;  Dysluite  at  Sterling,  N.  J.  ; 
Kreittonite  at  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria. 

Named  after  the  Swedish  chemist  Gahn.    The  name  Automolite,  of  Ekeberg,  is  from  avrfyoAo?,  a 
deserter,  alluding  to  the  fact  of  the  zinc  occurring  in  an  unexpected  place.    Von  Moll  objected  to 
such  an  idea  in  nature,  and  named  the  species  the  next  year  after  Gahn,  the  discoverer.    . 
name  is  here  applied  to  the  whole  group  of  zinc  spinels,  and  automolite  retained  for  the  special 
variety  so  named. 


186.  MAGNETITE.  'Hpa/cXem  M0OS  (fr.  Heraclea,  in  Lydia)  Or.  [Aifloj]  ata^o*  ayowa,  Theophr. 
Not  /lay^ns  Arflof  [=Talc]  Theophr.  Mayrfs  M9>s  Dioscor.,  v.  147.  Magnes,  Sideritis,  Herach'on, 
Plin.,  xxxvi.  25  ;  Id.,  Germ.  Siegelstein  Agric.,  Foss.,  243,  466.  (1)  Minera  ferri  nigricans,  mag- 
neti  arnica,  (2)  Magnet,  (3)  Jern  Sand,  Wall,  256,  262,  1746.  Minera  Ferri  attractoria,  Mag- 
net, Cronst.,  184,  1758.  Magnetischer  Eisenstein  (incl.  Eisensand)  Wern.  Magneteisenstein, 
Magneteisenerz,  Germ.  Magnetic  Iron  Ore  ;  Octahedral  Iron  Ore.  Fer  oxydule  H.  Oxydulated 
Iron.  Magnetite  Haid.,  Handb.,  551,  1845. 


150 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Isometric.  Observed  planes,  0,  1,  /,  *-2,  2,  3-3,  10-10,  16-16,  3-f ,  5-f, 
2gL-3.  Figs.  2  and  3,  common,  also  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  7+8, 19,  19  +  2;  %  149 
is  a  distorted  dodecahedron.  Cleavage :  octahedral,  perfect  to  imperfect. 


147A 


148 


Haddam. 


Achmatovsk. 


150 


In  mica,  Pennsbury. 
shining.     Brittle. 


Dodecahedral  faces  commonly  striated  par- 
allel to  the  longer  diagonal  (f.  149).  Twins 
like  f.  50 ;  also  in  dendrites,  branching  at 
angles  of  60°  (f.  150),  indicating  composition 
parallel  to  a  dodecahedral  face.  Massive, 
structure  granular — particles  of  various  sizes, 
sometimes  impalpable. 

H.=5'5-6-5.  G.=4-9-5-2;  5-168— 
5-180,  crystals,  Kenngott,  and  5*27  after 
long  heating.  Lustre  metallic — submetallic. 
Color  iron-black;  streak  black.  Opaque; 
but  in  very  thin  dendrites  (f.  150)  in  mica 
sometimes  transparent  or  nearly  so ;  and 
varying  from  almost  colorless  to  pale  srnoky- 
brown  and  black.  Fracture  subconchoidal, 
Strongly  magnetic,  sometimes  possessing  polarity. 


Comp.,  Var.—Fe  3Pe= Oxygen  21-6,  iron  72'4=100;  or  sesquioxyd  of  iron  68'97,  protoxyd 
3V03=100.  The  iron  sometimes  replaced  in  small  part  by  magnesia.  Also  sometimes  titanifer- 
ous.  E.  Sochting  obtained  from  the  magnetite  of  Pfitsch  valley  (Pogg.,  cxxvii.  172)  30*94  Fe; 
and  D.  Finkler,  from  the  same,  30'75  Fe. 

Var.  1.  Ordinary,  (a)  In  crystals.  (6)  Granular,  coarse  or  fine,  (c)  As  loose  sand.  Koks- 
charof  figures  the  above  dodecahedral  form  modified  by  planes  0,  1,  3-3,  5-f;  and  another  with 
the  same,  and  alsp  V-^,  both  from  Achmatovsk,  Urals. 

2.  Magnesian  (Fe,  Mg)  3Pe.  (Talk-eisenerz  Breiih.,  Schw.  J.,  Ixviii.  287,  1833.)    a. =4-41 — 4-42; 
lustre  submetallic ;  weak  magnetic ;  from  Sparta,  N.  J.,  in  crystals,  Breifh.    Prof.  Andrews  found 
in  ore  from  the  Mourne  Mts.,  Ireland  (Ch.  Gaz.,  379,  1852),  F~e  71-41,  Fe  21-59,  Mg  6'45.     An 
octahedron  from  Eisenach  gave  Eammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  158)  F~e  69-88,  Fe  27*88,  Mg  1*20,  Ti  O'lO. 

3.  Titaniferous.     Octahedrons  from  Meiches,  in  the  Vogelsberg,  afforded  A.  Knop  (Ann.  Ch. 
Pharm.,  cxxiii.  348)  3Pe  21'75,  Fe  51-29,  Ti  24'95,  Mn  1'75,  which  corresponds  to  (Fe,  Mn)  +  |Fe 
Ti  +  i  $e=(Fe,  Mn)  +  (Fe,  Ti)203,  and  hence  differing  from  iserine  in  coming  under  the  general 
formula  of  magnetite  instead  of  that  of  hematite.    Magnetite  from  Ytterby  afforded  J.  A.  Michael- 
son  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xc.  107)  £e  68-54,  Fe  30-18,  Ti  2-03  =  100-75. 

4.  Ochreous.     (Eisenmulm  Germ.)    Black  and  earthy.    A  kind  from  near  Siegen  afforded  F.  A. 
Genth,  as  a  mean  of  3  anal.  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixvi.  277),  3?e  66'20.  Fe  13-87,  Mn  17'00,  Ou  0'09, 
sand,  etc.,  l'75=98-91=(Fe?  Mn)  3Pe.     G.=3'76. 


ANHYDROUS   OXYDS.  ^5| 

5.  From  the  normal  proportion  of  Fe  to  3Pe,  1  :  1,  there  is  occasionally  a  wide  variation  and 
thus  a  gradual  passage  to  the  sesquioxyd  (Fe);  and  this  fact  may  be  regarded  as  evidence 
that  the  octahedral  Fe,  martite,  is  only  an  altered  magnetite.  Schwalbe  has  found  (ZS  nat  Ver 
Halle,  xx.  198)  in  two  magnetites  from  Landu,  hi  Bengal,  India: 

£e  Fe          Mg          Oa          Si          £l  £e     Fe 

1.  69-27         29-48         0'49         0'05         0'28         0'03=99-60  3     •   I  nearlv 

2.  86-90         11-97         0-17         0'38         0'18         0'22=99'82  3±  :  1 

No.  1  was  polar- magnetic  and  columnar;  2,  granular,  and  not  polar-magnetic.  Yon  Kobell  has 
found  in  the  cylindrical  magnetite  of  Schwarzenstein,  in  the  Zillerthal,  the  ratio  4:3;  and  the 
same  in  an  ore  from  Arendal.  G.  Winkler  found  in  a  specimen  from  the  Pfitsch  valley,  Fe  19-66, 
3Pe  79-66,  giving  the  ratio  2:1;  but  this  is  not  confirmed  by  the  later  analyses  given  above. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  very  difficultly  fusible.  In  O.F.  loses  its  influence  on  the  magnet.  With 
the  fluxes  reacts  like  hematite.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs, — Magnetite  is  mostly  confined  to  crystalline  rocks,  and  is  most  abundant  in  metamorphic 
rocks,  though  found  also  in  grains  in  eruptive  rocks.  In  the  Azoic  rocks  the  beds  are  of 
immense  extent,  and  occur  under  the  same  conditions  as  those  of  hematite  (see  p.  142).  It  is  an 
ingredient  hi  most  of  the  massive  variety  of  corundum  called  emery.  The  earthy  magnetite  is 
found  in  bogs  like  bog-iron  ore. 

The  beds  of  ore  at  Arendal,  and  nearly  all  the  celebrated  iron  mines  of  Sweden,  consist  of 
massive  magnetite;  Dannemora  and  the  Taberg  in  Smaoland  are  entirely  formed  of  it.  Still 
larger  mountains  of  it  exist  at  Kurunavara  and  Gelivara,  in  Lapland.  Fahlun  in  Sweden,  and 
Corsica,  afford  octahedral  crystals  (f.  2),  imbedded  in  chlorite  slate.  Splendid  dodecahedral 
crystals  occur  at  Normark  in  Wermland.  The  most  powerful  native  magnets  are  found  in  Siberia, 
and  in  the  Harz ;  they  are  also  obtained  on  the  island  of  Elba. 

In  N.  America,  it  constitutes  vast  beds  (some  scores  of  feet  thick)  in  the  Azoic,  in  the  Adiron- 
dack region,  Warren,  Essex,  and  Clinton  Cos.,  in  Northern  N.  York,  while  hi  St.  Lawrence  Co.  the 
iron  ore  is  mainly  hematite ;  also  similarly  in  Canada,  in  Hull,  Grenville,  Madoc,  etc, ;  and  at  Corn- 
wall in  Pennsylvania,  and  at  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas.  It  occurs  also  in  N.  York,  in  Saratoga, 
Herkimer,  Orange,  and  Putnam  Cos.;  at  O'Neil  mine,  Orange  Co.,  in  crystals  (f.  1,  2,  3,  5,  6). 
In  Maine,  Raymond,  Davis's  Hill,  in  an  epidotic  rock ;  at  Marshall's  island,  masses  strongly 
magnetic.  In  N.  Hampshire,  at  Franconia,  in  epidote  and  quartz  ;  at  Swanzey  near  Keeue,  and 
Unity.  In  Vermont,  at  Marlboro',  Rochester,  Bethel,  and  Bridge  water,  hi  crystals  (f  11)  in  chlo- 
rite slate.  In  Conn.,  at  Haddam,  in  crystals  (f.  4,  8,  149),  etc.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Hamburg,  near 
Franklin  furnace.  In  Penn.,  at  Goshen,  Chester  Co. ;  at  Webb's  mine,  Columbia  Co. ;  in  dendritic 
delineations  (f.  150)  forming  hexagonal  figures,  in  mica  at  Pennsbury  and  New  Providence.  In 
Maryland,  at  Deer  Creek.  In  California,  in  Sierra  Co.,  abundant,  massive,  and  in  crystals ;  in  Plumas 
Co. ;  Mariposa  Co.,  east  of  the  Mariposa  estate,  on  the  trail  to  the  Yosemite ;  Placer  Co.,  Utt's 
ranch ;  Los  Angeles  Co.,  at  Canada  de  las  Uvas ;  El  Dorado  Co.,  near  the  Boston  copper  mine,  in 
oct.,  and  at  the  El  Dorado  Excelsior  copper  mine.  In  Canada,  at  Sutton,  in  crystals ;  Bromet, 
etc.  In  N.  Scotia,  Digby  Co,  Nichol's  Mt.,  in  fine  crystals. 

No  ore  of  iron  is  more  generally  diffused  than  the  magnetic,  and  none  superior  for  the  manu- 
facture of  iron.  It  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  being  attracted  readily  by  the  magnet,  and  also 
by  means  of  the  black  color  of  its  streak  or  powder,  which  is  some  shade  of  red  or  brown  hi 
hematite  and  limonite.  The  ore  when  pulverized  may  be  separated  from  earthy  impurities  by 
means  of  a  magnet,  and  machines  for  this  purpose  are  in  use. 

Named  from  the  loc.  Magnesia,  bordering  on  Macedonia.  But  Pliny  favors  Nicander's  derivation 
from  Magnes,  who  first  discovered  it,  as  the  fable  runs,  by  finding,  on  taking  his  herds  to  pasture, 
that  the  nails  of  his  shoes  and  the  iron  ferrule  of  his  staff  adhered  to  the  ground. 

Alt.— By  deoxydation  through  organic  matter  changed  to  protoxyd,  which  may  become  a  car- 
bonate or  siderite.  By  oxydation  becomes  sesquioxyd  of  iron  or  hematite. 

Artif.— Formed  in  crystals  by  the  action  of  chlorhydric  acid  on  the  sesquioxyd  heated,  produ. 
a  partial  deoxydation  (Deville) ;  by  decomposition  of  the  sesquioxyd  with  boracic  acid 
and  Caron,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  IV.  v.  108). 

1 85 A.  Dimagnetite  of  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiii.  392)  appears  to  be  a  magnetite  pseudomorpn. 
The  slender  rhombic  prisms  occur  upon  a  surface  which  is  covered  with  small  cut 
dodecahedrons,  and  cubo-dodecahedrons  of  magnetite,  and  some  small  irregular  cavitu 
dimagnetite  crystals  contain  similar  crystals ;  moreover  no  difference  of  lustr 
fractured  surface  of  the  magnetite  and  dimagnetite.     The  species  imitated  in  the  pse 
probably  Lievrite.     The  angle  of  the  prism  varies  between  110 3  and  115  ,  accc 
author's  measurements  (Shepard  gives  the  angle  130°).      One  crystal  gave  approxim 
and  70C ;  another  114°  20'  and  65°  40' ;  another  1 12°  and  68°,  and  the  obtuse  edge _  was  bevelled 
in  this  last  crystal  by  planes  (z-2)  inclined  to  the  larger  ones  at  an  angle 
faces  are  even  but  not  very  bright.    From  Monroe,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y. 


152  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


187.  MAGNESIOFERRITE.    Magnoferrit  Eamm.,  Pogg.,  cvii.  451,  1859.    Magneferrit 
Kenng.,  Ueb.  J.,  1859,  98,  1860. 

Isometric.     In  octahedrons,  and  octahedrons  with  truncated  edges  (f.  8). 
H.=6— 6*5.     G.  =  4-568— i'654.     Lustre,  color,  and  streak  as  in  mag- 
netite.    Strongly  magnetic. 

Comp. — Mg  J?e=Magnesia  20,  oxyd  of  iron  80=100;  but  the  crystals  usually  intersected  by 
hematite  in  innumerable  very  thin  lamina?,  parallel  to  the  octahedral  faces.  Analyses  :  1-5, 
Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  cvii.  451,  Min.  Chem.,  160): 

£e  Mg          Cu 

1.  Vesuvius,  erupt,  of '55        86'96        12-58       — 99'54 

2.  "                 "  85*00  13-69  0'60  =  99'29 

3.  "                 "  85-05  13-95         1-01  =  100-01 

4.  "  older  erupt.  84-20  16-00  =  100'20 

5.  "                 "  84-35  15-65  =100 

Regarding  a  fourth  of  the  sesquioxyd  of  iron  as  a  mixture,  the  results  give  Rammelsberg  the 
above  formula.  For  the  purpose  of  analysis,  the  magnesioferrite  was  separated  from  the  mixed 
hematite  by  means  of  a  magnet. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  like  hematite.     Difficultly  soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Formed  about  the  fumaroles  of  Vesuvius,  and  especially  those  of  the  eruption  of  1855, 
as  observed  by  Scacchi,  who  particularly  described  the  crystals  and  their  associations.  The  lamina? 
of  hematite  intersecting  the  octahedrons  have  rhombohedral  planes  on  their  edges.  Crystals  of 
hematite  occur  at  the  same  fumaroles. 

Rammelsberg  first  detected  the  magnesian  nature  of  the  crystals,  and,  in  allusion  to  it,  named 
the  species  magnoferriie.  But  rtiagno  has  its  own  different  signification  in  Latin ;  and  the  word 
should  be  magnesioferrite. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  heating  together  3Pe  and  Mg,  and  subjecting  to  the  action  of 
chlorhydric  acid  vapor  (Deville). 

188.  FRANKLINITE.    Berihier,  Ann.  d.  M.,  iv.  489,  1819. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes:  1,  /,  0,  2,  2-2.  Figs.  2,  7,  8,  common. 
Cleavage  :  octahedral,  indistinct.  Also  massive,  coarse  or  fine  granular  to 
compact. 

H.=5-5— 6-5.  G. =5-069,  Thomson  ;  5'091,  Haidinger.  Lustre  metallic. 
Color  iron-black.  Streak  dark  reddish-brown.  Opaque.  Fracture  con- 
choids!. Brittle.  Acts  slightly  on  the  magnet. 

Comp.— (Fe,  2n,  Mn),  (Pe,  Mn).  Analyses:  1,  Berthier  (L  c.);  2,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  438);  8, 
Abich  (Pogg.,  xxiii.  342) ;  4,  5,  G.  J.  Dickerson  (C.  T.  Jackson's  Rep.  on  N.  J.  zinc  mines) ;  6,  G-. 
J.  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxix.  371) ;  7,  Steffens  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xix.  463) ;  8,  J.  A.  Dahlgren  (ib.) ;  9, 
Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  cvii.  312);  10,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcviii.  129): 

£e        Mn        2n 

1.  New  Jersey         66         16         17=99  Berthier. 

2.  66-10  '  14-96  17-43,  Si  0'20,  fi  0-56=99-25  Thomson. 

3.  68-88  18-17  10-81,   "  0'40,  £l  0'73=98'99  Abich. 

4.  66-OT  12-24  21-39,  "  0'29=100  Dickerson. 

5.  66-12  11-99  21-77,  "  0-13=100  Dickerson. 

6.  65-05  14-77  23'30,  insol.  0-30=103-12  Brush. 

7.  66-08  12-24  21*40,  Si  0'28=  100  Steffens. 

8.  66-11  11-99  21-77,   "  0-13=100  Dahl. 

9.  64-51  13-51  25-30=103-52  Ramm. 

10.  66-20     12-42     21'00,  £l  0'80=100'42  Kobell. 

Von  Kobell  states  that  the  magnetic  character  of  the  mineral  shows  that  the  iron  is  partly  prpt- 
oxyd;  and  he  deduces  from  his  analysis  (1.  c.),  for  the  most  probable  composition,  Fe  58-36,  3fn 


ANHYDROUS   OXYDS. 


153 


7-75  XI  0-80,  Fe  7'06  Mn  3-48,  2n  21,  with  mixed  &n  0-79=99-24,  corresponding  to  the  formula 
Mn  Mn+2  Fe  Fe  +  5  Zn  Fe=Sesquioxyd  of  iron  58-99,  id.  of  manganese  8-32,  protoxyd  of  iron 
7-58,  id.  of  manganese  3*74,  oxyd  of  zinc  21-37  =  100.  Rammelsberg,  in  his  most  recent  paper 
(Pogg.,  cxxx.  146,  1867)  adopts  essentially  the  same  view.  The  evolution  of  chlorine  in  the  treatment 
of  the  mineral  is  attributed  by  v.  Kobell  to  the  presence  of  a  little  Mn  (0-80  p.  c.)  as  mixture 
which  Rammelsberg  observes  may  have  come  from  the  oxydation  of  some  of  the  protoxyd  of  man- 
ganese. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.  "With  borax  in  O.P.  gives  a  reddish  amethystine  bead  (manganese), 
and  in  R.F.  this  becomes  bottle-green  (iron).  With  soda  gives  a  bluish-green  manganate,  and  on 
charcoal  a  faint  coating  of  oxyd  of  zinc,  which  is  much  more  marked  when  a  mixture  of  borax  and 
soda  is  used.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid,  with  evolution  of  a  small  amount  of  chlorine. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  cubic  crystals  near  Eibach  in  Nassau ;  in  amorphous  masses  at  Altenberg,  near 
Aix  la  Chapelle. 

Abundant  at  Hamburg,  N.  J.,  near  the  Franklin  furnace  (whence  the  name  of  the  species),  with 
red  oxyd  of  zinc  and  garnet,  in  granular  limestone ;  also  at  Stirling  Hill,  in  the  same  region,  where 
it  is  associated  with  willemite.  in  a  large  vein,  in  which  cavities  occasionally  contain  crystals  from 
one  to  four  inches  in  diameter. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  action  of  perchlorid  of  iron  and  chlorid  of  zinc  on  lime,  with  heat 
(Daubree). 


189.  CHROMITE.  Fer  chromate  alumine  (fr.  Var)  Vauq.,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  1800,  55,  57. 
Eisenchrom  (fr.  Ural)  Meder,  Crell's  Ann.,  1798,  i.  500  ;  Karst.,  Tab.,  56.  79,  1800,  74,  1808.  Fer 
chromate  H.,  Tr.,  iv.  1801.  Chromate  of  Iron,  Chromic  Iron,  Chromiron.  Chromsaures  Eiseii, 
Chromeisenstein,  Germ.  Eisenchrome  JBeud.,  1832.  Siderochrome  Huot,  L  287,  1841.  Chro- 
moferrite  Chapm.,  Min.,  1843.  Chromit  Haid.,  Handb.,  550,  1845. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons  (f.  2).  Commonly  massive;  structure  fine 
granular,  or  compact. 

EL  —  5-5.  Gr.=4-321,  crystals,  Thomson;  4'498,  a  variety  from  Styria ; 
4-568,  Texas,  Pa.  Lustre  submetallic.  Streak  brown.  Color  between 
iron-black  and  brownish-black.  Opaque.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
Sometimes  magnetic. 

Comp.— Fe  £r,  or  (Fe,  Mg,  Cr)  (£l,  f  e,  £r).  Fe  £r=0xyd  of  iron  32,  oxyd  of  chromium  68 
^-100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Seybert  (Am.  J.  ScL,  iv.  321);  3,  4,  Abieh  (Pogg.,  xxiii.  335);  6,  6, 
Laugier  (Ann.  Mus.  d'Hist.  K,  vi.);  7,  8,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Logan's  Rep.  G.,  Canada,  1849);  9,  Moberg 
(J.  pr.  Oh.,  xliii.  119);  10,  A.  Rivot  (Ann.  Oh.  Phys.,  III.  xxx.  202);  11,  C.  Bechi  (Am.  J.  ScL  II. 
xiv.  62) ;  12,  13,  Starr  and  Garrett  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xiv.  45) : 

Si 

2-90=99-32  Seybert. 
10-60=99-11  Seybert. 

0-83=98-25  Abich. 
=99-45  Abich. 

1-    Mn  1  =  100  Laugier. 

4-83=98-95  Laugier 

=99-81  Hunt. 

=100-46  Hunt. 

0-91  =  101-01  Moberg 

2-21  ft  Ca  2-02=99-60  Rivot. 

4-75=100-65  Bechi. 

0-62,  fti  0-10  Starr. 
"  2-28  Garrett. 


1.  Chester  Co.,  Pa. 

2.  Baltimore 

3.  "         massive 

4.  "          crysL 

5.  Siberia 

6.  Roraas 

7.  Bolton,  Canada 

8.  L.  Memphramagog 

9.  Beresof 

10.  Baltimore 

11.  Volterra,  Tuscany 

12.  Chester,  Pa. 

13.  Texas,  Pa. 


Fe 

Mg 

<Br 

XI 

35-14 

______ 

51-56 

9-72 

36-00 



39-51 

13-00 

18-97 

9-96 

44-91 

13-85 

20-13 

7-45 

60-04 

11-85 

24- 



53- 

11- 

25-66 

5-36 

54-08 

9-02 

35-68 

15-03 

45-90 

3-20 

21-28 

18-13 

49-75 

11-30 

18-42 

6-68 

64-17 

10-83 

30-04 



63-37 

1-95 

33-93 



42-13 

19-84 

38-95 



60-84 

0-93 

38-66 



63-38 



»  With  some  titanic  acid  ? 

In  Moberg's  analysis  the  chromium  is  supposed  to  be  partly  protoxyd,  jp ™*  *^|^*k  <?e, 
Mg,  Cr)  (<3r,  Xl).     Garrett's  analysis  of  the  Texas  ore  corresponds  to  F< 
NHPe  7-15.     In  grains  that  were  magnetic,  Garrett  found  £r  41-55,  £e  62-02,  bi  1  25,  correspon 
ing  to  Fe  £r  61-07  +Fe  £e  38*64  + Si  1-25=100'96  (loc.  cit). 


154:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  O.F.  infusible ;  in  TJ.F.  slightly  rounded  on  the  edges,  and  becomes  magnetic. 
"With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  beads,  which,  while  hot,  show  only  a  reaction  for  iron, 
but  on  cooling  become  chrome-green ;  the  green  color  is  heightened  by  fusionon  charcoal  with 
metallic  tin. 

Not  acted  upon  by  acids,  but  decomposed  by  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  potash  or  soda. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  serpentine,  forming  veins,  or  in  imbedded  masses.  It  assists  in  giving  the 
variegated  color  to  verde-antique  marble. 

Occurs  in  the  Gulsen  mountains,  near  Kraubat  in  Syria ;  in  crystals  in  the  islands  of  Unst  and 
Fetlar,  hi  Shetland ;  in  the  province  of  Drontheim  in  Norway ;  in  the  Department  du  Var  in 
France;  in  Silesia  and  Bohemia;  abundant  in  Asia  Minor  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  vii.  285);  in  the 
Eastern  and  Western  Urals ;  in  New  Caledonia,  affording  ore  for  commerce. 

At  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  the  Bare  Hills,  in  large  quantities  in  veins  or  masses  in  serpentine ;  also 
in  Montgomery  Co.,  6  m.  north  of  the  Potomac ;  at  Cooptown,  Harford  Co.,  and  in  the  north  part 
of  Cecil  Co.,  Md.  In  Pennsylvania,  in  "W.  Goshen  (crystals),  Nottingham,  Mineral  Hill,  and  else- 
where ;  Chester  Co.,  near  Union ville,  abundant ;  at  "Wood's  Mine,  near  Texas,  Lancaster  Co., 
very  abundant.  Massive  and  in  crystals  at  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  in  serpentine  and  dolomite ;  in  the 
south-western  part  of  the  town  of  New  Fane,  and  in  Jay,  Troy,  and  Westfleld,  Yt. ;  Chester  and 
Blanford,  Mass. ;  on  I.  a  Vache,  near  San  Domingo;  at  Bolton  and  Ham,  Canada  East.  In  Cali- 
fornia, in  Monterey  Co. ;  also  Santa  Clara  Co.,  near  the  N.  Almaden  mine. 

This  ore  affords  the  oxyd  of  chrome,  used  in  painting,  etc.  The  ore  employed  in  England  is 
obtained  mostly  from  Baltimore,  Drontheim,  and  the  Shetland  Isles;  it  amounts  to  about  2,000 
tons  annually. 

IRTTE  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxiii.  276,  1841,  was  described  by  Hermann  as  occurring  in  the 
Urals  in  black  shining  octahedrons,  with  G.  =  6'506,  and  as  consisting  of  Iridium  56*04,  osmium 
9-53,  iron  9-72,  chromium  9*40,  traces  of  manganese,  with  a  loss  of  15'25,  which  he  reckoned  as 
oxygen.  But  Glaus  has  shown  that  the  mineral  is  only  a  mixture  of  iridosmine,  chromite,  etc., 
and  sustains  this  by  a  mechanical  examination  of  the  substance  obtained  by  Hermann's  method 
of  separation  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxx.  285). 


190.  URANINITE.  Schwarz  Beck-Erz  (fr.  Joach.)  Briickm.,  Magn.  Dei,  204,  1727.  Beck- 
Blander::  Pseudogalena  picea  pt.  [rest  (?  all)  pitch-like  Zinc-blende]  Wall,  249,  1747. ,  Swart 
Blende ^Pechblende  (fr.  Saxony,  etc.)  pt.  [id.]  Cronst.,  198,  1758.  Pseudogalena  nigra  com- 
pacta,  Pechblende  (fr.  Joach.  and  Joh.),  De  Born,  Lithoph.,  133,  1772.  Pechblende,  Eisen- 
pecherz  [put  under  Iron  Ores]  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789.  Urauerz  (fr.  Joach.)  Klapr.,  Mem.  Ac. 
Berl.,  1786-87,  160,  pub.  in  1792,  Beitr.,  ii.  197,  1797  (discov.  of  metal  uranium).  Pecherz 
Karst.,  Tab.,  56,  1800.  Urane  oxydule  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Uranpecherz,  Pechuran,  Germ.  Pitch- 
blende, Protoxyd  of  Uranium.  Uranatemnite  Chapm.,  Pract.  Min.,  148,  1853.  Uranin  Haid., 
Handb.,  549,  1845. 

Schweruranerz  (fr.  Przibram)  Breith.,  Handb.,  903,  1847.  Coracite  (fr.  L.  Sup.)£e  Conte,  Am- 
J.  Sci.,  II.  iii.  117,  173,  1847.  Kristallisirtes  Uranpecherz  (fr.  Norway)  Th.  Scheerer,  Pogg., 
Ixxii.  570,  1847=Uranoniobit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxvi.  326,  1859. 

Isometric.  Observed  forms :  f.  2,  Y,  8.  Usually  massive  and  botryoidal ; 
also  in  grains :  structure  sometimes  columnar,  or  curved  lamellar. 

H.=5'5.  G.=6'4— 8.  Lustre  submetallic,  to  greasy  or  pitch-like,  and 
dull.  Color  grayish,  greenish,  brownish,  velvet-black.  Streak  brownish- 
black,  grayish,  olive-green,  a  little  shining.  Opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal, 
uneven. 

Comp.,  Var. — U  t?,  Kamm.= Protoxyd  of  uranium  32'1,  sesquioxyd  67-9=100;  but  analyses 
vary  much  in  their  results  through  mixtures  with  other  substances. 

Var.  1.  Crystallized.  Color  pure  black ;  G.  =  6'7l.  Occurs  in  Norway.  It  is  Hermann's  Urano- 
nidbite. 

2.  Ordinary  massive.  G.=6"4— 7-0.  Breithaupt  found  in  11  trials  of  the  ore  from  Joh  ann- 
georgenstadt  and  Schueeberg  (the  heaviest  from  the  latter  place)  G.=6'44— 6'934,  with  one  at 
5-625.  A  specimen  from  the  former  locality  gave  F.  Marian  7'08  — 7-23  ;  and  one  from  Joachimsthal 
gave  Hermann  (anaL  5)  6*97.  The  Przibram  ore  (Schweruranerz)  gave  Breithaupt,  in 4 trials,  G.= 
7-968-8-025. 


ANHYDROUS    OXYDS.  155 

3.   Coratite.  ^  Coracite  is  probably  pitchblende  mixed  with  some  gummite  (the  hydrous  ore)     It 
is  pitch-black  in  color,  and  affords  a  grayish  powder;  G.=4'378,  Le  Conte.   In  Whitney's  analysis 
(No.  8)  he  obtained  15-92  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  lime,  which  accounts  for  the  low  specific  eravih 
The  lime  was  separated  by  Geuth,  as  far  as  possible,  before  making  his  analysis  (No  9)     Genth 
found  the  oxygen  ratio  for  the  U  and  £  nearly  1  to  4 

Haidinger's  name  is  retained  for  the  species,  with  the  addition  of  the  terminal  syllable  tie 
Chapman's  has  precedence;  but  it  is  badly  made,  its  derivation  requiring  the  form  Uranatomite  • 
and  moreover,  until  crystals  are  known  and  found  to  be  without  cleavage,  or  until  crystals  are 
proved  to  be  an  impossibility,  it  cannot  be  asserted  that  the  species  is  uncleavdbk. 

Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  ii.  197);  2,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  lix.  35,  and  Min.  Ch.,  175)-  3 
Theyer  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  175);  4,  Ebelmen  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  1843,  498);  5,  Hermann  (J.  pr.Ch.' 
Ixxvi.  326);  6,  Pfaff  (Schw.  J.,  xxxv.  326);  7,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  1853,  197);  8,  Whit- 
ney (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  vii.  434) ;  9,  Genth  (ib.,  xxiii.  421) ;  10,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  IxxiL  561)  : 

US      Fe      Ca     Mg       Si 

1.  Joachimsthal        86'5       2'5      5-0,  Pb  S  6-0=100  Klaproth. 

2.  79-15     3-90     2-81     0'46     5-30,  Pb  6-20,  As  1-12,  Bi  0'65,  H  0-36=99'61R. 

3.  68-51     5-70     2-17     0'22     3'50,  Pb  6'57,  S  1'75,  Cu  3'95,  Zn  0-70,  Bi  0'52, 

As  4-36,  C  2-14=100-39  Theyer. 

4.  75-94    3-10     5-24    2'07     3'48,  Pb  4-22,  S  0-60,  Mn  0-82,  Na  0-25,  C  3-32, 

H  1-85=100-89  Ebelmen. 

5.  81-21  3Pe  1-88  5'78     0'41     2-45,  Pb  0'74,  Pb  S  2'84,  Xl  0'33  Bi  1-23,  Mn 

0-14,  H  2-59  Hermann. 

6.  J-Georgenstadt     84-52     8'24   2-02,  Pb  S  4-20,  Co  1-14=  100*12  Pfaff. 

7.  Przibram  80'52     2-86     2'97     0'64     1-79,  Pb  6'07,  S  1'18,  Sb  2*09,  C  0'89,  H  0-48= 

9  9 '49  Hauer. 

8.  Coracite  72-60     2'74     5-99    5-33,  Pb  6'56,  3tl  MO,  fl  5'68=100  Whitney. 

9.  "  62-68  ffe  3.;51  5-33     0'56  1S'152  Pb  7:39,  £l  0'52,  C,  H  6-14=99-28  Genth. 
10.  Norway,  Uranoni  76'6  Pb,  Ob,  Si  15-6,  Mn  1-0,  H  4-1,  insol.  and  loss  2-7  Scheerer. 

Scheerer,  in  anal.  5,  obtained  &  52'37,  and  U  28-84 ;  and  Genth,  in  anal.  9,  g  46*21,  and  U 16-47. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible,  or  only  slightly  rounded  on  the  edges,  sometimes  coloring  the  outer 
flame  green  (copper).  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  yellow  bead  in  O.F.,  becoming 
green  in  R.F.  (uranium).  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  a  coating  of  oxyd  of  lead,  and  frequently 
the  odor  of  arsenic.  Many  specimens  give  reactions  for  sulphur  and  arsenic  in  the  open  tube. 
Soluble  in  nitric  acid.  Not  attractable  by  the  magnet. 

Obs. — Uraninite  accompanies  various  ores  of  silver  and  lead  at  Johanngeorgenstadt,  Marien- 
berg,  and  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  at  Joachimsthal  and  Przibram  in  Bohemia,  and  Retzbanya  in 
Hungary.  It  is  associated  with  torbernite  at  Tincroft  and  Tolcarn  mines  near  Redruth  in  Corn- 
wall; also  near  Adrianople,  Turkey;  at  the  Middletown  feldspar  quarry,  in  octahedrons  withtrun- 
edges,  according  to  Shepard. 

Coracite  is  from  about  90  m.  above  Sault  St.  Marie,  on  the  north  side  of  L.  Superior. 

Very  valuable  in  porcelain  painting,  affording  an  orange  color  in  the  enamelling  fire,  and  a  black 
color  in  that  in  which  the  porcelain  is  baked.  A  laboratory  has  been  opened  at  Joachimsthal, 
where  the  ore  is  converted  into  uranate  of  soda  for  use. 

Alt.— The  hydrous  ore  called  gummite  occurs  as  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  this  species ;  also 
uranic  ochre. 


191.  CHRYSOBERYL.     [Not  Chrysoberyl  (=var.  Beryl)  of  the  Ancients.]    Krisoberil  Wern., 
Bergm.  J.,  373,  387,  1789 ;  84,  1790.     Chrysoberyll  Karsten,  Lenz,  etc.    Cymophane  H.,  J.  de 
M.,  iv.  5,  1798.     Alexandrite  Nbrdenskiold,  Schr.  Min.  Ges.,  St.  Petersb.,  1842.    Alaunerde 
Kieselerde  Klap.,  Beitr.,  i.  97,  1795  ;  Arfuedson,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1822.    Aluminate  of  Glucina, 
mainly,  Seybert,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  viii.  105,  1824;  Bergemann,  De  Chrys.,  Gott,  1826. 

Orthorhombic.  /A 7=129°  38',  0  A  1-S=129°  1';  a  :  I  :j?=l-2285  :  1 
:  2-1267.  Observed  planes :  vertical,  i-i,  i-i,  i-%,  *-2,  i-&,  nf  5  ^°™e*}  H» 
1-*,  14,  34  (only  as  a  composition-face) ;  octahedral,  1,  1-5,  2-2,  <  b-6  (e,  1. 
152),  2-2. 


156 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


i-i  A  i-2= 133  13J 
£*  A  2-2 =126  8 


**  A  1=136°  52'  1 A  1,  ov.  14,=73°  3' 

*iA2-2=128  52  lAl,  front, =139  53 

14  A  14,  top, =119  46  i-1  A  14=90 

34  A  34,  ov.  *'4,=120  13  i-i  A  14=120  7 


151 


154 


Norway,  Me. 


Alexandrite. 


Haddam. 


Haddam. 


155A  Plane  i-i  vertically  striated;  and 

sometimes  also  i-\  and  other  vertical 
planes.  Cleavage :  14  quite  distinct ; 
i-i  imperfect;  ^4  more  so.  Twins: 
composition-face  34,  as  in  f.  153, 155A, 
made  up  of  6  parts  by  the  crossing  of 
3  crystals,  united  along  the  d6tted 
line,  as  shown  by  the  striae,  the  forms 
either  stellate,  or  simply  hexagonal 
pyramids  with  truncated  summits; 

Haddam.  also  (2)  conjointly^  34   and  i-i,    as 

in  f.  154,  155,  each  made  by  the  crossing  of  3  pairs  of  twins,  each  sector  a 
pair  twinned  by  34,  and  united  to  the  next  pair  by  i-i. 

H.  =  8*5.  G.  =  3'5— 3*84.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  asparagus-green, 
grass-green,  emerald-green,  greenish- white,  and  yellowish-green ;  sometimes 
raspberry  or  columbine-red  by  transmitted  light.  Streak  uncolored.  Trans- 
parent— translucent.  Sometimes  a  bluish  opalescence  internally.  Fracture 
conchoidal,  uneven. 

Var.  1.  Ordinary. — Color  pale  green,  being  colored  by  iron.  G.=3'597,  Haddam;  3'734, 
Brazil;  3*689,  Ural,  Rose;  3*835,  Orenburg,  Kokscharof. 

2.  Alexandrite. — Color  emerald-green,  but  columbine-red  by  transmitted  light  G.=3'644,  mean 
of  results,  Kokscharof.  Supposed  to  be  colored  by  chrome.  Crystals  often  very  large,  and  in 
twins,  like  fig.  153,  either  six-sided  or  sprayed. 

Comp. — Be  £l= Alumina  80-2,  glucina  19-8=100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  3,  Avdeief  (Poo-g.,  Ivi. 
118);  4,  5,  Damour(Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  vii.  173): 

£l  Be  !Fe 

I.Brazil  7810  17-94  4-47  =  100-51  Avdejef;  G.=3'7337. 

2        "  78-71  18-06  3-47  =  100-24         " 

3.  Ural  7892  18-02  3-12,  £r  0-36,  Cu  and  Pb  0-29  =  100-71  Avdejef. 

4.  Haddam,  Ct.      76-02  18-41 ,  3Pe  4'51,  quartz  0-49  =  99-43  Damour. 

5.  "  75-43         17*93        ,    "   4'06,       "      0'96=98'38         " 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  alone  unaltered;  with  soda,  the  surface  is  merely  rendered  dull.  With  borax 
or  salt  of  phosphorus  fuses  with  great  difficulty.  With  cobalt  solution,  the  powdered  mineral 


ANHYDROUS   OXYDS. 


157 


gives  a  bluish  color.     G.  hardly  changed  by  heating;   before  3-84,   after  3'833.    No  action 
with  acids. 

Obs.— In  Brazil  and  also  Ceylon,  in  rolled  pebbles,  in  the  alluvial  deposits  of  rivers ;  at  March- 
endorf  in  Moravia ;  in  the  Ural,  85  versts  from  Katherinenburg,  in  mica  slate  with  beryl  and 
plenacite,  the  variety  Alexandrite,  of  emerald-green  color,  columbine-red  by  transmitted  light;  in 
the  Oreuberg  district,  S.  Ural,  yellow ;  in  the  Mourne  Mts.,  Ireland ;  at  Haddam,  Ct.,  in  granite 
traversing  gneiss,  with  tourmaline,  garnet,  beryl,  automolite,  and  colnmbite ;  in  the  same  rock  at 
Greenfield  near  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  with  tourmaline,  garnet,  and  apatite ;  Orange  Summit,  Vt.,  in  gran- 
ite at  the  deep  cut  of  the  northern  railroad ;  Norway,  Me.,  in  granite  with  garnet  (Verrill). 

When  transparent,  and  of  sufficient  size,  chrysoberyl  is  cut  with  facets,  and  forms  a  beautiful 
yellowish-green  gem.  If  opalescent,  it  is  usually  cut  en  cdbochon. 

Chrysoberyl  is  from  xptaos,  golden,  /^piA^oy,  beryl.  Cymophane,  from  ™//«,  wave,  and  <pniva),  ap- 
pear, alludes  to  a  peculiar  opalescence  the  crystal  sometimes  exhibits.  Alexandrite  is  after  the 
Czar  of  Russia,  Alexander  I. 

On  Cryst.,  see  B.  &  M. ;  Kokscharof,  Min.  Eussl.,  iv. ;  Hessenb.,  Min.  Not.,  iv.  Fig.  152  is 
natural  size,  from  a  crystal  belonging  to  A.  E.  Verrill.  Chrysoberyl  has  very  distinct  cleavage 
parallel  to  1-!,  which  appears  to  show  that  14  is  the  true  vertical  prism  as  made  in  the  last  edition 
of  this  work,  although  34  is  the  twinning-plane.  But,  for  the  sake  of  the  simpler  notation,  the 
position  given  the  crystals  by  other  authors  is  here  adopted. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  exposing  to  a  high  heat  a  mixture  of  6  of  alumina,  I'fi2  glucina, 
and  5*0  boric  acid  (Ebelmen) ;  by  putting  a  mixture  of  fluorid  of  glucinum  and  fluorid  of  alumi- 
num, in  the  proportions  of  their  equivalents,  in  a  carbon  crucible,  and  at  the  centre  of  the  fluorids 
a  small  carbon  crucible  with  a  little  fused  boric  acid,  and  heating  for  some  hours  (Devifle  and 
Caron),  the  process  yielding  fine  crystals  easily. 


4.  DEUTOXYDS. 

192.  CASSITERITE.  Ore  of  the  Kaaairtpos  of  the  Greeks  (Herod.,  etc.),  and  of  the  Plumbum 
album  ofPlin.,  xxxiv.,  47,  etc. ;  not  of  the  Stannum  [=a  pewter-like  alloy]  of  Plin.  Zinusteu, 
Stannum  ferro  et  arsenico  min.,  Wall,  Min.,  303,  1747.  Mine  d'Etain,  Fr.  Trl  Wall.,  1753. 
Tin  Ore,  Tin  Stone.  Zinnstein,  Zinnerz,  Germ.  Stannum  calciforme  (Oxyd  of  Tin)  JBergm., 
Opusc.,  ii.  436,  1780;  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  ii.  245, 1797.  Etain  oxyde  Fr.  Cassiterite  Bead.,  ii.  618, 
1832.  Kassiterit  Germ. 

Tetragonal.     0  A  l-fc!46°  5';  0=0-6724     Observed  planes:  vertical, 
/?  i-^  i-^  i-%  ;  octahedrons,  f ,  1,  | ;  zirconoids,  3-f ,  1-3,  7-£. 

158 


156 


157 


0  A  1=136°  26' 
0  A  f=112  49 
0  A  1-3 =144  40 


0  A  3-|=1120  25' 

1  A  1,  pyr.,  =  121  40 

1  A  1,  bas.,=87  7 


/A  1=133°  34' 
-aAl-a,  pyr.,=133  31 
/  A  £= 168  42 


158 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Cleavage:  /  and  i-i  hardly  distinct.  Twins:  f.  158,  composition-face 
1-i ;  producing  often  complex  forms  through  the  many  modifying  planes ; 
sometimes  repeated  parallel  to  all  the  eight  planes  1--&;  also  f.  159,  a 
metagenic  twin.  Often  in  reniform  shapes,  structure  fibrous  divergent ; 
also  massive,  granular  or  impalpable. 

H.— 6— 7.  G.=6'4— T'l.  Lustre  adamantine,  and 
crystals  usually  splendent.  Color  brown  or  black ;  some- 
times red,  gray,  white,  or  yellow.  Streak  white,  grayish, 
brownish.  Nearly  transparent — opaque.  Fracture  sub- 
conchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  Tin-stone.  In  crystals  and  massive.  G.  of  ordinary 
cryst  6-96  ;  of  colorless,  from  Tipuani  R.,  Bolivia,  6'832,  Forbes ;  of  honey- 
yellow,  from  Oruro,  6'704,  id. ;  of  very  pure  crystals  from  Carabuco,  6 -4,  id. ; 
of  black  cryst.  fr.  Tipuani,  7-021,  id. 

2.   Wood  Tin  (Holz-Zinn  Germ.).      In  botryoidal  and  reniform  shapes, 
concentric  in  structure,  and  radiated  fibrous  internally,  although  very  com- 
pact, with  the  color  brownish,  of  mixed  shades,  looking  somewhat  like  dry 
wood  in  its  colors.     Toad's-eye  tin  is  the  same,  on  a  smaller  scale.    G-.  of  one 
variety  6-514.     Excellent  figs,  in  Rashleigh's  Brit.  Min.,  1797. 
Stream  tin  is  nothing  but  the  ore  in  the  state  of  sand,  as  it  occurs  along  the  beds  of  streams  or 
in  the  gravel  of  the  adjoining  region.     It  has  been  derived  from  tin  veins  or  rocks,  through  the 
wear  and  decomposition  of  the  rocks  and  transportation  by  water. 

Comp.— Sn=Tin  78-67,  oxygen  21-33—100.  Analyses:  1,  Berzelius  (Afh.,  iv.  164);  2, 
Mallet  (J.  G-.  Soc.  Dubl.,  iv.  272);  3,  Bergemann  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1857,  395);  4,  5,  D.  Forbes  (Phil. 
Mag.,  IV.  xxx.  140) : 


1.  Finbo 

2.  Wicklow,  Ireland 

3.  Xeres,  Mexico 

4.  Tipuani,  Bolivia,  bnh. 

5.  "  "        black 


Sn  fa  3Pe      Mn 

93-6  2-4  1-4      0-8 

95-26  —  2-41      — 

89-43  —  6-63      — 

91-81  —          1-02 

91-80  —  2-69      — 


Si        2tl 

=98*2  Berzelius.  , 

0-84     Mallet.     G.  =r6'753. 

2-21     1-20  Bergem.     G.  =  6'862. 
6-48     0-73  — 100-04  Forbes. 

5-51      =100  Forbes.      G.=7'021. 


Crystals  from  Carabuco,  Bolivia,  afforded  Kroeber  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxx.  141)  76-805  p.  c.  of  tin 
(equivalent  to  97'8  p.  c.  of  oxyd),  with  iron  2*18,  silver  0*015,  tungstic  acid  0'02,  lead  0'25, 
and  1-74  of  water.  (The  analysis  is  stated  to  have  afforded  19-534  of  oxygen,  which  is  not 
enough  for  the  tin  alone  found.)  The  Tenebra  ore  contains  from  2  to  5  p.  c.  of  columbic  and 
tantalic  acids.  Vauquelin  obtained  9  p.  c.  of  sesquioxyd  of  iron  from  wood  tin. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  alone  unaltered.  On  charcoal  with  soda  reduced  to  metallic  tin,  and  gives  a 
white  coating.  With  the  fluxes  sometimes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese,  and  more 
rarely  for  tantalic  acid.  Only  slightly  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Tin  ore  is  met  with  in  veins  traversing  granite,  gneiss,  mica  schist,  chlorite  or  clay 
schist,  and  porphyry. 

Occurs  in  remarkable  crystals  in  Cornwall,  associated  with  fluor,  apatite,  topaz,  blende,  wolfram, 
etc.,  and  also  the  wood-tin  and  stream-tin;  in  Devonshire,  near  Tavistock  and  elsewhere:  Comity 
of  Wicklow,  Ireland ;  in  pseudomorphs  after  feldspar  at  Wheal  Coates,  near  St.  Agnes,  Cornwall ; 
singular  compound  crystals  in  Bohemia  and  Saxony,  the  twin  forms  from  Zinnwald  and  Schlack- 
enwald  often  weighing  several  pounds ;  at  Limoges  in  splendid  crystals ;  also  in  G-allicia ;  Green- 
land, with  cryolite  at  Evigtok;  Sweden,  ~  at  Finbo;  Finland,  at  Pitkaranta. 

In  the  E.  Indies,  on  Malacca,  Bauca,  Blitong  near  Borneo ;  in  the  Ovens  district,  and  in  some 
gullies  of  the  Strathbogie  ranges  in  Victoria,  Australia. 

In  Bolivia,  S.  A.,  in  the  gold  region  along  the  Tipuani  R. ;  at  Oruro  tin  mines ;  and  at  Carabuco, 
Bolivia;  in  Mexico,  at  Xeres  and  Durango. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Maine,  sparingly  at  Paris  and  Hebron:  in  Mass.,  at  Chesterfield  and 
Goshen,  a  few  crystals,  with  albite  and  tourmaline ;  in  N.  Hamp.',  at  Lyme,  and  somewhat  more 
abundantly  on  the  estate  of  Mr.  Eastman,  in  the  town  of  Jackson ;  in  Virginia,  sparingly  in 
some  gold  mines,  imbedded  in  a  talco-micaceous  slate ;  in  California,  in  San  Bernardino  Co.,  in 
Temescal  region ;  in  Idaho,  on  Jordan  creek,  near  Boonville. 

Stannite  Breith.  (Handb.  772,  1847),  an  amorphous,  pale  yellowish- white  substance,  from 
Cornwall,  with  H.=6'5,  G.=3'545,  has  been  regarded  as  a  pseudomorph  after  feldspar,  con- 


ANHYDROUS    OXYDS. 


159 


taining  much  oxyd  of  tin  as  a  mixture  with  the  other  ingredients.    Bischof  obtained  (Chera  G 
ii.  2026)  Si  51-57,  Sn  38-91,  £l  4-53,  £e  3'55,.  Ca  0'16,  ign.  0-43=99-15. 

On  cryst.,  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  vi. ;  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  and  Gadolin,  Pogg.,  ci.  637.  Nor- 
denskiold makes  the  angle  1  A  1  =  121°  42',  whence  a=0-6720.  According  to  Mr.  Gadolin  Pin- 
land  crystals  afford  also  the  planes  f,  7,  ^a-j-f,  Y4a,  H»  H,  Hi  1-3,  H,  t-V",  t-a,  i-fc  i-f,  i-£,  i-f 
«'-ioj  *-H>  *•*  i"  5  but  there  is  doubt  as  to  some  at  least  of  these  planes,  as  these  unusual  ratios 
were  determined  from  measured  angles  alone  and  not  through  zones. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  the  action  of  a  stream  of  muriatic  acid  gas  on  Sn  Oa  (Deville) ; 
by  action  of  steam  on  chlorid  or  fluorid  of  tin  (Daubree). 

192A.  AINALITB  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  (Finl.  Min.,  162,  1855,  26,  1863).  A  cassiterite  containing 
nearly  9  p.  c.  of  tantalic  acid.  Isomorphous  with  cassiterite,  and  presenting  the  planes  1,  l-i. 
H.  =  6 — 6*5 ;  G.=6'6 — 6'8.  Lustre  vitreous  to  adamantine  ;  color  black  to  grayish-black ;  streak 
light-brown ;  opaque.  Analysis  by  Nordenskiold : 

Sn  88-95  fa  8-78  £e  2'04  Cu  0-78=100-55 

From  Fennikoja  in  Somero,  Finland,  with  tantalite  and  beryl  in  albite. 

193.  RUTILE.  Schorl  rouge  de  Lisle,  Crist,  ii.  421,  1783;  v.  Born.  Cat.  de  Raab,  i.  168,  1790. 
Kother  Schorl  pt,  Titankalk,  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  i.  233,  1795  (discov.  of  metal  Titanium).  Red  Schorl 
Kirw.,  Min.,  i.  271,  1794;  Titanite,  id.,  ii.  329, 1796  [not  Titanite  Klapr.,  1794=Sphene].  Schorl 
rouge,.  Sagenite,  Saussure,  Alpes,  iv.  §  1894, 1796.  Crispite  (fr.  Crispalt,  St.  Gothard)  Delameth., 
T.  T.,  ii.  333,  1797.  Rutil  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig's  Wern,  i.  55,  1803.  Titane  oxyd<§  H.,  Tr.,  1801. 
Schwarzer  Granat  Lampadius,  Samml.,  ii.  119,  1797.  Eisenhaltiges  Titanerz  (fr.  Ohlapian) 
Klapr.,  Beitr.,  ii.,  235,  l797=Nigrin  Karst.,  Tab.,  56,  79,  1800.  Ilmenorutile  Kokscliarof,  Min. 
Russl.,  ii.  352,  1854. 

Tetragonal.  0  A  1-^=147°  12|',  &= 0'6442.  Observed  planes  :  vertical 
prisms,  /,  ^'-f ,  *-2,  ^'-3,  *-4,  *-7,  i-i  ;  octahedrons,  1,  2,  f,  1-^',  3-i  ;  zirconoids, 
1-3,  1-|,  3-f ;  base,  0,  not  common. 

161 


160 


Graves  Mtn.,  Ga. 
<9  A  1=137°  40' 

0  A  3-|=113  18 
0  A  1-3 =145  49 
lAl,  pyr.,=123  TJ 


/A  1=132    20 
/A  i- f=168    42 
Z"Ai-2=161    34 


7Vu-3=153°  26' 
i-i  A  ^-2=153    26 


i4  A  1=118   26 


160  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Cleavage :  1  and  i-i,  distinct ;  1,  in  traces.  Vertical  planes  usually  stri- 
ated. Crystals  often  acicular.  Twins  :  1,  composition-face  1-^',  either  (1) 
having  a  geniculation  at  the  centre  of  origin  of  the  crystal  (nearly  like  f.  50, 
or  f.  158  under  cassiterite) ;  or  (2)  having  commenced  as  a  simple  crystal, 
and  afterward  become  geniculated,  as  in  f.  161.  (A)  Usually  the  successive 
geniculations  take  place  in  a  common  plane,  that  is  by  those  faces  \-i  that 
lie  in  the  direction  of  the  same  diagonal ;  and  (a)  either  the  parts  at  the 
geniculations,  at  the  opposite  extremities,  resume  alternately  a  like  direc- 
tion, as  in  f.  159,  under  cassiterite,  p.  157  ;  or  the  direction  changes  succes- 
sively (f.  161),  the  extremities  finally  bending  into  one  another,  and  produc- 
ing at  times  when  thus  completed  an  inequilateral  hexagonal  prism  (f.  162) ; 
but  (B)  occasionally  the  twinned  commencement  (as  I,  II,  f.  163)  is  next 
geniculated  at  either  end  parallel  to  the  transverse  plane  l-i<  and  a  zig-zag 
Form  is  produced,  and  this  in  successive  alternations,  thence  resulting,  if  the 
twinning  begins  nearly  at,  or  at,  the  commencement  of  the  crystal,  in  the 
scalenohedral  form  in  f.  164,  which  consists  of  8  united  sectors.  [Fig.  163 
is  ideal  (from  G-.  Eose),  being  introduced  to  illustrate  the  form  in  f.  164.] 
2.  Composition-face  3-^,  making  a  wedge-shaped  crystal  consisting  of  two 
individuals.  3.  Composition-faces  \-i  and  3-i  in  the  same  crystal  (fr.  Mag- 
net Cove,  Hessenberg).  Occasionally  compact,  massive. 

H.=6— 6*5.  Gr.— 4'18— 4'25.  Lustre  metallic-adamantine.  Color  red- 
dish-brown, passing  into  red ;  sometimes  yellowish,  bluish,  violet,  black ; 
rarely  grass-green.  Streak  pale  brown.  Subtransparent — opaque.  Frac- 
ture subconchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp.,  Var. — Titanic  acid,  Ti= Oxygen  39,  titanium  61  =  100.  Sometimes  a  little  iron  is  present. 

Var.  1. —  Ordinary.  Brownish-red  and  other  shades,  not  black.  GT.  =4- 18— 4*22.  Transparent 
quartz  is  sometimes  penetrated  thickly  with  acicular  or  capillary  crystals,  and  this  variety  is  the 
Sagenite  (fr.  aa-y^n,  a  net),  also  named  Crispite.  Dark  smoky  quartz  penetrated  with  the  acicular 
rutile  is  apparently  the  Veneris  crinis  of  Pliny  (xxxvii.  69). 

2.  Ferriferous,     (a)  Nigrine.     Color  black,  whence  the  name.     Contains  2  to  3  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of 
iron.    But  as  ordinary  rutile  has  1  to  2  p.  c.,  the  distinction  is  very  small.     Gk=4  249,  fr.  Ohla- 
pian ;  4'242  fr.  Freiberg.     (b)  Ilmenorutile.    A  black  variety  from  the  Ilmen  Mts,  occurring  in  oc- 
tahedrons, containing  over  10  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  iron,  and  having  GT.  — 5'074—  5*133. 

3.  Chromiferous  (Titane  oxyde  chromifere  H.).     A  grass-green  variety,  containing  oxyd  of 
chrome,  which  gives  the  color. 

Analyses:  1,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  x.  417);  2,  H.  Eose  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixiii.  67,  Fogg.,  iii. 
166);  3,  Kersten  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii.  170);  4,  5,  Demoly  (Jahresb.,  1849,  728): 

1.  St.  Yrieix,  reddish       Ti  97'60     Pe  1-55=99-15  Damour.     G.=4'209. 

2.  "  "  98-47  1-53=10011.  Rose. 

3.  Freiberg,  nigrine  96-75  2'40a=99'15  Kersten.     G.=4-242. 

4.  Loc.  unknown  96-41  1-63,  Mn  0'13,  Si  1'83  =  100  Demoly. 

5.  "  96-45  1-62,     "    0'14,   "  0'79=  100  Demoly. 

a  In  part  at  least  magnetite,  which  may  be  separated  by  a  magnet. 

The  Ilmenorutile  consists  approximately,  according  to  Hermann  (1.  c.),  of  Ti  89*3,  3?e  10'7. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  colorless  bead,  which  in  R.F. 
assumes  a  violet  color  on  cooling.  Most  varieties  contain  iron,  and  give  a  brownish-yellow  or  red 
bead  in  R.F.,  the  violet  only  appearing  after  treatment  of  the  bead  with  metallic  tin  on  charcoal. 
Insoluble  in  acids ;  made  soluble  by  fusion  with  an  alkali  or  alkaline  carbonate.  The  solution 
containing  an  excess  of  acid,  with  the  addition  of  tin-foil,  gives  a  beautiful  violet-color  when  con- 
centrated. 

Obs. — Rutile  occurs  in  granite,  gneiss,  mica  slate,  and  syenitic  rocks,  and  sometimes  in  gran- 
ular limestone  and  dolomite.  It  is  generally  found  in  imbedded  crystals,  often  in  masses  of  quartz 
or  feldspar,  and  frequently  in  acicular  crystals  penetrating  quartz.  It  has  also  been  met  with  in 
hematite  and  ilmenite.  It  is  common  in  grains  or  fragments  in  many  auriferous  sands.  Occurs 
in  Arendal  and  Krageroe  in  Norway ;  at  Horrsjoberg,  Finland,  with  lazulite  and  kyanite ;  Saualpe, 
Carinthia ;  in  the  Urals ;  in  the  Tyrol ;  at  St.  Gothard ;  at  Yrieix,  in  France ;  Krummhenners- 


ANHYDROUS   OXYDS. 


161 


dorf.  near  Freiberg ;  in  Castile,  in  geniculated  crystals,  often  large ;  at  Ohlapian  in  Transylvania, 
nigrine  in  pebbles  ;  in  large  crystals  in  Perthshire,  Scotland ;  at  Crianlarick,  at  Craig  Calleachnear 
Killin,  and  on  Benygloe  ;  in  Donegal  Co.,  Ireland,  A  variety  from  Karingsbricka  in  Sweden  con- 
tains according  to  Ekeberg  (Ak.  H.,  Stockh.,  1803,  46),  3  p.  c.  of  chrome,  and  is  the  titane  oxyde 
chromifre  of  Haiiy ;  grass-green  needles,  supposed  to  be  chromiferous,  have  been  found  in  the  Swiss 
Alps.  The  Ilmenorutile  is  from  the  phenacite  and  topaz  mine  of  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  in  the  Urals. 
Rough  octahedrons,  reticulated  within,  from  Brazil,  are  supposed  to  be  pseudomorphs  after  anatase. 

In  Maine,  at  Warren,  along  with  tremolite  and  chalcopyrite.  In  N.  Hamp.,  sparingly  at 
Lyme,  with  tourmaline;  near  Hanover,  acicular  crystals  in  quartz,  only  in  loose  masses.  In 
Vermont,  at  Waterbury,  Bristol,  Dummerston,  and  Putney ;  also  in  loose  boulders  in  middle  and 
northern  Vermont,  acicular,  some  specimens  of  great  beauty  in  transparent  quartz.  In  Mass.,  at 
Barre,  in  gneiss,  crystals  occasionally  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter ;  at  Windsor,  in  feldspar 
veins  intersecting  chlorite  slate ;  at  Shelburne,  in  fine  crystals  in  mica  slate ;  at  Leyden,  with 
scapolite ;  at  Conway,  with  gray  epidote.  In  Conn.,  at  Lane's  mine,  Monroe,  and  in  the  adjoin- 
ing town  of  Huntington.  In  N.  York,  in  Orange  Co.,  1  m.  E.  of  Edenville,  with  pargasite  in  limestone 
boulders ;  2  m.  E.  of  Warwick,  in  granite  with  zircon ;  1  m.  E.  of  Amity,  in  quartz  with  brown 
tourmaline,  and  2  m.  W.,  with  spinel  and  corundum,  and  also  2  m.  S.W.,  with  red  spinel  and 
chondrodite ;  near  Warwick,  in  slender  prisms  penetrating  quartz ;  in  N.  York  Co.,  at  Kings- 
bridge,  in  veins  of  quartz,  feldspar,  and  mica  traversing  granular  limestone ;  in  the  limestone  of 
Essex  Co.  In  Penn.,  in  fine  long  crystals,  at  Sudsbury,  Chester  Co.,  and  the  adjoining  district  in 
Lancaster  Co. ;  at  Parksburg,  Concord,  West  Bradford,  and  Newlin,  Chester  Co. ;  at  the  Poor 
House  quarry,  Chester  Co.,  in  delicate  crystals,  sometimes  iridescent,  on  dolomite.  In  N.  Jersey, 
at  Newton,  with  spinel.  In  N.  Car.,  at  Crowder's  Mountain.  In  Georgia,  in  Habersham  Co. ;  in 
Lincoln  Co.,  at  Graves'  Mountain,  with  lazulite  in  large  and  splendent  crystals,  some  3-J-  by 
2j  in.  In  Arkansas,  at  Magnet  Cove. 

In  Canada,  small  crystals,  with  specular  iron  at  Sutton,  C.  E. ;  in  the  ilmenite  of  Bay  St.  Paul, 
C.  E.,  orange  translucent  grains,  pure  Ti,  and  probably  rutile  or  brookite. 

The  oxyd  of  titanium  is  employed  for  a  yellow  color  in  painting  porcelain,  and  also  for  giving 
the  requisite  tint  to  artificial  teeth. 

Recent  art.  on  cryst.,  Kokscharof  Min.  Russl.,  i.  ii.  iii.  iv. ;  Pogg.,  xci.  1 54  (whence  angles 
given);  G.  Rose,  Pogg,  cxv.  643;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  I.  II.  V.  Figs.  16^-1H4  by  G.  Rose. 

Artif, — Formed  in  crystals  by  heating  together  to  redness  titanic  acid  and  protoxyd  of  tin, 
and  then  heating  the  mass  with  silica  to  a  cherry  red  heat  (Deville) ;  by  the  action  of  steam  on 
fluorid  or  chlorid  of  titanium  (Daubree,  Hautefeuille).  Hautefeuille  observes  that  in  this  process 
crystals  of  rutile  are  formed  when  the  heat  used  is  red  heat ;  of  brookite,  when  it  is  between  that 
required  for  volatilizing  cadmium  and  zinc ;  and  of  anatase,  when  the  heat  is  a  little  below  that 
required  for  the  volat.  of  cadmium. 

Has  been  observed  in  crystals  as  a  furnace  product  by  Scheerer. 


Oisanite  Delameth.,  I.  T.,  ii.  269, 
Dauphinit. 

Commonly  octahedral  or 
\  *,  I, 


194.  OCTAHEDRITE.     Schorl  bleu  indigo  (fr.  Oisans)  Bourn.,  de  Lisle's  Crist,  ii.  406,  1783; 
Schorl  octaedre  rectangulaire  id.,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxx.  386,  1787.    Octaedrite  Sauss.,  Alpes,  §  1901, 
1796.  Oktaedrit  Wern.,  1803,  Lud wig's  Wern.,  ii.  218,  1804. 
1797;  H.,  J.  d.  M.,  v.  273,  1799.     Anatase  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801. 

Tetragonal.     0  A  1-^=119°  22' ;  0=1;77771. 
tabular.     Observed  planes :    0;  prisms, '/,&-*;  octahedrons,  1,  -J-, 
jj-,  3-*,  2-*,  1-*,  -J-&,  ^ ;  zirconoid,  -^g-5. 

1  A  1,  bas.,=136°  36'  ^ 

2-*  A  2-*  "    =14828 
1-i  A  \4  "    =121  16 

6>  A  7=90. 

/A  1=158  18 


0  A  i=153°  19' 
0  A  1=160  15 


0  A  1=111  42 

0  A  2-^=105  46 

1  A  1,  pyr.,=97  51 


Cleavage  :   1  and  0,  perfect. 

H.  =  5-5-4.  G.=3-82-3-95  ;  sometimes  4'11— 4-16 
after  heating.  Lustre  metallic-adamantine.  Color  va- 
rious shades  of  brown,  passing  into  indigo-blue,  and 
black;  greenish-yellow  by  transmitted  light.  C4"~ 
uncolored.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 

11 


Streak 


162  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Comp. — Like  nitile  and  brookite,  pure  titanic  acid. 

Rose  found  in  crystals  from  Brazil  1-25  per  cent,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  (Pogg.,  .1x1  516);  and 
Damour  obtained  in  an  analysis  (Ann.  Oh.  Phys.,  III.  x.  417),  Ti  98'36,  Fe  Ml,  Sn  0'20=99'67. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  rutile. 

Obs.— Most  abundant  at  Bourg  d'Oisans,  in  Dauphiny,  with  feldspar,  axinite,  and  ilmenite. 
Found  in  mica  slate  in  the  Grisons ;  in  Bavaria ;  near  Hof  in  the  Fichtelgebirge ;  Norway ;  the 
Urals ;  in  chlorite  in  Devonshire,  near  Tavistock  ;  with  brookite  at  Tremadoc,  in  North  Wales  ; 
in  Cornwall,  near  Liskeard  and  at  Tintagel  Cliffs ;  in  Brazil  in  quartz,  and  in  detached  crystals  so 
splendent  as  to  be  sometimes  mistaken  for  diamonds. 

In  the  U.  States,  at  the  Dexter  lime  rock,  Smithfield,  R.  I.,  in  dolomite. 

De  Saussure's  name  octahedrite  has  the  priority,  and  is  particularly  appropriate,  the  crystals 
being  usually  octahedrons.  Haiiy's  anatase  is  No.  3  in  order  of  time,  and  was  brought  forward 
after  he  had  once  adopted  for  a  while  Delametherie's  name  oisanite;  it  is  from  avaraais,  erection, 
and  was  intended  to  signify,  as  Haiiy  says,  that  the  common  octahedron  was  longer  than  that  of 
other  tetragonal  species ;  but  length  is  not  in  the  meaning  of  the  Greek  word. 

Artif.. Formed  in  crystals  by  the  action  of  steam  on  chlorid  or  fluorid  of  titanium  (Daubree) ; 

by  the  action  of  a  stream  of  muriatic  acid  gas  on  Ti  O2  (Deville) ;  by  fusing  titanic  acid  with  salt 
of  phosphorus  B.B.  in  R.F.,  and  then  exposing  the  bead  to  the  point  of  the  blue  flame,  when 
minute  transparent  crystals  of  octahedrite  separate  (G.  Rose). 

195.  HAUSMANNITE.  Schwarz  Braunsteinerz  pt.  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.?  386,  1789.  Schwarz 
Manganerz  pt.  Karst.,  Tab.  72,  100,  1808.  Black  Manganese.  Blattricher  Schwarz-Braunstein 
Hausm.,  Handb.,  293,  1813.  Manganese  oxyde  hydrate  K,  Tr.,  1822.  Pyramidal  Manganese 
OreHaid.,  Mohs,  Min.,  ii  416,  1824.  Hausmannite  Said.,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Ed.,  1827.  Glanz. 
braunstein  Hausm.,  Handb.,  405,  1847. 

Tetragonal.  0  A  1-^=130°  25';  0=1-174:3.  Observed  planes:  1,  -J-,  l-i. 
Forms  octahedral. 

0  A  1  =  121°  3'  $  A  i    pyr.,=139°  57' 

1  A  1,  pyr.,=105  25  l-i  A  l-i,    "    =114:  52 
0  A  |=151  2  1  A  1-^=142  42 

Cleavage  :  basal,  nearly  perfect.  Twins,  parallel  to  l-i ;  the  same  kind  of 
composition  sometimes  between  four  individuals,  nearly  like  93,  p.  65.  Also 
granular  massive,  particles  strongly  coherent. 

H.=5— 5-5.  G.=4'722.  Lustre  submetallic.  Color  brownish-black. 
Streak  chestnut-brown.  Opaque.  Fracture  uneven. 

Comp- — Mn2  Mn= Manganese  72'1,  oxygen  27'9=Mn  69,  Mn  31=100.  Formula  usually 
written  Mn  Mn.  Analyses:  1,  Turner  (Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.,  xi.);  2,  Rammelsberg  (Fogg., 
xiv.  222);  3,  id.  (ib.,  cxxiv.  523);  4,  L.  J.  Igelstrom  (CEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1865,  606): 

Mn        Mn        0         £a        Si         fl 

1.  Befeld  98-902  0'215  0-111  0'337    0'435=100  Turner. 

2.  Ilmenau         92-487 7'004  1-150 =99-641  Ramm. 

3.  Filipstad        92-12 6'95  0*13 0'34,  Ca  0'14,  Mg  0'41  =  100'09  Ramm. 

4.  Jakobsberg   28'78      71-27  =100  Igelstrom. 

Rammelsberg,  in  later  examinations  of  the  Ilmenau  mineral  (Pogg.,  cxxiv.  522),  found  Si  0"19, 
0-91,  0-60,  and  Ba  015,  0'60,  0  14,  with  ign.  0-5,  and  0  7-10. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  like  manganite.     Dissolves  in  heated  muriatic  acid,  affording  chlorine. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  porphyry,  along  with  other  manganese  ores,  in  fine  crystals,  near  Ilmenau 
in  Thuringia;  Ilefeld  in  the  Harz;  Filipstad  in  Wermland.  Reported  also  from  Framont  in 
Alsace.  Observed  at  Lebanon,  Penn. 

Dauber  found  for  crystals  from  Ilmenau  1  A  1=105°  30',  and  £  A  £=140°  31'  (Pogg.,  xciv.  406). 

The  formula  Mn2  Mn,  which  makes  the  two  members  each  to  contain  two  of  oxygen,  accords 
with  the  approximate  isomorphism  of  the  species  with  octahedrite  and  rutile,  the  angle  0  A  1  in 
it  differing  hardly  2°  from  0  A  l-i  in  octahedrite,  and  about  2£°  from  0  A  1  in  rutile. 

Artif, — Formed  in  crystals  by  subjecting  Mn  and  Mg  to  heated  muriatic  acid  gas  (Deville). 


ANHYDROUS    OXYDS.  Igg 

196.  BRAUNITE.  Braunite,  Brachytypous  Manganese-Ore,  Haid.,  Ed.  J.  Sci.,  iv.  48,  1826 
Hartbraunstein  Hausm.,  Handb.,  222,  1847.  Marceline  Beud.,  il  188,  1832.  Heteroklin  Shaft., 
Pogg.,  xlix.  204,  1840  (in  art.  by  Evreinoff),  Handb.,  801,  1847. 

Tetragonal.     0  A  1-^=135°  26'  ;  a  =098525.     Observed  planes  :  0,  1,  2, 

2-2  '• 

0  A  1  =  125°  40'  2  A  2,  pyr.,=96°  33' 

0  A  2=  109    45  2  A  2,  basal,  =140    30 

1  Al,  pyr.,=109    53  2-2  A  2-2,  pyr.  axial,  =128    17 
1  A  1,  bas.,=108  40  2-2  A  2-2,  pyr.  diag.,=144     4 

1  A  1=109°  46'  and  108°  53',  Descloizeaux.     Twins:  forms  consisting  of 
three  crystals,  Keimgott.     Also  massive. 

H.  =  6-6-5.  G.=4-75-4-82  ;  4-752,  fr.  Elgersberg,  Kamm.  ;  4-818,  ib., 
Haid.  ;  4'77,  fr.  St.  Marcel,  Damour.  Lustre  submetallic.  Streak  and  color 
dark  brownish-black.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp.  —  2  Mn2  Mn+Mn  Si  (see  p.  133).  Turner  obtained  no  silica,  and  made  the  mineral  sim- 
ply Stn.  Analyses  :  1,  Turner  (Edinb.  Trans.,  xi.)  ;  2-4,  Kainmelsberg  (Pogg.,  cxxiv.  515): 

Mn  0  £a  Si  fl 

1.  Elgersberg  86'95        9'85  2'25  tr.  0'95=100  Turner. 

2.  cryst.        (|)        undet.  0'24  7  -98  --  Ramm. 

3.  massive    (f)  "  0-54  8-32  -  Earam. 

4.  [80*94]       8-08  0'44  8'63  I'OO,  Oa  0'91  =  100  Kamm. 

The  marceline  (or  heterocline)  from  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont,  shown  chemically  by  Damour,  and 
crystallographically  by  Descloizeaux,  to  be  impure  braunite,  was  found  by  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M., 
IV.  i.  400)  to  consist  of 

Mn  66-68,  Pe  10-04,  Mn  8't9,  Fe  1'30,  Ca  1'14,  Mg  0'26,  Si  10'24=98-45 

Analyses  of  impure  ore  from  Elba,  by  Bechi,  in  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  62  ;  from  Engadin,  in 
serpentine,  by  Bukeisen,  in  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xxiv.  287. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  infusible.  "With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  an  amethystine  bead  in 
O.F.,  becoming  colorless  in  R.F.  With  soda  gives  a  bluish-green  bead.  Treated  with  muriatic 
acid  evolves  chlorine.  Marceline  gelatinizes  with  acids. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  both  crystallized  and  massive,  in  veins  traversing  porphyry,  at  Oehrenstock,  near 
Ilmenau  ;  at  Elgersberg  in  Thuringia  ;  at  Botnedalen,  Upper  Tellemark,  in  Norway  ;  near  Ilefeld 
in  the  Harz  ;  at  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont;  at  Elba  (Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  62)  ;  at  Vizianagram 
in  India. 

Named  after  Mr.  Braun  of  Gotha. 

To  exhibit  the  true  relations  between  the  forms  of  braunite  and  cassiterite  or  rutile,  the  plane  1-i 
above  should  be  1,  0/\  1  in  cassiterite  being  136°  26'.  Homologically  this  plane  in  all  these  re- 
lated species  is  !-«,  the  plane  corresponding  to  that  truncating  an  edge  of  a  cube  which  inclines  to 
0  135°. 

197.  MINIUM.    Mennige  Germ.    Plomb  oxide  rouge  H. 

Pulverulent,  occasionally  exhibiting,  under  the  microscope,  crystalline 
scales. 

H.=2-3  G.=4'6.  Lustre  faint  greasy,  or  dull.  Color  vivid  red, 
mixed  with  yellow  ;  streak  orange-yellow.  Opaque. 


Comp.—  Pbs  O4  =£b  +  2  Pb=  Oxygen  9-34,  lead  90'66=100. 
Pyr.  —  In  the  reduction  flame  of  the  blowpipe  globules  of  lead  are  obtained. 
Obs.—  Usually  associated  with  galenite,  and  also  with  calamiue,  and  sometimes  constituting 
pseudomorphs  after  galenite  and  cerussite. 


164 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Occurs  at  Bleialf  in  the  Eifel ;  in  Badenweiler  in  Baden ;  Brillon  in  "Westphalia ;  island  of  Angle- 
ley ;  G-rassington  Moor  and  Weardale  in  Yorkshire ;  Leadhills  in  Scotland ;  Schlangenberg  in 


sey 

Siberia. 
Found  at  Austin's  mine,  "Wythe  Co.,  Va.,  along  with  cerussite. 


198.  BROOKITE.    Jurinite  Soret,  1822.    Brookite  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  ix.  140, 1825.    Arkan- 
site  Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  ii.  250,  1846.    ?  Eumanite  Step.,  ib.,  xii.  211,  1851. 

Orthorhombic.     /A  7=  99°  50'  (-100°  50') :  0  A  1-5=131°  42' ;  a :  1 :  6 
=1-1620: 1:1: 1-1883.     Observed  planes:  0  ;  vertical,  /,  i-l,  i-^i-^i-^ 
,  £-2 ;  domes,  |~2,  £-£,  2-2 ;  octahedral,  J,  1,  2,  £-},  f-J,  1-2,  2-2, 


168 


Arkansas. 


Miask,  Ural.  ' 


if 


if 


A  -H=1500  42'    7A  ^=139°  55' 


17 
45 
34 
19 

38 
54 


0A1  =124 
0Ai  =143 
6>  A  2-4=111 
0  A  1-5=132 
0  A  5-5=101 
<9  A  2-2=  117 


i-2  A  £2,  mac.,  =134  22 
jAi  "  =135  14 
lAl  "  =115  43 
1-2  A  1-2  "  =101  3 
l-2Al-2,bracli.,=135  37 
2-2  A  2-2,  top,  =  55  48 


Cleavage  :  7,  indistinct  ;  0,  still  more  so. 

H.=5-5-6.      G.=4-12-4-23,  brookite  ;  4-21 
^—4-23,  trp.  Ural  cryst.  ;  4'03—  4'085,  arkansite, 
Ellenviile,  N.  Y.  Whitney  and  Damour,  3-86-3'95,  Kammelsberg  , 

3-81,  a  variety  from  the  Ural,  Hermann.  Hair-brown,  yellowish,  or  red- 
dish, with  metallic  adamantine  -lustre,  and  translucent  (brookite)  ;  also  iron- 
black,  opaque,  and  submetallic  (arkansite).  Streak  uncolored  —  grayish, 
yellowish.  Brittle. 

Comp.  —  Pure  titanic  acid,  Ti,  like  rutile.    Analyses  :  1,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvi.  404)  ;  2, 
Romanovsky  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  1853,  No.  26)  ;  3,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xv.  447): 


1.  Urals 

2.  " 

3.  Arkansas 


Ti 

94-09 
94-31 


£e  Si  ign. 

4-50  tr.  1-40=100-00  Hermann. 

3-28  1-31=98-90  Eomanovsky. 

1-36  0-73  =101-45  Damour. 


ANHYDROUS   OXTDS. 


165 


Eammelsberg  obtained  94*23  p.  c.  of  titanic  acid  from  the  arkansite,  and  a  corresponding  low 
specific  gravity,  while  Whitney  and  Damour  found  little  impurity  and  a  higher  specific  gravity. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  rutile. 

Obs. — Brookite  occurs  at  Bourg  d'Oisans  in  Dauphiny ;  at  St.  Gothard,  with  albite  and  quartz ; 
in  the  Urals,  district  of  Slatoust,  near  Miask ;  near  Makirch  in  the  Vosges,  in  pseudomorphs  after 
sphene  ;  rarely  at  Yal  del  Bove,  Etna,  with  rutile ;  at  Fronolen  near  Tremadoc,  Wales ;  in  thick 
black  crystals  (arkansite,  f.  166)  at  Magnet  Cove,  Ozark  Mts.,  Arkansas,  along  with  elaeolite,  black 
garnet,  and  schorlamite ;  in  small  crystals  from  the  gold  washings  of  North  Carolina ;  at  the 
lead  mine  of  Ellenville,  Ulster  Co.,  K  Y.,  on  quartz  (f.  169),  with  chalcopyrite  and  galenite ;  at 
Paris,  Maine. 

/A  /in  arkansite— 100°— 100°  30',  1-2  A  1-2=101°  30',  and  135°  15'  to  135°  50'.  In  brookite 
from  the  Urals,  I A  /=99°  50',  Kokscharof  (Min.  RussL). 

Named  after  the  English  crystallographer  and  mineralogist,  H.  J.  Brooke. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  the  action  of  steam  on  chlorid  or  fluorid  of  titanium  (Daubree). 

198A.  EUMANITE.  Eumanite  occurs  in  minute  crystals  at  the  Chesterfield  albite  vein  with 
rubellite  and  pyrochlore.  Its  chemical  identity  with  brookite  has  not  been  ascertained.  The 
annexed  are  figures,  by  the  author,  of  two  of  the  crystals. 

170A 


il 


il 


it 


Some  of  the  observed  angles  are  /A  7=100°  to  101°,  H  A  f  *=^°  49',  t-f  A  t-£=140°— 140° 
15',  «  A  |-|=1280  20'— 128°  30',  i-l  A  t-f =108°.     Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xiL  211,  397,  xiii.  117. 

199.  PYROLUSITB.  Lapis  manganensis  pt.  Casalp.,  MetalL,  1596.  Brunsten  =  Mag- 
nesia pt  Wall,  268,  1747  ;  Manganese  pt.  Fr.  Trl  WalL,  i.  483,  1753.  Manganaise  grise 
pt.  ForsL,  Cat.,  1772.  Grau  Braunstein  pt.  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  386,  1789;  id.,  Hausm.,  Handb., 
288,  1813.  Gray  Oxyd  of  Manganese  pt.;  Anhydrous  Binoxyd  of  Manganese.  Mangan  Hy- 
peroxyd  Leorih.,  Handb.,  240,  1826.  Pyrolusite,  Prismatic  Manganese-Ore,  Said.,  Trans. 
Soc.  Ed.,  1827.  Weichbraunstein,  Weichmangan,  Germ.  Polianite  (fr.  Flatten)  Breith.,  Pogg., 
Ixi.  191,  1844=Lichtes  Graumangan-Erz  «&,  Char.,  231,  1832. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=93°  40',  0  A  1-5=142°  11' ; 
a  :  I  :  c=0'7T6  :  1  :  1-066.  Observed  planes  as  in  the 
figure.  0  A  f*=160°,  /A  ^=136°  50'  /A  «=13S° 
10',  i-£  A  £-2,  top, =140°.  Cleavage  /  and  i-\  Also 
columnar,  often  divergent ;  also  granular  massive,  and 
frequently  in  reniform  coats.  Often  soils. 

H.=2— 5-5.      G.=4-82,  Turner;   Lustre  metallic. 
Color  iron-black,  dark   steel-gray,  sometimes   bluish. 
Streak  black  or  bluish-black,  sometimes  submetallic.     Opaque.     Katner 
brittle. 

Var,-l.   Ordinary.    In  (a)  crystala  and  (6)  massive.    H. =2-2*5;  G.=4'819,  Turner;  4'84, 
fr.  Andalusia.    Angles  as  above  given. 


166  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

2.  Polianite.    H.  above  5.    G.= 4'838— 4-880,  fr.  Flatten,  Breith.    Color  light  steel-gray.    Angles, 
7 A  7=92°  52',  0  A  1-4=147°  43'.     It  is  a  very  pure  pyrolusite.     Pisani  states  that  "polianite" 
from  Cornwall  has  G-.=4'826. 

3.  Varvacite  is  impure  pyrolusite.     See  under  MANGANITE. 

Comp.— Mn=Manganese  63'3,  oxygen  36-7  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Arfvedson  (Schw.  J.,  xlii. 
210);  2,  3,  Turner  (Edinb.  Trans.,  1828);  4,  Scheffler  (Arch.  Pharm.,  xxxv.  260);  5,  Plattner 
(Pogg.,  Ixi.  192) : 

MnMn  0                Ba               Si               H 

1.  Undenaes?            83'56  14'58  1-86=100  Arfvedson. 

2.  Elgersberg             84-05  11-78  0'53  0-51  1-12  =  100  Turner. 

3.  Ilefeld                    85'62  11'60  0*66  0'55  1 '57  =100  Turner. 

4.  Bmenau                  87*0  11'6                1'2  0'8  5'8,  £e  1'3,  Ca  0'3,  3tl  <V3  S 

5.  Platten,  Pol          87*27  12-11  0'13  0-32, 3Pe  3tl  0'17  =  100  Platt. 

In  another  specimen  Scheffler  found  9'7  per  cent,  of  baryta.  Specimens  from  near  Battenberg? 
Hesse,  afforded  Schwarzenberg  and  Engelhardt  96'45  to  100  per  cent,  of  pure  superoxyd  of  man- 
ganese (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixi.  262).  Y.  Sevoz  and  J.  Breuilhs  find  in  crystallized  ore  from  Huelva 
in  Andalusia,  Mn  97-9,  ffe  0'5,  H  ri=99'5 ;  and  in  a  massive,  Mn  96'9,  £e  I'O,  H  0'5,  Si  1'0= 
99-4  (BuU.  Soc.  de  1'Ind.  Min.,  vi.  29,  Eev.  G-eol.  par  Delesse,  1860,  57). 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  alone  infusible ;  on  charcoal  loses  oxygen.  A  manganese  reaction  with  borax. 
Affords  chlorine  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — This  ore  is  extensively  worked  at  Elgersberg  near  Ilmenau,  and  other  places  in  Thurin- 
gia ;  at  Vorderehrensdorf  near  Mahrish-Triibau,  in  Moravia,  which  place  annually  affords  many 
hundred  tons  of  the  ore  ;  at  Platten  in  Bohemia,  and  elsewhere.  Fine  crystals  occur  near  Johanii- 
georgenstadt,  and  at  Hirschberg  in  Westphalia,  and  crystalline  plates  at  Matzka,  Transylvania ; 
also  found  sparingly  in  Cornwall ;  in  Timor ;  in  Australia. 

Occurs  in  the  United  States  with  psilomelane,  abundantly  in  Vermont,  at  Brandon,  Irasburg, 
Bennington,  Monkton,  Chittenden,  etc.,  both  crystallized  (f.  171)  and  massive;  at  Con  way,  Mass., 
in  a  vein  of  quartz ;  at  Plainfield  and  West  Stockbridge,  Mass. ;  at  Winchester,  N.  H. ;  at  Salis- 
bury and  Kent,  Conn.,  forming  velvet-like  coatings  on  limonite.  In  California,  on  Red  island,  bay 
of  San  Francisco.  In  New  Brunswick,  7  m.  fr.  Bathurst,  in  fine  cryst. ;  in  Shepody  Mtn.  and 
elsewhere ;  near  Upham  in  King's  Co.  In  Nova  Scotia,  at  Teny  cape,  cryst.  and  massive  ;•  also 
at  Walton,  abundant;  near  Kentville ;  Pictou ;  Amherst ;  Musquodobit. 

Pyrolusite  and  manganite  are  the  most  important  of  the  ores  of  manganese.  Pyrolusite  parts 
with  its  oxygen  at  a  red  heat,  and  is  extensively  employed  for  discharging  the  brown  and  green 
tints  of  glass.  It  hence  received  its  name  from  TrOp,  j?re,  and  Auw,  to  wash ;  and  for  the  same  reason 
it  is  whimsically  entitled  by  the  French  le  savon  de  verriers.  It  is  easily  distinguished  from  psilo- 
melane by  its  inferior  hardness,  and  usually  by  being  crystalline. 

200.  CREDNERITE.    Kupferhaltiges  Manganerz  Credner,  Jahrb.  Min.,  5,  1847.     Mangankup- 
feroxyd  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1582,  1847.    Mangankupfererz,  Crednerit,  Ramm.,  Pogg.,  Ixxii.  559. 

Monoclinic.  Foliated  crystalline.  Cleavage  :  basal  very  perfect ;  less 
distinct  in  two  other  directions  obliquely  inclined  to  one  another. 

TL.=4:'5.  G.=4:-9— 5*1.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  iron-black  to  steel- 
gray.  Streak  black,  brownish. 

Comp.— (V  5£n2=0xyd  of  copper  42-9,  oxyd  of  manganese  57-1=100;  but  often  mixed  with 
oxyd  of  manganese.  Analyses  :  1,  Credner  (Pogg.,  Ixxiv.  555) ;  2-4,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.,  and 
Min.  Ch.,  178): 

Mn        M-n      Ou        Ba      Ca      fl        0 

1.  Friederichsrode    22-96    31*25    42-13    0-52    0-63    0'25 ,  gangue  0-63=98-37  Cred. 

2.  52-55      40-65     1'48    5 '7  8  =  100 '46  Ramm. 

3.  56-29      32-35     3'08     0'76   8'58=99'06  Ramm. 

4.  64-24     23-73     2'01    8-83=98'81  Ramm. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fusible  only  on  thin  edges.  With  borax  in  O.F.  gives  a  dark  violet  color 
(manganese) ;  with  salt  of  phosphorus  a  green  glass,  which  on  cooling  is  blue,  and  in  R.F.  be- 
comes red  (copper).  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid  with  evolution  of  chlorine. 

Obs. — From  Friederichsrode,  with  volborthite,  malachite,  and  manganese  ores.     Rammelsberg 
—^as  that  this  ore  is  undoubtedly  the  source  of  the  cupreous  manganese,  a  secondary  product. 


HYDKOUS    OXYDS. 


167 


201.  PLATTNERITE.     Schwerbleierz  Breifh.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  x.  508,  1837.    Plattnerit  Raid.,  Handb., 
504,  1845.     Braunbleioxyd  Hauam.,  Handb.,  202,  1847. 

In  hexagonal  prisms  with  replaced  basal  edges,  planes  0,  I,  1,  but  pseudomorphous  after  pyro- 
morphite  (Greg) ;  cleavage  indistinct.  Gr.=9'39— 9'45.  Lustre  metallic  adamantine.  Color  iron- 
black.  Streak  brown.  Opaque. 

COMP.— According  to  Plattner  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  x.  508),  Pb  02=Lead  86-6,  oxygen  13'4=100.  Prob- 
ably from  Leadhills,  Scotland.  A  doubtful  species.  The  specific  gravity  given  is  as  high  as 
that  of  the  protoxyd  of  lead. 

201A.  VANADIC  OCHRE. — (Vanadic  acid  Teschemocher,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xi.  233,  1851.)  A  yellow 
pulverulent  substance,  encrusting  masses  of  native  copper,  along  with  quartz,  at  the  Cliff  mine, 
Lake  Superior,  according  to  J.  E.  Teschemacher  (1.  c.).  The  color  before  the  blowpipe  changed  to 
black ;  also  the  powder,  boiled  in  nitric  acid,  afforded  an  apple-green  solution,  from  which,  on 
partial  evaporation,  after  standing  some  weeks,  red  crystalline  globules  formed  on  the  surface, 
which,  as  they  enlarged,  fell  to  the  bottom ;  by  means  of  these  crystalline  masses  the  vanadates 
of  silver  and  lead  were  made.  As  no  metal  was  found  hi  the  first  solution,  the  yellow  mineral 
was  inferred  to  be  probably  vanadic  acid  (V  O3). 


B.  HYDROUS  OXYDS. 

1.  Oxygen  ratio  for  fe,  H=l  :  ^-. 

202.  TUBGITE 

2.  O.  ratio  for  R,  H=l  :  £. 


3Pe2fl 


203.   DlASPORB 


fi 


204.   GOTHITE 


205.  MANGANITE 

3.  O.  ratio  for  B,  H=l  :  J. 

206.  LlMONITE 

4.  O.  ratio  for  B,  H=l  :  f. 

207.  XANTHOSIDERITE    Pe  H2 

209.  ELIASITB 

5.  O.  ratio  for  3K?  H^l  :  1. 


208.  BEAUXITE 


(Xl,  3Pe)  fi2 


210.  BRUCITE 

211.  PYROCHROITE 

212.  GIBBSITE 


3fcl  +  f 


213.  LlMNITE 

214.  HYDROTALCITE 

215.  PYEOAURITE 
216.  GUMMITE  C 

te.— 217.  PSILOMELANE.    218.  WAD:   A,  BOG  MANGANESE;  B,  ASBOLITE;  C,  LAMPADITE. 


Mg  ft  (or  Mg3  fi3) 
Mn  fi  (or  Mn3  fi3) 


202.  TURGITE.    Hematite  pt.    Red  Ochre  pt.    Turgit  Herm.,  BuU.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  i.  252, 
1845.     Hydrohaematit  Breifh.,  Handb.,  846,  1847. 

Compact  fibrous  and  divergent,  to  massive;  often  botryoidal  and  sta- 
lactitic  like  limonite.  Also  earthy,  as  red  ochre 

H.=5-6  ;  5-5,  Brush.  G.=3-56-3«74,  from  Ural,  Herm  ;  4  29-4 : 49, 
fr.  Hof,  Breith.;  4-681,  fr.  Horhausen,  Ber?emann;  4-14 ,  fir  sbury 
Brush.  Lustre  submetailic  and  somewhat  satm-like  in  the  direction  of  the 


168 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


fibrous  structure;  also  dull  earthy.  Color  reddish -black,  to  dark  red; 
bright-red  when  earthy;  botryoidal  surface  often  lustrous,  like  much 
limonite.  Opaque. 


Comp.— Fe2  H=Sesquioxyd  of  iron  94*7,  water  5'3=100.  Analyses:  1,  Hermann  (1.  c.);  2, 
F.  W.  Fritzsche  (Breith.  Handb.,  L  c.);  3,  4,  Bergemann  and  Pfeifler  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  989);  5, 
Rodman  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.  219): 

H 

5-31 
4-61 
5-64 


Mn 


1.  Ural 

2.  Hof 

3.  Horhausen 
4. 

5.  Salisbury 


85-34 
93-49 
89-64 
92-93 
91-36 


1-40 


5-31 


Insol. 

7-50,  Cu,  £b  1-85  =  100  Herm. 
1-91,  S  0-09  =  100-10  Fritzsche. 
2-79=99-47  Bergemann. 
0-93,  Oa  MO  =  100-27  Pfeiffer. 


0-61         5-20,  Si  2-0.6,  Si  0'75,  P",  8,  Co  <r. =99-98  Rodman. 

In  other  determinations  for  No.  5,  H=5'02  and  5-09  p.  c. ;  for  specimens  from  Lehigh  valley, 
Pa.,  5-34  Roepper. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  in  a  closed  tube,  flies  to  pieces  in  a  remarkable  manner,  and  in  this  distinct 
from  hematite  and  limonite ;  yields  water.  Otherwise  like  hematite. 

Obs. — A  very  common  ore  of  iron,  often  taken  for  limonite,  with  which  it  is  frequently  asso- 
ciated, and  which  it  resembles,  except  in  its  superior  hardness,  streak,  and  decrepitation.  It  also 
looks  very  much  like  fibrous  hematite.  Hermann's  mineral  was  from  the  Turginsk  copper  mine 
near  Bosgolovsk,  in  the  Ural,  and  from  the  Kolyvan  district,  in  the  Altai ;  that  of  Breithaupt, 
from  near  Hof  in  Bavaria,  and  Siegen  in  Prussia;  found  also  with  limonite  at  Dusseldorf  in 
Prussia ;  at  the  Louisa  mine,  Horhausen.  In  the  United  States  it  occurs  abundantly,  and  very 
large  botryoidal  massive,  at  the  limonite  ore  bed  of  Salisbury,  Ct.,  as  detected  by  Prof.  Brush 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.  219),  usually  constituting  the  exterior  layer  of  the  limonite,  sometimes  an 
inch  or  more  thick.  The  line  of  demarcation  between  it  and  the  limonite  is  very  distinct,  and 
separation  along  it  is  often  easy. 

Artif. — E.  Davies  has  shown  that  the  ordinary  precipitate  of  hydrate  of  iron,  on  being  boiled 
in  water,  may  have  its  water  reduced  to  3-52  p.  c.  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  II.  iv.  69);  and  Rodman  (1.  c.)  has, 
by  the  same  method,  reduced  it  to  2  p.  c.,  showing  that  the  water  varies  with  the  temperature 
of  origin ;  and,  as  Davies  observes,  no  great  heat  is  needed  to  make  thus  anhydrous  hematite. 

203.  DIASPORE.    Diaspore  Baiiy,  Tr.,  iv.  1801.    Blattricher  Hydrargillit  Hausm.,  Handb., 

442,1813.     Hydrate  of  alumine. 

Orthorhombic.     /A 7=93°  42f,  0 A 14=147°  12J';  a:  I:  c=0'64425 
:  1  :  1'067.     Observed  planes :  vertical,  /,  i-i,  i-i,  i-%,  a-2,  £-3,  £-5,  £-},  £-2  j 
domes,  14,  £4,  £4 ;  octahedral,  1,  2-5,  1-5,  f-fo,  |-|,  1-3,  4=-±f. 
0  A  14=148°  52J7  1-5  A 1-5,  basal, =70°  527     i-5  A *-2=129°  47' 

i-i  A  14=121  7i  i-i  A  1-5=104  14£  i-Z  A  £-3  =  14:0  50|- 

1-5  A  1-5,  mac.,=116  4:0     i-l  A  1=116  54:£  14  A  14,  top,=H7  45 

1-5  A  1-5,  brach.,=151  31  i4  A  1-3=120  33J  i-l  A  ^-5=115  6J 

Crystals  usually  thin,  flattened  parallel  to 
i-i ;  sometimes  acicular ;  commonly  implanted. 
Cleavage  :  i-i  eminent ;  i-z  less  perfect.  Occurs 
foliated  massive  and  in  thin  scales  ;  sometimes 
stalactitic. 

H.=6-5-7.  G.=3-3-3-5;  3-4324,  Haiiy; 
3-452,  Dufrenoy;  3'30-3'34,  fr.  Schemnitz. 
Lustre  brilliant  and  pearly  on  cleavage-face ; 
elsewhere  vitreous.  Color  whitish,  grayish- 
white,  greenish-gray,  hair-brown,  yellowish,  to 
colorless;  sometimes  violet-blue  in  one  direc- 
tion, reddish  plumb-blue  in  another,  and  pale 
third.  When  thin,  translucent  —  subtranslucent. 


172 


Schemnitz. 


asparagus-green 
Yery  brittle. 


in  a 


HYDROUS   OXYDS.  169 

Comp.— £l  H=85-l  alumina,  14'9  water=100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Dufrenoy  (A.nn  d  M  III. 
x.  577,  1837);  3,  Hess  (Pogg.,  xviii.  255);  4,  Damour(C.  R.,  xxi.  322) ;  5,  Lowe  (Pogg  IxL  307)- 
6,  7,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xi.  58);  8,  Damour  (L'lnstitut,  1853,  78);  9,  C  t  Jackson 
(Am.  J.  Sea.,  II.  xlil  108) ;  10,  S.  B.  Sharpies  (Priv.  contrib.) : 

£l  H  Fe  Si 

1.  Siberia  74-66         14-58        £e  4-51         2-90,  Ca  and  Mg  1-64=98-29  Duf 

2.  78-93         15-13          "0-52         1'39,  Ca  1-98=97-95  Duf. 

3.  Miask  85-44  14-56  =100  Hess. 

4.  Siberia  79-91  14*90  .  unattacked  5'80= 100-61  Dam. 

5.  Schemnitz  85-13  15-00  =  100'13Ldwe.     G.=3'303 

6.  Gumuch-dagh  83-12  14-28  0-66  0'82,  Ca,  Mg  *r.=98'88  S.    G.=3'45. 

7.  Naxos  82-94  14-81  1-06  0'26,  Ca  0-35=99-42  S. 

8.  Bahia,  S.  A.  84-02  14-59  3Pe  0'68  0-43=99-72  Damour.     G.=3'464. 

9.  Chester,  Mass.  83'0  14-8  "   3'0 =100-8  Jackson.     G.=3'39. 

10.  Newlin,  Pa.  80'95  14-84  "3-12  1-53=100-44  Sharpies. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  strongly,  separating  into  pearly  white  scales,  and 
at  a  high  temperature  yields  water.  The  variety  from  Schemnifcz  does  not  decrepitate.  Infusible ; 
with  cobalt  solution  gives  a  deep  blue  color.  Some  varieties  react  for  iron  with  the  fluxes.  Not 
attacked  by  acids,  but  after  ignition  becomes  soluble  in  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs — Commonly  found  with  corundum  or  emery  in  dolomite,  chlorite  schist,  and  other  crys- 
talline rocks,  in  nests,  or  as  implanted  crystals  on  corundum  and  other  minerals.  Occurs  near 
Kossoibrod,  district  of  Kathariuenburg  in  the  Ural,  in  granular  limestone  with  emery ;  at  Schem- 
nitz in  veins  between  dolomite  and  limestone ;  at  Broddbo  near  Fahlun ;  with  corundum  in  dolo- 
mite in  Campo  Longo,  near  Dazio  Grande,  in  the  Canton  of  Tessin  in  Switzerland ;  at  Gumuch- 
dagh  and  Mauser,  Asia  Minor,  and  the  Grecian  islands  Naxos,  Samos,  and  Nicaria,  with  emery, 
as  detected  by  J.  L.  Smith  ;  with  topaz  and  margarodite  at  Trumbull,  Ct.,  but  rare ;  with  corun- 
dum and  margarite  at  Newlin,  Chester  Co.,  Pa. ;  at  the  emery  mines  of  Chester,  Mass.,  in  large 
plates  and  crystals.  Exists  also  as  an  impurity  in  some  zeolites  (Scheerer,  Pogg.,  cviii.  430). 

The  above  angles  are  from  Kokscharof  (Min.  RussL,  iii.  169).  Marignac  obtained  by  measure- 
ment 14 A l-f=1170  46',  i-2A£2=130°,  1-2  A  1-2=151°  36'  and  116°  38';  Phillips,  t-2At-2= 
129°  48';  Kenngott,  i-2At-2  =  129°  32';  Haidinger,  i-2Ai-2=129°  54',  1-2  A  1-2=151°  54'. 

Diaspore  was  named  by  Haiiy  from  (Jtao-Trcipw,  to  scatter,  alluding  to  the  usual  decrepitation 
before  the  blowpipe.  Le  Lievre,  as  Haiiy  states,  first  made  known  the  species,  having  found  it  at 
a  mineral-dealer's  in  Paris,  and  given  it  to  Vauquelin  for  analysis.  Its  original  locality  is  not 
known,  but  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  Urals.  Vauquelin  obtained  alumina  80,  oxyd  of  iron 
3,  water  16  to  18  =  100  (Haiiy,  Tr.,  1.  c.,  and  Ann.  Ch.,  xlii.  113,  1802). 

204.  GOTHITE.  Diinnschuppiger,  linsenformiger,  rubinrother,  etc.  Eisenglimmer  (fr.  Siegen), 
Becker,  Min.  Beschr.  O.-Nass.  Lande,  401,  1789.  Kryst.  fasriger  Brauneisenstein  Mohs,  Null. 
Min.  Kab.,  iii.  403,  1804.  Gothit  (fr.  Eiserfeld  near  Siegen)  J.  G.  Lenz,  Tabell.  ges.  Mineral- 
reich,  46,  Jena,  1806,  fol.,  Moll's  Efem.,  iv.  505,  1808,  Ullmaim's  Ueb.,  304,  1814.  Pyrrhosiderit 
[not  Pyrosiderit]  Ullmann,  Hausm.  Handb.,  268,  1813,  Ullmann's  Ueb.,  144,  299,  304,  1814  [but 
given  many  years  before  to  his  class].  Schuppig-fasriger  Brauneisenstein  (fr.  Hollerter  Zug)= 
Lepidokrokit  Ullmann,  Hausm.  ib.,  269,  1813,  Ullmann's  Ueb.,  148,  316,1814.  Haarformiger 
Brauneisenstein  Hausm.  ib.,  270,  1813=Nadeleisenerz  Breith.,  Char.,  1823.  Brown  Iron-stone 
pt.,  Brown  Iron-ore  pt.,  Brown  Hematite  pt.,  of  Jameson,  Phillips,  etc.  Sammteisenerz,  Sam- 
metblende  pt.=Przibramit  hi  Glock.  Handb.,  549,  1831. 

Chileit  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xix.  103,  1840.  Onegit  (fr.  L.  Onega)  Andre  (of  Brunn),  Tageblatt, 
No.  18,  1802,  Moll's  Efem.,  ii.  109,  112, 1806=0re  of  Titanium  various  auth.  for  25  years=G6thite 
later  auth. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=94°  52',  B.&  M.(95°  14',  Levy ;  96°,Yorke);  0  A 1-5 
=146°  33' ;  a  :  1)  :  tf=0'66  : 1 : 1'089.  Observed  planes:  vertical,  /,  **>*§, 
irZ  ;  domes,  1-2 ;  octahedral,  1,  1-2,  3-5,  f-f . 

O  A  3-8=115°  M'         O  A  1-2=148°  48r  1-2  A 1-2,  mac.,=151°  35' 

0  A  1-2=143    55  0Af}=121    8  i-SA*-2 

=138      6         1A1,  brach.,=121  4          te hi-$,  ov.i-t,=122    52 


170 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


In  prisms  longitudinally  striated,  and  often  flattened  into 
scales  or  tables  parallel  to  the  shorter  diagonal.  Cleavage  : 
brachydiagonal,  very  perfect.  Also  fibrous ;  foliated  or  in 
scales ;  massive  ;  reniform  ;  stalactitic. 

H.=:5— 5-5.  G.=4-0— 4-4;  4-37,  crystals  from  Lostwithiel 
in  Cornwall,  Yorke.  Lustre  imperfect  adamantine.  Color 
yellowish,  reddish,  and  blackish-brown.  Often  blood-red  by 
transmitted  light.  Streak  brownish-yellow — ochre-yellow. 


Var. — 3 .  In  thin  scale-like  or  tabular  crystals,  usually  attached  by  one  edge.  Such  is  the  ori- 
ginal Gothite  (Pyrrhosiderite  or  EuUnglimmer)  of  Siegen. 

2.  In  acicular  or  capillary  (not  flexible)  crystals,  or  slender  prisms,  often  radiately  grouped : 
the  Needle- Ironstone  (Nadeleisensteiri).    It  passes  into  (5)  a  variety  with  a  velvety  surface:  the 
Przibramite  (SammetUende]  of  Przibram  is  of  this  kind. 

(c)  Onegite  is  acicular  gothite  penetrating  quartz,  like  rutile,  from  an  island  in  L.  Onega,  Russia, 
where  it  was  found  in  loose  stones,  in  1800,  by  Mr.  Armstrong,  an  Englishman.  It  has  also 
been  called  Fullonite,  after  Mr.  Fullou,  a  brother-in-law  of  Mr.  A.,  who  also  possessed  specimens. 

3.  Columnar  or  fibrous. 

4.  Scaly-fibrous,  or  feathery  columnar,  the  lines  consisting  of  more  or  less  distinct  scales,  some- 
what like  plumose  mica ;  the  Lepidocrocite  (fr.  Ae^?,  scale,  and  Kpoxis,  fiber). 

6.  According  to  Hausmann,  compact  massive,  with  a  flat  conchoidal  fracture,  liver-brown  to 
blackish-brown  and  rust-brown  color ;  and  sometimes  reniform  or  stalactitic. 

6.  Disseminated  microscopic  crystals  of  gothite  are  one  source  of  the  frequent  aventurine  and 
opalescent  character  of  specimens  of  different  feldspars  (see  p. 

Comp.— 3Pe  H=Sesquioxyd  of  iron  89-9,  water  10'1  =  100.  Analyses:  1-3,  v.  Kobell  (J.pr.Ch., 
i.  181,  319) ;  4,  Brandes  (Ndgg.  G-eb.  in  Rheinl.  Westph.,  i.  358) ;  5,  6,  v.  Kobell  (1.  c.) ;  7,  Plattner 
(J.  pr.  Ch.,  xix.  103) ;  8,  Yorke  (Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxvii.  264) : 


1.  Eiserfeld,  Gothite 

2.  H.  Zug,  Lepid. 

3.  "  " 
4          «  « 

5.  Amberg,  mass. 

6.  Maryland,   " 

7.  Chili,  ChUeite 

8.  Lostwithiel,  cryst. 


£e  &n  fl  Si 

86-35  0-51  11-38  0'85,  Cu  0'90=99'99  Kobell. 

90-53    9-47  =100  Kobell. 

85-65  2-50  11-50  0-35  =  100  Kobell. 

88-00  0-50  10-75  0-50  =  99-75  Brandes. 

86-24    10-68  2-00,  Pb  I -08  =  100  Kobell. 

86-32    10-80  2 -88  =100  Kobell. 

83-5     10-3  4-3,  Cu  1-9  =  100  Plattner. 

89-55  0-16  10-07  0'2S  =  100-06  Yorke. 


Gothite  from  near  Marquette  gave  G-.  J.  Brush  10'47  3  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxvii.  271).  Tho 
Amberg  mineral  (anal.  5)  has  been  called  stilpnosiderite ;  but  Ullmann,  who  gave  this  name,  found 
for  his  mineral  the  composition  of  limonite  (q.  v.) 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  is  converted  into  red  sesquioxyd  of  iron. 
With  the  fluxes  like  hematite  ;  most  varieties  give  a  manganese  reaction,  and  some,  treated  in  the 
forceps  in  O.F.,  after  moistening  in  sulphuric  acid,  impart  a  bluish-green  color  to  the  flame  (phos- 
phoric acid).  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Found  with  the  other  oxyds  of  iron,  especially  hematite  or  limonite.  Occurs  at  Eiserfeld 
near  Siegen,  in  Nassau,  in  lamelliform  and  foliated  crystallizations  of  a  hyacinth-red  color,  with 
limonite ;  at  Zwickau  in  Saxony ;  Oberkirchen  in  Westerwald,  etc. ;  near  Clifton  in  Gloucester- 
shire, near  Bristol,  England ;  in  Cornwall,  near  Botallack  and  Lostwithiel,  some  of  the  crystals  1-J- 
—2  in.  long  and  f  in.  across ;  in  Somersetshire,  at  the  Providence  iron  mines. 

In  the  U.  States,  at  the  Jackson  Iron  Mtn.,  near  Marquette,  L.  Superior,  in  lamelliform  crystals  ; 
in  Penn.,  near  Easton,  the  var.  lepidocrocite  with  limonite  ;  in  California,  at  Burns  Creek,  Mariposa 
Co.,  in  quartz;  in  Oregon,  16  m.  from  Portland. 

Named  Gothite  after  the  poet  philosopher  Gothe ;  and  Pyrrhosiderite  from  ™P>S,  fire-red,  and 
(rtJ^pof,  iron.  The  name  Onegite  has  priority,  but  it  was  given  without  a  proper  description,  and  for 
25  years  the  nature  of  the  mineral  was  unknown. 


205.  MANGANITE.  Manganaise  cristallis6  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  330,  1772,  iii.  101,  1783.  Man- 
ganese  oxyde  metalloide  H.,  Tr.,  iv.  1801  (with  figs.).  Grau-Braunsteinerz  pt.  Wern,,  1789; 
Earsten,  Tab.,  1800.  Graumanganerz  pt.  Karsten,  Tab.,  1808.  Grau-Braunstein  pt.  Hausm., 


HYDROUS   OX  YDS. 


171 


Handb.,  288,  1813,  390,  1847.  Gray  Oxyd  of  Manganese  pt.  Prismatoidisches  Mangan-Erz 
Molis,  Grundr.,  488,  1824.  Manganite  Haid.,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  1827.  Acerdese  Beud. 
Tr.,  ii.  678,  1832.  Newkirkite  Thorn.,  Min.,  i.  509,  1836. 


Orthorhombic.      /A  7=99°  40',  0  A  1-£=14T 
1 

vertical  _,..,.    ,  . 
2,1-2;  l-3,2-2,f2. 


a  -  I  -  c=O6455 


roromc.  =  ,  -=  ;  a  :     :  0=0-6455  : 

:  1-185.     Hemihedral,oin  plane  f-2.     Observed  planes,  0  (uncommon)  • 
3rtical,  7,  i-i,  i-i,  i-2,  i-%,  i-Z,  £f,  £-2  ;  domes,  l-£,  1-5    2-£;   octahedral,  l! 
1-2  :  1-3.  2-2,  4-2. 


0  A  24=127°  46' 
0  A  1-3=146  9 
0  A  1-5=144  59 
0  A  1=139  49 
0  A  2-2=128  18 
0  A  14=151  25 


1  A  1,  mac.,=130°  49' 
1  A  1,  braeh.,  =  120  54 
-3  A  1-g,  mac., =162  39 
*-2  A  a-2,  mac., =134  14 
i-S  A  £2,  br.,  =  118  48 
-3  A  i-3,  br.,=136  54 


Twins :  composition-face  14.  Cleavage :  i-i  very 
perfect,  /  perfect.  Crystals  longitudinally  striated, 
and  often  grouped  in  bundles.  Also  columnar ;  seldom 
granular;  stalactitic. 

H.=4.  G.=4-2— 4-4.  Lustre  submetallic.  Color 
dark  steel-gray — iron-black.  Streak  reddish-brown,  sometimes  nearly 
black.  Opaque ;  minute  splinters,  sometimes  brown  by  transmitted  light, 
Fracture  uneven. 

Comp.— Mn  fi=Sesquioxyd  of  manganese  89'8  (=Mn  62-5,  0  27'3),  water  10-2=100.  Anal- 
yses: 1,  Arfvedson  (Schw.  J.,  xxvi.  262);  2,  Gmelin  (ib.,  xlii.  208);  3,  4,  Turner  (Edinb.  Trans.. 
1828);  5,  How  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxxi.  166): 


1.  West  Gothland 

2.  Ilefeld 

3.  •' 

4.  " 

5.  Cheverie 


Mn  0 

89-92 

62-86  27-64 

62-68  27-22 

62-77  27-13 

86-81 


H 

lU'08  Arfvedson. 
9-50  Gmelin. 
[10  10]  Turner. 
[10-101  Turner. 
10-00,  gangue  1'14,  3Pe,  Ba,  loss  2-05  How. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water ;  otherwise  like  braunite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  veins  traversing  porphyry,  associated  with  calcite  and  barite,  at  Ilefeld  in 
the  Harz ;  Ilmenau  and  Oehrenstock  in  Thuringia ;  Undenaes  in  Sweden ;  Christiansand  in  Nor- 
way ;  Cornwall,  at  various  places,  occurring  crystallized  at  Botallack  mine,  St.  Just ;  Callington 
and  at  the  Koyal  iron  mines ;  also  in  Cumberland,  Devonshire,  Somerset ;  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land ;  near  Ross  and  elsewhere  in  Ireland. 

In  Nova  Scotia,  at  Cheverie,  Hants  Co.,  and  Walton;  also  10  m.  W.  of  Walton,  where  it  forms 
a  bed  of  conglomerate,  along  with  quartz  pebbles.  In  New  Brunswick,  at  Shepody  mountain, 
Albert  Co. ;  Tattagouche  E.,  Gloucester  Co. ;  Upham,  King's  Co. ;  and  Dalhousie,  Restigouche 
Co. 

Newkirkite  of  Thomson,  from  Newkirchen  in  Alsace,  according  to  Lettsom,  is  nothing  but 
manganite. 

Alt. — By  loss  of  water  changes  to  pyrolusite,  hausmannite,  or  braunite.      Varvacite  of_R. 
Phillips,  from  Warwickshire,  is  considered  an  altered  manganite,  consisting  largely  of  pyrolusite. 
Breithaupt  observed  a  crystal  with  nearly  the  angles  of  manganite,  giving  /A  /=80°  24'  and  99 
36'.     H.  =  2-5— 3.     G.— 4-283— 4-623. 


172 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


206.  LIMONITE.  E^io-rds  Ar0n?  (fr.  Iberia)  Diosc.  Schistus,  Hematites,  Plin.,  xxxvd.  37 
38.  Haematites  pt,  Blodsten  pt.  [rest  red  hematite],  Wall.,  260,  1747,  Cronst.,  178,  1758, 
Hematite  pt.,  Fr.  Trl.  Wall.,  469,  1753.  Braun-Eisenstein  (incl.  Eisenrahm,  Brauner  Glaskopf) 
Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  383,  1789.  Brauneisenstein  pt.  [rest  Gothite]  Hausm.,  Handb.,  268,  1813. 
Braun-Eisenstein,  Stilpnosiderit,  Ullmann,  Ueb.,  146,  305,  148,  313,  1814.  Brown  Iron  Stone 
pt,  Brown  Hematite,  Brown  Ochre,  Jameson,  Min.,  253,  261,  1816.  Limonite  pt.  [rest  Gothite, 
Bog  Ore]  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  702,  18S2  [not  Limonit  Hausm.,  1813  (=Bog  Ore  only)]. 

Q?xpa  [yellow  and  brown]  Theophr.  ?  Sil  Plin.,  xxxiii.  56.  Ochra  nativa,  Germ.  Berggeel, 
Agric.,  466,  1546.  0.  nativa,  Sil,  Berggelb,  Ockergelb,  Gesner,  Foss.,  8,  1565.  Ochriger 
Brauneisenstein  Wern.,  Karst.  Brown  Ochre  pt,  Yellow  Ochre  pt. 

Minera  Ferri  subaquosa,  Min.  F.  lacustris,  v.  palustris,  Sjoemalm,  Myrmalm,  Wall,  263, 
1747.  Mine  de  fer  limoneuse  Fr.  Trl.  WalL,  1753.  Ferrum  limosum,  etc.,  Watt.,  ii.  256,  1775. 
Easeneisenstein  (iucl.  Morasterz,  Sumpferz,  Wiesenerz)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  383,  1789.  Marsh 
Ore,  Bog  Ore,  Meadow  Ore  pt.,  Kirwan,  Jameson,  etc.  Limonit  (=Raseneisensteiu  or  Bog  Ore) 
Hausm.,  Handb.,  283,  1813  [not  Limonite  of  Beud.,  wh.  incl.  all  hydrous  ox.  of  iron].  Limnit 
Glock.,  Syn.,  62,  1847. 

Usually  in  stalactitic  and  botryoidal  or  mammillary  forms,  having  a 
fibrous  or  subfibrous  structure  ;  also  concretionary,  massive ;  and  occasion- 
ally earthy. 

H.— :5— 5*5.  G.=3'6— 4.  Lustre  silky,  often  submetallic  ;  sometimes 
dull  and  earthy.  Color  of  surface  of  fracture  various  shades  of  brown, 
commonly  dark,  and  none  bright ;  sometimes  with  a  nearly  black  varnish- 
like  exterior ;  when  earthy,  brownish-yellow,  ochre-yellow.  Streak  yel- 
lowish-brown. 

Var. — (1)  Compact.  Submetallic  to  silky  in  lustre;  often  stalactitic,  botryoidal,  etc.  (2) 
Ochreous  or  earthy,  brownish -yellow  to  ochre-yellow,  often  impure  from  the  presence  of  clay, 
sand,  etc.  (3)  Bog  ore.  The  ore  from  marshy  places,  generally  loose  or  porous  in  texture,  often 
petrifying  leaves,  wood,  nuts,  etc.  (4)  Brown  day-ironstone,  in  compact  masses,  often  in  concre- 
tionary nodules,  having  a  brownish-yellow  streak,  and  thus  distinguishable  from  the  clay-iron- 
stone of  the  species  hematite  and  siderite  ;  it  is  sometimes  (a)  pisolitic,  or  an  aggregation  of  con- 
cretions of  the  size  of  small  peas  (Bohnerz  Germ.}',  or  (b)  oolitic. 

Only  part  of  stalactitic  limonite,  brown  or  yellow  ochre,  bog  ore,  and  clay-ironstone  belong  here, 
the  water  present  sometimes  much  exceeding  that  of  limonite,  so  as  to  make  them  of  the  species 
xanthosiderite  or  limniie.  But  since  in  the  determinations  of  the  water  analysts  have  not  always 
separately  estimated  the  organic  ingredients,  it  is  at  present  impossible  to  refer  the  analyses  in 
all  cases  to  their  true  places. 

Kaliphite  of  Ivauoff  is  a  mixture  of  limonite,  oxyd  of  manganese,  silicate  of  zinc  and  lime, 
from  Hungary. 

Comp. — :Pe2  H3=Sesquioxyd  of  iron  85*6,  water  14*4—100.  In  the  bog  ores  and  ochres,  sand, 
clay,  phosphates,  oxyds  of  manganese,  and  humic  or  other  acids  of  organic  origin  are  very  common 
impurities. 

Analyses:  1,  Ulhnann  (Ueb.,  314,  1814);  2,  3,  v.  KobeU  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  i.  181,  319);  4,  Beck  (Min. 
K  Y.,  33);  5,  Amelung  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  149);  6,  Schonberg  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xix.,  107);  7,  C.  Berge- 
mann  (Yerh.  nat  Yer.  Bonn.  xvi.  127) ;  8,  Litton  (Rep.  G.  Mo.,  1855) ;  9,  C.  S.  Rodman  (priv.  con- 
trib.);  10-13,  Schenck  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xc.  123) : 


1.  Westerwald,  StiT/pn. 

2.  Perm,  fibrous 

3.  Siegen,  pitchy 

4.  Amenia,  N.  Y.,  stalact.  Urn. 

5.  Rubelund,  Harz 

6.  Horhausen 

7.  "  G.=3-908 

8.  Buffalo,  Mo. 

9.  Salisbury,  Ct 


5>e 

80-50 
83-38 
82-87 
82-90 
86-77 
82-27 
82-63 
84-80 
81-13 

Mn 

tr. 

tr. 
tr. 

2-35 
0-60 

H 
16-00 
15-01 
13-46 
13-50 
13-23 
13-26 
12-33 
11-62 
13-81 

Si 
2-25 
1-61 
0-67 
3-60a 

4-50 
2-27 
2-88 
3-68 

With  alumina. 


=98-75  Ullmann. 

=100Kob. 

3-00,  Cu,  Ca  tr.  =  lQQ  Kob. 

=100  Beck. 

=100  Amelung. 

=100-03  Schonberg. 

=  99-58  Bergemann. 

,  £10-64,  S  0-12  =  100-06  Litton. 

tr.,  £l  9-3,  Co,  Ca,  S  Zr.  =  100-15  R. 


HYDROUS   OXYDS.  173 

£e          H         Si         £l 

10.  Dist.  of  Kandern,  pisolitic  71-71  8'23  13-00  6-71,  Ca  0-60=100-25  Schenck 

Tl.         "  T5-51  12-99     5-80  6-86=101-16  Schenck. 

12.  "  68-70  11-5311-80  7 '47  =  99'50  Schenck 

13.  "  70-46  11-12  13-04  6-88=100-50  Schenck. 

A  concretionary  ore  from  Staatswald  Hardt,  "Wurtemberg,  afforded  A.  Miiller  ( J.  pr.  Ch.,  ML 
124)  0-05  p.  c.  of  chromic  acid,  and  0'03  of  vanadic;  and  traces  of  titanium,  sulphur,  and  arsenic 
have  been  found  in  others. 

The  organic  acids  sometimes  amount- to  12  — 15  p.  c.,  as  in  the  following  :  1,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep 
a.  Can.,  513,  1863);  2,  3,  Wiegmann  (Preischr.  Torfes,  75,  76,  1837): 

£e          Mn         H  Si          P"  Humic  acid. 

1.  Pointe  du  Lac,  Ochre     .     59-10      21-14      M5      15-01,  sand  3-60=100  Hunt. 

2.  Braunschweig,  Bog  ore  Fe  66  13          7          14=100  "Wiegmann. 

3.  "    68-5          1-5         10-5 7-0       12-5  =  100  Wiegmann. 

The  ochre  analyzed  by  Hunt  Mras  from  a  bed  in  the  soil  having  an  extent  of  many  acres  ;  the 
color  light  brownish-yellow.  It  may  be  a  mixture  of  limonite  and  a  hydrous  species  containing 
oxyd  of  iron  combined  with  organic  acids.  Hunt  suggests  that  it  should  be  made  a  distinct  spe- 
cies ;  and  when  the  exact  nature  of  the  organic  acids  is  determined,  this  may  properly  be  done. 

In  other  analyses  of  bog  ores  from  Vaudreuil  and  other  places  in  Canada,  Hunt  found  16*50  to 
23'65  p.  c.  of  water  and  organic  acids,  but  the  proportion  of  the  two  was  not  determined.  For 
other  so-called  limonite,  bog  ores,  and  ochres,  see  XANTHOSIDERITE  and  LIMNITB. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Like  gothite.  Some  varieties  give  a  skeleton  of  silica  when  fused  with  salt  of 
phosphorus,  and  leave  a  siliceous  residue  when  attacked  by  acid.s. 

Obs. — Limonite  occurs  in  secondary  or  more  recent  deposits,  in  beds  associated  at  times  with 
barite,  siderite,  calcite,  aragonite,  and  quartz ;  and  often  with  ores  of  manganese ;  also  as  a  modern 
marsh  deposit. 

It  is  in  all  cases  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  other  ores,  through  exposure  to  moisture,  air,  and 
carbonic  or  organic  acids  ;  and  is  derived  largely  from  the  change  of  pyrite,  siderito,  magnetite, 
and  various  mineral  species  (such  as  mica,  augite,  hornblende,  etc.),  which  contain  iron  in  the 
protoxyd  state.  It  consequently  occupies,  as  a  bog  ore,  marshy  places,  over  most  countries  of  the 
globe,  into  which  it  has  been  borne  by  streamlets  from  the  hills  around ;  and  in  the  more  compact 
form  it  occurs  in  stalactites  as  well  as  in  tuberose  and  other  concretionary  forms,  frequently  mak- 
ing beds  in  the  rocks  which  contain  the  minerals  that  have  been  altered  into  it.  In  moist  places 
where  a  sluggish  streamlet  flows  into  a  marsh  or  pool,  a  rust-yellow  or  brownish-yellow  deposit 
often  covers  the  bottom,  and  an  iridescent  film  the  surface  of  the  water  :  the  deposit  is  a  growing 
bed  of  bog  ore.  The  iron  is  transported  in  solution  as  a  protoxyd  carbonate  in  carbonated  waters, 
a  sulphate,  or  as  a  salt  of  an  organic  acid.  The  limonite  beds  of  the  Green  Mountain  region  were 
shown  by  Percival  (Eep.  G-.  Conn.,  132,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  ii.  268)  to  be  altered  beds  of  pyritiferous 
micaceous  and  argillaceous  schist ;  and  the  same  is  held  by  Lesley  as  true  also  of  the  other  beds 
of  the  Atlantic  border,  from  New  England  and  New  York,  through  Pennsylvania  (Mt.  Alto  region 
and  others),  to  Tennessee  and  Alabama  (Proc.  Am.  Ac.  Philad.,  468,  1864,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xl.  119). 

Abundant  in  the  United  States.  A  few  only  of  its  localities  are  here  mentioned ;  reference  may 
be  made  to  the  various  geological  reports  for  complete  lists.  Extensive  beds  exist  at  Salisbury 
and  Kent,  Conn.,  also  in  the  neighboring  towns  of  Beekman,  Fishkill,  Dover,  and  Amenia,  N.  Y., 
and  in  a  similar  situation  north ;  at  Richmond  and  Leuox,  Mass. ;  at  Hinsdale  as  the  cement  in  a 
conglomerate  quartz  rock ;  in  Vermont,  at  Bennington,  Monkton,  Pittsford,  Putney,  and  Ripton. 

Limonite  is  one  of  the  most  important  ores  of  iron.  The  pig  iron,  from  the  purer  varieties,  ob- 
tained by  smelting  with  charcoal,  is  of  superior  quality.  That  yielded  by  bog  ore  is  what  is 
termed  cold  short,  owing  to  the  phosphorus  present,  and  cannot  therefore  be  employed  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  wire,  or  even  of  sheet  iron,  but  is  valuable  for  casting.  The  hard  and  compact 
nodular  varieties  are  employed  in  polishing  metallic  buttons,  etc. 

Named  Limonite  from  AEI//WI-,  meadow.  Ullmann's  name,  Stilpnosiderite,  from  mA™*?,  shining, 
has  priority ;  but  the  ore  is  characteristically  riot  a  shining  ore,  although  sometimes  with  a  lus- 
trous, varnish-like  exterior.  The  name  limonite  was  first  appropriated  especially  to  the  bog  ores 
by  Hausmann  in  1813.  But  most  bog  ores  are  of  the  above  species,  and  Beudant,  recognizing 
this,  in  1832  used  limonite  for  the  bog  as  well  as  other  limonite. 

Alt. — By  deoxydation  through  organic  matter,  if  carbonic  acid  is  present,  may  form  siderite 
(Fe  C).  By  losing  water  becomes  hematite  (3Pe).  Hematite  occurs  as  pseudomorphs  after 
limonite.  This  species  forms  numerous  pseudomorphs  of  other  species. 


174  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


207.  XANTHOSIDERITE.     Gelbeisenstein  (fr.  Goslar)  Hausm.,  Handb.,  279,  1813.     Xan- 
thosiderit  (fr.  Ilmenau)  E.  K   Schmid,   Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  495,   1851.     Yellow  Ochre  pt.     Bog 
Ore  pt. 

In  fine  needles  or  fibres,  stellate  and  concentric.     Also  as  an  ochre. 

H.=:2'5  when  in  needles.  Lustre  silky  or  greasy;  also  pitch-like  ;  also 
earthy.  Color  in  needles  golden-yellowish,  brown  to  brownish-red  ;  as  an 
ochre,  yellow  of  different  shades,  more  or  less  brown,  sometimes  reddish. 
Streak  ochre-yellow. 

Comp.— ^e  H2=Sesquioxyd  of  iron  81-6,  water  18-4=100.  Analyses:  1,  Hausmann  (GTilb. 
Ann.,  v.  21,  1811);  2,  3,  Schmid  (1.  c.);  4,  Murray  (Ramm.  Min.  Oh.,  150);  5,  Haughton  (Phil. 
Mag,IV.xxxii.220): 

3?e  Mn         A-l  H  Si 

1.  Goslar,  Harz  69'00         2-50         16'39        4'00,  Fe  S  8'05=99'84  Hausm. 

2.  Ilmeuau,  yettow a  74*96  1'82         T32         15'67         2 '5 1  =  96*28  Schmid. 

3.  "         brown a  75'00  1'33         1'51         14'10         5'02  =  96'96  Schmid. 

4.  Hiittenrode,  brown  81-41         17-96        0-17,  0  0-46=100  Murray. 

5.  Kilbride,  Ireland.  7  7 '15         tr.          20-43         0'30,  P  1 '60 =99 -48  Haughton. 

a  Loss  due  to  undetermined  lime,  magnesia,  alkalies,  antimony,  lead,  and  bismuth,  present  as  imparities. 

Haughton  found  no  organic  matter,  protoxyd  of  iron,  or  sulphur  in  his  analyses.  Half  the 
water  in  Hausmann's  analysis  must  have  belonged  to  the  sulphate  of  iron,  or  else  the  mineral 
analyzed  by  him  could  not  have  corresponded  to  the  formula  given. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Like  those  of  limonite. 

Obs. — Associated  with  manganese  ores  at  Ilmenau,  in  silky  needles,  etc. ;  as  an  ochre  near 
Goslar,  Bruchberg,  Elbingerode  in  the  Harz ;  as  a  pitchy  ore  at  Kilbride,  Wicklow  Co.,  Ireland, 
along  with  limonite  and  psilomelane. 

Several  analyses  of  bog  ore  apparently  accord  with  those  of  xanthosiderite.  But  the  amount 
of  water  given  actually  includes  whatever  was  driven  off  on  ignition,  and  no  examination  was 
made  for  organic  acids.  See_  under  LIMONITE. 

Artif. — The  hydrate,  3Pe  H2,  is  formed  when  oxyd  of  iron  is  precipitated  from  hot  solutions  of 
its  salts ;  and,  according  to  Gmelin,  also  from  cold  solutions. 

208.  BEAUXITE.    Alumine  hydratee  de  Beaux  Berthier,  Ann.  d.  M.,  vi.  531,  1821.    Beauxite 
JDufr.,  Min.  (ii.  347),  iii.  799,  1847.    Bauxite  DeviUe,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  Ixi.  309,  1861.    Wochei- 
nite  A.  Ftechner,  ZS.  G.,  xviii.  181,  1866,  Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  1866. 

In  round  concretionary  disseminated  grains.  Also  massive  oolitic  ;  and 
earthy,  clay-like. 

G.— 2'551,  fr.  Wochein,  v.  Lill.  Color  whitish,  grayish,  to  ochre-yellow, 
brown,  and  red. 

Var. — 1.  In  concretionary  grains,  or  oolitic;  beauxite.  2.  Clay-like,  wocheinite;  the  purer  kind 
grayish,  clay:like,  containing  very  little  oxyd  of  iron ;  also  red  from  the  oxyd  of  iron  present. 

Comp.— -(^cl,  £e)  H2j  with  A4 :  3Pe=3  :  1,=  Alumina  50'4,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  26'1,  water  23-5 
=  100;  without  £e,=£tl  74%  water  25*9=100.  Berthier  considered  the  iron  an  impurity. 
Analyses :  1,  Berthier  (1.  c.) ;  2,  DeviUe  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  Ixi.  309) ;  3,  Berthier  (1.  c.,  v.  133, 
1S20);  4,  v.  Lill  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  Yerh.  1866,  11): 

Si       3tl       £e        H        Ca        Mg 

1.  Beaux  52-0     27'6     20'4     =100  Berthier. 

2.  "  55-4          44-6          =100  DeviUe. 

S.Senegal          2'0      40'0     33*60  24'7      ,  <3r  <r.=  10(V3  Berthier. 

4.  Wochein        6'29     64'24  2*40     25-74    0'85      0-38,  §  0'20,  P"  0-46,  K,  Na,  Li  ^.=100-56  Lill. 

M  In  the  last,  which  has  been  called  wocheinite  (although  at  first  referred  to  beauxite),  if  the  6'29 
Si  is  present  in  the  condition  of  kaoliuite,  and  this  and  the  other  ingredients  be  rejected  as 
impurities,  the  remainder  corresponds  approximately  to  A1!  H2.  But  if  the  Si  is  in  the  condition 
of  allophane,  it  will  require  13  p.  c.  of  the  water,  and  the  wocheinite  remaining  would  be  essen- 
tiaUy  identical  with  diaspore.  A  red  variety  from  Wochein  contained  8*8  3?e  and  58'02  A1!. 


HYDROUS   OXYDS.  175 

The  following  are  analyses  by  Deville  (1.  c.)  of  what  he  regards  as  impure  varieties  of  beauxite 
all  but  one  of  which  contaiu  only  water  enough  for  a  species  of  the  diaspore  group : 

Si          £l  3Pe  H  Ti  CaC 

1.  Beaux,  white                  21*7  58-1  3-0  [14*0]  8-2  tfr.=100 

2.  Revest,  bnh.-red              2-8  57-6  25*3  10*8  3'1  0-4=100 

3.  Allauch,  oolitic                 4'8  55'4  24'8  11*6  3*2  0*2  =  100 

4.  Beaux                            30'3  349  22'1        12*7  =  100 

6.  Calabria  2*0        33'2     [48'8]         8-6        1-6     ,  corundum  5*8=100. 

Obs,— From  Beaux  (sometimes  spelt  Baux),  near  Aries,  France,  disseminated  in  grains  in 
compact  limestone,  and  also  oolitic ;  also  at  Revest,  near  Toulon,  brown  to  dark-red,  and  massive, 
regarded  as  an  iron  ore ;  at  Allauch,  Dept.  of  Var,  France,  massive,  oolitic,  with  a  base  of  like 
nature,  cemented  by  some  carbonate  of  lime,  the  most  common  variety ;  at  Hiigel,  in  the  Commune 
of  Beaux,  a  hard  and  firm  variety ;  at  Calabre,  massive.  The  wocheinite  occurs  in  Styria,  between 
Feistritz  and  Lake  Wochein,  in  a  deposit  12  feet  thick,  the  junction  of  the  Trias  and  Jurassic 
formations,  part  of  it  red  from  the  presence  of  oxyd  of  iron.  The  purest  beauxite  is  used  for  the 
manufacture  of  aluminum,  and  is  called  aluminum  ore. 

209.   ELIASITE.     Uranisches  Pittin-Erz,  Pittinus  inferior,  Breith.,  Handb.,  901,  1847.     Eliasit 
Haid.,  Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs.,  iii.  No.  4,  124,  1852.     Pittinit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxvi.  322,  1859. 

In  amorphous  masses,  more  or  less  resin-like  in  aspect,  or  like  gum. 

H. =3*5— 4*5.  G.=4r'0— 5*0.  Lustre  greasy  or  resinous.  Color  dull; 
reddish-brown,  with  thin  edges  hyacinth-red;  also  black.  Streak  wax- 
yellow  to  orange;  of  the  black  var.,  olive-green.  Subtranslucent  to 
opaque.  Fracture  somewhat  uneven,  slightly  conchoidal. 

Var. — 1.  Eliasite.  Somewhat  resin-like  in  aspect ;  G..= 4*087— 4*237,  v.  Zepharovich.  Color 
dull  reddish-brown. 

2.  Pittinite.  Color  black ;  streak  olive-green ;  lustre  greasy  submetallic ;  Gr.=4*8 — 5'0,  Breith. ; 
5-16,  Herm. 

Comp.— £  II2,  with  opal  silica  and  other  impurities.  0  ratio  for  R,  B,  Si,  H,  as  deduced  by 
Hermann,  in  eliasite,  2  :  24  :  5  :  18  ;  in  pittinite,  2  :  24  :  5  :  16.  These  numbers  correspond  very 
nearly  to  the  above  formula,  and  make  the  species  analogous  to  xanthosiderite. 

Analyses:  1,  F.  Ragsky  (Pogg.,  IV.  Ergaenz.,  348,  1853);  2,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxvi.  326): 

£        3Pe      Ca      Mg      Pb        Si        P"        H 

1.  Eliasite      61*33     6*63     3*09     2*20     4'62     5*13     0  84     10*68,  £l  1*17,  Fe  1*09,  C  2*52,  As  tr. 

=99*30  Ragsky. 

2.  Pittinite     68'45    4'54     2*26     0*55     2*51     5*00     tr.       10*06,  Bi  2*67,  insol.  3*20=99*24  H. 

The  carbonic  acid  in  anal.  1  may  be  combined  with  lime  and  part  of  the  magnesia,  making  5'7 
p.  c.  of  impurity. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Nearly  as  for  gummite.     Eliasite  is  soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Eliasite  is  from  the  Elias  mine,  Joachimsthal,  where  it  occurs  with  fluor,  dolomite,  pitch- 
blende, etc  ;  and  pittinite,  from  Joachimsthal.  This  species  may  not  be  distinct  from  gummite. 


210.  BRUOITE.  Native  Magnesia  (fr.  N.  Jersey)  A.  Bruce,  Bruce's  Min.  J.,  i.  26,  1814  (with 
anal.).  Hydrate  of  Magnesia  A.  Aiktn,  Min.,  236,  1815,  Cleaveland,  Min.,  429,  1822,  F.  Kail, 
Cat.  Min.,  28,  1824,  S.  Rolinson,  Cat.  Amer.  Min.,  166,  1825.  Brucite,  ou  Hydrate  demagnesie, 
Send.,  Tr.,  838  (Index),  1824.  Talk-Hydrat,  Magnesia-Hydrat,  Germ.  Monoklinoedrischcs 
Magnesiahydrat  oder  Texalith  (fr.  Texas,  Pa.)  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxii.  368,  1861.  Amianthus 
(fr.  Hoboken)  J.  Pierce,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  i.  54,  1818=Amianthoid  Magnesite,  Nemalite,  T.  NuttaU, 
ib.,  iv.  18,  1821= Brucite  (Talk-hydrat,  "hierher  zu  gehoren  scheint "),  Leonh.,  Handb.,  245,  1826; 
J.  D.  Whitney,  J.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Boston,  36,  1849  (with  anal.). 

Khombohedral.     R  A  72=82°  22-J',  0  A  5=119°  39f  ;  0=1-52078,  Hes- 
senberg.     Observed  planes:    0\    R,   2&, 


176 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


0  A  2  7?=rl05°  53i',  (9  A  \  7?=149°  39J',  6>  A  4  ^=98°  6',  <9  A  |  7?= 
Hessenberg.    Crystals  often  broad  tabular.   Cleavage  :  basal,  eminent,  folia 
easily  separable,  nearly  as  in  gypsum.     Usually  foliated  massive. 
fibrous,  fibres  separable  and  elastic. 


Also 


Low's  mine,  Texas. 


Wood's  mine,  Texas. 


H.=2-5.  G.=:2-35,  Haidinger;  2'40— 2*46  fr.  "Wermland,  Igelstrom ; 
2*376,  fr.  Orenburg,  Beck ;  2*44,  nemalite,  JSTuttall.  Lustre  pearly  on  a 
cleavage-face,  elsewhere  between  waxy  and  vitreous ;  the  fibrous  silky.  Color 
white,  inclining  to  gray,  blue,  or  green.  Streak  white.  Translucent 
— subtranslucent.  Sectile.  Thin  laminae  flexible. 


Var. — 1 .  Foliated.     2.  Fibrous ;  called  nemalite. 

Comp.— Mg  Ii= Magnesia  68'97,  water  31-03  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Bruce  (Brace's  J.,  i.  26); 
2,  Fyfe;  3,  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  4H7);  4,  Wurtz  (This  Min.,  682,  1850);  5,  Fyfe  (Ed.  N.  Phil. 
J.,  viii.  352) ;  6,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  157) ;  7,  Stromeyer  (1.  c.) ;  8,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxii.  368) ; 
9,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  ScL,  ii.  xv.  214);  10,  Beck  (Verh.  Min.  St.  Pet.,  1862,  87);  11,  Igel- 
strom (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1858,  187) ;  12,  J.  D.  Whitney  (J.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Bost.,  vi.  36,  1849) ;  13,  Wurtz 
(L  c.);  14,  Eammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Imnr.  284): 

Fe       Mil      Oa         E 


1.  Hoboken 
2. 


5.  Swinaness 

6. 

7. 

8.  Wood's  mine,  Texas, 

9.  Low's  mine  " 


Mg 
70 

68-57 
68-35 
69-11 
69-75 
67-98 
66-67 
68-87 
66-30 


0-12 
0-47 


0-64 


10.  Orenburg  (f)  67 '24 

11.  Wermland  (f)  68 '04 

12.  Hoboken,  Nemalite       62-89 

13.  "  »  66-05 

14.  "  "  64-86 


1-57 

1-18  1-57 

0-80 

0-50  tr. 

2-03     

3-59     

4-65     

5-H3 

4-05     


0-19 


30 

31-43 
30-90 
30-42 
30-25 
30-96 
30-39 
30-33 
[31-93] 
30-29 
28-66 
28-36 
80-13 


C 

=100  Bruce. 

=  100  Fyfe. 

=100  Stromeyer. 

=100  Wurtz. 

=  100  Fyfe. 

=100-51  Thomson. 

=100  Stromeyer. 

=  100  Hermann. 


1-27  =  1008  &B. 

0-62  =  99-98  Beck. 
=  190-29  Igelstrom. 

4-10=100  Whitney. 

: =101-81  Wurtz. 

29-48,  Si  0-27=98-65  Eamm. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water,  becoming  opaque  and  friable,  sometimes  turning 
gray  to  brown.  B.B.  infusible,  glows  with  a  bright  light,  and  the  ignited  mineral  reacts  alkaline 
to  test  paper.  With  cobalt  solution  gives  the  violet-red  color  of  magnesia.  The  pure  mineral  is 
soluble  in  acids  without  effervescence. 

Obs. — Brucite  accompanies  other  magnesian  minerals  in  serpentine,  and  has  also  been  found  in 
limestone.  Occurs  in  considerable  veins  traversing  serpentine,  at  Swinaness  in  Unst,  one  of  the 
Shetland  Isles,  where  it  is  sometimes  found  in  regular  crystals ;  at  Pyschminsk  in  the  Urals  ;  at 
G-oujot  in  France ;  near  Filipstadt  in  Wermland,  in  Sweden,  in  roundish  masses  in  limestone.  It 
occurs  at  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  opposite  the  city  of  New  York,  in  seams  in  serpentine ;  in  Richmond 
Co.,  N.  Y. ;  on  the  peninsula  east  of  New  Rochelle,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  at  Wood's  mine, 
Texas,  Pa.,  in  large  plates  or  masses,  and  often  crystallizations  several  inches  across ;  at  Low's 
mine,  with  hydromagnesite. 

The  angles  and  f.  177  given  above  are  from  Texas  crystals,  as  measured  by  Hessenberg  (Min. 
Not,  iv.  42).  G.  Rose  obtained  from  the  same,  OA^=120°,  0A£#=149°  40'  — 150°  51', 
jRA  — JJ?=90°.  The  author  gave  the  following  measurements  of  a  minute  crystal  from  Low's 
mine  (f.  17  6)  in  his  last  edit. :  OA7?=119°— 119°  55°,  0A2.K=1050  30',  R/\R  (by  calc.)=82°  15'. 


HYDROUS   OXYDS. 

The  fibrous  variety  (nemalite)  occurs  at  Hoboken,  and  Xettes  in  tho  Vosges. 

Named  after  A.  Bruce,  an  early  American  mineralogist,  who  first  described  the  species. 

Alt,— Becomes  white,  pulverulent,  and  carbonated  on  exposure,  and  also  crystallized,  constitut- 
ing then  the  mineral  hydromagnesite  ;  the  latter  is  sometimes  in  pscudomorphous  crystals  after 
brucite. 

211.  PYROCHROITE.    Pyrochroit  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  Pogg.,  cxxii.  181,  1864,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh., 

1864,  205,  1865. 

Foliated,  like  brucite. 

H.=2-5.  Lustre  pearly.  Color  white  ;  but  changing  on  exposure  to  bronze, 
and  then  to  black.  In  thin  pieces  transparent,  and  having  a  flesh-red 
color  by  transmitted  candle-light. 

Comp. — Mn  H,  or  (Mn,  Mg)  H.  Mn  H=Protoxyd  of  manganese  79-8,  water  20-2=100.  Analy- 
sis :  Igelstrom  (1.  c.) : 

Mn  76-40  Mg  3-14  Ca  1'27  Fe  O'Ol  H  15-35  C  [3'834] 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  matrass  a  small  piece  becomes  at  surface  verdigris-green,  then  dirty  green, 
and  finally  brownish-black.  Yields  water.  B.B.  reactions  of  manganese.  In  muriatic  acid  forms 
easily  a  clear  colorless  solution. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  veins  1  to  2  lines  broad  in  magnetite  at  Paisberg  in  Filipstadt,  Sweden. 

Kenngott  refers  here  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1866,  440)  a  mineral  which  Wiser  had  announced  as  a  hy- 
drous carbonate  of  manganese  (Wasserhaltiges  Kohlensaures  Mangan),  and  which  Haidinger 
(Handb.,  493,  1845)  named  Wiserite.  It  is  described  as  yellowish-white  to  gray  in  color,  pearly 
to  silky  in  lustre,  fibrous  in  structure,  and  as  coming  from  G-onzen  near  Sarganz,  the  Canton  of  St. 
GraU,  in  Switzerland,  where  it  is  found  in  seams  in  a  granulitic  hausmannite,  with  rhodochrosite. 
Even  if  identical  with  pyrochroite  in  composition,  it  was  so  imperfectly  and  incorrectly  described 
that  Igelstrom's  name  should  stand  for  the  species. 

212.  GIBBSITE.    Wavellite  (fr.  Richmond)  G.  Dewey,  Am.  J.Sci.,  ii.  249, 1820;=Water  and 
Alumina,  id.,  ib.,  in.  239,  1821.    G-ibbsite  J.  Torrey,  N.  Y.  Med.  Phys.  J.,  i.  No.  1,  68,  April, 
1822.     Hydrargillite,  Gibbsite  of  Torrey,   Cleavel,  224,  782,  1822.     Hydrargillite  (fr.  Ural) 
G.  Hose,  Pogg.,  xlviii.  564,  1839. 

Hexagonal,  Koksch.  ;  monoclinic,  Descl.  In  small  hexagonal  crystals 
with  replaced  lateral  edges.  0  A  E=W°  28',  Ol\\R=$T  22',  0  I\-\R— 
94°  55',  Koksch.  Planes  vertically  striate.  Cleavage :  basal  or  0  emi- 
nent. Occasionally  in  lamello-radiate  spheroidal  concretions.  Usually 
stalactitic,  or  small  mammillary  and  incrusting,  with  smooth  surface,  and 
often  a  faint  fibrous  structure  within. 

II.  =  2-5-3-5.  G.=2-3-2-4:  ;  2'385,  fr.  Eichmond,  B.  Silliman,  Jr. ; 
2-287,  Ural,  Hermann.  Color  white,  grayish,  greenish,  or  reddish- white ; 
also  reddish-yellow  when  impure.  Lustre  of  0  pearly ;  of  other  faces 
vitreous  ;  of  surface  of  stalactites  faint.  Translucent ;  sometimes  transpa- 
rent in  crystals.  A  strong  argillaceous  odor  when  breathed  on.  Tough. 

Var. — 1.  In  crystals  ;  the  original  Tiydrargilliie.     2.  Stalactitic;  gibbsite. 

Comp.-^l Ii3= Alumina  65-6,  water  34-4=100.  Analyses:  1,  Torrey  (L  c.);  2,  B.  Silliman, 
Jr.  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  vii.  411);  3,  4,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xvi.  61,  1853);  5,  Hermann 
(J.  pr.  Oh.,  xl.  11) ;  6,  v  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xli.,  and  1. 491) ;  7,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs.,  iv.  397) : 


Si 

£e 

Mg 

H 

Si 

£ 

1. 

2. 

Richmond,  Gibbs. 

K                              It 

64-8 
(f)  64-  1  9 



0-30 

34-7 
34-23 

0-59, 

=99-5  Torrey. 
insol.  1-16=100-27  Silliman. 

3. 

11                              (( 

64-24 

tr. 

o-io 

33-76 

1-33 

0-57=100  S.  &  B. 

4. 

<(                              (( 

63-48 

tr. 

0'05 

34-68 

1-09 

tr.  =99-30  S.  &  B. 

5. 

Ural,  Hydrarg. 

64-03 

34-54 



1-43  =  100  Hermann. 

6. 

7. 

Villa  Rica,  " 
«          « 

65-6 
64-35 



_____ 

34-4 
35-65 

.  

=100  KobelL 
tr.  =100  Hauer. 

178  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Dewey  found  (L  c.)  33-36  p.  c.  of  water,  with  "  little  besides  alumine  left." 

Hermann  states  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xl.  32,  xlii.  1)  that  a  "  gibbsite  "  from  Richmond,  Mass ,  afforded 
him  £  37-62,  Xl  26*66,  H  35-72  =  100.  But  the  true  gibbsite  has  since  been  analyzed  anew  by 
Silliman,  Jr.,  and  by  Smith  &  Brush,  without  finding  more  than  a  trace  of  phosphoric  acid,  sustain- 
ing the  original  analysis  of  Torrey.  This  at  least  is  certain,  that  gibbsite  is  a  hydrate,  and  if  a 
phosphate  occurs  also  at  Richmond,  that  phosphate  is  not  gibbsite.  Rose's  hydrargillite  (found 
crystallized  in  the  Urals)  is  identical  in  composition  with  gibbsite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  becomes  white  and  opaque,  and  yields  water.  B.B.  infusible, 
whitens,  and  does  not  impart  a  green  color  to  the  flame.  With  cobalt  solution  gives  a  deep-blue 
color.  Soluble  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — The  crystallized  gibbsite  was  discovered  by  Lissenko  in  the  Schischimskian  mountains 
near  Slatoust  in  the  Ural ;  it  occurs,  according  to  Kokscharof,  in  cavities  in  a  talcose  schist  con- 
taining much  magnetite.  The  larger  crystals  were  1  to  2  in.  long.  With  corundum  at  Gumuch- 
dagh,  Asia  Minor;  also  on  corundum  at  Unionville,  Pa. ;  in  Brazil,  resembling  wavellite.  The 
stalactitic  occurs  at  Richmond.  Mass.,  in  a  bed  of  limonite ;  also  at  Lenox,  Mass. ;  at  the  Clove 
mine,  Union  Vale,  Duchess  Co.,  N.  Y.,  on  limonite ;  in  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Named  after  Col.  George  Gibbs,  the  original  owner  (after  extensive  foreign  travel)  of  the  large 
Gibbs'  cabinet  of  Yale  College.  Cleaveland  calls  the  Richmond  mineral  hydrargillite  on  p.  224  of 
his  mineralogy,  but  on  p.  732  adopts  Torrey's  name  gibbsite. 

Kokscharof  states  that  the  Ural  crystals  are  optically  uniaxial,  and  hence  rhombohedral  (Bull 
Ac.  St.  Pet.,  v.  372) ;  Descloizeaux  that  they  are  optically  monoclinic  (C.  R.,  Ixii.  987). 

213.  LIMNITE.    Limonite  pt.    Yellow  Ochre  pt.    Bog  Ore  pt.    Brown  Iron  Ore  (Brauneisen- 

stein)  pt.     Quellerz  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxvii  53. 

Massive.  In  stalactites  or  tuberose,  resembling  limonite.  Also  as  an 
earthy  yellow  ochre. 

H.,  G.,  and  other  physical  characters  same  nearly  as  for  limonite.  The 
darker  colored  kinds  usually  more  yellowish-brown,  the  lighter  rust-yellow. 

Var. — 1.  Submetallic  or  pitch-like  in  lustre,  brownish-black  in  color.     2.  Ochreous,  yellow. 
Comp.— 3?e  H3=0xyd  of  iron  74-8,  water  25-2=100.     Analyses:  1,  A.  H.  Church  (J.  Ch 
Soc.,  II.  iii.  214);  2,  3,  Hermann  (1.  c.);  4,  Karsten  (Karst.  Arch.,  xv.  1): 

Fe          Stn          H  P"      Humicacid 

1.  Cornwall,  stated.  73-73         24-40         ,  loss,  etc.,  1-87=100  Church. 

2.  Novgorod,  %  ore a       62-08         1-90         24'64        6'64        4-74=100  Herm. 

3.  "      b       6114        8-10        27-74        5'86        2'16=100  Herm. 

4.  New  York  66'33        0-75        26'40C      012         ,  Fe  3-6,  Si  2'80= 100  Karst. 

a  After  excl.  4T'50  sand.  b  After  excl  50-28  sand.  c  Including  humic  acid. 

As  the  amount  of  organic  acids  in  Karsten's  analysis  was  not  determined,  its  right  to  be 
included  here  is  not  certain. 

Obs.— The  Cornwall  mineral  is  from  the  Botallack  mine,  and  was  stalactitic  and  of  a  rust-yellow 
color;  G.  =  2-69.  That  of  Novgorod,  Russia,  was  a  bog  ore. 

Named  limnite  from  XIJH/IJ,  marsh.  Glocker  proposed  this  name  as  a  substitute  for  limonite,  on 
the  alleged  ground  that  the  word  limonite  was  of  French  extraction.  As  his  limonite,  or  limnite, 
was  bog  ore  exclusively,  the  name  is  appropriately  used  here.  Hermann's  name  Quellerz  alludes 
to  its  water  or  marsh  origin. 

214.  HYDROTALOITE.    Hydfotalkit  Hochstett&r.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxvii.  376,  1842.    Yolknerite 

Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xl.  11,  1847,  xlvi.  257,  1849. 

Hexagonal.  Cleavage:  basal,  eminent;  lateral,  distinct.  Also  lamellar 
massive,  or  foliated,  and  somewhat  fibrous. 

H.=2.  G.=2'04r.  Color  white.  Lustre  pearly,  and  feel  greasy. 
Translucent,  or  in  thin  folia  transparent. 

Comp.— £lH8+6  MgH+6  H=(£3tl+f  Mg8)  H8+2  H=Alumina  16-8,  magnesia  39«2,  water 
44-0=100.  Corresponds  to  1  of  gibbsite+Q  of  brucite,  with  6  H  in  addition. 


HYDROUS   OXYDS. 


1T9 


Analyses :  1,  Hermann  (1.  c.) ;  2,  Hochstetter  (1.  c.) ;  3-6,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xcvii.  296) : 

C 


1.  Schischimsk 

2.  Snarum 

3.  " 

4.  " 

5.  " 

6.  " 


16-95 
12-00 
19-25 
17-78 
18-00 
18-87 


6-90 


Mg 

37-07 

36-30 

37'27 

38-18 

37-30 

37-04 


& 

46-87 

32-06 

41-59 

[37-99] 

[37-38] 

37-38 


=100  Hermann. 

10-54,  insoL  1-20  =  99-60  Hochst 
2-61  =  100-72  Ramm. 
6-05  =  100  Ramm. 
7-32  =  100  Ramm. 
7-30=  100-59  Ramm. 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  much  water.  B.B.  infusible,  but  exfoliates  somewhat, 
and  gives  out  light.  A  weak  rose-red  with  cobalt  solution.  With  the  fluxes  intumesces  and 
affords  a  clear  colorless  glass.  The  Snarum  mineral  reacts  for  iron.. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  mines  of  Schischimsk,  district  of  Slatoust, 
implanted  on  talc  schist ;  at  Snarum,  Norway,  in  serpentine. 

Named  Tiydrotalcite  in  allusion  to  its  resembling  talc,  but  containing 
much  more  water,  and  volknerite,  after  Captain  Volkuer. 

HougMte  of  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xii.  210),  from  near  Oxbow, 
and  near  Somerville  in  Rossie,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  New  York,  is  hydro- 
talcite,  derived  from  the  alteration  of  spinel.  The  color  is  white  ; 
lustre  faint,  pearly.  H.  =  2'5.  G.=2'0— 2*1.  The  crystals  are  in 
all  conditions,  from  the  pure  spinel  to  octahedrons  with  rounded 
edges  and  pitted  or  irregular  surfaces,  and  it  also  occurs  in  flattened 
nodules.  The  surfaces  are  sometimes  soft  and  altered,  when  the 
edges  or  angles  have  the  hardness  of  spinel.  S.  W.  Johnson,  who 
has  redescribed  the  mineral,  obtained  in  one  analysis  (Am.  J.  Sci., 
H.  xii.  361),  3tl  19-743,  Mg  36"292,  C  8'458,  insoluble  spinel,  etc., 
8-264,  silica  3-020,  water  (by  diff.)  24-223.  The  whole  loss  by  igni- 
tion in  one  trial  was  40*86  p.  c. ;  which  would  give  33  to  34  p.  c.  of  water.  It  is  associated  with 
dolomite,  spinel,  phlogopite,  graphite,  and  serpentine. 

215.  PYROAURITB.    Pyroaurit  Igkstrom,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  xxii.  608,  1865. 

Hexagonal.     In  six-sided  tables. 

Color  submetallic,  gold-like.     Subtranslucent. 

Comp.— $eH3  +  6MgH+6H=(£Pe  +  f  Mg3)S3  +  2H=Sesquioxyd  Of  iron  23'9,  magnesia 
35-8,  water  40-3  =  100.  Corresponds  to  1  oflimnite  +  Q  of  brucite,  with  6  H  in  addition,  differing 
from  hydrotalcite  in  the  presence  of  iron  in  place  of  aluminum.  Analysis  :  Igelstrom  (1.  c.) : 

Pe  23-92         Mg  34-04        H  34'56        C  7'24. 

•.,  etc. — Yields  water.    B.B.  infusible.    Perfectly  soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 
•From  the  Longban  iron-mine  in  "Wermland. 

216.  GUMMITE.  Feste  Uranokker  pt.  W&rn.,  Min.  Syst..  26,  1817,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  a,  279. 
Lichtes  Uranpecherz  Freiesleben.  Uranisches  Gummi-Erz  Sreith.,  Uib.,  60,  1830,  Char.,  218, 
1832.  Urangummi  Eretth.,  Handb.,  903,  1847.  Phosphor-G-ummit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxvi.  327, 
1859. 

Amorphous.     In  rounded  or  flattened  pieces,  looking  much  like  gum. 

H.=2'5— 3.  G.=3-9— 4-20,  Breith.  Lustre  greasy.  Color  reddish- 
yellow  to  hyacinth-red,  reddish-brown.  Streak  yellow.  Feebly  trans- 
lucent. 

Comp.— •(£,  £e)  H3,  with  some  opal  silica,  phosphate  of  lime,  and  other  impurities.    Hermann 
deduced  the  0  ratio  for  R3,  £,  Si,  H,  2  :  24 :  5  :  26,  or  1  : 1  for  oxyds  and  water.    Hence  analog 
to  limnite,  and  sustaining  the  supposed  close  relation  of  uranium  and  iron.    Analysis:  Ken 
(Schw.  J.,  Ixvi.  18)  : 


72-00 


Mn 
0-05 


Ca 
6-00 


Si 
4-26 


2-30 


14-75 


F,As 
tr.= 99-36. 


180 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Some  specimens  contain  traces  of  vanadic  acid. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  much  water  and  a  bituminous  odor.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  hi  O.F.  gives 
a  yellow  bead,  becoming  green  in  R.F.  (due  to  uranium),  leaving  an  undissolved  skeleton  of 
silica. 

Obs. — From  Johanngeorgenstadt,  with  uraninite. 

217.  PSILOMELANE.  Derb  Brunsten  pt.  Wall,  Min.,  268,  1747.  Magnesia  indurata  pt. 
Cronst.,  Min.,  106,  1758.  Schwarz  Braunsteinerz  pt.  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789,  386.  Verhartetes 
Schwarz-Braunsteinerz  pt.  Emmerling,  Min.,  iv.  532,  Karsten,  Tab.,  54,  1800.  Yerh.  Schwarz- 
Manganerz  pt.  Karst.,  Tab.,  72,  1808.  Schwarz-Eisenstein  pt.  Wern.,  v.  Leanh.,  etc.  Black 
Hematite,  Black  Iron  Ore,  Compact  Black  Manganese  Ore.  Hartmanganerz.  Psilomelane  Haid., 
Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  1827. 

Massive  and  botryoidal.     Renifornu     Stalactitic. 

H.=5— 6.  G.=3'7— 4r-7.  Lustre  submetallic.  Streak  brownish-black, 
shining.  Color  iron-black,  passing  into  dark  steel-gray.  Opaque. 

Comp. — (Ba,  fin)  Mn+Mn  +  nH&n  [  +  aq];  or,  for  the  anhydrous  kinds,  (Ba,  Mn)Mn  +  !M-n. 
Each  of  these  formulas  is  equivalent  to  simply  R2  O3.  Rammelsberg  writes  for  the  mineral  (Ba, 
Mn)  Mn2  +  H,  with  some  Sfu  as  mixture.  For  the  Elgersburg  ore  (anal._  7  )e  Schmid  deduces  the 
formula  (]&a  Mn)  Mn4-f-6H,  which  may  be  written  (Ba,  Mn)  Mn+ 3  HMn  + 311,  equivalent  to 
R2  03  +  3  R2  03+3H=R2  03  +  f  H  As  the  mineral  occurs  only  massive,  the  true  nature  of  the 
species  is  doubtful 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Turner  (Edinb.  Trans.,  xi.);  3,  Fuchs  (Schw.  J.,  Ixii.  255);  4,  Rammelsberg 
(Handw.,  ii.  73) ;  5,  K.  List  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  Ixxxiv.  60) ;  6,  Scheffler  (Arch.  d.  Pharm.,  xxxv.  260) ;  7-9, 
Schmid  (Pogg.,  cxxvi.  151) : 

Ba        K        H 


1.  Schneeberg 

2.  Romaneche 

3.  Baireuth 

4.  Horhausen 

5.  Olpe 

6.  Ilmenau 


Mn  Mn  0 
69-80  7-36 
70-97  7-26 
81-8 
81-36 


9-5 
9-18 


85-17     4-49 


83-3       9-8 


16-36 
16-69 


5-8 


7.  Elgersburg       (G.=4'307)  68'27     815     17'27 

8.  Oehrenstock     (G.=4'134)  70-54  10'09     10-92 

9.  Nadabula         (G.=4'332)  82-46    9'87      O'Ol 


6-22,  Si  0-26= 100  Turner. 

4-13,  Si  0-95  =  100  Turner. 

4-5       4-2  =  100  Fuchs. 

3-04    3-39,  Si  0'53,  Cu  0'96,  3Pe  1'43,  Ca  0-38, 

Na,  Mg  0-32=100-61  Ramm. 

1-36    4-02,  Cu  1-28,  Co  0'31,  Oa  0'37,  insol. 

2-51  List. 

4-3f  Oa  1-8,  ^12-1,  3Pe  0'3,  Si  1-17  = 

99-1  Scheffler. 

4-84,  Si  0-51,  ^e  O'lO,  Xl  U'31,  Pb  O'll, 

Mg  0-02,  Ca  0-16,  Na  0-08=99-82  Schmid. 

0-21     5-86,  Si  0-32,  Pe  0'17,  £l  0'21,  Cu  0'25. 

fig  0-13,  Ca  1-26,  Na  0-25  =  100-21  Schmid. 

3-05     3-21,3Pe  0'30,  3tl  0'08,  £o  0'29,  CuO'02, 

Mg  0-03,  Ca  0-20,  Na  0'22=99-74  Schmid. 


Other  varieties  of  the  so-called  psilomelane  contain  little  or  no  water.  Analyses  :  1 0,  Glaus- 
bruch  (Ramm.  1st  SuppL,  121) ;  11,  Ebelmen  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xix.  155) ;  12,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg., 
Ixviii.  72);  13,  Schultz  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  1006) : 

Mn         0  Ba  K  Mg      fl 

10.  Ilmenau  77-23  15-82  0-12  5'29 ,  Ca  0'91,  Cu  0-40,  Si  0-52  =  100-29  C. 

11.  G-y.  Haute  Saone  70-60  14-18  6-55  4-05  1-05     1-67,  3Pe  0'77,  Si  0-60=99-47  Ebelmen. 

12.  Heidelberg  70'17  15-16  8-08  2'62  0'21  [1'43],  Ca  0-60,  Cu  0'30,  Co  0'54,  Si  0-90  = 

100  Ramm. 

13.  Schneeberg          80'27     14*10   4'35   [0'23],  Ca  1-05=100  Schultz. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  most  varieties  yield  water,  and  all  lose  oxygen  on  ignition ;  with 
the  fluxes  reacts  for  manganese.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid,  with  evolution  of  chlorine. 

Obs.— This  is  a  common  ore  of  manganese.  It  is  frequently  in  alternating  layers  with  pyrolu- 
site.  It  occurs  in  botryoidal  and  Stalactitic  shapes,  in  Devonshire  and  Cornwall ;  at  Ilefeld  in  the 
Harz;  also  at  Johanngeorgenstadt,  Schneeberg,  Ilmenau,  Siegen,  etc.;  at  Elgersburg  and  Oehren* 
stock,  Thunngia,  and  Nadabula,  Hungary. 

It  forms  mammillary  masses  at  Chittenden,  Irasburg,  and  Brandon,  Yt. 

Named  from  (//(Aft,  smooth  or  naked,  and  /*!Aas,  black. 


HYDKOUS   OXYD8. 


218.  WAD.  (A)  BOG-  MANGANESE.  Magnesia  friabilis  terriformis  Cronst.,  Min.,  105,  1758. 
Earthy  Ochre  of  Mang.,  Black  Wad  pt,  Kirwan,  Min.,  1784,  1796.  Schwarz  Braunsteinerz. 
Manganschaum,  Karst.,  Tab.,  1808.  Brauner  Eisenrahm  Wern.  Bog  Manganese.  Ouatite 
Huot.,  Min.,  241,  1841.  Groroilite  Berth.,  Ann.  Oh.  Phys.,  li.  19,  1832,  Eeissacherit  Haid., 
Jahrb.  G.  Keichs.,  vii.  609,  1856. 

(B)  ASBOLITE.     ?  Cobaltum  nigrum  Agric.,  Bermann.,  459,  1529.    Svart  Kobolt-Jord,  MID 
Cob.  terrea  fuliginea,  Wall,  Min.,  235,  1747.    Kobalt-Mulm,  Ochra  Cob.  nigra,  Oranst,  Min., 
211,1768.    Kobolt-Erde,  Schwarzer  Erdkobalt,  Eusskobalt,  Kobaltmanganerz,  Germ.    Earthy 
Cobalt,  Black  Cobalt  Ochre.     Cobalt  oxyde  noir  H.,  Tr.,  iv.  1801.    Kakochlor  (fr.  Lausitz) 
JBreith.,  Char.,  240,  1832,  Handb.,  896,  1847.     Asbolan  (fr.  Kamsdorf,  etc.)  Sreith.,  Handb., 
332,  1847. 

(C)  LAMPADITE.     Kupfermangan  Lampadius,  Neue  Erfahr.  im  Gebiete  der  Ch.,  etc.,  ii. 
70.     Kupfermangauerz  Sreith.,  in  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  b,  201,  1818.     Cupreous  Manganese.    Pelo- 
konit  G.  F.  Bichter,  Pogg.,  xxi.  591,  1831.    Lampadite  ffwt.,  Min.,  238,  1841. 

The  manganese  ores  here  included  occur  in  amorphous  and  reniform 
masses,  either  earthy  or  compact,  and  sometimes  incrusting  or  as  stains. 
They  are  mixtures  of  different  oxyds,  and  cannot  be  considered  chemical 
compounds  or  distinct  mineral  species. 

H.=0*5  —  6.  G.=3—  4*26  ;  often  loosely  aggregated,  and  feeling  very 
light  to  the  hands.  Color  dull  black,  bluish  or  brownish-black. 

Comp.,  Var.—  Rammelsberg  considers  them  related   essentially  to  psilomelane  under  the 
formula  R,  Mn-f-fi  (or  2  H),  but  mixed  with  other  ingredients. 
Varieties  :  (A)  Manganesian  ;  (B)  Cobaltiferous  ;  (C)  Cupriferous. 

A.  BOG  MANGANESE.     Consists  mainly  of  oxyd  of  manganese  and  water,  with  some  oxyd  of 
iron,  and  often  silica,  alumina,  baryta.     The  Derbyshire  wad  sometimes  gives  the  angle  of  barite, 
101°  42',  with  which  mineral  it  is  in  part  impregnated.     The  wad  of  Leadhills  is  pseudomorphous 
after  calcite.     Groroilite  occurs  in  roundish  masses  of  a  brownish-black  color,  and  reddish-brown 
streak;  with  H.  sometimes  6—  6'5;  it  is  from  Groroi  in  Mayenne,  Yicdessos,  and  Cautern,  in 
France.     Reissacherite  is  the  ore  analyzed  by  Hornig  (anal.  14),  which  is  remarkable  for  the 
amount  of  water.     Huot's  name  ouatite  is  from  the  French  spelling  of  wad.     Wad  is  of  English 
origin.    The  wad  of  the  Cumberland  miners  is  graphite,  a  wrong  use  of  the  word,  says  Mawe  in 
his  Mineralogy  of  Derbyshire. 

B.  ASBOLITE,  or  Earthy  Cobalt,  is  wad  containing  oxyd  of  cobalt,  which  sometimes  amounts  to 
32  p.  c.    Named  from  dafoA/?,  soot  (or  As'bolan  tfrom  do6t\aivu,  to  soil  like  soot).     For  anal.  15-17, 
Rammelsberg  writes  the  formula  (Co,  Cu)  Mn2+4  II.     Breithaupt's  cacochlor  includes  the  ore 
from  Rengersdorf  in  Lausitz  (anal.  15),  having  H.  =  '2—  2*5,  G.=3'15—  3'29. 

C.  LAMPADITE,  or  Cupreous  Manganese.    A  wad  containing  4  to  18  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  copper, 
and  often  oxyd  of  cobalt  also.     It  graduates  into  black  copper  (Melaconite  or  Kupferschwarze). 
G.=3'l  —  3'2.     Peloconite  is  a  brownish-black  variety,  having  a  liver-brown  streak  ;  H.=3;  G.= 
2-509—2-567  ;  from  Remolinos  in  Chili. 

Special  formulas  have  been  written  for  several  of  the  following  analyses  ;  but  these  bog  miner- 
als are  not  simple  species. 

Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iii.  311);  2,  3,  Turner  (Edinb.  J.  Sci.  K  S.,  ii.  213);  4,  5,  Ber- 
thier  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  li.  19);  6,  Wackenroder  (Kastn.  Archiv.,  xiii.  302,  xiv.  257);  7,  Scheffler 
(Arch.  d.  Pharm./xxxv.  260):  8,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  157);  9,  Igelstrom  (Jahresb.,  xxv. 
342);  10,  11,  Beck  (Rep.  Min.  N.  Y.,  55);  12,  Berthier;  13,  Bahr  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  liii.  308,  fr.  Oefv. 
Ak.  Stockh.,  240,  1850)  ;  14,  E.  Hornig  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  vii.  312)  ;  15,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  ii.  3C 
16,  Dobereiner  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixvii.  333);  17,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  liv.  551);  18,  Kersten  (Schw. 
J.,  Ixvi.  1)  ;  19,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  liv.  545)  ;  20,  Bottger  (ib.)  : 

I.    Wad. 

Mn        Mn        0  £e  Ba  Cu       fi 

1.  Clausthal                          68-  _  6-5  TO  -  17-5,  Si  8-0,  C  1-0  Klaproth. 

2.  Devonshire                       7912            8'82  -  1'4  -  10-66=100  Turner. 

3.  Derbyshire                  -    38-59  -  52'34  5'4  -  10-29,  insoL  2-74=109-36  T. 


182 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


4. 
5. 
6. 

7. 
8. 
9. 

10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 

Vicdessos 
Groroilite 
Baden 

Ilmenau 
Riibeland 
Westgothland 

Hillsdale,  N.  T, 

Austerlitz,    " 
Siegen 
Skidberg 

Mn      Mn 
69-8     
62-4     
32-73 

66-5     
67-50    
82-51 

,  68-50 
58-50 
58-5     
66-16 

0 

11-7 
12-8 

12-1 
13-48 

10-4 

3Pe 

6-0 
9-33 

1-0 
0-77 

16-75 
22-00 
5-7 
2-70 

Ba 

8-1 
0-36 

15-34 

14.  Gastein 


15.  Lausitz 

16.  Kamsdorf 
17  « 


34-16 


Mn 
16-0 


Cu     H 

-  12-4,  £17  -0=100-9  Berthier. 

-  15-8,  clay  3-0  =  100  Berthier. 

4'0  31'33,  Pb  12'83,  Pb8'0,£e  0'33,  Si  0'13 
quartz  2  -60  W 

-  9-8,  Si  2-5  =  100  Scheffler. 

-  10-30,  Si  0-47,  Ca4'22,  K  3*66  =  100  R. 

-  5-58,  Si  1-43,  A-l  6-30,  Ca  1-91,  Mg 

0-69  =99-2  llglst. 

-  11-50,  insol.  3-25  =  100  Beck. 
--  17-00,  insol.  2-50=100  Beck. 

-  12-9  (with  loss),  3tl  10-7,  quartz  1-8  B. 
0-02  12-07,   Si  0'92,  '&!  0'75,  Ca  0'59,  Mg 

0-28,  K  0-28=99-11  Bahr. 
14*16   -       -  16-90,  Ca  0  7'59,  sand  27'27  Hornig, 


II.   Earthy  Cobalt;  Asbolite. 

0        Pe    Ba      Co        Cu 
19-4*     0-2 


31'2l 
40-05 


6'78 
9-47 


4'56  0'50 


17-0,  Si  24-8,  2tl  20-4=97-8  KL 

32-05      22-90=92-94  D. 

19-45     4-35  21-24,  K  0'37  =  99'94  Ramm. 


in.    Cupreous  Manganese ;  Lampadite ;  Kupferschwarze,  or  Black  Copper,  in  part. 
fin    Mn       0        £e     Ba     Co        Cu      S 


18.  Schlackenwald 

19.  Kamsdorf 

20.  " 


74-10 


0-12 


4-80  20-10,    Si   0-3,    gypsum    1-05= 

100-47  Kersten. 

49-99   8-91     4-70  1'64    0'49b  14*67  14-46,  fig  0'69,  K  0-52,  Si  2'74, 

Ca  2-25  =  101-06  R. 
53-22 9-14     1-88  1'70     0'14b   16'85  16'94,  KO'65,  Ca  2'85=  103'44  B. 


a  With  oxyd  of  manganese. 


With  oxyd  of  nickel. 


Pyr.,  etc. —  Wad  reacts  like  psilomelane.  Earthy  cobalt  gives  a  blue  bead  with  salt  of  phos- 
phorus, and  when  heated  in  R.F.  on  charcoal  with  tin,  some  specimens  yield  a  red  opaque  bead 
(copper).  Cupreous  manganese  gives  similar  reactions,  and  three  varieties  give  a  strong  man- 
ganese reaction  with  soda,  and  evolve  chlorine  when  treated  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — The  above  ores  are  results  of  the  decomposition  of  other  ores — partly  of  oxyds,  and 
partly  of  manganesian  carbonates.  They  occur  at  the  localities  above  mentioned,  and  many 
other  places.  "Wad  or  bog  manganese  is  abundant  in  the  counties  of  Columbia  and  Duchess, 
N.  T.,  at  Austerlitz,  Canaan  Centre,  and  elsewhere,  where  it  occurs  as  a  marsh  deposit,  and, 
according  to  Mather,  has  proceeded  from  the  alteration  of  brown  spar ;  also  in  the  south-west 
part  of  Martinsburg,  Lewis  Co.,  in  a  swamp.  There  are  large  deposits  of  bog  manganese  at  Blue 
Hill  Bay,  Dover,  and  other  places  in  Maine. 

Earthy  cobalt  occurs  with  cobalt  pyrites  at  Riechelsdorf  in  Hesse ;  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia ;  at 
Nertschinsk  in  Siberia ;  at  Alderly  Edge  in  Cheshire.  An  earthy  cobalt  occurs  at  Mine  la  Motte, 
Missouri,  which  contains  10  or  11  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  nickel,  besides  oxyd  of  cobalt  and  copper,  with 
Iron,  lead,  and  sulphur;  also  near  Silver  Bluff,  South  Carolina,  affording  24  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  cobalt 
to  76  of  oxyd  of  manganese. 

Cupreous  manganese  is  found  at  Schlackenwald,  and  at  Kamsdorf  near  Saalfeld ;  at  Lauterberg 
in  the  Harz.  Peloconite  is  from  Remohnos,  Chili,  where  it  occurs  with  chrysocolla,  or  malachite. 

VABVACITE.  Yarvacite,  referred  to  on  p.  171  as  an  altered  manganite,  approaches  a  wad  in 
composition.  Phillips  obtained  (Phil:  Mag.,  vi.  281,  vii.  284)  Mn  63'3,  0  31-7,  H  5-0;  or  fin 
81*7,  0  13-3,  H  5'0.  A  similar  compound  from  Ilefeld  in  the  Harz  (in  part  pseudomorphous  after 
calcite)  afforded  Turner  fin  80-79,  0  14-23,  H  4-98=100,  and  Duflos  (Schw.  J.,  Ixiv.  81)  fin 
81-40,  0  13-47,  H  5'13=100. 


ETC.  183 


II.  OXYDS  OF  ELEMENTS  OF  THE  AKSENIC  AND  SULPHITE 

GKOUPS,  SEKIES  II. 

1.  ARSENOLITE  GROUP.     Comp.  R  O3.    Isometric. 

219.  ARSENOLITE  As  O3  220.  SENABMONTITE  Sb  O8 

2.  VALENTINITE  GROUP.     Comp.  RO3.     Orthorhombic. 

221.  VALENTINITE  Sb  O3  224.  MOLYBDITB  MoO3 

222.  (?)BiSMiTB  BiO3  225.  TUNGSTITE  WO3 

223.  (?)  KARELINTTE  Bi03+[£BiS] 

3.  KERMESITE  GROUP.    Comp.  R  O3,  with  S  replacing  part  of  0.    Monodinic. 

226.  KERMESITE  Sb  (0,  S)3 

4.  CERVANTITE  GROUP.     Comp.  R  03  +  R  O5. 

227.  CERVANTITE  Sb03+Sb05. 

Appendix.— 228.  STIBICONITE  Sb  04+aq.    229.  VOLGEEITE  Sb  O6  +  aq. 


219.  ARSENOLITE.  Arsenicum  nativum  farinaceum,  A.  n.  crystallinum,  Wall,  224,  1747. 
A.  calciforme  Cronst.,  207,  1758.  A.  cubicum,  etc.,  Linn.,  1768.  White  Arsenic  Hill,  1771. 
Arsenic  blanc  natif  P,\  Naturlicher  Arsenikkalk.  Arsenikbluthe  Karst.,  Tab.,  79,  1800. 
Arsenic  oxide  H.  Acide  arsenieux  Fr.  Oxyd  of  Arsenic,  Arsenous  acid.  Arsenige  Saure 
Germ.  Arsenit  Raid.,  Handb.,  487,  1845.  Arsenolite  Dana,  Min.,  139,  1854. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons  (f.  2).  Usually  in  minute  capillary  crystals, 
stellarly  aggregated,  or  crusts  investing  other  substances.  Also  botryoidal, 
stalactitic ;  earthy. 

H.=l-5.  G.  =  3-698,  Eoget  &  Dumas.  Lustre  vitreous  or  silky.  Color 
white,  occasionally  with  a  yellowish  or  reddish  tinge.  Streak  white,  pale 
yellowish.  Transparent — opaque.  Taste  astringent,  sweetish. 

Comp. — Xs— Oxygen  24-24,  arsenic  75'76=100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Sublimes  in  the  closed  tube,  condensing  above  in  minute  octahedrons.  B.B.  on 
charcoal  volatilizes  in  white  fumes,  giving  a  white  coating  and  an  alliaceous  odor.  Slightly  soluble 
hi  hot  water. 

Obs.— Accompanies  ores  of  silver,  lead,  arsenical  iron,  cobalt,  nickel,  antimony,  etc.,  as  a  result 
of  the  decomposition  of  arsenical  ores.     Occurs  at  Andreasberg  hi  the  Harz ;  at  Wheal  Sparnon 
in  Cornwall;  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia ;  Kapnik  in  Hungary;  the  old  mines  of  Biber  m  H 
the  Ophir  mine,  Nevada ;  the  Armagosa  mine,  Great  Basin,  CaL 

Arsenolite  has  been  observed  as  a  furnace  product  in  ortfwrhombic  crystals,  probably  isomorpho 
with  valentinite.    A' s  and  Sb  are  known  to  be  isodimorphous.    The  prismatic  form  is  obtained  from 
sublimation  at  a  temperature  above  200°  C..  and  the  isometric  at  one  much  lower. 


184  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

As  the  name  arsenite  is  used  in  chemistry  for  compounds  of  arsenous  acid,  the  author  in  1854 
changed  it  to  arsenolite. 

Alt. — Native  arsenic  is  often  covered  by  a  blackish  crust  or  powder,  which  has  been  considered 
a  suboxyd  (As) ;  but  according  to  Suckow,  it  is  a  mixture  of  metallic  arsenic  and  axsenous  acid. 

220.  SENARMONTITE.    Antimoine  oxyde  octaedrique  H.  de  Senarmont,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys., 

III.  xxxi.  .504,  1851.     Senarmontite  Dana,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xii.  209,  1851. 

Isometric ;  in  octahedrons  (f.  2).  Cleavage :  octahedral,  in  traces.  Also 
granular  massive ;  in  crusts. 

H.— 2— 2'5.  Gr.=5-22 — 5*3.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  subadaman- 
tine.  Transparent — translucent.  Colorless  or  grayish.  Streak  white. 

Comp. — Sb  (like  valentinite)=0xygen  16-44,  antimony  83-56=100,  with  sometimes  1  p.  c,of 
lead  and  1  to  3  p.  c.  of  grayish  clay,  Eivot  (L  c.). 

Pyr,,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  fuses  and  partially  sublimes.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily,  and 
gives  a  white  coating ;  this  treated  in  R.F.  colors  the  outer  flame  greenish-blue.  Soluble  in 
muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — A  result  of  the  decomposition  of  stibnite  and  other  ores  of  antimony.  First  found  in 
the  district  of  Haraclas  in  Algeria ;  occurs  also  at  Perneck  near  Malaczka  in  Hungary ;  Endellion 
in  Cornwall ;  the  antimony  mine  of  S.  Ham,  dmada.  The  octahedrons  from  Algeria  are  some- 
times nearly  £  in.  in  diameter. 

Named  after  H.  de  Senarmont,  who  first  described  the  species. 

221.  VALENTINITE.    Chaux  d'antimoine  native  (fr.  Chalanches)  Mongez,  J.  dePhys.,  xxiii. 
66,  1783;  (fr.  Przibram)  Eossler,  Crell's  Ann.,  1787,  i.  334.     Antimonium  spatosum  album  Hoc- 
quet,  ib.,  1788,  L  523.     Weiss-Spiesglaserz   Wern.,  Hoffm.,  Bergm.  J.,  385,  398,  1789.     "Weiss- 
Spiessglanzerz  Klapr.,  Crell's  Ann.,  1789,  i.  9;  Beitr.,  iii.  183,  1802.     Antimoine  oxyde  H.,  Tr., 
iv.  1801.     "White  Antimonial  Ore  Kirwan,  i.  251,  1796.     "White  Antimony,  Oxyd  of  Antimony. 
Antimonbliithe  v.  Leorih.,  Handb.,  160,  1821.     Exitele  Beud.,  Min.,  615,  1832.    Exitelite  Chap- 
man, Min.,  39,  1843.    Yalentinit  Raid.,  Handb.,  506,  1845. 


179  Orthorhombic.     /A/=136°58';  0  A  1-1=105°  35'  \  a  \ 

I :  c=3-586S  :  1  :  2-5365.     Observed  planes :  I,  i-i,  -J-E,  1-2, 
4-*,,  2-2.  l-2Al-2,adj.,=70°  32/,^A|--fcl290  32',  1  l\i-i— 
/    \  111°   31'.     Often  in   rectangular  plates  with  the  lateral 
edges  bevelled,  and  in  acicular  rhombic  prisms.  Cleavage  : 
/,  highly  perfect,  easily  obtained,     Twins :  composition- 
plane,  *-£,  producing  an  aggregation  of  thin  plates.     Also 
massive  ;  structure  lamellar,  columnar,  granular. 
/       H.  =  2-5—3.      G.  =  5-566,   crystals  from   Braunsdorf. 
Lustre  adamantine,  i-l  often  pearly  ;  shining.    Color  snow- 
white,  occasionally  peach-blossom  red,   and   ash-gray  to 
brownish.     Streak  white.     Translucent — subtransparent. 

Comp. — Sb=0xygen  16*44,  antimony  83-56=100.  Analysis:  1,  Yauquelin  (Haiiy's  Min.,  iv. 
274);  2,  Suckow  (Jahresb.,  1849,  733): 

1.  Allemont      Oxyd  of  antimony  86        Ibid,  with  Pe  3        Silica  8=97. 

2.  Wolfach  91-7  "         Fe  1-2        "       0'8,  Sb  6-3=100. 

Mongez,  who  makes  the  first  mention  of  this  mineral  from  a  discovery  of  the  acicular  variety  at 
Allemont,  correctly  regarded  it  as  native  oxyd  of  antimony,  as  afterward  confirmed  by  Vauquelin, 
and  by  Eossler  (1.  c.)  for  the  Bohemian  variety.  Prof.  Hacquet  and  Klaproth  annouunced  in 
1788,  1789,  the  probable  presence  in  the  latter  of  muriatic  acid ;  but  in  1802  Klaproth  pronounced 
this  also  pure  oxyd  of  antimony. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  senarmontite. 


185 

Obs. — Occurs  with  other  antimonial  ores,  and  results  from  their  alteration.  Found  at  Przi- 
bram  in  Bohemia,  in  veins  traversing  metamorphic  rocks  ;  at  Felsobanya  in  Hungary,  with  stibnito 
and  arsenopyrite ;  Malaczka  in  Hungary ;  Braunsdorf  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony ;  Allemont  in 
Dauphiny.  Also  at  the  antimony  mine  of  South  Ham,  Canada  East. 

Antimonophyllite  of  Breithaupt,  of  unknown  locality,  occurring  in  thin  angular  six-sided  prisms, 
is  probably  valentinite. 

The  prismatic  form  of  Sb  is  obtained  from  solutions  at  a  temperature  above  100°C. 

Named  after  Basil  Valentine,  an  alchemist  of  the  15th  century,  who  discovered  the  properties 
of  antimony. 

222.  BISMITE.    Oxyd  of  Bismuth,  Bismuth  Ochre.    Wismuthocker  Germ.    Bismuth  oxyd£ 

Fr.    Bismite  Dana. 

Crystalline  form  not  observed.  Occurs  massive  and  disseminated,  pul- 
verulent, earthy  ;  also  passing  into  foliated. 

G.  =4*3611,  Biisson.  Lustre  adamantine — dull,  earthy.  Color  greenish- 
yellow,  straw-yellow,  grayish-white.  Fracture  conchoidal — earthy. 

Comp. — Bi=0xygen  10'35,  bismuth  89*65=100,  along  with  some  iron  and  other  impurities. 
Analysis  by  Lampadius  (Handb.  ch.  Anal.,  286) : 

Oxyd  of  bismuth  86P4,     oxyd  of  iron  5'1,     carbonic  acid  4*1,    water  3*4=: 99. 

Suckow  obtained  for  another  from  Fichtelgebirge,  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  aikinite 
(Die  Verwitt.  im  Min.,  14),  Bi  96'5,  A's  T5,  Pe2  H3  2-0  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  most  specimens  give  off  water.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  and  is 
easily  reduced  to  metallic  bismuth,  which  in  O.F.  gives  a  yellow  coating  of  oxyd.  Soluble  in 
nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  pulverulent  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  at  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia ;  with  native 
gold  at  Beresof  in  Siberia;  in  Cornwall,  in  St.  Roach,  and  near  Lostwithiel. 

Dr.  Jackson  reports  an  oxyd  of  bismuth  not  carbonated,  as  occurring  with  the  tetradymite  of 
Yirginia. 

See  further,  BISMUTITE,  p  716. 

223.  KARELINITE.    Karelinit  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxv.  448,  1858. 

Massive.  Structure  crystalline.  Cleavage  in  one  direction  rather  dis- 
tinct. 

H.=2.  G-.=6'60,  Herm.  Lustre  strongly  metallic  within.  Color  lead- 
gray. 

Comp. — Bi  with  Bi  S.    Analysis  :  Hermann  (1.  c.) : 

0  [5-21]  S  3-53  ^         Bi  91'26=100 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  tube  gives  sulphurous  acid  but  no  sulphur,  yielding  a  gray  slag  with  globules 
of  bismuth. 

Obs. — From  the  Savodinsk  mine  in  the  Altai,  along  with  hessite  (telluric  silver).  The  mineral 
is  not  homogeneous,  containing  along  with  the  metallic  substance  a  gray,  earthy  mass  of  bismu- 
tite.  By  treating  the  powdered  mass  with  muriatic  acid,  a  metallic  powder  remains,  which,  ex- 
amined with  a  lens,  and  washed,  proves  to  be  entirely  free  from  any  native  bismuth,  and  is  the 
mineral  karelinite. 

Named  after  Mr.  Karelin,  the  discoverer. 

224.  MOLYBDITE.  Molybdena  or  Molybdic  Ochre,  Molybdic  Acid.  Molybdanocker  Germ. 
Molybdine  Greg  &  Lettsom,  This  Min.,  144,  1854,  Brit.  Min.,  348,  1858.  Molybdite  Breith.,  B. 
H.  Ztg.,  xvii  125,  1858. 

Orthorhombic.  /A/=136°  48',  and  isomorphous  with  valentinite,  Breith. 


186  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

(fr.  artif.  cryst.).     In  capillary  crystallizations  tufted  and  radiated ;  also 
subfibrous  massive  ;  and  as  an  earthy  powder  or  incrustation. 

H.=l— 2.  G.=449— 4-50,  Weisbach.  Lustre  of  crystals  silky  to  ada- 
mantine ;  earthy.  Color  straw-yellow,  yellowish- white. 

Comp. — Mo = Oxygen  34-29,  molybdenum  65-71  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  and  coats  the  charcoal  with  minute  yellowish  crystals  of 
molybdic  acid  near  the  assay,  becoming  white  near  the  outer  edge  of  the  coating.  This  coating 
treated  for  an  instant  in  R.F.  assumes  a  deep  blue  color,  which  changes  to  dark  red  on  continued 
beating.  "With  borax  gives  in  O.F.  a  yellow  bead  while  hot,  becoming  colorless  on  cooling ;  in 
R.F.  a  saturated  bead  becomes  brown  or  black  and  opaque.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  yel- 
lowish bead  hi  O.F.,  becoming  green  when  treated  in  R,F.  and  allowed  to  cool. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  molybdenite,  from  which  it  is  probably  derived,  at  the  foreign  localities  of 
that  species ;  at  Adun  Tschilou  in  Dauria,  and  at  Pitkaranta  on  L.  Ladoga,  in  silky  tufts  of  cap- 
illary crystals. 

In  N.  Hamp.,  at  "Westmoreland,  earthy ;  in  Penn.,  at  Chester,  Delaware  Co. ;  Georgia,  Heard 
Co.,  in  silky  fibrous  tufts ;  in  the  gold  region,  a  few  miles  north  of  Virginia  City,  Nevada, 
in  subfibrous  masses,  and  tufted  crystallizations  of  a  deep  yellow  color  (called  molybdate  of  iron  by 
D.  D.  Owen,  in  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  vi.  108,  but  shown  by  Genth  to  be  this  species  mixed  with 
limonite). 

Artificial  crystals  of  molybdite  afforded  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  the  planes  0,  i-l,  i4,  i-'^  f  -I,  \-l,  $-i, 
and  the  following  angles:  0A£-i=  157°  7',  0A  J-t=148°  5',  OA|4=140°  3',  £*At-£=106°  12'; 
and  gave  a :  b :  c=0'4792  : 1 :  0*3872.  Doublingthe  vertical  axis,  a :  b :  c=0'9584 :  1 :  0*3872,  which 
is  very  closely  the  relation  in  the  corresponding  acid  of  vanadium,  which  has  a:  1:  c=  0-9590  : 1 : 
0-3832.  The  above  dimensions  correspond  to  /A  7=137°  40.' 

225.  TUNGSTCTB.    Tungstic  Ochre  B.  Silliman,  Am.  J.  ScL,  iv.  52,  1822.    "Wolframocker, 
Scheelsaure  Germ.  "Wolframine  Lettsom  &  Greg,  This  Min.,  1854,  Brit.  Min.,  349,  1853. 

Pulverulent  and  earthy. 

Color  bright-yellow,  or  yellowish-green. 

Comp. — W,  or  pure  tungstic  acid=0xygen  20-7,  tungsten  79-3  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  becomes  black  in  the  inner  flame,  but  infusible.  With  salt  of 
phosphorus  gives  in  O.F.  a  colorless  or  yellowish  bead,  which  treated  in  R.F.  gives  a  blue  glass  on 
cooling.  Soluble  in  alkalies,  but  not  in  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  wolfram  in  Cumberland,  and  Cornwall,  England ;  at  Lane's  mine,  Monroe, 
Ct.,  filling  small  cavities  in  other  ores  of  tungsten,  or  coating  them,  and  has  resulted  from  their 
decomposition ;  in  Cabarrus  Co.,  N.  C. ;  at  St.  Leonard,  near  Limoges,  rarely  in  distinct  cubes  of 
a  sulphur-yellow  color  on  wolfram  and  quartz,  a  fine  specimen  of  which  is  contained  in  the  cab- 
inet of  Mr.  Adam  of  Paris. 

Artificial  crystals,  according  to  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  (Pogg.,  cxiv.,  223),  are  orthorhombic,  with 
/A  7=110°,  and  a:  b:  c=0*4026  : 1 :  0*6966  ;  Gr.=6'302  —  6'384.  These  axes  approximate  to  those 
of  molybdite,  if  for  c,  f  c  is  substituted,  find  then  this  axis  is  made  the  vertical ;  the  axes  becom- 
ing 0-4644 :  1  :  0-4026. 

The  name  Wolframine  is  changed  to  Tungsttye  in  order  to  get  rid  of  the  chemical  termination 
ine.  Wolframite  has  been  used  for  another  species. 

226.  KERMESITE.  Rod  Spitsglasmalm,  Antimonium  Sul.  et  Ars.  mineralisatum,  Minera 
Ant.  colorata,  Watt.,  239,  1747  (fr.  Braunsdorf),  Oronst.,  203,  1758.  Antimonium  plumosum 
v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  i.  137,  1772.  Mine  d'antimoine  en  plumes,  ib.  granuleuse,=Kermes  mineral 
natif,  Sage,  Min.,  ii.  251,  1779,  de  Lisle,  Crist,  iii.  56,  60,  1783.  Roth-Spiesglaserz  Wern.,  1789. 
Rothspiessglanzerz  Emmerling,  Min.,  1793;  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iii.  132,  1802  (with  anal.,  making  it 
an  oxysulphid).  Antimoine  oxyde  sulfure  77,  TabL,  1809.  Red  Antimony.  Spiessglanzblende 
pt.  Hausm.  Handb.,  225,  1813.  Antimony  Blende  Jameson,  Min.  iii.  421,  1820.  Antimonblende 
Leorih.,  Handb.,  157,  1821.  Kermes  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  617,  1832.  Kermesite  Chapman,  Min.,  61, 
1843.  Pyrostibit  Glock.,  Syn.,  16,  1847.  Pyrantimonite  Bretih. 

Monoclinic.      (7=77°  51';    0  A  ^=102°  9',  0  A  !-•&,  plane  on  acute 


OXYDS   OF   ARSENIC,    ANTIMONY,    ETC.  187 

edge,  =115°  36',  0  A  ^=149°  57'.    Cleavage:  basal.    Usually  in  tufts  of 
capillary  crystals,  consisting  of  elongated,  slender,  six-sided  prisms. 

H.=l— 1'5.  Gr.=4:-5— 4-6.  Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  metallic. 
Color  cherry-red.  Streak  brownish-red.  Feebly  translucent.  Sectile. 
Thin  leaves  slightly  flexible. 

Comp.— Sb  03+  2  Sb  S8=Antimony  75-3,  sulphur  19-8,  oxygen  4-9=100.  Analyses:  H.  Rose 
(Pogg.,  iii.  453,  the  sulphur  separately  determined) :  ' 

1.  Braunsdorf  Antimony  74-45  Oxygen  5'29  Sulphur  20-49 

2.  75-66  "        4-27  "        20'49 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  blackens,  fuses,  and  at  first  gives  a  white  sublimate  of  oxyd  of 
antimony;  with  strong  heat  gives  a  black  or  dark-red  sublimate.  In  the  open  tube  and  on 
charcoal  reacts  like  stibnite. 

Obs.— Results  from  the  change  of  gray  antimony.  Occurs  in  veins  in  quartz,  accompanying 
stibnite  and  valentinite,  at  Malaczka  near  Posing  in  Hungary ;  at  Braunsdorf  near  Freiberg  in 
Saxony;  at  Allemont  in  Dauphiny;  at  New  Cumnock  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland;  at  South  Ham 
Canada  East. 

The  Under  ore  (Zundererz)  has  been  shown  to  be  wholly  distinct  from  red  antimony. 

Artif.— This  species  is  the  compound  long  known  in  chemistry  under  the  name  of  kermes. 


227.  CERVANTITB,  Spiesglanzokker  pt.  Karst.,  Mus.Lesk.,  i.  534,  1789,  Tab.,  54,  78,  1800. 
Antimony  Ochre  pt.  Antimonocher  pt.  Germ.  Gelbantimonerz  (from  Hungary)  &reith.,  Char., 
98,  1823,  224,  1832.  Acide  antimonieux  Dujr.,  Min.,  ii.  654,  1845.  Antimonous  Acid,  Anti. 
monoso-antimonic  Oxyd.  Cervantite  Dana,  Min.,  1854. 

Orthorhombic.  In  acicular  crystallizations.  Also  massive ;  as  a  crust, 
or  a  powder. 

H.—  4:— 5.  G.=4:'084:.  Lustre  greasy  or  pearly,  bright  or  earthy. 
Color  isabella-yellow,  sulphur-yellow,  or  nearly  white,  sometimes  reddish- 
white.  Streak  yellowish- white  to  white. 

Comp.— Sb  O4,  or  Sb  03+Sb  05= Oxygen  20-8,  antimony  79*2=100.  Analyses:  1,  Dufrenoy 
(1.  c.);  2,  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  61);  3,  Phipson  (C.  R.,  Hi.  752): 

0  Sb  6aC         £e 

1.  Cervantes  16-85        67-50  11-45        1'50,  gangue  2-70=99-80  Dufrenoy. 

2.  Pereta,  Tusc.       19-47         78'83  1-25,  gangue  0-75=100-30  Bechi. 

3.  Borneo  65-00  3?e,  £1  10*00,  Si,  etc.,  21-25,  H  8-75=100  Phipson. 

The  compound  Sb  03+Sb05,  free  of  water,  is  formed  by  different  methods  in  chemistry,  as  by 
the  roasting  of  sfcibnite,  or  of  valentinite,  etc. ;  and  when  pure  it  is  white. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible  and  unaltered;  on  charcoal  easily  reduced.  Soluble  in  muriatic 
acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  various  mines  of  stibnite,  and  results  from  the  alteration  of  this  and  other 
antimonial  ores.  Found  at  Cervantes  in  Galicia,  Spain;  Chazelles  in  Auvergne;  Felsobanya, 
Kremnitz,  and  elsewhere  in  Hungary;  Pereta  in  Tuscany  (anal.  2);  near  St.  Minvers,  at  Wheal 
Lea,  at  Wheal  Kine,  and  at  Endellion,  in  Cornwall ;  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  at  Hare  Hill ;  in 
Borneo,  in  rhombic  prisms  half  an  inch  long,  terminating  in  two  planes,  and  also  massive ;  at  the 
Carmen  mine  at  Zacualpan  in  Mexico ;  at  South  Ham,  Canada  East;  in  California,  Tulare  Co.,  at 
Pass  of  San  Amedio,  with  stibnite. 

Phipson  makes  the  Borneo  mineral  a  hydrate,  with  the  formula  Sb  O4  4-  H.  But,  as  Brush 
observes  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiv.  207),  the  oxyd  of  iron  and  silicate  of  alumina  present  as  impuri- 
ties, in  a  pale  yellowish  or  reddish-white  mineral,  would  have  had,  in  combination,  at  least  3  p.  c. 
of  the  water,  if  in  the  states  of  limonite  and  kaolin.  Moreover,  the  fact  which  Phipson  states, 
that  the  mineral  is  unaltered  when  heated,  is  further  evidence  that  it  is  not  a  lydrate. 


188  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

228.  STIBICONITE.  Antimony  Ochre  pt.  (Syn.  under  Cervantite).  Stibiconise  Seud.,  Tr.,  ii. 
616,  1832.  Stiblith  Blum  &  Dd/s,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xL  318.  Stibiconite  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II. 
xxxiv.  207,  1862. 

Massive,  compact.    Also  as  a  powder  and  in  crusts. 

H.=4— 5-5.  G.=5-28,  B.  &  D.  Lustre  pearly  to  earthy.  Color  pale  yellow  to  yellowish- 
white,  reddish-white. 

Formula  given,  Sb  04+£=0xygen  19-6,  antimony  74-9,  water  5'5=100. 
Analysis :  Blum  &  Delflfs  (L  c.) : 

0  Sb  As  B 

Goldkronach  19'54  75-83  tr.  4*63=100  B.  &  D. 

Beudant  states  that  stibiconite  yields  water,  and  he  makes  it  in  his  formula  antimonious  acid 
with  xH.  Blum  &  Delffs  say  that  the  water  they  obtained  was  probably  mechanically  mixed,  but 
no  reason  for  this  conclusion  is  given.  Volger  states  (Entw.  Min.,  72,  1854)  that  the  stibiconite 
is  a  mixture  of  the  following  hydrous  species  with  cervautite  and  valentinite.  The  compound 
gb  Q4  +  H  has  been  formed  artificially ;  but  its  existence  in  nature  appears  still  to  be  doubtful 
Beudant  mentions  no  particular  locality.  Blum  &  Delffs  enumerate  others  besides  Goldkronach 
in  Bavaria,  but  evidently  aim  to  include  all  localities  of  antimony  ochre. 

Partzite  of  A.  Arents  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliii.  362)  appear  to  be  a  hydrous  oxyd  of  antimony  mixed 
with  various  metallic  oxyds,  as  pronounced  by  Blake  (ib.,  xliv.  119).  It  varies  in  color  from  yel- 
lowish-green to  blackish-green  and  black;  has  G.  =  3'8;  H.=3— 4;  and  an  even  conchoidal 
fracture. 

An  analysis  afforded  Arents  Sb  47'65,  Cu  32-11,  Ag  6-12,  Pb  2-01,  Fe  2'33,  fi  8-29=98-51.  It 
occurs  in  the  Blind  Spring  Mts.,  Mono  Co.,  California,  with  argentiferous  galenite,  and  antimonial 
ores  of  lead  and  silver,  from  whose  decomposition  it  has  probably  proceeded. 

Stetefeldtite  of  E.  Kiotte  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxvi.  253,  July,  1866)  appears  to  be  very  similar  to  the 
partzite.  It  occurs  massive ;  blackish  and  brown  in  color ;  H.=3'5— 4-5;  G.=4'12— 4*24,  with  a 
shining  streak. 

Stetefeldt  found  as  a  mean  of  two  analyses:  Sb  O4  43*77,  S  4-7,  Ag  23-74,  Cu  12-78,  Fe>l'82,  H 
7-9;  and  thence  deduces  Sb  O6  4647,  S  4-59,  Ag  23*23,  Cu  2-27,  Fe  2-41,  Cu  13-28,  H  7-75  =  100. 

It  comes  from  South-eastern  Nevada,  in  the  Empire  district ;  also  in  the  Philadelphia  district. 

229.  VOLGERITE.    Antimony  Ochre  pt.    Hydrous  Antimonic  Acid. 

Massive,  or  as  a  powder. 
Color  white. 

Comp. — Sb  05+5  f[=0xygen  19*3,  antimony  58-9,  water  21*8=100,  Volger  (Entwickl.  Min., 
77).    The  analysis  of  Cumenge  corresponds  to  Sb  05+4  H. 
Analysis;  Cumenge  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.,  xx.  80): 

0  17  Sb  62  H  15  3Pe  1  gangue  3=98. 

Sb  O'-fS  fi  is  easily  obtained  artificially.  It  is  tasteless,  insoluble  in  water  and  acids,  and  has 
G.— 6-6,  Boullay.  It  gives  off  its  water  at  a  heat  below  redness,  and  oxygen  at  a  red  heat.  There 
is  also  a  compound  Sb  06+4  H ;  but  this  is  much  less  stable  (Watt's  Diet.  Chem.). 

Obs. — The  mineral  analyzed  by  Cumenge  was  from  the  province  of  Constantino,  Algeria.  Vol 
ger  remarks  that  this  white  antimony  ochre  is  a  common  result  of  the  alteration  of  stibnite. 

230.  TELLURITE.  (Tellurige  Saure  ~Petz,  Pogg.,  Ivii.  478,  1842 ;  Tellurite  Nicol,  Min.,  429.) 
Small  yellowish  or  whitish  spherical  masses,  radiated  in  structure,  and  a  yellowish,  earthy 
incrustation,  occurring  with  the  native  tellurium  of  Facebay  and  Zalathna ;  is  said  to  afford  the 
reactions  of  tellurous  acid. 

230  A.  TANTALIC  OCHEB.  A  tantalic  ochre  occurs  on  crystals  of  tantalite  at  Pennikoja  in  Somero, 
Finland;  color  brownish,  lustre  vitreous.  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Finl.  Min.,  27,  1855. 


QTJABTZ.  189 


III.  OXYDS  OF  THE  CAKBON-SILICON  GEOUP,  SERIES 


231.  QUARTZ.  Kpvora\\os  Theophr.,  etc.  Crystallus  (with  allusion  to  its  hexagonal  form  and 
pyramidal  terminations)  Plin.,  xxxvii.  9,  10;  Silex  Plin.,  xxxvi.  371.  Crystallus,  Quartzum  can- 
didissimum  [auriferous],  Germ.  Quertze,  Kiselstein,  Agric.,  276,  etc.,  444,  459,  465,  1546,  1529. 
Quartz,  Kisel,  Wall.,  102,  1747.  Quartz,  Kiesel,  Germ. 

Khombohedral,  and  for  the  most  part  hemihedral  to  the  rhombohedron 
(or  tetartohedral  to  the  hexagonal  prism).  R  A  72=94°  15',  0  A  72=128° 
13' ;  a— 1'0999.  Observed  planes :  (a)  72,  -R  (or  -1),  a,  most  frequent,  as 
in  f.  180-182,  R  and  -1  making  up  the  ordinary  pyramidal  terminations, 
and  the  latter  often  distinguishable  from  R  in  being  the  smaller  planes, 
and  sometimes  in  having  feebler  lustre  or  less  smoothness ;  the  pyramid 
sometimes  consisting  of  R  alone  (f.  183) ;  (b)  planes  2-2,  very  common,  but 
only  hemihedrally,  as  in  f.  186,  and  thus  corresponding  to  the  faces  of  a  double 
three-sided  pyramid ;  (c)  various  rhombohedrons  replacing  the  basal  edges 
of  the  hexagonal  pyramid  (as  4  in  f.  185,  f ,  3,  and  -7,  -1,  in  f.  191,  others 
in  f.  192),  3,  4,  being  the  most  common  ;  also  the  rhombohedron  ~J  replac- 
ing the  edges  72/72  (f.  191,  193,  a  rough  plane,  as  usual) ;  also,  among 
other  rhombohedrons,  f ,  -J-,  f ,  2,  6,  7, 10,  and  the  same  in  the  negative  series, 
besides  50  others ;  (d)  various  trapezohedral  forms,  situated  obliquely  about 
the  angles  of  the  pyramids,  like  6~§-  in  f.  190,  and  others  in  f.  192,  193,  the 
planes  gyroidal  or  plagihedral  in  position,  and  inclining  upward  toward 
the  right  or  left,  and  thus  being  either  right-handed  as  in  f.  192,  or  left- 
handed  as  in  f.  190  ;  and  again  occurring  occasionally  on  each  solid  angle 
(as  in  f.  190),  in  which  case  they  are  hermhedral  (12  out  of  the  normal  24) ; 
or,  as  is  generally  the  fact,  only  on  the  alternate  solid  angles  (as  in  f.  192), 
when  they  are  tetartohedral ;  or,  more  rarely,  right-handed  on  one  solid 
angle,  and  left-handed  on  the  next,  another  kind  of  hemihedral  form ; 
among  them,  in  the  zone  R  :  2-2  :  ^,  or  -1  :  2-2  :  i,  there  are  Mow  2-2 
(f.  192)  the  forms  3-f ,  4-f  (or  f.  192),  6-jj-  (f.  190,  and  o'"  f.  192),  12-tf ,  etc., 
and  many  others ;  above  2-2,  f-f,  f-f,  f-f ,  f-f ,  f-f  (£  193),  etc. ;  (e)  other  tra- 
pezohedrons  bevelling  the  obtuse  edges  of  the  rhombohedron  R,  as  £-3,  £-3, 
£-|-,  1-5,  etc. ;  also  (/ )  many  trapezohedrons  in  other  positions  ;  the  total 
number  of  different  forms  over  175. 

i  A  72=141°  47'  ^  A  6-£=1670  59'  72  A -1,  ov.  £,=103°  34'. 

£Af=15443  *  A  8-4=  171  8  R  A  -1,  adj., =133  44. 

a  A  2=158  31  ^A  13-if =174  39  R  M,  ov.  2-2,=113  8. 

i  A  3=165  18  ^Af-f,  ov.  2-2,=125  28  R  A  2-2=151  6. 

i  A  2-2=142  2  fcAf-f,  ov.  2-2,=118  7  J?A  3=155  §?• 

i  A  3-f =154  i/\i=I%0 

i  A  4-f =161  31  i  A  i-f =171  33 


Cleavage :  R,  -1,  and  i  very  indistinct :  sometimes  effected  by  plunging 
a  heated  crystal  in  cold  water.     Crystals  either  very  short,  or  very  much 


elongated,  sometimes  fine  acicular ;  usually  implanted  by  one  .extremity  of 
the  prism ;  occasionally  twisted  or  bent  (f.  195).  Prismatic  faces  i  com- 
monly striated  horizontally  (f.  189, 195,  196),  and  thus  distinguishable,  in 
distorted  crystals,  from  the  pyramidal.  Crystals  often  grouped  by  juxtapo- 
sition, not  proper  twins.  Frequently  in  radiated  masses  with  a  surface  of 
pyramids,  or  in  druses  having  a  surface  of  pyramids  or  short  crystals. 

Twins :  1.  Composition-face,  the  basal  plane  O ;  sometimes  (a)  revolu- 
tion-twins, or  such  as  correspond  to  a  simple  revolution  of  one-half  (made 
by  section  parallel  to  the  base),  60°  or  180°  to  the  right  or  left,  bringing  R 
above  into  the  same  vertical  line  with  R  below,  and  revolving  other  planes  in 
a  like  manner  (in  f.  192  it  would  carry  half  the  gyroidal  planes  to  the  next 


QUARTZ. 


191 


196 


edge  of  the  prism,  and  half  the  bevelled  edge  to  the  place  of  these  planes). 
Yery  generally  (5)  penetration-twins,  the  forms  not  corresponding  to  a  reg- 
ular revolution,  but  to  an  irregular  interpenetration  of  unlike  parts  of  the 
crystal,  making  -1  to  be  distributed  in  irregular  areas 
over  R,  and  so  also  It  over  —1,  with  a  similar  irregular 
distribution  of  other  planes,  as  illustrated  in  f.  196,  in 
which  the  unshaded  parts  of  the  pyramidal  faces  are  7?, 
and  the  shaded  parts  are  — 1 ;  crystals  of  quartz  not 
thus  compounded  in  some  part  are  of  very  rare  occur- 
rence. 

Other  twins,  mostly  geniculating,  as  in  f.  187,  and 
very  rarely  cruciform  (represented  cruciform  in  f.  197, 
in  order  to  exhibit  the  divergence  of  the  vertical  axes 
[axes  a]  of  the  combined  crystals,  and  other  relative 
characteristics) :  2.  C.-face  J?,  or  -1,  f.  197s ;  diverg- 
ence of  axes  a= 76°  26'  (because  the  angle  between  axis 
R,  and  a  or  -1,  is  38°  13')  ;  (a)  simply  geniculating, 
like  either  half  of  197s ;  (b)  a  three-rayed  twin,  con- 
sisting of  a  central  crystal  twinned  to  three  others  by  each  R  of  one  extrem- 
ity, f.  198A,  B.  3.  Composition  between  R  (or  -1)  and  a  face  of  the  prism, 
i,  f.  197A  ;  divergence  of  axes  a=33°  13'.  4.  C.-face  %R,  f.  197c  ;  diverg- 
ence of  axes  115°  10'  (angle  between  axis  a  and  face  of  \  R  being  57°  35  ; 


198A 


198s 


observed  only  in  simple  twins.  5.  C.-face  1-2,  or  plane  truncating  edge  of 
pyramid  between  R  and  -1  (a  mode  of  twinning  that  belongs  rather  to  the 
true  hexagonal  system  than  to  the  rhombohedral,  and  showing  that  the 
rhombohedral  character  is  often  crystallogenically  but  feebly  dominant  in 
the  species),  illustrated  in  f.  187  and  197E  ;  divergence  of  axes  #=84°  44' 
(because  the  angle  between  axis  a  and  the  pyramidal  edge  is  42°  17') ; 
observed  in  geniculating  or  juxtaposition  twins  like  f.  187,  and  either  halt 
of  195E  ;  there  are  two  kinds,  one  (a)  in  which  faces  R  are  correspondent 
in  position  in  the  two  parts ;  (b)  in  which  they  are  not  so.  6.  Composition 
between  the  plane  truncating  edge  of  pyramid  (or  1-2)  and  that  truncating 
edge  of  prism  (or  £-2),  f.  197o  ;  angle  of  divergence  42°  17'. 

Massive  ;  coarse  or  fine  granular  to  flint-like  or  crypto-crystalline.  Some- 
times mammillary,  stalactitic,  and  in  concretionary  forms. 

H.=7.  G.=2-5— 2-8;  2-6413— 2'6541,  Beudant;  2'663,  Deville.  Lustre 
vitreous,  sometimes  inclining  to  resinous  ;  splendent — nearly  dull.  Color- 
less when  pure  ;  often  various  shades  of  yellow,  red,  brown,  green,  blue, 
black.  Streak  white,  of  pure  varieties  ;  if  impure,  often  the  same  as  the 


192 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


color,  but  much  paler.  Transparent — opaque.  Fracture  perfect  conchoi- 
dal — subconchoidal.  Tougli — brittle — friable.  Polarization  circular,  there 
being  a  colored  centre  instead  of  a  central  cross,  and  the  rings  of  color 
around  enlarging  as  the  analyzer  is  turned  to  the  right  in  right-handed  crys- 
tals (f.  192),  or  left  in  left-handed  (f.  190) ;  and  colored  spirals  are  seen, 
which  rotate  to  the  right  or  left,  when  the  incident  light  and  emergent 
light  are  polarized,  one  "circularly  and  the  other  plane. 

For  observing  the  polarization,  plates  of  the  crystal  are  cut  at  right  angles  to  the  axis.  In 
twins  the  component  parts  may  be  both  right-handed  or  both  left-handed  (as  in  those  of  Dauphiny 
and  the  Swiss  Alps) ;  or  one  may  be  of  one  kind  and  the  other  of  the  other.  Moreover,  succes- 
sive layers  of  deposition  (made  as  the  crystal  went  on  enlarging,  and  often  exceedingly  thin)  are 
sometimes  alternately  right  and  left-handed,  showing  a  constant  oscillation  of  polarity  in  the  course 
of  its  formation ;  and,  when  this  is  the  case,  and  the  layers  are  regular,  cross-sections,  examined 
by  polarized  light,  exhibit  a  division,  more  or  less  perfect,  into  sectors  of  120°,  parallel  to  the 
plane  R,  or  into  sectors  of  60°.  If  the  layers  are  of  unequal  thickness,  there  are  broad  areas  of 
colors  without  sectors.  In  f.  199  (by  Descloizeaux,  from  a  crystal  from  the  Dept.  of  the  Aude),  half 
of  each  sector  of  60°  is  right-handed,  and  the  other  half  left  (as  shown  by  the  arrows),  and  the  dark 
radii  are  neutral  bands  produced  by  the  overlapping  of  layers  of  the  two  kinds.  In  f.  200,  from  a 


199 


200 


-1 


crystal  of  amethyst  (also  by  Descloizeaux),  the  alternate  white  and  black  lines  in  each  banded  sector 
are  due  to  alternate  right  and  left-handed  layers,  parallel  to  R  The  fact  of  a  structure  in  layers 
is  easily  made  manifest  by  means  of  fluoric  acid,  it  corroding  successive  layers  unequally.  The 
asteriated  internal  structure  is  often  apparent  in  an  asteriated  arrangement  of  shades  of  color  or 
of  degrees  of  transparency.  Biaxial  polarization  is  sometimes  a  consequence  of  the  composite 
structure  (as  in  crystals  from  Euba,  near  Schemnitz). 

In  crystals,  the  planes  R  and  —1,  when  not  distinguishable  by  different  degrees  of  lustre, 
smoothness,  or  striation,  may  be  by  etching  with  fluoric  acid,  this  process  going  on  unequally  in 
the  two  directions  and  producing  a  difference  of  surface,  besides  often  developing  the  layers  that 
were  superimposed  in  the  growth  of  the  crystal,  alluded  to  above. 

For  papers  on  cryst.  of  quartz,  see  "Weiss,  Mag.  Ges.  nat.  Fr.,  Berlin,  vii.  163;  Haidinger, 
Brewster's  J.,  i.  322,  1824;  G.  Rose,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  1844,  Pogg.,  Ixii.  325.  Descloizeaux, 
Mem.  Crist.  Quartz,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xlv.  129,  1855,  and  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.,  xv.  404,  4to,  1858;  Q. 
Sella,  R.  Acad.  Sci.  Torino,  8vo,  1856,  and  Studii  Min.  Sarda^  4to,  Torino,  1856;  Websky,  Pogg., 
xcix.  296,  1856,  ZS.  G.,  xvii.  348,  1865;  Lang,  Pogg.,  c.  351,  1857;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not,  i.  11, 
ii  3.  Jenzsch,  Pogg.,  cxxx.  597,  from  whom  figs.  195 A— F  are  taken.  F.  Leydolt  on  the  struc- 
ture of  quartz  crystals  as  developed  by  means  of  fluoric  acid,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xv.  59,  1855. 

Comp. — Pure  silica,  or  Si=0xygen  53*33,  silicon  46'67  =  100.  In  massive  varieties.  Often 
mixed  with  a  little  opal-silica.  Impure  varieties  contain  oxyd  of  iron,  carbonate  of  lime,  clay, 
sand  and  various  minerals.  Quartz-silica  has  been  supposed  to  be  insoluble  in  a  hot  solution  of 
potash,  and  to  be  thus  distinguishable  from  opal-silica.  But  since  the  investigations  of  Rammels- 
berg  (Pogg.,  cxii.  1 77 )  it  has  been  questioned  whether  in  a  very  finely  divided  state,  and  especially 
such  as  constitutes  the  compact  (cryptocrystalline)  chalcedony  or  flint,  it  is  not  more  or  less 
soluble.  Rammelsberg  subjected  a  number  of  kinds  of  quartz  tq^the  action  of  a  hot  potash 
solution,  and  the  following  are  part  of  his  results ;  under  ign.  and  S  the  total  loss  is  given,  and 
then,  in  brackets,  the  part  from  drying  over  sulphuric  acid : 


QUARTZ.  193 

Loss  by  ign.  and  S.  Dissolved  by  potash. 

Vitreous  massive  quartz,  Querbach  0'27                                  5     —  7-75  p.  c 

Gray  hornstone,  Schneeberg  2 '3 5  [0'45]  12-82 — 15 

Agate,  Saxony,  G-.  2'661  0'39  0-13'                    243 

Chalcedony,  Faroe,  G.  2  624  0'59  [0*2 1"                   7-2  — 20-1 

"             Hungary,  G.  2-503  2 '60  °1'17'  22      —93'88 

Chrysoprase,  Silesia,  G.  2*635  1-83  '0-59"                   7-36—50-59 

Mint,  G.  2-62,  2'63  1-40  [0-20J  20  2  — 73'4 

From  the  high  specific  gravity  of  kinds  affording  a  large  percentage  of  soluble  silica,  it  appears 
that  the  soluble  silica  is  not  all  amorphous  or  opal-silica.  Jenzsch  has  announced  (Pogg.,  cxxvi. 
497)  that  there  is  a  second  modification  of  amorphous  silica,  distinct  from  opal,  and  hitherto 
unrecognized  (see  under  OPAL),  having  G.  — 2*6,  like  quartz.  This  suggests  an  explanation  of  the 
above.  But  the  hyalite  variety  of  opal,  having  G.  =  2*185,  gave  Kammelsberg  9*6  to  19*9  p.  c.  of 
insoluble  silica.  To  explain  this  fact  by  the  same  method  still  another  modification  of  silica  would 
be  required — an  insoluble  kind,  having  the  low  specific  gravity  of  opal. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  alone  unaltered.  With  soda  dissolves  with  effervescence ;  unacted  upon  by 
salt  of  phosphorus.  Soluble  only  in  fluohydric  acid. 

Var. — 1.  Crystallized  (phenocrystalline),  vitreous  in  lustre.  2.  Flint-like  massive,  or  crypto- 
crystalline.  The  first  division  includes  all  ordinary  vitreous  quartz,  whether  having  crystalline 
faces  or  not.  The  varieties  under  the  second  are  in  general  acted  upon  somewhat  more  by 
attrition,  and  by  chemical  agents,  as  fluoric  acid,  than  those  of  the  first.  In  all  kinds  made  up 
of  layers,  as  agate,  successive  layers  are  unequally  eroded. 

A.  PHENOCRYSTALLTNE  OB  VITREOUS  VARIETIES. 

1.  Ordinary  Crystallized ;  Rock  Crystal.    Colorless  quartz,  or  nearly  so,  whether  in  distinct  crys- 
tals or  not.     (a)  Regular  crystals,  or  limpid  quartz ;  (&)  right-handed  crystals ;  (c)  left-handed ; 
(d)  cavernous  crystals,  having  deep  cavities  parallel  to  the  faces — occasioned  by  the  interference 
of  impurities  during  their  formation ;  (e)  cap-quartz,  made  up  of  separable  layers  or  caps,  due  to 
the  deposit  of  a  little  clayey  material  at  intervals  in  the  progress  of  the  crystal ;  (/)  drusy  quartz, 
a  crust  of  small  or  minute  quartz  crystals ;  (g)  radiated  quartz,  often  separable  into  radiated  parts 
having  pyramidal  terminations ;  (h)  fibrous,  rarely  delicately  so,  as  a  kind  from  Orange  river,  near 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

2.  Asteriated;   Star-quartz  (Stern-quartz   Germ.}.     Containing  within  the  crystal  whitish  or 
colored  radiations  along  the  diametral  planes.     Part  if  not  all  asteriated  quartz  is  asteriated  in 
polarization,  as  above  described. 

3.  Amethystine;  Amethyst  (A//£0wroi>  Theophr.,  etc.).     Clear  purple,  or  bluish-violet.     The  color 
is  supposed  to  be  due  to  manganese.    But  Heintz  obtained  in  an  analysis  of  a  Brazilian  specimen, 
besides  silica,  0'0187  oxydof  iron,  0*6236  lime,  0*0133  magnesia,  and  0-0418  soda;  and  he  con- 
siders the  color  owing  to  a  compound  of  iron  and  soda.    The  structure  is  composite,  as  illustrated 
in  f.  199,  200,  and  the  shade  of  violet  is  usually  deepest  parallel  to  the  planes  R. 

4.  Rose.     Rose-red  or  pink,  but  becoming  paler  on  exposure.     Common  massive,  and  then 
usually  much  cracked.     Lustre  sometimes  a  little  greasy.     Fuchs  states  that  the  color  is  due  to 
titanic  acid;  he  found  1  to  !•£  p.  c.  in  specimens  from  Rabenstein,  near  Bodenmais.     It  may 
corne  in  part  from  manganese. 

5.  Yellow;  False  Topaz.    Yellow  and  pellucid,  or  nearly  so ;  resembling  somewhat  yellow  topaz, 
but  very  different  in  crystallization  and  in  absence  of  cleavage. 

6.  Smoky,    Cairngorm  Stone  (Mormorion  Plin.,  xxxvii.  63).     Smoky-yellow  to  smoky-brown, 
and  often  transparent ;  but  varying  to  brownish-black,  and  then  nearly  opaque  in  thick  crystals. 
The  color  is  probably  due  to  titanic  acid,  as  crystals  containing  rutile  are  usually  smoky.     Called 
cairngorms  from  the  locality  at  Cairngorum,  S.W.  of  Banff,  in  Scotland. 

7.  Milky.     Milk-white  and  nearly  opaque.     Lustre  often  greasy,  and  then  called  greasy  quartz. 

8.  Siderite,   or  Sapphire-quartz.     Of  indigo  or  Berlin-blue  color;    a  variety  occurring  in  an 
impure  limestone  at  Golling  in  Saltzburg. 

9.  Sagenitic.     Containing  within  acicular  crystals  of  other  minerals.     These  acicular  crystals 
are  most  commonly  (a)  ruttte,  the  mineral  called  from  such  specimens  sagenite  (fr.  aayrjvr),  a  nefy  by 
de  Saussure  (see  under  RUTILE).    They  may  also  be  (&)  black  tourmaline ;  (c)  gothite ;  (d)  stibnite ; 
(e)asbestus;  (/)  actinolite;  (g)  hornblende ;  (h)  epidote. 

10.  Cat's  Eye  (Katzenauge  Germ.,  (Eil  de  Chat  Fr.).    Exhibiting  opalescence,  but  without  pris- 
matic colors,  especially  when  cut  en  caboclwn,  an  effect  due  to  fibres  of  asbestus. 

1 1.  Aventurine.    Spangled  with  scales  of  mica  or  other  mineral. 

12.  Impure  from  the  presence  of  distinct  minerals  distributed  densely  through  the  mass.     The 
more  common  kinds  are  those  in  which  the  impurities  are :  (a)  ferruginous,  either  red  or  yellow 
oxyd  of  iron;  (&)  chloritic,  some  kind  of  chlorite;  (c)  actinolitic;  (d)  micaceous;  (e)  arenaceous,  of 
sand. 

13 


194:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Quartz  crystals  also  occur  penetrated  by  various  minerals,  as  topaz,  corundum,  chrysoberyl, 
garnet,  different  species  of  the  hornblende  and  pyroxene  groups,  kyanite,  zeolites,  calcite  and 
other  carbonates,  rutile,  stibnite,  hematite,  gothite,  magnetite,  fluorite,  gold,  silver,  anthracite, 
etc.  As  quartz  has  been  crystallized  through  the  aid  of  hot  waters  or  of  steam  in  all  ages  down 
to  the  present,  and  is  the  most  common  ingredient  of  rocks,  there  is  good  reason  why  it  should 
be  found  thus  the  enveloper  of  other  crystals. 

13.  Containing  liquids  in  cavities.  These  liquids  are  seen  to  move  with  the  change  of  position 
of  the  crystal,  provided  an  air-bubble  be  present  in  the  cavity ;  they  may  be  detected  also  by  the 
refraction  of  light.  The  liquid  is  either  water  (pure,  or  a  mineral  solution),  or  some  petroleum-like 
or  other  compound.  (See  p.  761.) 

B.  CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE  VARIETIES. 

1.  Chalcedony  (Murrhina  Plin.,  xxxvii.  7.      Ia<nrt?  pt.  Theophr.     laspis  pt.  Plin.,  xxxvii.  37 
Murrhina,  Germ.  Chalcedonius,  Agric.,  466,  1546,     Chalcedon,  Achates  vix  pellucida,  nebulosa,, 
colore  griseo  mixta,  Watt.,  83,  1747.      Calcedoine  Fr.).     Having  the  lustre  nearly  of  wax,  and 
either  transparent  or  translucent.      Color  white,  grayish,  pale-brown  to  dark-brown,  black; 
tendon-color  common;  sometimes  delicate  blue.    Also  of  other  shades,  and  then  having  other 
names. 

Often  mammillary,  botryoidal,  stalactitic,  and  occurring  lining  or  filling  cavities  in  rocks.  It 
is  true  quartz,  with  some  'disseminated  opal-quartz.  A  gray  chalcedony  from  Hungary  afforded 
Redtenbacher  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  1007)  Si  98'87,  3Pe  0-53,  Ca  C  0'62  =  100'02. 

2.  Cornelian  (Edp&iw  Theophr.    Sarda  Plin.,  xxxvii.  23,  id.=  Germ.  Carneol,  Agric.,  468, -1546. 
Carneol,  Agates  fere  pellucida,  colore  rubescente,  Wall,  82,  1747.     Cornaline  Fr.).     A  clear  red 
chalcedony,  pale  to  deep  in  shade;  aJso  brownish-red  to  brown,  the  latter  kind  (Sardoine  Fr.) 
reddish-brown  by  transmitted  light. 

Heintz  found  that  the  red  color  was  due  to  oxyd  of  iron,  obtaining  in  an  analysis  J^e  O'OSO  p.  c., 
3tl  O'OSl,  Mg  0*028,  K  0'0043,  Na  0'075.  It  has  been  supposed  to  be  of  organic  origin. 

3.  Ghrysoprase  (not  Chrysoprasus  antiq.).     An  apple-green  chalcedony,  the  color  due  to  the 
presence  of  oxyd  of  nickel.    Klaproth  found  in  that  of  Silesia  (Beitr.,  ii.  127)  Si  96'1 6,  A1!  0-08, 3Pe 
0'08,  Ni  1-0,  Oa  0'83,  H  1-85  =  100;  and  Rammelsberg,  in  the  same  (Pogg.,  cxii.  188),  Si  97'00, 
3Pe,  Ni  0'41,  Ca,  fig  0-51,  H  2-08. 

4.  Prase.     Translucent  and  dull  leek-green;  so  named  from  irpaaov,  a  leek.    Always  regarded  as 
a  stone  of  little  value.     The  name  is  also  given  to  crystalline  quartz  of  the  same  color.    "  Vilioris 
est  turbae  Prasius,"  says  Pliny. 

5.  Plasma  (laspis  pt.  Plin.,  xxxvii.  37).    Rather  bright-green  to  leek-green,  and  also  sometimes 
nearly  emerald- green,  and  subtranslucent  or  feebly  translucent ;  sometimes  dotted  with  white. 

Heliotrope,  or  Blood-stone,  is  the  same  stone  essentially,  with  small  spots  of  red  jasper,  looking 
like  drops  of  blood. 

The  laspis,  or  jasper  of  the  ancients,  was  a  semitransparent  or  translucent  stone,  and  included 
in  Pliny's  time  all  bright-colored  chalcedony  excepting  the  carnelian  (Sard).  He  gives  special 
prominence  to  sky-blue  and  green,  and  mentions  also  a  shade  of  purple  (the  color  of  the  best,  he 
says),  a  rose  color,  the  color  of  the  morning  sky  in  autumn,  sea-green,  terebenthiue  color  (yellow 
like  turpentine,  as  interpreted  by  King),  smoke-color  (his  capnias),  etc. ;  but  in  general  there  is  a 
tinge  of  blue,  whatever  the  shade.  The  green  kinds  may  have  been  chrysoprase  or  plasma;  or 
perhaps  a  variety  of  jade,  a  stone  known  in  Europe  since  the  Stone  age.  The  green,  with  a  line 
running  through  it  (Monogrammos),  may  have  been  plasma,  or  jade,  with  a  narrow  seam  of 
white  quartz. 

Pliny's  Prasius,  spotted  with  red,  was  our  heliotrope ;  his  Heliotrope  (xxxvii.  60)  was  a  leek- 
green  stone  (prase  or  plasma)  veined  with  blood-red  (jasper);  and  the  jasper  was  so  abundant 
a  part  as  to  give  a  general  red  reflection  to  the  whole  when  it  was  put  in  water  in  the  face  of  the 
sun,  whence  the  name  from  fjAioj.  sun,  and  rpen-w,  to  turn. 

6.  Agate  ('A^drr/j  [fr.  Sicily] '  Theophr.     Achates  pt.  Plin.,  xxxvii.   54.     Onyx  pt.  Plin.,  ib., 
24).     A  variegated  chalcedony.     The  colors  are  either  (a)  banded ;  or  (/?)  in  clouds ;  or  (y)  due  to 
visible  impurities. 

a.  Banded.  The  bands  are  delicate  parallel  lines,  of  white,  tendon-like,  wax-like,  pale  and  dark 
brown,  and  black  colors,  and  sometimes  bluish  and  other  shades.  They  follow  waving  or  zigzag 
courses,  and  are  occasionally  concentric  circular,  as  in  the  eye-agate  (Leucophthalmus  Plin.,  xxxvii. 
62,  and  Triophthalmus  ib.,  7 1).  The  fine  translucent  agates  graduated  into  coarse  and  opaque  kinds. 
The  bands  are  the  edges  of  layers  of  deposition,  the  agate  having  been  formed  by  a  deposit  of 
silica  from  solutions  intermittently  supplied,  in  irregular  cavities  in  rocks,  and  deriving  their  con- 
centric waving  courses  from  the  irregularities  of  the  walls  of  the  cavity.  As  the  cavity  cannot 
contain  enough  of  the  solution  to  fill  it  with  silica,  an  open  hole  has  been  supposed  to  be  retained 
on  one  side  to  permit  the  continued  supply ;  but  it  is  more  probable  that  it  passes  through  the  outer 


QUARTZ.  195 

layers  by  osmosis,  the  denser  solution  outside  thus  supplying  silica  as  fast  as  it  is  deposited  with- 
in. The  colors  are  due  to  traces  of  organic  matter,  or  of  oxyds  of  iron,  manganese,  or  titanium 
and  largely  to  differences  in  rate  of  deposition.  The  layers  differ  in  porosity,  and  therefore  in  the 
rate  at  which  they  are  etched  by  fluoric  acid  ;  and  consequently  the  etching  process  brings  out 
the  different  layers,  and  makes  engravings  that  will  print  exact  pictures  of  the  agate.  Owing  also 
to  the  unequal  porosity,  agates  may  be  varied  in  color  by  artificial  means.  _ 

A  brown  banded  agate  afforded  Redtenbacher  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  1007)  Si  98'91,  3Pe  0*72,  Ca  C 


(3.  Irregularly  clouded.     The  colors  various,  as  in  banded  agate. 

A  whitish  clouded  var.  (a)  is  probably  the  Leucachates  Plin.  (fr.  XMKOS,  white)  ;  (&)  a  wax-colored, 
his  Cerachates  (fr.  cera,  wax),  a  name  that  may  have  been  applied  also  to  ordinary  wax-colored 
chalcedony,  as  the  stone  was  one  in  little  repute  ;  (c)  a  reddish,  his  Sardachates,  or  carnelian-agate. 
The  last  probably  included  also  banded  kinds.  Hemacftatece  (fr.  aT^a,  blood)  was  probably  a  true 
light-colored  agate,  blotched  with  red  jasper,  "blushing  with  spots  of  blood,"  as  says  Solinus 
(King,  p.  207),  of  which  there  are  very  beautiful  kinds,  and  not  simple  red  jasper.  laspachates 
must  have  been  an  agate  in  which  bluish  and  greenish  shades  (laspis)  predominated.  These 
names  are  given  by  Pliny  without  accompanying  descriptions. 

y.  Colors  due  to  vwibk  impurities,  (a)  Moss-agate,  or  Mocha-  stone,  filled  with  brown  moss-like  or 
dendritic  forms  distributed  through  the  mass.  (b)  Dendritic  Agate,  containing  brown  or  black 
dendritic  markings.  These  two  are  the  Dendrachates  Plin.  (fr.  divfyor,  a  tree). 

There  is  also  6.  Agatized  wood  :  wood  petrified  with  clouded  agate. 

7.  Onyx  ('Gi^^ioi/  Theophr.     Onyx  pt.  [rest  agate,  stalagmite,  q.  v.]  Plin.,  xxxvii.  24)     Like 
agate  in  consisting  of  layers  of  different  colors,  but  the  layers  are  in  even  planes,  and  the  banding 
therefore  straight,  and  hence  its  use  for  cameos,  the  head  being  cut  in  one  color,  and  another 
serving  for  the  background.     The  colors  of  the  best  are  perfectly  well  defined,  and  either  white 
and  black,  or  white,  brown  and  black  alternate. 

8.  Sardonyx  (Plin.,   xxxvii.    23).      Like  onyx  in  structure,  but  includes  layers  of  carnelian 
(sard)  along  with  others  of  white  or  whitish,  and  brown,  and  sometimes  black  colors. 

9.  Agate-Jasper.    An  agate  consisting  of  jasper  with  veinings  and  cloudings  of  chalcedony. 

10.  Silicious  sinter.    Irregularly  cellular  quartz,  formed  by  deposition  from  waters  containing 
silica  or  soluble  silicates  in  solution. 

11.  Flint  (Silex  pt.  Plin.,  Feuerstein  Germ.).     Somewhat  allied  to  chalcedony,  but  more  opaque, 
and  of  dull  colors,  usually  gray,  smoky-brown,  and  brownish-black.  The  exterior  is  often  whitish, 
from  mixture  with  lime  or  chalk,  in  which  it  is  imbedded.     Lustre  barely  glistening,  subvitreous. 
Breaks  with  a  deeply  conchoidal  fracture,  and  a  sharp  cutting  edge.  The  flint  of  the  chalk  forma- 
tion consists  largely  of  the  remains  of  infusoria  (Diatoms),  sponges,  and  other  marine  productions. 
The   silica  of  flint,  according  to   Fuchs,   is  partly  soluble  silica.     See   on  this  point  p.  194. 
There  is  usually  one  per  cent,  or  so  of  alumina  and  peroxyd  of  iron,  with  one  or  two  of  water. 
The  coloring  matter  of  the  common  kinds  is  mostly  carbonaceous  matter. 

12.  Hornstone  (Silex  pt.,  Plin.,  Hornstein  Germ.).     Resembles  flint,  but  more  brittle,  the  frac- 
ture more  splintery.     Chert  is  a  term  often  applied  to  hornstone,  and  to  any  impure  flinty  rock, 
including  the  jaspers.     A  grayish  chalcedonic  hornstone  from  Marienbad  afforded  Kersten  Si  90*30, 
A-i  3-10,  Fe  1-73,  Mg  1«28,  Cu  0"94,  Na  and  K  0  70,  H  1'95  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1845,  656). 

13.  Basanite,  Lydian  Stone,  or  Touchstone  (Lapis  Lydius  Plin.,  xxxiii.  43,  ?  Basanites  id.,  xxxvi. 
11).     A  velvet-black  siliceous  stone  or  flinty  jasper,  used  on  account  of  its  hardness  and  black 
color  for  trying  the  purity  of  the  precious  metals.     The  color  left  on  the  stone  after  rubbing  the 
metal  across  it  indicates  to  the  experienced  eye  the  amount  of  alloy.     It  is  not  splintery  like 
hornstone.     It  passes  into  a  compact,  fissile,  siliceous,  or  flinty  rock,  of  grayish  and  other  colors, 
called  siliceous  slate,  and  also  Phthanyte;  and  then  resembles  ordinary  jasper  of  grayish  and  other 
shades,  especially  the  banded  jaspers. 

14.  Jasper.     Impure  opaque  colored  quartz,     (a)  Red  (Hasmatitis  Plin.,  xxxvii.  c.  60,  not  his 
Haematites),  sesquioxyd  of  iron  being  the  coloring  matter.     (b)  Brownish,  or  ochre  yellow,  colored 
by  hydrous  sesquioxyd  of  iron,  and  becoming  red  when  so  heated  as  to  drive  off  the  water,     (c) 
Dark  green  and  brownish-green,   (d)  Grayish-blue,   (e)  Blackish  or  brownish-black.     (/)  Striped 
or  riband  jasper  (Bandjaspis  Germ.),  having  the  colors  in  broad  stripes,    (g)  Egyptian  jasper,  in 
nodules  which  are  zoned  in  brown  and  yellowish  colors. 

Porcelain  jasper  is  nothing  but  baked  clay,  and  differs  from  true  jasper  in  being  B.B.  fusible  o 
the  edges.     Red  porphyry,  or  its  base,  resembles  jasper,  but  is  also  fusible  on  the  edges,  being 
usually  an  impure  feldspar. 

C.  Besides  the  above  there  are  also  :  — 

1.   Granular  Quartz,  or  Quartz-rock.  A  rock  consisting  of  quartz  grains  very  firmly  compacts 
the  grains  often  hardly  distinct.     2.   Quartzose  Sandstone.     3.   Quartz-conglomerate.     A  rock  : 
of  pebbles  of  quartz  with  sand.     The  pebbles  sometimes  are  jasper  and  chalcedony,  and  make  a 
beautiful  stone  when  polished.     4.  Itacolumite,  or  Flexible  Sandstone.     A  friable  sand-rock,  con- 


196  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

sisting  mainly  of  quartz  sand,  but  containing  a  little  talc,  and  possessing  a  degree  of  flexi- 
bility when  in  thin  laminae.  5.  Buhrstone.  A  cellular,  flinty  rock,  having  the  nature  in  part  of 
coarse  chalcedony. 

6.  Pseudomorphous  Quartz.  Quartz  appears  also  under  the  forms  of  many  of  the  mineral  species, 
which  it  has  taken  through  either  the  alteration  or  replacement  of  crystals  of  those  species.  The 
most  common  quartz  pseudomorphs  are  those  of  calcite,  barite,  fluorite,  and  siderite.  (a)  Tabular 
quartz  consists  of  intersecting  plates  of  quartz,  and  is  probably  a  result  of  the  quartz  being  depos- 
ited among  intersecting  plates  of  other  minerals,  as  barite.  (b)  Haytoriie  of  C.  Tripe  (Phil.  Mag.,  i. 
40,  1827)  is  a  pseudomorph  after  datholite.  (c)  BecHte  Duf.  is  a  pseudomorph  after  coral,  chalce- 
dom'c  in  character,  from  Devonshire,  England ;  it  contains  some  of  the  carbonate  of  lime  of  the 
original  coral  (Church,  Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  xxiii.  95).  (d)  Babel-quartz  is  quartz  which  has  impressions 
of  cubes  of  fluor,  arising  from  its  having  been  deposited  over  the  crystals,  (e)  Silicified  shells  are 
proper  pseudomorphs  in  quartz ;  they  occur  through  many  rock  strata,  including  limestones.  (/) 
Silicified  wood  is  quartz  pseudomorph  after  wood.  The  texture  of  the  original  wood  is  usually 
well  retained,  it  having  been  formed  by  the  deposit  of  silica  from  its  solution  in  the  cells  of  the 
wood,  and  finally  taking  the  place  of  the  walls  of  the  cells  as  the  wood  itself  disappeared. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  unaltered ;  with  borax  dissolves  slowly  to  a  clear  glass  ;  with  soda  dissolves 
with  effervescence ;  unacted  upon  by  salt  of  phosphorus.  Insoluble  in  muriatic  acid,  and  only 
slightly  acted  upon  by  solutions  of  fixed  caustic  alkalies.  When  fused  and  cooled  it  becomes  opal- 
silica,  having  Gr.=2'2. 

Obs. — Quartz  occurs  as  one  of  the  essential  constituents  of  granite,  syenite,  gneiss,  mica  schist, 
and  many  related  rocks ;  as  the  principal  constituent  of  quartz-rock  and  many  sandstones  ;  as  an 
unessential  ingredient  in  some  trachyte,  porphyry,  etc. ;  as  the  vein-stone  in  various  rocks,  and 
for  a  large  part  of  mineral  veins ;  as  a  foreign  mineral  in  the  cavities  of  trap,  basalt,  and.  related 
rocks,  some  limestones,  etc.,  making  geodes  of  crystals,  or  of  chalcedony,  agate,  carnelian,  etc. ; 
as  imbedded  nodules  or  masses  in  various  limestones,  constituting  the  flint  of  the  chalk  formation, 
the  hornstone  of  other  limestones — these  nodules  sometimes  becoming  continuous  layers ;  as 
masses  of  jasper  occasionally  in  limestone.  It  is  the  principal  material  of  the  pebbles^ef  gravel 
beds,  and  of  the  sands  of  the  sea-shore  and  sand  beds  everywhere.  It  is  reported  by  G.  Hose  as 
occurring  in  the  meteorite  of  Xiquipulco  (Pogg.,  cxiii.  184). 

Silica  also  occurs  in  solution  (but  mostly  as  a  soluble  alkaline  silicate)  in  heated  natural  waters, 
as  those  of  the  Geysers  of  Iceland,  New  Zealand,  and  California,  and  very  sparingly  in  many;  cold 
mineral  waters. 

Switzerland,  Dauphiny,  Piedmont,  the  Carrara  quarries,  and  numerous  other  foreign  localities, 
afford  fine  specimens  of  rock  crystal.  The  most  beautiful  amethysts  are  brought  from  India, 
Ceylon,  and  Persia,  where  they  occur  in  geodes,  and  as  pebbles;  inferior  specimens  occur  in 
Transylvania,  in  large  crystalline  groups ;  in  the  vicinity  of  Cork,  and  on  the  island  of  May, 
Ireland.  The  false  topaz  is  met  with  in  Brazil.  Rose  quartz  occurs  in  a  vein  of  manganese,  trav- 
ersing the  granite  of  Rabenstein,  near  Zwiesel  in  Bavaria.  Prase  is  found  in  the  iron  mines  of 
Breitenbrunn,  near  Schwartzemberg  in  Saxony ;  and  in  Brittany,  near  Nantes  and  Eennes.  The 
amygdaloids  of  Iceland  and  the  Faroe  Islands,  afford  magnificent  specimens  of  chalcedony ;  also 
Hiittenberg  and  Loben  in  Carinthia,  etc.  A  smalt-blue  variety,  in  cubical  crystals  (pseudomorphs 
of  fluorite),  occurs  at  Treszytan,  in  Transylvania.  The  finest  carnelians  and  agates  are  found  in 
Arabia,  India,  Brazil,  Surinam,  Oberstein,  and  Saxony.  Scotland  affords  smaller  but  handsome 
specimens  (Scotch  pebbles).  Chrysoprase,  at  Kosemiitz  in  Silesia.  Aventurine  quartz,  at  Cape  de 
Gata  in  Spain.  ^  Cat's  eye,  in  Ceylon,  the  coast  of  Malabar,  and  also  in  the  Harz  and  Bavaria. 
Plasma,  in  India  and  China,  whence  it  is  usually  brought  in  the  form  of  beads.  Heliotrope,  in 
Bucharia,  Tartary,  Siberia,  and  the  island  of  Rum  in  the  Hebrides.  Float  stone,  in  the  chalk  for- 
mation of  Menil  Montant,  near  Paris,  and  in  some  of  the  Cornish  mines.  The  banks  of  the  Nile 
afford  the  Egyptian  jasper ;  the  striped  jasper  is  met  with  in  Siberia,  Saxony,  and  Devonshire.  A 
yellow  jasper  is  found  at  Vourla,  bay  of  Smyrna,  in  a  low  ridge  of  limestone,  to  the  right  of  the 
watering-place,  between  the  harbor  and  the  high  hills  back ;  it  is  associated  with  opal,  chryso- 
prase,  and  hornstone,  and  these  minerals  seem  to  occupy  in  the  limestone  the  place  of  hornstone, 
which  is  found  in  various  parts  of  the  adjoining  country,  and  also  at  Napoli  di  Romania  in  Greece. 
The  plains  of  Argos  are  strewn  with  pebbles  of  red  jasper.  A  variety  of  sandstone  occurs  in  thin 
layers  at  Villa  Rica,  Brazil,  remarkable  for  its  flexibility;  a  similar  flexible  sandstone  occurs  in  the 
North  Carolina  gold  region. 

In  New  York,  quartz  crystals  are  abundant  in  Herkimer  Co.,  at  Middleville,  Little  Falls,  Salis- 
bury, and  Newport,  loose  in  cavities  in  the  Calciferous  sand-rock,  or  imbedded  in  loose  earth,  and 
sometimes,  according  to  Beck,  in  powdered  anthracite.  Fine  dodecahedral  crystals,  at  the  beds 
of  specular  iron  in  Fowler,  Herman,  and  Edwards,  St.  Lawrence  Co.  In  Gouverneur,  crystals, 
with  tourmaline,  etc.,  in  limestone,  which  have  rounded  angles  as  if  they  had  been  partially  fused. 
On  the  banks  of  Laidlaw  lake,  Rossie,  large  implanted  crystals.  The  Sterling  ore  bed,  Antwerp, 
Jefferson  Co.,  interesting  dodecahedral  crystals.  4  m.  E.  of  Warwick,  crystals  presenting  the 
rhombohedral  form,  in  jasper.  At  Palatine,  Montgomery  Co.,  crystals,  having  one  end  terminated 


QTTAKTZ.  197 

with  the  usual  pyramid,  while  the  other  is  rounded  and  smooth.  Diamond  Rock,  near  Lansing- 
burgh,  an  old  but  poor  locality.  At  Ellenville  lead  mine,  Ulster  Co.,  in  elegant  groups.  At  Diamond 
island  and  Diamond  Point,  Lake  G-eorge,  quartz  crystals,  as  in  Herkimer  Co.  In  Mass.,  crystals 
with  unusual  modifications,  sparingly  at  the  Charlestown  syenite  quarry,  one  of  which  from  the 
cabinet  of  Mr.  J.  E.  Teschemacher  is  represented  in  f.  193.  It  has  the  adjacent  planes  2-2  and 
3-|  uneven,  and  — J  with  a  triangular  furrow  but  sharp  edges  ;  the  rest  are  lustrous  ;  with  the  re- 
flective goniometer,  reflecting  the  sun's  rays,  R  A-f-f^lYS0.  Pelham  and  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  Paris 
and  Perry,  Me.,  Benton,  N.  H.,  Sharon,  Yt.,  and  Meadow  Mount,  Md.,  are  other  localities  of  quartz 
crystal.  Near  Quebec,  fig.  191,  and  other  crystals  similar,  but  the  in  verse.  At  Chesterfield,  Mass., 
small  unpolished  rlwmbohedrons,  in  granite.  At  Paris,  Me.,  handsome  crystals  of  brown  or  smoky 
quartz.  In  large  crystals,  often  perfect  and  weighing  several  pounds,  at  Minnesota  mine,  Lake 
Superior,  occasionally  enveloped  in  metallic  copper,  as  if  cast  around  the  crystals.  Drusy  quartz, 
of  brown,  apple-green,  and  other  tints,  at  Newfane,  Vt.  For  other  localities,  see  the  catalogue  of 
localities  in  the  latter  part  of  this  volume. 

Eose  quartz,  at  Albany,  and  Paris,  Me.,  Acworth,  N.  H.,  "Williamsburg,  Mass.,  Southbury,  Conn., 
and  Port  Henry,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  smoky  quartz,  at  G-oshen,  Mass.,  Richmond  Co.,  N.  Y.,  etc. ; 
amethyst,  in  trap,  at  Keweenaw  Point,  Pic  bay,  and  Gargontwa,  on  Lake  Superior ;  also  in  the 
same  rock  at  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  and  sparingly  throughout  the  trap  region  of  Massachusetts  and 
Connecticut ;  in  Surry,  New  Hampshire ;  in  Pennsylvania,  in  East  Bradford,  Aston,  Chester,  and 
Providence  (one  fine  crystal  over  7  Ibs.  in  weight),  in  Chester  Co. ;  very  handsome  at  the  Prince 
vein,  Lake  Superior,  but  now  hardly  obtainable,  as  the  mine  is  not  worked ;  also  very  large  fine 
crystals,  near  Greensboro,  N.  C.  Crystallized  green  quartz,  in  talc,  at  Providence,  Delaware  Co., 
Perm. ;  at  Ellenville,  N.  Y.,  with  chlorite.  Chalcedony  and  agates  of  moderate  beauty,  in  the 
same  trap  region ;  more  abundantly  about  Lake  Superior,  the  Mississippi,  and  the  streams  to  the 
west ;  at  Natural  Bridge,  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  about  the  Willamet,  Columbia,  and  other  rivers 
in  Oregon ;  abundant  and  beautiful  on  N.  "W.  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  Belmont's  lead  mine,  St. 
Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  has  afforded  good  chalcedony  and  chrysoprase,  associated  with  calcite.  Red 
jasper  is  found  on  Sugar  Loaf  Mt.,  Maine ;  in  pebbles  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  at  Troy ; 
yellow,  with  chalcedony,  at  Chester,  Mass. ;  red  and  yellow,  near  Murphy's,  Calaveras  Co.,  Cal. 
Heliotrope  occupies  veins  in  slate  at  Bloomiugrove,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Smoky  quartz  hi  large  crystals,  some  over  100  Ibs.,  have  been  found  on  Paradise  R.,  Nova 
Scotia. 

Quartz  pseudomorphs,  after  hexagonal  and  scalenohedral  crystals  of  calcite  and  cubes  of 
fluorite,  at  Westhampton,  Mass. ;  after  barite,  probably,  in  Rutherford  Co.,  N.  C.,  often  filled  with 
water. 

Quartz  crystals  occasionally  occur  of  enormous  size.  A  group  in  the  museum  of  the  university 
at  Naples  weighs  nearly  half  a  ton.  A  crystal  belonging  to  Sig.  Rafelli,  of  Milan,  measures  3£  ft. 
in  length  and  5^  in  circumference,  and  its  weight  is  estimated  at  870  Ibs ;  another  in  Paris  is  3  ft. 
in  diameter  and  weighs  8  cwt.  About  a  century  since  a  drusy  cavity  was  opened  at  Zinken,  which 
afforded  1,000  cwt.  of  rock  crystal,  and  at  that  early  period  brought  $300,000.  One  crystal  weighed 
800  Ibs.  A  group  from  Moose  Mountain,  New  Hampshire,  at  Dartmouth  College,  weighs  147i 
Ibs.,  and  contains  48  crystals ;  four  of  them  are  from  5  to  5^  inches  in  diameter,  ten  from  4  to  4| 
inches.  A  crystal  from  Waterbury,  Vt.,  2  ft.  long  and  18  inches  through,  weighs  175  Ibs. 

Several  varieties  of  this  species  have  long  been  employed  in  jewelry.  The  amethyst  has  always 
been  esteemed  for  its  beauty.  Like  most  other  stones,  it  is  less  brilliant  by  candle-light;  it 
appears  to  best  advantage  when  surrounded  with  pearls  and  set  in  gold.  The  color  of  the  ame- 
thyst is  often  irregularly  diffused,  as  is  well  described  by  Pliny,  "ad  viciniam  crystaUi  descendet 
albicante  purpura  defectu,"  purple,  gradually  fading  into  white.  It  was  called  amethyst,  a^idvaro;, 
on  account  of  its  pretended  preservative  powers  against  intoxication,  from  a,  noi,  and  pelvw,  to 
intoxicate.  This  is  not,  however,  the  only  amethyst  of  the  ancients.  The  violet-colored  sapphire, 
the  violet  fluorite  (scalpturis  faciles,  Plin.,  easily  graven),  and  some  other  purple  species,  were 
designated  by  the  same  name ;  and  it  has  been  supposed  that  garnet  was  also  included. 

Cameos  are  in  general  made  of  onyx,  which  is  well  fitted  for  this  kind  of  miniature  sculpture. 
The  most  noted  of  the  ancient  cameos,  is  the  Mantuan  vase  at  Brunswick.  It  was  cut  from  a 
single  stone,  and  has  the  form  of  a  cream  pot,  about  seven  inches  high  and  two  and  a  half  broad ; 
on  its  outside,  which  is  of  a  brown  color,  there  are  white  and  yellow  groups  of  raised  figures, 
representing  Ceres  and  Triptolemus  in  search  of  Proserpine.  The  Museo  Borbonico,  at  Naples, 
contains  an  onyx  measuring  eleven  inches  by  nine,  representing  the  apotheosis  of  Augustus,  and 
another  exhibiting  the  apotheosis  of  Ptolemy  on  one  side  and  the  head  of  Medusa  on  the  other; 
both  are  splendid  specimens  of  the  art,  and  the  former  is  supposed  to  be  the  largest  in  existence. 

The  carnelian  is  often  rich  in  color,  but  is  too  common  to  be  much  esteemed ;  when  first 
obtained  from  the  rock  they  are  usuaUy  gray  or  grayish-red ;  they  receive  their  fine  colors  from 
an  exposure  of  several  weeks  to  the  sun's  rays,  and  a  subsequent  heating  in  earthen  pots.  The 
colors  of  agate,  when  indistinct,  may  be  brought  out  by  boiling  in  oil,  and  afterward  hi  sulphuric 
acid ;  the  latter  carbonizes  the  oil  absorbed  by  the  porous  layers,  and  thus  increases  the  contrast 


198  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

of  the  different  colors.  Agate  is  often  made  into  mortars  for  chemical  and  pharmaceutical  pre- 
parations, and,  according  to  Pliny,  it  was  employed  for  the  same  purpose  by  the  physicians  of  his 
day.  Pliny  also  mentions  that  "  the  best  cautery  for  the  human  body  is  a  ball  of  crystal  acted  on 
by  the  sun "  (xxxvii.  10).  He  deplores  the  extravagance  of  his  times,  as  exhibited  in  the 
crystal  drinking  cups  and  vases  of  the  wealthy. 

Jasper  admits  of  a  brilliant  polish,  and  is  often  formed  into  vases,  boxes,  knife-handles,  etc. 
It  is  also  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  Florentine  mosaics. 

Quartz  is  distinguished  by  its  hardness— scratching  glass  with  facility;  infusibility — not  fusing 
before  the  blowpipe ;  insolubility— not  attacked  by  water  or  the  acids ;  uncleavability—one  variety 
being  tabular,  but  proper  cleavage  never  being  distinctly  observed.  To  these  characteristics  the 
action  of  soda  B.B.  may  be  added. 

The  word  quartz  is  of  German  provincial  origin.  Agate  is  from  the  name  of  the  river  Achates, 
in  Sicily,  whence  specimens  were  brought,  as  stated  by  Theophrastus. 

Alt.— Pseudomorphs  of  pyrite,  tin  ore,  stannite,  magnetite,  hematite,  and  voltzite,  after  quartz, 
have  been  met  with. 


232.  OPAL.    Opalus,  Psederos,  Plin.,  xxxvii  21,  22.     Quartz  resinite  K,  Tr.,  ii.  1801. 

Massive,  amorphous;  sometimes  small  reniform,  stalactitic,  or  large 
tuberose.  Also  earthy. 

H.=5'5— 6'5.  G.=1'9— 2*3.  Lustre  vitreous,  frequently  subvitreous  ; 
often  inclining  to  resinous,  and  sometimes  to  pearly.  Color  white,  yellow, 
red,  brown,  green,  gray,  generally  pale  ;  dark  colors  arise  from  foreign 
admixtures  ;  sometimes  a  rich  play  of  colors,  or  different  colors  by  re- 
fracted and  reflected  light.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to  nearly  opaque. 

Comp. — Si,  as  for  quartz,  silica  being  dimorphous,  the  opal  condition  being  one  of  lower 
degrees  of  hardness  and  specific  gravity,  and,  as  generally  believed,  of  incapability  of  crystalliza- 
tion. Water  is  usually  present,  but  it  is  regarded  as  unessential.  It  varies  in  amount  from  2-75 
to  21  p.  c.;  or,  mostly,  from  3—9  p.  c.  =  Si  +  i  H  to  §i  + i  fi  (or  9  Si  +  H  to  3  Si  +  H).  Opal 
often  contains  more  or  less  of  quartz  mixed  with  it ;  and  most  of  the  analyses  are  unsatisfactory, 
because  they  leave  the  amount  of  the  latter  wholly  unconsidered ;  and  since  solubility  in  a  hot 
solution  of  caustic  potash  is  not  a  decisive  test  of  opal,  as  shown  by  Eammelsberg  (Pogg.,  cxii. 
177),  no  method  for  its  exact  determination  is  known.  (See  p.  192,  under  QUARTZ.)  Rammelsberg's 
percentage  results  are  as  follows ;  under  the  heading  ign.  &  S,  the  sum  of  the  loss  by  both  is 
given,  and  in  brackets  that  by  drying  over  sulphuric  acid  aloue : 

G.     G-.  after  ign.    Ign.  &  S.  InsoL 

Semiopal,  Grochau  2-101         1-878  6'55  7-21 


Vallecas,  brown  2-216        2 '2 24            11 -75 

"        white  454 

Geyserite,  Iceland  8  83 

Hyalite.  Walsch  2-185                              3'28 


•26] 
1-78 
3-41 
0 


18-5— 39-3 

19-2—53-5 

4-8  (=£e 

9-7—19-9 


after  ign.  1-507  21-  —45*9 

Moreover,  optical  characters  do  not  afford  decisive  distinctions ;  for  Ehrenberg  has  found  (Ber. 
Ak.  Berlin,  65,  1849,  Ramm.,  Pogg.,  cxii.  191)  that  hyalite,  after  ignition  and  before,  and  chrys- 
oprase  are  alike  doubly-refracting;  chalcedony  from  Faroe  and  semiopal  from  Vallecas,  doubly- 
refracting,  with  spots  of  singly-refracting;  semiopal  fr.  Grochau  and  flint,  singly-refracting,  with 
spots  of  doubly-refracting. 

Var. — 1.  Precious  Opal.  Exhibits  a  play  of  delicate  colors,  or,  as  Pliny  says,  presents  various 
refulgent  tints  in  succession,  reflecting  now  one  hue  and  now  another.  Seldom  larger  than  a 
hazel  nut;  a  mass  in  the  Vienna  museum  has  the  size  of  a  man's  fist  and  weighs  17  oz.,  but  has 
numerous  fissures,  and  is  not  wholly  free  from  the  matrix. 

2.  Fire-opal  (Feueropal,  fr.  Mexico,  Humboldt,  Karsten,  Klapr.  Beitr.,  iv.  156,  1807).     Hyacinth- 
red  to  honey-yellow  colors,  with  fire-like  reflections,  somewhat  irised  on  turning. 

3.  Girasol.     Bluish-white,  translucent,  with  reddish  reflections  in  a  bright  light. 

4.  Common  Opal    In  part  translucent;    (a)  milk-white  to  greenish,  yellowish,  bluish;    (5) 
Resin-opal  (Wachsopal,  Pechopal,  Germ.),  wax-,  honey-  to  ochre-yellow,  with  a  resinous  lustre ;  (c) 


OPAL.  199 

dull  olive-green  and  mountain-green;  (d)  brick-red.  Includes  Semiopal  (Halbopal  Wern.,  Bergm. 
J.,  875,  1789);  also  (e)  Hydrophone,  which  is  translucent,  whitish,  or  light-colored,  adheres  to  the 
tongue,  and  becomes  more  translucent  or  transparent  in  water  (to  which  the  name,  from  Map, 
water,  and  <paivw,  to  make  clear,  alludes),  a  very  common  quality  of  opaL  (/)  Forcherite  (Auhhora^ 
Wien.  Ztg.  Abendbl.,  Jul.  11,  1860);  an  orange-yellow  opal,  colored  by  orpiment;  G.=2'17 
Maly  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxvi.  501).  It  is  from  Reittelfeld,  in  Upper  Styria. 

5.  Cacholong  (Kaschtschilon  of  Kalmucks  and  Tartars  [^beautiful  stone],  Kascholong  Germ. 
Perlmutter-opal  Karst.,  Tab.,   1808).      Opaque,  bluish- white,  porcelain- white,  pale-yellowish  or 
reddish ;  often  adheres  to  the  tongue,  and  contains  a  little  alumina. 

6.  Opal-agate.     Agate-like  in  structure,  but  consisting  of  opal  of  different  shades  .of  color. 

7.  Menilite  (Pechstein  de  Menil  Montant  Delarbre  &  Quinquet,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxxi.  219,  1787  ; 
Menilite  de  Saussure,  Delameth.  T.  T.,  ii.  169,  1797.     Leberopal  Karst,  Tab.,  24,  1800).     In  con- 
cretionary forms,  tuberose,  reniform,  etc.,  opaque,  dull  grayish,  grayish-brown,  occurring  im- 
bedded in  a  shaly  argillaceous  deposit. 

8.  Jasp-opal  (Karst.  Tab.,  26,  1808;  Opal-jasper,  Eisenopal,  Hausm.,  Handb.,  428,  1813).    Opal 
containing  some  yellow  oxyd  of  iron  and  other  impurities,  and  having  the  color  of  yellow  jasper, 
with  the  lustre  of  common  opal. 

9.  Wood-opal  (Holz-opal  Germ.).     "Wood  petrified  by  opal. 

10.  Hyalite  (Mullerisches  G-las  [=Muller's  G-lass,  after  the  discoverer] ;  Hyalit  Wern.,  Hoffm. 
Min.,  ii.  a,  134,  1812,  Karst.,  Tab.,  22,  1800;  Gummistein  Blumerib.,  Nat,  553  ;  Glasopal  Hausm., 
Handb.,  424,  1813).      Clear  as  glass  and  colorless,  constituting  globular  concretions,  and  also 
crusts  with  a  globular,  reniform,  botryoidal,  or  stalactitic  surface ;  also  passing  into  translucent, 
and  whitish. 

11.  Fiorite,  Siliceous  Sinter  (Kieselsinter  Germ.;    Santi,  Viaggio  al  Montomiata,  Pisa,  1795, 
Crell's  Ann.,  ii.  589,  1796;  Thomson,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxxix.  407,  1791,  Breve  Notizia  di  un  Viaggia- 
tore  sulle  Incrost.  Sil.  termali  d'ltalia,  etc.,  1795,  Crell's  Ann.,  i.  108,  1796,  Bibl.  Brittan,  185, 
1796  (?name  fiorite  here  given);  Pfa/.,  Crell's  Ann.,  ii.  589,  1796;  Resinite  termogino  (Ital). 
Includes  translucent  to  opaque,  grayish,  whitish,  or  brownish  incrustations,  porous  to  firm  in 
texture ;  sometimes  fibrous-like  or  filamentous,  and,  when  so,  pearly  in  lustre  (then  called  Pearl- 
sinter)  ;  formed  from  the  decomposition  of  the  siliceous  minerals  of  volcanic  rocks  about  fumaroles, 
or  from  the  siliceous  waters  of  hot  springs.     It  graduates  at  times  into  hyalite,     (a)  The  original 
fiorite  (or  pearl-sinter),  as  described  by  Thomson,  occurs  in  tufa  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Fiora, 
Italy,  and  also  on  Ischia,  and  at  the  Solfatara  near  Naples,  in  globular,  botryoidal,  and  stalactitic 
concretions,  pearly  in  lustre.     Thomson  also  mentions  (1791)  a  similar  incrustation  as  formed 
from  the  hot  waters  of  the  Sasso  lagoons.     It  was  referred  by  Werner  to  hyalite  in  1816  (Hoff- 
mann).    (6)  The  Michaelite  (J.  W.  Webster,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  iii.  391,  1821)  is  similar,  from  the  island 
of  St.  Michaels,  one  of  the  Azores,  where  it  occurs  in  snow-white  incrustations,  capillary  or  fili- 
form in  structure,  pearly  in  lustre,  with  G-.  =  1-866.     (c)  Geyserite  (Kieseltuff  (fr.  Geysers)  Klapr., 
Beitr.,  ii.  109,  1797;  Geysirite  Delameth.,  Min.,  1812;  Damour,  Bull.  G.  Fr.,  1848,  157)  constitutes 
concretionary  deposits  about  the  Iceland  geysers,  presenting  white  or  grayish,  porous,  stalactitic, 
filamentous,  cauliflower-like  forms;    also  compact-massive,  and  scaly-massive;    H.  =  5;    rarely 
transparent,  usually  opaque ;  sometimes  falling  to  powder  on  drying  in  the  air. 

12.  Float-stone  (Quartz  nectique,  H.,  Tr..  ii.  1801 ;  Schwimmstein  Germ.).    In  light  concretion- 
ary or  tuberose  masses,  white  or  grayish,  sometimes  cavernous,  rough  in  fracture.     So  light, 
owing  to  its  spongy  texture,  as  to  float  on  water.     The  concretions  sometimes  have  a  flint-like 
nucleus. 

13.  Tripolite  (Trippel,  Terra  Tripolitana  (fr.  Tripoli,  in  part),  Wall.,  32,  1747.     Infusorial  earth; 
Bergmehl,  Kieselmehl,  Kieselguhr,  Germ.    Farina  fossilis.    Randanite  Salvetat,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys., 
III.  xxiv.  348,  1848).     Formed  from  the  siliceous  shells  of  Diatoms  and  other  microscopic  species, 
as  first  made  known  by  Ehrenberg,  and  occurring  in  deposits,  often  many  miles  in  area,  either 
uncompacted,  or  moderately  hard,     (a)  Infusorial  Earth,  or  Earthy  Tripolite,  a  very  fine-grained 
earth  looking  often  like  an  earthy  chalk,  or  a  clay,  but  harsh  to  the  feel,  and  scratching  glass 
when  rubbed  on  it.    (b)  Randanite,  a  kaolin-like  variety  from  Ceyssat  near  Randan,  in  Dept.  Puy 
de  Dome,  and  from  Algiers,  containing  9  to  10  p.  c.  of  water.     A  deposit  at  Santa  Fiora  in  Tus- 
cany was  made  known  by  G.  Fabbroni  in  1794  (Giorn.  Fis.-med.  diD.  Brungnatelli,  p.  154;  Crell's 
Ann.,  ii.  199,  1794  ;  Bergmehl  v.  Santa  Fiora  Klaproth,  Beitr.,  vi.  348).     It  consists  of  a  grayish- 
white,  loose,  mealy  earth ;  Fabbroni  states  that  he  made  bricks  of  it  which  would  float  like  those 
which  Pliny  described  as  made  in  Spain  from  a  sort  of  pumice-like  earth  (xxxv.  49),  and  sup- 
poses the  material  the  same.     Ehrenberg  has  shown  it  to  be  an  infusorial  earth,     (c)  Tripoli 
slate  (Polishing  slate,  Polierschiefer,  Tripelschiefer,  Saugkiesel,  Klebschiefer,  Germ.),  a  slaty  or 
thin  laminated  variety,  fragile;  G.  =  1-909—2-08.     Often  much  impure  from  mixture  with  clay, 
magnesia,  oxyd  of 'iron,  etc.     (d)  Alumocalcite  (fr.  Eibenstock,  Breith.,  Char.,  97,  326,  1832)  is  a 
milk-white  material,  having  a  hardness  of  only  1  to  1| ;  G.=2'1T4 ;  it  may  be  a  variety  of  tripolite. 
containing  a  little  lime  and  alumina. 

Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  ii.  151);  2,  v.  Kobell  (Char.,  252,  1830);  3-6,  Damour  (Bull  G. 


200 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Fr.,  II.  v.  162,  1848) ;  7,  Klaproth  (1.  c.,  iv.  156) ;  8,  id.  (ib.,  ii.,  157) ;  9,  Forchhammer  (Pogg.,  xxxv. 
331);  10,  Gr.  J.  Brush  (This  Mill.,  152,  1854);  11,  Klaproth  (1.  c.,  v.  29);  12,  id.  (ib.,  ii.  154);  13, 
Tschermak  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xiii.  381);  14,  Wrightson  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  liv.  358);  15,  Stucke 
(Nose  Beschr.  vulk.,  Foss.,  73);  16,  Forchhammer  (L  c.);  17,  18,  Damour  (1.  c.):  19,  Klaproth 
(L  c.,  ii.  160) ;  20,  21,  V.  d.  Mark  (Verh.  nat.  Ver.  Bonn,  ix.  1852) ;  22,  Wertheim  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch., 
133;;  23,  G.  J.  Brush  (This  Min.,  691,  1850);  24,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  ScL,  xv.  435);  25,  Klap- 
roth (L  c.,  ii.  165);  26,  27,  R.  Brandes  (Nogg.  Geb.  Rh.-Westph.,  i.338);  28,  V.  d.  Mark  (1.  c.); 
29,  Klaproth  (1.  c.,  ii.  162);  30,  Beudant  (Tr.,  ii.  18). 

31,  Damour  (1.  c.);  32,  Schaffgotsch  (Pogg.,  Ixviii.  147);  33,  Damour  (1.  c.) :  34,  Bucholz  (Gehl. 
J.,  i.  202,  viii.  176) ;  36-38,  Damour  (1.  c.) ;  39,  Klaproth  (1.  c.) ;  40,  Kersten  (Schw.  J.,  Ixvi.  25) ;  41, 
Forchhammer  (Pogg.,  xxxv.  331);  42,  43,  Bickell  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixx.  290);  44,  Pattison 
(Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxv.  495);  45,  MaUet  (ib.,  IV.  v.  285). 

46,  Klaproth  (L  c.,  vi.  348) ;  47,  48,  Fournet  &  Salvetat  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xxiv.  348) ;  49, 
Baumann  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  136);  50,  R.  Hoffmann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xc.  467);  51,  Hanstein  &  Schultz 
(Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xcv.  292);  52,  Kuhlmann  (ZS.  nat.  Ver.  Halle,  viii.  478);  53,  Klaproth  (1.  c., 
v.  112);  54,  55,  Bucholz  (Leonh.  Tasch.,  vi.  5,  8);  56,  Kersten  (Freiesleb.  Mag.  Orykt.,  Heft  5): 

£e  Ca     Na      K 
=100  Klaproth. 

=  100  KobeU. 

=100  Damour. 

=100  Damour. 

=100  Damour. 

=100  Damour. 

0-25  =100  Klaproth. 

0-10 =100  Klaproth. 

0-49          0-34     Mg  1-48=100  F. 

Mg  0-92 * — =100-05  Brush. 

1-75 ,  C  1,  Bit.  0-33= 

99-08  Klaproth. 

=100  Klaproth. 

Mg  4-9 =100-1  Tsch. 

4-11  "0-860-90  0-80SO-31  =  101-76W. 
3-Ou  Ca  0-25 =99-50  Stucke. 

0-06    0-06    0-07,MgO-4=99-58F. 

=100  Damour. 

=100  Damour. 

1-0      =100  Klaproth. 

2-15MgO-18 0-10=100  Mark. 

4-94  »    o-17 =100  Mark. 

3-58  Gal -57 ,MgO-67  =  10lW. 

=100  Brush. 

Mg  3-0 =99-15  Smith. 

0-5        0*5     =98-5  Klaproth. 

0-37    =99-62  Brandes. 

3-50     ,SO-20=100'17B. 

5'58MgO-16 =100  Mark. 

47-0      =98-0  Klaproth. 

38-09    =100  Beudant. 


Si 

H 

A-l 

1.  Czerwenitza,  precious  opal 

90 

10 



2              "                 " 

89-06" 

10-94 



3.'             "        G.=2-029 

93-90 

6-10 



4.  Mexico,  limpid,  G.=2-029 

'91-12" 

8-88 



5.         "      chatoyant,  G-.=2'024 

"89-90" 

10-10 



6.         u             " 

93-95" 

6-05 



7.  Zimapan,  Fire-opal 

92-00 

7-75 



8.  Kosemiitz,  milk-w. 

98-75 

[1-05] 

o-io 

9.  Faroe,  Fire-opal 

88-73 

7-97 

0-99 

10.  Georgia,     "      G.=2'07 

91-89 

5-84 

1-40 

11.  Moravia,  gray 

85 

8a 

3 

12.  Hubertsburg,  Hydrophane 

93-13 

5-25 

1-62 

13.  Thebes,                    " 

85-8 

8-4 



14.  Schiffenberg,  Semi-opal 

90-20 

2-73 

1-86 

15.  Hanau                   " 

82-75 

10-00 

3-50 

16.  Faroe,  Cacholong 

95-32 

3-47 

0-20 

17.  Iceland,  fiesinopal,  G.=2'095    [92-03]     7'97     

18.  Mexico,          "                              [95-40  1     4*60     

19.  Telkebanya,  " 

93-5 

5-0 



20.  Rosenau,  ywh.-lrown 

91-82 

5-61 

0-14 

21.        "         w.  ext.  of  last. 

89-54 

5-08 

0-27 

22.  Meronitz,  grih.-brown 

83-73 

11-46 



23.  Vourla,  gyh.-green,  G.=2'054     [94'9] 

5-1 



24.  Harmanjick,  Resinopal 

92-0 

4-15 



25.  Menil-Montant,  Menilite 

85-5 

11  -Ob 

1-0 

26.  Oberkassel,   Wood-opal 

93-01 

4-12 

0-12 

27.  Quegstein,  Siebengeb.    " 

86-00 

9-97 

0-50 

28.  Stenzelberg,  Jaspopal 

88-28 

5'67 

0-31 

29.  Telkebanya,         " 

43-5 

7-5 



30.  Jasztraba,  Hung." 

47-81 

13-17 

0-93 

2.  Hyalite,  Fiorite  or  Siliceous  Sinter. 


81.  Waltsch,  Bohem.,  Hyalite  [96-94]  3'06 

32.  "                "              »  95-5  3-0 

33.  Kaiserstuhl  "  [96-99]  3'01 

34.  Frankfort,  a.  M.         "  92'00  6'33 

35.  Azores,  Michaelite  82-29  16-35 

36.  Iceland,  Qeys&rite  87-67  10-40 

37.  "             "        gray  [92-59]  7'41 

38.  "            "        white  [91-23]  8-97 

39.  "  ««  98-0       

40.  "             «  94-01  4-10 

41.  "  84-43  7-88 

42.  "            «  88-26  4-79 


1-36      tr. 
0-71 


0-2      


0-40    0-82 


=100  Damour. 

=99-5  Schaffg. 

=100  Damour. 

=98-33  Bucholz. 

=100  Webster. 

tr.  =100  Damour. 

=100  Damour. 

=100  Damour. 

—=100  Klaproth. 

=99  81  Kerst. 

3-07  1-91  0-70  0-92,  Mg  1-06  Forchh. 
0-69  3-26  0-29  O'll  O'll,  S  2*49=100  B. 


1-5 

1-70 

3-07      1-91 


0-5       


OPAL.  201 

Si  H        £1        3Pe      Oa     STa      K 

43.  Iceland,  Geys&rite  91-56      5*76     1'04     0-18   0-33    0-16   0'19,  80-31,  MgO-47 

=  100  Bickell. 

44.  N.Zealand,      "    G.=1'968         77-35       7'66      9'70      3-72    1-74    =100-17  Pattis. 

45.  94-20      3-06      1*58      0'17     tr.      0'85C  =99'86  MaUet. 

3.  Tripolite,  Infusorial  Earth,  Floatstone. 

46.  Santa  Fiora,  Bergmehl  79  12  5          3         =99  Klaproth. 

47.  Ceyssat,  Randanite  87'2  lO'O            2'00  0'8d  =100  Fournet. 

48.  Algiers,         "  SO'OO  9'00  1'41      0'55  0-56        2'00,  ins.  S  6-48  =  100  S. 

49.  Bilin,  Tripolite,  G.  =  1'862.  87 -58  8-89          2'04  1'09  Mg  0-30=99-90  Bau. 

50.  "  "  80-30     10-90          5-40          0.44     tr.     0-30,  Mg.  0'43f,  Org. 

1-30=99-08  Hoffmann. 

51.  Luneberg,  Earth  87-86       8-43      0'13      0'73    0'75e ,0rg.  2-28=100-18  H. 

52.  Ebstorf,         "  90'86       9'01      0'29      0'23    0'16e ,Mg  00-09  =  100'64K. 

53.  Mauritius,  Kieselguhr  72'0       21'0        2'5        2-5      =98'0  Klaproth. 

54.  Paris,  Q.  nectique,  lighter  94-0         5-0  0'5  =99*5  Bucholz. 

55.  "  "        heavier  91-0         6'0  0'25         $Lg  tr. ,  CaC  2-00=99-25  B. 

56.  Eibenstock,  Alumocalcite  86*60      4*00       2-23     —  Oa  6*25 =99'08  Kersten. 

a  Somewhat  ammoniacal.     b  With  some  carbonaceous  material     c  Na  CL    d  With  some  magnesia.    e  Carbonate 

of  lime,    f  Also  ammonia  O'Ol. 

Randanite  of  Salvetat  (anal.  48)  corresponds  to  the  formula  Si3  H(=Si  90-9,  H  9-1)  when  dried  at 
16°  C.,  and  Si6H  (=Si  95*3,  H  4-7)  when  dried  at  100°  C.  The  precious  opal  of  Hungary,  analyzed 
by  v.  Kobell  (anal.  2),  lost  7*5  p.  c.  on  drying  at  a  low  heat,  and  the  rest  of  the  water,  or  3 -44  p.  c., 
on  ignition. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible,  but  becomes  opaque.  Some  yellow  varieties,  con- 
taining oxyd  of  iron,  turn  red. 

Obs. — Occurs  filling  cavities  and  fissures  or  seams  in  igneous  rocks,  porphyry,  and  some  metal- 
lic veins.  Also  imbedded,  like  flint,  in  limestone,  and  sometimes,  like  other  quartz  concretions, 
in  argillaceous  beds ;  also  formed  from  the  siliceous  waters  of  some  hot  springs ;  also  resulting 
from  the  mere  accumulation,  or  accumulation  and  partial  solution  and  solidification,  of  the  siliceous 
shells  of  infusoria — which  consist  essentially  of  opal-silica.  The  last  mentioned  is  the  probable 
source  of  the  opal  of  limestones  and  argillaceous  beds  (as  it  is  of  flint  in  the  same  rocks),  and  of 
part  of  that  in  igneous  rocks.  It  exists  in  most  chalcedony  and  flint.  Being  like  quartz  in  origin, 
it  is  natural  that  the  two  should  be  often  mixed  together.  Common  opal  and  hyalite  are  products 
of  the  decomposition  of  a  Roman  cement  at  the  hot  springs  of  Plombieres  in  France. 

Precious  opal  occurs  in  porphyry  at  Czerwenitza,  near  Kashau  in  Hungary,  at  Frankfort,  and  at 
Gracias  a  Dios  in  Honduras.  Fire  opal  occurs  at  Zimapan  in  Mexico  ;  Faroe  ;  near  San  Antonio, 
Honduras.  Common  opal  is  abundant  at  Telkebanya  in  Hungary;  near  Pernstein,  Luckau, 
and  Smrezet  in  Moravia ;  in  Bohemia ;  at  Kosemiitz  in  Silesia ;  Hubertsburg  in  Saxony ;  Stanzel- 
berg  and  Quegstein  in  Siebengebirge ;  Steinheim  near  Hanau ;  in  Faroe,  Iceland ;  the  Giant's 
Causeway,  and  the  Hebrides  ;  also  within  -£  m.  and  to  the  S.W.  of  the  watering-place  at  Yourla, 
the  harbor  of  Smyrna,  along  with  yellow  jasper  and  hornstone,  imbedded  in  a  low  ridge  of  yel- 
lowish compact  limestone ;  of  a  wax-yellow  and  grayish-green  color,  occasionally  white,  at  the 
Giant's  Causeway.  Hyalite  occurs  in  amygdaloid  at  Schemnitz,  Hungary;  in  clinkstone  at 
Waltsch,  Bohemia.  Wood  opal  forms  large  trees  in  the  pumice  conglomerates  of  Saiba,  near  K"eu- 
sohl ;  Kremnitz,  Hungary ;  Faroe ;  near  Hobart  Town,  Tasmania ;  and  in  many  other  regions  of 
igneous  rocks. 

The  Luneberg  earth  contains  many  species  of  infusoria,  and  is  10  to  18  ft.  thick. 

In  U.  S.,  hyalite  occurs  sparingly  in  N.  York,  at  the  Phillips  ore  bed,  Putnam  Co.,  in  thin  coat- 
ings on  granite ;  rarely  in  N.  C.,  Cabarrus  Co.,  with  the  auriferous  quartz ;  in  Georgia,  in  Burke 
and  Scriven  Cos.,  lining  cavities  in  a  siliceous  shell-rock ;  in  Washington  Co.,  good  fire  opal ;  at 
the  Suanna  spring,  Florida,  small  quantities  of  siliceous  sinter. 

The  precious  opal,  when  large,  and  exhibiting  its  peculiar  play  of  colors  in  perfection,  is  a  gem 
of  high  value.  It  is  cut  with  a  convex  surface. 

233.  JENZSCHITE. — A  second  modification  of  amorphous  silica  is  mentioned  above  (p.  194)  as 
announced  by  G.  Jenzsch.  The  facts  may  receive  other  explanation.  For  the  present  the  opals 
supposed  to  represent  it  may  be  included  under  the  above  name.  The  characteristic  is  a  specific 
gravity  of  2-6,  like  quartz-silica,  while  soluble  in  a  hot  solution  of  caustic  potash.  The  kinds  here 
referred  to  are  a  white  cacholong  from  Hiittenberg  in  Carinthia,  G.= 2-591 ;  from  Hutberg,  near 
Weissig,  in  amygdaloid,  G.  =  2'633  — 2'647  ;  from  the  porphyry  of  Regensberg,  G.  =  2'620;  from 
Brazil,  G.=2-596.  They  are  generally  associated  with  chalcedony,  and  Jenzsch  regards  them  as 
a  result  of  its  alteration. 


202  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


II.    TEKNAKY  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

1.    SILICATES. 

A.    ANHYDROUS  SILICATES. 

The  following  are  the  general  subdivisions  of  the  Anhydrous  Silicates  : 

I.  BISILICATES.     Oxygen  ratio  for  the  bases  and  Silica  1  :  2. 

II.  UNISILICATES.     Oxygen  ratio  for  the  bases  and  Silica  1  :  1. 

III.  SUBSILICATES.     Oxygen  ratio  for  the  bases  and  Silica  1  :  less  than 
1 ;  mostly  1  :  f ;  but  also  1  :  £,  and  1  :  f . 

These  subdivisions  are  essentially  the  same  that  were  brought  forward 
in  the  last  edition  of  this  work.  The  section  of  Tersilicates  has,  however, 
disappeared,  the  species  hitherto  arranged  under  that  head  being  proved  to 
have  no  existence ;  and  the  few  Sesquisilicates,  and  the  Micas  and  Feld- 
spars, are' added  to  the  Unisilicates. 

Constitution  and  Formulas  of  Silicates. — The  bases  in  the  Silicates  comprise  various  elements 
of  Series  I.  (see  p.  2)  in  their  different  states  of  oxydation,  protoxyd,  sesquioxyd,  or  deutoxyd,  and 
possibly  tritoxyd ;  namely,  K,  Na,  Li,  Th,  Cs,  H,  Ba,  Sr,  Ca,  Mg,  Ce,  La,  Di,  Fe,  Mn,  Or,  Al,  and 
rarely  also  Zn,  Ni,  Co,  Ti;  and  in  a  few  cases  boron,  of  Series  II.,  in  the  tritoxyd  state.  The  ele- 
ment silicon  is  so  strongly  negative,  that  in  its  oxygen  combinations  all  other  elements  present 
are  relatively  basic. 

The  basic  elements  enumerated,  when  in  the  same  state  of  oxydation,  are  mutually  replaceable ; 
and,  as  the  analyses  beyond  illustrate,  8  or  10  often  occur  in  the  same  compound,  combined  either 
in  simple,  or  indeterminate,  ratios.  But  while  in  general  thus  replacing  one-  another,  there  are 
certain  groups,  as,  for  example,  the  Feldspar  and  Scapolite,  in  which  3cl  is  not  replaced  by  3?e, 
nor  Ca,  Na,  K  by  Mg,  or  Fe,  the  presence  of  the  latter  ingredients  being  an  irregularity,  and 
proof  of  mixture  or  alteration. 

The  basic  elements  are  also  mutually  replaceable  when  in  different  states  of  oxydation,  under 
the  law  that  parts  equal  in  power  of  combination  with  oxygen  are  equivalent  or  isomorphous ; 
that  is,  (he  replacing  power  equals  the  combining  power.  Thus  3  E  0  (— B3  0s),  E2  0s,  f  E  O2  (= 
El  03);  f  E2  O5,  E  O3  are  replaceable ;  and  so  also  are  E2  O2  (=2  E  0),  and  E  O2;  for  the  basic  metal 
is  combined  with  an  equal  amount  of  oxygen,  3  atoms  in  the  former  group,  and  2  in  the  latter. 
The  basic  metals  of  these  different  oxyds  by  themselves  represent  so  many  different  states  cor- 
responding to  the  states  of  oxydation,  and  are  therefore  equivalents  in  combination.  The  above 
formulas,  if  divided  by  3,  become  reduced  to  the  protoxyd  form  E  0,  E§  0,  Bi  0,  Es  0,  E3  0,  and 
the  expressions  for  the  different  states  of  the  basic  metals,  to  E,  Et,  Ei,  Et,  Es".  The  first  three 
of  these  states  have  been  denominated  in  a  note  to  page  2,  and  in  the  Introduction,  p.  xv,  the 
alpha,  beta,  and  gamma  states ;  the  expressions  are  correspondingly  written  aE,  /?E,  yB,  oE,  rE. 
aEO  equals  E  0,  or  a  protoxyd.  So  also  /?E  0=£  (E2  O3),  or  a  third  of  a  sesquioxyd;  yB  0= 
|  (E  Oa),  or  half  of  a  deutoxyd ;  and  eE  0=t  (E  O3),  or  one-third  of  a  tritoxyd.  aB,  /?E,  yE,  JE, 
cE,  are  mutually  replaceable,  or  equivalent  in  substitutions. 

The  Bisilicates  come  under  a  single  general  formula,  which  may  either  have  the  form  A,  or  that 
of  B.  The  a  is  here  dropped,  it  being  unnecessary. 

A.  (II8,  K,  ttf ,  K)  k8  B.  (E  0,  /?E  0,  yE  0,  «B  0)  Si 


SILICATES.  203 

The  Unisilicates  have  the  corresponding  formula : 

A.  (R3,  B,  R*,  R)2  Si3  B.   (R  0,  ffB,  0,  yR  0,  £R  O)2  Si 

As  deutoxyds  and  tritoxyds  occur  as  bases  only  in  a  few  minerals,  these  general  formulas  for 
the  ordinary  species  are : 

Bisilicates        A.   (R3,  B)  Si3  B.   (R  0,  /?R  0)  Si 

Unisilicates  (R3,  B)  Si3  (R  0,  /?R  0)  Si 

If  the  latter  formulas  (B)  be  multiplied  by  3,  after  substituting  the  value  of  /?  R,  they  becomt 
the  exact  equivalent  of  the  former ;  but  they  are  not  necessarily  the  better  for  this  multiplication, 
because  chemistry  is  not  yet  able  to  decide  positively  whether,  in  the  different  cases,  the  multi- 
plier should  not  rather  be  6,  9,  or  some  other  number. 

In  the  new  system  of  chemistry  the  formulas  of  the  Bisilicates  and  Unisilicates,  in  their  most 
general  form,  are  written  in  the  following  manner,  essentially,  by  writers  on  the  subject,  except 
that  the  letter  R  is  here  used  with  the  Greek  letters  to  express  the  metal  in  the  different  states 
of  oxydation :  * 

Bisilicates  Si  0  )  Aa  Unisilicates  Si )  A4 

R2,  R,  /?R,  yR  \**  R2,  R,  /?R,  yR  f  ** 

These  formulas  may  be  more  conveniently  written  in  a  single  line,  as  follows ;  and  to  facilitate  a 
comparison,  the  formulas  of  the  older  system  are  here  added  : 

Old  system.          Old  system  modified.  New  system. 

Bisilicates  (R3  fi)  Si3  (RO,  /?R  0)  Si  Si  O|Oa|(R,  R,  /?R) 

Unisilicates  (R3,  S)2  Si3  (RO,  0R  O)2  Si  Sije4||(Ra,B,  /?R)a 

By  means  of  fractions  prefixed  to  the  Rs  or  Rs,  the  ratios  of  the  constituents  may  be  expressed, 
as  in  the  older  formulas. 

The  Subsilicates  vary  in  formula  according  to  the  varying  ratios,  as  presented  beyond  (p.  362). 
The  only  silicates  having  the  basic  metals  in  the  sesquioxyd  state  alone  occur  among  the  Subsili- 
cates. 

Besides  the  silicates  that  are  obviously  Bisilicates  and  Unisilicates,  there  are  others  which, 
while  bisilicate  or  unisilicate  in  type,  contain  a  surplus  of  silica  in  serial  ratios. 

The  Feldspar  group  is  remarkable  for  its  unity  in  crystallographic  and  all  physical  characters, 
evincing  the  profoundest  isotypism ;  and  yet  the  oxygen  ratio  for  the  bases  and  silica  varies  from 
1 :  1  to  1 :  3.  The  fact  that  all  the  essential  characters  of  a  Feldspar  appear  in  their  perfection 
under  the  unisilicate  ratio  shows  that  the  amount  of  silica  of  a  Unisilicate  is  all  that  is  required 
to  make  a  Feldspar,  and  hence  that  the  type  is  strictly  unisilicate ;  and  further,  that  the  excess  of 
silica  must  exist  in  the  species  in  some  state  consistent  with  conformity  to  the  unisilicate  type. 
The  amount  of  silica  in  the  species  of  the  Feldspar  group  increases  with  the  increasing  proportion 
of  alkali  in  the  mineral,  from  anorthite,  a  Unisilicate  without,  usually,  any  alkali,  to  albite  and  ortho- 
clase,  literal  Trisilicates,  with  the  protoxyd  bases  solely  alkaline. 

The  Micas  vary  in  the  same  way,  being  unisilicate  strictly  in  the  species  containing  the  least 
alkali,  and  having  a  higher  proportion  as  the  alkali  increases,  and  the  highest  in  the  lithia  micas, 
hi  one  of  which  the  ratio  is  1 :  2.  The  Meionite  section  of  the  Scapolite  group  is  in  meionite  strictly 
unisilicate,  without  alkali,  while  mizzonite  has  much  alkali  and  more  silica  in  proportion  than 
meionite,  and  marialite  (which  like  mizzonite  is  hardly  distinguishable  from  meionite  in  crystallo- 
graphic or  physical  characters)  is  bisilicate,  with  the  alkali  constituting  much  the  larger  part  of  the 
protoxyd  bases.  The  Scapolite  section  of  the  Scapolite  group  illustrates  the  same  point.  The 
special  ratios  for  this  and  each  of  the  preceding  groups  are  stated  in  the  general  remarks  preceding 
the  section  on  the  Unisilicates. 

Among  Bisilicates,  spodumene  is  closely  related  to  the  Pyroxene  group  in  crystallization  and 
other  characters,  including  the  oxygen  ratio  for  the  bases  and  silica,  although  alumina  and  lithia 
are  prominent  constituents.  Petalite  has  the  same  crystallization  (as  shown  by  Descloizeaux)  and 

acteristics 


same  constituents  as  spodumene,  and  therefore  is  also  pyroxene-like  in  its  fundamental  char- 
ristics ;  and  yet  it  contains  twice  the  proportion  of  silica,  the  oxygen  ratio  for  R,  8,  Si  in 


*  R2  stands  for  2  of  a  monad  element,  as  potassium,  sodium,  lithium,  thallium,  caesium,  rubi- 
dium, hydrogen,  and  ft  for  other  basic  elements,  as  already  explained.  See  also  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II. 
xliv.  252,  261,  and  Introd.,  p.  xv. 


204  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

spodumene  being  1  :  4  :  10,  and  in  petalite  1  :  4:  20,  a  contrast  of  great  interest  in  this  connect  on, 
as  remarked  by  Descloizeaux.  The  amount  of  silica  in  spodumene  shows  what  is  essential  to  the 
type,  and  therefore  proves  that  both  are  essentially  Bisilicates.  It  diifers  from  petalite  in  that 
the  protoxyd  bases  include  a  little  lime  and  protoxyd  of  iron  (about  one-twelfth  of  all  the  protoxyds, 
from  the  average  of  the  best  analyses,  those  of  Eammelsberg,  Hagen,  and  Smith  &  Brush),  while 
in  petalite  they  are  purely  alkaline.* 

The  Feldspars,  Micas,  and  the  Meionite  and  Scapolite  groups  are  examples  of  a  surplus  of 
silica  in  species  under  the  unisilicate  type,  and  the  Spodumene  group  under  the  bisilicate.  In  each 
the  alkali  present  appears  to  be  the  determinative  cause.  The  surplus  silica  above  what  the  type 
requires  may  have  one  of  the  two  following  conditions  :  Either  it  may  be  (1  )  part  basic  (half  of  it 
under  the  unisilicate  type,  and  one-third  of  it  under  the  bisilicate  type)  ;  or  it  may  be  (2)  all  acces- 
sory silica.  The  formula  of  albite,  under  the  unisilicate  type,  to  which  it  is  shown  above  to  be- 
long, would  be  as  follows,  according  to  these  two  methods  : 


Istmethod        aa3+fl+|Si*)2Si,     or 

2d  method        (i  Na3  +  f  £l)2  Si3  +  3  Si,      or    Si|e4||(i  Na2  +  f  #M)  +  Si  0), 

For  other  examples  see  the  formulas  of  the  Unisilicates  beyond  (p. 

From  the  facts  here  explained  it  follows  that  the  Mica  and  Feldspar  groups  should  be  annexed 
entire  to  the  section  of  Unisilicates  ;  and  petalite  to  the  section  of  Bisilicates.  The  intermediate 
silicates  are  thus  mostly  disposed  of  without  the  provision  of  other  sections.  lolite  has  the  0 
ratio  for  bases  and  silica  of  muscovite  (or  1  :  1£),  and  its  excess  of  silica  above  that  of  the  Unisil- 
icates may  be  of  the  same  nature  as  in  that  species.  The  case  of  nephelite  may  be  similar. 

The  hydrous  species  of  silicates  are  here  separated  from  the  anhydrous,  as  in  other  divisions  in 
the  classification,  because  the  course  seems  most  convenient  in  the  present  imperfect  state  of 
chemical  science.  There  is  no  criterion  yet  furnished  for  deciding  upon  the  state  of  the  water 
present,  whether  part,  or  all,  or  none,  is  basic  ;  and  until  chemists  have  some  means  of  reaching 
safe  conclusions  on  this  point,  the  true  relations  of  the  hydrous  and  anhydrous  species  cannot  to 
any  great  extent  be  positively  made  out.  Moreover  there  is  often  doubt  as  to  whether  the  water 
present  is  simply  hygrometric  and  accidental  ;  or  whether  it  exists  as  a  result  of  incipient  or  ad- 
vanced alteration  of  the  mineral  ;  or  whether  it  belonged  to  the  species  from  its  origin  ;  and 
these  doubts  still  further  complicate  the  subject. 

In  some  silicates,  as  euclase  for  example,  the  water  appears  to  be  so  plainly  basic  that  the 
species  have  been  arranged  beyond  with  the  anhydrous  ;  and  this  is  the  beginning  of  a  final 
disregard  of  the  distinction  which  will  probably  before  long  be  warranted. 

In  the  descriptions  of  the  silicates  beyond,  the  chemical  formulas  given  are  those  of  the  old 
system,  as  these  are  equally  intelligible  to  all  chemists.  But  in  the  tables  preceding  the  general 
divisions  of  the  species,  the  new  formulas  are  introduced  as  well  as  the  old. 

Note  on  the  History  of  the  Silicates.  In  the  work  of  the  Swedish  mineralogist  Wallerius,  of  1747, 
silicates  as  such  are  unrecognized,  and  the  only  species  of  those  now  so  called  which  are  described, 
are  the  gems  that  passed  under  the  names  of  emerald,  beryl,  topaz,  hyacinth,  chrysolite,  garnet;  clays 
of  various  kinds  and  names  ;  mica,  tak,  serpentine,  amianthus,  asbestus,  feldspar,  and  the  convenient 
pocket  for  various  undetermined  heavy  stones,  named  Corneus  —  the  Hornbarg  of  the  Swedish 
mineralogist,  and  Roche  de  Corne  of  his  French  translator,  and  which  embraced  Skiorl  (Schorl  of 
the  Germans)  as  a  prominent  part  of  it.  Quartz  (Kieselsten,  or  Silex)  in  its  many  varieties,  with 
opal,  made  up  a  large  part  of  the  non-metallic  division  of  the  science,  occupying  30  pages  out  of 
200.  Feldspar  is  placed  in  the  genus  Spatum,  as  Spatum  pyrimachum  (or  scintillating  spar)  along 
side  of  fluor,  Iceland  spar,  and  heavy  spar  ;  and  sapphire  and  the  other  precious  stones  are  in 
the  group  of  Gems.  AU  of  these  species  excepting  feldspar  had  special  names  in  Pliny's  time  ; 
and  feldspar  is  distinctly  referred  to  in  Agricola  as  "  Silex  ex  eo  ictu  ferri  facile  ignis  elicitur,  in 
cubis  aliisque  tiguris  intersectis  constans"  (p.  314,  1546). 

_  Cronstedt's  work  of  1758  includes  with  the  preceding  the  species  Zeolite,  a  recent  discovery  of 
his  own  (1756);  but  adds  no  others:  He  shows  however  his  acumen  in  making  his  group  of 
KieselrArter  (siliceous  minerals)  to  include  not  only  the  varieties  of  quartz,  but  also  feldspar  and 
the  gems  above  enumerated  (and  his  adding  to  it"  the  diamond  is  not  surprising).  Garnet  and 
schorl  are  left  outside,  and  make  the  two  species  of  his  Granat-Arter  ;  Mica  (Glimmer-  Arter)  and 
Asbestus  (Asbest-Arter),  with  Ler-Arter  (clay  minerals),  are  the  other  independent  groups. 
Transparent  tourmalines  from  Ceylon  were  among  the  gems  of  the  day,  having  been  first  intro- 
duced into  Europe  in  1707  or  before,  but  they  are  not  distinctly  mentioned  by  Cronstedt  or  Wal- 
lerius. 


*  See  further  on  this  subject  a  paper  by  the  author  in  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.  398,  1867. 


SILICATES.  205 

The  group  of  Schorl  increased  in  its  varieties  for  the  next  twenty-five  years,  and  after  that  became 
prolific  in  species,  and  much  of  the  history  of  mineralogy  is  involved  in  its  various  phases.  The 
following  observations  make,  therefore,  an  introduction  to  the  synonymy  of  many  minerals 
beyond. 

The  Corneus,  or  Hornbarg,  of  Wallerius  included  a  variety  of  hard,  cheap  or  worthless  stones, 
rather  heavy,  mostly  of  dark  colors  from  black  to  dull  green.  The  name  alludes  to  a  resemblance 
to  horn  in  the  aspect  of  some  of  the  kinds.  To  Corneus  solidus  belonged  the  massive,  compact, 
flinty  rocks  of  black  and  lighter  shades ;  also  petrosilex  (or  Halleflinta  of  the  Swedes,  which 
means  false  flint]  of  different  shades;  and  massive  hornblende  ("granulis  compactis"),  though  the 
name  hornblende  was,  by  a  mistake  of  its  German  use,  given  by  "Wallerius  to  a  black  zinc-blende 
alone.  His  Corneus  fissilis  embraced  lamellar  forms  of  hornblende  and  pyroxene,  and  some  slaty 
rocks.  White  Corneus  crystallisatus  was  his  Skiorl,  which  comprised  opaque  tourmalines,  and 
other  prismatic  minerals  of  black,  brown,  green,  and  reddish  colors,  as  hornblende,  actinolite,  and 
perhaps  pyroxene,  and  at  the  head  of  the  list  basalt,  and  basanite  or  Lydian  stone. 

Cronstedt's  Skorl  made  up  his  genus  Basaltes,  and  was  nearly  synonymous  with  the  Cornens 
crystallizatus  of  Wallerius.  Its  varieties  were  better  defined ;  and  to  massive,  lamellar,  and  colum- 
nar hornblende,  actinolite  and  pyroxene  and  crystallized  opaque  tourmaline  were  added ;  and  in  an 
appendix  to  the  species,  cruciform  staurotide.  The  name  Hornblende  is  applied  only  to  the  mas- 
sive variety  or  rock  which  Cronstedfc  made  a  bole,  and  called  Bolus  induratis  particulis  squamosis ; 
it  probably  covered  other  similar  stones. 

J.  Hill  in  his  work  on  Fossils,  published  in  London,  and  according  to  the  title  page  in  1*771 
(though  de  Lisle  says  it  was  not  issued  until  1772),  says  of  the  "Shirls,"  that  "as  to  size  we  see 
them  from  that  of  barley  corn  up  to  the  Giant's  Causeway,"  and  the  columns  of  the  latter  he  calls 
"Irish  Shirl,"  or  "Basaltes  Hibernicus."  The  group  contains  also  made  or  chiastolite  from 
Andalusia,  besides  tourmaline,  etc. 

In  the  editions  of  Wallerius  of  1772  and  It 78  there  is  a  little  advance  beyond  the  first  as  re- 
gards the  number  and  classification  of  the  species.  Cronstedt  is  followed  in  the  position  of  feld- 
spar, and  in  the  name  "  Basaltes  "  for  the  schorls  ;  and  Corneus  is  restricted  to  massive,  fibrous, 
and  coarse  columnar  stones,  among  which,  stands  "  hornblende "  as  Corneus  spathosus,  and 
"  trapp  "  as  Corneus  trapezius. 

At  this  period  de  Lisle  brought  crystallography  to  bear  on  the  subject.  But  while  making 
known  new  distinctions,  he  did  not  appreciate  their  full  value,  or  the  precision  required  for 
thorough  work.  As  a  consequence,  the  group  of  Schorls  (or  Schorls,  as  he  writes  the  word)  in 
his  later  treatise  of  1783,  reached  its  greatest  extension,  although  hi  a  partly  divided  state.  He 
early  pronounced  basaltic  columns  no  crystals,  and  dropped  off  this  excrescence.  He  showed  in 
1772  that  the  gem  tourmaline,  his  Transparent  rhomboidal  schorl,  was  identical  in  form  with  the 
common  black  schorl.  But  still  he  made  the  latter  a  distinct  species,  his  Opaque  rhomboidal  schorl, 
and  included  in  it,  along  with  black  or  opaque  tourmaline,  crystals  of  hornblende,  augite,  octahe- 
drite  from  Oisans,  rutile  (needles  in  quartz),  and,  as  a  white  variety,  thin  twins  of  albite,  whose 
relation  to  feldspar  he  did  not  perceive ;  and  even  hexagonal  neph elite  from  Vesuvius  has  a 
passing  remark  under  this  head.  Axinite,  then  a  novelty  from  Dauphiny,  was  made  a  short 
lenticular  variety  of  Transparent  rhomboidal  schorl,  or  tourmaline,  its  rhomboidal  planes  proving  to 
his  eye  the  relationship.  The  massive  mineral  called  Hornblende,  or  Roche  de  Corne,  referred  by 
Cronstedt  to  Bole,  he  annexes  to  Schorl  as  a  massive  or  semicrystallized  kind,  but  makes  it  a 
separate  species,  Schorl  argileux,  although  apparently  appreciating  that  it  was  little  entitled  to  the 
distinction.  Schorl  cruciforme  was  his  last  species  in  the  group,  and  to  it  were  referred  both 
andalusite  and  staurolite — the  latter  his  Pierre  de  croix,  with  the  prismatic  angle  of  130°  by  his 
measurement;  and  the  former,  Macle  basaltique,  with  an  angle  of  95°.  The  garnets  and  schorls 
were  placed  in  a  common  division,  as  done  by  Cronstedt,  and  garnet  was  made  the  first  species, 
with  tourmaline  the  second,  and  "cruciform  schorl"  the  fifth.  G-arnet  included  the  "white 
garnet,"  as  it  was  called,  of  Vesuvius  (leucite),  first  observed  by  Ferber  in  1772.  Besides  these 
Silicates,  de  Lisle's  work  has  its  several  groups  of  Gems,  Feldspar,  Argillaceous  Minerals  (em- 
bracing mica,  asbestus,  talc,  serpentine),  Zeolite,  and  Quartz.  Labradorite,  from  Labrador  (first 
brought  to  Europe  about  1770),  stands  as  a  variety  of  feldspar,  to  which  it  had  been  referred  by 
Werner ;  idocrase,  of  which  many  figures  are  given  by  him  (first  described  and  figured  by 
Cappeler  in  1722),  meionite  (hyacintes  blanches),  from  Somma,  and  harmotome  from  Andreas- 
berg  (his  hyacinte  blanche  cruciforme,  made  calcareous  spar  by  v.  Born  in  1775,  who  first  mentions 
and  figures  it,  but  a  hyacinth-like  siliceous  species  by  Bergmann  in  1780),  are  placed  with  zircon 
as  kinds  of  hyacinth. 

After  de  Lisle,  as  chemistry  and  crystallography  made  progress,  the  disintegration  of  the  great 
Schorl  group  went  rapidly  forward,  until  the  only  thing  left  to  it  was  common  tourmaline ;  and 
now  the  name,  once  so  important,  has  become  a  mere  mineralogical  relic.  In  Werner's  system 
of  1789.  as  published  by  Hoffmann  (Bergm.  J.,  i.  369,  1789),  Schorl  includes  only  the  species 
Tourmaline  as  it  now  stands.  The  Kieselarten,  or  Siliceous  species  (commencing  with  the  diamond 
still),  comprised  the  different  gems ;  among  which  stands  chrysoberyl  (the  modern),  and,  as  distinct 


206  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

species,  axinite,  prehnite,  hornblende  of  various  kinds,  with  feldspar,  mica,  chlorite,  the  clays, 
etc. ;  while  under  Talkarten,  or  Magnesian  species,  there  are  kyanite,  actinolite,  with  asbestus, 
talc,  serpentine,  nephrite,  etc. 

Silica  was  first  proved  to  be  a  chemical  constituent  of  many  mineral  species  by  Bergmann ;  and 
in  his  Opuscula  (1780)  and  his  Sciagraphia  Regni  Mineralis  (1782)  he  distinguishes,  after  analyses 
by  himself  (made  by  fusion  with  potash,  a  method  of  his  own),  the  folio  whig  minerals  as  siliceous 
compounds  of  alumina,  with  or  without  lime  or  magnesia,  namely,  topaz,  emerald,  garnet,  schorl 
(black  tourmaline),  hornblende,  mica,  zeolite  from  Iceland,  feldspar,  and  the  clays ;  and  as  essen- 
tially magnesian  silicates,  containing  lime  and  a  little  iron,  and  Mttle  or  no  alumina,  actinolite, 
asbestus  (mountain  cork  and  mountain  leather),  amianthus,  steatite.  These  were  the  investiga- 
tions that  commenced  the  disbanding  of  the  schorls,  and  before  Werner's  system  of  1789  was 
published,  many  other  analyses,  more  or  less  imperfect,  had  already  been  made  by  Wiegleb, 
Klaproth,  Achard,  Heyer,  Mayer,  Hopfner,  Pelletier,  and  other  chemists  of  the  day. 

The  word  Schorl  of  the  Germans  has  been  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  name  of  a  locality 
of  the  mineral,  Schorlau  (meaning  Schorl- village)  in  Germany.  But  Prof.  Naumann  says  (in  a 
recent  letter  to  the  author)  that  it  is  more  likely  that  the  name  is  a  miner's  term  of  unknown 
origin,  and  that  the  village  got  its  name  from  the  occurrence  there  of  the  schorl.  Some  German 
mineralogists  have  pronounced  it  of  Swedish  origin,  and  as  first  used  by  Cronstedt.  But  it 
occurs  in  Briickmann's  Magnalia  Dei,  published  at  Braunschweig  in  1727,  on  page  175,  where  it 
is  spelt  sdiirl.  It  exists  also  still  earlier,  as  the  author  has  found,  in  Broker's  Aula  Subterranea, 
first  published  in  1595,  shurl  and  wolfram  being  spoken  of  as  among  the  rejected  material  in 
auriferous  washings;  and  again  in  the  yet  older  work  of  Gesner,  De  Rerum  Foss,  etc.,  1565,  p. 
87,  where  schurl  (misspelt?  schrul)  is  given  as  the  German  for  u  Lapilli  nigri  steriles  "  of  a  tin  vein, 
which,  "  quando  cum  lapillis  plumbi  candidi  [or  tin]  coquuntur  plumbum  consumunt,"  etc.  ; 
again,  in  Matthesius's  Sarepta,  1562,  in  the  9th  "Predigt,"  where  "Schurl"  is  quite  fully 
described,  and  also,  in  the  next  paragraph,  "  "Wolffrumb."  The  name  Schorl  (or  Schurl)  was  at 
that  time  used  quite  indefinitely  for  the  sterile  (or  metallurgically  worthless)  black  little  stones 
("nigri  lapilli")  accompanying  tin  ore  and  gold,  especially  the  former;  and,  as  they  were  among 
the  refuse  of  the  ore-washings,  Adelung  suggests  that  Schorl  may  have  come  from  the  old  Ger- 
man word  Schor,  meaning  impurities,  or  refuse. 

General  Pyr agnostic  Characters  of  the  Silicates.  In  the  systematic  pyrognostic  examination  of 
silicates,  the  following  points  should  be  particularly  noticed :  , 

1.  If  in  the  closed  tube  the  substance  prove  hydrous,  the  water  given  out  should  be  tested  as 
to  whether  it  is  acid  or  alkaline.    If  acid,  this  may  bo  evidence  that  the  mineral  contains  fluorine ; 
and  if  alkaline,  that  possibly  the  substance  is  an  altered  mineral.     In  the  former  case,  the  water 
should  be  (a)  tested  with  Brazil-wood  paper ;  (&)  the  tube  should  be  carefully  observed,  to  ascer- 
tain whether  it  has  been  dimmed  or  etched  by  the  action  of  the  fluorine  ;  and,  further  (c),  the  test 
for  fluorine,  by  fusing  in  the  open  tube  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  should  be  employed. 

2.  In  the  examination  B.B.  on  charcoal  it  should  be  noted  that  silicates  containing  much  iron 
become  magnetic;  and  silicates  of  the  oxyds  of  iron,  copper,  etc.,  yield  metallic  buttons  on  fusion 
with  soda. 

3.  In  examining  the  mineral  in  the  platinum-pointed  forceps,  it  should  always  be  treated  in  O.F. 
to  ascertain  (a)  whether  it  imparts  a  color  to  the  flame ;  and  (6)  its  fusibility,  remembering  that 
some  silicates,  infusible  in  O.F.,  become  fusible  by  a  reduction  of  their  bases  to  a  lower  state  of 
oxydation  in  R.F.    It  is  to  be  noted  that  (c)  only  infusible  and  light-colored  silicates  can  be  tested 
for  alumina  B.B.  with  cobalt  solution,  since  all  fusible  silicates,  not  containing  metallic  oxyds,  give 
a  cobalt-blue  glass ;  (d)  a  small  amount  of  soda  in  a  silicate  may,  by  the  intense  yellow  color  it 
imparts  to  the  flame,  mask  a  much  larger  percentage  of  potash  or  other  alkali,  as  in  the  case  of 
some  varieties  of  potash-feldspar  (orthoclase) ;  (e)  when  silicates,  like  hornblende,  pyroxene,  or 
garnet,  contain  various  isomorphous  bases,  the  fusibility  of  the  species  has  a  wide  range ;  in 
garnet,  for  example,  it  varying  from  the  easy  fusibility  of  almandine  to  the  infusibility  of  ouvaro- 
vite ;  (/)  a  few  silicates  react  alkaline  after  ignition  or  fusion. 

4.  In  treatment  with  the  fluxes,  it  is  to  be  noted  (a)  that  most  silicates  are  dissolved  in  soda  with 
effervescence.     (&)  If  sulphur  or  sulphuric  acid  is  present,  the  mineral  gives  in  R.F.  a  sulphid 
which  reacts  for  sulphur  when  moistened  and  placed  on  a  surface  of  silver,     (c)  Borax  dissolves 
silicates ;  and  if  they  contain  metallic  oxyds,  the  nature  of  these  oxyds  may  be  determined  by 
treatment  in  O.F.  and  R.F.     (d)  Salt  of  phosphorus  decomposes  almost  all  silicates,  dissolving  the 
bases,  and  leaving  a  gelatinous  skeleton  of  insoluble  silica ;  and  if  metallic  oxyds  are  present,  they 
may  also  impart  a  characteristic  color  to  the  bead  in  O.F.  and  R.F. 


BI8ILICATE8.  207 


I.  BISILICATES. 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 

I.  AMPHIBOLE  GEOTJP.     Crystallization  anisometric,  either  orthorhombic  or  clinohedral,  and 
angle  of  prism  not  120°. 

(1)  PYROXENE  SUBGROUP.  /A  7=86°—  88°.  Composition  ft  Si,  or  (R3,  fi)  Si8;  and  when  both 
&  and  2i  are  present,  ratio  of  R3  :  K=3  :  1  to  1  :  2. 

a.  Crystallization  orthorhombic.  Optic-axial  plane  normal  to  a  diagonal  section  ;  one  bisectrix 
normal  to  the  base.  Contain  little  or  no  lime. 

234.  ENSTATTTB  fig  Si  SiO||02flMg 

235.  HTPERSTHENB          (fig,  Fe)  Si  Si  0||02||Mg,  F-e 

236.  DIAOLASITE  (Mg,  Fe,  Oa)  Si  Si  0|02|Mg,  Fe,  -Ga 

6.  Crystallization  monoclinic.  Optic-axial  plane  normal  to  a  diagonal  section;  bisectrix  not 
aormal  to  the  base. 

a  Bases  mainly  or  wholly  protoxyds  ;  much  lime  ;  little  or  no  alkali. 

237.  WOLLASTONITE          Ca  Si  Si0f0216a 

238.  PYROXENE  A.  £  Si  Si  0|02!]R 

B.  R  (Si,  £lt)  (Si,  /?A-l2)0||02|lft 

/?  Bases  largely  sesquioxyds  ;  little  or  no  lime  ;  much  alkali. 

239.  ^EGIEITE  ($  R8+!£e)  Si3 

240.  ACMITE 


c.  Crystallization  triclinic.     Optic-axial  plane  not  normal  to  one  of  the  diagonal  sections,  or  to 
the  base. 

241.  RHODONITE  Mn  Si  Si  0fl02||Mn 

242.  BABINGTONITE          (f  R9+  J  £e)  Si8  Si  0I02||(f  «  +  i/?Fe) 

(2)  SPODUMENE  SUBGROUP.     /A/=86°—  88°.     Composition  (R3,  S)Si3;  and  R3:S=1:4;  R 
=  Na,  Li,  with  some  Ca,  Fc  in  Spodumene. 


243.  SPODUMENE 

244.  PETALITE  a.  (1  B3  +  f  Xl)  Si3+3  Si  Si0||02|KiR2+£/?Al)  +  Si02 

6. 


(3)  AMPHIBOLE  SUBGROUP.    /A  7=123°—  125°  (corresponding  to  i-2  of  Pyroxene  Subgroup). 
a.  Crystallization  orthorhombic.     Optical  characters  as  under  a  above. 

245.  KUPFFERITE  MgSi  Si0g02|IMg 

246.  ANTHOPHYLLITE       (f  fig  +  i  Fe)  Si  Si  0f0iKlig  +  i  Fe) 


208  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

&.  Crystallization  monoclinic.     Optical  characters  as  under  b  above. 

a  Bases  mainly  or  wholly  protoxyds ;  little  or  no  alkali. 

247.  AMPHIBOLE  A.          R  Si  Si  O|Oa|R 

B.          (R,fi)Si  SiO||02|KH2,R) 

/?  Bases  largely  sesquioxyds  ;  much  alkali. 

248.  ARPVEDSONTTE         (f  R3  +  f  3Pe)  Si3  Si  O|e,|(|  (Na2,  R)  + 1  0Fe) 

249.  CROCIDOLITB 

Appendix  to  Amphibole  Group. 

250.  WICHTISITE  ?  (^  R3  +  -J  K)  Si3  Si  O|O2|(-J  (Na2,  R)  +  ^  0(^\  -^o)) 

251.  GLAUCOPHANE         (|R3+|K)Si3  SiO||ea|(t«+f  ^B) 

252.  SORDAWALITE          ?  (|  (fig,  Fe)3+|  Xl)  Si3  Si  Oje2l(|  (Mg,  F«)  + 1  /?A-1) 

253.  TACHYLYTE 

TL  BERYL  GROUP.    Crystallization  hexagonal ;  not  micaceous. 

254.  BERYL  (iBe3+l£l)  Si3  SiO|ea|(iBe+iflAl) 

255.  EUDIALYTE  (|R3+iZrf)Si3  Si O||ea||(|(Na9l R)  +  £ yZr) 

III.  POLLUCITE  GROUP.     Crystallization  isometric. 

256.  POLLUCITE  (Cs3, 3tl)  Si3  Si  Oie2l(Cs2,  /?A1) 

The  fact  of  the  orthorhombic  form  of  some  species  of  the  Amphibole  group  (those  so  character- 
ized  above)  was  first  ascertained  by  Descloizeaux  through  optical  examination.  Under  PETALITE, 
the  formulas  a  and  b  are  those  of  the  two  methods  explained  on  page  204. 


234.  ENSTATITB.  Diallage  metaUoi'de  pt.  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Bronzit  KwrsL,  Klapr.,  Gehlen's  J., 
iv.  151,  1807;  Karst.,  Tab.,  40,  91,  1808;  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  v.  34,  1810.  Blattriger  Anthophyllit 
Wern.,  1808,  Hausm.  Entw.,  1809.  Bronzite.  Chladnite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  ii.  381,  1846. 
Eiistatit  Kenng.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xvi.  162,  1855.  Protobastit  A.  Streng.,  ZS.  G.,  xiii.  71,  1861. 

Orthorhombic.  /A 7=87°  and  93°,  Kenngott ;  88°  and  92°,  Descloizeaux. 
Observed  planes  :  /,  i-i,  i-i.  I/\  £-2=133°  30',  /A  i-i= 136°  30'.  Cleavage : 
7",  easy ;  i-i,  i-i,  less  so.  Sometimes  a  fibrous  appearance  on  the  cleavage- 
surface.  Also  massive  and  lamellar. 

H.:=5-5.  G.=3'l-3'3  ;  3'19,  Yosges,  Damour.  Lustre  a  little  pearly 
on  cleavage-surfaces  to  vitreous ;  often  metalloidal  in  the  bronzite  variety. 
Color  grayish- white,  yellowish- white,  greenish- white,  to  olive-green  and 
brown.  Streak  uncolored,  grayish.  Double  refraction  positive ;  optic-axial 
plane  br  achy  diagonal ;  axes  very  divergent. 

Oomp.,  Var. — Mg  Si,  or  (Mg,  £e)  Si ;  the  Fe  atomically  not  over  one-fourth  of  the  protoxyds. 
Mg  Si^Silica  60,  magnesia  40=100. 

Var.  1.  With  little  or  no  iron ;  Enstatite.  Color  white,  yellowish,  grayish,  or  greenish-white ; 
lustre  pearly-vitreous;  G. =3-10— 3-13.  Chladnite,  which  makes  up  90  p.  c.  of  the  Bishopville 
meteorite,  belongs  here  and  is  the  purest  kind. 


BISILICATES. 


209 


2.  Ferriferous ;  Bronzite.  Color  grayish-green  to  olive-green  and  brown ;  lustre  of  cleavage- 
surface  adamantine-pearly  to  submetallic  or  bronze-like.  Ratio  of  Mg  to  other  protoxyds  in 
anal.  3,  1  If  :  1 ;  in  4,  8  :  1 ;  in  6,  6-J  :  1 ;  in  6,  4£  :  1 ;  in  7,  5£  :  1 ;  in  9,  4J :  1 ;  in  11  (the  so-called 
protobastite),  4f  :  1. 

Analyses :  I.,  1,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  "Wien,  xvi.  165) ;  2,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxviii.  225); 
II.  3,  Pisani  (Descl.  Min.,  i.  537);  4,  Damour  (Descl.  Min.,  L  45);  5,  6,  v.  Kohler  (Pogg.,  xiii. 
101);  7,  8.  Regnault  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xiv.,  147),  9,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvi.,  303);  10,  Gar- 
rett  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  333);  11,  12,  A.  Streng  (ZS.  G.,  xiii.  73,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiii.  54): 


n. 


Si       3tl 

1.  Aloysthal,  Enst.      56*91     2-50 

2.  Chladnite  (|)  59'97 -. 


3.  Leiperville 

4.  Vosges 

5.  Stempel 

6.  Ultenthal 

7.  " 

8.  Styria 

9.  Greenland 

10.  Texas,  Pa. 

11.  Harzburg 

12.  " 


Fe      Mn      Mg 

2-76      35-44 

3937 


1-92  =  99-53  Hauer. 

,  Na,  K,Li  0-74=  100-48  S. 


57-08 
(t)  56-70 
57-19 
56-81 
55-84 
56-41 
58-00 
55-45 
53-45 


35-59  0-90=99-62  Pisani. 

33-63  1-04=99-67  Damour. 

0-35  32-67  1-30     0'63  =  100'30  Kohler. 

0-62  29-68  2-19     0'22=100'05  Kohler. 

30-37  1-80=99-88  Regnault. 

3-30  31-50  2-38=100-15  Regnault. 

1-00  29-66 =100-13  KobeU. 

0-98  31-83  =98-99  Garrett. 

0-16  30-86  2-19     0'S7,  €r  0'89,  Fe  €r  0-07  = 

100-74  Streng. 

54-15     3-04  12-17 28*37  2*37     0 '4 9= 101  '34  Streng. 


0-28  5-77 

0-60  7-72 

0-70  7-46 

2-07  846 

1-09  10-78 

-  6-56 


1-33 
1-13 
3-71 


10-14 
9-60 
8-54 


G.,  anal.  5,  fr.  Stempel  near  Marbourg,  3-241;  6,  fr.  Seefeldalpe  in  the  Ultenthal,  Tyrol,  3,258; 
6,  ib.,  3-241 ;  8,  fr.  serpentine  of  Gulsen  near  Kraubat  in  Styria,  3'125 ;  11,  from  a  rock  at  Baste, 
Harz,  called  melaphyre,  3-29. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  almost  infusible,  being  only  slightly  rounded  on  the  thin  edges  ;  F.=6.  Insolu- 
ble in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  near  Aloysthal  in  Moravia,  in  serpentine  (the  variety  had  been  considered  scapo- 
lite);  at  the  W.  base  of  Mt.  Bresouars  in  the  Yosges,  olive-green,  in  serpentine;  in  Pennsylvania, 
at  Leiperville  and  Texas;  at  Kupferberg  in  Bavaria;  at  Baste  in  the  Harz  (Protobastite) ;  and  at 
the  other  localities  mentioned.  The  bronzite  also  of  Lettowitz  and  Goldenstein  in  Moravia,  of 
Alpstein  near  Sontra  in  Hesse,  of  Cape  Lizard  in  Cornwall,  may  belong  here  according  to  Des- 
cloizeaux ;  but  their  chemical  and  optical  characters  are  not  yet  ascertained.  The  brown  pyrox- 
ene-like mineral  which  is  a  prominent  constituent  of  the  rock  called  Lherzohte,  from  the  depart- 
ment of  Arriege,  France,  is  referred  here  by  Descloizeaux. 

The  bronzite  of  Leiperville  afforded  Descloizeaux  prisms  of  87°  and  93°;  and  that  of  Texas, 
half  a  mile  W.  of  the  village,  occurs  in  large  foliated  and  fibrous  masses ;  neither  is  submetallic 
in  lustre.  Descloizeaux  first  defined  the  limits  of  this  species,  as  here  laid  down. 

Named  from  Wrum?,  an  opponent,  because  so  refractory.  The  name  bronzite  has  priority,  but 
a  bronze  lustre  is  not  essential,  and  is  far  from  universal.  Shepard's  chladnite  was  so  imper- 
fectly and  incorrectly  described  that  the  name  cannot  claim  precedence  ;  he  made  it  a  tersilicate 
of  magnesia  (1.  c.). 

Alt. — Bastite  or  Schiller  spar,  the  original  from  Baste  in  the  Harz,  is  regarded  by  Streng  as 
altered  protobastite  or  bronzite.  G.  Rose  long  since  pronounced  it  a  result  of  the  alteration  of 
some  mineral  of  the  pyroxene  group.  Phcestine  Breith.  is  stated  by  Breithaupt  to  be  altered 
bronzite  or  bronze-like  pyroxene.  Enstatite  occurs  altered  to  talc.  See  BASTITE,  p.  469. 


235.  HYPBRSTHENE.  Labradorische  Hornblende  (fr.  I.  St.  Paul)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  376, 
391,  1789.  Diallage  metalloide  pt.  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Hypersthene  H.,  Ann.  Mus.,  ii.  17,  1803. 
Labrador  Hornblende;  Metalloidal  Diallage  pt.  Paulit  Wern.,  1812,  Hoffm.  Min.,  ii.  2,  143, 
1815. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  /=86°  30'  and  93°  30'.  Cleavage  :  i-i  perfect,  /and 
i-l  distinct  but  interrupted.  Usually  foliated  massive. 

H.— 5— 6.  G.=3-392.  Lustre  somewhat  pearly  on  a  cleavage-surface, 
ana  sometimes  a  little  metalloidal.  Color  dark  brownish-green,  grayish- 
black,  greenish-black,  pinchbeck-brown.  Streak  grayish,  brownish-gray. 

14 


210  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Translucent  to  nearly  opaque.     Brittle.    Optic-axial  plane  brachydiagonal  ; 
axes  very  divergent  ;  bisectrix'negative. 

Comp.—  (Mg,  Fe)  Si.  Fe  to  &g=l  :  2  or  above  this  ;  in  anal.  1,  1:1-8;  in  2,  1  :  1-4  ;=  Silica 
64-2,  protoxyd  of  iron  21  '7,  magnesia  24-1  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IY.  v.  157)  ; 
2,  Muir  (Thorn.  Min.,  i.  202);  3,  4,  Hunt  (this  Min.,  4th  ed.,  and  Eep.  Geol.  Can.,  1863,  468;  5, 
Streng  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiii.  54)  ; 

Si  Si  Fe  Mn      &g  Ca  H 

1.  Labrador                    51-36  0'37  21-27  1'32  21-31  3'09  -  =98*72  Damour. 

2.  Skye                            61-35  -  33-92  -  11-09  1'84  0-50=98'70  Muir. 

3.  Chateau  Richer          51-35  3'70  20-56  -  22-59  1-68  0-10  (ign.)=99'93  Hunt. 
4          »             "              61-85  3-90  20-20      tr.  21*91  T60  0'20  (ign.)r=99'66  Hunt. 
5!  Harzburg                   52-88  3'90  18-23  -  22-22  3-55  0-56=101-34  Streng. 

Breithaupt  gives  for  /A  I  in  the  bronzite  of  Fichtelgebirge  88°  and  92°. 

Pyr,,  etc.  —  B.B.  fuses  to  a  black  enamel,  and  on  charcoal  yields  a  magnetic  mass.  Partially 
decomposed  by  muriatic  acid. 

Obs,  —  Hypersthene  occurs  at  Isle  St.  Paul,  Labrador  (anal.  1)  ;  at  Chateau  Richer  and  St. 
Adele,  Mille  Isles,  Canada  (anal.  3,  4),  grayish-black  and  brown,  with  the  laminae  curved  ;  at  the 
Isle  of  Skye  (anal.  2)  ;  in  G-reenland  ;  at  Farsund  and  elsewhere  in  Norway  ;  and  reported  also 
from  Penig  in  Saxony  ;  Ronsberg  in  Bohemia;  the  Tyrol;  Elfdalen  in  Sweden;  Neurode  in  Si- 
lesia ;  in  Thuringia  ;  the  Fichtelgebirge  ;  Voigtland. 

It  is  often  associated  with  labradorite,  constituting  a  dark'  colored,  granite-like  rock,  called 
Eyperyte. 

Named  from  'vvip  and  aQivos,  very  strong,  or  tough. 


236.  DIAOLASITE.    Gelber  Schillerspath  Freieskben,  Schill.  Foss.  Baste,  13,  1794.    Talkart- 
iger  Hornblende,  Haiism.,  Nordd.  Beitr.  B.  H.,  i.  15,  1806.   Diaklas  Ereith.,  Char.,  58,  1823.    Di- 
aklasit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  498,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  1=93°  and  87°.  Observed  planes  :  7,  i-i,  i-i,  and  1, 
often  in  hexagonal  plates.  Cleavage  :  i-i  perfect  ;  i-l  imperfect.  Foliated 
massive. 

H.=3-5—  4.  G.=3'054,  Kohler.  Lustre  pearly  and  metalloidal  on  a 
cleavage-face.  Color  brass-yellow,  greenish-gray.  Streak  greenish-gray  or 
nearly  uncolored.  Transparent  in  thin  laminae,  translucent.  Feel  some- 
what greasy.  Brittle.  Optic-axial  plane  i-i,  axes  very  divergent  ;  bisectrix 
negative. 

Comp.—  (%,  Fe,  Ca)  Si,  Kohler.  Analyses:  1.  Kohler  (Pogg.,  xiii.  101)  ;  2,  A.  Streng  (B.  H. 
Ztg.,  xxiii.  54)  : 

Si         £1        Fe      Mn      Mg        Ca      H 

1.  Baste  53-74    1'33     11-51     0*23     25-09    4'73     3-76=100-39  Kohler. 

2.  Harzburg     53  31     7'49       8-14   --    25'37     3'56     1'55,  alk.  0-58,  €r  0-29=101-73  Streng. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Same  as  for  bronzite. 

Obs.  —  In  crystals  or  foliated  masses  imbedded  in  serpentine  rock  at  Baste  near  Harz-bnrg, 
associated  with  euphotide  ;  also  from  the  gneiss  mountains  of  Guadarrama,  Spain.  Resembles 
bronzite,  but  the  plane  of  the  optical  axis  is  macrodiagonal  instead  of  brachydiagonal. 

237.  WOLLASTONITE.    Tafelspath  (fr.  Dognatzka)  Stiitz,  Neue  Einr.  Nat.  samml.  Wien, 
144,  1793.     Tabular  Spar.    Schaalstein  Wern.,  1803,  Ludwig's  Min  Wern.,  ii.  212,  1804,    Mohs 
Null.  Kab.,  ii.  1,  1804.  Wollastonite  //..  Tr.,  1822.   Vilnite  (fr.  Vilna)  Horodeki,  Descl.  Min.,  ii.  554. 

Monoclinic.  (7=69°  48',  /A  7=87°  28',  0  A  2-fcl37°  48'  ;  a  :  I  :  c= 
0-4338  :  1  :  0-89789.  Observed  planes,  0  ;  vertical,  i-i,  i-%,  i~\,  /,  ^--f,  irk  ; 
clinodome,  24;  hemidomes,  -J-^,  1-^,  3-^,5-^,  —  £--?',  —\-i^  —3-i,  —5-i\  hemi- 


BISILICATES. 


211 


octahedral,  2,  2-S,  —  2?>  —2-2.  Fig.  201  in  the  pyroxene  or  normal  position, 
but  with  the  edge  0/i-i  the  obtuse  edge  ;  f.  202  in  the  position  given  the 
crystals  by  authors  who  make  i-i  the  plane  0,  and  24  the  plane  f. 


O  A 


tf  A—  l-fc!60°  30' 
3-fcl39    53 
5-i=  130   42 
fcl54    25 
0  A  3-*'=  114    16 
0A^'=110    12 


201 


i-i  A—  l-fc!29°  42' 
i-i  A— 3-^=150    19 
i-i/\—  5-fcl59    30 
^  A  3-^=135    32 
i-i  A  1-^=95    23 
i-i  A—  2=132    54 
^  A  2=93    52 


plan< 

1=111°  48' 

\4—W    56 
i-i  A  -2-2 =120    50 
=14:5    8 
=115    34 
^  A  7=133   44 


202 


Vesuvius. 

Rarely  in  distinct  tabular  crystals.  Cleavage  :  O  most  distinct ;  i-i  less 
so;  \-i  and  — -1-*  in  traces.  Twins:  composition-face  i-i.  Usually  cleav- 
able  massive,  with  the  surface  appearing  long  fibrous,  fibres  parallel  or  re- 
ticulated, rather  strongly  coherent. 

H.=4-5-5.  G.=2-78-2-9;  2-785-2-895,  United  States,  Thomson; 
2*805,  Haidinger.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  upon  the  faces  of 
perfect  cleavage.  Color  white,  inclining  to  gray,  yellow,  red,  or  brown. 
Streak  white.  Subtransparent — translucent.  Fracture  uneven,  sometimes 
very  tough.  Optic-axial  plane  i-i  ;  divergence  70°  40'  for  the  red  rays  ; 
bisectrix  of  the  acute  angle  negative  ;  inclined  to  a  normal  to  i-i  57°  48', 
and  to  a  normal  to  0  12°,  Descl. 

Comp. — CaSi=Silica  51-7,  lime  48-3  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Stromeyer  (Untersuch.,  1,  356); 
2,  H.  Rose  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixxii.  70) ;  3,  v.  Kobell(J.  pr.  Oh.,  xxx.  469) ;  4,  Weidling((Ef.  Ak.  Stockh., 
1844,  92);  5,  Bonsdorff  (Schw.  J.,  xxxiii.  368);  6,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxvii.  265);  7,  Wiehage 
(Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  450);  8,  M.  F.  Heddle  (PhiL  Mag.,  IV.  ix.  452);  9,  W.  Hampe  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xx. 
267);  10,  Yanuxem  (J.  Ac.  Philad.,  ii.  182);  11,  Seybert  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  iv.  320);  12,  Morton  (Ann. 
Phil.,  1827);  13,  Beck  (Min.  N.  Y,  271);  14,  15,  J.  D.  Whitney  (J.  Soc.  N.  H.  Boston,  v.  486) 
16,  Bunce  (This  Min.,  3d  ed.,  696): 


Si            Fe 

fig 

Ca 

ft 

1.  Cziklowa 

51-45         0-40 



47-41 

0-08.  Stn  0-26=           Strom. 

2.  Perhoniemi 

51-60        



46-41 

j  gangue  1  -11=99-12  Rose. 

3.  0.  di  Bove 

51-50        

0-55 

45-45 

2-00=99  50  Kobell. 

4.  G-ockum 

50-72         0-85 

0-88 

43-80 

,  iS/Ln  0-33,  Ca  C  2*73  Weidl. 

5.  Skrabbole 

52-58  PeO'13 

0-68 

44-45 

0-99=99-83  Bonsdorff. 

6.  Harzburg 

53-01        

1-04 

44-91 

1-59=100-55  Ramm. 

7.  Vesuvius 

51-90  FeO-96a 

0-65 

46-44 

=99-95  Wiehage. 

8.  Mourne  Mts. 

50-43         0-84 

0-39 

43-92 

1-36,  C  2-37b=99-31  Heddle. 

a  With  Mn. 

b  From  mixed  calcite. 

212  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Si           Fe         fig          Ca             H 
9.  Auerbach         52-01  Pe  0-93 46'74       ,  £l  1-87  =  101-55  Hampe. 

10.  Willsborough  51'67    "   1'35 47-00 =100-02  Vanuxem. 

11.  "  51-0      "   1-3 46-0          1-0=99-3  Seybert. 

12.  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.  51-50    "1-00        44-10         0-75=97'35  Morton. 

13.  Diana  51-90    "   0-25        47'55        =99*70  Beck. 

14.  Cliff  mine          49-09        0'14        46'38         2'96,  fin  0'48,  &1  0'23  Whitney. 

15.  "  49-06 44-87       [2-96],   "    0'93    "    1'28  Whitney. 

16.  GrenviUe,Can.  53'05  Fe  1-20 45"74       =  99'99  Bunce. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  matrass  no  change.  B.B.  fuses  easily  on  the  edges ;  with  some  soda,  a 
blebby  glass,  with  more,  swells  up  and  infusible.  With  muriatic  acid  gelatinizes;  most  varieties 
effervesce  slightly  from  the  presence  of  calcite. 

Obs. — Wollastonito  is  found  in  regions  of  granite  and  granular  limestone ;  also  in  basalt  and 
lavas. 

Occurs  in  the  copper  mines  of  Cziklowa  in  Hungary ;  at  Dognatzka  and  Nagyag ;  accompanying 
garnet,  fluorite,  and  native  silver,  in  limestone,  at  Pargas  in  Finland,  and  Kougsberg  in  Norway ; 
occurs  at  Perhoniemi  and  Skrabbole,  Finland;  at  Gockum  in  Sweden;  at  Vilna  in  Lithuania 
(vilnite) ;  at  Harzburg  in  the  Harz ;  at  Auerbach,  in  granular  limestone ;  at  Vesuvius,  rarely  in  fine 
crystals ;  of  a  greenish- white  color  in  lava  at  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome ;  in  Ireland,  at  Dunmore 
Head,  on  the  shores  of  the  Mourne  Mts. 

In  the  United  States,  in  N.  York,  at  Willsborough,  forming  the  sides  of  a  large  vein  of  garnet, 
traversing  gneiss;  at  Lewis,  10  m.  south  of  Keeseville,  with  colophonite,  abundant;  $  m.  N.  of 
Lewis  Corners,  with  garnet  and  quartz;  at  Roger's  Rock,  near  the  line  between  Essex  and 
Warren  Cos.,  with  garnet  and  feldspar ;  Diana,  Lewis  Co.,  about  1  m.  from  the  Natural  Bridge, 
in  abundance,  in  large  white  crystals ;  at  Booneville,  Oneida  Co.,  in  boulders,  with  garnet  and 
pyroxene.  In  Penn.,  Bucks  Co.,  3  m.  W.  of  Attleboro',  associated  with  scapolite,  pyroxene,  and 
sphene.  In  Mich.,  of  a  red  color  at  the  Cliff  Mine,  Kewenaw  Point,  Lake  Superior,  and  on  Isle 
Royale,  a  very  tough  variety,  but  now  exhausted.  In  Canada,  at  GTreiwille,  with  sphene  and 
green  coccolite ;  at  St.  Jerome  and  Morin,  C.  E.,  with  apatite,  in  large  tabular  masses  of  a  fibrous 
structure. 

Scacchi  obtained  from  Yesuvian  crystals  (f.  202)  i-i  A  3-*=  135°  29',  i-i  A  1^=95°  26',  i-i  A  $-i 
=  78°  2',  i-i  A  1=111°  46'. 

The  form  2-i  is  usually  made  the  vertical  prism  I,  with  /A  7=95°  36'  (or  35').  But  the  crystals 
in  the  position  above  given  exhibit  the  near  isomorphism  with  pyroxene. 

Named  after  the  English  chemist,  Wollaston ;  also  called  tabular  spar  from  its  lamellar  forms 
and  structure. 

The  soda-tabular  spar  of  Thomson,  from  near  Kilsyth,  is  pectolite. 

237 A.  EDELFOKSITE.  (Kalksilikat  fr.  ^Edelfors,  Kalktrisilikat,  Hisinger,  Ac.  H.  Stockh.,  1838. 
191,.  1839.  Edelforsit  v.  Kob.,  Grundz.,  202,  1838.  ^Edelforsit  Erdmann.}  Forchhammer  has 
shown  (Danske  Ac.  Forh.,  Ap.  1864)  that  Hisinger's  mineral  is  an  impure  wollastonite,  containing 
some  quartz  and  feldspar,  with  often  carbonate  of  lime  and  garnet.  It  occurs  compact,  part 
feathery  fibrous,  and  part  without  any  distinct  crystalline  structure.  H.  of  portions  4;  yet 
in  other  parts  giving  sparks  with  the  steel,  showing  a  hardness  of  6 — 7.  G.  =  2'584,  Hisinger ; 
3'0,  v.  Kobell.  Color  white,  grayish-white,  or  with  a  tinge  of  yellow.  Hisinger  and  v.  Kobell 
have  analyzed  the  mineral,  and  made  it  a  distinct  species ;  yet  their  results  are  considerably  dis- 
cordant, like  their  determinations  of  the  sp.  gr.  They  obtained:  1,  Hisinger  (1.  c.) ;  2,  v.  Kobell 
(J.  pr.  Ch.,  xci.  344): 

Si  3tl          3Pe          Fe         fig          Ca 

1.  57-75         3-75         I'OO         4-75        30-16,  Mn  0'68=98'06  Hisinger. 

2.  61-36         7-00 .        2-70         8*63         20'00,  fin  <r.  =  99'69  Kobell. 

Hisinger  deduced  the  formula  Ca2  Si3,  and  v.  Kobell  9  R2  Si8+£l2  Si3. 

The  edelforsite  of  Gjellebak  in  Norway  has  also  been  shown  by  Forchhammer  (1.  c.)  to  be 
essentially  wollastonite.  Hisinger  obtained,  as  the  mean  of  two  analyses,  Si  43-368,  Ca  38-433, 
Mn  4-962,  Fe  1-434,  C  11 -368.  It  has  the  aspect  of  tremolite.  Forchhammer  has  found  "oken- 
ite  "  of  N.  Greenland  (Asbestagtig  Okenit  Dr.  Rink]  to  be  wollastonite. 

233.  PYROXENE.  Corneus  pt.  Wall,  138,  1847.  Basaltes  pt.  Cronst.,  68,  1758.  Schorl 
noir  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  265,  1772 ;  Schorl  noir  en  prisme  &  huit  pans  termine  par  une  pyramide 
diedre,  etc.  (fr.  vole.  Vivarais)  Faujas,  Vole.  Viv.,  89,  fig.  D,  1778.  Schorl  oct.  obliquangle 
tronque  [made  a  distinct  species]  Demeste,  Lett,,  i.  382,  1779.  Schorl  opaque  rhomboidal  pt., 


BISILICATES. 


213 


Schorl  opaque  qui  paroissent  deriver  d'un  octaedre  rhomboidal  (fr.  vole.  Auvergne,  Vesuv., 
Viv.,  Etna),  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  ii.  396,  407,  415,  figs.  12,  13,  14  (twin),  17,  18,  pi.  V.,  1783.  Augit 
(fr.  vole.)  Wern.,  Freiesleben  inBergm.  J.,  243,  1792.  Yolcanite  Ddameth.,  Sciagr.,  ii,  401, 1792. 
Pyroxene  (fr.  Etna,  Arendal,  etc.)  H.,  J.  d.  M.,  v.  269,  1799  ;  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Pentaklasit  Hausm., 
Handb.,  687,  1813. 

Monoclinic.  (7=73°  59',  7A7=87°  5',  0 A 24=131°  17';  a:b:c= 
0-5412  : 1 : 0-91346.  Observed  planes  :  0  ;  vertical,  7,  ^4,  ^4,  i-5,  £-f,  *-3, 
£-2,  ^-2,  i-b\  hemidomes,  14,  24,  34,  —  -£4,  —14,  —34,  —54;  clinodomes, 
14,  24,  44 ;  pyramidal,  i,  |,  1,  f ,  J,  2,  3,  -J-,  -1,  -f ,  -2,  -f ,  -3,  -4 ; 
1-3,  |-3,  -f  3,  -4-2 ;  -6-f,  -5-|,  2-2,  |-2,  -2-2,  -4-2,  3-3,  -3-3,  5-5, 
— 1-5. 


209 


210 


211 


213 


214 


0  A  7=100°  57' 
0  A  —14=155  51 
0  A  14=148  35 
0  A  34=109  31 
0  A  ^4=106  1 
6>Ai=16813 
0  A  —1=146  9 
(9  A  —2=130  6 
6>  A  1=137  49 
0  A  2=114  28 


Long  Pond. 

0  A  14=150°  20' 

0  A  ^4=90 

7A  1=121  14 

7  A  2=144  35 

7A  -1=13448 

7A  -2=150  51 

24  A  24,  ov.  6>,=82  34 

i-i  A— 14=130  10 

i-i  A  14= 105  24 

i-i  A  ^-2=152  15 


i-i  A  7=133°  33' 

i-i  A  ^'-2=115  25 

^^^-3=107^35 

-£-2  A  ^-2,  ov.  ^,=124  30 

^'-2  A  ^-2,  ov.  ^'4,=50  50 


1  A  1  =  120  32 

2  A  2=95  30 

-1  A -1=131  24 
__2A-2=111  10 


214:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Cleavage :  /rather  perfect,  often  interrupted ;  i-i  sometimes  nearly  perfect ; 
i-l  imperfect ;  0  sometimes  easy.  Crystals  usually  thick  and  stout.  Twins : 
composition-face  i-i  (f.  214).  Often  coarse  lamellar,  in  large  masses,  paral- 
lel to  0  or  i-i.  Also  granular,  particles  coarse  or  fine  ;  and  fibrous,  fibres 
often  fine  and  long. 

H.=5— 6.  G.=3'23— 3'5,  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous  ;  some 
pearly.  Color  green  of  various  shades,  verging  on  one  side  to  white  or 
grayish- white,  and  on  the  other  to  brown  and  black.  Streak  white  to  gray 
and  grayish-green.  Transparent — opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal — uneven. 
Brittle.  In  crystals  from  Fassa,  optic-axial  plane  i4 ;  divergence  110°  to 
113°  ;  bisectrix  of  the  acute  angle  positive,  inclined  51°  6'  to  a  normal  to 
i-i  and  22°  55'  to  a  normal  to  (9,  Descl. 

Oomp.,  Var. — Bisilicate  of  different  protoxyd  bases,  under^  the  general  formula  R  Si ;  these 
bases  (ft)  being  lime  (6a),  magnesia  (Mg),  protoxyd  of  iron  (Fe),  protoxyd  of  manganese  (Mn), 
and  sometimes  potash  (&),  soda  (Na),  and  oxyd  of  zinc  (2n).  Usually  two  or  more  of  these  bases 
are  present.  The  first  three,  lime,  magnesia,  and  protoxyd  of  iron,  are  most  common ;  but  lime  is 
the  only  one  that  is  present  always  and  in  large  percentage. 

Besides  the  substitutions  of  different  protoxyd  bases  for  one  another,  these  same  bases  are  at 
times  replaced  by  sesquioxyd  bases  (3tl,  3?e,  Mn),  though  sparingly;  and  the  silica  occasionally  by 
alumina.  The  species  has  therefore  the  general  formula  (ft3,  K)  (Si,  2tl*)8,  which  may  also  be 

written  (ft,  &^)  (Si,  &!*). 

The  varieties  proceeding  from  these  isomorphous  substitutions  are  many  and  diverse  ;  and  there 
are  still  others  depending  on  the  state  of  crystallization.  The  foliated  and  fibrous  kinds  early 
received  separate  names,  and  for  a  while  were  regarded  as  distinct  species.  Fibrous  or  columnar 
forms  are  very  much  less  common  than  in  hornblende,  and  lamellar  or  foliated  kinds  more  com- 
mon. The  crystals  are  rarely  long  and  slender,  or  bladed,  like  those  of  that  species. 

The  name  Pyroxene  is  from  rip,  fire,  and  &voS,  stranger,  and  records  Haiiy's  idea  that  the  mine- 
ral was,  as  he  expresses  it,  "  a  stranger  in  the  domain  of  fire,"  whereas,  in  fact,  it  is,  ne,xt  to  the 
feldspars,  the  most  universal  constituent  of  igneous  rocks.  This  error,  however,  was  more  than 
counterbalanced  by  Haiiy's  discovery  of  the  true  crystallographic  distinction  of  the  species,  which 
led  him  to  bring  together,  under  this  one  name,  what  Werner  and  others  had  regarded  as  distinct 
species.  The  name,  therefore,  is  properly  the  name  of  the  species,  while  Augite  is  only  entitled 
to  be  used  for  one  of  its  varieties. 

The  most  prominent  division  of  the  species  is  into  (A)  the  non-aluminous ;  (B)  the  aluminous. 
But  the  former  of  these  groups  shades  imperceptibly  into  the  latter. 

These  two  groups  are  generally  subdivided  according  to  the  prevalence  of  the  magnesia,  lime, 
protoxyd  of  iron,  or  protoxyd  of  manganese,  or  of  two  or  three  together  of  these  protoxyd  bases. 
Yet  here,  also,  the  gradation  from  one  series  to  another  is  in  general  by  almost  insensible  shades 
as  to  composition  and  chemical  characters,  as  well  as  all  physical  qualities. 

I.  CONTAINING  LITTLE  OB  NO  ALUMINA. 

1.  Lime-Magnesia  Pyroxene;  MALACOLITE.  (Basaltes  spatosus,  y  hwit.,  pt.,  Oronstedt,  68,  1758. 
Malacolit  Abildgaard  (Ann.  Ch.,  xxxii.  1800);  Delameth.,  J.  de  Phys.,  li.  249,  1800.  Alalite, 
Mussite,  Bonvoisin,  ib.,  409,  May,  1806.  Diopside  (fr.  Ala)  H.,  J.  d.  M.,  xx.  65,  1806.  White 
Coccolite.  Traversellit  Scheerer,  Fogg.,  xciii.  109,  1854.)  Color  white,  yellowish,  grayish-white 
to  pale  green.  In  crystals :  cleavable  and  granular  massive.  Sometimes  transparent  and  color- 
less. Gr.=3'2  — 3 -3 8.  Contains  lime  and  magnesia,  with  less  than  4  p.  c.  of  protoxyd  of  iron. 
Formula,  (Ca,  &g)  Si.  Anal.  1  corresponds  to  (JOa  +  fSlg)  Si;  anal.  2-7  to  (i  Ca  +  i&g)  Si= 
Silica  55-7,  magnesia  18'5,  lime  25*8." 

a.  Malacolite,  as  originally  used,  included  a  bluish-gray,  grayish-green,  and  whitish  translucent 
variety  from  Sala,  Sweden. 

6.  Alalite  occurs  in  broad  right-angled  prisms,  colorless  to  faint  greenish  or  clear  green,  usually 
striated  longitudinally,  and  came  originally  from  Mt.  Ciarmetta,  in  the  Mussa  Alp. 

c.  Traversellite,  from  Traversella,  occurs  in  similar  long  glassy  crystals,  usually  rectangular 
(planes  i-i,  i-i),  much  striated  longitudinally,  often  clear  green  at  one  end  and  colorless  at  the 
other ;  cleavage  parallel  to  I,  perfect. 

d.  Mussite  is  white,  grayish-white,  and  apple-green  (according  to  Bonvoisin's  original  descrip- 
tion), and  occurs  in  prismatic  implanted  crystals,  and  also  in  masses  made  up  of  aggregated  crys- 
tals, the  obtuse  prismatic  edge  rounded,  and  with  cleavage  parallel  to  the  base.     Named  from  the 
locality,  the  Mussa  Alp  (or  elevated  plane  of  the  Mussa). 


BISILICATES.  215 

The  optical  characters  of  malacolite  are  as  stated  near  top  of  the  preceding  page.  Descloizeaux 
found  the  axial  divergence  in  a  crystal  from  Ala  for  the  red  rays  as  observed  in  the  air,  111°  40'  • 
for  the  yellow  111°  20';  and  Heusser  obtained  for  the  same  112°  27',  112°  12'. 

e.   White  Coccolite  is  a  granular  variety.     The  original  coccolite  was  green. 

Named  Malacolite  from  ^n\axo^  soft,  because  softer  than  feldspar,  with  which  it  was  associated ; 
and  Diopside  from  Sis,  twice  or  double,  and  o'a/(?,  appearance. 

2.  Lime-Magnesia- Iron  Pyroxene ;  SAHLITE.      (Malacolit  pt.  of  authors.      Diopside  pt.  H.,  L  c. 
Sahlit  (fr.  Sala)  d'Andrada,  Scherer's  J.,  iv.  31,  1800;  J.  de  Phys.,  li.,  241,  1800.    Baicalit  (fr.  L. 
Baikal)  Renovanz,  dell's  Ann.,  ii.  1793,  21 ;  Baikalit  Karst.,  Tab.  34,  74,  1800.     Funkite,  Duf. 
Min.,  iii.  761,  1847.     Coccolit  d'Andrada,  Scherer's  J.,  iv.  1800.     Protheite  (fr.  Zillerthal)  Ure. 
Asbestus  pt.)    Color  grayish-green  to  deep  green  and  black;  sometimes  grayish  and  yellowish- 
white.     In  crystals;  also  cleavable  and  granular  massive.     G.=3'25  — 3'4.     Named  from  Sala  in 
Sweden,  one  of  its  localities,  where  the  mineral  occurs  in  masses  of  a  grayish-green  color, 
having  a  perfect  cleavage  parallel  to  the  basal  plane  ( 0).     Formula  (Ca,  Mg,  Fe)  Si.  In  anal.  9, 
Ca  :  Mg  :  Fe=2  :  1  :  2  ;  in  10,  11,  this  ratio=4  :  3  :  1,  corresponding  to  Silica  53'7,  magnesia  13'4, 
lime  24-9,  prot.  iron  8*0  =100. 

b.  Baikalite  is  a  dark  dingy  green  variety,  in  crystals,  cleavable  like  the  preceding  parallel  to 
0.     Named  from  Lake  Baikal,  in  Siberia,  near  which  it  occurs. 

c.  Protheite  is  sombre-green,  in  crystals,  and  approaches  fassaite  ;  from  Zillerthal  hi  the  Tyrol. 

d.  Funkite^  is  dark  olive-green  coccolite  from  Boksater  in  Gothland,  having  a  larger  percentage 
of  Fe  than  Mg.     It  may  be  convenient  to  use  this  name  for  the  pyroxene  here  included  that  con- 
tains 10  p.  c.  or  more  of  protoxyd  of  iron. 

e.  DIALLAGE.     (Diallage  pt.  H.,  Tr.,  89,  1801.     Hypersthene  pt.     Bronzite  pt.)    Part  of  the 
so-called  diailage,  or  thin-foliated  pyroxene,  belongs  here,  and  the  rest  under  the  corresponding 
division  of  the  aluminous  pyroxenes. 

Color  grayish-green  to  bright  grass-green,  and  deep  green ;  lustre  of  cleavage  surface  pearly, 
sometimes  metalloidal  or  brassy;  H.=4;  G.=3'2  — 3'35.  Double  refraction  strong;  bisectrix 
negative ;  inclined  about  38°  to  a  normal  to  i-i,  and  showing  therefore,  when  viewed  through  i-i. 
a  single  system  of  rings  in  the  field  of  the  polarizing  instrument  (Descl.);  the  angle  35°  to  40°, 
observed  in  the  air  (24° — 26°  in  oil)  in  the  diailage  of  Knockdallian  in  Scotland,  of  Zobtenberg 
and  Baumgarten  in  Silesia ;  a  grayish  hypersthene-like  mineral  in  large  folia  in  the  gabbro  of  the 
Ruben  coal  mine  near  Neurode ;  the  vanadiferous  bronzite  of  Genoa.  But  the  green  diailage  of 
Neurode,  analyzed  by  v.  Bath  (No.  4,  p.  219),  has  this  angle  about  49°  50' ;  and  so  also  that  of 
Bormio  in  Veltliu ;  diverging  thus  from  ordinary  diallage  and  diopside.  With  this  variety  belongs 
part  also  of  what  has  been  called  hypersthene  and  bronzite — the  part  that  is  easily  fusible. 
Common  especially  in  serpentine  rocks. 

Named  from  JmAAayr?,  difference,  in  allusion  to  the  dissimilar  cleavages. 

The  grass-green  diallage-like  mineral  smaragdite,  constituting,  with  saussurite,  a  rock,  is  in 
part,  at  least,  amphibole  (q.  v). 

3.  Iron-Lime  Pyroxene ;  HEDENBERGITE.    (Hedenbergite  (fr.  Tunaberg)  Berz.,  Nouv.  Syst.  Min., 
206,  269,  1819;  Hedenberg,  Afh.,  ii.  169.     Lotalite  (fr.  Lotala)  Severgin,  before  1814.     Bolophe- 
rit  Breith.,  Handb.,  582,  1847.)     Color  black.     In  crystals,  and  also  lamellar  massive;  cleavage 
easy  parallel  t9  i-i.  _  G.=3*5— 8*58.    Contains  lime  and4protoxyd  of  iron,  with  little  or  no  magnesia ; 
formula  (Ca,  Fe)  Si.    Anal,  correspond  to  (|  Ca+i  Fe)  Si.     Named  after  the  Swedish  chemist, 
Ludwig  Hedenberg,  who  first  analyzed  and  described  the  mineral.     Lotalite,  from  Lotala  in  Fin- 
land, is  in  black  lamellar  masses.     Beudaut  gives  for  the  angles  of  hedenbergite  0  A  7=100°  10' 
— 12',  /A  /=87°  15' ;  and  Breithaupt  for  the  Taberg  mineral  (Pyroxenus  diagonals  Breith.)  /A  / 
=87°  28',  (7=73°  51'. 

4.  Lime-Magnesia-Manganese  Pyroxene;  SCHEFFERITE  (Schefferit  J.  A.  Michaelson,  J.  pr.  Ch., 
xc.  170).    Color  reddish-brown.    G.=3'39.    Contains  lime,  magnesia,  and  protoxyd  of  manganese, 
and  in  the  absence  of  zinc  differs  from  jeffersouite.     Formula  (Ca,  Mg,  Mn)  Si ;  from  Longban. 

The  Richtente  of  Breith.  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  364,  1865)  is  near  scheiferite  in  composition.  ^  It 
occurs  in  acicular  crystals,  having  /A  1=  133°  38',  which  appears  to  be  the  angle  /A  i-i  of 
pyroxene  (  =  133°  33'),  with  G.  =  2'826;  color  isabella-yeUow,  rarely  pale  yellowish-brown,  and  is 
easily  fusible.  If  the  prismatic  angle  is  /A  i-i  of  pyroxene,  the  mineral  belongs  here.  But 
Igelstrom  finds  a  very  similar  mineral  in  aspect  and  composition  at  Paisberg,  with  /A  /=124° ; 
and  the  analyses  are  given  under  amphibole  (see  p.  ). 

5.  Lime-Iron-Manganese  Pyroxene.    A  variety  from  L.  Laach,  analyzed  by  Bischof,  is  here 
included. 

6.  Lime-Iron-Manganese-Zinc  Pyroxene;  JEFFERSONTTE  (Keating  &  Vanuxem,  J.  Ac.  Philad.,  ii.  194, 
1822).     Color  greenish-black.    Crystals  often  very  large  (3-4  in.  thick),  with  the  angles  generally 
rounded,  and  the  faces  uneven,  as  if  corroded.     G.=3-36.    Contains  lime,  magnesia,  protoxyd  of 


216  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

iron,  and  protoxyd  of  manganese,  with  oxyd  of  zinc  ;  formula  (Ca,  Fe,  $[g,  ]Sln,  2n)  Si.     Named 
after  Mr.  Jefferson. 

II.  ALUMINOUS. 

7.  Aluminous  Lime-Magnesia  Pyroxene  ;  LEUCAUGITE  (Dana).     Color  white  or  grayish.      Con- 
tains alumina,  with  lime  and  magnesia,  and  little  or  no  iron  ;  formula  (Ca>  fig)  (Si,  &!*),     Looks 
like  diopside.     H.  =  6-o;  Gr.=3-19,  Hunt.     Named  from  At  »«*,  white. 

8.  Aluminous  Lime-Magnesia-Iron  Pyroxene;  FASSAITE,  AUGITE.    (For  syn.  of  Augite,  see  p.  212. 
Also:  Basaltische  Hornblende  pt.  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,   1792;  Basaltine  Kirw.,  Min.,  i.  219,  1794. 
Fassait    Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  2,   110,  1817.     [Not  Fassaite  Dolomieu,  which  was  a  zeolite.] 
Maclureite  Nuttal,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  v.  246,  1822=Amphibole  If.  Seybert,  J.  Ac.  Philad.,  ii.  139,  1821. 
Pyrgom  Breith.,  Char.,  140,  1832.)     Color  clear  deep-green  to  greenish-black  and  black  ;  in  crys- 
tals, and  also  massive;  subtranslucent  to  opaque;    GT.=3-25—  3'5.      Optical  characters  as  for 
malacolite.     Contain  protoxyd  of  iron,  with  lime  and  magnesia;  general  formula  (Ca,  Mg,  Fe)(Si, 


a.  Fassaite  (or  Pyrgom).    Includes  the  green  kinds  found  in  metamorphic  rocks.     Named  from 
the  locality  at  Fassa  in  Piedmont,  which  affords  deep-green  crystals,  sometimes  pistachio-green, 
like  the  epidote  of  the  locality.    Pyrgom  was  so  named  from  nvpyupa,  a  tower. 

b.  Augite.     Includes  the  greenish  or  brownish-black  and  black  kinds,  occurring  mostly  in 
eruptive  rocks,  but  also  in  metamorphic.     Named  from  dvyf/,  lustre. 

The  Augite  of  Werner  (and  Volcanite  Delameth.)  included  only  the  black  mineral  of  igneous 
rocks  —  the  volcanic  schorl  of  earlier  authors. 

c.  Aluminous  Diallage. 

9.  Aluminous  Iron-Lime  Pyroxene;  HUDSONITE  (Beck,  Min.  N.  Y.,  405,  1842).  Lamellar  or  cleav- 
able  massive.  Color  black.  Streak  green.  Often  has  a  bronze  tarnish.  Gr.=3'5,  Beck;  3  '43  — 
3  '46,  Brewer.  Contains  lime  and  protoxyd  of  iron,  with  but  little  magnesia;  formula  (Ca,  Fe) 
(Si,  A1!*).  Named  from  the  Hudson  river,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  it  occurs,  in  Cornwall  Orange 
Co.,  N.  Y. 

b.  Polylite  of  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  495,  1836)  may  be  the  same  compound.  It  is  described  as 
cleavable  massive  ;  G.=3"231  ;  H.=6—  6*5  ;  color  black;  opaque;  and  is  stated  to  come  from  a 
bed  of  magnetic  iron  ore  at  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  where  no  such  bed  of  ore  exists. 

Appendix.  —  10.  ASBESTUS.  Asbestus  is  a  finely  fibrous  variety,  with  the  fibres  easily  separable 
and  usually  flexible.  But  most  asbestus  belongs  to  the  species  hornblende,  which  tends  more  to 
run  into  fibrous  forms. 

It  is  difficult  to  distinguish  the  hornblende  asbestus  from  the  pyroxene,  except  by  noting  its 
association  with  known  varieties  of  one  or  the  other  species  ;  and  this  method  is  not  free  from 
doubt.  See  further  under  HORNBLENDE  for  description,  analyses,  and  localities  of  asbestus. 

11.  Breislakite  (Brocchi,  Cat.  di  una  raccolta  di  Rocce,  28,  60,  70,  192,  1817  ;  Cyclopeite,  in 
Descl.  Min.,  65,  1862).  Occurs  in  wool-like  forms  at  Vesuvius  and  Capo-di-Bove.  Its  crystal- 
lographic  identity  with  pyroxene  has  been  shown  by  Chapman  (Phil.  Mag.,  xxxvii.  444,  1850). 
The  particular  variety  of  pyroxene  to  which  it  belongs  has  not  been  ascertained,  as  no  analysis 
of  it  has  been  made.  Named  after  Breislak,  an  Italian  geologist. 

Lavroffite  (Lawrowit,  Vanadin-Augit,  Kokscharof,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  xi.  78,  1866)  is  an  alumina 
pyroxene,  colored  green  by  vanadium,  from  the  river  Sludianka,  beyond  Lake  Baikal,  where  it 
occurs  coarse  granular  massive  with  quartz,  and  also  in  small  imperfect  crystals.  Cleavage 
affords  the  prism  87°  7'  ;  and  there  is  the  usual  lamination,  from  compound  structure  parallel  to 
0.  The  color  is  fine  emerald-green.  It  contains  besides  silica  some  alumina,  iron,  lime,  mag- 
nesia, and  a  trace  of  manganese  and  vanadium  ;  but  no  analysis  has  been  made,  so  that  its  exact 
place  among  the  pyroxenes  is  not  certain. 

I.  CONTAINING  LITTLE  OR  NO  ALUMINA. 

1.  Lime-Magnesia  Pyroxene  ;  Malachite.  Analyses:  1,  Nordenskiold  (Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  457);  2, 
H.  Eose  (ib.,  xxxv.  86);  3,  T.  Wachtmeister  (ib.,  xxx.  334)  ;  4,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii.  190); 
5,  H.  Rose  (Schw.  J.  xxxv.  86,);  6,  Rammelsberg  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxvi.  340);  7,  F.  J.  Wiik  (Arppe 
in  Act.  Soc.  Fenn.,  vi.);  8,  Bonsdorff  (Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  158);  9,  Kussin  (Ramm.,  4th  SuppL,  12); 
10,  Wackenroder  (Kastn.  Arch.,  xiii.  84);  11,  Brunner  (Jahrb.  Min.,  186,  1855)-  12  Range  (Ramm 

^,Ch-'  t?^;  13"15-'  f'  S'  Hunt  (Rep'  G'  Can''  1863>  467>  4ei8)5  16'  Bedner  (ZS.  G.,  xviii.  397)  > 
17,  Merz  (N.  Ges.  Zurich,  48,  1861): 

Si         £l        Fe         ]frn        fig         £a          H 

1.  Pargas,  bh-gn.       55'40      -       2-50         2-88       22'57       15'70      -  ,  Mn  0-43=99-43  N, 

2.  Longban,  ywh.       55'32     -  Fe2-16Mnl'59       16-99       23-01      _  =99-07  Eose. 


3.  Norway,  wh. 

4.  Achmato'sk,  wh. 

5.  Orrijarvi,  w. 

6.  Gulsjo 

7.  Lupikko          (f) 

8.  Tammare,  wh. 

9.  Brazil 

10.  Zillerthal,  wh. 

11.  Sassgrat,  w. 

12.  Retzbanya 

13.  Ottawa,  C.,  wh. 

14.  Calumet  I.,  gnh. 

15.  High  Falls,  C.,  gy. 

16.  Grenville,  C. 

17.  Zermatt 


Si 

57-40 
53-97 
54*64 
55-11 
52*40 
54-83 
55-61 
54-16 
56-13 
56*03 
54-50 
54-90 
54-20 
52*54 
54*74 


0-43 


0-20 


BISILICATES. 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg 





16-74 

2-00 

0-57 

17-86 

1-08 

2-00 

18-00 

0-54 



18-39 

2-29 



17-93 

0-99 



18-55 

1-20 



17-82 

2-51 

M-nO-18 

18-22 

2-02 

tr. 

1620 

1-38 



17-36 

1-98 



18-14 





16-76 

3-24 



17-02 

3-06*      

19-85 

3-45 



17-82 

217 

Ca          H 

23-10     =97*b7  Wacht. 

25-60      =100  Herm. 

24-94      =100-66  Rose. 

25-63      =99-67  Ramm. 

22-55,  Na  1-20,  K0*37=98'58  W. 

24-76  H  0-32=99-73  Bonsd. 

25-11 =99-74  Kussin. 

24-74 =  100Wack. 

25-78 =100-85  Brumier. 

25-05      =99-82  Range. 

25-87  0-40= 100-89  Hunt. 
27-67  0-80=100-13  Hunt 
25-65  0-45=100-56  Hunt. 

24-64     =  100-09  Redner. 

22-90       0-58  =  99-49  Merz. 


a  With  some  alumina ;  the  specimen  associated  with  Eozoon. 


No.  1,  crystals,  G.=3'267  ;.  2,  fr.  Longban  hi  Wermland;  3,  fr.  Tjotten  in  Norway ;  4,  G.=3-28  ; 

5,  fr.  Finland ;  7,  ib.,  G.=3'215  ;  8,  ib. ;  9,  G.=3*37  ;  11,  fr.  the  Alps;  13,  fr.  Canada,  G.=3*26— 
3-27;  14,  fr.  Canada,  with  Eozoon;  15,  ib.,  G.=3'273 — 3-275. 

2.  Lime-Magnesia-Iron  Pyroxene;  Sahlite;  Funkite.     1,  H.  Rose  (Schw.  J.,  xxxv.  86);  2,  Reu- 
terskiold  (Jahresb.,  xxv.  362) ;  3,  Hisinger  (Afh.,  iii.  291);  4,  Arppe  (Anal.  Finsk.  Min.,  22);  5, 

6,  A.  Erdmann  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1848);  7,  Winchenbach  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  452);  8,  Rammels- 
berg(ib.,  452);  9,  G.  T.  Bo  wen  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  v.  344);  10,  Erdmann  (1.  c.);  11,  Payr  (Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  xxv.  560);  12,  13,  H.  Rose  (1.  c.);  14,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xii.  714);  15,  Schultz 
(Act.  Fenn.,  1856);  16,  Rammelsberg  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxvi.  351);  17,  Funk  (Jahresb.,  1844,  362); 
18,  Seybert  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  v.  116);  19,  H.  Rose  (1.  c.);  20,  C.  W.  C.  Fuchs  (Jahresb.  Min.,  '62, 
802)  : 


1.  Sala,  Sahlite 

2.  Longban.  ywh. 
3. 

4.  Pargas,  gyh.-g>< 

5.  Tunaberg,  gn. 

6.  "         gn. 

7.  Meseritz,  gn. 

8.  Edenville,  gnh. 

10.  Tunab.,  Cod., , 

11.  Oberrochlitz,  i, 

12.  Dalecarlia,  gn. 

13.  "          " 

14.  Boksater,  Funk 

15.  Finland,  gn. 

16.  Kaiserst.,  d 

17.  Nordmark 

18.  L.  Champl.,  gn. 

19.  Taberg,  bk. 


Si 

Xl 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg 

Ca 

54*86 

0*21 

4-44 



16-49 

23-57 

.      53*56 

0*25 

4*48 

1-87 

16-27 

23-86 

"     54*18 



1-45 

2-18 

17-81 

22-72 

m.   52-67 

0-54 

4-54 



19-52 

21-03 

54*13 

0-90 

3-69 

0-30 

15-01 

25-15 

53-82 

0*95 

7-95 

0-89 

12-20 

23-55 

54-46 

2-46 

3-73 

0-78 

14-39 

24*01 

!.-&.  55*01 



4-95 



16*95 

22-80 

faft.53-12 

1-06 

6-01 

0-60 

14-50 

23-62 

gn.  53*50 

0-76 

9-74 

1-90 

13-59 

2042 

wh.  55-03 



4-84 

3-16 

15-71 

20-72 

.      54*55 

0-14 

8-14MnO-73 

15-25 

20-21 

54-08 



10*02 

0-61 

11-49 

23*47 

<k.    53*81 



10-01 



8-00 

27-50 

52-00 

0-85 

12-45 

0-80 

10-15 

22-50 

gn.  48-U2 

2-67 

13-57 

1*28 

9-74 

25-34 

52-17 

0*42 

16-12 

1*61 

7-06 

22-00 

n.     50-33 

1-53 

20*40 

tr. 

6-83 

19*33 

53*36 



17-38 

0-09 

4-99 

22-19 

.(1)51*78 

2*48a 

16-91 



7-03 

21-00 

0-42  =  99-99  Rose. 
=100-29  Reut. 

1-20=99-54  Hisinger. 
=98-30  Arppe. 

0-63=99-81  Erdm. 

0-54=99-90  Erdm. 
=99-83  Winch. 

0-36  =  100-07  Ramm. 

0-47  =  99-38  Bowen. 

0-27  =  100-18  Erdm. 

=99*46  Payr. 

=99-02  Rose. 

=99-67  Rose. 

0-29=99-61  Hauer. 

=98-75  Schultz. 

=100-62  Ramm. 

=99-38  Funk. 

0-67  =  99-09  Seybert. 
=98-01  Rose. 

0-04,  Na  0-19,  K  0'29=99'47  F. 


a  Includes  Fe2O3  1*20. 


No.  2,  G.=3-27;  4,  crystals;  5,  G.=3'36;  8,  cryst.,  G.=3'294;  9,  cleavable  massive,  G. 
=  3-127—3*294;  10,  G.  =  3'30— 3-37 ;  11,  G.=3*395;  12,  13,  fr.  Bjormyresweden ;  14,  fr.  E. 
Gothland;  15,  fr.  I.  Afvensor;  16,  occurs  mixed  with  scolopsite;  18,  G.=3'377. 

3.  Iron-Lime  Pyroxene;  HedenbergUe.  1,  H.  Rose  (Schw.  J.,  1.  c.);  2,  Wolff  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xixiv. 
236);  3,  Sochting  (ZS.  Nat.  Ver.  Halle,  vii.  57): 


1.  Tunaberg,  Hed. 

2.  Arendal,  bk. 

3.  D.  la  Garde 


Si  Fe  Mg  Ca 

49*01  26-08  2*98  20*87  =  98*94  Rose. 

47-78  27-01  22-95=97-74  Wolff. 

52-23  27*47  7*46  12*84=100  Sochting. 


No.  2,  G.=3*467;  3,  fr.  "  Melaphyre." 


218 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


4.  Lime-Magnesia-Manganese  Pyroxene ;  Schefferite.    Analysis :  Michaelson  (L  c.) : 

Si        £e       Fe       Mn       Mg       Ca         H 
1.  Longban         52-31     3-97     1'63     10-46     10-86     19-09     0'60=98'92  Michaelson. 

6.  Lime-Iron-Manganese  Pyroxene.    Analysis :  Bischof  (Lehrb.,  ii.) : 

Si        £l       Fe       Mn      Mg       Ca       Na       K 
L.  Laach         50'83     2'16     13'50     7'56     3'42    21'73     0'38     0-98=100-56  Bischof. 

6.  Lime-Iron-Manganese-Zinc  Pyroxene;  Je/ersonite.    Analysis :  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvii.  13) 

Si        £1       Fe       Mn      2n      Mg       Ca        H 
49-91     1-93     10-53     7*00    4*39     8-18     15-48     1-20=98-62  Hermann. 

II.  ALUMINOUS  PYROXENE. 

7.  Lime-Magnesia  P.;  Leucaugite.    Analyses:  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  a.  Can.,  1853,  1863) 

Si        £1      £e       &g       Ca        H 

1.  Bathurst,  0.        51-50     6'15     0'35     17'69     23*80     1-10=100-59  Hunt. 

2.  "  50-90     6-77     0-35     18'14     23'74     0-90=100-45  Hunt. 

8.  Lime-Magnesia-Iron  P.;  Fassaite,  Augite.    Analyses:  1,  Kudernatsch  (Pogg.,  xxxvii.  571);  2, 
Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xii.  293) ;  3,  Bichter  &  Scheerer  (Sachs.  Ges.  Leipsic,  ci.  93,  1 858) ;  4, 
Barthe  (Ch.  Centralbl.,  ii.  712);  5,  Haughton  (Dublin  Q.  J.  Sci.,  v.  95) ;  6,  Kudernatsch  (1.  c.);  7, 
Klaproth  (Beitr.,  v.) ;  8,  Kudernatsch  (1.  c.) ;  9,  Wedding  (ZS.  G.,  x.  395) ;   10,  Rammelsberg  (ib., 
xi.  497) ;  11,  Klaproth  (1.  c.) ;  12,  Kudernatsch  (1.  c.);   13-15,  v.  Waltershausen  (Yulk.  Gest.,  107- 
110);   16,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  ciii.  436);  17,  Kudernatsch  (1.  c.) ;  18-20,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg., 
Ixxxiii.  458,  ciii.  437);  21,  Waltershausen  (1.  c.,  p.  110);  22,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1863, 
468) ;  23,  Tobler  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xci.  230) : 

H 

=99-26  Kudernatsch. 

2-26=98-51  Delesse. 
=99-77  R.  &  S. 

0-73=99-27  Barthe. 

0-60,  Na,  K  0-66=100-16  H. 
=99-50  Kud. 

0-25  =  96-02  Klapr. 

=99-91  Kud. 

,  3Pe  2-73  =  99-39  Wedd. 

,  F"e  und.  =  100-16  Ramm. 

=97-55  Klaproth. 

=98-66  Kud. 

0-28  =  100-02  Walt. 

0-49  =  99-94  Walt. 

0-51=99-35  Walt. 

0-43,  3?e  3-85=99-53  Ramra. 

=99-25  Kud. 

=100-08  Ramm. 

,  3Pe  2-36=99-24  Ramm. 

,  ¥e  0-95=99-89  Ramm. 

=100  Walt 

0-50,  Na  0-74,  K  2r.  =  100-11  H. 

1-03,  Na 2-13,  K 0-65  =  100-72  T. 

Nos.  1-5,  fr.  metamorphic  rocks ;  6-23,  fr.  eruptive  rocks.  2,  fr.  Ternuay,  making  with  vosgite 
a  so-called  porphyry,  G.=3-135;  3,  var.  pyrgom,  G.=3-294;  4,  G.  =  3'395;  5,  the  augite  of  a 
metamorphic  dolerite  on  Loch  Scavig  in  Skye;  6,  G.=3'347;  12,  G.=3'40;  13,  G.=2'886;  14, 
G.=3-204;  15,  G.=3-228;  16,  G.=3'376;  18,  G=3'380;  19,  G.=3'348;  20,  G.=3'361 ;  22,  in 
dolerite,  G.= 3-341. 

9.  Iron-Lime  P.  (with  little  Magnesia).     Analyses:   1,  Deville  (Et.  Teneriffe,  1848);   2,  Hoch- 
stetter  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxvii.  375) ;  3,  4,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  IL  xvi.  369) ;  5,  Thomson  (Min., 
i.  495) : 


Si 

51 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg 

Ca 

1. 

Fassathal 

50-15 

4-02 

12-04 



1348 

19-57 

2. 

Vosges 

49-16 

5-08 

7-19 

tr. 

15-95 

18-87 

3. 

Traversella 

51-79 

4-03 

7-57 



17-40 

18-98 

4. 

ZiUerthal,  gn. 

48-47 

8-22 

4-30 



15-59 

21-96 

5. 

Skye 

50-80 

3-00 

9-61 

1-08 

15-06 

19-35 

6. 

Rhone,  bkh.-gn.  (f  ) 

50-42 

6-58 

7-40 



16-32 

18-78 

7. 

u             u 

52-00 

5-75 

11-02 

0-25 

12-75 

14-00 

8. 

Vesuvius 

50-90 

5-37 

6-25 



14-43 

22-96 

9. 

of  1631 

48-86 

8-63 

4-54 

tr. 

14-01 

20-62 

10. 

"        of  1858 

49-61 

4-42 

9-08 



14-22 

22-83 

11. 

Frascati 

48-00 

5-00 

10-80 

1-00 

8-75 

24-00 

12. 

Etna 

50-55 

4-85 

7-96 

_____ 

13-01 

22-29 

13. 

"    6*.               f 

47-63 

6-74 

11-39 

0-21 

12-90 

20-87 

14. 

"    gnh-bk. 

51-70 

4-38 

4-24 



21-11 

18-02 

15. 

"    Mascali 

49-69 

5-22 

10-75 



14-74 

18-44 

16. 

"    Mt.  Rossi 

47-38 

5-52 

7-89 

o-io 

15-29 

19-10 

17. 

Eiffel 

49-39 

6-00 

7-39 



13-93 

22-46 

18. 

Hartlingen 

47-52 

8-13 

13-02 

0-40 

12-76 

18-25 

19. 

L.  Laach 

50-03 

3  72 

6-65 

0-15 

13-48 

22-85 

20. 

Schima,  Boh. 

51-12 

3-38 

5-45 

2-63 

12-82 

23-54 

21. 

Iceland 

49-87 

6-05 

5-92 



16-16 

22-00 

22. 

Montreal,  bk. 

49-40 

6-70  £e  7-83   

13-06 

21-88 

23. 

Kaiserstuhl,  In. 

44-40 

7-83 

11-81 

0-11 

10-15 

22-60 

Si 


BISILjJOATES. 

r 
£l        Fe      Mn      M^      Ca 


219 


1.  Teneriffe       48-05       4-18     23-41     9-40-    14-96     =100  Deville. 


2.  Azores 

3.  Hudsonite 

4.  " 

5.  Polylite 


50-40 
39-30 
38-58 
40-04 


2-99 

9-78 

11-05 

9-42 


22-00 

30-40  0-67 

30-57  0-52 

34-08  6-60 


2-40 
2-98 
3-02 


21-10 
•10-39 
tO'32 
1V54 


0-30=99-19  Hochst. 
1-95,  Na  1-66,  K  2'48=99'61  S.  &  B. 
1-95,  Na,  K  4-16=100-17  S.  &  B. 
0-40=102-08  Thomson. 


Nos.  1,  2,  fr.  volcanic  rocks;  3,  5,  fr.  metamorphic.     1,  G.=3'179. 


III.  DIALLAGE  AND  PSETJDO-H^EKSTHENE. 

2  e.  Containing  little  or  no  Alumina.  Analyses  :  1-5,  y.  Rath  (Pogg.,  xcv.  533) ;  6,  Hermann 
(BuU.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou,  1854,  273).  7, 

8  c.  Aluminous.  Analyses:  7,  v.  Rath  (ZS.  G.,  ix.  246) p<8,  9,  Regnault  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xiii. 
101);  10-12,  Kohler  (Pogg.,  xiii.  101);  13,  Rammelsberg  (M  i.  Ch.,  464);  14,  Kohler  (1.  c.);  15, 
v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xx.  472) ;  16,  A.  Streng  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv. .  54) ;  17,  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV. 
xvi.);  18,  Schafhaiitl  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  li.  254);  19,  20.  A  \Streng  (L  c.) ;  21,  Seybert  (J.  Ac. 
Philad.,  ii.  141) : 


Si 

3tl 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg 

Ca 

H 

1. 

Glatz,  ywh.-gn. 

50-34 

— 

8-47 

— 

16-86 

21-85 

1-23=98-76  Rath. 

2. 

"      d'k  gn. 

50-00 

0-42 

8-54 



15-87 

21-11 

1-69=97-63  Rath. 

3. 

u             u 

51-78 

1-12 

10-97 



15-58 

20-04 

0-22=99-71  Rath. 

4. 

Neurode,  bk.  Hyp. 

53-60 

1-99 

8-95 

0-28 

13-08 

21-06 

0-86=99-82  Rath. 

5. 

Skye,         "       " 

51-30 

0-76 

13-92 

0-25 

14-85 

20-15 

0-21  =  101-44  Rath. 

6. 

Achmat'sk,  Diall. 

51-47 

1-15 

1-80 



15-63 

27-81 

2-39=100-25  Herm. 

7. 

Marmorera 

49-12 

3-04 

11-45 



15-33 

18-54 

1-46=98-94  Rath. 

8. 

Piedmont,  Diall. 

50-05 

2-58 

11-98 



17-24 

15-63 

2-13=99-61  Regnault. 

9. 

Ural, 

52-60 

3-27 

5-35 



16-43 

20-44 

1-59=99-68  Regnault. 

10. 

Florence,       " 

53-20 

2-47 

8-67 

0-38 

14-91 

19-09 

1-77  =  100-49  Kohler. 

11. 

Harz, 

53-71 

2-82 

8-08 

17-55 

17-06 

1-04=100-27  Kohler. 

12. 

Baste,  gnh.-bn. 

52-88 

2-82 

8-40 

17-68 

17-40 

1-06=100-24  Kohler. 

13. 

U                       U 

52-00 

3-10 

9-36 

18-51 

16-29 

1-10=100  36  Ramm. 

14. 

Salzburg,  gn. 

51-34 

4-39 

8-23 

15-69 

18-28 

2-1  1  =  100-04  Kohler. 

16. 

"          9V' 

50-20 

3-80 

8-40 

__ 

16-40 

20-26 

=99-06  KobelL 

16. 

Harzburg,  Diall. 

52-84 

4-56 

9-41 



16-05 

13-16 

3-29,  alk.  0-39,  Pe  1-84,  £r  0'09, 

Ti  0-22  =  101-85  Strentr. 

17. 

Odern,            " 

49-30 

5-50 

9-43 

0-51 

17-61 

15-43 

0-85,  ^r  0-30=98-93  Delesse. 

18. 

Genoa,  met.  Di. 

49-50 

5-55 

3-28 

14-12 

18-12 

1-77,  V  3-65,  Na  3'75 

Schafh. 

19. 

Harzburg,  Hyp. 

52-34 

3-05 

8-84 



15-58 

19-18 

0-66=99-65  Streng. 

20. 

a                      u 

51-26 

3-62 

911 



16-69 

19-18 

0-34,  3?e  1-03=101-23 

Streng. 

21. 

Wilmington,  " 

52-17 

4-00^610-73 

tr. 

11-33 

20-00 

1-27=99-50  Seybert. 

No.  1,  fr.  gabbro,  G.=3'249;  2,  ib.,  G.=3'244;  3,  ib.,  G.=3'245;  4,  ib.,  G.=3'336;  5,  fr. 
hypersthene  rock,  G.=3'343  ;  6,  G.=3-21,  H.=4-5;  7,  fr.  gabbro  of  Graubiindten,  G.=3*253;  8, 
met.  diallage,  G.  =  3'261 ;  9,  met.  diallage,  fr.  serpentine;  10,  fr.  gabbro,  G.  =  3*256;  12,  fr. gabbro, 
G.  =  3'23;  13,  fr.  gabbro,  G.  =  3-300;  14,  G-.  =  8'23;  15,  G.  =  3'2;  1 6,  fr.  gabbro ;  18,  vanadiferous 
bronzite,  G.  =  3'25;  19,  20,  fr.  gabbro,  pseudo-hypersthene ;  21,  pseudo-hypersthene,  assoc.  with 
quartz,  G.  =  3'25;  B.B.  fus. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Varying  widely,  owing  to  the  wide  variations  in  composition  in  the  different  varie- 
ties, and  often  by  insensible  gradations.  Fusibility,  from  the  almost  infusible  diallage  to  3'75  in 
diopside  ;  3*5  in  sahlite,  baikalite,  and  omphacite ;  3  in  jeffersonite  and  augite ;  2-p  in  hedenberg- 
ite.  Varieties  rich  in  iron  afford  a  magnetic  globule  when  fused  on  charcoal,  and  in  general  their 
fusibility  varies  with  the  amount  of  iron.  Jeffersonite  gives  with  soda  on  charcoal  a  reaction  for 
zinc  and  manganese  ;  many  others  also  give  with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  manganese.  Most  vari- 
eties are  unacted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Pyroxene  is  a  common  mineral  in  crystalline  limestone  and  dolomite,  in  serpentine,  and 
in  volcanic  rocks ;  and  occurs  also,  but  less  abundantly,  in  connection  with  granitic  rocks  and 
metamorphic  schists.  The  pyroxene  of  limestone  is  mostly  the  white  and  light  green,  or  gray 
varieties  ;  that  of  most  other  metamorphic  rocks,  sometimes  white  or  colorless,  but  usually  green 
of  different  shades,  from  pale  green  to  greenish -black,  and  occasionally  black  ;  that  of  serpentine 
is  sometimes  in  fine  crystals,  but  often  of  the  foliated  green  kind  called  diallage ;  that  of  eruption 
rocks  is  the  black  to  greenish-black  augite. 


220 

In  limestone  the  associates  are  often  hornblende,  scapolite,  garnet,  orthoclase,  sphene,  phlogo- 
pite,  and  sometimes  brown  tourmaline,  chlorite,  talc,  zircon,  spinel,  rutile,  etc. ;  and  in  other 
metamorphio  rocks  mostly  the  same.  In  eruptive  rocks  the  crystals  are  imbedded,  and  often  occur 
with  similarly  disseminated  chrysolite,  crystals  of  orthoclase,  sanidin,  labradorite,  leucite,  etc. 

Pyroxene  is  an  essential  constituent  of  ijfany  rocks.  Pyroxenyte  is  a  metamorphic  rock  consist- 
ing mainly  of  compact  pyroxene  of  the/£Jahlite  section.  Lherzolyte,  from  the  borders  of  Lake 
Lherz,  in  the  department  of  Ariege  in  F^nce  (described  by  Charpentier  and  Dufre'noy  as  a  variety 
of  pyroxene),  is  a  green  pyroxenic  rock.  )  (For  constitution,  see  under  SPINEL.)  Pyroxene  along 
with  labradorite  constitutes  the  dark  gr/iy  and  green  to  black  eruptive  rock  called  doleryte,  which 
often  contains  also  magnetic  iron  ore  if  grains  ;  and  with  labradorite  and  chrysolite,  the  related 
rock  basalt.  Doleritic  and  basaltic  lam$  have  the  same  composition.  "With  leucite  it  forms  the 
leucitophyr,  the  common  igneous  rock^of  Vesuvius;  and  with  nephelin,  nephelinyte  or  nepkelin- 
dokryte,  another  Italian  igneous  rock,  f  The  pyroxene  of  these  igneous  rocks  is  the  black  variety 
augite ;  and  it  often  occurs  in  distincjfcrystals  of  the  forms  in  figs.  203-206.  Many  kinds  of  tufa, 
and  the  earthy  basaltic  rock  called^  ujacke  (either  a  variety  of  tufa  or  a  decomposed  basalt  or 
doleryte)  often  consist  largely  of  cnrstals  or  grains  of  augite. 

Diallage  occurs  generally  in  ser/jntine  or  steatitic  rocks. 

Many  foreign  localities  of  pyr/  jne  have  already  been  briefly  indicated  (pp.  214-219).  The 
crystals  of  Ala  in  Piedmont  are  Wjsociated  with  garnets  and  talc  in  veins  traversing  serpentine ; 
and  the  more  transparent  are  sometimes  cut  and  worn  as  gems. 

In  N.  America,  it  occurs  in  Maine,  at  Raymond  and  Rumford,  diopside,  sahlite,  etc. ;  at  Deer 
Isle,  diallage  in  serpentine.  In  Vermont,  at  Thetford,  black  augite,  with  chrysolite,  in  boulders 
of  basalt.  In  Mass.,  in  Berkshire,  white  crystals  abundant ;  at  the  Bolton  quarries,  same,  good ; 
"Westfield  and  Blanford,  diallage  in  serp.  In  Conn.,  at  Canaan,  white  cryst.  2-3  in.  long  by  1-2 
in.  broad,  in  dolomite ;  in  Trumbull,  large  green  cryst.  in  limestone ;  in  Reading,  on  the  turnpike 
near  the  line  of  Danbury,  small  transp.  cryst.,  and  granular ;  at  Watertown,  near  the  Naugatuck, 
white  diopside.  In  N.  Fork,  in  N.  Y.  Co.,  white  cryst.  in  dolomite;  at  Warwick,  fine  cryst. 
(descr.  and  fig.  by  v.  Rath,  Pogg.,  cxi.  263) ;  in  Westchester  Co.,  white,  at  the  Sing-Sing  quarries ; 
in  Orange  Co.,  in  Monroe,  at  Two  Ponds,  cryst.,  often  large,  with  scapolite,  spheue,  etc.,  in  lime- 
stone ;  3  m.  S.E.  of  Greenwood  furnace,  sahlite  with  coccolite ;  £  m.  E.  of  same,  in  cryst.  with 
mica  in  limestone,  one  6  in.  long  and  10  in.  in  circ. ;  1  m.  "W.  of  Coffee's  Hotel  in  Monroe,  black 
coccolite ;  2-£  m.  N".  of  Edenville,  gray  cryst. ;  1  m.  N.W.  of  Edenville,  black  cryst.  in  limestone ; 
in  Cornwall,  the  var.  hudsonite ;  near  Amity  and  Fort  Montgomery,  good ;  in  Forest-df-Dean, 
lamellar,  green,  and  bronze-colored,  with  black  coccolite  ;  in  Putnam  Co.,  near  Patterson,  grayish- 
white  cryst..  abundant;  at  Rogers'  Rock,  L.  George,  massive  and  granular  (coccolite),  gray, 
green,  brown ;  near  Oxbow,  on  Vrooman  Lake  ;  in  Lewis  Co.,  at  Diana,  white  and  black  cryst. ; 
in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  at  Fine,  in  large  cryst.;  in  Essex  Co.,  near  Long  Pond,  cryst.  (f.  213),  also 
beautiful  green  coccolite ;  at  Willsboro',  green  coccolite  with  sphene  and  wollastonite.  In  N.  Jer- 
sey, in  Franklin,  good  cryst.  In  Penn.,  near  Attleboro',  cryst.  and  granular ;  in  Pennsbury,  at 
Burnett's  quarry,  diopside.  In  Maryland,  Hartford  Co.,  at  Cooptown,  diallage.  In  Delaware,  at 
Wilmington,  a  hypersthene-like  variety  (anal.  21),  Nuttal's  Madureite.  In  Canada,  at  Bytown, 
subtrp.  white  cryst.,  1-1^-  in.,  in  limestone;  at  Calumet  I.,  grayish-green  cryst.  in  limestone  with 
phlogopite,  some  appearing  to  be  altered  Eozoon ;  at  the  High  Falls  of  the  Madawaska,  cryst. 
sometimes  1  ft.  long  and  4  in.  wide,  having  cryst.  of  hornblende  attached ;  in  Kildau,  as  a  rock  ; 
in  Bathurst,  colorless  or  white  cryst.;  near  Ottawa,  in  large  subtrp.  cryst.,  in  limestone;  at 
Grenville,  dark  green  cryst.,  and  granular ;  at  Montreal,  Rougemont  and  Montarvelli  Mts.,  black 
in  doleryte. 

Alt.— Pyroxene  undergoes  alteration  in  different  ways,  as  has  been  well  explained  by  Bischof, 
and  many  species  have  been  instituted  on  the  material  in  different  stages  of  change.  In  the 
simplest,  there  is  only  a  taking  up  of  water,  producing  a  "  hydrous  augite."  The  water  found  in 
several  of  the  analyses  already  cited  may  be  from  this  source.  In  many  cases  a  loss  of  silica 
appears  to  attend  this  hydration ;  and  often,  also,  a  loss  of  one  or  more  of  the  bases  (of  which 
the  lime  and  iron  are  the  first  to  go),  through  the  dissolving  agency  of  waters  holding  carbonic 
acid,  or  carbonates,  in  solution.  Thus  may  come  the  following  substances : 

18.  HYDROUS  AUGITE.  Analyses  1,  2,  3  of  an  altered  sahlite  from  Sala,  Sweden,  the  three 
analyses  made  on  different  fragments  of  the  same  piece,  by  H.  Rose. 

14.  PICROPHYLL  (Svanberg,  Pogg ,  1.  662,  1839).    Also  from  Sala,  where  it  occurs  both  massive, 
with  the  cleavage  of  pyroxene,  and  fibrous,  of  a  greenish-gray  color,  with  H.  =  2-6  and  G.  —  2*75. 
Analyses :  4,  Svanberg  (1.  c.).     Formula  deduced  R,  Si+f  H.     Named  from  mxpos,  litter,  and 
<j>v\\ov,  leaf,  in  allusion  to  the  odor  when  moistened. 

15.  PYRALLOLITE  (Nordenxkiold,  Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  389,  1820).     From  Finland,  where  it  occurs 
mostly  in  limestone,  with  pyroxene  and  scapolite.     A  pyrallolite  from  Sibbo  in  Finland  has 
been  named  Vargasite,  after  Count  Vargas,  Huot  Min.,  ii.  676,  1841;  Wargasit  Germ.     Analyses: 
5,  Nordenskiold  (1.  c.),  of  the  original  mineral  from  Storgord,  whitish  or  greenish- white,  with 
H.=3-5— 4,  G.=2'53— 2-73,  for  which  the  formula  MgSi  +  £H  has  been  written;  6-14,  later, 


BISILICATES. 


221 


by  Arppe,  Furuhjelm,  Runeberg,  and  Selin  (Anal.  Finsk.  Min.,  35),  from  different  Finland  locali- 
ties— 6,  large  whitish  crystals  from  Storgard,  G.  =  2'53;  7-10,  from  Kulla  quarry  in  Kiraito ;  8. 
whitish,  augitic  in  structure,  H.= 3— 4;  9  and  10,  whitish  and  earthy;  11,  green  and  columnar 
Gr.=2-70,  H.=3— 4,  from  Takvedaholm;  12,  similar,  from  Skrabbole;  13,  greenish  and  granular, 
with  G-.  =  2'61,  from  Haapakyla;  14,  brownish  or  grayish-yellow  and  columnar,  H.  =  3,  Gk=2-66, 
from  Frugard.  The  crystalline  structure  is  that  of  pyroxene.  Named  from  irty,  fire,  aAAo?,  other. 

16.  SCHILLER  SPAR  in  part  (Schillerstein  Wern.,  Bastile  pt.)      An  impure  serpentine,  from 
Baste  in  the  Harz,  having  often  the  cleavage  and  forms  of  pyroxene;  H.  =  3'5— 4;  G-.=2*5 — 
2'7b;  lustre  metallic-pearly  to  subvitreous ;  color  dark -green  to  pinchbeck-brown.     Analysis  15, 
by  Kohler  (Pogg.,  xi.  192) ;  16,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xlix.  387).     See  further  SERPENTINE. 

17.  TRAVERSELLITE  (Scheerer,  Pogg.,  xciii.  109,  1854).     A  leek-green  mineral,  in  crystals,  hav- 
ing the  form  of  pyroxene,  from  Traversella  in  Piedmont.     Analysis :  17,  R.  Richter  (1.  a). 

18.  PITKARANDITE  (Scheerer,  Pogg.,  xciii.  100,  1854).     Has  a  leek-green  or  dark-green  color, 
and  looks  like  unaltered  pyroxene,  having  the  crystal  planes  I,  i-i,  i-i,  with  cleavage  parallel  to 
i-i.     It  is  from  Pitkaranda  in  Finland.     Analyses :  18,  R.  Richter  (Pogg.,  xciii.  101)  ;  19,  Frank- 
enhauser.     Scheerer  refers  here  part  of  pyrallolite  (anal.  20). 

19.  STRAKONITZITE  (v.  Zepharovich,  Jahrb.  geol.  Reichs.,  iv.  695,  1853).     Approaches  steatite. 
It  occurs  in  greenish-yellow  crystals,  soft  and  greasy  in  feel,  with  G-.  =  1'91.     Analysis:  21,  v. 
Hauer  (1.  c.). 

20.  MONRADITE  (Erdmann,  Ac.  H.  Stockh.,  1842,  p.  103).    Probably  a  slightly  altered  pyroxene 
or  hornblende.     Described  as  occurring  granular  massive,  with  two  unequal  cleavages  mutually 
inclined  about  130° ;  with  H.  =  6,  Gr.=3*2673 ;  color  yellowish,  honey-yellow,  and  lustre  vitreous. 
Analysis  :  22,  Erdmann  (1.  c.).     Formula  deduced  (Mg,  Fe)  Si-f  £  H.     From  Bergen  in  Norway. 
Named  after  Dr.  Monrad. 

H 

4-52=99-82  Rose. 

3-12  =  97-44  Rose. 

3-12=97-51  Rose. 

9-83  =  98-48  Svaub. 

3-58,  bit.  &  loss  6'38  Nord. 

7-10  =  100-05  Arppe. 

8-5  =  100  Arppe. 
12-33=99-41  Runeberg. 

8-78=100-12  Selin. 

6-48=99-66  Furuhjelm. 

9-15  =  100-17  Arppe. 

7-56=101-03  Arppe. 

7-30  =  100-80  Arppe. 

7-32=100-64  Arppe. 
12-43,  £r  2'37  Kohler. 
10-13  =  101-95  Ramm. 

3-69=100-09  Richter. 

2-52  =  100-19  Richter. 

2-80=99-19  Frank. 

4-62,  £e  0-67=99-83  Sch. 
19-86=100  Hauer. 

4-04=100-40  Erdm. 

T.  S.  Hunt  has  analyzed  some  altered  pyroxenes  (Logan's  Rep.,  1863,  490)  from  Canada,  related 
closely  in  composition  to  his  loganite  (which  is  altered  hornblende ;  see  under  HORNBLENDE)  ; 
and  also 

21.  HYDROUS  DIALLAGES  (1.  c.,  p.  469),  that  may  be  examples  of  other  alterations  of  the  species. 
The  following  are  his  analyses :  No.  1,  of  a  brittle  cleavable-massive  mineral,  forming  a  bed  in  a 
deposit  of  apatite  in  North  Elmsley,  having  the  cleavages  of  pyroxene  perfect;  H.=3  ;  G-.='2'538 
—2-539;  color  greenish-gray;  powder  unctuous.     No.  2,  a  similar  material  from  N.  Burgess, 
having  the  cleavage  of  pyroxene;  a  waxy  lustre;  H.=2— 3,  and  G.  =  2'32— 2-35;  pale  grayish- 
gieen  color;  an  unctuous  feel.    No.  3,  a  coarse,  cleavable,  bronze-colored  diallage,  forming  a  rock 
at  Ham.     No.  4,  a  rock  from  Orford,  consisting  of  small  masses  of  pearly,  translucent,  celandine- 
green  diallage,  with  H.  =  5'0,  and  G-.=3'02— 3*03: 

H 

14-31  =  99-52 
16-93  =  100-62 
6-30=100-86 
5-83  =  101-56 


Si 

XI 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg 

Ca 

1. 

Altd.  augite 

60-35 

— 

4-16 

0-78 

25-07 

4-94 

2. 

(i 

56-27 

0-45 

5-13 



21-58 

10-89 

3. 

» 

56-48 

o-io 

4-11 

0-66 

23-46 

9-58 

4. 

Picrophyll 

49-80 

1-11 

6-86 



30-10 

0-78 

5. 

Pyrallolite,  Storg. 

56-62 

3-38 

0-89 

0-99 

23-38 

5-58 

6. 

44                            (4 

76-23 

1-79 

0-72 



11-65 

2-56 

7. 

Kulla 

56-9 

1-4 

0-6 



[28-7] 

3-9 

8. 

44                      44 

48-88 

0-48 

1-55 

0-76 

24-72 

10-69 

9. 

44                      44 

58-87 

1-79 

0-57 



18-39 

11-72 

10. 

<4                      (4 

66-18 

0-87 

1-83 



18-77 

5-53 

11. 

"        Takv. 

55-17 

1-13 

1-45 

0-09 

26-85 

6-33 

12. 

"        Skrab. 

55-92 

1-55 

1-86 

1-68 

26-12 

6-34 

13. 

Haap. 

67-49 

1-11 

1-26 

0-69 

30-05 

2-90 

14. 

Frug. 

63-87 

0-34 

2-18 



23-19 

3-74 

15. 

Schiller  spar 

43-08 

1-73 

10-91 

0-57 

26-16 

2-75 

16. 

14 

41-48 

6-49 

16-61 



27-24 



17. 

Traversellite 

52-39 

1-21 

20-46 



14-41 

7-93 

18. 

Pitkarandite 

61-25 

0-41 

12-71 

0-83 

13-30 

9-17 

19. 

" 

54-67 

1-34 

12-84 

0-60 

12-50 

14-42 

20. 

"         Storg. 

60-06 

5-67 

1-68 



27-13 



21. 

Slrakonitzite 

53-42 

7-00 

15-41 

—  . 

2-94 

1-37 

22. 

Monradite 

56-17 



8-56 



31-63 



1.  N.  Elmsley,  loganitic  (£)  36-70 

2.  N.  Burgess,        "  (f)  39-30 

3.  Ham,  diallagic  50'00 

4.  Orford,     "  (I)  47-15 


10-96 

14-25 


Fe 
9-36 


3-45 


4-41 
13-59 

8-73 


Mg 
28-19 
25-73 
27-17 
24-55 


Ca 


3-80 
11-35 


222  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

A  complete  removal  of  the  lime  and  iron  produces  steatite  or  talc,  a  common  material  of  pseudo 
morphs.  Rensselaerite  is  a  variety  of  steatite  (see  TALC),  having  sometimes  the  cleavage  of 
pyroxene.  Pyrallolite  is  also  in  part  talc  or  steatite  (anal.  5,  13,  14).  Saponite  and  serpentine 
(q.  v.)  are  other  results  of  the  same  kind  of  alteration,  they  consisting,  like  talc,  of  silica, 
magnesia,  and  water.  Hortonite  is  a  steatitic  pseudomorph  of  pyroxene,  found  in  Orange  Co., 
K  Y.,  with  chondrodite. 

The  following  are  other  kinds  of  pseudomorphs :  Hematite,  Limonite,  Magnetite,  Palagonite 
(which  see).  In  the  pyroxenes  containing  much  iron,  especially  the  augitic  varieties,  the  protoxyd 
of  iron,  when  moisture  and  air  are  present,  may  pass  to  a  higher  state  of  oxydation,  and  the 
mineral  take  a  red  color  (the  color  of  anhydrous  sesquioxyd  of  iron  (hematite],  or  it  may  take  up 
water  as  well  as  oxygen,  and  become  of  a  brownish-yellow  color,  the  color  of  the  hydrous  sesqui- 
oxyd, or  limonite.  Magnetite  is  another  result,  and  probably  through  the  alteration  of  one  of  these 
oxyds  as  an  intermediate  state. 

Palagonite,  as  Bunsen  has  observed,  is  one  of  the  products  arising  in  part  from  the  change  of 
the  iron  to  a  sesquioxyd ;  it  is  the  material  of  many  tufas  of  volcanic  regions,  as  those  of  Iceland 
and  Etna,  such  tufas  having  been  made  from  doleritic  or  basaltic  lavas  abounding  in  pyroxene. 
Bunsen  remarks  that  palagonite  may  be  made  artificially  by  putting  powdered  basalt  into  a  large 
excess  of  caustic  potash  in  fusion  and  pouring  on  water ;  the  product,  after  washing,  is  hydrated, 
pulverulent,  and  gelatinizes  with  weak  acids,  and  its  composition  is  like  that  of  the  purest 
palagonite  of  Iceland.  For  analyses,  see  p.  483. 

Epidote  is  another  mineral  resulting  from  the  kind  of  change  here  mentioned. 

In  one  variety  of  the  diallage  from  the  gabbro  of  Harzburg  (see  analyses  of  others  on  p.  219), 
A.  Streng  found  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiii.  54)  Si  45'73,  £l  5-60,  3Pe  12-18,  Fe  8-00,  Mg  12;55,  Ca  8-86, 
alkalies  0*55,  H  4'68=98'15 — a  percentage  of  oxyd  of  iron  and  of  water  which  indicates  partial 
alteration. 

Cimolite.  In  the  case  of  the  aluminous  pyroxene,  when  all  the  bases  except  the  alumina  are 
removed  and  water  taken  up,  there  may  result  cimolite  (q.  v.),  a  whitish  clay-like  earth,  which 
has  been  observed  constituting  pseudomorphs  of  augite  at  Bilin  in  Bohemia.  In  the  change  to 
this  aluminous  silicate,  alumina  may  possibly  be  added,  to  some  extent,  from  an  external  source, 
as  from  feldspar  decomposing  in  the  same  rock.  Pisani  gives  the  following  composition  of  a 
greenish  aluminous,  although  talc-like,  pseudomorph  having  the  angles  of  pyroxene  (0.  R.,  liv. 
51): 

Si  £l  Fe          Mg          Ca          Na  K  H 

56-52         20-49         2'67         5'94         0'93         3'32         3'88         7-40 

Glauconite.  Mica.  Under  the  action  of  alkaline  waters,  alkalies  may  be  introduced.  Thus 
the  hydrous  mineral  glauconite  (q.  v.)  or  green  earth  may  result  as  a  constituent  of  some  augite  pseu- 
domorphs ;  or  the  essentiaUy  anhydrous  mineral  mica,  which  has  been  observed  by  Kjerulf  as  a 
pseudomorph  after  augite,  in  the  Eiffel.  Kjerulf  gives  the  following  analyses  (1)  of  an  unaltered 
augite,  and  (2)  the  mica  derived  from  it : 

Si          £l         Fe       Mg       Ca       Na       &      Ign. 

1.  Augite  50-21       6'94       7'59     13'66     19*86      0-33=98-58 

2.  Mica  pseud.    43-10     15-05     23'25     10-82      0-81     0'82     4'62     1-50,  with  Ti  1'03  as  impurity. 

Acmite  (q.  v.)  is  considered  by  Bischof  and  Rose  a  pyroxene  altered  by  the  alkaline  process. 

Quartz.  Opal.  Calcite.  The  removal  of  the  mineral  by  the  decomposing  and  dissolving 
agencies  may  be  attended  by  the  introduction  of  silica  from  the  waters  present,  these  waters  hav- 
ing become  siliceous  as  a  consequence  of  the  decompositions.  Hence  may  come  siliceous  pseudo- 
morphs, either  anhydrous  like  quartz,  or  hydrous  like  opal.  One  such  from  Vesuvius  is  described 
by  Rammelsberg,  which  still  contained  some  part  of  the  bases,  affording  him  on  analysis  (Pogg., 
lixx.  387): 

Si  85-31,     £11-58,     £e  1-67,     Mg  1-70,     Ca  2'66,     H  5'47  =  98'42. 

In  some  cases  the  waters  hold  in  solution  carbonate  of  lime  instead  of  silica,  and  this  salt  of 
lime  consequently  takes  the  place  of  the  removed  mineral,  and  so  calcite  pseudomorphs  after  py- 
roxene are  produced. 

22.  URALITE.  Augite  also  occurs  altered  to  hornblende,  and  the  product  has  been  named  uralite 
by  Rose  (Pogg.,  xx.  322,  1830,  xxvii.  97,  xxxi.  619).  The  crystals  have  the  form  of  augite,  but  the 
cleavage  of  hornblende.  /A  7=124° ;  they  appear  to  consist  of  an  aggregation  of  minute  hornblende 
prisms.  They  are  subtransparent  in  very  thin  laminae,  have  a  deep-green  color,  a  greenish- white 
streak,  with  H.=5  or  nearly,  and  G.=3-14— 3-15,  Ural;  3-273,  Silesia,  v.  Rath.  Analyses:  1, 
Kudernatsch  (Pogg.,  xxxvii.  586) ;  2,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Chem.,  490) ;  3,  G-.  v.  Rath  (Pogg.,  xcv. 
557): 


BISILICATES. 


223 


1.  Ural 

2.  " 

3.  Silesia 


Si 

53-05 
50-75 
48'70 


XI 
4*56 
5-65 
0-82 


Fe 
16'37 
16'48 
25-21 


fin 


0'79 


fig 
12'90 
12-28 
12-01 


Ca 
12-47 
11-59 
11-25 


-  =99'35  Kuder. 
1-80=99-34  Ramm. 
I'Ol,  alk.  tr.=99  Rath. 


Uralite  was  obtained  by  Rose  from  a  green  porphyritic  rock  at  Mostovaja,  Lake  Baltym,  neai 
Katharinenberg,  and  at  Carminskoj,  near  Miask,  in  the  Ural.  It  has  since  been  reported  from 
Arendal  in  Norway ;  Tavignolo,  near  Predazzo  in  the  Tyrol ;  near  Neurode  in  Silesia,  in  green- 
stone ;  Tunguragua  in  Quito ;  Mysore  in  India. 

Artif.— Diopside  has  been  observed  as  a  furnace  product  at  the  iron-works  of  Philipsburg,  N. 
Jersey  (G-.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxix.  132) ;  and  dark-colored  pyroxene  at  Gaspenberg;  in  an 
old  furnace  near  Hacheburg ;  a  copper  furnace  near  Dillenburg ;  at  Fahlun  and  Oldbury ;  a  man- 
ganese-augite  at  Magdesprung. 

Formed  in  crystals,  as  diopside,  artificially  by  the  action  of  chlorid  of  silicon  on  magnesia 
(Daubree) ;  also,  a  grayish- white  var.,  by  mixing  the  constituents  and  exposing  to  a  high  heat 
(Berthier). 

Augite  in  small  yellow  crystals  has  been  found  in  old  fumaroles  at  Eiterkopfe,  near  Andernach 
(v.  Rath). 

238A.  OMPHACITE.  (Omphazit  [fr.  Baireut]  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  ii.  2,  302,  1812;  Breith.,  ib.,  iv. 
2,  125,  1817,  Handb.,  612,  1841,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  365,  397,  1865.) 

Monoclinic.  Cleavage:  in  two  directions  with  the  interangle  115°,  one  perfect,  the  other  imper- 
fect. Massive,  granular,  disseminated.  H.=5— 6.  Gkr=3-2— 3-3;  3-178— 3-231,  Breith.;  3-263, 
fr.  Ober-Pferdt,  3-270.  fr.  between  "Wustuben  and  Weppenreuth,  3-243,  fr.  Silberbach,  3-301,  fr. 
Stambach,  all  in  the  Fichtelgebirge,  Fikenscher.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  grass-  to  leek-green. 

Comp. — Analyses  by  J.  Fikenscher  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  397) : 

Si  Xl  Fe  fig        Oa  Na      K  ign. 

1.  Ober-Pferdt            52-57  9-12  5'32  13-75  17*41  I'll  0'28  0*32=99*98 

2.  Wustuben               52'35  9'69  4'08  12-85  18-05  1*73  0'32  0'62=99-69 

3.  Silberbach              52-77  9*19  4*81  13-60  18-11  1*22  0-41  =  100-11 

4.  Stumbach                52-18  8'71  11-63  10*77  14-16  0'87  0*14  0'50=99'94 


5.  Pacher,  Styria        50-29     6'67     3'26     15-22     21-50    0'88    0'88 

Anal.  1  gives  for  the  0  ratio  of  R,  B,  Si,  2-6  : 1  :  6-1 ;  No.  2,  2-8:1: 6-4 ;  No.  5,  13-3  : 3'75  : 26*13 
(differing  much  from  those  adopted  by  Fikenscher).  Although  much  care  was  taken  to  use  the 
pure  mineral,  the  results  seem  to  indicate  an  intimate  mixture  with  some  alumina  silicate ;  and 
possibly  with  lime-garnet  or  kyanite,  which  are  its  associates.  If  this  be  the  case,  the  mineral 
may  still  be  pyroxene  or  hornblende,  as  has  been  supposed.  After  an  examination  of  the  mineral, 
we  regard  with  doubt  the  cleavage  angle  given  by  Breithaupt. 

Omphacite  occurs  near  Hof  in  Baireut,  Bavaria,  at  the  localities  mentioned  above,  and  also  at 
Pacher  in  Styria.  It  is  intimately  mixed  with  a  lime-garnet,  and  also  usually  with  kyanite,  mak- 
ing the  tough  greenish  rock,  spotted  with  pale  garnet,  called  eclogyle.  The  rock  contains  often 
scales  of  a  silvery  mica.  The  name  Omphacite  is  from  d/jcpa£,  an  unripe  grape,  alluding  to  the  color , 
it  is  among  the  names  of  green  stones  mentioned  by  Pliny. 

238B.  VIOLAN  Breithaupt  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xv.  321,  1838).  Occasionally  in  prismatic  crystals,  afford- 
ing, according  to  Descloizeaux,  the  angles,  and  the  planes  /,  i-i,  i-i,  and  i-3,  of  pyroxene,  and  cleav- 
age in  the  direction  of  /.  Usually  lamellar  massive,  sometimes  fibrous.  H.=6.  Gr.=3'233. 
Lustre  waxy.  Color  dark  violet-blue.  Translucent,  but  in  thin  plates  transparent. 

Damour  obtained  (Descloizeaux's  Min.,  i.  66),  in  an  unsatisfactory  analysis  of  the  lamellar  min- 
eral (unsatisfactory  because  this  variety  is  penetrated  by  a  fibrous  mineral  which  appears  to  be 
tremolite),  Si  56'H,  £19-04,  Fe  2*46,  Mn  2-54  Mg  10*40,  Ca  13*62,  Na  5*63, =99*80.  Plattner 
had  previously  ascertained  by  his  trials  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xv.  321)  that  it  was  a  silicate  of  alumina,  iron, 
manganese,  lime,  magnesia,  and  soda. 

It  is  unaltered  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  clear  glass,  coloring  the  flame  yellow 
(soda).  "With  borax  and  soda  gives  reactions  for  manganese  and  iron. 

Occurs  in  small  seams  with  white  quartz,  white  fibrous  tremolite  spotted  violet  with  manganese, 
greenovite  and  mangauesian  epidote,  in  the  braunite  of  St.  Marcel,  in  the  valley  of  Aosta,  Pied- 
mont. Named  from  its  color. 


239.  JEGIRITE.     ^Egirin  Esmark,  Berzelius,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1835,  184. 

Monoclinic,  and  isomorphous  with  pyroxene.     Cleavage :  i-i  perfect ;  1 
less  so  ;  i-l  still  less.     Usual  in  striated  or  channelled  prisms. 


224: 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


H.=5-5—  6.  G.=3-45—  3-58;  3'578,  fr.  Skaadoe,  Kammelsberg  ;  3-464, 
fr.  Berkevig,  Pisaiii.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  greenish-black.  Streak  dark- 
green.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 


Oomp.—  R3Si3  +  5?eSi3r=(^K3  +  i-3Pe)Si3=,  if  B— 
22-6,  protoxyd  of  iron  10-1,  lime  7  -9,  soda  8'7  =  100. 
302)  ;  2,  Pisani  (C.  E.,  IvL  846)  : 


+  Fe,  Silica  50-7,  sesquioxyd  of  iron 
Analyses:  1,  Eammelsberg  (Pogg.,  ciii.  286, 


K 


Si     £1      Pe     Fe    &n  Mg    Oa 
1    Skaadoe     50-52  1-22  22-07  8'80  1'40  1-28  5'97     9'29  0-94  =  100-72  Kamm. 
2.  Berkevig  52-11  2*47  22-80  8-40   --  (HI  2'60  12-10,  H  0'30=101'19  Pisani. 

For  an  imperfect  anal,  by  Plantamour,  see  Bibl.  Univ.  Geneve,  1841. 

As  Eammelsberg  observes,  segirine  holds  the  same  relation  in  composition  to  pyroxene  that 
arfvedsonite  does  to  hornblende  ;  in  each  alkalies  being  present,  and  sesquioxyd  of  iron  replacing 
to  a  large  extent  the  protoxyd  bases. 

Pyr.,  etc.  _  B.B.  fuses  easily,  coloring  the  flame  yellow  (soda)  ;  gives  a  magnetic  globule  on 
charcoal.  Not  appreciably  attacked  by  acids. 

Obs.—  Occurs  with  leucophanite,  cancrinite,  elseolite,  in  Norway,  near  Brevig,  on  the  Isle  of 
Skaadoe,  and  at  Berkevig. 

Von  Hornberg  obtained  from  a  perfect  crystal  from  Lamoe,  /A/—  87°  21'—  87°  47',  and  92°  48' 
—92°  20',  the  variation  owing  to  a  slight  irregularity  in  the  prism,  the  edges  and  faces  being  not 
quite  parallel. 

Named  after  l&gir,  the  Scandinavian  god  of  the  sea. 

240.  AOMITE.    Achmit  Strom,  Ak.  H.  Stockh,  1821,  160,  and  Berz.,  ib.,  163.     Akmit  Germ. 

Monoclinic.  <?=T4°,  I/\  7=86°  56'  ;  ail:  c=0;5405  : 
1  :  0*9135.  Occurring  planes  :  0  ;  vertical,  i-i,  i-l,  I: 
dome,  24;  pyramidal,  4-2,  —12-3,  12-J-.  4-2  replaces  the 
edge  between  24  and  i-i.  Cleavage  :  /distinct  ;  i-l  less  so. 
Plane  i-i  often  longitudinally  striated  or  channelled.  Twins  : 
composition-face  i-i  ;  common. 

H.=:6.  G.—  3-2—  3-53  ;  3'43,  Eammelsberg,  piece  of  a 
crystal  ;  3*53,  same  pulverized.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining 
to  resinous.  Streak  pale  yellowish-gray.  Color  brownish 
or  reddish-brown  ;  in  the  fracture  blackish-green.  Opaque. 
Fracture  uneven  —  earthy.  Brittle.  Plane  of  optical  axis 
parallel  to  clinodiagonal  section,  Descl. 


Comp.—  E3Si3+2l?eSi3=(iIl3  +  |5?e)Si3=,  if  Na:  Fe=3:  1,  Silica  51-3, 
sesquioxyd  of  iron  30*4,  protoxyd  of  iron  5-1,  soda  13-2.  Analyses:  1,  Ber- 
zelius  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1821,  160);  2,  Lehunt  (Thomson's  Min.,  i.  480);  3, 
Eammelsberg  (Pogg.,  ciii.  300)  : 


Si       £e 

1.  Eundemyr  55-25  31-25 

2.  "     '      52-02    

3.  "  51-66  28-28 


Mn      Fe      &n     Ca     Na 

1-08 072  10-40,  Ti  <r.=98'70  B. 

28-08    349    0-88  13-33,  Mg  0-50,  ^tl  0-68= 

98-98  L. 

5-23    0-69  12-46,    K   043,    Ti   I'll, 

ign.  0-39=loO-25  E. 


The  protoxyd  bases  are  mainly  soda  and  protoxyd  of  iron.  Eammelsbe~g  makes  the  ratio  of 
the  former  to  the  latter  3 : 1.  The  ratio  of  the  protoxyds  to  the  sesquioxyds  is  1  :  2,  while  it  is 
1 :  1  in  asgirine,  and  1  : 4  in  spodumene.  Anal.  1  gives  the  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica=l :  2^. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  2  to  a  lustrous  black  magnetic  globule,  coloring  the  flame  deep  yellow, 
and  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron  and  sometimes  manganese.  Slightly  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Acmite  occurs  at  Eundemyr,  4  m.  S.  of  Dunserud,  near  Kongsberg  in  Norway,  in  slender 
crystals,  sometimes  nearly  a  foot  long,  imbedded  in  feldspar  and  quartz ;  the  crystals  are  often 
macled  and  bent,  and  quite  fragile. 


BISILICATES. 


225 


Named  from  W/^,  apomt,  in  allusion  to  the  pointed  extremities  of  the  crystals. 

G.  Rose  has  suggested  that  acmite,  as  hitherto  observed,  is  probably  in  a  somewhat  altered 
condition,  and  that  possibly  the  segirine  of  Brevig  is  acmite  in  an  unchanged  state  (Krvst  Ch 
Min.,  76,  1852). 

241.  RHODONITE.  Bother  Braunstein  pt.  Min.  of  last  Cent. ;  fr.  Kapnik,  Ruprecht  (with  anal), 
Phys.  Arb.  Wien,  i.  55,  1782;  Crell's  Ann.,  i.  297,  1790.  Rothbraunsteinerz  pt  Wern. 
Dichtes  Roth-Braunsteinerz  (Kapnikker  Feldspath)  Karsl,  Tab.,  54,  78,  1800  (favoring  its  being 
a  distinct  species,  while  others  (Haiiy,  Reuss,  etc.)  supposed  it  the  carbonate  mixed  with 
quartz).  Rothstein  pt.,  Kieselmangan,  Mangankiesel,  Germ.  Manganese  Spar  pt. ;  Red  Man- 
ganese; Bisilicate  of  Manganese.  Rhodonit  Jasche,  Germar,  in  Schw.  J.,  xxvl  112,  1819 
Hydropit  Germar,  ib.,  115. 

Bustamite  (fr.  Mexico),  Bisilicate  de  Manganese  et  de  Chaux,  A.  Brongn.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  viii. 
411,  1826.  Fowlerite  (fr.  Hamburgh,  N.  J.)  Shep.,  Min.,  186,  1832,  ii.  25,  1835.  Kapnikite 
Huot,  i.  239,  1841.  Paisbergit  Igelslrom,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  143,  1851 ;  J.  pr.  Ch.,  liv.  192,  1851. 
Mangan-Amphibol  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvii.  7,  1849= Her mannit  Kenng.,  Min.,  71,  1853=Cum- 
mingtonit  Ramm.,  Min.  Ch.,  473,  1860. 

Triclinic,  but  approximately  isomorphous  with  pyroxene.  Angles,  accord- 
ing to  Greg  and  Dauber,  and  also  those  of  pyroxene  : 


Greg. 

fAl 

87°  20 

OM 

93    50 

DM' 

110   40 

1  1\  i-i 

136    20 

/A  i-1 

138    20 

/A  2 

148   42 

F  A  2' 

142   30 

/A  2' 

86    35 

Dauber. 

87°  38' 

93 
111 
136 
138 
148  47 


8J- 


142 

85    24 


In  Pyroxene. 

87°  5' 
100  57 
100  57 
133  32^ 
136  27£ 
144  35 
144  35 


•it 


Cleavage:  /perfect;  0  less  perfect.     Usually  massive. 

H.=5-5— 6-5.  G.=3-4— 3-68  ;  3-612,  Longban ;  3*634,  Siberia;  3'63, 
Stirling,  Hermann.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  light  brownish-red,  flesh- 
red,  sometimes  greenish  or  yellowish,  when  impure ;  often  black  outside 


from   exposure, 
choidal — uneven. 


Streak   white.      Transparent — opaque. 
Yery  tough  when  massive. 


Fracture  con- 


Comp.,  Var. — Silicate  of  manganese,  Mn  Si = Silica  45 '9,  prot.  manganese  54*1 =100.  Usually 
some  Fe  and  Ca,  and  occasionally  2n,  replaces  part  of  the  Mn. 

1.  Ordinary,     (a)  Crystallized.     Either  in  crystals  or  foliated.     The  ore  in  crystals  from  Pais- 
berg,  Sweden,  was  named  Paisbergite  under  the  idea  that  it  was  a  distinct  species.     (6)  Granular 
massive. 

2.  Cakiferous;  BUSTAMITE.    Contains  9  to  15  p.  c.  of  lime  replacing  part  of  the  Mn.    Often 
also  impure  from  the  presence  of  carbonate  of  lime,  which  suggests  that  part  of  the  lime  replacing 
the  Mn  may  have  come  from  partial  alteration.     Grayish-red.     Named  after  Mr.  Bustamente,  the 
discoverer. 

3.  Zinciferous ;  FOWLERITE.     In  crystals  and  foliated,  the  latter  looking  much  like  cleavable  red 
feldspar;  the  crystals  sometimes  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  through.     /A  7=86°  30',  Torrey.     0-.= 
3-34,  Breith. ;  3'44,  Thomson.  This  mineral  is  mentioned  by  Fowler  in  Am.  J.  Sci.,  ix.  245,  1825  as 
Siliceous  oxyd  of  manganese  from  Sterling,  N.  J.,  and  as  often  containing  dysluite  (zinciferous^  spinel). 
It  occurs  under  the  same  name  in  Robinson's  Cat.  Amer.  Min.,  298,  1825.    It  is  Thorn  son's-  ferro- 
silicate  of  manganese,  Ann.  Lye.,  N.  Y.,  iii.  28,  1828. 

Analyses:  1,  Berzelius  (Afhandl.,  i.  110,  iv.  382);  2,  3,  Ebelmen  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  vii,  8) ;  4, 
Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvii.  6)  ;  5,  A.  Schlieper  (This  Min.,  463,  1850);  6,  Igelstrom  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  liv. 
190);  7,  H.  Hahn  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xx.  267);  8,  Dumas  (Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  viii.  411);  9,  Ebelmen  (L  c.) ; 

15 


226 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


10,  Rammelsberg  (ZS.  G.,  xviil  34);  11,  Pisani  (C.  R.,  Ixii.  102);  12,  Hermann  (1.  c.);  13,  Ram- 
melsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  459) : 


A.  1.  Longban 

2.  Algiers 

3.  St.  Marcel 

4.  Cummington 
5. 


7.  Elbingerode 

B.  8.  Mexico,  Bust. 

9  "  " 

10'.      "       " 

11.  Viceniine  " 

C.  12.  Stirling,  Fowl. 
13.         "  " 


Si 

48-00 
45-49 
46-37 
48-91 
51-21 
46-46 
44-86 


Fe 
6-42 

tr. 

4-34 
3-31 
1-52 


Mn 
49-04 
39-46 
47-38 
46-74 
42-65 
41-88 
42-98 


48-90  0-81  36-06 

44-45  1-15  26-96 

47-35  42-08 

46-19  1-05  28-70 


Mg  Ca        H       CaC 

0-22  3-12 =  100-38  Berz. 

2-60  4-66  =98-63  Ebelmen. 

5-58 =99-23  Ebelmen. 

2-00  2-35  =100  Hermann. 

tr,  2-93  =101-13  Schliep. 

0-91  8-13  =1 00-69  Igelstr. 

6-15  3-06  0-95 ,£10-74,  FeS20'40 

=  100*65  Hahn. 

14-57  =100-34  Dumas. 

0*64  14*43  12-27=99-90  Ebelmen. 

9-60  0-72    =99-75  Ramm. 

2*17  13*23  3-06      6-95  =  101-35  Pisani. 


46-48 
46-70 


7-23     31-52 
8-35     31-20 


5-85 
5-10 


2-81 


4-50 
6-30 


1-00     — 
0-28 


— =99-67  Hermann. 
=  100-74  Ramm. 


Schlieper  found  his  specimen  (one  furnished  by  the  author  and  seemingly  unaltered)  to  consist  partly 
of  carbonate  of  manganese  and  other  bases.  By  digestion  in  concentrated  muriatic  acid,  it  afforded 
90*15  per  cent,  of  silicate  of  manganese,  and  9'85  soluble  portion.  The  latter  gave  on  analysis: 

Mn  C  50-52        Fe  C  8-60        Ca  C  37-17        Mg  C  2'44        Hand  loss  1-27  =  100. 

Ten  p.  c.  of  carbonates  had  been  previously  found  in  the  Cummington  mineral,  by  E.  Hitch- 
cock. Allowing  that  the  ten  p.  c.  of  carbonates  in  Schlieper's  specimen  had  been  formed  at  the 
expense  of  the  bases  in  the  rhodonite,  and  also  that  there  was  some  free  silica  in  minute  points 
or  grains,  as  was  obvious  to  the  eye,  the  oxygen  ratio  cannot  be  taken  as  different  from  that  of 
rhodonite. 

Hermann's  Mangan-amphibol  (1.  c.)  was  based  on  an  analysis  of  this  Cummington  mineral. 

Ruprecht,  whojmblished  his  first  analysis  of  the  species  in  1782,  obtained  Si  55-06,  manganese 
35*15,  iron  7 -04,  A1!  1'56,  water  0-78=99'59.  Huot  based  his  species  Kapnikiie  on  this  old  analysis. 

Brandes  obtained  for  ihe^Hydropite,  a  rose-colored  ore  from  Kapnik,  having  Gr.  =  2'8  (fechw.  J., 
xxvi.)  Si  53-50,  Mn  41-93,  Fe  TOO,  A1!  1*24,  H  3*00;  it  has  been  considered  a  tersilicate,  with  the 
formula  Mn2  Si3 ;  but  it  was  probably  an  impure  rhodonite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  blackens  and  fuses  with  slight 'intumescence  at  2-5;  with  the  fluxes  gives  re- 
actions for  manganese ;  fowlerite  gives  with  soda  on  charcoal  a  reaction  for  zinc.  Slightly  acted 
upon  by  acids.  The  calciferous  varieties  often  effervesce  from  mechanical  admixture  with  carbon- 
ate of  lime.  In  powder,  partly  dissolves  in  muriatic  acid,  and  the  insoluble  part  becomes  of  a 
white  color.  Darkens  on  exposure  to  the  air,  and  sometimes  becomes  nearly  black. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Longban,  near  Philipstadt  in  Sweden,  in  iron  ore  beds,  in  broad  folia,  and  also 
granular  massive,  the  Paisberg  iron  mine,  where  it  occurs,  being  the  origin  of  the  name  paisbergite ; 
also  at  Elbingerode,  in  the  Harz ;  in  the  district  of  Katherineuberg  in  the  Ural ;  with  tetrahedrite 
at  Kapnik  in  Transylvania ;  in  Cornwall,  etc. 

Occurs  in  Cummington,  Mass.,  and  some  of  the  neighboring  towns,  in  boulders  ;  also  in  "War- 
wick, Mass. ;  in  an  extensive  bed  on  Osgood's  farm,  Blue  Hill  Bay,  Maine  ;  in  Irasburg  and  Coven- 
try, Vt. ;  near  Winchester  and  Hinsdale,  N.  H. ;  at  Cumberland,  R.  I. ;  fowlerite  at  Hamburg  and 
Stirling,  New  Jersey. 

Named  from  p<W,  a  rose,  in  allusion  to  the  color.  The  name  is  attributed  to  Jasche  by  Germar 
(1819),  but  is  not  in  the  Kleine  Min.,  Schriften  of  Jasche  (1817). 

Alt. — There  are  two  prominent  methods  of  alteration,  which  may  act  separately  or  together. 
(1)  Through  the  strong  tendency  of  the  protoxyd  of  manganese  to  pass  to  a  higher  state  of  oxy- 
dation ;  in  which  process  the  red  color  changes  to  brown  or  black,  commencing  with  the  exterior, 
which  becomes  a  black  crust  to  the  mass.  Indefinite  mixtures  thus  result,  which  may  be  either 
partly  silicate,  or  wholly  one  or  more  oxyds  of  manganese.  (2)  Through  the  tendency  of  the 
protoxyd  of  manganese  and  other  protoxyds  present  to  unite  with  carbonic  acid  afforded  by  alka- 
line carbonated  waters,  this  causing  the  silicate  to  be  penetrated  with  carbonate  of  manganese, 
and  often  also  with  carbonate  of  lime  or  iron.  The  color  of  the  result  after  this  latter  method  is 
usually  grayish-red  to  grayish- white,  and  sometimes  brown. 

I.  By  Oxydation ;  not  Hydrated  or  Carbonated. 

A.  MARCELINE  Berthier  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  li.  79,  1832).  Color  grayish-black  to  iron-black; 
lustre  submetallic;  Gr.  =  3'8;  H.=5'5  — 6.  From  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont.  Heterodin  Breith. 
(Evreinoff,  Pogg.,  xlix.  204,  1840)  is  from  the  same  locality,  and  of  the  same  nature,  as  recognized 
by  Breithaupt. 


BISILICATES. 


227 


B.  DYSSNITE  v.  Kobell  (Grundz.,  328,  1838)  is  Thomson's  sesquisilicate  of  M.,  from  Franklin,  N.  J 
(Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  1.  c.),  an  iron-black  ore,  with  G.=3-67  ;  it  is  altered  fowlerite.  Von  Kobell 
cites  Thomson's  analysis  (see  below),  and  gives  no  description  of  his  own. 

II.  By  Oxydation;  Hydrated. 

STRATOPEITE,  "Wittingite,  Neotokite,  are  names  of  results  of  this  kind  of  alteration.  They  are 
found  along  with  rhodonite.  They  contain  about  35  p.  c.  of  silica.  See  NEOTOCITE  under  HYDROUS 
SILICATES.  Opsimose  of  Beudant  and  Klip  steinite  o  f  v.  KobeU  are  names  of  a  similar  hydrous  silicate 
containing  about  25  p.  c.  of  silica. 

III.  Carbonated. 

A.  ALLAGITE  Jasche  (Germar,  Schw.  J.,  xxvi.  112,  1819;  Grunmanganerz  Jasche.,  Kleine  Min. 
Schriffcen,  10,  1817),  from  Schebeuholze,  near  Elbingerode  in  the  Harz,  is  either  dull-green  or  red- 
dish-brown, and  affording  du  Menil  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixi.  197)  7-5  p.  c.  carbonic  acid.     The  name  Alla- 
gite,  like  Rhodonite,  is  not  in  the  Kleine  Schriften  of  Jasche,  but  is  attributed  to  Jasche  by  Germar. 

B.  PHOTICITE  (Germar,  Schw.  J.,  xxvi.  116;  Photizit  Brandes,  ib.,  138)  is  yello wish- white,  isa- 
bella-  and  wax-yellow,  greenish-gray,  pearl-gray,  to  rose-red;  G.  =  2'8— 3,  from  the  same  locality 
with  the  allagite.     It  afforded  Brandes  (ib.,  1 36)  1 1  to  14  p.  c.  of  carbonic  acid,  with  some  water. 
Corneous  manganese  (Horn-mangan  of  Jasche)  is  of  similar  nature,  it  containing  5  to  1 0  p.  c.  of 
carbonic  acid ;  color  brown  to  gray.     And  so  also  the  Cummington  rhodonite,  which  afforded 
Schlieper  10  p.  c.  or  more  of  carbonates. 

Analyses:  1,  Berthier  (1.  c.);  2,  Berzelius  (Schw.  J.,  xxi.  254);  3,  Evreinoff  (Pogg.,  xlix.  204); 
4,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M..  IV.,  J.  pr.  Ob.,  xxviii.  284) ;  5,  Thomson  (Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  iii.  33) ; 
6,  7,  du  Menil  (1.  c.);  8-10,  Brandes  (I.  c.)  : 

fig  H  C 

1-40  =100-25  Berthier. 

=97-71  Berzelius. 

,  K  0-44=  100-36  Evr. 

0-26  =99-45  Damour. 

=  99-50  Thomson. 

7-50=97-21  du  Menil. 

7-50=98-50  du  Menil. 

3-00     11-00=99-88  Brandes. 

6-00     14-00=99-89  Brandes. 

2-50       5-00=99-91  Brandes. 

Bustamite  altered  to  kaolin  has  been  described  by  Ebelmen  (Ann  d.  M.,  IV.  vii.  1)  and  Damour 
(Bull.  G.  Soc.,  vii.  224). 

Berthier  obtained  for  a  Graubiindten  (Grisons)ore  (Ann.  Oh.  Phys.,  U.  79)  Si  15-3,  Mn  80'9,  Fe 
1-0,  &1  1-0=98-2  ;  and  Schweizer  for  the  same  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxiii.  278)  Si  15'50,  Stn  77'34,  Pe  3-70, 
Oa  1-70,  H  1-76=100. 

The  ores,  as  alteration  continues,  graduate  into  true  oxyds  of  manganese.  A  kind  from  Pesillo 
(called  Pesillite  by  Huot,  Min.,  1841)  afforded  Berthier  Si  6'8,  5tn  84'2,  0,  H  6'7,  £e  2'8,  Co  0'8;  it 
had  lost  nearly  all  of  the  silica  in  the  change. 


Si 

£1 

Mn 

3Pe 

Ca 

1. 

Marceline 

26-00 

3-00 

67-23 

1-23 

1-40 

2. 

Heterodin 

15-17 

2-80 

75-80 

4-14 



3. 

«« 

10-16 



85-87 

3-28 

0-61 

4. 

« 

1024 



76-32 

11-49 

1-14 

5. 

Dyssnite 

38-39 



51-67 

9-44 



G. 

Allagite,  green 

16-00 



^  

73-71 



7. 

"        brown 

16-00 





75-00 

tr. 

8. 

Photicite,  ywh. 

39-00 

0-25 

0-50 

46-13 



9. 

gyh. 

36-00 

6-00 

0-50 

37-39 



10. 

Horn-manganese 

35-00 



0-25 

57-16 



242.  BABINGTONITE.    Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  vii.  275,  1824. 

Triclinic,  but,  like  rhodonite,  approaching  pyroxene  in  form.     Ob 
planes  as  in  the  annexed  figures.     1 A  1=87°  24/,  Dauber;  87°  26', 


Observed 
Levy. 


7  A  -2=150°  19' 
7A  -2'=89  13 


0  A  7=92°  32' 

O  A  7'=  112  12 

6>Al'=13224: 

0  A  -2=122  22  T  A  ^=135  16 

0  A  -2'=136  54  P  A  -2=98  37 

0  A  2=117          1'  A  -2'=155  18 
7A^=13450   T  Al',adj.,=11524 

1  A  ^=137  20 

H.  =  5-5-6.      G.  =  3-35  -  3-37  ; 
3-355,  Thomson;  3'366,  Rammelsberg. 


219 


218 


Lustre  vitreous,  splendent.    Color 


228 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


dark  greenish-black  ;  thin  splinters  green  in  the  direction  of  0,  and  brown 
transversely.  Faintly  translucent ;  large  crystals  opaque,  or  faintly  sub- 
translucent.  Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal. 

Comp.— 3  R3  Si3  +  £e  Si3,  Rammelsberg;  =(£  R8  +  iJPe)  Si3=,  if  9  R=2  Fe  +  1-5  Mn  +  5'5 
Ca,  Silica  50-1,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  ll'l,  protoxyd  of  iron  10*0,  protoxyd  of  manganese  7-4, 
lime  21-4=100.  Analyses  :  1,  Arppe  (Berz.  Jahresb.,  xxii.  205) ;  2,  R.  D.  Thomson  (Phil.  Mag., 
xxvii.  123) ;  3,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  ciii.  287,  304) : 

Si          3Pe  Mg  Ca  Fe  Mn        £l 

1.  54-4  2-2  19-6  21-3  1'8 

2.  47-46  2-21  14-74  16'81  10'16 

3.  51-22  11-00  0-77  19-32  10'26  17-91 


0-3,  ign.  0-9=100-5  Arppe. 
6-48,  ign.  1-24 =99- 10  Thomson. 
,  ign.  0-44=100-92  Eamm. 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  2-7  to  a  black  magnetic  globule,  and  with  the  fluxes  gives  reactions 
for  iron  and  manganese.  Unacted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Babingtonite  occurs  in  distinct  crystals  at  Arendal,  in  Norway,  associated  with  epidote 
and  massive  garnet,  and  in  the  Shetland  Isles,  imbedded  in  white  quartz.  It  was  named  after 
Dr.  Babington  ;  it  resembles  some  dark  varieties  of  pyroxene. 

In  the  United  States  it  is  said  to  coat  crystals  of  feldspar,  at  Gouverneur,  St.  Lawrence  Co., 
N.  Y.  On  cryst.,  see  Dauber,  Pogg.,  xciv.  402. 

Small  black  polished  crystals  coating  mica  slate,  or  micaceous  gneiss,  at  Athol,  Mass.,  referred 
by  Shepard  to  Babingtonite,  may  possibly  belong  here. 

243.  SPODUMENE.     D'Andrada,   Scherer's  J.,   iv.    30,   and  J.   de  Phys.,  li.  240,   1800. 

Triphane  K,  Tr.,  iv.  1801. 

Monoclinic.     (7=69°  40'  /A  7=87°,  0  A  24=130°  30'. 


/ 


0  A  ^'=69°  40' 
0  A  1=134  12 
0  A  2=110  50 
i-i  A  7=133  30 
i-i  A  -£-3=107  33 
24  A  24,  top,  =  80 
i-l  A  24=139  30 
i-i  A  24=102  544 


i-i  A  2=117°  19' 
i-i  A  2-2=125  12 
i-i  A  1=101  6  ' 
a  A  2=134  19 
7A  2=145  50 
7A  1=121  28 

1  A  1=116  19 

2  A  2=91  24 


Crystals  large.  Cleavage  :  i-i  very  perfect ;  7  also 
perfect ;  14  in  traces ;  in  striae  on  i-\.  Twins,  com- 
position-face i-i.  Also  massive,  with  broad  cleavage 
surface. 

H.=6-5-7.      G.=3-13-3-19  ;    3-17,   Haidinger  ; 
3-188,  Dublin  Bay,  Thomson ;  3'133,  Uto,  Kammels- 

berg;  3'137,  Sterzing,  id. ;  3-182,  Sterling,  Smith;   3-18,  Norwich,  Brush. 

Lustre  pearly.     Cross  fracture  vitreous.     Color  grayish-green,  passing  into 

¥reenish-white  and  grayish-white,  rarely  faint-reddish.    Streak  uncolored. 
ranslucent — subtranslucent.     Fracture  uneven. 

Comp.— R3  Si3  +  4  £l  Si3=(£  R3+ f  S)  Si3=if  R=Li,  Silica  64-2,  alumina  29'4,  lithia  G'4=100. 
Analyses:  1,  E.  Hagen  (Pogg.,  xlviii.  361) ;  2,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  302) ;  3,  4,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg., 
Ixxxv.  544) ;  5-8,  Smith  and  Brush  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xvi.  372) : 

K        fi 

=100  Hagen. 

0-36=99-84  Thorn. 

0-14  ,  Mg  0*15  Ramm. 

0-07  ,  Mg  0-07  Ramm. 

0-16  0-50=99-38  S.  &  B. 


Si 

XI 

3Pe 

Ca 

Li 

Na 

1. 

Uto 

66-14 

27-02 

0-32 



3-84 

2-68 

2. 

Killiney 

63-81 

28-51 

£e 

0-81 

0-73 

5-60 

S. 

Uto 

65-02 

29-14 

Fe 

tr. 

0-50 

5-47 

046 

4. 

Tyrol 

65-53 

29-04 

Fe 

1-42 

0-97 

4-49 

0-07 

5. 

Norwich 

64-04 

27-84 

0-64 

0-34 

5-20 

0-66 

BISILICATES. 


229 


Si 

£l             £e 

Ca 

Li 

]STa 

G. 

Norwich 

6365 

28-97 

0-31 

5-05 

0'82» 

7. 

u 

63-90 

28-70 

0-26 

4-99 

0'80a 

8. 

Sterling 

64-50 

25-30          2-55 

0-43 

5-65 

1-10* 

:      fl 

-  0-50  S.  &  B. 

-  0-60  S.  &  B. 

-  0-30,  Mg  0-06=99-89  S.  &  B. 
a  With  some  potash ;  in  5,  6,  7,  magnesia,  tr. 

In  a  specimen  from  Sterling,  Mass.,  Hagen  found  Si  65-247,  3tl,  Fe  27-556,  and  in  another  from 
Tyrol,  Si  66-027,  3tl  26-451.  G.  J.  Brush's  earlier  analyses  (Am,  J.  Sci.,  II.  su  370)  are  rejected 
by  him. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  becomes  white  and  opaque,  swells  up,  imparts  a  purple-red  color  (lithia)  to 
the  flame,  and  fuses  at  3-5  to  a  clear  or  white  glass.  The  powdered  mineral,  fused  with  a  mixture 
of  bisulphate  of  potash  and  fluor  on  platinum  wire,  gives  a  more  intense  lithia  reaction.  Not 
acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  on  the  island  of  Uto  in  Siidermanland.  Sweden,  with  magnetic  iron  ore,  quartz, 
tourmaline,  and  feldspar ;  also  near  Sterzing  and  Lisens  in  the  Tyrol,  and  of  a  pale-green  or  yel- 
lowish color,  imbedded  in  granite,  at  Killiney  Bay,  near  Dublin,  and  at  Peterhead  in  Scotland. 

Occurs  in  granite  at  Goshen,  Mass.,  associated  at  one  locality  with  blue  tourmaline  and  beryl ; 
also  at  Chesterfield,  Chester,  Norwich,  and  Sterling,  Mass. ;  at  Windham,  Maine,  near  the  bridge, 
along  with  garnet  and  staurotide ;  at  Winchester,  N.  H. ;  at  Brookfield,  Ct.,  a  few  rods  north  of 
Tomlinson's  tavern,  in  small  grayish  or  greenish-white  individuals  looking  like  feldspar ;  near 
Ballground,  Cherokee  Co.,  Ga.  At  Norwich,  Mass.,  it  is  associated  with  triphyline,  mica,  beryl, 
and  albite;  one  crystal  from  this  locality  was  16£  inches  long,  and  10  inches  in  girt.  Pig.  221  is 
of  a  crystal  from  this  locality,  and  is  two-thirds  the  natural  size.  Well  terminated  crystals,  having 
the  terminal  planes  2-2,  1,  <9,  have  been  observed  by  A.  B.  Eattredge  at  the  Sterling  locality. 
Crystals  also  occur  at  Goshen. 

Named  from  <nro<5<5y,  ashes,  because  the  mineral  becomes  ash-colored  before  the  blowpipe. 

The  following  are  the  angles  obtained  by  the  author,  with  the  common  goniometer,  from  the 
Norwich  crystals :  0  A  i-i=QQ°  40',  i-i  A  7=133°  30',  i-i  A  «-3=107°.  2-i  A  2-i,  top,=80°,  i-i  A  2-i 
=  139°  45',  i-i  A  2-2  =  103°,  i-i  A  2  =  116°,  i-i  A  1  =  100°  30',  i-i  A  £=140°,  i-i  A  2=134°,  i-&  A  2= 
142°,  I A  2  =  144°,  1  A  1  =  117°,  2  A  2=92°. 


244.  PETALITE. 


Petalit  tfAndrada,  Scherer's  J.,  iv.  36,  1800. 
Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ms.  436,  1849. 


Castor  (fr.  Elba)  Breifh., 


(7—67°  34'=  0,  below,  on 


222 


^-^ 


/A  7=86° 
a  :  1)  :  c= 


Monoclinic. 

20'  (87°-87i°   observed),   0  A  24=126°  2' 
0-64511  :  1  :  0-8670. 

Observed  planes  :  0  ;    vertical,  7,  i-i,  i-2,  i-i ;  clinodome, 
24 ;   hemidomes,  — J -*,  -2-^,  -!--£,  4-^,  %-i  ?  (cleavage). 

0  A  7=105°  8' 
0  A  7,  back,=74  52 
O  A  4-*=U9  7 
O  A  -2-i= 141  23 
0  A  -l-i= 154  26 
O  A*-fc=99  19 
0At4=90 


0  A  4-^,  adj.,=90°  23' 
O  A  J-a,  adj.,=117  27 

2-*  A  f-£,  ov.  ^,=101  10 

14  A  -2-^=151  3 

i-i  A  7=136  50 

i-i  A  -£-2=154  52 

^-2  A  ^-2,  ov.  7, =50  15 


Observed  cleavage  angles  of  petalite :  O  A  -2-^=141°  30r,  0  A  |-^'= 
118°,  -2-*  A  f-^=100i°— 101°.  Cleavage:  0  perfect;  -2^  easy. 
uite  difficult  or  imperfect.  Also  massive,  cleavable. 
.=6-6-5.  G.=2-39— 2-5.  Lustre  of  O,  or  face  of  most  perfect 
cleavage,  pearly ;  elsewhere  vitreous.  Colorless,  white,  gray,  occasionally 
reddish  or  greenish- white.  Streak  uncolored.  Translucent.  Fracture 
imperfectly  conchoidal.  Double  refraction  strong ;  optic-axial  plane  per- 
pendicular to  the  plane  of  symmetry  and  parallel  very  nearly  to  0 ;  bisec- 
trix acute,  positive ;  angle,  in  oil,  for  the  red  rays  86°  27f,  yellow  86°  427. 


230 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Var. — 1.  Castorite,  in  distinct  transparent  crystals,  affording  the  above  angles  and  figure,  accord- 
ing to  Descloizeaux.  G.=2'38,  Breith. ;  2-397— 2'405,  Damour.  2.  Ordinary  petalite,  cleavable 
massive;  and  G.=2'42,  Arfvedson;  2'45,  Dr.  Clarke;  2'426,  C.  G.  Gmelin;  2'412,  2'420,  2-465, 
2-448,  2-553,  Damour,  the  last  two  from  different  parts  of  the  same  Uto  specimen,  and  indicating, 
according  to  Damour,  that  the  mineral  is  mixed  with  more  or  less  quartz  and  feldspar.  The 
cleavage  f-i  has  been  observed  only  in  petalite. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  K,  K,  Si=l  :  4  :  20,  Berz. ;  (i  £3+£  «)  Si3 +  3  Si;  or  else  with  one-third 
of  the  excess  of  silica  (3  Si)  basic;  =Silica  77'7,  alumina  17'8,  lithia  3'3,  soda  1-2=100. 

Analyses:  1,  Arfvedson  (Schw.  J.,  xxii.  93);  2,  Gmelin  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixii.  399);  3,  4,  R.  Hagen 
(Pogg.,  xlviii.  361) ;  5,  Eammelsberg  (Fogg.,  Ixxxv.  553) ;  6,  Waltershausen  (Yulk.  Gest.,  296) ; 
7,  8,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  373) ;  9,  Plattner  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixix.  443) : 

Na 

=102-198  Arfvedson. 

5-16  Ca  0-32,  ign.  2-17=99-23  Gmelin. 

2-302  =  100  E.  Hagen. 
2-273  =  100  E.  Hagen. 
1-19=100  Eammelsberg. 

,  £e  0-08,  Mn  1*0,  &g  I'O  H  0-97=99-95  W. 

0-48,  £e  0-62,  K,  Ca,  tr.,  Mg  0-21,  ign.  0-60  =  100-23 

Smith  &  Brash. 

0-53,  Fe  0-51,  K,  Ca,  tr.,  Mg  0'26  ign  0'70  S.  &  B. 
2-76  (with  tr.  K,  Na)=  100-24  Plattner.     G.  =  2'392. 


1.  Uto 
2. 

3. 
4, 
5. 
6. 


reddish 


7.  Bolton,  Mass. 


Si 
79-212 
74-17 
77-812 
77-067 
77-79 
76-74 
77-95 

77-90 
78-01 

£l 

17-225 
17-41 
17-194 
18-000 
18-58 
18-66 
16-63 

15-85 
18-86 

Li 

5-76: 
i 

2-69i 
2-661 
3-30 
2-69 
3-74 

3-52 
2-76 

9.  Elba,  Castorite  78-01 

The  protoxyds  in  castorite  are  less  than  in  petalite  in  the  analysis  made.  But  its  cleavages, 
according  to  Eose,  are  like  those  of  petalite,  and  its  optical  characters,  according  to  Descloizeaux. 
Breithaupt  still  urges  that  they  are  distinct  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  35),  and  mentions  their  difference  in 
sp.  gr.  as  a  prominent  distinction. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Gently  heated  emits  a  blue  phosphorescent  light.  B.B.  on  charcoal  becomes 
glassy,  subtransparent.  and  white,  and  melts  only  on  the  edges ;  gives  the  reaction  of  lithia. 
"With  borax  it  forms  a  clear,  colorless  glass.  Not  acted  on  by  acids. 

Obs. — Petalite  occurs  at  the  iron  mine  of  Uto,  accompanying  lepidolite,  tourmaline,  spodumene, 
and  quartz ;  on  Elba  (castorite)  in  attached  crystals ;  at  Bolton,  Mass.,  with  scapolite ;  according 
to  Bigsby,  in  a  boulder  containing  tremolite,  at  York,  near  Toronto,  Canada, 

Lithia  was  first  discovered  in  this  mineral  by  Arfvedson.  The  name  petalite  is  from  n-firaAoj/,  a 
leaf,  and  alludes  to  the  cleavage. 

On  cryst.  of  castorite  and  petalite,  see  Descl.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  IV.  iii.  264,  1864,  and  Pogg., 
cxxii.  648. 

Descloizeaux,  who  gives  the  above  figure,  points  out  the  isomorphism  with  spodumene,  and 
the  fact  that  the  0.  ratio  differs  by  a  multiple  of  2  for  the  silica,  it  being  1  :  4  :  10  for  spodumene 
and  1 :  4  :  20  for  petalite. 


245.  KUPFFERITB.    Kupfferit  (fr.  the  Tunkinsk  Mts.)  R  Hermann,  BuU.  Soc.  Nat.  Mos- 
cou,  xxxv.  243,  1862.    Anthophyllite  pt.     Antholith  pt.  Kenng. 

Monoclinic.  /A 7=124°  15/-124°  30'.  Cleavage:  7  perfect.  In  ag- 
gregations of  prisms,  like  actinolite. 

H.=5'5.  Gr.=3'08,  fr.  Ilmen  Mts.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  emerald- 
green  ;  brownish  on  weathering.  Translucent  in  thin  splinters. 

Comp. — Mg  Si,  with  but  little  Fe  replacing  the  Mg,  like  enstatite,  it  being  an  enstatite  horn- 
blende colored  by  chrome.  Analyses :  1,  Hermann  (1.  c.,  and  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxviii.  195) ;  2,  3,  Heintz 
(Pogg.,  Iviii.  168);  4,  Lappe  (Pogg.,  xxxv.  486);  5,  Sackur  (Eamm.  Min.  Ch.,  472);  6,  Thomson 
(Eec.  Gen.  Sci.,  iii.  336) : 

Si         £1        £r  Fe  £i  Mg  Ca  Alk. 

57'46     1-21  6-05      0-65  30'88  2'94  tr. 

59-23      0-19  8-27  31-02 — 

58-72      0-19  8-10  30'90  — 

58-48     9-22  31-38  0'04  — 

4-03  8-40  30-46  1*76  — 

3-20  2-10  29-30  3'55  — 


1.  Hmen  Mts. 

2.  Pinel,  asbest. 

3.  Tschussovaja 

4.  Koruk 


5.  Kupferberg,  anth.  55*59 

6.  Perth,  Can.,     "     57 -60 


Ign. 

0-81  =  100  Hermann. 
1-31  =  100  Heintz. 
1-58  =  99-49  Heintz. 

,  Mn  0-88  =  100  L. 

=100-24  Sackur. 

3-55  =  99-30  Thomson. 


Analyses  2-6  are  referred  here  because  of  the  approximation  to  kupfferite  in  composition.     The 
Perth  mineral  (received  thus  labelled  by  Dr.   Thomson  from  Dr.  Holmes)  is  almost  purely  a 


BISILICATES.  231 

magnesian  silicate;  it  was  a  "congeries  of  imperfect  crystals,  and  looked  like  anthophvllite  •  ' 
- 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  traces  of  water  ;  otherwise  unchanged.  B.B.  in  the  forceps 
becomes  opaque  white,  but  does  not  fuse.  In  borax  dissolves,  giving  a  chrome-green  glass. 

Obs.  —  The  original  kupfferite,  from  a  graphite  mine  in  the  Tunkinsk  Mts.,  is  a  chromiferous 
amphibole.  The  analyses  here  given  are  from  a  mineral  of  similar  kind  from  near  Miask,  in  the 
Ilmen  Mts.  The  former  has  not  been  analyzed.  Kokscharof  has  also  found  it  near  the  Sanarka 
river,  Urals. 

Named  after  the  Russian  physicist  Kupflfer. 


246.  ANTHOPHYLLITE.  Anthophyllit  (fr.  Norway)  Schumacher,  Yerzeichn.,  96,  1801. 
Antophyllit  Karst.,  Tab.,  32,  1808.  Anthogrammit  Breith.,  Char.,  29,  1820.  Antholith  Breith., 
Uib.,  38,  1830. 

Orthorhombic.  /A 7=125°  to  125°  25'.  Observed  planes:  7,  i-l,  i-i. 
Cleavage :  i-i  perfect,  7  less  so,  i-i  difficult.  Commonly  lamellar,  or  fibrous 
massive  ;  fibres  often  very  slender. 

H.=5'5.  Gr.— 3'1— 3*2.  Lustre  somewhat  pearly  upon  a  cleavage-sur- 
face. Color  brownish-gray,  yellowish-brown,  brownish-green,  sometimes 
submetallic.  Streak  uncolored  or  grayish.  Translucent  to  sub  translucent. 
Brittle.  Double  refraction  positive;  optical  axes  in  the  brachy diagonal 
section. 

Comp.— Fe  Si+3  Mg  Si=(J  Fe  +  f  Mg)  Si=Silica  55-5,  magnesia  27-8,  protoxyd  of  iron  16-7 
=  1 00.  Analyses :  1,  L.  Gmelin  (Leonh.  Orykt,  515, 1826) ;  2,  Yopelius  (Pogg.,  xxiii.  355) ;  3,  Pisani 
(Descl.  Min.,  i.,  636): 

Si         3tl       Fe        Mn      Mg       Ca        S 

1.  Kongsberg        56          3         13         4         23          2         =101  Gmelin. 

2.  56-74    13-94     2'38     24'35     1 -67  =  99-08  Vopelius. 

3.  56-16      2-65     14-13     0'91     23'19      1-61      2'38=100'93  PisanL 

GEDRITE  of  Dufrenoy  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  x.  582,  1836)  has  a  different  composition  from  that  of 
anthophyllite ;  but  it  is  still  referred  here  by  Descloizeaux  on  the  ground  of  optical  identity  and 
similarity  of  cleavage. 

Analyses:  1,  Dufrenoy  (1.  c.);  2,  3,  Pisani  (L'Institut,  1861,  190)  : 

Si  3tl  Fe  Mg  Ca           fl 

1.  38-81  9-31  45-83  4-13  0'67  2-30=101-05  Dufrenoy. 

2.  42-86  16-52  18*82  15-51  T90  4'50=100-11  Pisani. 

3.  43-58  17-07  15*96  18-30  0'75  3'92=99'58  Pisani. 

Pisani's  analyses  afford  the  0.  ratio  for  R,  &,  Si,  fi,  11  :  8  :  23|  :  3-£. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  with  great  difficulty  to  a  black  magnetic  enamel ;  with  the  fluxes  gives 
reactions  for  iron ;  unacted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  mica  schist  with  hornblende  and  mica  in  thin  and  long  plates  and  fibres  near 
Kongsberg  in  Norway,  and  with  gray  cobalt  near  Modum. 

This  species,  originally  instituted  upon  the  Norwegian  mineral  analyzed  by  Gmelin  and  Yope- 
lius, and  regarded  as  distinct  by  many  later  authors,  including  Mohs,  but  united  to  hornblende  by 
others,  has  recently  been  proved  to  be  an  independent  species  by  Descloizeaux  (Min.,  i.  75J, 
whose  optical  examinations  have  shown  that  the  crystals  are  orthorhombic  instead  of  monoclinic. 
Only  the  mineral  of  the  Norwegian  localities  above  mentioned  is  at  present  here  included,  the 
so-called  anthophyllite  from  Fiskenaes  in  Greenland  (occurring  with  sapphirine),  from  Bavaria, 
Finland,  and  other  Norwegian  localities,  besides  the  cummingtonite,  of  Cummington,  Mass.,  being 
true  hornblende  in  optical  characters.  Descloizeaux  has  later  announced  (C.  R.,  Ixii.,  987)  that 
some  anthophyllite  is  monoclinic.  The  gedrite  is  from  the  valley  of  Heas,  near  Gedres,  France, 
and  contains  microscopic  black  spinels  (picotite). 

Named  from  anthophyllum,  the  clove,  hi  allusion  to  the  clove-brown  color,  as  Schumacher 
states. 


232 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


246A.  PIDDINGTONITE,  Haidinger  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xli.,  251,  1860).  The  ash-gray  mass  of  the 
meteorite  of  Shalka,  in  Baneoorah,  consisting  in  part  of  grains  having  two  easy  cleavages  inclined 
to  one  another  100°,  with  H.  =  6'5 ;  GL=3'412,  Haid.,  3'66,  Piddington ;  and  fracture  resinous,  and 
containing  small  imbedded  grains  of  ehromite.  Yon  Hauer  obtained  Si  57-66,  £l  tr.,  Fe  20'65, 
Mg  19-00,  Ca  r53  =  98'84,  which  is  nearly  the  composition  of  anthophyllite.  The  meteorite  was 
first  described  by  H.  Piddington  in  the  J.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal,  xx.  299,  1852. 

247.  AMPHIBOLE,  Skorl  (=Schorl)pt.  Wall.,  1747  (excluding  Amiantus,  Bergkork,  etc.  and 
Asbestus).  Skorl  pt.,  Stralskorl (=Strahlstein)  Oronst.,  Mm.,  1758  (excl.  Asbestus^ Amianthus) 
and  Bergkork,  id.  Hornblende  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789  (excl.  Strahlstein  and  Asbest).  Horn- 
blende Karst.,  Tab.,  1791  (excl.  Strahlstein,  TremoKt,  and  Asbest).  Id.  (excl.  also  Smaragdit  pt). 
Karst.  Tab.,  1800,  1808;  id.  Ullmann,  1814,  and  Jameson,  1817.  Amphibole  (incl.  Actinote)  H., 
Tr..  1801  (excl.  Grammatite=Tremolite  and  Asbeste).  Amphibole  (incl.  Actinote  and  G-ramma- 
tite)  H.,  TabL,  1809  (excl.  Asbeste).  Heterotyp  (incL  Asbestus,  Bronzite,  Hypersth.,  Anthoph. 
with  other  varieties)  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1813.  Hornblende  Jameson,  Syst.,  1820  (excl.  Actinolite, 
Tremolite,  Asbestus,  Carinthine). 

Monoclinic.  <7=75°  2 ',  7/\  7=124°  30',  0  A  14=164°  10',  a  :  I :  c= 
0-5527  : 1 : 1-8825.  Observed  planes  :  6> ;  vertical,  /,  i-i,  ^-3,  ir\  i-b  •  cli- 
nodoine,  24,  4-1 ;  hemidome,  1-^',  2-*,  -\-i  •  hemioctahedral  planes  in  zone 
0:1,1,  2,  -1 ;  id.  in  zone  1 :  i-l,  3-3,  5-B,  -3-3. 


223 


224 


229 


230 


0  A  1-*=155°  33X 
0  A  1-^=149 


O  A  ^'=104  58 
O  A  -1=152  36 
O  A  1=145  35 
0  A  2=121  29 


0  A  2-^=150°  26' 
0  A  *4=90 
O  A  7=103  12 
ssM  57 


irk  A  ir  3  =  115   18 

^'4  A  -3-3  =124  14 


^4A3-3=130°15/ 

24  A  24,  ov.  6>,=12052 

-1  A-l  =  15426 

1  A  1=148  28 

2  A  2=131  36 
-3-3  A  -3-3=111  32 

3-3  A  3-3=99  30 


Crystals  ^sometimes  stout,  often  long  and  bladed.  Cleavage  :  /  highly 
perfect;  i-i,  i\  sometimes  distinct.  Lateral  planes  often  longitudinally 
striated.  Twins  :  composition-face  i-i,  as  in  f.  226  (simple  form  f.  225),  and 
230.  Imperfect  crystallizations  :  fibrous  or  columnar,  coarse  or  fine,  fibres 
often  like  flax  ;  sometimes  lamellar  ;  also  granular  massive,  coarse  or  fine, 
and  usually  strongly  coherent,  but  sometimes  friable. 


BISILICATES.  233 

H.=5— 6.  G.^2'9— 3-4.  Lustre  vitreous  to  pearly  on  cleavage-faces  ; 
fibrous  varieties  often  silky.  Color  between  black  and  white,  through  vari- 
ous shades  of  green,  inclining  to  blackish-green.  Streak  uncolored,  or  paler 
than  color.  Sometimes  nearly  transparent ;  usually  subtranslucent — opaque. 
Fracture  subconchoidal,  uneven.  Bisectrix,  in  most  varieties,  inclined  about 
60°  to  a  normal  to  0,  and  15°  to  a  normal  to  i-i ;  and  double  refraction 
negative.  See  exceptions,  p.  235. 

Oomp.,  Var, — RSi,  and  (E3  $)  (Si,  A1!3)  as  for  pyroxene.  Alumina  is  present  in  most  am- 
phibole, and  when  so  it  usually  replaces  silica.  R  may  correspond  to  two  or  more  of  the  bases 
Mg,  Oa,  Fe,  Mn,  Na,  K,  H ;  and  Ij  to  A-l,  3?e,  or  Mn.  Pe  sometimes  replaces  silica,  like  A1!. 
Rammelsberg  made  out  the  general  conformity  of  amphibole  to  the  pyroxene  formula  by  discover- 
ing that  the  iron  in  both  species  was  often  partly  sesquioxyd  (Pogg.,  ciii.  284,  and  Min.  Ch.,  468). 
Yet  the  analyses  do  not  all  accord  with  this  view,  part  giving  the  ratio  1  :  2J,  unless  the  water 
is  made  basic.  Much  amphibole,  especially  the  aluminous,  contains  some  fluorine.  The  base 
lime  is  absent  from  some  varieties,  or  nearly  so. 

The  name  Amphibole,  proposed  by  Haiiy,  has  the  precedence,  because  Haiiy  first  rightly  appre- 
ciated the  species,  as  he  had  done  for  pyroxene,  and  gave  it,  and  not  any  of  its  varieties,  the  name. 
In  his  Traite,  in  1801,  he  brought  together  hornblende  and  actinolite ;  and  by  1809  he  had  added 
to  the  group  the  third  prominent  variety,  tremolite;  while  in  all  other  works  not  taking  their 
views  from  him,  these  three  minerals  still  stood  as  distinct  species.  Asbestus  was  annexed  to  the 
series  by  Hausmann  in  1813,  though  kept  separate  long  afterward  by  many  other  authors. 

The  varieties  of  amphibole  are  as  numerous  as  those  of  pyroxene,  and  for  the  same  reasons ;  and 
they  lead  in  general  to  similar  subdivisions. 

I.  CONTAINING}  LITTLE  OB  NO  ALUMINA. 

1.  Magnesia-Lime  Amphibole ;  TREMOLITE.     (Tremolit  Pini,  de  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes,  iv.  §  1923, 
1796.     Grammatite  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.     Kalamit  [fr.  Normark,  Sw.)  Wern.,  Tasch.  Min.,  x.  169, 
1816.    Calamite.     Raphilite  Thorn.,  Min.,  i.  153,  1836.     Sebesit  [fr.  Sebes,  Transylvania]  in  Breith. 
Handb.,  539,  1847.     Nordenskioldit,  Kenng.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xii.  297,  1854.) 

Colors  white  to  dark-gray.  In  distinct  crystals,  either  long  bladed  or  short  and  stout ;  long  and 
thin  columnar,  or  fibrous;  also  compact  granular  massive.  /A/=124°  30.  H.^5'0— 6'5.  G. 
2-9—3-1.  Sometimes  transparent  and  colorless.  Contains  magnesia  and  lime  with  little  or  no  iron ; 
formula  (Oa  Mg)  Si.  Named  Tremolite  by  Pini,  from  the  locality  at  Tremola  in  Switzerland. 

Grammatite  (from  ypa/^,  a  line)  alludes  to  a  line  in  the  direction  of  the  longer  diagonal  seen  by 
Haiiy  on  transverse  sections  of  some  crystals.  It  was  substituted  for  tremolite  by  Haiiy,  without 
reason,  and  is  a  very  bad  substitute. 

Nordemkioldite,  from  Ruscula,  near  Lake  Onega,  is  tremolite  (Kenngott  and  v.  Hauer,  1.  c.). 

Raphilite,  from  Lanark  in  Canada,  is  tremolite  in  its  grayish- white  or  but  slightly  greenish  color, 
and  its  low  specific  gravity  (G.^2'85,  Thomson;  2'845,  Hunt).  But  both  Hunt's  and  Thomson's 
analyses  give  over  5-30  p.  c.  of  protoxyd  of  iron.  In  a  letter  to  the  author  (dated  Sept.  21,  1864) 
Hunt  states  that  he  obtained  in  one  of  his  trials,  from  material  which  he  had  purified  from  mixed 
CaC,  only  3'15  of  protoxyd  of  iron,  with  Ca  12-05  and  Si  57'20 ;  and  he  adds  that  he  regards  this 
as  nearer  the  true  composition  of  the  mineral. 

1  a.  NEPHRITE  pt.  (Pietra  di  hijada  [fr.  Mexico  or  Peru]  Span.  Lapis  nephriticus  A.  Clutius, 
Dissert.,  1627  ;  G.  Bartholinus,  Opusc.,  1628  ;  de  Boot,  Gemm.,  1609.  Lapis  Indicus  Aldrovandus, 
Met.,  p.  706.  Talcum  nephriticum  Linn.,  1768.  Jade,  Pierre  nephretique,  cFArgenville,  Oryct., 
186,  1755  ;  Sage,  de  Lisle,  etc.  Nephrit  Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronst.,  185,  1780.  Kidney  Stone.  Nieren- 
Btein,  Beilstein,  Germ.) 

Nephrite  is  in  part  a  tough,  compact,  fine-grained  tremolite,  having  a  tinge  of  green  or  blue,  and 
breaking  with  a  splintery  fracture  and  glistening  lustre.  H.=6— 6-5.  G.  =  2'96— 3'1.  Named 
from  a  supposed  efficacy  in  diseases  of  the  kidney,  from  v£<f>(>6s,  kidney.  It  occurs  usually  associ- 
ated with  talcose  or  magnesian  rocks. 

Nephrite  or  jade  was  brought  in  the  form  of  carved  ornaments  from  Mexico  or  Peru  soon  after 
the  discovery  of  America.  Del  Rio,  in  his  Mexican  Mineralogy  (1795),  mentions  no  Mexican  lo- 
cality. A  similar  stone  comes  from  China  and  New  Zealand.  A  nephrite-like  mineral,  called 
lowenite,  from  Smithfield,  R.  I.,  having  the  hardness  5-5,  is  serpentine  in  composition.  The  jade 
of  de  Saussure  is  the  saussurite  (see  under  ZOISITE)  of  the  younger  de  Saussure,  earlier  named  kman- 
ite  by  Delametherie.  Another  aluminous  jade  has  been  called  jadeite  (q.  v.)  by  Damour.  The 
Easton  mineral  is  a  mixture,  and  has  been  named  pseudonephrite  (q.  v.). 

2.  Magnesia-Lime-Iron  Amphibole ;  ACTINOLITE  (Stralskorl  pt.  Cronst.,  1.  c.     Strahlstein  Germ. 
Actynolite  Kirw.,  Min.,  L  167,   1794.     Actinolite  (correct  orthogr.).     Schorl  vert  du  Zillerthal, 


234:  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

Zillerthite,  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  ii  357,  1797.  Actinote  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801 ).__  Color  bright-green  and 
grayish-green.  In  crystals,  either  short  or  long-bladed,  as  in  tremolite;  columnar  or  fibrous; 
granular  massive.  G.=:3— 3  2.  Sometimes  transparent.  Contains  magnesia  and  lime,  with  some 
protoxyd  of  iron,  but  seldom  more  than  6  p.  c. ;  formula  (Ca,  Mg,  Fe)  Si.  The  variety  in  long 
bright-green  crystals  is  called  glassy  actinolite;  the  crystals  break  easily  across  the  prism.  The 
fibrous  and  radiated  kinds  are  often  called  asbestiform  actinolite  and  radiated  actinolite.  Actinolite 
owes  its  green  color  to  the  iron  present. 

Named  actinolite  from  'a*™,  a  ray,  and  Xi0of,  stone,  as  translation  of  the  German  strahlstein  or 
radiated  stone.  Name  changed  to  actinote  by  Haiiy,  without  reason. 

Tremolite  graduates  into  actinolite  through  an  increase  in  the  proportion  of  iron,  though  generally 
easily  distinguishable  by  its  color.  Asbestus  has  usually  a  grayish- white  or  greenish- white  color, 
although  actinolite  in  the  proportion  of  iron ;  and  the  raphilite  (see  preceding  page)  appears  to 
shade  into  actinolite  in  composition.  Tremolite  does  not  differ  in  color  from  the  aluminous  variety, 
edenite,  from  Edenville,  N.  Y.  (p.  235). 

3.  Magnesia-Iron  AmpTiibole ;  ANTHOLITE  (Anthophyllite  pt.  (p.  231).     Antholith  pt.  Kenng.,  Ueb. 
1859,  68,  1860).     Structure  as  in  anthophyllite.     Color  gray  to  brown;  G.=3-l  — 3'2.     Contains 
much  magnesia,  with  some  iron,  and  little  or  no  lime.     Formula  (Mg,  Fe)  Si.     Graduates  into 
kupfferite,  p.  230. 

4.  Magnesia-Lime-Manganese  Amphibole ;  RICHTERTTE.    A  variety  from  Paisbergjs  here  included 
(anal.  34),  described  by  Igelstrom,  and  affording  the  formula  (Mg,  Mn,  Ca,  K,  Na)  Si,  and  con- 
taining 8  to  9  p.  c.  of  alkali,  which  may  possibly  be  a  result  of  alteration.     /A  7=124° ;  color 
pale-yellowish  to  brown.     Igelstrom  considers  the  richterite  of  Breithaupt  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  364, 
1865)  the  same  mineral,  as  it  has  the  same  general  aspect  and  similar  composition,  excepting  half 
less  manganese  ;  Breithaupt  describes  it  as  occurring  in  acicular  crystals,  affording  the  prismatic 
angle  133°  38'  (which  is  within  5'  of /A  i-i  of  pyroxene);  with  G.  =  2-826;  color  isabella-yellow, 
rarely  pale  yellowish-brown ;  B.B.  very  fusible.     It  resembles  the  kokscharoffite  from  L.  Baikal, 
though  unlike  it  in  composition  (p.  242). 

5.  Iron-Magnesia  Amphibole;  CUMMINGTONITE  (Dewey,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  viii.  59,  1824.     Anthophyl- 
lite pt.     Not  Cummingtonite  [—Rhodonite]  Ramm.}.     Color  gray  to  brown.     Usually  fibrous  or 
fibro-lamellar,  often  radiated.     G.=3'l— 3'32.     Contains  much  iron,  with  some  magnesia,  and 
little  or  no  lime.     Formula  (Fe,  Mg)  Si.     Named  from  the  locality,  Cummington,  Mass. 

6.  Iron-Manganese  Amphibole;  DANNEMORITE  (Jern-och-manganoxidulrik  Hornblende  A.  Erd- 
mann,  Dannemora  Jernm.,  52,  1851.     Dannemorit  Kenng.,  Ueb.  1855,  61,  1856).    Color  yellowish- 
brown  to  greenish-gray.     Columnar  or  fibrous,  like  tremolite  and  asbestus.     Contains  iron  and 
manganese ;  formula  (Fe,  jSln)  Si.      In  thin  pieces  B.B.  fuses  to  a  dark  slag.     Asbeftrrite  of 
Igelstrom  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxvi.  23,  1867)  is  similar;  it  is  grayish-white  to  ash-gray,  and  like  a  gray 
asbestus ;  in  acids  not  soluble  (anal.  39).     The  proportion  of  Mn  is  not  stated,  and  it  may  be 
Cummingtonite. 

7.  Iron  Amphibole;  GRONERITE  (Pyroxene  ferrugineux  (fr.  Collobrieres)  Gr-liner,  C.  R.,  xxiv. 
794;  Griinerit  Kenng.,  Min.,  69,_  1853).     Asbestiform,  or  lamellar-fibrous.     Lustre  silky;  color 
brown;    G.=3'713.     Formula  Fe  Si.      Optical  properties  those   of  amphibole,    according   to 
Descloizeaux  (Min.,  i.  59). 

Appendix.  8.  ASBESTUS  ('A/uaj/ro?  \tOos  Dioscor.,  v.  155.  [Not  daBiarog  [=  Quicklime]  Dioscor., 
v.  133.]  Asbestos,  Linum  vivum,  Amiantus,  Plin.,  xix.  4,  xxxvi.  31.  Lapis  Carystius  (fr.  Carys- 
tum)  Pausanias.  Lana  montana.  Amiantus,  Asbestus,  Agric.,  Foss.,  253,  1546;  Wall.,  Min., 
140,  143,  1747  (Caro  montana  or  Bargkott= Mountain  leather,  and  Suber  montanum  or  Barg- 
koark= Mountain  cork,  being  included.)  Asbestus,  Amianthus,  Carystine  (=Mtn.  leather  and 
cork),  Hill,  Foss.,  166,  1771.  Kymatin  Breith.,  Uib.  1830,  Char.,  113,  1832.  Byssolite  (fr.  Bourg 
d'Oisaus)  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes,  §  1 696 ;  Asbestoide  (ib.)  Vauq.  &  Macquart,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom., 
No.  54,  1797 ;  Amianthoide  (ib.)  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  ii.  364,  1797).  TremoHte,  actinolite,  and  other 
varieties  of  amphibole,  excepting  those  containing  much  alumina,  pass  into  fibrous  varieties,  the 
fibres  of  which  are  sometimes  very  long,  fine,  flexible,  and  easily  separable  by  the  fingers,  and  look 
like  flax.  These  kinds,  like  the  corresponding  of  pyroxene,  are  called  asbestus  (fr.  the  Greek  for 
incombustible.)  Pliny  supposed  it  a  vegetable  product,  although  good  for  making  incombustible 
cloth,  as  he  states.  The  amianthus  of  the  Greeks  and  Latins  was  the  same  thing ;  the  word 
meaning  undefiled,  and  alluding  to  the  ease  of  cleaning  the  cloth  by  throwing  it  into  the  fire. 
The  colors  vary  from  white  to  green  and  wood-brown.  The  name  amianthus  is  now  applied 
usually  to  the  finer  and  more  silky  kinds.  Much  that  is  so  called  is  chrysotile,  or  fibrous  serpen- 
tine, it  containing  12  to  14  p.  c.  of  water.  Mountain  leather  is  a  kind  in  thin  flexible  sheets,  made 
of  interlaced  fibres ;  and  mountain  cork  (bergkork)  the  same  in  thicker  pieces ;  both  are  so  light 
as  to  float  on  water,  and  they  are  often  hydrous.  Mountain  wood  (Bergholz,  Holzasbest,  Germ.) 
is  compact  fibrous,  and  gray  to  brown  in  color,  looking  a  little  like  dry  wood. 

Byssolite  (Amianthoid,  asbestoid)  fr.  Bourg  d'Oisans  in  Dauphiny,  is  of  an  olive-green  color, 


BISILICATES.  235 

coarse  and  stiff  fibrous,  and  has  G.=3-0;  it  is  a  fibrous  variety  of  the  iron-manganese  amphibole 
according  to  Vauquelin  &  Macquart  (1.  c.).     It  occurs  associated  with  a  black  oxyd  of  manganese'. 

II.  ALUMINOUS. 

9.  Aluminous  Magnesia-Lime  Amphibole.     (a)  EDENITE.     (Edenit  Breith.,  Handb.,  558,  1841). 
Color  white  to  gray  and  pale-green,  and  also  colorless  ;  G.=3'0  —  3'059,  Ramm. ;  2'9,  Breith.    Re- 
sembles anthophyllite  and  tremolite.     Formula  (Mg,  Ca)  (Si,  Xl*X     Named  from  the  locality  at 
Edenville,  N.  T.     To  this  variety  belong  various  pale-colored  amphiboles,  having  less  than  five 
p.  c.  of  oxyds  of  iron.     Breithaupt  makes  the  edenite  triclinic  in  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  428,  and  he  says 
that  this  is  confirmed  by  Dauber.     On  an  examination  of  crystals,  the  author  sees  no  reason  for 
adopting  this  conclusion. 

(6)  SMARAGDITE  Saussure  (Voy.  Alpes,  iv.  §  1313, 1362,  1796.  Diallage  verte  pt.  H.,  1801 ;  Green 
Diallage  pt.  Diallagon  Ullmann,  Tab.,  90,  1814).  A  thin-foliated  variety,  of  a  light  grass-green 
color,  resembling  much  common  green  diallage.  According  to  Boulanger  it  is  an  aluminous  mag- 
nesia-lime amphibole,  containing  less  than  3^  p.  c.  of  protoxyd  of  iron,  and  is  hence  related  to 
edenite  and  the  light  green  Pargas  mineral.  Descloizeaux  observes  (Min.,  i.  90)  that  it  has  the 
cleavage,  and  apparently  the  optical  characters,  of  amphibole.  H.=5  ;  G.=:3,  Yauq. ;  3'10,  Bou- 
langer. It  forms,  along  with  whitish  or  greenish  saussurrite,  a  rock.  The  original  mineral  is 
from  Corsica,  and  the  rock  is  the  corsilyte  of  Piukerton,  and  the  verde  di  Corsica  duro  of  the  arts. 

A  similar  smaragdite  from  Bacher  consists,  according  to  Haidinger,  of  alternate  laminae  of  am- 
phibole and  pyroxene  in  twin  composition. 

The  euphotide  of  the  Alps  resembles  corsilyte  in  containing  a  smaragdite-like  mineral  (green  di- 
allage). But  Hunt  states  that  the  mineral  has  the  cleavage  of  pyroxene,  which  our  own  examina- 
tions have  not  succeeded  in  confirming. 

10.  Aluminous  Magnesia-Lime-Iron  Amphibole.     (a)  PARGASITE;  (6)  HORNBLENDE.     (Corneus 
fissilis  pt.,  Corneus  solidus  pt.,  C.  crystallisatus  pt.,  Hornbarg,  Skiorl  pt.,  Wall,  Min.,  138,  139, 
1747.     Skorl  pt.,  Basaltes  pt.,  Bolus  particulis  squamosis  pt.,  Cronst.,  7o,  82,  1758.    Schorl  opaque 
rhomboidal  pt.,  Schorl  argileux  pt,  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  ii.  389  (pi.  iv.,  f.  97,  99),  424, 1783.     Basaltische 
Hornblende  Wern.,  Bergm.  «L,  1789  (incl.  also  augite).     Basaltische  H.  (augite  excl.)  Wern.,  1792, 
and  later;    Karst.,  Tab.,   1800.      Pargasit  Steinheil,  1814,  Tasch.,  Min.  1815,  301.     Amphibolit 
Breith.,  Char.,  1823,  Uib.,  34,  1830.     Diastatit  (fr.  Wermland)  Breith.,  Char.,  134,  1832.     Syntag- 
matit  (fr.  Vesuvius),  Wallerian,  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  428,  1865. 

Colors  bright,  dark,  green,  and  bluish-green  to  grayish-black  and  black.  /A  1=  1 24°  1'— 1 24°  25' ; 
G.=3'05  — 3-47.  Pargasite  is  usually  made  to  include  green  and  bluish-green  kinds,  occurring  in 
stout  lustrous  crystals,  or  granular ; '  and  hornblende  the  greenish-black  and  black  kinds,  whether 
in  stout  crystals  or  long  bladed,  columnar,  fibrous,  or  massive  granular.  But  no  line  can  be  drawn 
between  them.  Pargasite  occurs  at  Pargas,  Finland,  in  bluish-green  and  grayish-black  crystals. 

Optical  characters  in  general  the  same  as  for  tremolite  and  actinolite  (p.  233).  But  in  one  black 
crystal  of  hornblende  (fr.  Bilin  ?)  Descloizeaux  found  one  bisectrix  to  be  parallel  to  the  plane  i-i, 
and  the  other  normal  to  it.  Again,  in  the  bluish  or  black  pargasite,  from  Pargas,  the  bisectrix  is 
inclined  32°  58'  to  a  normal  to  0,  and  108°  to  a  normal  to  i-i ;  and  double  refraction  is  positive. 
Descloiseaux  observes  that  these  distinctions  are  not  sufficient  to  warrant  the  separation  of  these 
minerals. 

(a)  Diastatite  is  a  black  hornblende  from  Nordmark  in  "Wermland,  stated  by  Breithaupt  to  have 
/A 7=1 20°  20',  and  G.=3'08— 3- 11.  (6)  Syntagmatite  is  the  Vesuvius  black  hornblende,  analyzed 
by  Rammelsberg  (No.  29),  in  which  he  found  / A 1=  1 24°  8',  G.=3'272. 

(c)  According  to  Breithaupt,  /A /in  two  hornblendes  from  Greenland  is  123°  59'  and  124°  0', 
with  G.=3-462  and  3'383;  two  from  Arendal  hi  Norway,  124°  and  124°  1-J-',  with  G.=3'301  and 
3-229;  one  from  Persberg  in  Sweden,  124°,  with  G.  =  3-818;  two  from  Schmalzgrube,  near 
Marienbergin  Saxony,  124°  5'  and  124°  11',  with  G.^3'333  and  3'290 ;  one  from  Rhonsberg  in 
Bohemia,  124°  6',  with  G.  =  3'352.  The  preceding  are  of  Breithaupt's  Amphibolus  ferrosus. 

For  a  basaltic  hornblende,  from  Wetterau  or  Bilin  (A.  basalticus  Br.)  analyzed  by  Bonsdorff  and 
Struve  (Anal.  17,  21),  Breithaupt  gives  /A/=124°  39'  38",  andG.  =  3l7  — 3'25 ;  for  onejrom  the 
zircon-syenite  of  Laurvig  and  Fredriksvarn  in  Norway  (A.  saxosus  Br.)  /A  1=1 24°  7',  and 
G.  — 2-26— 2-29;  for  one  of  greenish-black  color  from  Ersby  near  Pargas  in  Finland,  analyzed  by 
Hisinger  and  Bonsdorff,  anal.  10,  11  (A.  medius  Br.),  /A/=124°  15',  and  G.=3'14— 3'17;  for 
one  of  green  to  greenish-black  color,  from  Saualpe  in  Carinthia,  analyzed  by  Clausbruch,  anal.  20 
(A.  Carinthinus  Br.,  and  Carinthine  W.),  /A  1=  124°  22',  and  G. =3-08— 310;  for  one  from  Par- 
gas,  occurring  in  limestone  with  chondrodite,  etc.,  analyzed  by  Bonsdorff  and  Gmelin  (A.pargas- 
ites  Br.,  or  Pargasite),  /A  7=124°  10',  and  G.=3-06— 3'08  ;  for  one  of  greenish-black  to  blackish- 
green  color,  from  Kongsberg  in  Norway,  analyzed  by  Kudernatsch  (A.  macrodiagonalis  Br.), 
/\/=124°26'  and  G.=3-06— 3-08 


236 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Diastatite  of  Breithaupt  (A.  diastaticus\  in  its  angle  I A  1=120°  20',  if  this  be  not  an  accidental 
irregularity,  diverges  widely  from  true  hornblende.  Breithaupt  has  called  a  velvet-black  horn- 
blende from  Nordmark  in  Wermland  Hemiprismatischer  Amphibol  (Char.,  135,  1882  ;  Handb.,  iii. 
646);  it  is  stated  to  have  /A  7=124°  26',  and  to  be  triclinic,  the  angle  between  the  macrodiago- 
nal  and  the  left  face  of  a  clinodome  being  27°  40',  and  that  for  the  right  face  27°  64',  and  the 
cleavages  parallel  to  the  prismatic  planes  I,  /',  unequal.  G.=3'16— 318.  The  analyses  by 
Bonsdorff  and  Hisinger,  Nos.  11,  28,  he  refers  here.  He  has  recently  named  it  Hemiprismatiies 
Wallerianus  or  WaUerian.  Breithaupt  also  observes  that  his  A.  medius  (see  above)  has  unequal 
cleavages,  and  is  probably  related  to  the  wallerianite.  The  grayish  to  colorless  hornblende 
from  Edenville,  called  by  him  Edenite  (see  p.  235),  he  also  refers  to  his  genus  Hemiprismatites. 

11.  Aluminous  Iron-Lime  Amphibole;  NORALITE  Dana.     Color  black. 

12.  Aluminous  Iron-Manganese  Amphibole;  G-AMSIGEADITE  Breith.  (B.  H.  Ztg..  xx.  51,  1861). 
Color  velvet-black.    G.=312.    Named  from  the  locality,  Gamsigrad  in  Servia,  where  it  forms 
with  white  feldspar  a  rock  called  timazyie. 

Mangan-amphibol  of  Hermann  (Cummingtonite  Rammelsberg,  and  Hennannite  Kenngott)  is  noth- 
ing but  rhodonite  of  Cummington,  Mass.,  erroneously  analyzed. 


I.  CONTAINING  LITTLE  OR  NO  ALUMINA. 

1.  Tremoliie :  Magnesia-Lime  Amphibole.   Analyses  :  1,  2,  Bonsdorff  (Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  414,  xxxv. 
123);  3,  Michaelson  (<Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1863,  196);  4,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xvi.) ;  6, 
Kichter  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  353);  6,  Kammelsberg  (Pogg.,  ciii.  295);  7,  Lechartier  (Bull.  Soc.  Ch.,  II. 
iii.  381) ;  8,  9,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.) ;  10,  Beudant  (Ann.  d.  M.,  II.  v.  307) ;  11,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.) ; 
12,  id.  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxvi.  347). 

2.  Actinolite:  Magnesia-Lime-Iron  Amphibole.     13,  Bonsdorff  (1.  c.) ;  14,  Seybert  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  vL 
333);  15,  Hunt  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xii,  213,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  i.  322);  16,  Furuhjelm  (Arppe,  Under- 
sokn,  p.  69,  Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  471);  17,  18,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.);  19,  Richter  (1.  c.);  20,  Pipping 
(Berz.  Jahresb.,  xxvii.  252);  21,  v.  Merz  (Viert.  Ges.  Zurich,  1861,  Kenng.,  1860);  22,  Schwalbe 
(ib.,  vii.  20,  Kenng.,  1861,  68;  23,  Michaelson  (CEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1863,  199);  24,  Murray  (Ramm. 
2dSuppL,  60);  25,  Bonsdorff (1.  c.);  26,  Rammelsberg  (1st  Suppl,  73);  27,  Meitzendorf  (Pogg., 
Hi.  626);  28,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  331);  29,  Richter  (ib.);  30,  Scheerer  (L  c). 

3.  Antholite:  Magnesia- Iron  Amphibole.     81,  Thomson  (Rec.  Gen.  Sci.,  xvii);  32,  Beck  (This 
Min.,  1850,  692);  33,  Lappe  (Pogg.,  xxxv.  486). 

4.  Magnesia-Lime-Manganese  Amphibole.    34,  Igelstrom  (OEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.  1867,  12,  B.  H.  Ztg., 
1867,  21);  35,  Michaelson  (1.  c.) 

5.  Cummingtonite:  Iron-Magnesia  Amphibole.     36,  37,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvl  48). 

6.  Dannemorite:  Iron- Manganese  Amphibole.    38,  Erdmann  (Dannemora  Jern-Upsala,  Stockholm, 
1851,  51);  39,  Igelstrom  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxvi.  23). 

7.  Grunerite:  Iron  Amphibole.    40,  Griiner  (C.  R.,  xxiv.  794). 

8.  Nephrite.    41,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  148) ;  42,  43,  Schaf  hautl  (Ann.  Ch.  Phann.,  xlvL 
338);  44,  45,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xvi.);  46,  47,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  379);  48,  49, 
L.  R.  v.  Fellenberg  (Nat.  Ges.  Bern,  1865,  112) : 


1.  TREMOLITE:  Magnesia-Lime  Amphibole. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 

"Wermland,  w. 
Fahlun,  w. 
"      pale  green 
St.  Gothard,  w. 
"          w. 
"          w. 
"          to. 
Sweden,  ywTi. 
Maneetsok,  Gd.,  ywh. 
Cziklowa 
Gouverneur,  N.  Y.,  to. 
Gulsjo 

Si 

69-75 
60-10 
57-32 

58-07 
60-60 
(I)  58-55 
(1)59-02 
68-87 
54-71 
59-5 
67-40 
57-62 

£1 

tr. 
0-42 
1-09 

032 

0-35 
1-77 

1-4 

0-38 

Fe      ]$ln 

0-50  
1-00    0-47 
1-18     0-85 
1-82    
0-50   

2-81 
2-41    

1-36    

0-84    

Mg  Ca        H 

25-00  14-71  0-10,  F  0-90=100-36  B. 

24-31  12-73  0-15,  F  0-78=99-96  B. 

24-70  13-61  0-20,  F  0'35  =  99'30  Mich. 

24-46  12-99  =97  -34  Damour. 

25-43  11-85  1 -20  (&F)=99'90  Richter. 

26-63  13-90  0-34  (&F)=99-42  Ramm. 

24-07  12-53  1-62  =  100-40  Lechartier. 

28-19  11-00  01 8  (&F)=  100-01  Ramm. 

23-92  15-06  3-33  (&F)= 99-43  Ramm. 

268  12'3  =100  Beudant. 

24-69  13-89  0'40  (&F)=9912  Ramm. 

26-12  14-90  =99-48  Ramm 


BISILIOATES. 


237 


2.  ACTINOLITE  ;  Magnesia-Lime-Iron  Amphibole. 


13.  Taberg,  glassy 

14.  Concord,  Pa. 

15.  Raphilite 

16.  Degero,  Finl. 

17.  Zillerthal,  cryst. 

18.  Arendal,  gy.-gn. 

19.  Reichenstein 

20.  Helsingfors,  gy.-gn. 

21.  Riffelberg 

22.  Fleschhorn 

23.  Orrijarfvi,  dk.-gn. 

24.  Taberg,      Asbestus 

25.  Tarentaise         " 

26.  Kymatin 

27.  Zillerthal  " 

28.  Tyrol 

29.  Reichenstein     " 

30.  Zillerthal,  Rock  Cork 


3.  ANTHOLFFE  ;  Magnesia-Iron  Amphibole ;  Asbestiform. 


Si 

£1 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg 

Ca 

59-75 



3-95 

0-31 

21-10 

14-25 

56-33 

1-67 

4-30 



24-00 

10-67 

55-30 

0-40 

6-30 

tr. 

22-50 

13-36 

58-25 

1-33 

6-65 

_____ 

20-55 

12-40 

55-50 



6-25 



22-56 

13-46 

56-77 

0-97 

5-88 



21-48 

13-56 

58-89 

0-67 

3-79 



23-37 

9-57 

57-20 

0-20 

11-75 

1-15 

9-49 

21-20 

57'25 

0-22 

6-67 

0-63 

21-81 

12-40 

58-18 

3-17 

11-27 



16-57 

11-59 

55-01 

1-69 

3-46 

0-51 

23-85 

13-60 

59-50 

_____ 

8-60 



19-30 

12-65 

58-20 

0-14 

3-08 

0-21 

22-10 

15-55 

57-98 

0-58 

6-32 



22-38 

12-95 

55-87 



4-31 

1-12 

20-33 

17-76 

57-50 



3-88 



23-09 

13-42 

55-85 

0-56 

5-22 



23-99 

11-66 

57-20 



4-37 



22-85 

13-39 

31.  Tyrol,         Asbestus 

32.  Staten  Id.,       " 

33.  Koruk  " 


54-92     1-64  12-60 26'08 

55-20    11-82    30-73 

58-48 9-22     0'88     31'38 


4.  RICHTERITE  ;  Magnesia-Lime-Mango,nese  Amphibole. 


34.  Paisberg 

35.  Longban,  Finl. 


52-23   1-35  11-37     21-03 

54-15     0-52     1-77     5'09     20-18 


5.  CUMMINGTONITE  ;  Iron-Magnesia  Amphibole. 

36.  CummingtOQ  51-09     0-95  32-07     1'50     10'29 

37.  "  50-74     0-89  33'14     1'77     10'31 

6.  DANNEHORITE  ;  Iron-Manganese  Amphibole. 

38.  Danuemora  48'89     1'46  38-21     8-46       2'92 

39.  Brunsjo,  Asbeferrite  46'25    40-40  10'88~ 

7.  GRUNERITE  ;  Iron  Amphibole. 

40.  Collobrieres  43-9      1-9    52-2     M 

8.  NEPHRITE. 


a 

,  F  1-16= 100-52  B. 

1-03=98  Seybert. 

0-30,  Na  0-80,    K  0-25  = 
99'21  Hunt. 
=99-18  Furuhjelm. 

1-29=99-06  Raram. 

2-20=100-86  Ramm. 

3-60=99-89  Richter. 

=100-95  Pipping. 

,  F  0-83=99-81  Merz. 

,  F  0-29=101-07  Sch. 

1-02,  3?e  0-56,  Na  0-48,  K 

0-38  =  100-56  Michaelson. 
=100-05  Murray. 

0-14,  F  0-6=99-45  B. 

=100-21  Ramm. 

=99-39  Meitzendorf. 

2-36=100-25  Scheerer. 

2-15,  CuO-40  Richter. 

2-43=100-24  Scheerer. 


5-28=100-52  Thomson. 

2-25  =  100  Beck. 

0-04   =100Lappe. 


5-20    ,  tfa,  K  8-82  =  100  I. 

6-06     0-12,  £e  2-80  Na  2-77,  £ 
6-37  =  99-83  Michaelson. 


tr.      3-04,    Na    0-75,    &  tr.= 
99-69  S.  <fe  B. 

tr.      3-04,    ISTa    0-54,   &  tr.= 
100-43  S.  &  B. 


0-73   =100-67  Erdmann. 

2-47=100  Igelstrom. 


0-5 


=99-6  Grriiner. 


0-68  =  100-97  Ramm. 

0-25,  K  0-80=99-23  S. 

0-27,  K  0-80=99-74  S. 

=98-76  Damour. 

=98*15  Damour. 

2-55=100-18  Scheerer. 

2-50  =  100-48  Scheerer. 

3-18=10066  FelL 

3-72=99-93  FelL 

In  anal.  3,  G.=2-99;  anal.  6  and  8,  G.=2-93;  anal.  11,  G.=3-0;  anal.  12,  G.=3'003 ;  anaL  17, 
G.=3-067;  anal.  18,  G.=3'026;  anaL  19,  G.=3'004;  anaL  20,  G.=3-166;  anaL  23,  G.=3'03; 
anal.  41,  G.=2'96 ;  anal.  44,  45,  G.=2'97. 


41. 

China 

54-68 



2-15 

1-39 

26-01 

16-06 

42. 

a 

58-91 

1-32 

2-43 

0-82 

2242 

12-28 

43. 

u 

58-88 

1-56 

2-53 

0-80 

22-39 

12-15 

44. 

(( 

58-46 

.. 

1-15 



27-09 

12-06 

45. 

(( 

58-02 



1-12 



27-19 

11-82 

46. 

(( 

57-28 

0-68 

1-37 



25-91 

12-39 

47. 

K  Zealand 

57-10 

0-72 

3-39 



23-29 

1348 

48. 

Swiss  Lake-hab. 

(1)  56-83 



6-70 

0'58 

20-35 

13-02 

49. 

M 

(I 

66-14 

0-48 

4-66 

1-13 

22-68 

11-12 

238 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


n.  ALUMINOUS  VARIETIES. 

1.  EDENTTE:  Magnesia-Lime  Amphibole.     Analyses:    1,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,    ciii.  441);    2, 
Cajander  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlii.  454);  3,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.);  4,  C.  Gmeliu  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.  1816);   5, 
Bousdorff  (Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  414,  xxxv.  123);  6,  7,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.);  8,  Bonsdorff  (1.  c.). 

2.  Paargarite  and  Hornblende.     9,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,   1863,  466);  10,  Bonsdorff  (1.  c.); 
11,  12,  Hisinger  (Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  289);   13,  Suckow  (Die  Verwitt,  143);   14,  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M., 
xvi.  323,  1849);   15,  Kudernatsch  (Pogg.,  xxxvii  585);  16,  Kussin  (Ramm.,  Min.  Ch.,  492);   17, 
Bonsdorff  (1.  c.);  18,  Henry  (G.  Rose,  Reise  Ural,  i.  383);  19,  Hisinger  (L  c.);  20,  Clausbruch 
(Ramm.,  1st  Suppl.,  72);   21,  Struve  (Pogg.,  vii.  350);  22,  Rammelsberg  (ib.,  Ixxxiii.   458);  23, 
24,  Waltershausen  (Vulk.  Gest.   Ill);  25,  Delesse  (Mem.   Soc.  d'emul.  du  Doubs,  1847);  26, 
Sharpies  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlii  27i);  27,  Kudernatsch  (1.  c.);  28,  Bonsdorff  (1.  c.);  29-35,  Ram 
melsberg  (Pogg.,  ciii.  444) ;  36,  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M.,   xvi.  323);  37-40,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.);  41, 
Puzyrevsky  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1856,  352);  42,  Moberg(J.  pr.  Ch,  xlii.  454);  43,  Waltershausen  (1.  c.); 
44,  Hisinger  (1.  c.);  45,  Deville  (Et.  G.  Teneriffe,  1843). 

3.  NORALITE;  Aluminous  Iron-Lime  Amphibok.     46,  47,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  v.  150);  48,  Ram 
melsberg  (1.  c.,  447) ;  49,  Schultz  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  996). 

4.  GAMSIGRADITE  ;  Aluminous  Iron-Manganese  Amphibole.     50,  Miiller  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xx.  53). 

5.  SMARAGDITE.     51,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxvii.  348) ;  52,  Boulanger  (Ann.  d.  M.,  viii, 
159): 


1.  EDENITE;  Aluminous  Magnesia- Lime  Amphibole. 

Si  £l  Fe     Fe     &n  ]ftg 

61-67  5-75     2-86 23'37 

39-37  15-37    2'39  21'46 

46-12  7-56    2-27  21'22 

51-75  10-93    3-97  18  97 

46-26  11-48    3-48    036  19'03 


1.  Edenville,  gy. 

2.  Storgord,  Finl. 

3.  Pargas,  gn. 

4.  "      pale-gn. 

5.  "          " 


6.  Monroe,  bh.-gy. 

7.  Saualpe,  bn. 

8.  Aker,  gy. 


45-93  12-37 
49-33  12-72 
47-21  13-94 


1-72 


4-55     tr.     21-12 

4-63 17-14 

2-28    0-57  21-86 


Ca     Na     &     S      F 

l?/42  0-75  0-84  0'46  =98-12  R. 

17-61 =96-20  C. 

13-70  2-48  1-29  MO  2*76  =  98'50  R. 

10-04  1-83 =97-49  G. 

13-96  0-61    2-86,        gangue 

0-43  =  98-47  Bonsdorff. 
12-22  2-24  0-98  0'59    =100  34  R. 

9  91  2-25  0-63  0'29  0-21=9,9-13  R. 
12-73 0-44  0-9  =99'93  B. 


2.  PARGASITE  and  HORNBLENDE  ;  Aluminous  Magnesia-Lime-Iron  Amphibole. 
a.  Containing  not  over  10  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  iron. 


9.  Madawaska  R. 

10.  Pargas 

11.  " 

12.  Lindbo 

13.  Fillef  jeld,  Norw. 

14.  ThUlot,  gn. 


55-05     4-50  5*85  20*95  13*44   0'35    =100-14  H. 

45-69  12-18  7-32    0'22  18-79  13'83 1-42  =  99-45  B. 

41-50  15-75  7-75    0'25  19*40  14-09    0'50 =97'24  H. 

45-37  13-82  7'74    T50  16*34  13*92 0*22    =98'91  H. 

45*37  14-81  8-74    1'50  14-33  14*91    =99*66  S. 

50-04     8-95  9-59    0'20  18*02  11-48  0*81  0'08  0*59    ,  £r  0*24= 

100  Delesse. 

15.  Kienrudgnibe        49-07     9*24  9-77  20-29  10'33    =98-70  K. 


&.  Containing  over  10  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  iron  and  under  20  p.  c. 

16.  Zsidovacz  46'0l  10*49  10-03    3-46  15-09  13-80    =98  88  K, 

17.  Wetterau  42-24  13-92  14'59    0*33  13-74  12-24 =97'06  B. 

18.  Kaltajuva  45'18  IL'34  16*16   17*55     9'87 =100-10  H. 

19.  Slatmyran  47'62  7'38  15-78    0'32  14*81  12*69 =98-60  H. 

20.  Carinthia  46*03  8*37  17*44  18*48  10-23 =100'55  C 

21.  Bilin,  Bohem.  40-08  17'59  12-32  13-50  11-01  0'89  0*18  018  1*04=98*57  S. 

22.  Hartlingen  42'52  ll'OO  16*59  13-45  12*25  1-71  1*92 • — ,   Ti   1-01  = 

10045  Ramm. 

-1440    1-06  13-01  12-99    - —  1'02    =97*52  W. 

•1749     tr.     13-1913-44   0'85    =99-56  W. 

.1540  15-27  10-83       2'95        I'OO    =100  Del 

•  15-41    0-26  15-28  1316 =99-57  Sh. 

-15-93  14*28  10*49 ,    Ti  0'66= 

98-55  Kudernatsch 
28.  Nordmark,  Werm.48*83    7*48   18*75    1-15  13-61  1016 0-50  041  =  100  89  B. 


23.  Etna         39*75  15*29 

24.  "  40-91  13-68 

25.  Servance  47-40     7'15 

26.  Birmingham,  Pa.  47 '77     7'69 

27.  LaPrese(Bormio)45-31  11-88 


BISILICATES. 


239 


Fe     Mn     Mg      Ca 


H 


Si       3tl 

29.  Vesuvius  39'92  14'10     6-0011'03    0'30  10'72  12'62  0'55  3'37  0-37 =98-78  R. 

30.  Hart.lingen  42'52  ll'OO     8'30    9'12  13-45  12'25  l'7l   T92 ,  fi   1-01  = 

101-28  Ramm. 

31.  Cernosin  40*65  14-31     5'81    7-18  14'06  12-55  T64  1'54  0'26    ,  fi   0  80= 

99  10  Ramm. 

32.  Honnef  41'01  13'04     5'38  10'75  13-48     9'31  1-26  1-79  0'79   ,  f i  1-53= 

98-34  Ramm. 

33.  Steuzelberg  39'62  14'92  10-28    7'67    0'24  11  32  12-65  1-12  2'18  0-48 ,  fi  0'19= 

99-67  Ramm. 

34.  Bosgolovsk  44'24     8'85_    5'13  ll'SO 13-46  10'82  2'08  0'24  0'39  0'25=98'27  R. 

35.  Pargas  41'26  11'92     4-83    9'92     tr.     13-49  11*95  1'44  2'70  0'52  1 '70=99  73  R. 

c.  Containing  over  20  p.  c.  of  oxyds  of  iron  and  manganese  united. 


36.  Faymont 

37.  Arendal 

38.  Philipstadt 

39.  Frederick  svarn 

40.  " 


41-99  11-66 2222 

43-18  10-01  6-97  14'48 

37-84  12-05  4-37  12'38 

40-00  8-00  10-1011-04 


12-59  9-55       1-02  1-47 

0-29     9-48  11-20  2'16  1'80  0'37 

0-68  12-16  14-01  0-75  2'68  0'80 

1-03  11-51  10-26  2-72  2'53  0'60 


40-00     7-37  10-4513-38    T85    7'51  11-28       5'25       0-54   


41.  Norway  37'34  12'66  10'24    9-02 

42.  Kimito,  Finl.          43'23  11-73    26-81 

43.  Etna,  V.  di  Bove  43'84     9'27 21-79 

44.  Garpenberg  53-50     4-40    22'52 

45.  Teneriffe  46'23     9'25    29-34 


0-75  10-35  11-43  4-18  2'11  1'85 

1-61  7-04  9-72  

11-70  12-05 0-84 

0-35  11-35  4-65 060 

5-06     9-37 


-=100  D. 

•=94-44  R. 

=97-67  R. 

,  fi  0-80= 
98-59  R. 
fi  1-07  = 
98-70  Ramm. 
-=99-93  P. 
-=100-14  M. 
~=99-49  W. 
-=97-10  H. 
-=99-25  D. 


3.  NORALITE  ;  Aluminous  Iron-Lime  Amphibole. 

46.  Nora,  Westm'nl'd  42'00  12'00 30'00   0'25 

47.  Fulda,  Hesse         47'00  26-00   15-00 

48.  Brevig  42-27     6'31    6*62  21'72    1-18 


49.  Huttenthal 


46-13  14-96    2-95  21'37 


2-25  11-00   tr.    0-75   =98-25  K. 

2-00     8-00 0-5      =98  00  K. 

3-62     9-68  3-14  2'65  0'48    ,  fi  T01  = 

98-63  Ramm. 
1-79  10-04  0-87  0-18  M2 =99-41  S. 


4.  GAMSIGRADITE  ;  Aluminous  Iron-Manganese  Amphibole. 
50.  Gamsigrad  46-58  13'63    12'29    6'00     8-44    8'83  3'17  I'OO   


-=99-94  M. 


5.  SMABAGDITE. 

51.  Alps,  pale  gn.        54-30    4'54 

52.  Corsica  40-80  12-60 


3-87  19-01  13-72  2-80   0*30 ,  Ni  tr.,  £r 

0-61=99-15  Hunt. 

3-20    1-40  11-20  23-00 5'2      ,  £r  2-00= 

99-40  Boulanger. 


In  anal.  1,  G.=3059;  anal.  3,  G.  =  3'104;  anal.  6,  G.  =  3-123;  anal.  7,  G.=3'102,  /A/=124° 
8'  — 124°  12'  ;  anal.  8,  called  grammatite;  anal.  9,  G.=3-ti54,  High  Falls  of  the  Madawaska,  Can.; 
anal.  14,  G.=3'059;  15,  from  near  Kongsberg;  anal.  16,  G.  =  3'136;  anal.  21,  in  basalt;  22,  in 
trachyte;  anal.  26,  G.  =  3'114,  in  syenite;  anal.  29,  G.=3'282,  in  a  block  from  Somma;  anal.  30, 
G.  =  3-270,  in  basaltic  tufa;  anal.  31,  G.  =  3-225,  in  basaltic  wacke ;  anal.  32,  G.  =  3'277;  anal.  33, 
G.— 3-266,  in  trachyte;  anal.  34,  G.=3'214;  anal.  35,  G.=3'215;  36,  in  diorite;  anal.  37,  G.= 
3-276;  anal.  38,  G.=3'378;  anal.  39,40,  G.  =  3 -287, /A 7=124°  7',  in  zircon-syenite;  anal.  41, 
G.  =  3-28,  in  zircon-syenite;  anal.  48,  G.=3'428,  often  called  ^Egirine;  anal.  49,  G.=3'25,  with 
magnetite;  anal.  51,  from  euphotide  of  Alps;  anal.  52,  from  euphotide  of  Finmalto,  Corsica, 
G.  =  3-10. 

In  the  Vesuvius  amphibole  (syntagmatiie  Breith.)  Mitscherlich  found  £e  9'96  and  Fe  19-30 ; 
in  the  Hartlingen,  respectively,  6-63  and  6'45  ;  in  the  Wolsberg  13-25  and  2-59;  in  the  Arendal, 
5-69  and  14'65. 

The  smaragdite  of  Corsica  afforded  Vauquelin,  in  an  imperfect  analysis  (Beud.  Min.,  it  134),  Si 
50-0,  3tl  21-0,  Mg  6-0,  Ca  13'0,  oxyd  of  iron  5*5,  £r  7'5,  Ou  1-5  =  104-5. 


240 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


An  actinolite  rock  from  St.  Francis,  Canada,  afforded  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G-.  Can.,  1863,  466)  Si 
52-30,  A1!  1-30,  Mg  21-50,  Ca  15'00,  Fe  6'75,  Ni  tr.,  ign.  3'10-99'95. 

The  Byssolite  of  Saussure,  Dauphiny,  as  analyzed  by  Yauquelin  and  Macquart  (J.  Soc.  Philom., 
No.  54),  afforded  Si  47,  3Pe  20,  Mn  lO'O,  Mg  9'3,  Ca  ir3=95'6.  Occurs  with  a  black  oxyd  of 
manganese 

The  analysis  by  Thomson  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.  K  York,  iii.  50),  referred  by  Shepard  to  boltonite,  is 
shown  by  B.  Silliman,  Jr.  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  viii.  391),  to  pertain  probably  to  an  actinolite  from 
Bolton. 

The  fluorine  in  many  hornblendes  is  supposed  to  exist  as  fluorid  of  calcium,  and  this  ingredient, 
according  to  Bonsdorff,  may  constitute  1  part  in  5  of  the  mineral. 

Pyr.,  etc.— The  observations  under  pyroxene  apply  also  to  this  species,  it  being  impossible  to 
distinguish  the  varieties  by  blowpipe  characters  alone. 

Isomorphous  and  Dimorphous  relations  to  Pyroxene.— The  analogy  in  composition  between  pyr- 
oxene and  hornblende  has  been  abundantly  illustrated.  They  have  the  same  general  formula ; 
and  under  this  formula  there  is  but  one  difference  of  any  importance,  viz.,  that  lime  is  a  prominent 
ingredient  in  all  the  varieties  of  pyroxene,  while  it  is  wanting,  or  nearly  so,  in  some  of  those  of 
hornblende. 

The  analogy  between  the  two  species  in  crystallization,  or  their  essential  isomorphism,  was 
pointed  out  by  G-.  Rose  in  1831,  who  showed  that  the  forms  of  both  were  referrible  to  one  and 
the  same  fundamental  form.  The  prism  /  of  hornblende  corresponds 
in  angle  to  «'-2  of  pyroxene;  that  is,  if  the  horizontal  axes  of  the 
latter  species  be  6 :  c,  those  of  the  former  will  be  b :  2c.  Calculating 
from  the  angle  /A  /in  pyroxene,  87°  5',  the  angle  of  i-2  is  precisely 
124°  30',  or  the  angle  /A  /  in  hornblende.  The  annexed  table  ex- 
hibits the  symbols  of  the  planes  in  hornblende  as  they  would  be  on 
the  augite  type. 

But  while  thus  isomorphous  in  axial  relations  or  form,  they  are 
also  dimorphous.  For  (1)  the  cleavage  in  pyroxene  is  parallel  to  the 
prism  of  87°  5',  and  in  hornblende  to  that  of  124|°.  (2)  The  occur- 
ring secondary  planes  of  the  latter  are  in  general  diverse  from  those 
of  the  former,  so  that  the  crystals  differ  strikingly  in  habit  or  system 
of  modifications.  Moreover,  in  pyroxene  columnar  and  fine  fibrous 
forms  are  uncommon ;  in  hornblende,  exceedingly  common.,  (3)  The 
several  chemical  compounds  under  pyroxene  have  one-tenth  higher 
specific  gravity  than  the  corresponding  ones  under  hornblende ;  that 
is,  a  compound  (as,  for  example,  (i  Ca  +  -£  Mg)8  Si2)  having  GT.i=3-28 
under  the  former,  has  approximately,  G.  =  2'95  under  the  latter. 

Again,  twins  occur  composed  part  of  amphibole  and  part  of  pyr- 
oxene, a  fact  bearing  on  the  isomorphism  and  dimorphism  of  the 
species. 

Obs. — Amphibole  occurs  in  many  crystalline  limestones,  and  metamorphic  granitic  and  schis- 
tose rocks,  and  sparingly  in  serpentine,  and  volcanic  or  igneous  rocks.  Tremolite,  the  magnesia- 
lime  variety,  is  especially  common  in  limestones,  particularly  magnesian  or  dolomitic ;  actinolite, 
the  magnesia-lime-iron  variety,  in  steatitic  rocks ;  and  brown,  dark-green,  and  black  hornblende, 
in  chlorite  schist,  mica  schist,  gneiss,  and  in  various  other  rocks  of  which  it  forms  a  constituent 
part.  Asbestus  is  often  found  in  connection  with  serpentine. 

Hornbknde-rock,  or  amphibolyte,  consists  of  massive  hornblende  of  a  dark  greenish-black  or  black 
color,  and  has  a  granular  texture.  Occasionally  the  green  hornblende,  or  actinolite,  occurs  in 
rock-masses,  as  at  St.  Francis,  in  Canada. 

Hornblende-schist  has  the  same  composition  as  amphibolyte,  but  is  schistose  or  slaty  in  struc- 
ture. It  often  contains  a  little  feldspar.  In  some  varieties  of  it  the  hornblende  is  in  part  in 
minute  needles. 

Diabase  is  a  fine-grained,  compact  hornblende-rock,  tough  and  heavy. 

Aphanyte  (or  corneine)  is  like  diabase,  but  is  without  distinct  grains  (whence  the  name,  from 
ctyavr??,  unmanifest),  and  breaks  with  a  smooth  flint-like  fracture. 

Syenite  is  a  granite-like  rock,  containing  hornblende  along  with  quartz  and  orthoclase  feldspar. 
Dioryte  is  a  similar  rock,  grayish-white  to  nearly  black  in  color,  consisting  of  hornblende  and 
albite.  Hornbkndic  or  syenitic  gneiss  has  the  same  constitution  as  syenite,  but  differs  in  having  a 
gneissoid  or  semischistose  structure. 

Hornbkndic  granite  contains  hornblende  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  constituents  of  granite, 
quartz,  feldspar,  and  mica.  Gneiss  and  mica  schist  are  often  hornbkndic  in  the  same  way.  The 
hornblende  in  mica  schist  is  usually  in  prisms,  either  stout  or  acicular,  which  sometimes  are 
aggregated  in  sheaf-like  tufts.  The  fasciculik  of  Hitchcock  is  merely  this  tufted  hornblende. 

The  dark -green  antique  porphyry  contains  hornblende  in  its  compact,  diabase-like  mass,  and  is 
therefore  called  diabase-porphyry.  G-.  =  2'9 — 3'0. 


0 

-l-i 

-1-2 

-l-i 

-I-I 

i-i 

i-G 

i-2 

4 

i-i 

2-i 
l-i 



2-2 





1-2 

l-i 

BISILICATES.  241 

Hornblende  is  often  disseminated  in  black  prismatic  crystals  through  trachyte,  and  also  through 
other  igneous  rocks,  especially  the  feldspathic  kinds. 

Euphotide  consists  of  a  whitish  or  greenish  compact  base  of  varying  constitution,  with  imbedded 
smaragdite.  The  euphotide  of  Corsica  has  been  called  corsilyte  (p.  235).  The  saussurite,  as  shown 
by  Hunt  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxviii.  336),  is  either  compact  lime-epidote,  as  that  of  the  Alps,  compact 
meionite,  as  that  of  Mt.  Genevre,  or  compact  feldspar ;  these  different  kinds  being  distinguishable 
by  their  specific  gravity. 

The  compact  tremolite  called  nephrite  is  found  in  talcose  rock  or  schist,  and  granular  limestone. 

Aussig  and  Teplitz  in  Bohemia,  Tunaberg  in  Sweden,  and  Pargas  in  Finland,  afford  fine  speci- 
mens of  the  dark-colored  hornblendes.  Actinolite  occurs  at  Saltzburg  and  Greiner  in  the  Zillerlhal ; 
tremolite  at  St.  Gothard,  in  granular  limestone  or  dolomite,  the  Tyrol,  the  Bannat,  Gulsjo  in  Sweden, 
etc.  Calamite  occurs  at  Normarken  in  Sweden,  in  prisms  in  serpentine.  Asbestus  is  found  in 
Savoy,  Saltzburg,  the  Tyrol ;  also  in  the  island  of  Corsica,  where  it  is  so  abundant  that  Dolomieu 
employed  it  in  packing  his  minerals.  Rock  cork  is  obtained  in  Saxony,  Portsoy,  and  Leadhills, 
where  also  mountain  leather  occurs.  Oisans,  in  France,  affords  a  variety  of  amianthus,  composed 
of  fibres  having  some  degree  of  elasticity ;  it  is  the  amianthoide  of  Haiiy. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Maine,  black  crystals  occur  at  Thomaston,  at  Moultenboro  in  syenite ; 
pargasite  at  Phipsburg  and  Parsonsfield  ;  radiated  or  asbestiform  actinolite  at  Unity ;  tremolite  at 
Thomaston  and  Raymond.  In  N.  Hamp.,  black  crystals  atFranconia.  In  Vermont,  glassy  and  ra- 
diated actinolite  in  the  steatite  quarries  of  Windham,  Readsboro',  and  New  Fane.  In  Mass.,  white 
crystals  at  Lee  (l£  m.  S.W.  of  the  meeting-house),  and  at  Newberg;  glassy  and  radiated  actinolite 
at  Middle  field  and  Blanford;  radiated  actinolite  at  Carlisle,  Pelham,  Windsor,  Lee,  and  Great  Bar- 
rington ;  black  crystals  at  Chester ;  asbestus  at  Brighton,  Sheffield,  Pelham,  Newbury,  Dedham ; 
cummingtonite  at  Cummington  and  Plainfield.  In  Conn.,  in  large  flattened  white  crystals  and  in 
bladed  and  fibrous  forms  (tremolite)  in  dolomite,  Canaan,  between  the  Falls  and  the  post-office, 
and  also  at  other  places  in  Litchfield  Co. ;  asbestus  at  West  Farms,  Winchester,  and  Wilton,  and 
with  mountain  leather  formerly  at  the  Mil  ford  serpentine  quarries.  In  N.  York,  in  good  black 
crystals  at  Willsboro',  presenting  interesting  forms ;  also  near  the  bridge  at  Potsdam,  St. 
Lawrence  Co.;  near  Greenwood  Furnace,  and  in  Warwick,  Orange  Co.  (f.  229);  dark  green 
crystals  near  Two  Ponds,  and  also  1  m.  N.f  2|  m.  N.,  and  I  m.  S.,  of  Edenville,  together 
with  gray  or  hair-brown  crystals  and  tremolite,  sphene,  and  chondrodite,  in  granular  limestone ; 
of  various  forms  and  colors,  and  often  in  large  and  perfect  crystals,  near  Amity;  in  dark 
green  crystals,  with  ilmenite,  at  the  Stirling  mines,  Orange  Co. ;  in  short  green  crystals  at 
Gouverneur,  sometimes  2  or  3  in.  in  diameter,  along  with  apatite ;  in  Rossie,  2  m.  N".  of  Oxbow, 
the  variety  pargasite  in  neat  bright  green  crystals  ;  glassy  and  radiated  actinolite  near  a  hamlet 
called  Pecksville,  in  Fishkih1 ;  radiated  at  Brown's  serpentine  quarry,  3  m.  N.W.  of  Carmel.  Putnam 
Co. ;  in  large  white  crystals  at  Diana,  Lewis  Co. ;  radiated  and  bladed  tremolite  at  Dover,  Kings- 
bridge,  the  Eastchester  quarries,  Hastings,  and  near  Yonkers,  in  Westchester  Co. :  at  Kuapp's 
quarry,  Patterson,  in  Putnam  Co.,  and  on  the  banks  of  Yellow  lake  and  elsewhere  in  St.  Lawrence 
Co. ;  asbestus,  near  Greenwood  Furnace  ;  Rogers's  farm  in  Patterson ;  Colton  rock  and  Hustis's 
farm  in  Phillipstown,  Putnam  Co. ;  near  the  Quarantine  in  Richmond  Co.,  where  the  fibres  are  two 
to  three  feet  long.  In  N.  Jersey,  tremolite  or  gray  amphibole  in  good  crystals  at  Bryam,  and  other 
varieties  of  the  species  at  Franklin  and  Newton ;  radiated  actinolite  at  Franklin ;  tremolite  at 
Franklin ;  asbestus  and  mountain  leather  at  Brunswick.  In  Penn.,  actinolite  in  Providence,  at 
Mineral  Hill,  in  Delaware  Co. ;  at  Unionville ;  at  Keunett,  Chester  Co.,  often  in  fine  crystals ; 
tremolite  with  asbestus  at  Chestnut  Hill  near  the  Wissahiccon,  near  Philadelphia,  at  London 
Grove,  Chester  Co. ;  nephrite  at  Easton.  In  Maryland,  actinolite  and  asbestus  at  the  Bare  Hills 
in  serpentine  ;  asbestus  at  Cooptown.  In  Virginia,  actinolite  at  Willis's  Mt.,  in  Buckingham  Co. ; 
asbestus  at  Barnet's  Mills,  Fauquier  Co. 

Alt.— The  alterations  of  amphibole  are  similar  to  those  of  pyroxene  (see  page  220).  The  fibrous 
and  diallage-like  varieties  are  especially  liable  to  take  up  water,  owing  to  the  finely  or  thinly 
divided  state  of  the  mineral.  Talc,  steatite,  serpentine,  chlorite,  biotite,  pinite,  chabasite,  limonite, 
magnetite,  iron  ochre,  are  among  the  reported  results  of  alteration. 

At  Ilmenau,  a  magnesia-mica,  a  chlorite,  and  also  (as  an  after  product  from  the  chlorite)  iron- 
ochre,  occur  as  pseudomorphs  after  hornblende  (v.  Fritsch,  ZS.  Geol.  Ges.,  xii.  104).  Groppite, 
and  perhaps  rosite,  as  suggested  to  the  author  by  L.  Ssemann  (4th  edit.,  p.  287),  may  be  altered 
pargasite.  Genth  describes  the  asbestiform  or  fibrous  serpentine  of  Texas  and  Providence,  Pa., 
and  the  baltimorite  as  altered  asbestus,  and  a  chrysolice  of  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  as  altered  actinolite 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiii.  203). 

The  following  are  analyses  of  altered  amphiboles:  1,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  49); 
2,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  209);  3,  C.  A.  Joy  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.  K  Y.,  viii.  123) ;  4,  5,  Beck  (Min.  K  Y., 
307);  6,  Suckow  (Die  Verwitt.  Min.,  148);  7,  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  x.  317);  8,  Wielmge 
(Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  499);  9,  Madrell  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  142);  10,  Schultz  (Raunn.  Min.  Ch.,  499);  11,  T 
8.  Hunt  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.,  ii.  65,  and  Rep.  G.  Can.  1863,  491): 

16 


242  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Si        £l  Fe    fin    fig       Ca    Na       fl 

l.Hyd.anthophylWe,-K.Y.  f  58*33       *r.          8-76   29-34     0-88     2-26,K*r.=99-57S.&B. 

2  54-98     1-56   £e  9'83  1-20  18-88 11 '46,  K  6-80=99'20  T. 

»  ii  46-43    9-38  1'38  28*80     5'06   8'58=99'63  Joy. 

4*.  Warwick  85'00  32-33 20-70  10  80 =  98-83  Beck. 

5          u  34-66  25-33        25'22     6'09    9'09  =  99*39  Beck. 

6*  Fillef ield.  Nor  40*32  17-49  £e  18*26  2-14    923     5'37   8-00=100-81  Suckow. 

7*   VosRes  43-64  12'50         6-19  0'93  17*74     9'10    10'90=100  Delesse. 

8.'  Siebtngebirge  34-87  10*73  Fe  20'48 4-90     4'78  3'63  20-24= 1<>0  Wiehage. 

9    Wolfsberg  44-03  14'31  £e25'55    2'33  10'08    3'44=99'74  MadreU. 

10    Catancaro  46-0811-81       14"10    10'72     8'74  0'93     3'03,  Fe  1-77  =  98-888. 

11*.  Loganite  33-28  13'30   3Pe  1-92   35-50 16-00=100  T.  S.  Hunt 

Anal.  4,  5,  crystals  having  the  angles  of  hornblende,  steatitic  in  feel  and  hardness ;  6,  clay-like ; 
7,  from  a  micaceous  porphyry  at  Traits-de-Roche,  small  prisms :  8.  from  trachyte  at  Margaretten- 
kreuz;  9,  large  crystals,  G.  =  2'94,  from  Wolfsberg,  near  Cernosin  in  Bohemia;  10,  soft  greenish- 
brown  crystals ;  11,  associated  with  pale-green  serpentine,  phlogopite,  and  apatite,  in  Laurentian 
crystalline  limestone,  and  having  the  form  and  cleavage  of  hornblende,  though  edges  rounded ;  If\l 
about  124°. 

The  hydrous  anffwphyttite  of  New  York  Island  occurs  in  place  near  the  corner  of  59th  street  and 
10th  avenue,  and  also  in  many  places  in  boulders.  The  variations  in  the  analyses,  as  well  as  in 
the  aspect  of  the  material,  show  that  it  is  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  an  asbestiform  tremolite. 

247A.  WALDHEIMITE.  (Amphibol  ahnliches  Min.  von  Waldheim  A.  Knop,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm., 
ex.  363,  1859;  Waldheimit  Ramm.,  Min.  Ch.,  780,  1860.)  An  amphibole-like  mineral,  which 
contains  much  soda,  and  is  peculiar  also  in  its  excess  of  silica,  both  suggesting  that  it  may  be 
amphibole  altered  by  the  alkaline  process.  It  occurs  in  veins  an  inch  thick,  and  resembles  actin- 
olite.  H.=5;  G.  =  2*957;  color  leek-green;  translucent.  Composition,  according  to  Knop  and 
Hoffmann,  the  silica  in  each  being  a  mean  of  two  determinations  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  ex.  363): 

Si  £l  Fe  fin  fig            Ca  Na 

58-71  1-52  5-65  0'25  10-01  11'53  12'38  =  100'05  Knop. 

58-45  1-92  5-53  0*51  11-12  10'28  12-61  =  100-42  Hoffmann. 

58*45  1'74  5-79  0-32  10'83  10'76  12-93  =  101'12  Hoffmann. 

It  lost  0-5  p.  c.  by  ignition.    The  oxygen  ratio  for  R,  R,  Si  is  11-84  :  0-80  :  31-24. 

From  serpentine  at  Waldheim  in  Saxony.  The  large  amount  of  soda  present  suggests  a  rela- 
tion to  arfvedsonite.  It  is  to  be  observed  that  the  excess  of  silica  occurs  along  with  an  unusual 
proportion  of  alkali. 

247B.  KOKSCHAROFFITE.  (Kokscharowit  N.  Nordenskiold,  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxx.  223, 
1857.)  Like  tremolite  in  appearance.  /A  7=124°  — 124°  5',  Kokscharof.  In  aggregations  of 
prisms,  with  acute  edges  replaced.  Cleavage:  I,  two,  equal,  very  distinct.  H.  =  5  —  5 -5.  G.= 
2-97.  Lustre  subadamantine  to  vitreous.  Colorless,  dirty-white;  brown  to  dark-brown  from 
impurity.  Subtranslucent.  Fracture  splintery. 

An  analysis  by  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxviii.  197)  afforded: 

Si  A-l  Fe          fig  Ca  Na  K          ign. 

45-99         18-20         2-40         16'45         12'78         T53         1*06         0'60=99'01 

Giving  the  0.  ratio  for  R,  S,  Si  1119  :  8-50  :  24'52;  or,  for  R+8,  Si  19'69  :  24-52  =  1  :  1-25;  for 
&  :  38  + Si  11*19  :  33-02.  It  appears  to  be.  like  edenite,  a  magnesia-lime  amphibole,  but  with  a 
very  large  proportion  of  alumina ;  and,  moreover,  part  of  the  alumina  must  be  basic  if  it  comes 
under  the  usual  amphibole  formula. 

In  a  closed  tube  only  traces  of  water.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  easily  to  a  white  translucent 
pearl,  coloring  the  flame  yellow ;  with  borax  a  clear  colorless  glass. 

Occurs  associated  with  lapis-lazuli  near  L.  Baikal,  in  Siberia.  Named  after  the  Russian  miner- 
alogist, Kokscharof. 

247C.  SCHEFFERITE  Bretth.  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  429).  Breithaupt  has  referred  to  schefferite  of 
Michaelson  a  mineral  of  the  same  locality — Longban,  with  rhodonite — which  differs  from  it 
widely  in  composition,  if  the  analyses  may  be  trusted.  Moreover,  it  occurs  in  crystals,  while 
the  true  schefferite  is  known  only  massive.  The  following  are  its  characters : 

Meuoclinic;  /A  7=120°  45' ;  basal  plane  (x)  on  i-i=141°  30',  or  32|°  to  the  axis.  The  crystal 
has  the  planes  7,  i-i,  i-i,  the  basal  plane  referred  to,  and  a  hemidome  on  the  acute  angle  in  front. 
Cleavage :  rather  distinct  in  one  direction,  perhaps  also  parallel  to  x.  Mostly  massive,  fine  granu- 
lar. H.  =  5 — 5*5.  G.  =  3 *43 3— 3-4:36.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  chestnut  to  clove  and  reddish- 
brown.  Streak  pale  yellowish-gray.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 


BISILICATES.  243 

Composition  according  to  Dr.  Winkler  (1.  c.) : 

Si  £1  Pe  fin          Ni          fig          Ca  K 

49-50         1-42         25-43         6'78         0'20         4'27         7'75         0'19 

The  iron  was  ascertained  to  be  all  sesquioxyd.     The  analysis  afforded  also  3'08  Ca  C,  and  0'09 
fin  C.    It  requires  further  study. 

» 

248.  ARFVEDSONTTE.    Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  v.  381,  1823.    Arfwedsonit.    Soda-hornblende. 

Probably  monoclinic.  /A  7=123°  55',  Brooke;  123°  50',  v.  Kobell ; 
123°  30',  Breithaupt;  about  124°  40',  Brevig  mineral,  Descloizeaux. 
Cleavage  :  perfect  parallel  to  I\  imperfect  to  i-l.  Also  cleavable  massive. 

H.=6.  G.=3-44,  Brooke;  3-329—3'340,  Breithaupt;  3*589,  Bammels- 
berg.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  pure  black ;  in  thin  scales,  deep  green, 
Greenland,  or  brown,  Brevig.  Streak  grayish-green.  Opaque  except  in 
very  thin  splinters.  Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal. 

Comp.— 2  R3  Si3  +  3  £e  Si3,  Ramm.,  =(|  R3  +  £  J?e)  Si8,  which,  making  R=£ Fe  + 1  Na,  =Silica 
60-5,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  26'9,  protoxyd  of  iron  12'1,  soda  1 0'5  — 100.  3  R8  Si3  +  2  £e  Si3,  v.  Kobell, 
=(f  R3  +  f  B)  Si3.  Analyses :  1,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  483) ;  2,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xiii.  3,  and  xci. 
449) ;  3,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  ciii.  292,  306) ;  4,  Plantamour  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxiv.  300) : 

Si        £l        £e        Fe       Mn      Mg     Ca        Na        K       01       ign. 

1.  Greenland  50-51     2'49     35-14     7'46     1-56     0-96=98-12  T. 

2.  "          49-27     2-00     14*58     23'00     0'62     0'42     1*50       8'00       tr.      0'24 =98-17  K. 

3.  "  51-22      tr.       23-75       7'80     1'12     0'90     2'08     10'58     0'68      0'16=98'29  R. 

4.  Brevig        46-57     3'41      24-38     2'07     5'88     5'91       7'79     2-96,  Ti  2'02=  100'99  PI. 

In  the  above  analyses  the  degree  of  oxydation  of  the  iron  was  determined  only  in  those  by  Ram- 
melsberg and  v.  Kobell.  A.  Mitscherlich  has  obtained  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxvi.  11)  for  the  Greenland 
A.,3?e  '25-37,  Fe  5'93. 

Fyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  2  with  intumescence  to  a  black  magnetic  globule ;  colors  the  flame  yel- 
low (soda) ;  with  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  black  hornblende-like  crystals  at  Kangerdluarsuk  in  Greenland,  with  sodalite, 
eudialyte,  and  feldspar ;  also  in  zircon-syenite  in  Norway,  at  Brevig,  and  in  beds  of  magnetite 
at  Arendal.  Reported  also  from  Horberigberg,  near  Oberbergen,  with  ittnerite  and  ilmenite. 
The  Brevig  mineral,  analyzed  by  Plantamour,  has  been  referred  to  cegirine.  The  angle  given  de- 
termines its  relation  to  the  am  phi  bole  sub-group. 

249.  CROCIDOLITE.    Blau-Eiseustein  (fr.  S.  Africa)  Klapr.,  Mag.  BerL  Ges.  K  Fr.,  v.  72, 
1811,   Beitr.,    vi.    237,    1815.     Krokydolith   Hausm.,    GeL   Anz.    Gott.,    1585,    1831.      Blue 
Asbestus. 

Fibrous,  asbestus-like ;  fibres  long  but  delicate,  and  easily  separable. 
Also  massive  or  earthy. 

H.=4.  G.=3-2— 3-265.  Lustre  silky.  Color  and  streak  lavender-blue 
or  leek-green.  Opaque.  Fibres  somewhat  elastic. 

Comp. — The  analyses  by  Stromeyer  afford  nearly  R6  Si5  +  2  ft ;  but  the  degree  of  oxydation  of 
the  iron  is  undetermined.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Strooieyer  (Pogg.,  xxiii.  153);  3,  Delesse  (Ann.  d, 
M.,  III.  x.  317): 

Si         Fe         Mn       Mg       Ca      Na      fl 

1.  Africa,  fibrous    50'81     33*88      0-17       2-32     0'02     7*03     5-58=9S'81  Stromeyer. 

2.  "       earthy      51'64     34-38       0-02       2'64     0'05     7-1 1     4-01=99'85  Stromeyer. 

3.  Vosges  53-02     25-62MnO'50     10'14     MO     5'69     2'52,  K  0'39,  Cl  0'51,  PO'l7=99-66. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  a  small  amount  of  alkaline  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily  with 
intumescence  to  a  black  magnetic  glass,  coloring  the  flame  yellow  (soda).  With  the  fluxes  gives 
reactions  for  iron.  Unacted  upon  by  acids. 


244  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  South  Africa,  in  the  Grigna  country,  beyond  the  Great  Orange  river,  700  m. 
up  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  in  a  micaceous  porphyry  at  Wakembach  in  the  Vosges  (anal. 
3)  ;  at  Stavern,  Norway,  in  zircon-syenite,  along  with  arfvedsonite,  to  which  it  is  closely  related, 
and  of  which,  as  has  been  suggested,  it  may  be  a  fibrous  or  asbestiform  variety  ;  at  Golling  in 
Salzburg,  in  gypsum  with  blue  quartz  ;  at  Euka,  near  Domaschow  in  Moravia,  with  a  ferruginous 
dolomite  ;  in  Greenland,  both  fibrous  and  earthy.  In  the  African,  the  fibres  of  the  fibrous  seams 
or  masses  make  an  angle  of  about  106°  with  the  opposite  surfaces  of  the  seam,  according  toHaus- 
mann  ;  and  the  same  author  states  (Handb.,  743,  1847)  that  a  cylinder  of  it  T$o  of  an  inch  in  di- 
ameter, supported  91  Hanoverian  pounds  before  breaking,  while  one  of  asbestus,  Tfo  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  broke  with  a  weight  of  6  ounces. 

The  Stavern  mineral,  referred  here  by  Hausmann,  is  the  Faseriger  Siderit  Leonh.,  Gehl.  J.,  iii. 
101,  and  Fasriges  Eisenblau  Hamm.,  Handb.,  1076,  1813. 

Named  from  KPOK<$  (or  /^ow),  woof,  hi  allusion  to  its  fibrous  structure. 


250.  WICHTISITE.    "Wichtyne  Laurent,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  lix.  107,  1835.    Wichtisit  Hausmann. 

Massive  ;  cleavage  parallel  to  the  sides  of  a  rhombic  prism,  nearly  rect- 
angular, according  to  Laurent. 

Scratches  glass.  Gr.=3'03.  Color  black.  Lustre  dull.  Fracture  angu- 
lar, or  flat  conchoidal. 

Comp.—  (iR3  +  1  B)  Si3.    Analyses:  1,  Laurent  (1.  c.);  2,  Stromborg  (Arppe  Finska  Min.,  It): 

Si  £l          £e         Fe         fig        Ca       tfa 

56-3         13-3        4-0        13-0        3'6         6'0         3'5=99'1  Laurent. 
54-24       14-27       —        15*62       3'86       5'65       3'88,  fin  2-70=100-22  Stromborg. 

B.B.  fuses  to  a  black  enamel  and  becomes  magnetic.    Not  attacked  by  acids. 

From  Wichtis  in  Finland.  Dufrenoy  observes  that  a  specimen  examined  by  him  had  nc 
cleavage. 

G-melin  has  analyzed  a  mineral  from  a  basaltic  rock  near  Wetterau  (  Jahrb.  Min.,  1  840,  549), 
having  G-.=2-705,  and  not  acted  upon  by  acids,  which  has  essentially  the  composition  of  wich- 
tisite,  it  affording  Si  56-80,  £l  15-32,  Fe  12'06,  Mn  3'72,  Ca  4'85,  fig  5-05,  K  0'34,  Na  3'14,  cor- 
responding closely  to  (^  &3  +  i  3cl)  Si8.  Rammelsberg  includes  the  analysis  among  those  of  pyr- 
oxene, but  speaks  of  the  composition  as  anomalous  ;  unlike  the  augites,  the  alumina  does  not 
replace  any  of  the  silica. 

251.  GLAUCOPHANE  Hausmann,  G-el.  Anz.  Gott,  195,  1845.  Orthorhombic  or  monoclinic.  In 
indistinct  long  thin  six-sided  prisms,  made  up  of  the  planes  /  and  i-i,  and  longitudinally  striated. 
Also  granular  massive.  H.=5'5.  G.  =  3'103  —  3'113.  Lustre  vitreous  to  pearly.  Color  blue, 
lavender-blue,  bluish-black,  grayish.  Streak-powder  grayish-blue.  Translucent  to  opaque.  Brit- 
tle. Powder  slightly  magnetic. 

Comp.—  (f  R3  +  f  38)  Si3.    Analysis  by  Schnedermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiv.  238)  : 

Si  56-49       &1  12-23      Fe  10-91      fin  0-50       fig  7'97       Ca  2*25       Na  with  tr.  K  9'2S  =  99-63 

B.B.  becomes  yellowiah-brown,  and  melts  easily  and  quietly  to  an  olive-green  glass.  An  iron 
reaction  with  the  fluxes.  In  acids  partly  soluble. 

Occurs  at  the  island  of  Syra,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  in  mica  slate,  along  with  garnet,  hornblende, 
and  mica.  The  name  is  from  yAatwj,  bluish-green,  and  0ui>w,  I  appear. 

252.  SORDAVALITE.  -  Sordawalit  N.  Nordenskiold,  Finl.  Min.,  86,  1820. 

Massive  ;  no  cleavage  apparent. 

H.  =  2'5.  G.—  2*53—  2*58.  Lustre  vitreo-resinous,  or  like  bitumen. 
Streak  liver-brown.  Color  grayish  or  bluish-black.  Opaque.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Brittle. 

Comp.—  Analyses  :  1,  Nordenskiold  (1.  c.)  ;  2,  Wandesleben  (N.  Jahrb.  Pharm.,  i.  32): 

Si          XI  Fe  fig  £  H 

1.  49-40       13-80        18-17         10-67         2'68        4'38=99'10  Nordenskiold. 

2.  47-70      16-65  3Pe  21-32        10-21        2'26         -  =98  14  Wandesleben. 


BISILICATES.  245 

Supposed  by  Berzelius  to  be  a  silicate  mixed  with  some  phosphate  of  magnesia,  the  silicate 
corresponding  to  (i  (Mg,  Fe)3  +  ^  A1!)  Si3,  which  is  essentially  the  formula  of  wichtisite;  but  the 
second  analysis  makes  the  iron  sesquioxyd. 

B.B.  alone,  it  is  difficultly  fusible  to  a  blackish  globule.  With  borax  it  forms  a  green  glass. 
Partly  soluble  in  muriatic  acid.  Becomes  reddish  on  exposure  to  the  atmosphere. 

Forms  thin  layers  on  trap,  near  the  town  of  Sordavala  in  Finland ;  at  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria,  it 
is  associated  with  pyrrhotite.  It  resembles  pit-coal  in  appearance. 

253.  TACHYLYTE.    Tachylyt  (fr.  Sasebiihl)  Breith.,  Kastn.  Arch.  Nat.,  vii.  112,  1826. 

Massive  without  cleavage,  looking  like  obsidian  or  gadolinite. 

H.=6*5.  G.:=2*565— 2*593.  Lustre  between  vitreous  and  resinous. 
Color  pitch-black,  velvet-black  to  grayish-black.  Brittle.  In  powder 
attractable  by  the  magnet. 

Comp. — Analysis :  Schnedermann  (Studien  d.  G.  B.  B.  Fr.,  v.  100) : 

Si  £l  Fe          3Sln        Slg         Oa         Na          £  fi 

55'74         12-40         13-06         0'19         5'92         7'28         3'88         0'60         2'73 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily  with  intumescence  to  a  brown  slag  or  opaque  glass. 

Obs. — Found  at  Sasebiihl,  between  Dransfeld  and  Gottingen,  in  basalt  and  wacke. 

Named  from  ra^vs,  quick,  and  Xvro'?,  dissolved,  in  allusion  to  the  fusibility. 

253 A.  HYALOMELAN  Hausm.,  Handb.,  545,  1847.  Gmelin  referred  to  tachylyte  a  mineral  from 
a  porous  volcanic  rock  in  the  Vogelsgebirge,  to  which  Hausmann  has  since  applied  the  name 
hyalomelan.  It  is  similar  in  aspect,  structure,  and  hardness;  G.  =  2'7144.  Gmelin's  analysis 
(Fogg.,  xlix.  234)  afforded : 

Si  £1  Fe  Sin         Jfrg          Ca          Na          &  Ti       fi  &  Am 

50-22         17-84         10-27          0'40         3'37         8'25         518         3'87         1'42        0-50=101-32 

It  affords  approximately  3  R,  A1!,  4|  Si.  But  little  reliance  can  be  placed  on  results  with  such 
amorphous  minerals.  The  species  may  be  the  same  with  tachylyte.  Hausmann  places  near 
here  the  slaggy  augite  of  Karsten,  having  G.  =  2/666.  from  a  limestone  bed  near  Guiliana,  Sicily, 
from  which  Klaproth  obtained  (Beitr.,  iv.  190)  Si  55:00,  A1!  16'50,  3Pe  13-75,  Mn  tr.,  Mg  1-75,  Oa 
10-00,  H  1-50. 

A  similar  mineral  in  appearance  is  found  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior ;  and  also  in 
a  trap  dike  at  Johnsburg,  Warren  Co.,  N.Y. 


254.  BERYL.  E/^payJoj  pt.  [rest  Chrysocolla,  Malachite,  etc.,  and  other  green  stones]  Theophr. 
B»jpvAAos  Gr.  Smaragdus  pt.  [rest  as  above]  +Beryl)us  (Chrysoberyllus,  Chrysoprasius  incl.) 
Plin.,  xxxvii.  16-20.  Emerald;  Beryl;  Aquamarine.  Smaragdus  +  BeryU  Wall.,  Min.,  117, 
122,  1747.  Smaragdus  +  Bloagron  Topas  (=Beryll,  Aquamarin)  Cronst.,  Min.,  44,  1758.  En> 
eraude  (incl.  Emerald  and  Beryl  or  "  Aigue-marine,"  and  Chrysolite  du  Bresil)  de  Lisk,  Crist., 
135,  1772,  ii.  245,  1783 ;  H.,  J.  d.  M.,  iv.  72,  1798,  Tr.,  ii.  1801.  Schmaragd+Beril  Wern.,  the 
two  as  distinct  sp.  until  1811.  A  silicate  of  alumina  with  lime  Achard,  Edelst.,  47,  1779; 
Bergm.,  Opusc.,  ii.  96,  1782  ;  and  others.  A  silicate  of  alumina  and  GLUCINA  Vauq.,  J.  d.  M., 
iv.,  1798,  vii.  97,  1800  ;  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iii.  221,  1802.  Davidsonite  (fr.  near  Aberdeen)  Thomson, 
Min.,  i.  247,  1836.  Goshenite  /SfAep.,  Min.,  i.  143,  1844. 

Hexagonal.  0  A  1=150°  3r ;  a=0<4:99.  Occurring  planes  :  0 ;  vertical, 
7,  *-2,  ^-f  ;  hexag.  pyramids,  1,  |,  2,  ^ ;  1-2,  2-2  ;  dihexag.  pyr.,  in  zone, 
'2-2  :  7,  3-f ,  4-f ,  12-ff ;  id.  in  other  zones,  2-f ,  2-f ,  6-|,  14-f . 


246 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


0  A  |rr:1390  10' 

0  A  2=130  58 
0  A  2-f =130  58 
0  A  34=123  16 


O  A  1-2=116°  37' 
0  A  2-2=135  4: 
0  A  7=90 
/A  7=120 


/A  2-2=127°  43 
ll\  3-|= 142  11 
/A  4-f=151 
/A  84=165  30 


232 


Haddam,  Ct. 


Siberia. 


Cleavage  :  basal  imperfect ;  lateral  indistinct.    Occasionally  coarse  columnar 
and  large  granular. 

H.=7'5  — 8.  G.=2'63— 2*76.  Lustre  vitreous,  sometimes  resinous. 
Color  emerald-green,  pale  green,  passing  into  light-blue,  yellow,  and  white. 
Streak  white.  Transparent — subtranslucent.  Fracture  conchoidal,  un- 
even. Brittle.  Double  refraction  feeble  ;  axis  negative. 


Var. — This  species  is  one  of  the  few  that  occur  only  in  crystals,  and  that  have  no  essential 
variations  in  chemical  composition.  There  are,  however,  two  prominent  groups  dependent  on 
color,  the  color  varying  as  chrome  or  iron  is  present ;  but  only  the  merest  trace  of  either  exists 
in  any  case.  The  crystals  are  usually  oblong  prisms. 

1.  Emerald.     Color  bright  emerald-green,  owing  to  the  presence  of  chromium.     G-.=2'67,  fr. 
Muso,  Lewy;  2 -63,  fr.  Pinzgau,  Hofmeister;  2*710— 2 '759,  fr.  Ural,  Kammerer.      Hardness  a  little 
less  than  for  beryl,  according  to  the  lapidaries. 

2.  Beryl     Colors  those  of  the  species,  excepting  emerald-green,  and  due  mainly  to  iron.     Gr.= 
2-694—2-695,  transparent,  colorless,  fr.  Ural;  2-681  —  2-694,  id.,  yellowish,  id.;  2-702  —  2-710,  id., 
green,  id.;  2*725,  id.,  rose-red,  id.;  all  by  Kokscharof.     On  cryst,  see  Kokscharof,  Min.  Russl., 
i.  147,  ii.  356,  iii.  72,  iv.  125;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  v.  28.     The  varieties  of  beryl  depending  on 
color  are  of  importance  in  the  arts,  when  the  crystals  are  transparent  enough  to  be  of  value  as 
gems.     The  principal  kinds  are  :  (a)  colorless ;  (b)  bluish-green,  called  aquamarine,   a  name  sug- 
gested, though  not  used,  by  Pliny,  where  he  says  of  it,  "  qui  viriditatem  puri  maris  imitantur ;"  (c) 
apple-green ;  (d)  greenish-yellow  to  iron-yellow  and  honey-yellow  (apparently  chrysobery/lus  of 
Pliny  and  ancient  jewelry) ;  (e)  pale  yellowish-green  (probably  the  chrysoprasius  Plin.,  and  perhaps 
his  chrysolithus  in  part,  as  also  in  more  modern  times) ;  (/)  clear  sapphire-blue  (hyacinfhozontes  of 
Plin.) ;  (g)  pale  sky-blue  (aero'ides  Plin.) ;  (h)  the  pale  violet  or  reddish  (amethiste  basaltine  Sage, 
Min.,  231);  (£)  the  opaque  brownish-yellow,  of  waxy  or  greasy  lustre.     The  above  names  by 
Pliny  are  mentioned  in  his  account  of  beryl.     The  oriental  emerald  of  jewelry  is  emerald-colored 
sapphire.     Davidsonite  is  nothing  but  greenish-yellow  beryl  from  near  Aberdeen ;  and  gosheniie  is 
a  colorless  or  white  variety  from  Goshen,  Mass.  (anal.  16). 

Oomp. — (i  £e3  + 1  £l)  Si3= Silica  66*8,  alumina  19-1,  glucina  14-1  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Du- 
menil  (Schw.  J.,  xxxix.  487);  2,  Berzelius  (Schw.  J.,  xvi.  265,  277);  3,  4,  Moberg  (Act.  Soc.Fenn., 
ii.  81);  6,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  xlix.  533);  6,  Borntrager  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1851,  185);  7,  W.  Mayer  (ib, 
674);  8,  9,  MiiUer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Iviii.  180);  10,  Hofmeister  (ib.,  Ixxxi.  1);  11,  C.  Gmelin  (Pogg.,  1. 
180);  12,  Mallet  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  555,  and  5th  Suppl.,  66);  13,  Haughton  (J.  Gr.  Soc.,  xviii.  417); 
14,  Heddle  (Phil.  Mag.,  xii.  386);  15,  Schneider  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  555);  16,  MaUet  (Am  J.  Sci., 


BISILICATES. 


247 


II.  xvii.  180);  17,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iii.  215);  18,  Schlieper  (Ramm.  2nd  Suppl    34V  19  Lewv 
(Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  liii.  5);  20,  Hofmeister  (1.  c.): 


Si 


Be 


1.  Ural              Beryl  WOO 

1650 

14-50 

1-00,  Ca  0-50=99-50  DumeniL 

2.  Broddbo              "  68'35 

17-60 

13-13 

0-72,  fa  0-72  =  100-52  Berzelius. 

3.  Tamela                "  66-61 

16-51 

12-75 

3-03,  fa  0-10=99-00  Moberg. 

4.  Somero                "  67-36 

1646 

12-75 

1-50=98-35  Moberg. 

5.  Fossum               "  67-00 

19-64 

12-56 

0-53,  Ca  0-18=99-91  Scheerer. 

6.  Heidelberg          "  66'90 

18-15 

12-20 

2-95=100-20  Borntrager. 

7.  Zwiesel               "  66-56 

17-82 

12-66 

2-43,  M,n  0-11=99-58  Mayer. 

8.  Tirschenrath       "  66'8 

19-9 

13-1 

0-9  =100-7  Muller. 

9.  Schwarzenbach  "  67  '4 

20-0 

12-0 

0-3  =99-7  Muller. 

10.  Rosenbach           "  65-51 

20-71 

11-46 

1-33,  Ca  0-23,  Mg  0-12=99-36  Hofmeistet 

11.  Limoges              "  67  '54 

17-65', 

13-51 

=98-68  Gmelin. 

12.  Killiney               "  66'  13 

17-87 

13-09 

1-62=99-51  Mallet. 

13.  Donegal,  I.          "  65'52 

17-22 

13-74 

1-63,  Ca  0-43,  Mg  0'13,  H  0'90=99'47  Hn. 

14.  Davidsonite          "  67  '70 

15-64 

12-52 

Fe  0-25,  Mg  3-10,  H  0-16=99'27  Heddle. 

15.  Australia             "  67  -6 

18-8 

12-3 

0-9  =99-6  Schneider. 

16.  Goshen,  Mass.    "  66'97 

17-22 

12-92 

2-03,  Mn  ir.  =99-13  MaUet. 

17.  Muso,      Emerald   68-50 

15-75 

12-50 

1-00,  £r  0-30,  Ca  0-25=98-30  Klaproth. 

18.       "                 "         69-51 

14-49 

15-41 

,  Mg,  Ca  1  64=101-05  Schlieper. 

19.       "                 "   (|)67-85 
20.  Heubachth.   "        66-22 

17-95 
16-36 

12-40 
12-79 

,  £r  tr.,  Mg  0-90,  Na  0-70=99'80  Lewy. 
1-63,  Ca  0-78,  Mg  0-83=98-61  Hofmeister. 

In  anal.  10,  G-.  =  2'65  ;  anal.  13,  a.  =  2-686,  from  Sheskina-roan  in  Donegal  Co. 

The  union  of  emerald  and  beryl  in  one  species,  which  Pliny  says  was  suggested  in  his  time, 
was  first  recognized  on  crystallographic  grounds  by  De  Lisle,  and  more  satisfactorily  through 
measurements  of  angles  by  Haiiy ;  and  chemically  by  Vauquelin. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  alone  unchanged  or  becomes  clouded ;  at  a  high  temperature  the  edges  are 
rounded,  and  ultimately  a  vesicular  scoria  is  formed.  Fusibility =5*5  (Kobell).  Glass  with  borax, 
clear  and  colorless  for  beryl,  a  fine  green  for  emerald.  Slowly  soluble  with  salt  of  phosphorus 
without  leaving  a  siliceous  skeleton.  A  yellowish  variety  from  Broddbo  and  Finbo  yields  with 
soda  trace.8  of  tin.  Unacted  upon  by  acids. 

According  to  Lewy,  the  emerald  of  Muso  becomes  white  at  a  red  heat,  and  loses,  as  a  mean 
result,  1-66  of  water  and  012  of  organic  matter,  the  latter  consisting  of  0'03  to  0'05  of  hydrogen 
and  0-09  to  OH>6  of  carbon. 

Obs. — Emeralds  occur  in  clay  slate,  in  isolated  crystals  or  in  nests  (not  in  veins),  near  Muso,  etc., 
75  m.  N.N.E.  of  Bogota,  N.  Granada,  a  rock  containing  Cretaceous  fossils  in  its  limestone*  concretions. 
A  perfect  hexagonal  crystal  from  this  locality,  2  in.  long,  is  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire ; 
it  measures  across  its  three  diameters  2£  in.,  2£  in.,  1$  in.,  and  weighs  8  oz.  18  dwts. ;  owing  to 
flaws,  it  is  but  partially  fit  for  jewelry.  Emeralds  of  less  beauty,  but  much  larger,  occur  in  Siberia, 
on  the  river  Tokowoia,  K  of  Katherinenberg,  along  with  phenacite,  chrysoberyl,  apatite,  rutile, 
etc.,  imbedded  in  mica  schist.  One  specimen  in  the  Royal  collection  measures  14£  in.  long  and 
12  broad,  and  weighs  16|  Ibs.  troy;  another  is  7  in.  long  and  4  broad,  and  weighs  6  Ibs.  troy. 
Mount  Zalora,  in  Upper  Egypt,  affords  a  less  distinct  variety,  and  was  the  only  locality  which  was 
known  to  the  ancients.  Occurs  about  Heubachthal  in  Salzburg,  in  mica  schist. 

Transparent  beryls  are  found  in  Siberia,  Hindostan,  and  Brazil.  In  Siberia  they  occur  at  the 
emerald  mine  mentioned,  at  Mursinka  and  Schaitanka,  near  Katherinenberg ;  near  Miask  with 
topaz ;  in  the  mountains  of  Adun-Tschilon  with  topaz,  and  elsewhere ;  in  Hindostan  at  Canjar- 
gum ;  and  in  Brazil  on  Rio  San  Matteo.  Some  Siberian  transparent  crystals  exceed  a  foot  in 
length.  The  most  splendid  aquamarine  of  which  we  have  any  account  belongs  to  Don  Pedro,  and 
is  from  Brazil;  it  approaches  in  size,  and  also  form,  the  head  of  a  calf,  and  exhibits  a  crystalline 
structure  only  on  one  side;  the  rest  is  water- worn;  and  it  weighs  2-25  oz.  troy,  or  more  than  18£ 
Ibs. ;  the  specimen  is  transparent  and  without  a  flaw.  Beautiful  crystals  also  occur  at  Elba ;  the 
tin  mines  of  Ehrenfriedersdorf  in  Saxony,  and  of  Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia.  Other  localites  are, 
the  Mournc  Mts.,  Ireland,  Co.  of  Down;'  also  Killiney  near  Dublin;  yellowish-green  at  Rubislaw, 
near  Aberdeen,  Scotland  (davidsonite),  and  elsewhere  in  Aberdeenshire  ;  in  small  bluish  crystals 
at  St.  Michael's  Mount  in  Cornwall;  Limoges  in  France;  Finbo  and  Broddbo  in  Sweden;  Tamela 


*  Lewy  found  the  limestone  to  consist  of  Ca  C  47 '8,  Mg  C  16'7,  Mn  C  0-5,  Si  24'4,  3tl  5 -5,  £e 
0-5,  3Pe  2-6,  pyrite  0'6,  alkali  2-7  =  101-2. 


248 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


and  Somero  in  Finland ;  Fossum  in  Norway;  Pfitscher-Joeh,  Tyrol;  Bodenmais  and  Rabenstein 
in  Bavaria ;  in  Australia,  and  elsewhere. 

Beryls  of  gigantic  dimensions  have  been  found  in  the  United  States,  in  N.  Hamp.,  at  Acworth 
and  Grafton,  and  in  Mass.,  at  Royalston;  but  they  are  mostly  poor  in  quality.  One  beryl  from 
Grafton  weighs  2,900  Ibs. ;  it  is  32  in.  through  in  one  direction  and  22  in  another  transverse,  and 
is  4  f.  3  in.  long.  Another  crystal  from  this  locality,  according  to  Prof.  Hubbard,  measures  45  in. 
by  24  in  its  diameters,  and  a  single  foot  in  length  by  calculation  weighs  1,076  Ibs.,  making  it  in  all 
nearly  2-J-  tons.  At  Royalston,  one  crystal  exceeded  a  foot  in  length ;  the  smaller  crystals  are 
often  limpid,  and  a  yellowish  variety  forms  a  gem  resembling  chrysolite ;  the  colors  are  mostly 
aquamarine,  grass-green,  and  yellowish-green ;  one  locality  is  in  the  southeast  part  of  Royalston, 
near  the  school-house,  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Clarke ;  the  best  crystals  are  imbedded  in  quartz ;  a  still 
better  is  situated  4  m.  beyond  the  old  one  in  South  Royalston ;  some  crystals  of  a  sky-blue  color 
in  white  quartz  are  beautiful. 

Other  localities  are  in  Maine,  at  Albany;  at  Norway;  Bethel;  Hebron;  in  Paris, 
large,  with  black  tourmaline  and  mica;  at  Bowdoinham  and  Topham,  pale  green  or  yellowish- 
white,  in  veins  of  graphic  granite ;  at  Georgetown,  Parker's  island,  mouth  of  Kenriebec.  In  N. 
Hamp.,  at  Wilmot ;  at  Compton,  as  good  as  at  Royalston.  In  Mass.,  at  Barre,  excellent  specimens ; 
at  Pearl  Hill  in  Fitchburg,  at  Goshen  (goshenite),  and  at  Chesterfield.  In  Conn.,  at  Haddam,  in  a 
feldspar  vein  in  gneiss,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  the  crystals  having  the  terminations  for  a 
twelfth  of  an  inch  transparent  (fig.  231,  the  dotted  line  indicating  the  limit  of  the  transparent  por- 
tion) ;  also  at  the  chrysoberyl  locality ;  the  Middletown  feldspar  quarry ;  in  Chatham,  near  the 
cobalt  mine,  in  granite ;  at  Monroe,  hi  a  granite  vein,  the  crystals  often  consisting  of  displaced 
pieces  separated  by  quartz  (fig.  233);  at  Madison,  in  beautiful  crystals.  In  Penn.,  at  Leiperville 
and  Chester,  crystals  sometimes  10  to  12  in.  long  and  1£  in  diameter,  with  black  tourmaline;  at 
Mineral  HilL 

Kokscharof  obtained  from  Ural  beryls  for  the  angle  0A  1,  150°  3'  24". 

The  species  d'-optase  and  pyrosmalite  are  homceomorphous  with  beryl,  and  have  the  same  oxygen 
ratio  between  the  bases  and  silica,  if  the  water  and  chlorine  be  excluded. 

Alt. — Kaolin,  mica,  limonite,  and  quartz,  occur  as  pseudornorphs  after  beryl,  the  last  two  by 
substitution,  the  others  by  alteration. 

The  change  to  kaolin  is  the  same  essentially  as  in  feldspar.  An  altered  beryl,  from  Tirschen- 
reuth  afforded  H.  Miiller  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  Iviii.  182)  Si  58*8,  £l  24'7,  3?e  2-6,  Be  10%  H  2-5.  Another, 
from  Vilate,  near  Chanteloube,  gave  Damour  (Bull  G.  Fr.,  II.  vii.  224)  Si  45;61,  A1!  38*86,  Pe  0'94, 
Be  TIG,  H  14.04=  10<r55,  corresponding  to  the  common  kaolin  formula  A:lSi2  +  2H. 


255.  EUDIALYTE,    Eudialyt  Stromeyer,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott.  1819,  1998.    Eudyalite    improper 
orthography.     Eukolit  Sclieerer,  Pogg.  Ixxii.  561,  1847.  Eucolite. 


Khombohedral.  R  A  jft=126°  25',  0  A  E  (or  1)=148°  38',  a=0-52793. 
Observed  planes  :  0  ;  prisms,  /,  i-2  ;  rhombohedrons,  1  (or  JR),  f  ,  4,  -8, 
-2,  —  £  ;  pyramid,  f  -2  ;  scalenoliedrons,  4a,  43. 


234 


235 


R^Z. 


6>  A  2=129'  22° 
6»A4=112  18 
0  A  8=101  35 
0  A^-2=90 
#A/=90 
-2A43=1661 
:-2A4=14315 
4  A  4=73  30 
2  A  2=95  56 


Cleavage  :  0  very  perfect,  R  imperfect ;  in  eucolite  i-2  perfect.  Also 
massive  reniform. 

H=5-5.  G=2'9— 3-01 ;  2'9036,  Stromeyer ;  2'898,  Levy ;  2'906,  Damour  ; 
3*007,  Eucolite,  Damour ;  3*01,  id.,  Sclieerer.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color 


BISILICATES.  249 

rose-red,  bluish-red,  brownish-red.  Streak  uncolored.  Translucent  to  sub- 
translucent.  Fracture  subconchoidal,  splintery.  Double  refraction  strong  ; 
axis  in  eudialyte  positive ;  in  eucolite  negative. 

Oomp.— (|  R2+i  Zr)  Si2=2  (R2)  Si2-f  Zr  Si2,  Damour.  Analyses :  1,  Pfaff(Schw.  J.,  xxix.  1); 
2,  3,  Stromeyer  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixiii.  379) ;  4,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixiii.  142) ;  5,  Damour  (C.  R.  xliii., 
197);  6,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixxii.  561);  7,  Damour  (1.  c.): 

Si       Zr       fa         3Pe         Mn     Ca      ISTa      La      Ce      01      fi 

1.  Eudialyte  54-10  11-58  7'86        2-93   10'80   11-40  ' 0'30   1-66,  Cu  0'92=r 

101-55Pf. 

2.  "  53-3311-10  6-75        2'06      9'78    13-82 1-00    1-80=99-68  Strom. 

3.  "  52-48  10-90  6'86        2'57    10-14    13'92 1-00    l-80=99'7l  Strom. 

4.  "  49-92  16-88 Fe  6'97  Mnl'15    11-11    12-28 M9   0'37,  K  0-65  = 

100-52  Eamm. 

5.  "  50-38  15-60  0'35     "  6'37    "  1*61      9-23    13-10 T48    l-25=99'87  Dam'r. 

6.  Eucolite    47-85        14-05      fe  8-24    "  1-94    12'06    12-31  2'98  0-94=100-37  Sch'r. 

7.  "  45-70  14-22  2*35  Fe  6'83    "  2'35     9-66   11-59    1-11    2'49  I'll   1-83=99-24  Dam'r. 

Damour  obtained  for  the  oxygen  ratio  of  K,  $,  Si  in  both  eudialyte  aud  eucolite  (the  fa  being 
included  with  the  Si,  and  the  Ce  with  the  Zr  as  sesquioxyd),  2:1:6,  corresponding  to  the  above 
formula. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  affords  water.  B.B.  ftises  at  2-5  to  a  light  green  opaque  glass, 
coloring  the  flame  yellow  (soda).  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese. 
With  muriatic  acid  gelatinizes,  and  the  dilute  acid  solution  imparts  a  deep  orange  to  turmeric 
paper  even  after  the  iron  in  solution  has  been  reduced  to  colorless  protochlorid  by  boiling  with 
metallic  tin  (reaction  for  zirconia). 

Obs. — Eudialyte  found  at  Kangerdluarsuk,  in  West  Greenland,  associated  with  arfvedsonite  and 
sodalite,  or  imbedded  in  compact  white  feldspar ;  the  crystals  are  usually  small,  but  sometimes  an 
inch  or  more  in  length. 

Eucolite  is  from  islands  of  the  Langesund  fiord  in  Norway,  where  it  occurs  in  hexagonal 
prisms  and  reniform  masses.  Eudialyte  has  been  reported  as  occurring  at  Magnet  Cove,  in 
Arkansas,  in  imperfect  rounded  crystals,  of  a  rich  crimson  to  peach-blossom-red  color,  in  feldspar, 
with  elaeolite  (Shepard). 

On  cryst.  see  B.  &  M. ;  also  Lang.,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxv.  436,  from  whose  paper  fig.  235  is  copied. 

The  name,  from  eS,  easily,  and  (haAiw,  to  dissolve,  alludes  to  its  easy  solubility  in  acids. 


256.  POLLUCITE.  PoJlux  Bretih.,  Pogg.,  box.  439. 

Isometric.  Cubic,  with  trapezohedral  planes,  like  analcime.  Cleavage : 
in  traces.  Massive. 

H.=:6-5.  G. =2-901.  Lustre  vitreous  and  bright  on  surface  of  fracture, 
but  sometimes  dull  and  gum-like  externally.  Colorless.  Transparent. 
Index  of  refraction  for  the  red  rays  1*515,  blue  1*527;  no  double  refrac- 
tion ;  Descl. 

Comp.— Probably  (&3,  &1)  Si3  +  £  fi,  iu  which  R=c«sium  mainly,  and  R3 :  £l=l :  2£.  Analy- 
sis :Pisani  (C.R.,  IviiL,  714): 

SL  XI  £e  Ca  Cs  fta,  Li  fl 

44-03         15-97         0-68          0'68        34'07  S'88  2-40=101-71 

giving  the  oxygen  ratio  for  R,  S,  Si,  fi,  3'16  :  7'63  :  23-48  :  2'13.  Plattner  obtained  (Pogg.,  Irix. 
443),  before  the  discovery  of  caesium,  Si  46-20,  £l  16'39,  £e  0-86,  K  16-51,  Na  (with  a  little  La), 
10-43,  II  2-32=92-75 ;  and  Brush  shows  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxviii.  115)  that  if  the  caesium  were 
mistaken  for  potash,  it  would  give  35-69  Os,  and  reduce  the  soda  (if  obtained  by  difference)  to 
1-72  p.  c.,  and  that  thus  the  results  are  as  close  to  Pisani's  as  could  be  expected,  considering  tlie 


250  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

amount  of  material  used.  Plattner's  analysis  thus  changed  would  read  Si46'20,  3tl  16'39,  Fe 
0-86,  Cs  35-69,  Na  1'72,  H  2-32  =  103-18. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  becomes  opaque  and  yields  water.  In  the  forceps  whitens, 
fuses  with  difficulty,  coloring  the  flame  yellow.  In  muriatic  acid  slowly  decomposes,  with  a  sep- 
aration of  pulverulent  silica ;  and  the  filtrate  from  the  silica  gives  an  abundant  precipitate  of 
the  platin-chlorid  of  ca3sium  when  treated  with  bichlorid  of  platinum. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  island  of  Elba,  with  petalite  (castorite).  Named  from  Pollux  (the  genitive 
of  which  is  Pollucis),  of  heathen  mythology. 


II.  UlSriSILICATES. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 
A.  Unisilicates  of  elements  mostly  in  the  protoxyd  (or  alpha)  state. 

1.  CHRYSOLITE  GROUP.     Orthorhombic ;  lAl=91°-95°:  OAl-J=124°-129°. 


Ratio. 


257.  FORSTERITE        1 

258.  MONTICELLTTE     1 

259.  CHRYSOLITE        1 


265.  "W6HLERITE 


1  Mg3  Si 


(&g,Fe)3Si  Sifl04l(Mg,Fe)a 


260.  FAYALITE  11  FeaSi  Si|O4|F-ea 

261.  EULYSITE  11  (|Fe+J(Mn,Mg))3Si 

262.  TEPHROITE          11  Mu3Si  Si||O4||Mn5 

263.  KNEBELITE          1 

264.  LEUCOPHANTTE    1 

Si  ||04|j  (f  (ea,Na2)+|Be  +  fySi)a 


i? 


H.  PHENACITE  GROUP.    Hexagonal;  R  A  R= 11 6° -117' 

266.  WILLEMITE          1:1  2naSi 

267.  PHENACITE          1:1  £eaSi  Si||04|Bea 

268.  MELIPHANITE   r=l:li?  (  a  (R3,£)aSi3+! Si  Si| (O,  F)4|| (Na2,B,/?R)2  +  iSiO' 


HI.  HELYITE  GROUP.   Isometric ;  related  to  the  Garnet  Group. 

269.  HELVTTE  1:1+ 

270.  DANALITE  1:1  + 


B.  Unisilicates  of  elements  in  the  protoxyd  and  other  states  combined ; 
rarely  of  elements  in  the  protoxyd  or  deutoxyd  state  alone.  Contain 
magnesium  and  iron  in  the  series  of  basic  elements.  Colors  various. 


UNISILICATE8. 


251 


(KMg,Fe,R)3+|£l)'Si3 


IV.  GARNET  GROUP.    Isometric. 

Ratio. 

271.  GARNET  1:1:2 

A.  GROSSULARITE 

B.  PYROFE 

C.  ALMANDITE 

D.  SPESSARTITE 

E.  ANDRADITE  A. 

B. 
C. 

F.  BREDBERGITE 

G.  OUVAROVITE 

Y.  YESUYIANITE  GROUP.    Tetragonal. 

272.  ZIRCON  1:1  ZrSi 

273.  YESUVIANITE  3:2:5 

274.  MELILITE  2:1:3 

275.  ?SPHENOCLASE  2:1:4 


Sil04«(|(Mn,Fe)+l/?Al)3 


||(H*ea+i  Mg)+i/JFe)a 


Si||e4||yZra 

i3  SilO4||(i( 

(|(Ca,  Mg,  Na)3  +  i  (Si,  £e))a  Si3  Sifl04l(|  (Naa,  R-)  + 


,  Fe, 


VI.  EPIDOTE  GROUP.    Anisometric;  /A /not  120°,  nor  approximately  so. 

276.  EPIDOTE  1:2:3 

A.   KOELBINGITE 

277.  PIEDMONTITE  1:2:3 

278.  ALLANITE  1:1:2 

279.  MUROMONTITE 

A.  BODENITE 

B.  MlCHAELSONITE 

280.  ZOISITE  1:2:3 
B.  SAUSSTTRITE  1:2: 3|? 

280A.  JADEITE  1:2:6 

281.  PARTSCHINITE  1:1:2 

282.  GADOLINITE  1:1? 

283.  MOSANDRITE  1:2:3? 
284  ILVAITE  A.  3:2:5 

B.  3:2:5+ 


gi,  Y,  Fe,  Be,  Ce,  La 

Si,  Ca,  Ce,  Zr,  Be,  Fe,  Na,  S 


(|(Mn,Fe)3+i£l)aSi3 
Si,Y,Ce,Fe,Be 


Sifl04||(f(€a,Fe)+t/?Fe)2|>iQ] 


VII.  AXINITE  GROUP.    Triclinic.    Contain  Boron. 
285.  AXINITE  2:4:1:7       (fOa! 


286.  DANBURITE          1:3:4 

VIII.  IOLITE  GROUP.    Orthorhombic ;  /A/=120°. 

287.  IOLITE 


1:3:5      (  a  (i(]Slg,Fe)3+f  Xl)2Sis+f  Si 


252  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

IX.  MICA  GROUP.    Plane  angle  of  base  of  prism  120° ;  the  forms  either  hexagonal  or  ortho- 
rhombic. 

Ratio. 

288.  PHLOGOPITEA.    7:4:11 

B.    2:1:3 

289.  BIOTITE  1:1:2 

290.  LEPIDOMELANE    1:3:4  i(Fe,S[g,K)3+|(^l,3Pe)2Si3     Si|04|(i(Ka,  i 

291.  ANNITE  1:2:3  i  (Fe,  K)s  + 1  (£1, £e)2  Si3  Si|04||(i(K2,Fe)  +  £0(Al,Fe))a 

292.  ASTROPHYLLITE  10:3:4:17  (i$&8+:frfi+iV(Ti,  Zr)f>Si3  Sij04|(-H(Ba,  B)  +  A  /?«  +  T 


294.  LEPIDOLITE         r=l:l| 

295.  CBYOPHYLLITE    r=l:2 


a(R3£)2Si3+£Si 
293.  MUSCOVITE         r=l:li  .8  „      js.iyiK.a 

'  a  (R3,  S)2  Si3  +  f  Si  Si||04l(K2,Li2, : 

a  (K3,  fi)2  Si3  +  3  Si  Si|04|(K2,  Lia,  Fe,  Ml)2+Si02 

:,  Li,  Fe)3, 3tl)  +  i  Si^)2  Si8     Si|04|(f  (K,,Ui,¥Q,0Al)  +  ±  ySi)3 


C.  Unisilicates  of  elements  in  the  protoxyd  and  other  states  combined. 
The  series  of  basic  elements  including  calcium,  barium,  sodium,  and  the 
other  alkaline  metals,  and  not  iron  or  magnesium  (these  latter  occurring 
only  in  traces  and  abnormally). 

X.  SOAPOL1TE  GROUP.    Tetragonal    0.  ratio  for  protoxyds  and  sesquioxyds  1 :  1  to  1 :  3, 
but  mostly  1 :  2. 


296.  SARCOLITE  1:1:2 

297.  MEIONITE            1:2:3           (i(i?Ca  +  -11r]Sra)s+f  ^tl)2Si3  Si|04|(i(-Hea  +  iNaa)  +  t/83^1)a 

298.  PABANTHITE        1:3:4           (iCa3+|^tl)2Si3  Si|04|(i-6a+f /?A1)2 

299.  "WERNERTTE         1:2:4      fa  (i(Ca,  ]S"a)3  +  f  5:l)2Si3+Si  Si|04|(i(Na2,0a)  +  |-/?Al)2+JSi 

6- 

r=l:H  L&(f(Ca,Na)3  +  fXl+|Sif)2Si3  Si!04t(HNa2,< 

300.  EKEBERGITE        1:2:4^    f  a  (i(Ca,Na)3  +  #£l)2Si3  +  tSi  Si||04||(KNa2, 

^ttcH^k^A^  f^4^ 

301.  MIZZONITE  1:2:5J    fa 

M 

302.  DIPYRE  1:2:6 

r=l:2 

303.  MABIALITE          1:2:6 

r=l:2      &(|(^a,Oa)8+^3cl  +  |Sil)2Si3 


TJNISILICATES.  253 

XI.  NEPHELITE  GROUP.     Hexagonal.    0.  ratio  for  protoxyds  and  sesquioxyds  1  :  3. 


Ratio. 
304.  NEPHELITE      1:3:4* 


+f  Si 


yBi), 


XII.  LEUCITE  GROUP.     Monometric.     0.  ratio  for  protoxyds  and  sesquioxyda  1  :  3. 


305.  SODALITE          1:3:4+ 

306.  LAPIS  LAZULI 

307.  HAUYNITE        1:3:4+        (JlSV+f  £l)8Si 

308.  NOSITE  1:3:4+        (i  Na3  +  f  £l)2  gi8  [  +  $  Na  S] 

309.  LEUCITE  1:3:8      (  a  (iK3+f£l)2Si3+3S"i 

r=l:2 


Si|e4||(iNa2  +  £  /?A1)2  +  £Q. 
Si||04||(i  K3  +  £  /?Al)2+SiOa 


XIII.  FELDSPAR  GROUP.    Monoclinic  or  triclinic.    0.  ratio  for  protoxyds  and  sesquioxyda 
1:  3. 


310.  ANORTHITE      1:3:4 

311.  LABRADORITE  1:3:6 

r=l: 

312.  ANDESITE         1:3:8 

r— 1:2 

313.  HYALOPHANE  1:3:8 


314.  OLIGOCLASE     1:3:9 


315.  ALBITE  1:3:12 

r=l:3 

316.  OBTHOCLASE    1:3:12 

r=l:3 


f  Si' 


Si3 


a  (i  (Ca,  Na)3  +  f  £l)a  Si8  +  3  Si  SilO4fl(i(-ea,  Na2)  +  £  /?A1)2  +  SiO 

b  (£  (Ca,  Na)3  +  £  £l  +  1  Sil)a  Si3 
a  (i(£a,K)3+f  ^tl)agi3  +  3  Si 
b  (£  (Ba,  t)3  +  1  XI  +  f  Sit)2  Si8 
a  (i(Ca,Na)8+ 


«a  (fia,K 


ySi)2 


ySi)a 
2+  2  SiOa 


2  +  f  /?A1)  +  2  SiO2 


Appendix. 


317.  EULYTITE. 


318.  ATELESTITE. 


In  the  preceding  table  the  column  of  ratios  contains  the  oxygen  ratios  for  the  protoxyds  and  silica 
or  the  deutoxyds  and  silica,  where  no  sesquioxyd  bases  are  present,  as  in  the  first,  second,  and  third 
groups,  and  species  282  ;  for  the  protoxyds,  sesquioxyds,  and  silica,  where  the  bases  include  elements 
in  each  of  these  three  states,  as  in  all  the  other  groups.  In  species  285,  the  ratio  is  for  the  prot- 
oxyds, sesquioxyds,  tritoxyds,  and  silica. 

The  letter  r  (species  268,  287,  293,  etc.)  signifies  oxygen  ratio  between  the  bases  and  silica. 
This  ratio  is  stated  only  when  the  silica  is  in  excess  above  that  of  the  unisilicate  type,  and  it  ex- 
hibits the  amount  of  that  excess.  Q  is  used  in  the  second  column  of  formulas  for  any  accessory 
constituents  not  silica ;  its  value  in  each  case  may  be  derived  from  the  part  of  the  corresponding 


254 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


formula  in  the  first  column  which  is  in  brackets. 
284B,  for  3PeS and  so  on. 


In  species  265  it  stands  for  (Fe,  Mn)  6b    in 


group, 

haps  in  saussurite ;  „ — r,  ._,  - 

Scapolite  group,  in  wernerite,  ekebergite,  mizzonite,  dipyre,  marialite  ;  Nephehte  group ;  Leucite 
group,  in  leucite ;  Feldspar  group,  in  all  the  species  excepting  anorthite. 

It  has  been  shown  that  this  excess  of  silica  is  often  connected  directly  with  the  alkaline  nature 
of  the  base  and  increases  with  increased  alkalinity,  as  if  the  former  were  determined  by  the  latter. 
The  following  are  the  ratios  between  the  non-alkaline  and  alkaline  portions  of  the  base  in  the 
above  mentioned  groups,  as  decided  from  the  mean  of  the  analyses,  together  with  the  ratios  for 
the  bases  and  silica : 


CHRYSOLITE  GB.— Chrysolite,  etc. 
Leucophanite 

PHENACITE  GR. —  Phenacite,  etc. 
Meliphanite 

EPIDOTE  GR. —      Epidote 
Zoisite 
Saussurite 
Jadeite 

MICA  GR.—  Astrophyllite 

Phlogopite 
Biotite 

Lepidomelane 
Muscovite 
Lepidolite 
Cryophyllite 

SCAPOLITE  GR. —  Sarcolite 
Meionite 
Paranthite 
Wernerite 
Ekebergite 
Mizzonite 
Dipyre 
Marialite 

NEPHELITE  GR.—  Nephelite 

LEUCITE  GR. —      Sodalite 
Leucite 


FELDSPAR  GR. — 


Anorthito 

Labradorite 

Hyalophane 

Andesite 

Oligoclase 

Albite 

Orthoclape. 


Bases 

Silica 

1 

1 

1 

If 

1 

1 

1 

i* 

1 

i 

1 

i 

1 

i* 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1J 

1 

H 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

11 

1 

H 

1 

1£ 

1 

2 

1 

2  (or 

1 

n 

1 

i 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

H 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2i 

1 

3 

1 

3 

Non-alk.  Alk. 
all  non-alk. 


all  non-alk. 

6     :    I 

all  non-alk. 

all  non-alk. 

6 

1 

1 

2 

6 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

2-1 

1 

1 

2-6 

1 

3-12 

1 

2£ 

9 

1 

10 

1 

all  noi 

i-alk. 

4 

1 

2i 

1 

! 

1 

1 

2 

all  soda, 
all  potash. 

all  non-alk. 
2    :     1 
U:     1 
1    :     1 
1    :     2 
all  alk. 
all  alk. 


In  each  of  the  groups  in  this  table  the  increase  in  the  proportion  of  silica  is  accompanied  with 
an  increase  in  the  proportion  of  alkalies.  lolite  is  an  exception,  as  it  contains,  according  to  the 
analyses  hitherto  made,  no  alkalies.  Sphenoclase  (No.  275)  is  another,  but  the  mineral  is  uncrys- 
tallized,  and  it  is  too  little  known  to  be  considered  in  this  connection. 

The  two  formulas  a  and  6,  for  the  species  containing  this  excess  of  silica,  are  those  explained 
on  page  204,  the  first  making  the  excess  accessory  silica,  the  second  making  half  of  the  excess  basic. 

In  connection  with  the  descriptions  of  the  species  beyond,  only  the  formulas  of  the  first  of  the 
two  kinds  are  given  in  full. 


TJNISILICATES.  255 


257.  FORSTERTTE.    Levy,  Ann.  PhiL  II.,  viL  59,  1824.    Peridoto  bianco  Scacchi,  Distrib 
Sist.  Min.,  63,  Napoli,  1842.     White  Olivine.     Boltonite  Shep.,  Min.,  i.  78,  1835. 

Orthorhombic.  Form  and  angles  as  in  chrysolite.  Observed  planes  :  0 ; 
vertical,  i4,  *-*,  I,  i-2,  *-f ,  i-%  ;  domes,  l-£,  1-2,  \-i ;  octahedral,  1,  1-5,  |-|. 
Cleavage :  i-i  and  (9.  In  attached  crystals.  Also  in  imbedded  imperfect 
crystals,  grains,  or  masses. 

H.=:6 — 7.  G.— 3 '21 — 3 '33.  Lustre  vitreous.  Transparent — translucent. 
Color  white,  yellowish- white,  wax-yellow,  grayish,  bluish-gray,  greenish; 
sometimes  becoming  yellowish  on  exposure  when  not  in  distinct  crystals. 
Streak  uncolored. 

Var.— 1.  Forsterite,  white  crystals  from  Vesuvius,  H.=7;  G-.  =  3.243,  Rammelsberg.  2. 
Boltonite,  imbedded  mineral  of  other  tints,  fromBolton,  etc.,  Mass. ;  H.=6— 6'5,  G.=3.208— 3-328, 
Smith ;  3-21,  Breith. 

Oomp. — Mg2  Si— Silica  42'86,  magnesia  57-14=100.  Analyses:  1,  Rammelsberg  (Fogg., 
cix.  568) ;  2,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xviii.  372) ;  3,  G-.  J.  Brush  (ib.,  xxvii.  395) : 

Si  £l  fig          Ca  Fe  ign. 

1.  Forsterite       42-41        53-30        2-33 —  98*04  Ramm. 

2.  Boltonite  (§)42-31         0'17         5M6 2'78          1  '90=  98'32  Smith. 

3.  "  42-82          tr.          54'44         0'85          1'47         0-76=100-34  Brush. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  unaltered  and  infusible.  Boltonite  gives  traces  of  moisture  in  the  closed 
tube  and  becomes  colorless.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid  with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica  in 
both  forsterite  and  boltonite. 

Obs. — Forsterite  occurs  in  implanted  crystals,  with  spinel  and  augite  at  Vesuvius.  Boltonite 
is  disseminated  through  a  whitish  crystalline  limestone,  at  Bolton,  Mass. ;  also  at  Rox- 
bury  and  Littleton,  Mass. ;  its  imbedded  masses  or  crystals  are  often  over  an  inch  through,  and 
rectangular  in  section.  Part  of  the  boltonite  is  altered,  and  thence  softer  and  hydrous,  with  the 
composition  of  villarsite  (p. — ). 

On  cryst,  B.  &.  M.,  Min.,  318 ;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  No.  I.,  22. 

Forsterite  was  named  by  Levy  after  Mr.  Forster,  a  patron  of  mineralogy. 

Artif. — Artificial  magnesia-chrysolite  has  been  made  by  Ebelmen,  by  fusing  together  in  a  por- 
celain furnace  a  mixture  of  silica  and  magnesia,  with  carbonate  of  potash,  or  boric  acid. 

TITANIFEROUS  CHRYSOLITE.  A  massive,  reddish-brown  mineral  from  the  talcose  schist  of 
Pfunders  in  the  Tyrol,  having  some  resemblance  to  boltouite,  and  Gr.  =  3'25.  Contains,  accord- 
ing to  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  viii.  90),  3-5  to  5 -3  of  titanic  acid,  with  6  p.  c.  of  protoxyd  of  iron. 
For  analyses  see  Nos.  1  and  2  on  page  257. 

The  condition  of  the  titanium  has  not  been  satisfactorily  ascertained.  There  is  a  deficiency 
of  silica  which  it  may  supply.  But  if  it  exists  in  the  mineral  as  titanic  iron,  the  rest  is  a  mag- 
nesian  chrysolite,  like  boltonite,  with  but  little  Fe  replacing  Mg. 

258.  MONTIOELLITE.    Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  1831.    Batrachit  Breith.,  Char.,  307,  1832. 

Orthorhombic,  and  isomorphous  with  chrysolite.  Occurring  planes,  i-i, 
i-2,  I,  1-z,  2-5.  In  crystals.  Also  massive,  with  two  cleavages  inclined  to 
one  another  115°,  and  another  diagonal  to  this  angle. 

H.=5— 5'5.  G.=3'03— 3*25.  Lustre  vitreous,  slightly  resinous  in  the 
massive  variety.  Colorless,  yellowish-gray,  pale  greenish-gray,  and  whitish. 
Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Fracture  more  or  less 
conchoidal. 

Var. — (1)  Monticellite,  in  colorless  to  yellowish-gray  crystals,  from  Vesuvius;    G-.=3-119— 


256 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


3'245.     (2)  Batrachite,  cleavable  massive,  of  a  pale  greenish-gray  color,  or  whitish;  G.  =  3  033, 

Breith. 

-     Comp.— (-J.  Ca  +  |  fig)2  Si=Silica  38-5,  Hme  35-9,  magnesia  25*6=100.    One-eighth  of  the  Mg 

is  replaced  by  Fe.     Analyses:  1,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  cix.  569);  2,  id.  (Pogg.,  Ii.  446): 


1.  Monticellite 

2.  Batrachite 


37-89 
37-69 


Fe 
5-61 
2-99 


fig  Ca  ign. 

22-04         34-92          =  100'46  Ramm. 

21-79        35-45         1-27=99-19  Eamm. 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  rounded  only  on  the  edges.  Soluble  in  dilute  muriatic  acid  to  a  clear  solution, 
which  on  heating  gelatinizes. 

Obs. — Monticellite  occurs  in  crystals  imbedded  in  granular  limestone  with  mica  and  augite,  on 
Mt.  Somma.  Batrachite  is  found  in  small  masses  containing  black  spinel,  at  Mt.  Einzoni  in  the 
Tyrol. 

Monticellite  was  named  after  the  Italian  mineralogist,  Monticelli :  Batrachite  from  frirpa^o?,  frog, 
in  allusion  to  the  color. 

259.  CHRYSOLITE.  Smaragdus?,  Beryllus?,  pt.  Vet.  Topazos?  pt.  Plin.  Not  Chrysolithus 
[=Topaz]  Plin.,  xxxvii  42.  Chrysoh't,  Gemma  pellucidissima  colore  viridi  subflavo  in  igne 
fugaci  (description  also  says  quadrangular,  infusible,  etc.),  Wall,  Min.,  118,  1747.  Peridot 
ordinaire  [not  the  Oriental]  d1  Argenville,  Orykt.,  161,  1755.  Gulgron  Topas^Chrysolit  Cronst., 
Min.,  43,  1758.  Chrysolite  ordinaire  de  Lisle,  Crist,  230,  1772,  ii.  271,  1783  [not  Peridot  de 
Ceylan=  Tourmaline  ib.,  ii.  346].  Krisolith  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  373,  1789  +  Olivine  (fr.  basalt) 
[^Chrysolite  des  Yolcans  Faujas,  Yivarais,  1778.]  Wern.,  ib.,  55,  1790.  Peridot  H.,  Tr.,  iii. 
1801.  Hyalosiderit  Wakhner,  Schw.  J.,  xxxix.  65,  1823.  Glinkit  EomanovsU,  Bergjournal 
Kuss.,  Oct.  1847;  ident.  with  Chrysolite,  Beck,  Verh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet,  244,  1847. 


Orthorhombic. 
1-0729. 

0  A  1-5=125°  45'. 
0  A  1=120  10 
0  A  1-1=114  48 
0A  J4=149  36 

236 


/A  7=94°  2' ;  0  A  14=128°  28' ;  a, :  1> :  c=l-2588  : 1 


i-%  A  £f,  ov.  a,  =  108°  51' 
*-2  A  i-2,  ov.  ^'-2,  =  123  34 
^  A  1-5=137  21. 
fi  A  £-2=119  12 


0  A  1-2=  130° 

1  A  1,  mac.,  =  107  45 
1  A  1,  br.,=101  32 

i-2  At-2,  ov.  ^,=130  2 

237 


0 

— 

H 

l-l 

1-T 

1-2 

1 

14 

M 

2-t 

«-i 

i-i 

»-2 

/ 

5 

M 

Observed  Planes. 

Cleavage  :  i-i  rather  distinct.  Massive  and  compact,  or  granular ;  usually 
in  imbedded  grains. 

H.=6— 7.  G.=3'33— 3'5,  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  green — commonly 
olive-green,  sometimevS  brownish,  grayish-red,  grayish-green.  Streak 
usually  uncolored,  rarely  yellowish.  Transparent — translucent.  Frac- 
ture conchoidal.  Double  refraction  positive  ;  bisectrix  normal  to  0. 

Comp.,  Var.— (Mg,  Fe)a  Si,  with  traces  at  times  of  Mn,  6a,  1S1  The  amount  of  Fe  varies 
much.  When  there  are  9  Fe  to  50  Mg  (anal  5,  7),  the  ratio  of  Fe  to  Mg  is  1 :  10 ;  when  16  Fe 


UNISILICATES. 


257 


to  44  Mg  (anal.  22)  nearly  1:5;  when  22|  Fe  to  39]Slg  (anal.  26)  nearly  1:3;  ^hen  28-J  Fe  to 
32^-  Mg,  .as  in  hyalosiderite,  the  ratio  is  1  : 2,  and  the  special  formula  (£Mg+£Fe)2Si,  or  2]Slga 
Si+Fe2Si.  This  species  is  ordinarily  divided  into 

1.  Precious.  Of  a  pale  yellowish -green  color,  and  transparent,  so  as  to  be  fit  for  jewelry ;  G.= 
3-441,  3-S5 14.  Occasionally  seen  in  masses  as  large  as  "  a  turkey's  egg,"  but  usually  much  smaller. 
It  has  long  been  brought  from  the  Levant  for  jewelry,  but  the  exact  locality  is  not  known.  Well- 
defined  crystals  of  chrysolite  an  inch  across  are  very  uncommon.  The  proportion  of  iron  to  mag- 
nesia may  be  either  small  or  large,  as  in  the  following. 

"2.  Common;  Olivine  of  Werner.  Dark  yellowish-green  to  olive- or  bottle-glass-green;  G.= 
3-334,  fr.  Etna.  Commonly  disseminated  in  basalt  and  lavas,  in  grains,  and  also  at  times  in  large 
masses  having  a  rectangular  outline,  showing  that  they  are  crystals,  although  made  up  apparently 
of  grains  ;  these  masses  sometimes  weighing  30  Ibs.  Also  constituting  rocks. 

Glinkite  is  pale-green  chrysolite  from  talcose  schist;  G.=3-39— 3-43,  Herm.  Hyalosiderite  is  a 
very  ferruginous  kind  (anal.  27) ;  the  specimen  analyzed  was  partially  decomposed,  being  irides- 
cent and  submetallic  in  lustre. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  Y.  viii.  90);  3,  Genth  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixvi.  20);  4,  id. 
(Am.  J."  Sci.,  II.  xxxiii.  199);  5,  Manice  (ib.,  xxxi.  359);  6,  7,  Stromeyer  (Gel.  Anz.  Gott.,  1824, 
208;  Fogg.,  iv.  193);  8,  Walmstedt  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1824,  ii.  359,  and  Schw.  J.,  xliv.  25):  9, 
Hauan  (Verb.  G.  Keichs.,  1867,  71);  10,  Kjerulf  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixv.  187);  11,  Keuter  (ZS.  G.,  xvi. 
342);  12,  Madelung  (ib.) ;  13,  Waltershausen  (Vulk.  Gest.,  117);  14,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch., 
438);  15,  Walmstedt  (L  c.) ;  16,  Stromeyer  (1.  c.) ;  17,  Kalle  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  438);  18,  Damour 
(Bull.  G.  Soc.,  II.  xix.  414);  19,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.);  20,  Walmstedt  (La);  21,  Deville  (Et. 
Geol.  Canaries);  22,  Lappe  (Pogg.,  xliii.  669);  23,  Schmid  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  501);  24,  W.  v.  Beck 
(Verh.  Min.  St.  Pet,  1847);  25,  Domeyko  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xiv.  187);  26,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xxix.  283) ;  27,  Walchner  (Schw.  J.,  xxxix.  65) : 


Si 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg 

1. 

Pfunders,  Irih.-rd. 

36-30 

6-00 

0-60 

49-65, 

2. 

U                       11 

36-87 

6-21 

0-60 

50-14, 

3. 

Hecla 

43-44 

6-93 



49-31, 

4. 

Webster,  N.  C.,  gnh. 

(1)  41-17 

7-35 



49-16, 

5. 

Thetford,  Yt. 

4075 

9-36 



50-28  = 

6. 

Yogelsberg 

40-09 

8-1  7  Mn 

0-20 

50-49, 

7. 

Oriental  Chrysolite 

39-73 

9-19  " 

0-09 

50-13, 

8. 

Iserwiese 

41-54 

8-66 

0-25 

50-04, 

9. 

Norway,  a  rock 

37-42 

8-88 

0-17 

48-22, 

10. 

Eifel,  wine-yw. 

42-21 

8-91 



49-29, 

11. 

Dun  Mtn.,  Dunyte 

42-80 

9-40 



47-38, 

12. 

a          u             u 

42-69 

10-09 



46-90, 

13. 

Etna 

41-01 

10-06 



47<27, 

14. 

Petschau 

44-67 

10-76 



41-84, 

15. 

Pallas  meteorite 

40-83 

11-53 

0-29 

47-74, 

16. 

Olumba,  S.  A.,  meteoric  38-25 

11-75 

O'll 

49-68= 

17. 

Vesuvius 

40-35 

12-34 



46-70= 

18. 

Lake  Lherz 

40-59 

13-78 

1-60 

43-13  = 

19. 

Carlsbad 

39-34 

14-85 



45-81  1 

20. 

Mt.  Somma 

40-08 

15-26 

0-48 

44-22, 

21. 

C.  Yerdes,  Fogo  I. 

40-19 

15-27 

2-27 

35-70, 

22. 

Greenland 

40-00 

16-21 

0-55a 

43-09, 

2«. 

Atacama,  meteoric 

36-92 

17-21 

1-81 

43-16- 

24. 

Glinkite 

(|)  39-21 

17-45 



44-06= 

25. 

Antuclo,  Chili 

40-70 

19-60 



39-70= 

26. 

Near  Montreal 

37-17 

22-54 



39-68  = 

27. 

Hyalosiderite 

31-63 

29-7  iMn  0-48 

32-40, 

a 

With  some  Ni. 

Ti  5-30,  &  1-75=99-80  Damour. 

Ti  3-51,  H  1-7 1  =  99-04  Damour. 

A-l  tr.,  Hi  0-32,  Co  *r.  =  100  Genth. 

CaO-04,  Ni  0-41,  gangue  1'23,  ign.  0'69 

=  100-05  Genth. 

=  100  "3  6  Manice. 

A-l  0-19,  Ni  0-37=99-51  Stromeyer. 

£l  0-22,  Ni  0-32=99-68  Stromeyer. 

3fcl  0-06=100-55  Walmstedt. 

£l  O'lO,  Ni  0-23  ign.  4'71=99'7  SHauan. 

3tl  0-18,£r  0-004,  ign. 0-12  =  100-72  Kj'lf. 

Ni,  Co,  Na,  tr.  H  0-57  =  100-15  Reuter. 

Ni  fr-.,H  0-49=100-17  Madelung. 

£l  0-64,  Ni  0-20,  H  I'04=100'z2  Walt. 

A-l  0'23   Ca  2-35  =  99-85  Ramm. 

A-l  tr.,  Ca  in  =  100-39  Walmstedt. 
=  99-79  Stromeyer. 

99-39  Kalle. 
=99-05  Damour. 
=  100  Rammelsberg. 

3tl  0-18=100-24  Walmstedt. 

A-l  0-80,  Ca  5-12=99-35  Deville. 

A-l  0-06  =  99-91  Lappe. 

: 99-10  Schmid. 
=  100 -7 2  Beck. 
=  1 00  Domeyko. 

=  99-30  Hunt. 

&1  2-21,  K  2-69,  Cr  Zr.=99'23  Walchner. 


Berzelius  detected  oxyd  of  tin  in  the  olivine  of  the  Pallas  meteorite;  Rummler  a  trace  of  arse- 
nous  acid  A.  Erdmann  found  a  trace  of  fluorine  in  that  of  Elfdalen,  and  of  Tunaberg.  Walch- 
ner  obtained  in  anal.  26  0-330  grms.  of  Fe  (out  of  1*040  grms.  under  analysis),  from  which  he 
deduced  30*9  grms.  of  Fe,  or  29*71  p.  c. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  whitens,  but  is  infusible ;  with  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron.  Hyalosi- 
derite and  other  varieties  rich  in  iron  fuse  to  a  black  magnetic  globule.  Some  varieties  give  re- 

17 


258  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

actions  for  titanic  acid  and  manganese.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  and  sulphuric  acids  with  separa- 
tion of  gelatinous  silica,  G.  before  ignition,  8-389;  after,  3'378. 

Obs. — A  common  constituent  of  some  eruptive  rocks ;  and  also  occurring  in  or  among  meta- 
morphic  rocks,  with  talcose  schist,  hyperstheue  rocks,  and  serpentine ;  or  as  a  rock  formation ; 
also  a  constituent  of  many  meteorites.  The  eruptive  rocks,  basalt  and  basaltic  lava,  consist  of 
chrysolite  (the  variety  olivine),  along  with  labradorite  or  other  feldspar,  and  augite.  Though 
usually  in  grains,  it  is  sometimes  in  rectangular  masses  several  inches  thick. 

A  chrysolite  rock  occurring  at  L.  Lherz,  consisting  largely  of  chrysolite,  has  been  called  Lherzolyte 
(See  p.  147,  under  SPINEL).  The  dunyte  of  F.  v.  Hochstetter  (ZS.  G.  G-es.,  xvi.  341)  is  the  same  rock, 
according  to  Sandberger.  The  latter  has  a  grayish-green  color,  and  greasy  and  vitreous  lustre,  with 
G-.=3'295,  and  occurs  with  serpentine  rock  in  Dun  Mtn.,  near  Nelson  in  New  Zealand.  Another 
similar  rock  from  Moravia,  called  picryte,  consists  half  of  chrysolite,  along  with  feldspar,  diallage, 
hornblende,  and  magnetite.  Another  from  Norway  (called  Olivinfeh  in  German,  or  oliviue  rock)  has 
very  nearly  the  composition  of  pure  chrysolite  (anal.  9);  G.=3-24— 3*32,  Kjerulf  (1.  c.);  granu- 
lar hi  texture ;  of  olive  to  bottle-green  color ;  it  contains  some  talc,  tremolite,  and  bronzite. 

Occurs  in  eruptive  rocks  at  Vesuvius,  Sicily,  Hecla,  Sandwich  Islands,  and  most  volcanic  isl- 
ands or  regions ;  at  Expailly  in  Auvergne ;  at  Uukel,  on  the  Rhine,  crystals  several  inches 
long ;  at  Kapfenstein  in  Lower  Styria,  hi  spheroidal  masses  ;  at  Sasbach  and  Ihringen  in  Kaiser- 
stuhl,  Switz. ;  near  Freiburg,  Baden,  in  dolerite,  a  variety  containing  much  iron  (hyalosider- 
ite) ;  in  Thetford  and  Norwich,  Vermont,  in  boulders  of  coarsely  cryst.  basalt,  the  crystals  or 
masses  several  inches  through ;  in  dolerite  or  basalt  in  Canada,  near  Montreal,  at  Rougemont  and 
Mounts  Royal  and  MontarviUe  (anal.  26). 

In  talcose  schist,  found  near  Kyschtimsk,  N.  of  Miask,  and  near  Syssersk  in  the  Ural,  in  green- 
ish imbedded  nodules  (glinkite,  anal.  24);  id.  at  Webster,  in  Jackson  Co.,  N.  C.  (G.— 3-28),  along 
with  serpentine,  pyrosclerite,  and  chromite ;  with  chromite  in  Loudon  Co.,  Va. ;  in  Lancaster 
Co.,  Pa.,  at  Wood's  mine,  with  serpentine  and  chromite  (G-enth);  near  Media,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa., 
with  hornblende,  magnetite,  and  chromite.  In  hyperstheue  rock  at  Elfdalen. 

Among  the  meteorites  containing  chrysolite,  there  are  the  Pallas  from  Siberia,  others  from 
Olumba,  Atacama,  Steinbach,  etc. 

On  cryst,  Kokscharof,  BuU.  Ak.  St.  Pet.,  ix.  235.  Gives  1-5  A  1-5,  ov.  0,=7l°  30',  whence  0A 
1-5=125°  45',  *-5  A  t-2,  ov.  i-i,—^°  55',  whence  ov.  *-5=180°  5'. 

Most  of  the  crystals  are  fragile,  and  therefore  unfit  for  use  as  gems. 

Named  from  xpv<r6<,  gold,  and  Ai0«f.     The  hyalosiderite,  from  'vaXos,  glass,  and  <ri%«?,  iron. 

The  Chrysolithus  of  Pliny  was  probably  our  topaz ;  and  his  topaz  our  chrysolite.  But  Pliny's 
statement  that  "  topazos  "  is  the  largest  of  all  the  precious  stones,  and  that  a  statue  4  cubits  high 
was  made  of  it,  shows  that  he  confounded  together  different  stones,  since  solid  chrysolite  crystals 
are  never  as  large  as  some  topaz  crystals,  and  two  inches  is  an  extraordinary  magnitude.  The 
hardness  mentioned,  that  it  yields  to  the  action  of  the  file  and  wears  with  use,  is  right,  and  seems 
to  prove  that  true  chrysolite  was  included  under  the  name  of  topazion.  It  came  from  an  island  in 
the  Red  Sea,  and  was  very  highly  valued.  It  is  stated  by  Diodorus  Siculus  to  have  resembled 
glass,  but  to  have  had  a  remarkable  golden  appearance,  especially  conspicuous  at  night  (King). 

Alt. — Alteration  of  chrysolite  often  takes  place  through  the  oxydation  of  the  iron ;  the 
mineral  becomes  brownish  or  reddish-brown  and  iridescent.  Tt  also  splits  into  thin  larninas  as 
the  change  goes  on,  sometimes  so  as  to  resemble  a  mica.  A  basalt  thus  changed  was  once 
pointed  out  to  the  author  as  a  mica  slate,  although  no  further  change  had  taken  place  than  that 
here  mentioned.  Chusite,  Limbilite,  and  Sideroclepte  of  Saussure  (J.  de  Phys.,  341,  1794),  all  from 
Limburg  in  Brisgau,  are  chrysolite  more  or  less  altered.  The  process  may  end  in  leaving  the 
cavity  of  the  crystal  filled  with  limonite  or  red  oxyd  of  iron. 

Under  the  action  of  carbonated  waters,  the  iron  is  often  carried  off  instead  of  being  peroxy- 
dized,  and  also  some  of  the  magnesia  is  removed  at  the  same  time ;  and  thus  may  come  serpen- 
tine, picrosmine,  which  often  retain  the  crystalline  form  of  chrysolite.  A  further  change  may 
produce  steatite  and  other  magnesian  species. 

For  analyses  of  altered  chrysolite  see  Walmstedt,  in  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1824,  and  Ramm.  Min. 
Ch.,  441;  Rhodius  in  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixiii.  116,  and  Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  441;  Lewinstein  in 
Jahresb.,  1860,  757;  A.  Madeluug,  Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs.,  xiv.  1,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1864,  628;  W.  Jung, 
B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxii.  289. 


260.  FATALITB.     0.  G.   Gmelin,  Pogg.,  li.  1839.      Eisenperidot,  Eiseiiglas.   Germ.     Iron 
Chrysolite.    Anhydrous  Silicate  of  Iron. 

Massive,  crystalline.     Cleavage  in  two  directions  at  right  angles  to  one 
another. 


TJOTSILICATES.  259 

H.=6'5.  G.=4-4-14  ;  4-138,  Fayal ;  4'006,  Ireland,  Delesse.  Lustre 
metalloid,  somewhat  resinous  in  the  fracture.  Color  black,  greenish,  or 
brownish-black;  sometimes  iridescent.  Opaque.  Fracture  imperfectly 
conchoidal.  Attractable  by  the  magnet. 

Comp. — Fe2  Si:=  Silica  29-5,  protoxyd  of  iron  70-5  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Gmelin  (Pogg.,  li. 
160);  2,  Fellenberg  (ib.);  3,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Oh.,  435);  4,  Thomson  (Min.,  L  461);  5,  Delesse 
(Bull.  G.  Fr.,  II.  x.  568): 

Si        £l        Fe      fin     fig       Ca       Cu 

1.  Fayal  30-24    3-54    58-27     354    0-86,  Fe  S  2-33=98-78  Gmelin. 

2.  "  29-15     4-06     60-95     0'69      2-38      0'72     0'31,  Pb  1-55=99-81  FeU. 

3.  "  28"27     3-45  63'80  tr.        0'45     1'29,  Fe  S  3-35=100-61  Ramm. 

4.  Slavcarrach  29-60    68'73     1'78    =100-11  Thomson. 

5.  u          29-50      tr.       63'54    5'07      0'30    =98*41  Delesse. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  readily  to  a  black  magnetic  globule.     Gelatinizes  with  acids. 

Obs. — From  the  Mourne  Mts.,  Ireland,  at  Slavcarrach,  near  Bryansford,  in  pegmatite  ;  forms 
nodules  in  volcanic  rocks  at  Fayal,  of  the  Azores.  Obsidian  or  volcanic  glass  often  approaches 
fayalite  in  composition. 

Artif. — Iron-chrysolite  sometimes  occurs  in  crystals  as  a  furnace  slag,  as  noticed  by  Hausmann 
in  1812,  and  later  by  Mitscherlich  and  others.  The  vulkanisches  Eisenglas  of  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  v. 
222),  which  afforded  the  above  composition,  was  a  slag  according  to  G.  Rose.  It  is  a  common 
product  of  the  puddling  furnace. 

261.  IRON-MANGANESE  CHRYSOLITE.  (A.  Erdmann,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1848 ;  var.  olivine,  his  Min., 
278,  1853.)  Near  fayalite,  but  contains,  besides  protoxyd  of  iron,  some  protoxyd  of  manganese 
and  lime,  with  also  a  little  magnesia,  approaching  thus  hyalosiderite. 

One  of  three  agreeing  analyses  afforded  Erdmann  (1.  c.) : 

Si  £l  Fe  Mn  Mg  Ga 

29-16  1-56  55-87  8'47  3-23  2'29=100'58. 

It  gives  the  formula,  6  Fe2  Si  + 1  Mn2  Si+(Mg,  Ca)3  Si,  Rammelsberg.  It  occurs  in  a  gneissoid 
rock  called  Eulysyte,  consisting  in  part  of  augite  and  garnet,  at  Tunaberg  in  Sweden. 

A  furnace-product,  which  is  a  lime-iron-manganese  chrysolite,  has  been  observed  in  clove-brown 
crystals  at  an  iron-furnace  in  Easton,  Pa.  An  analysis  afforded  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  (Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  xix.  358),  Si  33-70,  Ca  31'80,  F"e  18-00,  fin,  Mn  14-90,  3tl  3-50  =  101-90.  Taking  the  iron  and 
manganese  as  protoxyd,  as  so  regarded  by  Dr.  Jackson,  the  formula  is  (Ca,  Fe,  fin)2  Si. 

262.  TEPHROITE.     Tephroit  Bretth.,  Char.,  278,  1823,  212,  329,  1832. 

Orthorhombic.  Crystalline-massive.  Cleavage  in  three  directions  rec- 
tangular in  intersection,  one  perfect,  a  second  a  little  less  so,  the  third 
imperfect,  or  rather  indistinct. 

H.=5*5  —  6.      G.=4:— 4*12.      Lustre    somewhat    adamantine.      Color 

frayish  flesh-red,  reddish-brown,  and  rose-red,  to  ash-gray,  smoky-gray, 
treak  pale  gray.    Darkens,  on  exposure,  to  brown  and  black.    Translucent 
— subtranslucent.     Optic-axial  plane  parallel  to  plane  of  perfect  cleavage ; 
divergence  for  red  rays,  159°  V ;  in  oil,  84°  19'. 

Var. — 1.  Normal  (anal.  1-5).  2.  Magnesian,  or  picrotephroite  (anal.  6-9).  G.  of  No.  6,  a  brown 
kind,  2*97  ;  of  N"o.  7,  a  red,  2'87.  Resembles  much  a  cleavable  feldspar. 

Comp.— fin2  Si= Silica  29-8,  protoxyd  of  manganese  70-2  =  100 ;  or  (fin,  fig)2  Si.  Analyses : 
1,  Thomson  (Min.,  1,  514);  2,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  145);  3,  H.  Deville  (Descl.  Min.,  i.  38); 
4,  G.  J.  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxvii.  66);  5,  Igelstrom  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1865,  228);  6,  7,  P. 
Collier  and  A.  Hague  (see  No.  4) ;  8,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  VI.  ii.  339) ;  9,  Igelstrom  (1.  c.): 

Si        Fe       Mn       2n      fig      Ca     ign. 

1.  Franklin  29'64    0'82     66-60     2'70=99'76  Thomson. 

2.  Sparta  28-66     2'92     68'88     =  100-46  Rammelsberg. 


260  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Si  Fe  Mn  2n  Mg      Ca  ign. 

3.  Sparta  28-3T  2'16  59'31  7'58  2'16  0'39 =  99-97  Devffle. 

4         "  30-19  1-09  65-59  0'27  1'38  1  '04  0'37  =  99'93  Brush. 

5'  Paisberg  red  30-82     56'83  —  2-79  5'37  2-20=98-01  Igelstrom. 

6  Sparta,  brown  30-55  1'52  52'32  5'93  7'73  1-60  0-28  =  99'93  CoUier. 

7.        «       red  31'73  0'23  47-62  4-7714-03  0*54  0'35  =  99-27  Hague. 

8*  Franklin  29'95  1'96  3643  ll'6l  18'60 1'71  =  100;26  Damour. 

9.  Paisberg,  brown  31'36  4-15  44  07    17-71       tr.  0'87,  Pb,  As,  C  «r.=98-16  Igelst. 

Analysis  No.  4  was  of  a  specimen  received  from  Breithaupt,  as  the  original  tephroite ;  Nos.  6, 
7,  from  specimens  obtained  by  Brush  at  Stirling  Hill,  in  Sparta.  The  zinc  in  anal.  3-7  was  un- 
doubtedly from  mixed  zincite,  this  mineral  occurring  as  a  thin  scale  or  lamina  in  the  direction  of 
the  cleavage,  and  hence  often  covering  cleavage  surfaces  (Brush).  Anal.  7  corresponds  to  (f  Mn 
+  \  Mg)  Si;  anal.  8,  to  (i  Mn+1  Mg)  Si;  and  in  anal.  9,  Mn  :  Mg=5  :  4. 

Pyr.,  etc. B.B.  fuses  at  3 -5  to  a  black  scoria.  Gelatinizes  perfectly  in  muriatic  acid  without 

evolving  chlorine.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  manganese  and  iron.  The  magnesian 
variety  fuses  at  4  (No.  6)  to  6  (No.  7). 

Obs. Found  at  Stirling  Hill  in  Sparta,  N.  J.,  with  zincite,  willemite,  and  franklinite.  in  cleav- 

able  masses ;  also  at  Paisberg,  in  Wermland,  Sweden,  along  with  rhodonite  and  other  manganesiau 
minerals ;  at  Sjogrufvan,  with  hausmannite. 

The  name  tephroite  is  from  rs^s,  ash-colored.  Breithaupt's  original  specimen  was  from  the 
collection  of  H.  Heyer  at  Dresden. 

262A.  HYDROTEPHROITE.  L.  J.  Igelstrom  has  described  (<Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1865,  605)  a 
hydrous  tephroite  from  Paisberg,  which  has  a  pale  reddish  color,  a  colorless  streak,  and  H.=4; 
gelatinizes  with  acids  and  yields  water.  He  obtained  in  an  analysis  Si  28-46,  Mn  0*49,  Mn  53-44, 
Mg  11-89,  Ca,  Fe  tr.,  H  5-85=100-13,  and  corresponding  to  (Mn,  $[g)2  Si  +  f  H.  It  may  be  an 
altered  tephroite. 

A  black  silicate  of  manganese  from  Klapperud,  Dalecarlia,  having  a  submetallic  lustre  and  yel- 
lowish-brown streak,  afforded  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv.  137)  Si  25-0,  Mn  55-8,  II  13'0=93-8  =  ]S[n?  Si 
+  2  H,  agreeing  with  the  tephroite,  excepting  the  water.  Klaproth  obtained  60  p.  c.  of  M.U,  Mn, 
whence  the  above  is  deduced  by  Berzelius. 

263.  KNEBELITE.    Knebelit  Dobereiner,  Schw.  J.,  xxi.  49,  1818. 

Crystalline  massive. 

H.=6'5.  G.= 3*714,  Dobereiner;  4-122,  Erdmann.  Lustre  glistening. 
Color  gray,  spotted  dirty-white,  red,  brown,  and  green ;  also  grayish-black 
to  black.  Opaque  to  translucent.  Brittle ;  fracture  subconclioidal. 

Comp. — (-J-  Fe  +  |  ]Sln)a  §i= Silica  29-6,  protoxyd  of  iron  35'5,  protoxyd  of  manganese  34-9= 
100.  Analyses:  1,  Dobereiner  (Schw.  J.,  xxi.  49);  2,  A.  Erdmann  (Dannemora  Jernmalmsfalt, 
p.  54): 

Si  Fe  Mn  Mg 

1.  Hmenau  32-5          32-  35-  =99*5  Dobereiner. 

2.  Dannemora  30*26        34'30        34-47        0'25,  3tl  1'59  =  100'87  Erdmann. 

Pyr.,  etc. — According  to  Dobereiner,  unaltered  B.B.,  but  Erdmann's  mineral  fused  easily  to  a 
lustreless  magnetic  bead,  and  gave  with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  Decom- 
posed readily  by  muriatic  acid  with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs. — The  mineral  analyzed  by  Dobereiner  was  from  an  unknown  locality,  but  G-.  Suckow 
(Kenng.  Ueb.  Min.,  1855,  93)  states,  on  the  authority  of  Kuebel,  that  it  was  found  in  granite 
near  Ilmenau.  The  Dannemora  mineral  is  grayish-black  to  black  in  large  masses,  light  gray  on 
the  thin  edges,  and  is  stated  to  cleave  parallel  to  a  prism  of  about  115°. 

Named  after  Major  von  Knebel. 

264.  LEUOOPHANITE.    Leukophan  EsmarJc,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1840,  191 ;  Tamnau,  Pogg., 
xlviii.  504.    Leucophane.    Leucofanite. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  /  about  91°  (90°  to  93°,  Greg;  91°  3X,  B.  &  M.) ; 
0  A  1-t,  calc.,=145°  52r.  Approximate  angles,  0  A  2=117°— 118°  30', 
0  A  2-1=126°  25'.  A  plane  m-n  on  0=140°  307,  on  one  plane  7=126° 


TJNISILICATES.  261 


30',  on  other  7=101°  30',  Greg.  Crystals  tabular  and  nearly  rectangular. 
Cleavage  :  basal  perfect  ;  imperfect  in  another  direction,  inclined  126°  25' 
to  the  base  ;  and  perhaps  in  a  third,  at  right  angles  to  0.  Usually  mas- 
sive. 

H.=3'5—  4.  G.=  2*974.  Lustre  vitreous  on  a  cleavage  surface.  Color 
pale  dirty  green  to  wine-yellow  ;  thin  fragments  transparent  and  colorless. 
Powder  white,  and  strongly  phosphorescent,  whether  heated  or  struck. 
Electric  when  heated.  Optically  biaxial;  bisectrix  normal  to  the  base, 
plane  of  axes  the  macrodiagonal  ;  Descl. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  R,  K,  gi=3  :  3  :  10  ;  (\  (Ca,  Na)+|  Be)5  Si+f  Si  ;  or  else  with  half  the 
excess  of  silica  "basic.  Part  of  the  oxygen  replaced  by  fluorine.  Analyses  :  1,  Erdmann  (Ak.  H. 
Stockh.,  1840)  ;  2,  Eammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xcviii.  25*7)  : 

Si  A-l  Be  $[n  Ca  Na  K  F 

1.  47.82         -        11-51         1-01         25-00         10-20        0'31         617  =  102-02  Erdmann. 

2.  47-03         1-03         10-70          tr.          23'37         11-20        0'30        6*57  —  100-43  Ramm. 

0.  ratio,  leaving  out  of  view  the  fluorine,  for  Ca,  Be,  Si,  from  anal.  1,  3  :  3  :  10'6  ;  from  2, 
2:2-8:  10-0. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  whitens  and  phosphoresces  with  a  purple  light.  B.B.  in  the 
forceps  phosphoresces  and  fuses  with  intumescence  at  3  to  a  clear  colorless  glass,  which  becomes 
opaque-white  on  flaming;  imparts  an  intense  yellow  color  to  the  flame.  Fused  with  salt  of  phos- 
phorus in  the  open  tube  gives  the  reaction  for  fluorine. 

Obs.  —  Leucophane  occurs  in  syenite  with  albite,  elseolite,  and  yttrotantalite,  on  the  small  rocky 
islet  Lamoe,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Langesund  fiord  in  Norway,  where  it  was  found  by  Esmark. 
It  resembles  somewhat  a  light-green  variety  of  apatite. 

Named  from  A£v«5$,  white,  and  fiaivw,  I  appear. 

On  cryst.,  see  Greg,  PhiL  Mag'.,  IV.  ix.  510;  Dana,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxi.  205;  Descl.  Mm.,  L  144. 

265.  WOHLERITE.  Wohlerit  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  lix.  327,  1843. 

Orthorhombic.     /A  7=90°  nearly,  0  A  14=144°  37'  ;  a  :  I  :  c=0'7162  : 


0  A  f*=160°  27' 

O  A  f  4=  133  11 

0  A  Jf-fellT  07 

O  A  1-2=141  30 
i-l  A  fc-2=116  34 
i-l  A  7=135  ± 
i-2  A  t-2,  ov.  £-£,=126  52 
i-&  A  £-8,  ov.  ^-2,  =143  8 
i-i  AJ-5,  ov.  0,=  140  54 

In  tabular  crystals  and  prisms.    Cleavage  :  i-l 
distinct  and  easy.     Also  granular. 

H.  =  5*5.  G.=3*41.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Color  light- 
yellow,  wine-,  honey-,  resin-yellow,  brownish,  grayish.  Streak-powder  yel- 
lowish-white. Transparent—  subtranslucent.  Fracture  more  or  less  con- 
choidal  —  splintery. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  (Ca,  fig,  Na),  Zr,  Si,  (tfe,  Mn),6b=9-78  :  5-08:  15-89  :  0'77  :  3*57  ;  from 
Scheerer's  analysis  (with  which  Hermann's  agrees  nearly),  whence  Scheerer  deduces  a  formula 
making  it  a  columbate  of  zirconia  +  5  parts  of  a  silicate  of  soda  and  lime.  It  corresponds  well  to 
the  formula  (f(6a,  Mg,  Na)2  +  £  Zr)  Si  [  +  A'  (Fe,  Ikln)  Cb],  the  last  member  columbile. 


262 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Analyses:  1,  Scheerer  0-  c.);  2,  Hermann  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxviii.  467) : 
Si         £b        Zr         F~e     Mn      Ca        Na       H 


1.  Brevig 

2.  " 


30-62 
29-16 


14-47 
11-58 


15-17       2-12 
22-72  Fe  1-28 


1-55 
1-52 


26-19 
24-98 


7-78 
7-63 


0-24,  Mg  0-4=98-14  Scheerer. 
1-33=99-61  Herm. 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  in  a  strong  heat  fuses  to  a  yellowish  glass.  "With  the  fluxes  gives  the  reac 
tion  of  manganese,  iron,  and  silica.  Dissolves  easily  when  heated  in  strong  muriatic  acid,  with 
a  separation  of  the  silica  and  columbic  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  elseolite  in  zircon-syenite,  on  several  islands  of  the  Langesund  fiord,  near 
Brevig  in  Norway.  Some  crystals  are  nearly  an  inch  long.  On  cryst.,  Descl.,  in  Ann.  Ch.  Phys., 
III.  xL,  and  Ann.  d  M.,  V.  xvi.  229 ;  Dauber,  Pogg.,  xcii.  242.  Descloizeaux,  in  his  later  paper, 
makes  i-l  and  it  the  vertical  faces  of  the  prism  I,  with  /A  7=90°  16',  and  he  describes  the  crys- 
tals as  hemihedral  in  many  planes. 

266.  WILLEMTTE.  Siliceous  Oxyd  of  Zinc,  Silicate  of  Zinc  (fr.  N.  Jersey),  Vanuxem  &  Keating, 
J.  Ac.  Philad.,  iv.  8,  1824.  Wfflemite  (fr.  Moresnet)  Levy,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  iv.  513,  1843.  "Wil- 
liam site,  Wilhelmite,  Villemite,  att.  orthogr.  Anhydrous  Silicate  of  Zinc.  Hebetin  (fr.  Moresnet) 
Breith.,  Char.,  130,  1832.  Troostite  (fr.  N.  J.)  Shep.,  Min.,  1st  part,  154,  1832. 


239 


Ehombohedral.      R  A  J%=1160  1',  0  A  72=142°  IT ;  a=0'67378.      Ob- 
served planes:  in  crystals  fr.  N.  Jersey,  £2,  R,— J-,  I3 ;   fr.  Moresnet  0,  I, 
^Ai=148°  I7.     #Al'=150°  5',  I8  A £2=151°  55', 
A £2=121°  59';   |Af=:1280  30';  Levy.     Cleavage: 
£2  easy  in-  ]ST.  Jersey  crystals  ;  O  easy  in  those  of  Mor- 
esnet.    Also  massive  and  in  disseminated  grains.     Some- 
times fibrous. 

H.=5'5.  G=3*89— 4-18.  Lustre  vitreo-resinous, 
rather  weak.  Color  whitish  or  greenish-yellow,  when 
purest ;  apple-green,  flesh-red,  grayish-white,  yellowish- 
brown  ;  often  dark-brown  when  impure.  Streak  uncoi- 
ored.  Transparent  to  opaque.  Brittle.  Fracture  con- 
choidal.  Double  refraction  strong  ;  axis  positive. 

Var. — The  crystals  of  Moresnet  and  New  Jersey  differ  in  occurring 
forms  as  above  described.  The  latter  are  often  quite  large,  and  pass  under 
the  name  of  troostite ;  they  are  commonly  impure  from  the  presence  of 

manganese  and  iron.  Gr.  of  crystals  from  New  Jersey,  3-89—4,  Vanuxem  and  Keating;  4*02, 
Herm.;  4-154,  Delesse;  from  Moresnet,  3'935,  Thomson;  4-16—4-18,  Levy;  from  Stolberg,  4-18, 
Monheim. 

Comp.— 2n2  gi=Silica  27'1,  oxyd  of  zinc  72'9=100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Vanuxem  and  Keat- 
ing (1.  c.);  3,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvii.  11);  4,  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  x.  213);  5,  H.  Wurtz 
(Rep.  Am.  Assoc.,  iv.  147);  6,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  545);  7,  Levy  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  iv.  147);  8,  Mon- 
heim (Verh.  nat.  Ver.  Bonn.,  1848,  157);  9,  Damour  (Descl.  Min.,  554): 

H 

=100  Van.  &  K. 

=99-66  Van.  &  K 

1-00=100  Herm. 

=100  Delesse. 

,  Ca  1-60=100-18  Wurtz. 

—  1-25,  £l  l-44ft=99-91  Thorn. 

—  0-30=96-50  Levy. 

—     =  100-16  Monheim. 

—     =99-74  Damour. 

•  With  a  trace  of  zinc  and  iron. 

First  analyzed  and  described  by  Vanuxem  and  Keating. 

.  pyr-»  etc.— B.B.  in  the  forceps  glows  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  white  enamel ;  the  vane- 
ties  from  New  Jersey  fuse  from  3-5  to  4.  The  powdered  mineral  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  gives  a 


Si 

Fe       fin 

1.  Stirling 

25-44 

6-50 

2.       " 

25-00 

0-67     2-66 

3.       " 

26-80 

___    

4.       " 

27-40 



6.       " 

27-91 



6.  Moresnet 

26-97 

1-48    

7.      " 

27-05 

0-75    

8.  Stolberg 
9.  Greenland 

26-90 
27-86 

— 

Fe 

Mn 

Zn 





68-06 





71-33 

tr. 

9-22 

60-07 

0-87 

2-90 

68-83 

5-35 

3-73 

59-93 

0-78 



68-77 





68-40 

0-35 



72-91 

0-37 

71-51 

1-66 


UNISILICATES.  263 

coating,  yellow  while  hot  and  white  on  cooling,  which,  moistened  with  solution  of  cobalt,  and 
treated  in  O.F.,  is  colored  bright  green.  With  soda  the  coating  is  more  readily  obtained.  De- 
composed by  muriatic  acid  with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs. — From  Vieille-Montague  near  Moresnet,  between  Liege  and  Aix-la-Chapelle,  in  crystals  and 
massive,  the  crystals  but  a  few  millimeters  in  length  ;  also  at  Stolberg  near  Aix-la-Chapelle ;  at 
Eaibel  in  Carinthia ;  at  Kucsaina  in  Servia  and  in  Greenland  in  compact  quartz.  In  New  Jersey 
at  both  Franklin  and  Stirling  in  such  quantity  as  to  constitute  an  important  ore  of  zinc.  It 
occurs  intimately  mixed  with  zincite  and  franklinite,  and  is  found  massive  of  a  great  variety  of 
colors,  from  pale  honey-yellow  and  light  green  to  dark  ash-gray  and  flesh-red ;  sometimes  in  crys- 
tals (troostite)  six  inches  long  and  an  inch  or  more  thick,  imbedded  in  franklinite  and  also  in 
calcite. 

Named  by  Levy  after  William  L,  King  of  the  Netherlands. 

267.  PHENACITE.    Phenakit  N.  v.  Nordenskiold,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  160,  1823,  Pogg.,  xxxi.  51 

Bhombohedral ;  often  hemihedral.  R  A  72=116°  36',  0  A  72=142°  38', 
Kokscharof;  #=0'661065.  Observed  planes:  rhombohedrons,  It,  -2,  -1, 
— J  ;  scalenohedrons,  la,  I3,  -22,  f 2  (bevelling  terminal  edge  of  R)  ;  pyramids, 
f-2,  |-2  ;  prisms,  /,  i-2,  i-% ;  hemihedral,  f  f-f ,  \  f-f ,  \  3-f,  Koksch.  Min. 

Eussl.,  ii.  308,  iii.  81. 

R  A  7=127°  21'  R  A  -2=160°  35' 

R  A  £2=121  42  R  A  -4=148  18 

|-2  A  f-2=156  44  i  A  4=144:  4 

f-2  A  7?=159  56  2  A  2=87  12 

t'2 

Crystals  sometimes  oblong,  as  in  fig.  240  ;  but  often  the 
prism,  nearly  or  quite  wanting,  and  the  form  that  of  a  low  obtuse 
rhombohedron,  with  replaced  edges  and  lateral  angles.  Cleav- 
age :  £2  distinct,  R  imperfectly  so.  Twins  :  composition-face 
£2. 

H. =7'5—8.  G.=2'96— 3.  Lustre  vitreous.  Colorless;  also,  bright 
wine-yellow,  inclining  to  red  ;  brown.  Transparent — subtranslucent.  Frac- 
ture like  that  of  quartz.  Double  refraction  positive. 

Comp. — Be'girr:  Silica  54-2,  glucina  45-8=100.  Analyses  :  1,  Hartwall  (Pogg.,  xxxi.  5*7);  2, 
Bischof  (Pogg.,  xxxiv.  525) : 

1.  Ural  Si  55-14        Be  44-47        £l  and  fig  2r.=99'61  Hartwall. 

2.  Framont          54'40  45-57         Ca  and  fig  0-09=100-06  Bischof. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Alone  remains  unaltered ;  with  borax  fuses  with  extreme  slowness,  unless  pul- 
verized, to  a  transparent  glass.  With  soda  affords  a  white  enamel ;  with  more,  intumesces  and 
becomes  infusible.  Dull  blue  with  cobalt  solution. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  mica  schist  at  the  emerald  and  chrysoberyl  mine  of  Takovaja,  85  versts  E.  of 
Katherinenberg,  where  the  crystals  are  sometimes  nearly  4  inches  across,  and  one  found  weighs 
H  Ibs. ;  also  in  small  crystals  on  the  east  side  of  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  5  versts  N.  of  Miask,  along  with 
topaz  and  green  feldspar ;  also  in  highly  modified  crystals  with  quartz,  in  limouite,  near  Framont 
in  Alsace ;  at  Mt.  Mercado,  near  Durango,  Mexico,  in  limonite  and  magnetite,  the  crystals  nu- 
merous, but  not  fresh,  being  below  the  true  hardness  ;  and  in  a  valley  on  the  summit  of  La  Cruz, 
on  the  side  of  the  rancho  of  Tinaja,  it  forms,  according  to  G-.  Weidner,  a  rock,  containing  horn- 
blende and  actinolite. 

Name,d  from  <piva{,  a  deceiver,  in  allusion  to  its  having  been  mistaken  for  quartz. 

268.  MEUPHANTTE.    Melinophan  Scheerer,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  Iv.  449, 1852.    Meliphane  Dana,  Am. 

J.  Scl,  II.  xliv.  405,  186t. 

Tetragonal  or  hexagonal.     Massive,  and  consisting  sometimes  of  plates 


264  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

or  lamellae,  but  not  as  a  result  of  cleavage  structure.     Cleavage  hexagonal 
(?),  in  traces. 

H.=:5.  G.=3'0,  Kichter;  3'018,  Kammelsberg.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color 
sulphur,  citron,  or  honey-yellow.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Brittle. 
Double  refraction  strong,  uniaxial  ;  axis  negative  ;  Descl. 

Oomp.—  Formula  perhaps  as  on  p.  250.  Analyses  :  1,  imperfect,  by  R.  Bichter  (1.  c.)  ;  2,  Ram- 
melsberg  (Pogg.,  xcviii.  297): 

Si         £l    &n    Pe      Se        Ca       Mg     Na       F 
44-8      12-4    1-4     1-1       2-2       31-5       0'2       2'6      2'3     8b,  Zr,  <3e,  Y  0'3=98'S  Richter. 

43-66    "     ~T57  11-74    26'74    O'll     8-55     5-73,  &  1-40,  £  0'30=99'80  Ramm. 

Rammelsberg's  analysis,  if  the  fluorine  is  taken  as  replacing  part  of  the  oxygen  in  the  bases 
and  acid,  gives  for  the  oxygen  (including  the  fluorine)  ratio  for  R,  $,  Si  3'7  :  3  :  8-3.  The  exact 
nature  of  the  compound  is  still  doubtful.  Rammelsberg  deduces  the  same  formula  as  that  for 
leucophane,  taking  as  the  common  oxygen  ratio  4:3:9.  But  Descloizeaux's  optical  examina- 
tions make  the  two  distinct  species. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  in  the  forceps  does  not  phosphoresce,  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  white 
enamel;  in  other  respects  resembles  leucophane. 

Obs.  —  From  the  zircon-syenite  of  Norway,  near  Fredericksvarn,  with  elasolite,  mica,  fluorite, 
and  magnetic  iron.  An  imperfect  crystal  in  the  cabinet  of  R.  P.  Greg,  Esq.,  gave  him  for  the 
angle  between  two  prismatic  faces  133°;  the  edge  between  these  two  faces  was  replaced  by  a 
rough  plane,  apparently  not  equally  inclined. 

Named  from  /^A<,  honey,  and  0<ni/«,  I  appear,  from  the  honey-yellow  color.  [Scheerer  misswrote 
the  word  melinophane,  which  would  come  from  //au/oj,  ashen,  or  //eAt^,  milkt.]  The  dropping  of 
the  t  of  the  genitive,  as  done  above,  has  classical  authority. 

271.  HBLVITE.  Ein  Fossil  w.  Aehnlichk.  m.  d.  Granat  hat,  aber  nicht  Granat  zu  seyn 
scheint,  Mohs,  Null.  Kab.,  i.  92,  1804.  Helvin  Wern.,  1816,  Breith.  in  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  b.  112, 
1817.  "Wern.  Letztes  Min.  Syst,  2,  29,  1817  ;  Tetrahedral  Garnet  Mohs,  Char.  Syst.  Min.,  71, 
1820,  Edinb.  Tetraedrischer  Granat  id.,  Grundr.,  412,  1824. 

Isometric  :  tetrahedral.     Figs.  31,  32.     Cleavage  :  octahedral,  in  traces. 

H.=6—  6-5.  G.=3-l—  3-3;  3'216,  Breithaupt.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclin- 
ing to  resinous.  Color  honey-yellow,  inclining  to  yellowish-brown,  and 
siskin-green  ;  streak  uncolored.  Subtranslucent.  Fracture  uneven. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  R,  Si=l  :  2  ;  for  Mn+Fe,  Be=l  :  1  ;  formula  (|(Mu,  Fe)  +  |  Be)2  S*i+ 
£  Mn  S,  Ramm. 

Analyses  :  1,  2,  Gmelin  (Pogg.,  iii.  53)  ;  3,  Rammelsberg's  correction  of  Gmelin's  anal.  1  (Min. 
Ch.,  701);  4,  Rammelsberg  (ib.): 


Si 

Be 

Mn 

Fe 

Mn 

S 

ign. 

I. 

Schwarzenberg 

33-26 

12-03* 

41-76 

5-56 



5-05 

1 

•15= 

98-81  Gmelin. 

2. 

(4 

35-27 

8-03 

42-12 

8-00 





tl  1-44  Gmelin. 

3. 

H 

33-26 

12-03 

30-57 

8-00 

8-67 

5-05 

1 

•15= 

98-73  Gmelin. 

4. 

Norway 

33-13 

11-46 

36-50 

4-00 

9-77 

5-71 

100-57  Ramm. 

a  With  some  alumina. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Fuses  at  3  in  R.F.  with  intumescence  to  a  yellowish-brown  opaque  bead,  becoming 
larker  in  R.F.  With  the  fluxes  gives  the  manganese  reaction.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid, 
with  evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  gneiss  at  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony,  associated  with  garnet,  quartz,  fluorite, 
and  calcite  ;  at  Breiteubrunn,  Saxony  ;  at  Hortekulle  near  Modum,  and  also  at  Brevig,  in  Norway, 
in  zircon-syenite. 

Named  by  Werner,  in  allusion  to  its  yellow  color,  from  %\iost  the  sun. 


UNISILICATES.  265 

270.  DANALITE.    J.  P.  Cooke,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlii  73. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons,  with  planes  of  the  dodecahedron  ;  the  dode 
cahedral  faces  striated  parallel  to  the  longer  diagonal. 

H.=5'5— 6.  Gr.= 3-427.  Lustre  vitreo-resinous.  Color  flesh-red  to 
gray.  Streak  similar,  but  lighter.  Translucent.  Fracture  subconchoidal, 
uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp.— (|  R  +  i  £e)2  Si+1  Zn  S;  in  which  R^Fe,  Mn,  2n.    Analyses :  J.  P.  Cooke  (L  c.) : 
gi         Fe       Mn       2n        Be         S 

1.  Rockport        (|)31-73     27'40     6"28     17'51     13-83      5*48=102-23. 

2.  Gloucester  29'88     28'13     5'71     18'15     14'72a    4'82,  Ca  0'83,  Mg  tr.  =  102-24. 

a  With  alumina. 

By  subtracting  from  anal.  1  oxygen  2*74,  equivalent  to  the  sulphur,  the  sum  is  99*49 ;  and 
from  anal.  2,  2'41  p.  c.  oxygen,  the  sum  is  99'83. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  readily  on  the  edges  to  a  black  enamel.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives 
a  slight  coating  of  oxyd  of  zinc.  Perfectly  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  with  evolution  of  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen  and  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  Rockport  granite,  Cape  Ann,  Mass.,  small  grains  being  disseminated 
through  this  rock ;  also  near  Gloucester,  Mass. ;  in  both  localities  associated  with  a  lithia  mica, 
hi  the  latter,  with  green  feldspar  and  fluorite. 

Named  after  J.  D.  Dana. 


269.  GARNET.  *  A  i>6pa{  pt.  [rest  Ruby  Spinel  and  Sapphire]  Theophr.  Carbunculus  pt.  [rest 
id.]  Plin.,  xxxvii.  25  ;  Carchedonius,  Garamanticus  [= Carthaginian  or  Garamantic  Carbuncle], 
Alabandicus  [cut  at  Alabanda],  Anthracitis,  Plin.,  ib.,  25-27.  Granatus  Albertus  Magnus,  232, 
1270.  Carbunculus  Carchedonius  —Germ.  Granat,  C.  Alabandicus  and  Troezenius=  Germ. 
Almandin,  Agric.,  Foss.,  272,  Interpr.,  463,  1546.  Granat  Wall,  Min.,  120,  1747.  Garnet. 
Grenat  Fr. 

Isometric.  Observed  planes :  O  (very  rare),  7,  1 ;  trapezohedral,  2-2, 
f -f  ;  tetrahexahedral,  a-2,  ^-f ,  i-\ -J- ;  trisoctahedral,  f ;  hexoctahedral,  3-f , 
4^f.  Dodecahedron,  fig.  3,  and  the  trapezohedron  2-2,  fig.  10,  most  com- 
mon; also  figs.  11,  13,  14,  21,  28;  octahedral  form  very  rare;  figs.  241- 
243  distorted  dodecahedrons ;  f.  244,  distorted  trapezohedron ;  f.  246,  com- 
bination of  the  dodecahedron  and  trapezohedron,  but  distorted,  and  having 
only  four  planes  of  the  former. 

Cleavage  :  dodecahedral,  sometimes  quite  distinct.  Twins  :  composition- 
face  octahedral.  Also  massive ;  granular,  coarse,  or  fine,  and  sometimes 
friable ;  lamellar,  lamellae  thick  and  bent.  Also  very  compact,  crypto- 
crystalline  like  saussurite. 

H.=6'5— 7'5.  G.— 3*15— 4'3.  Lustre  vitreous — resinous.  Color  red, 
brown,  yellow,  white,  apple-green,  black ;  some  red  and  green  colors  often 
bright.  Streak  white.  Transparent — subtranslucent.  Fracture  subcon- 
choidal, uneven.  Brittle,  and  sometimes  friable  when  granular  massive ; 
very  tough  when  compact  cryptocrystalline. 

Comp.,  Var. — Garnet  is  a  unisilicate,  of  cesquioxvd  and  protoxyd  bases,  having  the  general 
formula  (iR3  +  iK)2Si3,  or  (R3)2  Si3+£2Si3. 

The  name  is  from  the  Latin  granatus,  meaning  like  a  grain,  and  directly  from  pomegranate,  the 
seeds  of  which  fruit  are  small,  numerous,  and  red,  in  allusion  to  the  aspect  of  the  crystals. 

There  are  three  prominent  groups,  based  on  the  nature  of  the  predominating  sesquioxyd. 

I.  ALUMINAGABNET,  in  which  the  sesquioxyd  is  mainly  alumina  (A1!). 

II.  IEONGAENET,  in  which  it  is  largely  sesquioxyd  of  iron  (J^e),  usually  with  some  alumina. 


266 


OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 
242  243 


244 


III.  CHROMEGARNET,  in  -which  it  is  largely  sesquioxyd  of  chromium  (£r). 

The  protoxyd  bases  present,  either  singly  or  two  or  more  together,  are  lime  (Ca),  magnesia  (Mg), 
protoxyd  of  iron  (Pe),  protoxyd  of  manganese  (Mn\  with  rarely  a  few  p.  c.  of  protoxyd  (?)  of  chromium, 
protoxyd  of  nickel,  or  yttria,  or  a  trace  of  au  alkali.  Subdivisions  of  the  above  groups  have  been 
based  on  the  predominance  of  one  or  another  of  these  protoxyds  ;  and  on  this  ground  there  are 
the  following  varieties  or  subspecies  : 

A.  GROSSULARITE,  or  Lime-Aluminagarnet. 

B.  PYROPE,  or  Magnesia- Aluminagarnet. 

C.  ALMANDITE,  or  Iron- Aluminagarnet. 

D.  SPESSARTITE,  or  Manganese-Aluminagarnet. 

E.  ANDRADITE,  or  Lime-Irongarnet,  including  A,  ordinary;  B,   manganesian,   or  Eothoffite;  C, 
yttriferous,  or  Yttergarnet. 

F.  BREDBERGITE,  or  Lime-Magnesia- Irongarnet. 

G.  OUVAROVITE,  or  Lime-  Chrome.garnet. 

Excepting  the  last,  these  subdivisions  blend  with  one  another  more  or  less  completely  through 
varieties  containing  combinations  of  the  protoxyd  bases,  and  also  of  the  sesquioxyd  bases.  The 
following  are  their  characters.  Most  of  the  various  names  enumerated  below  under  each  division, 
making  the  synonymy,  have  stood  for  a  time  as  names  of  supposed  distinct  species. 

A.  Lime-Aluminagarnet;  GROSSULARITE.  (Kanelstein  [^Cinnamon  Stone]  fr.  Ceylon  [sp., 
placed  near  Zircon]  Wern.,  1803,  Ludwig's  Wern.,  ii.  209,  1804 ;  Essonite  [sp.]  &.,  Tr.  Pierres 
prec.,  1817;  Hessomte  Leonh.,  Handb.,  433,  1821:  Essonite  [var.  of  Garnet]  JBeud.,  170,  1824. 
Romanzovit  [fr.  Kimito]  Nordenskiold,  Sohw.  J.,  xxxi.  380.  Grossularite  [fr.  "Wilui  R.,  Sib.]  Wern., 
1808-9,  Hofm.  Min.,  i.  479,  1811;  Granat  Pallas,  N.  Nord.  Beyt.  St.  Pet.,  1793;  Wiluit  pt.  [Yil- 
uit]  Severgin.  Grenat  du  chaux,  ou  Grossulaire,  Beud.,  337,  18*24.)  A  silicate  mainly  of  alumina 
and  lime ;  formula  mostly  (|Ca3+^l)2  Si3-Silica  40-1,  alumina  22'7,  lime  37-2  =  100.  But  some 
lime  often  replaced  by  protoxyd  of  iron,  and  thus  graduating  toward  the  Almandite  group.  Color 
(a)  white ;  (b)  pale  green ;  (c)  amber-  and  honey-yellow ;  (d)  wine-yellow,  brownish-yellow,  cinna- 
mon-brown ;  rarely  (e)  emerald-green  from  the  presence  of  chromium.  G.=3'4— 3;75. 

The  original  grossularite  (wiluite)  included  the  pale  green  from  Siberia,  and  was  so  named  from 
the  botanical  name  for  the  gooseberry;  G. =3-42— 3*72.  Cinnamon-stone,  or  essonite,  included  a 
cinnamon-colored  variety  from  Ceylon,  there  called  hyacinth ;  but  under  this  name  the  yellow 
kinds  are  usually  included.  Succinite  is  an  amber-colored  kind  from  Ala,  Piedmont.  Romanzovite 
is  brown. 


TJNISILICATES. 


267 


Pale  green,  yellowish,  and  yellow-brown  garnets  are  not  invariably  grossularite ;  some  (includ- 
ing topazolite)  belong  to  the  group  of  Irongaruet,  or  Andradite  (p.  268). 

Analyses  :  1,  Croft  (G.  Rose,  Reis.  Ural,  ii.  132) ;  2,  T.  Wachtmeister  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1823) ;  3, 
T.  S.  Hunt  (Eep.  G.  Can.,  1847,  447,  and  also  1863,  496) ;  4,  K  v.  Ivanoff  (Koksch.  Min.  RussL, 
iii.  79);  5,  Wachtmeister  (L  c.) ;  6,  Karsten  (Karst  Arch.  Min.,  iv.  388) ;  7,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv. 
319,  v.  138);  8,  Arfvedson  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1822,  87);  9,  C.  Gmelin  (Jahresb.,  v.  224) ;  10,  Klap- 
roth (1.  c.);  11,  Karsten  (1.  c.) ;  12,  Nordenskiold  (Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  380);  13,  Richter  (Ber.  Gres. 
Leipsic,  1858,  99);  14,  Pisani  (C.  R.,  Iv.  216): 


1.  Urals,  white 

2.  Tellemark,  wh. 

3.  Orford,  Can.,  white 

4.  SliidiankaR.,  Gross. 

5.  Wilui  " 


7.  " 

8.  Malsjo, 

9.  Ceylon, 


Gin. 


10. 

11.  St.  Gothard,  " 

12.  Romanzovite 

13.  Traversella,  dark  red 

14.  Elba,  octahed. 


Si 

Si 

Pe 

36-86 

24-19 



39-60 

21-20 



38-60 

22-71 



40-99 

14-90 

10-94 

40-55 

20-10 

5-00 

38-25 

19-35 

7-33 

44-0 

8-5 

12-0 

41-87 

20-57 

3-93 

40-01 

23-00 

3-67 

38-80 

21-20 

6-50 

37-82 

19-70 

5-95 

41-21 

24-08 

7-02 

39-99 

17-98 

6-45 

39-38 

16-11 

8-65 

Fe      Mn 

2-00     3-15 
1-60 


0-49 


0-98 

0-48      

0-50     2-40 

tr.       

0-39 


0-15     4-15 
0-92 

2-76 

tr.       1-00 


Ca 

37-15=98-10  Croft. 
32-30=98-25  Wacht. 
34-83,    Na  0-47,    K  tr.,  ign. 
1-10=99-80  Hunt. 
32-94=100-75  Ivanof. 
34-86=100-99  Wacht. 
31-75  =  99-58  Karsten. 
33-5=98  Klaproth. 
33-94=100-70  Arfved. 
30-57,    K    0-59,   ign.   0'33= 
98-17  Gmelin. 
31-25=97-75  Klaproth. 
31-35=99-12  Karsten. 
24-76,  ign.  &  loss  1*98=100  N. 
32-70=99-88  Richter. 
36-04,  ign.  0-31  =  101-49  P. 


In  anal.  3,  G.=3'522-3'536;  anal  4,  G.=3'427. 


B.  Magnesia- Aluminagarnet ;  PYROPE.  (Carbunculi  Carchedonii  in  Boemorum  agris  Agric., 
Foss.,  272,  1546.  Bohemian  Garnet.  Bohmischer  Granat  (as  a  distinct  sp.)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J., 
424,  1789;  Klapr.,  i.  16,  ii.  21.  Pyrop  Wern.,  1800,  Ludw.  Wern.,  i.  48,  1803.  Karfunkel  Germ., 
Escarboucle  pt.  Fr.)  A  silicate  of  alumina,  with  various  protoxyd  bases,  among  which  magnesia 
predominates  much  in  atomic  proportions,  while  in  small  proportion  in  other  garnet,  or  absent. 
Formula  (|  (Mg,  Ca,  Fe,  Mn)a+^  A1!)2  Si3.  The  original  pyrope  is  the  kind  containing  chrome.  In 
the  analysis  of  the  Arendal  magnesia-garnet,  Mg  :  Ca  :  Fe+Mn=3  :  1  :  2;  and  the  ratio  of  the 
magnesia  to  the  other  protoxyd  bases  is  1  :  1.  In  Moberg's  analysis  of  the  chromiferous  pyrope, 
which  is  considered  the  best,  Mg  :  Ca  :  Fe  +  Stn  :  Cr=8  ?  0'75  :  T33  :  0'57  ;  and  Mg  :  Ca  +  Fe 
+  Mn  +  Cr=l  :  0'87.  G.  =  3'7— 3'72,  Breith. ;  8-78,  Mohs;  3'738  (anal.  18),  Genth. 

Analyses:  15,  Wachtmeister  (1.  c.);  16,  Kobell  (Kastn.  Arch.  Nat.,  v.  165,  viii.  447,  ix.  344); 
17,  Moberg  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  xliii.  122);  18,  F.  A.  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiii.  196);  19,  Zilliacus 
(Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  695) : 


15.  Arendal,  Hack 

16.  Pyrope 

17.  " 

18.  Santa  Fe,  K  Hex.   42-11   19-85    

19.  Miesmaki,  FinL      41-56  19-84  5-33 


Si       Si  3Pe 

42-45  22-47 

42-08  20-00  1-51 

41-35  22-35  


Fe         Mn    Mg     Ca 

9-29         6-27  13-43  6-53=100-44  Wacht.     G.=3'157. 
9-09  SnO-32  10'20  1'99,  £r  3-01=98'20  KobeU. 
9-94         2-59  15-00  5'29,  Cr  4'17  =  100'69  Moberg. 
14-87         0-36  14-01  5'23,  £r  2'62,  ign.  0'45=99  Genth. 
4-37          22-00  4-25,  <8r  0'35,  ign.  l-58=99'28  Z. 


The  name  pyrope  is  from 


os,  fire-like. 


C.  Iron-  Aluminagarnet  ;  ALMAKDITE.  (Precious  or  Oriental  Garnet.  Orientalischer  Granat, 
Sirianischer  (fr.  Siriam  hi  Pegu)  Granat  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  ii.  22,  1798.  Alamandin  (Alabandicus 
Plin.)  Karst.,  Tab.,  20,  69,  1800.  Common  Garnet  pt.  .  Fahlungranat  Berz.,  Lohthr.)  A  silicate 
mainly  of  alumina  and  protoxyd  of  iron;  formula  (-£  Fe3-f--|-  A-l)2  Si3=Silica  36'1,  alumina  20*6, 
protoxyd  of  iron  43-3  =  100;  or  Min  may  replace  some  of  the  Fe,  and  3?e  part  of  the  A1!.  Color 
fine  deep-red  and  transparent,  and  then  called  preciwts  garnet;  also  brownish-red,  and  translucent 
or  subtranslucent,  common  garnet;  black,  and  then  referred  to  var.  melanite.  Part  of  common 
garnet  belongs  to  the  Andradite  group,  or  is  irongarnet.  The  Alabandic  carbuncles  of  Ph'ny  were 
so  called  because  cut  and  polished  at  Alabanda.  Hence  the  name  almandine,  now  in  use.  Pliny 
describes  vessels  of  the  capacity  of  a  pint,  formed  from  carbuncles,  "  non  claros  ac  plerumque 
sordidos  ac  semper  fulgoris  horridi,"  devoid  of  lustre  and  beauty  of  color,  which  probably  were 
large  common  garnets  of  the  latter  kind. 

Analyses  :  20,  Hisinger  (Schw.  J.,  xxi.  258)  ;  21,  22,  KobeU  (ib.,  Ixiv.  283)  ;  23-25,  Karsten 


268 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


(1  c)-  26-28  Wachtmeister  (1.  c.);  29,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  ii.  22,  v.  131);  30,  W.  Wachtmeisler 
(Jahresb.,  xxv.  364);  31,  Bahr  (ib.);  32,  Besnard  (Jahresb.,  1849,  745);  33,  34,  Mallet  (J.  G.  Sci. 
Dubl  Ramm.  5th  Suppl.,  125);  35,  W.  J.  Taylor  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xix.  20);  36,  C.  A.  Kurlbaum 
(ib.);  37,  Kjerulf  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixv.  192);  38,  89,  T.  Wachtmeister  (1.  c.);  40,  Moberg  (J.  pr.  Ch., 
xliii.  122);  41,  Piitzer  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  695): 


20.  Fahlun,  Almand. 

21.  Zillerthal,  In. 

22.  Hungary,  prec. 

23.  Zillerthal,    " 

24.  Ohlapian 

25.  Greenland 

26.  Engso,  dutt  red 

27.  N.  York 

28.  Norway 

29.  Oriental 

30.  Garpenberg 

31.  Brena,  Westm. 

32.  Albernreit,  bnh.-r. 

33.  Wicklow,  black 

34.  Killiney,  brown 

35.  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  trp. 

36.  Delaware  Co.,  Pa,,  trp. 

37.  Oravitza 

38.  Hallandsaos,  dutt  red 

39.  "  " 

40.  Abo,  rdh.-bn. 

41.  Brazil,  massive 


A 

XI 

39-66 

19-66 

39-12 

21-08 

40'56 

20-61 

39-62 

19-30 

37-15 

18-08 

39-85 

20-60 

40-60 

19-95 

42-51 

19-15 

52-11 

18-04 

35-75 

27-25 

39-42 

20-27 

37-16 

19-30 

38-76 

21-00 

35-77 

19-85 

37-80 

21-13 

38-32 

21-49 

40-15 

20-77 

37-52 

20-01 

41-00 

20-10 

42-00 

21-00 

40-19 

2017 

37-23 

15-22 

Fe       fin      fig     Ca 


6-00 
5-00 


6-73 


39-68 

1-80 



27-28 

0-80 



32-70 

1-47 



34-05 

0-85 

2-00 

31-30 

0-30 

10-15 

24-85 

0-46 

9-93 

33-93 

6-69 



33-57 

5-49 



23-54 

1-74 



32-33 

0-25 



24-82 

7-51 

3-69 

37-65 

3-19 

2-03 

82-05 

6-43 

3-95 

38*07 

5-04 



34-83 



4-46 

30-23 

2-46 

6-29 

26-66 

1-85 

8-08 

36-02 

1-29 

2-51 

28-81 

2-88 

6-04 

25-18 

2-37 

4-32 

35-27 

0-99 

4-98 

26-76 

3-40 

3-14 

=100-80  Hising. 

5-76=100-04  Kobell. 

=100-34  Kobell. 

3-28  =  99-10  Karsten. 
0-36=97 -34  Karsten. 
3-51=99-20  Karsten. 

=101-17  Wacht. 

1-07  =  101-79  Wacht. 
5-78=101-20  Wacht. 

=95-58  Klapr. 

2-63=98-34  Wacht. 
0-90=100-23  Bahr. 

=102-19  Besn. 

=98-73  MaUet. 

1-53=99-75  Mallet. 
1-38=100-17  Taylor. 
1-83=99-34  Kurlbaum. 
0-89  =  98-23  Kjerulf. 
l-50=10u-33  Wachtm. 
4-98=99-85  Wachtmeist. 
0-50  =  102-10  Moberg. 
4-31  =  96-79  Piitzer. 


In  anal.  26,  G.=4'236;  anal.  27,  3'90;  anal.  33,  4-196;  anal.  38,  4'188;  anal.  39,  4-043;  anaL 
40,  3-86. 

D.  Manganese- Aluminagarnet ;  SPESSABTITE.  (Granatformiges  Braunsteinerz  (fr.  Spessart)  Klapr., 
Beitr.,  ii.  239,  1797=Braunsteinkiesel  (near  Garnet)  Karst.,  Tab.,  20,   69,   1800.     Manganesian 
Garnet  (fr.  Haddam)  Seybert,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  vi.  155,   1823.      Mangangranat  Germ.  Broddbogranat 
Berz.     Spessartine  Beud.,  52,  1832.)     Color  dark  hyacinth-red  (fr.  Spessart),  sometimes  with  a 
shade  of  violet,  to  brownish-red.    G.=3'7— 4-4;  fr.  Spessart  3-6,  Klapr.;  fr.  Haddam  4-128,  Sey- 
bert;  fr.  Broddbo  4-575,  d'Ohsson;  fr.  Miask  4-38,  Lissenko. 

Analyses:  42,  H.  Seybert  (Am.  J.  Sci.Lvi.  155,  1823);  43,  Rarnmelsberg  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Iv.  487); 
44,  d'Ohsson  (Schw.  J., 
(Beitr.,  ii.  244) : 

42.  Haddam,  Ct. 

43.  " 

44.  Broddbo 

45.  Miask 

46.  Spessart 

In  anal.  42,  G. =4-128  ;  anal.  43,  4-275  ;   anal.  45,  4-38. 

E.  Lime-Irongarnet ;  ANDBADITE.  (Common  Garnet,  pt.   Allochroite  (from  Drammen  aad  Feirin- 
gen,  Norway)  d' Andrada,  J.  de  Phys.,  Ii.  243,  1800,  Scherer's  J.,  iv.  32.     Black  Garnet ;  Melanit 
(fr.  Frascati)  Wern.,  1800,  Ludw.  Wern.,  i.  48,  64,  1803.    Aplome  H.,  Tr.,  iv.  289,  1801.    Kolopho- 
nit  d1  Andrada ;  Simon,  Gelil.  J.,  iv.  405,  1807.      Grenat  re  smite =Colophonite  H.,  Cours  1804, 
Lucas,  Tabl.,  265,  1806 ;  Pech-Granat  Karst.,  Tab.,  32,  89,  1808.    Topazolite  (fr.  Ala)  Bonvoisin,  J. 
de  Phys.,  Ixii.  1806.     Pyreneit  (fr.  Pyrenees)  Wern.,  1811-12,  Hoffm.  Min.,  ii.  373,  1815.     Kalk- 
granat  Berz.,  Lothr.     Granat  v.  Longban  Roihoff,  Afh.,  iii.  329, 1810  ;  Rothoffite  Berz.,  N.  Syst.  Min., 
218,  1819.  Polyadelphite  (fr.  Franklin,  N.  J.)  Thorn.,  Min.  i,  154,  1836.   Jelletite  (fr.  Mt.  Rosa)  Ap- 
john,  J.  G.  Soc.,  Dublin,  v.  119,  1853.   Yttergranat  (fr.  Norway)  Bergemann,  Sitz.  Ges.  Bonn.,  July, 
1854.)  Colors  various,  including  wine-,  topaz-,  and  greenish-yellow  (topazolite),  apple-green;  brown- 
ish-red, brownish-yellow;  grayish-green,  dark  green;  brown;  grayish-black,  black.   G.=3'64— 4. 

Named  Andradite  by  the  author  after  the  Portuguese  mineralogist,  d' Andrada,  who  described 
and  named  the  first  of  the  included  subvarieties,  Allochroite.  The  included  kinds  vary  so  widely 
in  color  and  other  respects  that  no  one  of  the  names  in  use  will  serve  for  the  group. 


J.,  xxx.   346); 

45,  Lissenko  (Koksch.  Min.  Russl.,  iii.  230)  ;  46,  Klaproth 

Si 

21 

Fe 

fin 

Mg 

Ca 

35-83 

18-06 

14-93 

30-96 



=99-78  Seybert. 

36-16 

19-76 

11-10 

32-18 

0-22 

0-58=100  Ramm. 

39-00 

14-30 

15-44 

27-90 

_____ 

gn  1-00=97-64  D'Ohssou. 

86-30 

17-48 

14-32 

30-60 



0-51=99-21  Lissenko. 

35-00 

14-25 

14-00 

35-00 



=98-25  Klaproth. 

UNISILICATES. 


269 


Chemically  there  are  the  following  subvarieties :  1.  Simple  Lime  Irongarnet.  in  which  the  pro- 
toxyds  are  wholly  or  almost  wholly  lime.  Includes :  (a)  Topazolite,  having  the  color  and  trans- 
parency of  topaz,  and  also  sometimes  green  ;  although  resembling  essonite,  Damour  has  shown 
that  it  belongs  here.  (b)  Colophonite,  a  coarse  granular  kind,  brownish-yellow  to  dark  reddish- 
brown  in  color,  resinous  in  lustre,  and  usually  with  iridescent  hues ;  named  after  the  resin  colophony, 
(c)  Melanite  (named  from  //eAas,  black),  black,  either  dull  or  lustrous  ;  but  all  black  garnet  is  not  here 
included.  Pyreneite  is  grayish-black  melanite ;  the  original  afforded  Yauquelin  4  p.  c.  of  water, 
and  was  iridescent,  indicating  incipient  alteration,  (d)  Dark  green  garnet,  not  distinguishable 
from  some  allochroite,  except  by  chemical  trials.  Jelktite  is  green  garnet,  light  or  dark,  and  yel- 
lowish-green, from  the  moraine  of  the  Fiudel  glacier  near  Zermatt,  Mt.  Rosa ;  named  after 
Jellet,  one  of  the  describers  of  it. 

Calderite,  a  mineral  from  Nepaul,  India,  is  said  to  be  nothing  but  massive  garnet ;  but  whether 
belonging  to  this  group  or  not  is  not  stated. 

2.  Manganesian  Lime-Irongarnet.     (a)  Rothoffite.      The  original  allochroite  was   a  manganesian 
irongarnet  of  brown  or  reddish-brown  color,  and  of  fine-grained  massive  structure.     The  Roth- 
offite,  from    Longban,  first   analyzed   by  Rothoff,  is  similar,    with  the  color  yellowish-brown 
to  liver-brown.     Other  common  kinds  of  manganesian  irongaruet  are  light  and  dark,  dusky  green 
and  black,  and  often  in  crystals.     Thomson's  Polyadelphite  was  a  massive  brownish-yellow  kind, 
from  Franklim,  N.  J.  (anal.  66,  67).     The  same  locality  affords  another  in  dark  green  crystals, 
containing  still  more  manganese. 

(6)  Aplome  has  its  dodecahedral  faces  striated  parallel  to  the  shorter  diagonal,  whence  Haiiy 
inferred  that  the  fundamental  form  was  the  cube ;  and  as  this  form  is  simpler  than  the  dodecahe- 
dron, he  gave  it  a  name  derived  from  WAo'oj  simple.  Color  of  the  original  aplome  (of  unknown 
locality)  dark  brown ;  also  found  yellowish-green  and  brownish-green  at  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony, 
and  on  the  Lena  in  Siberia. 

3.  Yttriferous  Lime-Irongarnet ;  Tttergarnet.  Contains  several  p.  c.  of  yttria  (anal.  75);  G.=3"88, 
Bergemann ;  B.B.  infusible. 

Analyses  :  47,  Hisinger  (Jahresb.,  ii.  101) ;  48,  Seybert  (Am.  J.  Sci ,  v.  118) ;  49,  Karsten  (1.  c.) ; 
50,  Bredberg  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1822,  i.  63);  51,  Bucholz  (Scherer's  N.  J.,  iv.  172);  52-57,  Wacht- 
meister  (1.  c.);  58,  Thomson  (Ann.  Lye.  N".  Y.,  iii.  9,  1829);  59,  Vauquelin  (J.  de  Phys.,  1.  94); 
60,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  v.  168);  61,  Karsten  (1.  c.);  62,  Damour  (L'Institut,  No.  1198,  Dec. 
1856);  63,  Ebelmen  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  vii.  19);  64,  W.  Fisher  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  ix.  84);  65,  Bahr(J. 
pr.  Ch.,  liii.  312);  66,  Weber  (Ramm.  5th  Suppl.,  193);  67,  Baumann  (ib.);  68,  D.  Forbes  (Edinb. 
N.  Ph.  J.,  II.  iii.);  69,  70,  N.  v.  Ivanof  (Koksch  Min.  Russl,  iii.  79);  71,  Tschermak  (Jahresb., 
1860,  766);  72,  E.  K.  Granqvist  (Koksch.  Min.  Russl.,  iii.  32);  73,  A.  Stromeyer  (Jahresb.  Han- 
over, xiii.  28,  1864);  74,  Rose  (Karst.  Tab.,  33);  75,  Bergemann  (Sitz.  Ges.  Bonn,  July,  1854); 
76,  Wright  (J.  G.  Soc.,  Dublin,  v.  119,  Ann.  d.  M.,  Y.  iii.  707) ;  77,  Damour  (1.  c.) ;  78,  v.  Merz  (Nat. 
Gtes.  Zurich,  vi.);  79,  Karavaief  (Koksch.  Min.  Russl.,  iii.  34): 


Si 


Fe 


Mg       Ca 


47. 

Westmanland 

37-55 



31-35 



470 



48. 

Willsboro',  Coloph. 

38-00 

6-00 

28-06* 





____ 

49. 

Schwarzenberg,  gn. 

36-85 

4-05 

25-35 



0-95 



50. 

Sala 

36-62 

7-53 

22-18 





1-95 

51. 

Thuringia,  brown 

34-00 

2-00 

27-84 



3-15 

52. 

Longban,  yw. 

35-10 



29-10 



7-08 



53. 

Altenau,  Aplome 

35-64 



30-00 



3-02 

___ 

54. 

Hesselkulla,  bn. 

37-99 

2-71 

28-53 



1-62 

—  _~- 

55. 

gn. 

38-13 

7-32 

19-42 

___ 

330 



56. 

Arendal,  brih.-bk. 

40-20 

6-95 

20-50 



4-00 

___ 

57. 

Vesuvius,  bn. 

39-93 

13-45 

10-95 

3'35 

1-40 



58. 

Franklin,  N.  J.,  bn. 

33-72 

7-97 

17'64a 



16-70 

___ 

59. 

Frascati,  black,  Mel 

34-0 

6-4 

25-5 



___ 

60. 

11                     U 

35'5 

6-0 

26-Oa 



_  _ 

___ 

61. 

11                 a 

34-60 

4-55 

28-15 





0-65 

62. 

«                     U 

35-84 

6-24 

23-12 





1-04 

63. 

Beaujeu      " 

36-45 

2-06 

29-48 



0-28 

0-06 

64. 

Franconia,  N.  H.,  bk. 

38-85 



28-15 



65. 

Gustafsberg,  G.=3'6 

37-80 

11-18 

15-66 

4-97 

0-13 

tr. 

66. 

Polyadelphite 

34-83 

1-12 

28-73 



8-82 

1-42 

67. 

n 

35-47 

3-10 

28-55 

,^__ 

5-41 

2-13 

68. 

Stokoe,  green          (f) 

34-40 

9-46 

20-43 



2-40 

tr. 

26-74=100-34  Hisinger. 
29-00,  H  0-33  =  101-39  Seyb. 
32-32=99-52  Karsten. 
31-80=100-08  Bredberg. 
30-75,  H,  Cu  4-25  Bucholz. 
26-91,  K  0-98  =  99-17  Wacht. 
29-21,  K  2-35  Wacht. 
30-74=100-59  Wacht. 
31-65=99-82  Wacht. 
29-48  =  101-13  Wacht. 
31-66=100-94  Wacht. 
25-88,  H  0-08=101-99  T. 
33-0=98-9  Vauquelin. 
32-5,  Mn  0-4=100-4  Klapr. 
31-80=99-75  Karsteu. 
32-72,  Ti  1-04=100  Damour. 
30-76,  ign.  0'96  Ebelnien. 
32-00=99  Fisher. 
30-28=100-02  Bahr. 
24-05  =  98-97  Weber. 
26-74=101-40  Baumann. 
31-38,  Na  &  loss  1-93= 100  F 


a  Determined  as  protoxyd. 


270 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Pe        Fe     fin      fig      Ca 


69. 

70. 
71. 

72. 
73. 
74, 
75. 
76. 
77. 
78. 
79. 

ScMschimsk  Mts.         35-21 
Achmatovsk                 37-22 
Dobschau,  green           38 
Pitkaranta,  bnh.-gn.      37'79 
Arkansas                       31'25 
Drammeu,  Allochr.       37  '00 
Norway,  bk.,  yttrif.       34'94 
Mt.  Rosa,  JeMite,  gn.  38'09 
Zermatt,       "  bottle-gn.  3  6  -03 
"            "  light  gn.  36-24 
Bosgolov.sk,  ywh.-bn.     35-37 

tr. 
6-04 
3 
12-39 

500 
tr. 

1-24 
0-56 
0-53 

34-11 
24-81 
28 
2]  -45 
31-80 
18-50 
30-01 
33-41 
30-05 
30-53 
31-49 

tr.  0-49 

2 

0-83      

0-46 

6-25      

1-09  0-50 


0-29 


0-54 
0-35 
0-54 


30-96  =  100-28  Ivanof. 
31-07  =  99-63  Ivanof. 
30- =101  Tschermak. 
30-78=103-24  Granqvist. 
33-30,  Ti  3-19  =  100  Strom. 
30-00=96-75  Rose. 
26-04,  Y  6-66=99-24  Berge. 
28-61  =  100-11  Wright. 
32-14=100  Damour. 
32-38=100-06  Merz. 
32-50=100-72  Karavaief. 


In  anal.  52,  G.=3-965;  anal  58,  G.=3'871;  anal.  56,  G.  =  3'665;  anal.  68,  G.  =  3-64,  from  the 
Brevigfiord  with  brevicite ;  anal.  69,  G.=3-798;  anal.  71,  G.  =  3'72,  in  serpentine;  anal.  73  was 
made  on  a  mineral  erroneously  called  schorlamite;  anal.  75,  G.  =  3'S8,  H.  =  5  ;  anal  77,  G-.=8'85. 

F.  Lime-Magnesia  Irongarnet;  BBEDBERGITE.  A  variety  from  Sala,  Sweden,  is  here  included. 
Formula  (|  Cas+|  fig3)2  Si3+Fe2  S*i3=Silica  37*2,  peroxyd  of  iron  33%  magnesia  12'4,  lime  17'3 
=  1 00.  It  corresponds  under  Irongarnet  nearly  to  aplorne  under  Aluminagarnet.  Analysis  by 
Bredberg  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  i.  63,  1822): 


80.  Sala 


Si 
36-73 


ffl 

2-78 


25-83 


12-44 


Ca 

21-79=99-57 


G.  Lime  Chromegarnet ;  OUYAEOVITE.  (Uwarowit  ffess.,  Pogg.,  xxiv.  388,  1832.)  A  silicate 
of  lime  and  sesquioxyd  of  chromium.  Formula  (%  6a3  +  i  €r)2  Si3=(Ca3)2  Si3+^r2  Si3. 

In  the  Ural  variety,  a  fourth  of  the  oxyd  of  chromium  is  replaced  by  alumina ;  that  is,  3cl :  £r 
=  1  :  3  nearly.  Color  emerald-green.  H.  =  7'5.  G-.=3'41— 3*52.  B.B.  infusible  ;  with  borax  a 
clear  chrome-green  glass.  Named  after  the  Russian  minister,  Uvarof.  Analyses:  81,  Komonen 
(Verh.  min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  1841,  55);  82,  Erdmann  (Jahresb.,  xxiii.  291,  Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  697); 
83,  Damour  (L'Institut,  1856,  No.  1198);  84,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G-.  Can.,  1863,  497): 


81.  Bissersk 

82.  " 

83.  " 


Si 

37-11 
36-93 
35-57 


Xl         3 

5-88 

5-68         1 
6-26 


84.  Orford,  Can.     36'65       17 '50          


22-54 

21-84 

23-45a 

6-20 


Fe 
2-44 

4-97 


fig  Ca 

1-10  30-34,  fi  1-01  =  100-42  K. 

1-54  31-63,  Cu  <r. =99-58  E. 

33-32  =  98-50  Damour. 

0-81  33-20,  H  0-30  =  99-63  H. 


a  Includes  some  Fe2  O3. 


Garnet  usually  contains  no  water,  or  only  a  trace  of  it,  and  thus  differs  from  the  related 
idocrase.  The  grossularite  from  Wilui  afforded  G.  Magnus  only  0'12  p.  c. ;  the  cinnamon-stone 
of  Ala,  0-25—0-34;  the  almandine  of  Slatoust,  none  (Pogg.,  xcvi.  347). 

In  jewelry,  the  lighter  clear  garnets  are  often  called  hyacinth.  The  yellowish  is  the  Jacinia  la 
Mia;  a  yellowish  crimson,  the  Guarnaccino;  and  another  very  similar,  Vermeille,  or  Hyacinth- 
Garnet;  the  red,  with  a  violet  tinge,  Eubino-di-rocca,  and  also  Grenat  Syrian  (from  Syriam  in 
Pegu),  and  probably  the  Amethystizontes  of  Pliny.  The  deep  and  clear  red,  like  Burgundy  wine 
in  shade,  is  the  true  precious  garnet,  which  is  either  pyrope  or  almandite.  The  ancient  name 
avOpat,  meaning  a  burning  coal,  alludes  to  the  internal  fire-like  color  and  reflection,  and  was 
applied  also  to  some  ruby.  The  Latin  name  carbunculus,  from  carlo,  coal,  has  the  same  significa- 
tion. 

Fyr.,  etc. — Most  varieties  fuse  easily  to  a  light-brown  or  black  glass;  F.=3  in  almandite, 
spessartite,  grossularite,  and  allochroite;  3-5  in  pyrope;  but  ouvarovite,  the  chrome-garnet  from 
Canada  (No.  84  included),  is  almost  infusible,  F.=6.  Allochroite  and  almaudite  fuse  to  a  mag- 
netic globule.  Reactions  with  the  fluxes  vary  with  the  bases.  Almost  all  kinds  react  for  iron ; 
strong  manganese  reaction  in  spessartite,  and  less  marked  in  other  varieties ;  a  chromium  reac- 
tion in  ouvarovite,  and  in  most  pyrope.  Some  varieties  are  partiaUv  decomposed  by  acids ;  all 
except  ouvarovite  are  after  ignition  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  and  generally  with  separation 
of  gelatinous  silica.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates. 

A  brownish-red  Arendal  garnet,  having  G.=4'058,  was  reduced  by  heating  to  G.=4'046,  and 
by  fusion  to  3-596  —  3-204,  Church;  and  a  Ceylon  essonite,  having  G.  =  3'666,  had  G.  =  3'682 
after  heating  to  incipient  fusion,  Church. 

Obs.— Garnet  crystals  are  very  common  in  mica  schist,  gneiss,  syenitic  gneiss  and  hornblende, 


UNISILICATES.  271 

and  chlorite  schist ;  they  occur  often,  also,  in  granite,  syenite,  crystalline  limestone,  sometimes 
in  serpentine,  and  occasionally  in  trap  and  volcanic  tufa  and  lava. 

Garnet  is  sometimes  found  in  the  massive  form  as  a  prominent  constituent  of  a  rock.  A  white 
variety  (lime-aluminagarnet)  occurs,  forming,  with  a  little  serpentine,  a  whitish  garnet  rock  at 
Orford  in  Canada,  having  G.  =  3'52 — 3*53.  A  similar  garnet-felsite  exists  in  Bayreuth  in 
Bavaria.  At  St.  Francois  in  Canada  there  is  a  yellowish-white  and  greenish-white  garnet  rock, 
consisting  of  the  same  garnet  along  with  pyroxene,  in  the  proportion,  according  to  T.  S.  Hunt,  of 
5 7 '7  2  of  the  former  to  40*71  of  the  latter,  having  G-.  =  3*83,  and  affording  on  analysis,  Si  44*85, 
Xl  10*76,  ffe  3-20,  Mg  5*24,  Ca  34*38,  ign.  1-10  =  99'53  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1863,  496).  Eclogyteis  a 
garnet-euphotide,  consisting  of  a  massive  reddish  garnet  and  grass-green  smaragdite  or  omphacite. 
These  garnet  rocks  are  all  very  tough  as  well  as  heavy  rocks. 

Many  foreign  localities  of  garnet  have  been  mentioned  in  the  preceding  pages,  under  the  head 
of  composition  and  varieties.  The  best  cinnamon-stone  comes  from  Ceylon,  in  gneiss ;  Malsjo  in 
"Wermland,  in  crystalline  limestone ;  on  the  Mussa-Alp  in  Piedmont,  with  clinochlore  and  diopside, 
where  the  crystals  present  the  planes  I,  2-2,  i-2,  f ,  3-f ,  0,  1 ;  at  Mittaghorn,  in  Switzerland,  with 
the  same  minerals,  reddish-brown  in  color,  and  having  sometimes  the  planes  *-2  and  f  with  /  and 
2-2  ;  pale  isabella-yellow  at  Auerbach,  with  the  planes  2-2,  /,  3-f ,  i-2,  i-$ ;  a  brownish  variety 
(romanzovite)  at  Kimito  in  Finland.  A  honey-yellow  garnet  in  octahedrons  occurs  in  Elba.  Grossu- 
larite  of  pale  greenish  color,  comes  from  the  banks  of  the  Wilui  in  Siberia,  in  serpentine  with 
idocrase,  and  from  Cziklowa,  in  the  Banuat ;  in  white  or  colorless  crystals  in  Tellemark,  in  Norway, 
and  the  Schischimskaja  Gora,  in  the  Ural ;  also  whitish  in  a  resinopal  pseudomorph  after  coral  hi 
Van  Diemen's  Land.  Emerald-green  crystals  are  found  at  Dobschau  in  Hungary.  Almandite  or 
precious  garnet  comes  in  fine  crystals  from  Ceylon,  Pegu,  Brazil,  and  Greenland.  Common 
garnet  is  found  in  dodecahedrons  3  to  4  inches  through  at  Fahlun  in  Sweden,  Arendal  and 
Kongsberg  in  Norway,  and  the  Zillerthal.  Allochroite,  an  apple-green  and  yellowish  variety,  of 
different  shades,  occurs  at  Zermatt  in  Yalais,  in  geodes  of  crystals  in  chlorite  schist ;  brilliant 
black  crystals  (melanite)  and  also  brown,  at  Vesuvius  on  Somma ;  and  in  a  volcanic  tufa  at  Fras- 
cati  near  Rome ;  peak  Espada  and  that  of  Ereslids  near  Bareges  in  the  Hautes-Pyrenees  (Pyrene- 
ite).  Aplome  occurs  in  yellowish  and  brownish- green  crystals  at  Schwarzcnberg  in  Saxony,  and 
on  the  borders  of  the  Lena  in  Siberia.  Spessartite  at  Spessart  near  Aschaffenburg  in  Bavaria ; 
in  the  white  feldspar  of  the  granite  of  Elba,  at  St.  Marcel,  Piedmont,  in  pegmatite  at  Vilate  near 
Chanteloube,  Haute-Vienne ;  at  Broddbo,  near  Fahlun,  in  Sweden ;  in  a  porphyritic  trap,  near 
Ilefeld  in  the  Harz.  Pyrope  occurs  in  trap,  tufa,  and  in  the  sands  of  the  region,  near  Meronitz, 
Trziblitz,  and  Podsedlitz,  in  Bohemia,  where  alone  the  variety  used  as  a  gem  is  obtained ;  also 
at  Zoblitz  in  Saxony,  and  the  valley  of  Krems  in  Bohemia,  in  a  serpentine  rock.  Ouvarovite 
is  found  at  Saranovskaja  near  Bissersk,  in  the  vicinity  of  Kyschtimsk,  Urals,  lining  cavities  or 
fissures  in  chromic  iron ;  at  Haule,  in  Rupshu,  on  chromite. 

Near  Cauterets,  the  Hautes-Pyrenees,  large  crystals  of  brown  garnet  have  a  nucleus,  easily 
separable,  of  dull  green  crystallized  idocrase ;  the  containing  rock  is  a  compact  gray  limestone. 

In  N.  America,  in  Maine,  beautiful  yellow  crystals  or  cinnamon-stone  (with  idocrase)  at  Par- 
sonsfield,  Phippsburg,  and  Rumford ;  manganesian  garnet  at  Phippsburg,  as  well  as  the  finest 
yellow  garnet  in  Maine  ;  in  mica  slate  near  the  bridge  at  Windham,  with  staurotide  ;  in  granite 
veins  at  Streaked  Mountain,  along  with  beryl;  in  large  reddish-brown  crystals  at  Buckfield,  on 
the  estates  of  Mr.  Waterman  and  Mr.  Lowe ;  handsome  red  garnets  at  Brunswick.  In  N.  Hamp., 
at  Hanover,  small  clear  crystals  in  syenitic  gneiss  ;  blood-red  dodecahedrons  at  Franconia,  in  geodes 
in  massive  garnet,  with  calcite  and  magnetic  iron ;  at  Haverhill,  in  chlorite,  some  1|  in. ;  at  War- 
ren, beautiful  cinnamon  garnets  with  green  pyroxene ;  at  Unity,  on  the  estate  of  J.  Neal,  with  actin- 
olite  and  magnetite,  and  at  Lisbon,  near  Mink  Pond,  in  mica  slate  with  staurolite ;  at  Graftou,  £  to 

1  in.  in  diameter.     In  Vermont,  at  New  Fane,  large  crystals  in  chlorite  slate ;  also  at  Cabot  and 
Cavendish.     In  Mass.,  at  Carlisle,  geodes  of  transparent  cinnamon-brown  crystals  similar  to  figure 
14,  with  scapolite  in  limestone ;  at  Boxborough,  similar  but  less  remarkable  specimens ;  also  in 
gneiss  at  Brookfield  and  Brimfield ;  massive  with  epidote  at  Newbury,  and  in  crystals  at  Bedford, 
Chesterfield,  with  the  Cummiugton  kyanite,  and  at  the  beryl  locality  of  Barre.     In  Conn.,  trapezo- 
hedrons,  |-1  in.,  in  mica  slate,  at  Reading  and  Monroe ;  at  Haddam,  ib.  of  manganesian  garnet,  often 

2  in.  through,  with  chrysoberyl;  at  Middletown  feldspar  quarry,  with  octahedral  faces  (Shepard) ;  at 
Lyme,  large  blackish-brown  crystals  in  limestone.  In  N.  York,  in  mica  slate,  in  Dover,  Duchess  Co., 
small;  at  Roger's  Rock,  crystallized  and  massive,  and  colophonite  of  yellow,  brown,  and  red 
colors,  abundant ;  brown  crystals  at  Crown  Point,  Essex  Co. ;  colophonite  as  a  large  vein  in 
gueids  at  Willsboro,  Essex  Co.,  with  wollastonite  and  green  coccolite,  and  also  at  Lewis,  10  m. 
south  of  Keeseville ;  in  Middletown,  Delaware  Co.,  large  brown  cryst. ;  a  cinnamon  variety,  crys- 
tallized and  massive,  at  Amity ;  on  the  Croton  aqueduct,  near  Yonkers,  in  small  rounded  crystals, 
and  a  beautiful  massive  variety — the  latter,  when  polished,  forms  a  beautiful  gem.     In  N.  Jersey, 
at  Franklin,  black,  brown,  yellow,  red,  and  green  dodecahedral  garnets ;  also  near  the  Franklin 
furnace.     In  Penn.,  in  Chester  Co.,  at  Pennsbury,  fine  dark  brown  crystals  with  polished  faces,  in 
granite ;  near  Knauertown,  at  Keims'  mine,  in  handsome  lustrous  crystals ;  at  Chester,  brown ; 


272  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

in  Concord,  on  Green's  Creek,  resembling  pyrope ;  in  Leiperville,  red ;  at  Mineral  Hill,  fine-brown ; 
at  Warren,  black.  In  Delaware,  cinnamon-stone  in  trapezohedrons,  at  Dickson's  quarry,  7  m. 
from  Wilmington.  Also  at  Knife  rapids  on  the  Mississippi.  In  California,  green  with  copper 
ore,  Hope  Valley,  El  Dorado  Co.,  on  Rogers'  claim ;  also  with  copper  ore  in  Los  Angeles  Co.,  in 
Mt.  Meadows ;  ouvarovite,  in  crystals  on  chromite.  at  New  Idria ;  in  Alaska,  in  large  trapezohe- 
drons, near  Stickeen  river ;  pyrope,  near  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico. 

In  Canada,  at  Marmora,  dark-red ;  at  Grenville,  a  cinnamon-stone ;  an  emerald-green  chrome- 
garnet,  containing  6  to  7  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  chrome,  in  Orford,  Canada,  in  granular  masses  and  druses 
of  minute  transparent  dodecahedral  crystals,  with  millerite  and  calcite  (anal.  82) ;  and  in  the 
same  vicinity  large  cinnamon-red  and  yellowish  crystals  of  garnet  along  with  pyroxene. 

The  cinnamon-stoue  from  Ceylon  (called  hyacinth)  and  the  precious  garnet  are  used  as  gems 
when  large,  finely  colored,  and  transparent.  The  stone  is  cut  quite  thin,  on  account  of  the  depth 
of  color,  with  a  pavilion  cut  below,  and  a  broad  table  above  bordered  with  small  facets.  An 
octagonal  garnet  measuring  8|  lines  by  6£  has  sold  for  near  $700.  Pulverized  garnet  is  some- 
times employed  as  a  substitute  for  emery. 

Alt. — Garnets  containing  protoxyd  of  iron  often  become  rusty  and  disintegrated  through  the 
oxydation  of  the  iron,  and  sometimes  are  altered,  more  or  less  completely,  to  limonite,  magnetite, 
or  hematite.  The  action  of  waters  containing  traces  of  carbonic  acid  and  carbonates  and  silicates 
in  solution,  results  in  the  same  changes  nearly  as  with  pyroxene,  producing  at  different  times  a 
loss,  or  alteration,  of  bases,  or  by  a  further  change  and  the  addition  of  water,  steatite,  serpentine, 
chlorite.  The  lime  in  the  lime  garnets  may  be  taken  up  by  the  carbonic  acid  of  the  waters ;  and 
if  magnesia  is  combined  with  the  carbonic  acid  (forming  a  bicarbonate),  it  may  take  the  place  of 
the  lime,  and  thus  give  rise  to  a  serpentine  or  steatite  pseudomorph,  or  to  a  chlorite,  if  the  iron  partly 
remains.  Alkaline  carbonates  seldom  produce  the  changes,  for  alkaline  pseudomorphs  are  rare. 
An  excess  of  silica  is  to  be  expected  in  analyses,  according  to  Bischof,  since  part  of  the  bases  are 
often  lost  through  incipient  change.  Quartz  also  occurs  with  the  form  of  garnet. 

Trolle  Wachtmeister  found  in  a  crystallized,  reddish-brown  garnet,  having  G-.  =  3*851,  from 
Klemetsauue  in  Norway,  which  was  partly  penetrated  by  a  whitish  mineral,  Si  52*11,  A1!  18  03, 
Fe  23*54,  Mu  1*74,  Ca  5'77  =  101*19,  in  which  there  is  a  deficiency  of  bases,  or  what  is  equivalent, 
an  excess  of  silica,  the  oxygen  ratio  of  bases  and  silica  being  1  :  1*7,  instead  of  1 :  1.  Schill  found 
in  a  melanite  from  Kaiserstuhl,  Si  45*80,  £1  11*00,  Pe  12*33,  Ca  22-10,  Mg  2*00,  Fe  7*16,  Mn  0*70 
=101*09,  giving  for  the  oxygen  ratio  of  bases  and  silica  1 :  1*34.  Sthamer  obtained  for  a  massive 
garnet,  of  a  dark  grayish-green  color,  from  Miask,  having  a  serpentine-like  nucleus,  Si  46-11,  Al 
12*09,  F~e  13-19,  Ca  20*33,  Mg  7*36  =  99*08,  giving  for  the  oxygen  ratio  of  bases  and  silica  1 :  1*3. 

Pyrope  occurs  altered  to  talc  at  its  several  localities.  A  serpentine.  pseudonMrph  after  garnet, 
from  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony,  afforded  Kersten  Si  34*24,  Mg  33'28,  Fe  3*38,  Mn  0*41,  ]&a  0*35, 
II  with  some  bitumen  10*62,  magnetic  iron  17*50=99*78=82*28  serpentine  and  17*50  magnetic 
iron. 

Some  garnets  effervesce  with  acids,  from  the  presence  of  carbonate  of  lime,  which  they  have  re- 
ceived probably  through  the  action  of  waters  holding  carbonic  acid  or  bicarbonates  in  solution,  as, 
for  example,  a  black  garnet  from  Arendal,  Norway,  which  contains  both  calcite  and  epidote  ;  and 
crystals  from  Tvedestrand,  which  are  wholly  calcite  within,  there  being  but  a  thin  crust  of 
garnet. 

Artif. — Melanite  garnets  have  been  obtained  in  a  porous  glass  proceeding  from  the  fusion  of 
idocrase  (Klaproth),  and  also  of  a  melanite  from  Frascati  (v.  Kobell).  Miller  mentions  the  occur- 
rence of  garnet  in  crystals  as  a  furnace  product.  Daubree  and  Studer  state  that  crystals  of  garnet 
may  be  made  by  fusing  together  the  constituents.  Mitscherlich  has  also  obtained  garnets  arti- 
ficially (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  Ixii.  219). 

TRITOMITB  of  Weibye,  a  hydrous  species,  is  probably  related  in  composition,  as  it  is  in  form,  to 
garnet  and  helvin;  it  appears  to  give,  although  asesquioxyd  silicate,  the  garnet  oxygen  ratio  1:1. 
See  description  under  HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


272.  ZIRCON.  Avyxvpwv  (=Lyncurium)?  Theophr.  [Pliny  knew  of  no  stone  of  the  name  Lyn- 
curium,  xxxvi.  13.]  Chrysolithos  ?  pt.,  Plin.,  xxxvii.  42  ;  Melichrysos?  ib.,  45;  Crateritis  ?  ib., 
56.  Not  Chrysolithos  (Gemmarii  hodie  etiam  Hyacinthum  vocant)  Germ.  Jacinth,  Agric.,  Foss., 
295,  Interpr.,  464,  1546.  Not  Hyacinthus  Wall,  121,  1747.  Jargon  (in  note  acknowledging 
ignorance  of  it)  Cronst.,  42,  1758.  Jargon,  Topazius  pt.  (clarus  hyalinus,  var./),  Watt.,  240, 
1772.  Grenat  a  prisme  quadrilatere,  etc.,  Hyacinte  (fr.  Expailly)  Faujas,  Viv.,  187,  and  Errata, 
1772.  Hyacinte  pt.  (var.  1  ;  angles  and  figs,  given)  [rest  Idocrase,  Meionite,  Harmotome]  de 


TJNISILICATES. 


273 


Lisle,  Crist,  1772,  ii.  1783  ;  Diamant  brut,  ou  Jargon  de  Ceylan,  ib.,  ii.  229,  1783.  Zircon  (fr. 
Ceylon)  Wern.,  1783 ;  Karsten,  Lempe  Mag.,  iv.  99, 1787.  Zircon  (a  Silicate  of  ZIRCOKTA)  Klapr., 
Schrift.  Nat.  Fr.  BerL,  ix.  1789,  Beitr.,  i.  203.  Zirconite.  Ostranit  Breith.,  Uib.,  1830,  Char.,  1832. 
Calyptolite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xil  210,  1851.  Engelhardit  E.  v.  Hofmann,  Koksch.  Min. 
Bussl.,  iii.  150,  1858. 

Tetragonal.    6>Al-fcl4Y°  22' ;  0=0-640373.    Observed  planes :  O  very 
rare ;  prisms  /,  i-i ;  octahedral  1,  2,  3,  1-i ;  zirconoid,  3-3,  4-4,  5-5. 


/A  1=132°  10' 
/A  2=151    5| 

JA  3=159    48£ 
7A1-*=112    25 


^  A  1=118°   20r 
^Al-fcl22    38 
i-i  A  3-3 =148  16f 
i-i  A  4-4= 155    8 


1A1,  pyr.,=123°  19 J> 

1A1,  bas.,=84    19| 
-^'  A  1-^',  pyr., = 135    10 
1  A  1-^=151    39J 


Faces  of  pyramids  sometimes  convex.   Cleavage  :  /imperfect,  1  less  dis- 
tinct.    Also  in  irregular  forms  and  grains. 


252 


248 


249 


253 


McDowell  Co.,  N.  C. 
256 


254 


255 


Gov.  of  Tomsk. 


Ural. 


Saualpe. 


H.  =  7*5.  G.=4'05— 4*75.  Lustre  adamantine.  Colorless,  pale  yellow- 
ish, grayish,  yellowish-green,  brownish-yellow,  reddish-brown.  Streak  un- 
colored.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent  and  opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal, 
brilliant.  Double  refraction  strong,  positive. 

Var. — The  colorless  and  yellowish  or  smoky  zircons  of  Ceylon  have  there  been  long  called  jwgona 

18 


274: 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


in  jewelry,  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  while  resembling  the  diamond  in  lustre,  they  were  compara- 
tively worthless  •  and  thence  came  the  name  zircon.  The  brownish,  orange,  and  reddish  kinds 
were  called  distinctively  hyacinths — a  name  applied  also  in  jewelry 
to  some  topaz  and  light  colored  garnet.  Crystals  like  fig.  254  are 
the  engelhardite  of  Russia.  The  crystals  from  Fredericksvarn, 
analyzed  by  Berlin  (anal.  5),  were  by  mistake  called  Erdmannite. 
Minute  dark  brown  and  greenish-brown  crystals  from  the  chryso- 
beryl  locality  at  Haddam,  Ot.,  are  the  cal.yptolite  of  Shepard,  probably 
an  altered  variety,  like  ostranite,  malacone,  etc.  (see  beyond).  Fig. 
257  represents,  of  actual  form,  a  crystal  from  Warren  Co.,  N.  Y., 
which  is  chesnut-brown  about  some  of  the  angles  (as  marked  by  dot- 
ted lines),  and  the  rest  grayish-white ;  others  from  the  region  have 
stripes  of  color  parallel  to  the  edges  of  3-3  ;  the  planes  3-3  and  3  are  in 
part  wanting. 

For  crystals   from   Stockholm    G.=4'072— 4-222,    Svanberg;    fr. 
Ilmen  Mts.,  4'599,   4'610,  id. ;   fr.   Ceylon,  4'68 1 ,  id. ;  4-721,  Cowry; 
XT  v  fr.  Fredericksvarn.  4'2,  Berlin ;   from  Duncombe  Co.,  N.  C.,   4'607, 

Johnsburg,  N.  Y.  Chandler;  fr.  Litchfield,  Me.,  4-7,  Gibbs;  fr.— ?  4-615-4-71,  Henne- 

berg;  fr. G-renvUle,  Canada,  4-625—4-602,  T.  S.  Hunt;  fr.  Beading,  Pa.,  4*595,  Wetherill. 

The  crystals  have  but  slight  variations  in  angle.  Kokscharof  deduced  (Min.  Russl.,  iii.  139, 
193)  for  the  Ural  crystals  1  A  1  =  123°  19'  34"  and  84°  19'  46";  which  agree  very  closely  with 
his  measurements  (123°  20'  21")  and  those  for  the  mineral  by  Kupfter  (Preisschrift,  etc.),  who 
obtained  123°  20'  8".  For  the  engelhardite  Kokscharof  obtained  84°  21' 45".  H.  Dauber  found 
for  crystals  from  Miask  123°  20'  18"  (Pogg.,  cvii.  275,  1859);  from  five  from  Pfitschthal,  123° 
20'  46";  from  three  crystals  fr.  Fredericksvarn,  123°  20'  33";  from  a  Ceylon  crystal,  123°  19'  50". 
Comp.— Zr  Si=Silica  33,  zirconia  67  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  v.  126);  2,  Vau- 
quelin  (Haiiy's  Min.,  1801);  3,  Berzelius  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1824);  4,  Wackernagel  (Ramm.  Min. 
Oh.,  890);  5,  Berlin  (Pogg.,  Ixxxviii.  162);  6,  Henneberg  («T.  pr.  Oh.,  xxxviii.  508);  7,  Vanuxem 
(J.  Ac.  Philad.,  iii.  59);  8,  C.  F.  Chandler  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxiv.  131);  9,  W.  Gibbs  (Pogg.,  Ixxi. 
559);  10,  Wetherill  (Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.,  x.  346,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xv.  443)  ;  11,  T.  S.  Hunt 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xii.  214): 


Si 


Zr 


Ca 


H 


1.  Ceylon 

32-5 

64-5 

1-5 

2.      "        Hyacinth 

32-0 

64-5 

2-0 

3.  Expailly 

33-48 

67-16 

— 

4.  Fredericksvarn 

34-56 

66-76 

tr. 

5.             " 

33-43 

65-97 

0-70 

6.            ? 

33-85 

64-81 

1-55 

7.  N.  Carolina 

32-08 

67-07 



8.  Buncombe  Co.,  N.  C. 

33-70 

65-30 

0-67 

9.  Litchfield,  Me. 

35-26 

63-33 

0-79 

lo.  Reading,  Pa, 

34-07 

63-50 

2-02 

11.  Grenville,  brown 

33-7 

67'i 

J 

=98-5  Klaproth. 

=98-5  Vauquelin. 

=100-64  Berzelius. ' 

=101-32  Wackernagel. 

=100- 10  Berlin. 

0-88  =101-09  Henneberg. 

=99-15  Vanuxem. 

0-41=100-08  Chandler. 

,  undec.  0'36=99'74  Gibbs. 

0-50=100-09  Wetherill. 

=101-0  Hunt. 

Klaproth  discovered  the  earth  zirconia  in  this  species  in  1789  (Beitr.,  i.  203). 

Pyr.,  etc. — Infusible ;  the  colorless  varieties  are  unaltered,  the  red  become  colorless,  while 
dark-colored  varieties  are  made  white ;  some  varieties  glow  and  increase  in  density  by  ignition. 
Not  perceptibly  acted  upon  by  salt  of  phosphorus.  In  powder  is  decomposed  when  fused  with 
soda  on  the  platinum  wire,  and  if  the  product  is  dissolved  in  dilute  muriatic  acid  it  gives  the 
orange  color  characteristic  of  zirconia  when  tested  with  turmeric  paper.  Not  acted  upon  by 
acids  except  in  fine  powder  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid.  Decomposed  by  fusion  with 
alkaline  carbonates  and  bisulphates. 

G.  before  heating  of  a  Ceylon  zircon,  4-183,  after  heating  to  redness,  4-534,  Damour ;  but  for 
some  zircons  no  change,  according  to  Church ;  trials,  before  and  after,  of  the  Henderson  Co , 
4-575,  4-540;  another,  ib.,  4-665,  4-665;  the  Expailly,  4'863,  4-861;  the  Fredericksvarn,  4 '489, 
4-633.  A  phosphoric  glow  after  heating,  and  the  greatest  density  after  this  glow,  Church. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  crystalline  rocks,  especially  granular  limestone,  chloritic  and  other  schists ; 
gneiss,  syenite  ;  also  in  granite ;  sometimes  in  iron-ore  beds. 

Zircon-syenite  is  a  coarse  syenitic  rock,  containing  crystals  of  zircon,  with  oligoclase,  segirine, 
elaeolite,  epidote.  Crystals  are  common  in  most  auriferous  sands  (p.  6).  Sometimes  found  in  vol- 
canic rocks. 

Found  in  alluvial  sands  in  Ceylon ;  in  the  gold  regions  of  the  Ural,  near  Miask,  Beresovsk, 
Newjansk,  etc. ;  at  Laurvig  and  Hakedal  in  Norway ;  at  Arendal  in  Norway,  in  the  iron-mines  ; 
at  Fredericksvarn,  in  zircon-syenite  ;  at  Ohlapian  in  Transylvania ;  at  Bilin  in  Bohemia ;  Sebnitz 


TJNISILICATES.  275 

in  Saxony ;  Pfitschthal  in  the  Tyrol ;  at  Expailly.  near  Le  Puy  in  France  ;  in  Auvergne,  in  vol- 
canic tufa;  at  Vesuvius,  with  ryacolite ;  in  Scotland,  at  Seal  pay,  Isle  of  Harris;  at  Strontiau  in 
Argyleshire ;  in  the  auriferous  sands  of  the  Groghan  Kinshela  Mtn.,  Ireland ;  in  Greenland ;  at 
Santa  Rosa  in  Antioquia,  N.  Grenada ;  in  the  gold  regions  of  Australia. 

In  N.  America,  in  Maine,  at  Litchfield ;  at  Mt.  Mica  in  Paris ;  Greenwood ;  Hebron.  In  Ver- 
mont, at Middlebury.  In  Conn.,  at  Norwich,  with  sillimanite,  rare;  at  Haddam  (calyptolite)  in 
minute  crystals.  In  N.  York,  at  Hall's  miue  in  Moriah,  Essex  Co.,  cinnamon-red,  in  a  vein 
of  quartz ;  near  the  outlet  of  Two  Ponds,  Orange  Co.,  with  scapolite,  pyroxene,  and  sphene,  in 
crystals  sometimes  1  in.  in  length ;  on  Deer  Hill,  1  m.  S.E.  of  Canterbury,  in  the  same  Co.,  crys- 
tals abundant  of  a  deep  brownish-red  or  black  color,  and  occasionally  !•}  in.  in  length;  in  War- 
wick, at  the  southern  base  of  Mount  Eve,  chocolate-brown  crystals  in  limestone  and  scapolite ; 
near  Amity,  and  also  in  Monroe  and  Cornwall,  at  several  localities,  of  white,  reddish-brown,  clove- 
brown,  and  black  colors ;  at  Diana  in  Lewis  Co.,  in  large  brown  crystals  sometimes  2  in.  long, 
with  sphene  and  scapolite,  but  rare :  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  with  apatite,  at  Robinson's  in  the  town 
of  Hammond,  near  de  Long's  Mills,  some  of  the  crystals  1$  in.  long  and  |  in.  wide,  and  occasion- 
ally containing  a  nucleus  of  carbonate  of  lime;  also  at  Rossie  (form  7,  1,  3);  at  Johnsburg,  in 
Warren  Co.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Franklin ;  at  Trenton  in  gneiss.  In  Penn.,  near  Reading,  in  large 
crystals  in  magnetic  iron  ore  ;  at  Easton,  in  talcose  slate.  In  N.  Car.,  in  Buncombe  Co.,  on  the 
road  from  the  Saluda  Gap  to  AsheviUe,  upon  the  first  elevation  after  passing  Green  river,  crystals 
found  loose  in  the  soil,  and  imbedded  in  feldspar ;  in  the  sands  of  the  gold  washings  of  Mc- 
Dowell Co.  (f.  253).  In  California,  in  the  auriferous  gravel  of  the  north  fork  of  the  American 
river,  and  elsewhere.  In  Canada,  at  Grenville ;  St.  Jerome  ;  Mille  Isles. 

The  name  Hyacinth  was  applied  by  the  ancients  to  a  bluish-violet  stone,  regarded  as  our  sapphire, 
and  was  derived  from  a  flower  (lily)  so-called  of  this  color.  [In  modern  mineralogy  a  hyacinth- 
color  is  reddish-orange  with  a  tinge  of  brown.]  Intagli  of  zircon  are  common  among  ancient  gems, 
and  the  fact  that  the  lyncurium  of  Theophrastus  was,  as  he  says,  used  for  engraved  signets,  while 
at  the  same  time  electric  on  friction,  and  often  amber-colored,  are  the  principal  evidence  that  it 
was  our  zircon. 

Alt. — Zircon  is  one  of  the  least  alterable  of  minerals,  as  it  contains  no  protoxyds,  and  only  the 
most  insoluble  of  peroxyds.  It  however  passes  to  a  hydrous  state,  and  is  attended  ultimately 
with  a  loss  of  silica  and  the  addition  of  oxyd  of  iron  and  other  impurities  derived  from  infiltrating 
waters.  Auerbachite,  malacon,  cerstedite,  tachyaphaltite,  calyptolite,  cyrtolite,  are  probably  altered 
zircon. 

The  following  tetragonal  zircon-like  minerals  are  probably  altered  zircon.  They  afford  B.B. 
more  or  less  water: 

272A.  MALACON.  (Malakon  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  Ixii.  436,  1845.)  1  A  1=124°  40'  to  124°  57', 
and  83°  30'.  H.  =  6'5.  G.=3'9— 4-047.  Lustre  vitreous  to  subvitreous.  Color  brown,  powder 
reddish-brown  or  uncolored.  From  Hitteroe  in  Norway ;  and  Chauteloube,  Haute  Vienne,  occur- 
ring in  thin  plates,  over  3  to  4  mm.  thick,  and  occasionally  with  crystals  on  their  surface.  Named 
from  /mAuKdj,  soft. 

272B.  CYRTOLITE.     (Malacone,  Altered  Zircon,  J.  P.  Cooke,  Am.  J.  ScL,  xliii.  228;  Cyrtolite 
W.  J.  Knowlton,  ib.,  xliv.  224.)    Form  as  in  f.  258,  with  the  pyra- 
midal planes  convex.     H.  =  5  —  5'5;  after  ignition  7  — 7'5,  Cooke.  258 
G.=3'98— 4-04,  Cooke;  3-85,  3'97,  Knowlton.     Lustre  somewhat 
adamantine.    Color  brownish-red ;  powder  the  same.    From  Rock- 
port,  Mass.,  in  granite,  with  danalite  and  cryophyllite.     Named 
from  Kvpros,  bent.     Fig.  258  from  Cooke. 

A  mineral  found  with  columbite  at  Rosendal,  near  Bjorkboda, 
Finland,  has  been  referred  to  adelpholite  of  Nordenskiold  (p.  525), 
but  an  analysis  by  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  (anal  7)  shows  that  it  is 
an  altered  zircon,  near  malacon  or  cyrtolite  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stockh., 
1863,  452,  Pogg.,  cxxii.  615,  1864). 

272C.  TACHYAPHALTITE.  (Tachyaphaltit  Weibye,  Pogg.,  Ixxxviii. 
160,  1853.)  Crystals  like  those  of  zircon,  with  planes  /,  i-i,  and 
two  octahedrons,  one  of  110°  and  the  other  of  50°.  H.  =  5'5.  G. 
=3*6.  Lustre  submetallic  to  vitreous.  Color  dark  reddish-brown. 

Streak  dirty  yellow.  Subtranslucent.  From  granite  veins  in  gneiss  near  Krageroe  in  Norway, 
with  sphene.  Named  from  ra^vj,  quick,  and  a^aA™?,  the  mineral  flying  readily  from  the  gangue 
when  struck.  Berlin  puts  a  ?  after  thoria  in  his  analysis  (No.  8). 

272D.  (ERSTEDITE.  ((Erstedit  Forchhammer,  Pogg.,  xxxv.  630,  1835.)  1  Al  =  128°  16V-  H.= 
5'5.  G.=:3'629.  Lustre  splendent  adamantine.  Color  reddish-brown.  From  Arendal  in  Nor 
way,  and  commonly  on  crystals  of  pyroxene.  Named  after  (Ersted. 


276  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

272E.  AUERBACHITE.  (Auerbachit  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  Ixxiii.  209,  1858.)  1  A  1  =  122°  43'  and 
85°  21',  Kokscharof;  86°  30',  Herm.;  87°,  Auerbach.  H.  =  6'5.  G.=4'06.  Lustre  greasy  to 
vitreous,  weak.  Color  brownish-gray.  From  a  siliceous  schist  in  the  Circle  of  Mariupol,  Dis- 
trict of  Alexandrovsk,  Eussia.  Named  after  Dr.  Auerbach,  by  whom  the  crystals  were  first  studied. 

272F.  BBAGITE  (Forbes  &  Dahll,  Nyt.  Mag.  Nat.,  xiii.  1855).  Occurs  in  imperfect  crystals,  prob- 
ably tetragonal,  in  ortboclase,  near  Helle,  Naresto,  Alve,  and  Askero,  Norway.  H.  =  6  — 6-5; 
G-.  =  5'13— 5-35  ;  lustre  submetallic;  color  brown;  streak  yellowish-brown;  thin  splinters  trans- 
lucent. Heated  in  glass  tube  decrepitates  strongly  and  loses  water.  B  B.  in  the  platinum  for- 
ceps infusible,  but  becomes  yellow ;  with  borax,  a  glass  which  is  brownish-yellow  while  hot,  but 
green  and  finally  greenish-yellow  on  cooling.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  a  skeleton  of  silica.  No 
analysis  has  yet  been  made,*  and  the  true  relations  of  the  species  are  doubtful. 

Analyses:  1,  Scheerer  0- c.) ;  2,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  ILL  xxiv.);  3,  Hermann  (  J.  pr. 
Chem.,  liii.  32);  4,  J.  P.  Cooke  (1.  c.);  5,  6,  Knowlton  (1.  c.);  7,  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  (1.  c.);  8, 
Berlin  (Pogg.,  Ixxxviii.  160);  9,  Forchhammer  (1.  c.);  10,  Hermann  (1.  c.)  : 

Si        Zr       £e      g      Fe          Y      fig       H 

1.  Malacon,   Hitteroe        31-31  63'40     0'41 0'34    O'll     3-03=98-99  Scheerer. 

2.  "          Chanteloube  30-87  61-17     3'67 3-09,  Mn  0-14=99-02  D. 

3.  "          IlmenMts.  31-87  59-82 3-11       4-00,  ]ftn  1'20= 100  H. 

4.  Cyrtolite,  Eockport       27-90  66-93     2'57C 2-19=99-59  Cooke. 

5.  "  "       (f)  26-38  60-78    1'59    3-63  Ce  2'07      tr.       4'56,  Sn  0'47=99'48  Kn 

6.  "  "  26-18  64'60» 1'40  Ce  1-40     tr.       ,  Sn  0'41  =  98'97  K. 

7.  Adelpholitel  Finland     24-33  57'42     3'47 Ca  3-93  9-53,  Sn  0'61  =  99'29  N. 

8.  Tachyaphali,  Norway  34'58  38'96     3'72 Thl2'32  8-49,  3tl  l'85=99-92  B. 

9.  (Erstedite,  Arendal       19'71  68-96b 1-14      2-05  5'53,  Ca  2-61  =  100  F. 

10.  AuerbachUe,  Eussia      42-91  55-18 0'93      0'95=99'97  Herm. 

a  With  some  Fe  0.       b  With  some  Ti  O2.        o  With  trace  of  manganese. 

In  Auerbachite,  the  only  anhydrous  kind  among  the  above,  the  oxygen  ratio  for  the  silica  and 
zirconia  is  1  :  !-£,  instead  of  1 :  1. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  action  of  chlorid  of  silicon  on  zirconia  (Daubree) ;  by  action  of 
fluorid  of  silicon  on  zirconia,  or  of  fluorid  of  zirconium  on  quartz,  beautiful  transparent  octahedrons 
resulting  (Deville  and  Caron). 

273.  VESUVIANITE.  Hyacinthus  dictus  octodecahedricus  Cappeler,  Prodr.  Crist,,  30,  pi. 
3  (fig.  261  below),  1723.  Hyacinte  pt,  Hyacinte  du  Yesuve,  de Lisle,  Crist,  234,  1772,  pi.  iv.;  ii. 
291,  pi.  iv.  1783.  Hyacinte  volcanique  Demeste,  Lettr.,  i.  413.  Hyacinth-Krystalle  (fr.  Wilui  E.) 
PaUas,  N.  Nord.,  Beytr.,  St.  Pet.,  v.  282,  1793  ;  Wiluite  pt.  Yulkanischer  Schorl  Widenmann, 
Handb.,  290,  1794.  Hyacinthine  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  i,  268,  1792,  T.  T.,  ii.  323,  1796.  Yesuvian 
Wern.;  in  Klapr.  Beitr.,  i.  34,  1795,  ib.  (fr.  Yesuv.  and  Siberia),  ii.  27,  33,  1797.  Idocrase  H., 
J.  d.  M.,  v.  260,  1799;  Tr.,  ii.  1801. 

G-ahnit  (fr.  Gokum)  v.  Lolo,  Afh.,  iii.  276,  1810,  anal,  by  Murray,  Afh.,  ii.  173,  1807  ;  Loboit 
Berz.  Frugardit  N.  Nordenskiold,  Bidrag,  i.  80,  1820;  Frugardite.  Egeran  (fr.  Eger,  Bohemia) 
Wern.,  Min.  Syst.,  3,  34,  1817.  Cyprine  (fr.  TeUemark)  Berz.,  Lothr.,  1821.  Xanthite  Thornton, 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  iii,  44,  1828.  Gokumite  (fr.  Gokum)  Thorns.,  ib.,  61,  1828.  Hetero- 
merit  (fr.  Slatoust)  Herm.,  Yerh.  Min.  G-es.  St.  Pet.,  1845-46,  205.  Jewreinowit  N.  Nordensk., 
Yerz.  FinL  Min.,  1852;  Kokscharof  Min.  Eussl.,  i.  116,  1853. 

Tetragonal.  0  A  1-*=151°  45' ;  a=0'53T199.  Observed  planes  :  O  - 
vertical  7  i-i  .-2,^3,  *-j.;  i-^  pyramids,  ^  A,  $,  $  ^  $,  $,  },  $,  $,  £, 
I?  1?  i>  ^  o  ;  J-*>  **•>  iK  ^  3-S  zirconoids  in  the  zone*-*  :  1,  2-2,  f-f,  3-3, 
tHii  4-4,  5'5>  7-7  ;  in  other  zones,  1-2,  f  2,  4-2 ;  $-3,  f-3,  f -3,  1-3,  f -3  ; 


^  A  1=142°  46J-'  0  A 7=90° 

6>A2=123  21  /A  1^=118  15'  ^'A^3  =  161  34 

0  A  2-2=129  46$  i4  A  2-2=133  254         1 A  1,  ov.  1-£=129  21 

OA4-4=114 18  ^A3-3=144  51$"        lAl,ov.7.=T4  27 

=139  39$  «A44=152  9  l^Al^,pyr.,=140  54 


TJNISILICATES. 


277 


Cleavage  :  /not  very  distinct,  0  still  less  so. 
•m'o-ht  a.nd  divergent. 'or  irresruh 


Columnar  structure  rare, 
Sometimes  granular  massive.    Prisms 

usually  terminating  in 'the  basal  plane  0 ;  rarely  in  a  pyramid  or  zirconoid  ; 
sometimes  the  prism  nearly  wanting,  and  the  form  short  pyramidal  with 
truncated  summit  and  edges. 


straight  and  divergent,  or  irregular 
ill 


259 


X-rfo. 


261 


260 


263 


264 


HI 


262 


Sandford,  Me. 


Vesuvius. 


H.  =  6'5.  G.— 3'349— 3'45.  Lustre  vitreous:  often  inclining  to  resinous. 
Color  brown  to  green,  and  the  latter  frequently  bright  and  clear ;  occa- 
sionally sulphur-yellow,  and  also  pale  blue  ;  sometimes  green  along  the  axis, 
and  pistachio-green  transversely.  Streak  white.  Subtransparent — faintly 
subtranslucent.  Fracture  subconchoidal — uneven.  Double  refraction 
feeble,  axis  negative. 

Comp.,  Var, — (f  R3+|  S)2  Si3,  the  oxygen  ratio  for  the  protoxyds,  sesquioxyds,  and  silica 
being  3:2:5,  according  to  Rammelsberg,  after  a  determination  of  the  state  of  oxydation  of  the 
iron.  The  variations  from  the  ratio  3:2:5  appear  to  be  variations  about  this  as  the  normal 
ratio.  In  all  cases  the  oxygen  ratio  for  R+R-,  Si  is  1  :  1.  The  bases  are  mainly;  alumina 
for  the  sesquioxyd,  and  lime  for  the  protoxyd  portion,  as  in  the  formula  (f  Oas  +  |  £l)2  Si3.  But 
more  or  less  sesquioxyd  of  iron  replaces  part  of  the  alumina,  and  magnesia  part  of  the  lime,  while 
Mn,  K,  Na  may  be  present  in  traces. 

The  species  is  sometimes  divided  into  (1)  non-magnesian,  containing  little  or  no  magnesia ;  and 
(2)  magnesian,  the  magnesia  4  to  13  p.  c.  of  the  mineral.  But,  as  the  analyses  show,  there  is  no 
corresponding  line  of  division.  Even  the  crystals  from  Vesuvius  vary  in  the  proportion  of  mag- 
nesia from  0  to  7*11  p.  c. 

Var.  1.  Ordinary.  The  mineral  from  G-okum  in  Finland,  called  Gahnite,  Loboite,  Gokumite,  and 
that  from  Frugard,  Frugardite,  have  been  denominated  magnesian.  The  last  is  in  brown  and 
green  crystals,  with  G.=3'349,  v.  Nord.  Jevreinoffite,  which  also  is  from  Frugard,  in  the  parish 
of  Mantzala,  is  but  little  magnesian  or  not  at  all  so ;  it  occurs  in  pale-brown  to  colorless  crystals ; 
G.=3-39.  Heteromerite  occurs  in  small  oil-green  prisms,  having  the  planes  I,  i-i,  1,  3,  3-3,  in  the 
district  of  Slatoust,  UraL  Egeran  is  a  subcolumnar  brown  variety,  from  Eger  in  Bohemia,  and 
found  also  at  Eger  in  Norway. 

Xanthite  is  a  yellowish-brown  vesuvianite,  from  near  Amity,  N.  Y.,  the  crystals  not  differing 
from  those  of  the  common  variety;  it  contains  2*80  p.  c.  of  protoxyd  of  manganese.  A  manga- 
nesian  variety,  from  St.  Marcel,  Piedmont  (where  ores  of  manganese  occur),  has  a  sulphur  to 
honey-yellow  color. 

2.  Cyprine.  Pale  sky-blue  or  greenish-blue ;  owing  its  color  to  a  trace  of  copper,  whence  the 
name ;  from  Tellemark,  Norway. 

Analyses:  1,  Magnus  (Pogg.,  xxi.  50);  2,  Karsten  (Karat.  Arch.  Min.,  iv.  391);  3,  Scheerer 
(Pogg.,  xcv.  520) ;  4,  Karsteu  (1.  c ) ;  5,  v.  Kobell  (Kastn.  Arch.  Nat,  vii.  399) ;  6,  Scheerer  (1.  c.) ;  7, 
8,  Karsten  (L  c.);  9,  v.  Merz  (Nat.  Ges.  Zurich,  vi.  Heft  4);  10,  v.  Kobell  (1.  c.) ;  11,  Magnus  (1 
c.);  12,  Scheerer  (1.  c.);  13,  Magnus  (1.  c.);  14,  Richardson  (Thomson  Min.,  i.  262);  15,  Norden- 


278 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


skiold  (Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  436);  16,  Heikel  (Arppe's  Finl.  Min.,  Act.  Soc.  Fenn.,  IV.);  1?,  Ivanof 
(Koksch.  Min.  Russl.,  i.  116);  18,  Malmgren  (Arppe,  1.  c.) ;  19,  Magnus  (1.  c.);  20,  Varrentrapp 
(Pogg.,  xlvi.  348);  21,  Ivanof  (Pogg.,  xlvi.  341);  22,  23,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliv.  193);  24,  v. 
Hauer  (Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs.,  1853,  155);  25,  Hermann  (1.  c.);  26,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  143);  27-37, 
Kammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xciv.  92) : 


Si 

XI 

Pe 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg 

Ca 

H 

1. 

Vesuvius,  brown 

37-36 

23-53 

— 

3-99 

5-21 

29-68 

=99-77  Magnus. 

2. 

u 

37-50 

18-50 

— 

6-25 

o-io 

3-10 

33-71 

=99-16  Karsten. 

3. 

<( 

37-80 

12-11 

9-36 



tr. 

7-11 

32-11 

1-67  =  100-16  Scheerer 

4. 

Piedmont,  gn. 

39'25 

18-10 



4-30 

0-75 

2-70 

33-95 

=99-05  Karsten. 

5. 

Ala             " 

34-85 

20-71 



5-40 





35-61 

=96-57  KobeU. 

6. 

U                            tl 

37-35 

11-85 

9-23 



tr. 

6-03 

32-70 

2-73,  HC1  0-015  = 

99-90  Scheerer. 

7. 
8. 

Eger,  Bohem.,  Eg&ran 
Saas  Valley,  brown 

39-70 
38-40 

18-95 
18-05 

— 

2-90 
3-10 

0-96 
0-65 

1-50 

34-88 
36-72 

,  Na  2-1  =99-49  K. 
,  Na  0-9=99-32  K. 

9. 

Zermatt, 

37-04 

17-67 



4-97 

0-42 

2-43 

35-79 

1-79,  Na  0-76=100-87 

Merz. 

10. 

Monzoni 

37-65 

15-42 



6-42 





38-24 

=97-72  Kobell. 

11. 

Cziklovva,  green 

38-52 

20-06 



3-42 

0-02 

2-99 

32-41 

=97'42  Magnus. 

12. 

Eger,  Norway,  bnh.-gn.  37*73 

13-49 

5-95 

0-95 

0-47 

1-98 

37-49 

1-89=99-95  Scheerer. 

13. 

Christiansand 

37-66 

17-69 



6-49 

0-50 

4-54 

31-90 

=98-77  Magnu?. 

14. 

Tellemark,  cyprine 

38-80 

20-40 



8-35 





32-00 

=99-55  Rich'dson. 

15. 

Frugard,  Finl.,  Frug. 

38-53 

17-40 



3-90 

0-33 

10-60 

27-70 

=98-46  Nord. 

16. 

Lupikko,     " 

36-43 

16-84 

7-23 





4-32 

35-00 

0-86,  gn  1-06=  101-74 

Heikel. 

17. 

Jevreinqffite 

37-41 

20-00 

4-60 







34-20 

,  £  1-16,  Na  1-70 

=99-07  Ivanof. 

18. 

u 

35-22 

26-10 

2-73 

'  



2-02 

34-18 

.  K  1-01.  NaO-47. 

Pb  0-01  =  101-74  Malmgren.' 

19. 

Slatoust,  Ural 

37-18 

18-11 



4-67 

1-49 

0-77 

35-79 

=98-01  Magnus. 

20. 

li                      U 

37-55 

17-88 



6-34 



2-62 

35-56 

=99-95  Varrentr. 

21. 

11              It 

37-08 

14-16 



16-02 



1-86 

30-88 

=100  Ivanof. 

22. 

"           "  green 

3s-19 

14-34 

5-26 

0-61 

2-10 

6-20 

32-69 

=99-39  Herm. 

23. 

"  green 

39-20 

16-56 

1-20 

0-30 



4-00 

34-73 

,  K,Na  2-0,01-50 

=  99'49  Herm. 

24. 

"        Heteromerite 

36-59 

22-25 

5-07 





tr. 

34-81 

0-55=99-27  v.  Hauer. 

25. 

Achmatovsk 

37-62 

13-25 

7-12 

0-60 

0-50 

3-79 

36-43 

,  C  0-7  =  1  00-0  1H. 

26. 

Amity,  N.Y.,  XantUte 

35-09 

17-43 

6-37 



2-80 

2-00 

33-08 

1-68  =  98-43  Thorn. 

27. 

Vesuvius,  ywh.-bn. 

37-75 

17-23 

4-43 





3-79 

37-35 

=101-55  Ramm. 

28. 

dullbn.       f 

37-83 

10-98 

9-03 





4-37 

35-69 

=97-90  Ramm. 

29. 

Monzoni,  ywh.            \ 

38-25 

15-49 

2-16 





4-31 

36-70 

,  K  0-47  =  97  "38 

Ramm. 

30. 

"        brown 

37-56 

11-61 

7-29 

___ 

___ 

5-33 

36-45 

=98-24  Ramm. 

31. 

Dognazka 

37-15 

15-52 

4-85 





5-42 

36-77 

K   0-35  =  100-06 

Ramm. 

32. 

Haslau  (Eger,  Boh.)  f 

39-52 

13-31 

8-04 





1-54 

35-02 

,  &  1-32=98-75 

Ramm. 

33. 

Egg                           | 

37-20 

13-30 

8-42 





4-22 

34-48 

±0-31,  Til-51  = 

99-44  Ramm. 

34. 

Eger,  Norway           $ 

37-88 

14-48 

7-45 

0-45 



4-30 

34-28 

=98-89  Ramm. 

35. 

Sanford,  Me.               $  37  '64 

15-64 

6-07 





2-06 

35-86 

,   Ti  2-40=99-67 

Ramm. 

36. 

Wilui 

38-40 

10-51 

7-15 





t-70 

35-96 

=99-72  Ramm. 

37. 

Ala                            * 

37-15 

13-44 

6-47 





2-87 

37-41 

,  K  0-93=98-27 

Ramm. 

LICU.  40,  VT — 3  •3:^0 — o  <±&v ,  aucti.  £o,  vji-.^oott;  anai.  ou,  V:r.=o-S5o ;  anal.  31.  ur.=ooio:  ana 
32,  G.=3'411;  anal.  33,G.=3'436;  anal.  34,  a.=3'384;  anal.  35,  G.= 3-434  ;  anal.  36,  G.=3'415 
anal.  37  O— 3-4.07 


\JT.  =  O  4171. 

Analyses  27-37  were  made  by  Rammelsberg,  with  special  reference  to  the  state  of  oxydation  of 
the  iron.    The  oxygen  ratios  thus  deduced  by  him  are  as  follows :  (27)  1'3:1:  2'1 ;  (28)  1-5:1:  2-5 ; 


UNISILICATES.  279 

(29)l-5:l:2-o;  (30)  1-6:1:2-5;  (31)  1-5:  1:2-2,  (32)  1-3 :  1  :2'4;  (33)1-4:1  :2'4;  (34)  1-3:1: 
2-2;  (35)1-3:1:2-3;  (36)1-9:1:2-8;  (37)1-5:1:2-3. 

Idocrase  often  contains  some  water,  amounting  occasionally  to  3  p.  c.,  the  presence  of  which  ia 
probably  due  to  alteration,  and  hence  it  is  not  to  be  included  as  part  of  the  protoxyd  bases.  G-. 
Magnus  found  (Pogg.,  xcvi.  347)  in  crystals  from  Slatoust,  2'44  H ;  from  Ala,  2'98  H ;  green, 
from  Vesuvius,  0*29;  in  another,  2'03;  brown,  id.,  1-79.  Magnus  also  obtained  a  little  carbonic 
acid  :  0'15  p.  c.  from  the  Slatoust  idocrase,  and  0'06  from  the  brown  of  Vesuvius. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  3  with  intumescence  to  a  greenish  or  brownish  glass.  Magnus  states 
that  the  density  after  fusion  is  2'93  —  2'945.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron,  and  a 
variety  from  St.  Marcel  gives  a  strong  manganese  reaction.  Cyprine  gives  a  reaction  for  copper 
with  salt  of  phosphorus.  Partially  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  and  completely  when  the  mineral 
has  been  previously  ignited. 

Obs.— Idocrase  was  first  found  among  the  ancient  ejections  of  Vesuvius  and  the  dolomitic 
blocks  of  Somma.  It  has  since  been  met  with  most  abundantly  in  granular  limestone ;  also  in 
serpentine,  chlorite  schist,  gneiss,  and  related  rocks.  It  is  often  associated  with  lime-garnet  and 
pyroxene.  It  has  been  observed  imbedded  in  opal. 

At  Vesuvius  it  is  hair-brown  to  olive-green,  and  occurs  with  garnet,  mica,  nephelite,  glassy 
feldspar,  etc. ;  at  Ala,  in  Piedmont,  it  is  in  transparent  green  or  brown  brilliant  crystals,  in 
chlorite  schist,  with  diopside,  ripidolite,  etc.  Found  also  at  Monzoni  in  the  Fassa  Valley ;  at 
Egg,  near  Christiansand,  Norway;  on  the  Wilui  river,  near  L.  Baikal  (sometimes  called  wilwte,  like 
the  garnet  of  the  same  region) ;  Cziklowa  in  Hungary ;  in  the  Urals  and  elsewhere  at  localities 
above  mentioned. 

In  N.  America,  in  Maine  at  Phippsburg  and  Rumford,  just  below  the  falls,  in  crystals  and 
massive  with  yellow  garnet,  pyroxene,  etc.,  in  limestone  ;  at  Parsonsfield,  with  the  same  materials, 
abundant;  at  Poland  and  Sandford  (fig.  263).  la  Mass.,  near  Worcester,  in  a  quartz  rock,  with 
garnet,  but  exhausted.  In  N.  York,  $  m.  S.  of  Amity,  grayish  and  yellowish-brown  crystals, 
sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter,  in  granular  limestone  ;  also  at  the  village,  and  a  mile  east  of  the 
village,  of  yellow,  greenish-yellow,  and  yellowish-brown  colors.  In  N.  Jersey,  yellowish-brown  in 
crystals  at  Newton,  with  corundum  and  spinel.  In  Canada,  at  Calumet  Falls,  in  large  brownish- 
yellow  crystals  in  limestone  with  brown  tourmaline;  at  Grenville  in  calcite,  in  wax-yellow 
crystals. 

For  recent  articles  on  cryst.,  see  v.  Kokscharof 's  Min.  Russl.,  i.  92,  ii.  192 ;  v.  Zepharovich,  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  xlix.  6,  1864,  both  with  new  measurements  and  figures,  and  the  latter  a  complete  mono- 
graph. Mohs  found  0  A  1  =  142°  53' ;  v.  Kokscharof,  for  crystals  from  the  Urals  and  Piedmont, 
142°  46'  10",  and  from  Vesuvius,  142°  46'  32" ;  v.  Zepharovich,  for  crystals  from  Findel  Glacier 
at  Zermatt,  Pfitsch,  and  Vesuvius,  142°  47'  26";  for  brown  var.  from  Mussa,  and  cryst.  from 
Rymfischweng  at  Zermatt,  142°  46'  18";  for  green  var.  from  Mussa,  142°  45'  29",  and  this  last 
he  takes  as  the  normal  angle  of  the  species.  It  gives  a=0'537541. 

Named  Vtsuvian  by  Werner,  from  the  first  known  locality.  Werner  supposed  the  mineral  to 
be  exclusive^  volcanic ;  but  as  this  idea  is  not  expressed,  the  name  is  no  more  objectionable 
than  all  others  derived  from  the  names  of  localities.  The  earlier  name,  Hyacinthine,  is  bad,  as 
the  mineral  is  not  the  hyacinth  of  either  ancient  or  modern  time.  Haiiy's  later  name,  Idocrase  (sub- 
jective, like  many  others  of  his)  is  from  eiJw,  I  see,  and  Kpaais,  mixture,  in  allusion  to  a  resemblance 
between  the  crystalline  forms  and  those  of  other  species.  Nothing  in  its  signification,  or  in  any- 
thing else,  makes  it  right  to  substitute  this  for  Werner's  name.  In  English,  the  word  vesuvian 
has  the  objection  of  being  an  adjective  in  form  and  use ;  but  this  is  avoided  by  giving  it  the  min- 
oralogical  termination  above  employed. 

Alt. — Alterations  nearly  as  in  garnet,  with, a  far  greater  tendency  to  becoming  hydrated. 
Crystals  from  Maine  often  have  the  exterior,  though  still  brilliant  and  glassy,  cleavable  easily 
from  the  part  below,  and  equally  so,  parallel  to  ah1  the  smaller  as  well  as  larger  faces,  so  that  a 
pealed  crystal  has  as  brilliant  and  even  planes  as  before.  Pseudomorphs  include  steatite,  mica, 
clinochlore,  diopside,  and  garnet. 

An  egeran,  analyzed  by  Ficinus  (Schrift.  Dresd.  Min.  G-es.,  i.  235).  gave  Silica  43-00,  alumina 
14-70,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  2 -40,  ib.  of  manganese  4'00,  lime  30-00,  soda  5'33  =  99-43.  It  is  probably 
in  an  altered  state,  as  Rammelsberg  infers  from  the  description  of  Ficinus. 

The  carbonic  acid  detected  by  Hermann  in  idocrase  from  Slatoust  (anal.  23)  is  evidence  of 
alteration,  and  this  acid  and  alkaline  or  earthy  carbonates  or  bicarbonates  in  solution,  are  agents 
by  which  change  is  often  produced. 

Artif. — Mitscherlich  has  obtained  idocrase  by  artificial  methods  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  Ivii.  219) ; 
Studer,  from  a  fusion  together  of  the  constituents;  also  Daubree,  by  the  action  of  chlorid  of 
silicon  in  vapor  on  the  required  bases  (0.  R.,  1854,  July,  p.  135). 


280 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


274.  MELILITE.  Melilite  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  ii.  273,  1796;  Fl  Sellevue  (its  discov.  in  1790) 
J.  de  Phys.,  li.  456,  1800,  Humboldtilite  Mont.  &  Cov.,  Prodr.,  375,  1822.  Somervtllite  Brooke, 
Ed.  J.  ScL,  i.  185,  1824.  Zurlite  Ramondmi,  Breislak  Inst.  GeoL,  iii.  210,  1818.  Mellilite. 

Tetragonal ;  0  A  1-^=147°  15' ;  ^=0-6432.  Observed  planes,  0,  /,  i-i, 
1-i.  i-2.  l-i  A  l-£,  over  i-*,=65°  3<r,  l-i  A  1-^,  over 
terminal  edge, =134°  48'.  Fig.  265;  also  others  with 
planes  i-2  in  place  of  i-i.  Cleavage :  0  distinct,  /  in- 
\i\  distinct. 

H.=5.     Gr.  =  2*9— 3'104.     Lustre  vitreous,  inclining 
tl  to  resinous  on  a  surface  of  fracture.    Color  white  or  pale 
yellow,  honey-yellow,   greenish-yellow,  reddish-brown, 
brown.     Translucent,  and  in  thin  laminae  transparent; 
also  opaque.      Fracture  conchoidal — uneven.     Double 
refraction  weak,  axis  negative. 

Oomp.— (|  R3+£  fi)2  Si3.  Analyses :  1,  v.  Kobell  (Schw.  J.,  Ixiv.  293) ;  2-4,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch. 
Phys.,  III.  x.  59) ;  5,  v.  Kobell  (Kastn.  Arch.,  iv.  313): 

K 

0'38,  Fe  2'32  — 100'20  Kobell. 
0-36=98-35  Damour;  G.  2'9. 
1-46— 98-18  Damour;  G.  2-95. 
1  '51  =  99'36  Damour. 
0-30,  fi  2-00=99-75  Kobell. 

No.  3,  yellow  crystals ;  No.  4,  brown  do.  The  massive  gehlenite  of  v.  Kobell  comes  under  the 
formula  of  melilite.  Melilite  was  first  analyzed  (but  incorrectly)  by  Carpi  in  1820  (Tasch.  Min., 
•riv.  219). 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  3  to  a  yellowish  or  greenish  glass.  "With  the  fluxes  the  reaction  for 
iron.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid  with  gelatinization. 

Obs. — Humboldtihte  occurs  in  cavernous  blocks  of  Somma  with  greenish  mica,  the  crystals 
often  rather  large,  and  covered  with  a  calcareous  coating ;  less  common  in  transparent  lustrous 
crystals  with  nephelite,  sarcolite,  and  pyroxene,  lining  cavities  in  the  rock. 

Mdilite  (fr.  ^A<,  honey),  of  yellow  and  brownish  colors,  is  found  at  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome,  in 
leucitophyre  with  nephelite,  phillipsite,  gismondite,  magnetite,  and  small  black  crystals  of  augite 
and  hornblende;  0  A  l-i=147°  9',  v.  Rath  (ZS.  G-.,  xviii.  544).  Somervillite,  which  Descloizeaux 
has  shown  to  have  the  angles  of  this  species,  is  found  at  Vesuvius  in  dull  yellow  crystals. 

Zurlite  occurs  in  opaque  square  or  octagonal  prisms  in  calcareous  blocks  of  Somma  with  hum- 
boldtilite ;  color  whitish  or  asparagus-green;  H.  about  6;  Gr.=3'27  ;  B.B.  infusible;  soluble  in 
nitric  acid.  It  is  impure  humboldtilite  (Scacchi,  Jahrb.  Min..  1853,  261).  Named  after  Sign.  Zurlo. 

Named  from  /uA<,  honey,  in  allusion  to  the  color. 

Artif. — Common  as  a  furnace  slag,  having  been  observed  in  square  prisms  at  Russel's  Hall, 
Tipton,  Dowles,  Wicks,  etc.,  in  England  and  Wales,  near  St.  Etienne  in  Prance,  near  Charlevoi  in 
Belgium,  Konigshiitte  in  Upper  Silesia,  Magdesprung  in  the  Harz,  and  Easton,  Pa.  The  following 
are  analyses:  1,  2,  Percy  (Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  1846,  Am.  J.  ScL.  II.  v.  127) ;  3,  Karsten  (Eiseuhiitt, 
iii.  679) : 

Si         XI       Fe      M.n     fig       Ca 

1.  Dudley  38-76     14'48     1-18     0-23     6'84     35-68 

2.  Charlevoi       37-91     13-01     0'93     2'79     7'24     31'43 

3.  Konigsberg    39'60     12'60       tr.      4*30     42-85 


Si 

3tl 

Fe 

Mg 

Ca 

Na 

1. 

Humb., 

Somma 

43-96 

11-20 



6-10 

31-96 

4-28 

2. 

u 

« 

40-60 

10-88 

4-43 

4-54 

31-81 

4-43 

3. 

Mel,  G. 

di  Bove 

39-27 

6-42 

10-17 

6-44 

32-47 

1-95 

4. 

u 

it 

38-34 

8-61 

10-02 

6-71 

32-05 

2-12 

5. 

Massive 

Gehlenite 

39-80 

12-80 

2-57 

4-64 

37-64 



K 


CaS 

1-11  0-98=99-26  Percy. 
2-60  3-65=99-56  Percy. 
80-65=100  Karsten. 


275.  SPHENOCLASE.     Sphenoklas  v.  Kob.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xci.  348,  1864. 
Massive,  with  faint  indications  of  a  foliated  structure. 

H.=5-5— 6.    G.=3-2.    Lustre  feeble.    Color  pale  grayish-yellow.     Subtranslucent.    Fracture 
splintery. 

COMP. — According  to  an  analysis  by  v.  Kobell  (L  a) : 

Si  46-08        £l  13-04        Fe  4'77         Mn  3-23        Mg  6'25        6a  26-50=99-87. 
Giving  the  0.  ratio  for  R,  B,  Si,  11-81  :  6-10  :  24-57,  or  2  :  1  : 4,  v.  Kobell. 


TJNISILICATES. 


281 


PYR..  ETC. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  no  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily  (at  3)  and  quietly  to  a  shining 
greenish  glass.  Slightly  attacked  by  muriatic  and  sulphuric  acids  ;  but  after  heating,  easily  de- 
composed with  gelatinization  by  muriatic  acid. 

OBS. — From  Gjelleback  in  Norway,  with  wollastonite  and  the  so-called  edelforsite,  forming 
thin  layers  of  varying  thickness  in  a  bluish  granular  limestone. 

Named  from  o-^c,  a  wedge,  and  «Xdw,  /  break,  it  breaking  into  wedge-shaped  pieces. 

EPIDOTE  GROUP. 

The  species  of  the  Epidote  Group,  enumerated  with  the  formulas  on  p. 
251,  are  characterized  by  specific  gravity  above  3,  and  therefore  high  ;  hard- 
ness above  5  ;  fusibility  B.B.  below  4 ;  anisometric  crystallization,  and 
therefore  biaxial  polarization  ;  the  dominant  prismatic  angle  112°  to  117° ; 
fibrous  forms,  when  they  occur,  always  brittle ;  colors  white,  gray,  brown, 
yellowish-green,  and  deep  green  to  black,  and  sometimes  reddish. 

The  prismatic  angle  in  zoisite  and  other  orthorhombic  species  is  /A  /;  but  in  epidote  it  is  the 
angle  over  a  horizontal  edge  between  the  planes  0  and  i-i,  the  orthodiagonal  of  epidote  corres- 
ponding to  the  vertical  axis  of  zoisite,  as  explained  under  the  latter  species. 

T.  S.  Hunt  has  observed  (C.  E.,  1863,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxvi.  426,  xliii.  205)  that  the  high  spe- 
cific gravity  and  hardness  of  the  Epidote  group,  as  compared  with  the  Scapolite,  is  to  be  ascribed 
to  a  more  elevated  or  higher  multiple  equivalent,  or,  in  other  words,  to  a  more  condensed  mole- 
cule. But  the  numerical  value  of  the  multiple,  or  of  the  relation  between  the  species,  has  not  yet 
been  ascertained. 

276.  EPIDOTE.    Schorl  vert  du  Dauphine  de  Lisle,  Crist,  ii.   401,   1783.     Strahlstein  pt. 

Wern.,  1788-1800.     Thallite  (fr.  Dauphiny)  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  ii.  401,  1792,  T.  T.,  ii.  319,  1796 ; 

II,  J.  d.  M.,  v.  270,  1799.     Delphinite  (ib.)  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes,  §1918,  1796  (=0isanite  pt). 

Akanticone  (fr.  Arendal)  cPAndrada,  J.  d.  Phys.,  Ii.  240,  1800,  Scherer's  J,  iv.  1800;=Aren- 
.  dalite  Karst.  (and  Lectures  of  Blumenbach,  earlier),  Tab.,  34,  74, 1800.  Skorza  Wallachian  Min., 

Karst.,  Tab.,  28,  72,  1800,  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iii.  282,  1802.     Epidote  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.     Pistazit 

Wern.,  1803,  Ludw.  Min.,  "Wern.,  ii.  209,  1804.     Withamite  (fr.  G-lenco)  Brewst,  Ed.  J.  Sci.,  ii 

218,  1825.     Puschkinit  Wagner,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.,  Moscow,  1841.     Achmatit  Herm.,  Verh. 

Min.  St.  Pet,  1845-46,  202.    Escherit  (fr.St.  Gothard)  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  xcv.  507,  1855.    Beustit 

Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  364,  1865. 

Monoclinic.  6Y=89°  27';  i-2  A  £-2=63°  8',  0  A  14=122°  23';  a  :  I  :  o 
=0-48436  :  1  :  0-30719.  Observed  planes:  0',  vertical,  i-i,  i\  i-2,  iAy 
2-6;  clinodomes,  -J4,  -J4,  14;  hemidomes,  -J4,  14,  -|4,  24,  34,  54,  114; 
~i-*j  -i-*»  ~lK  HK  -i-^  -2-*>  ~3-^  ~5-^  -74 ;  hemipyramids,  |,  £,  f ,  1, 
-1,-i;  2-A-2-.|;  |-|,  1- 1 ,  3-|,  -3-f ;  1-2, -1-2  ;  9-f  ;  5-f,-5-f;  3-3, -3-3  ; 
2-4;  5-5, -5-5;  7-7, -7-7;  4-8;  2-2, -2-2 ;  -44;  5-5, -5-5  ;  -6-6. 


267 


266 


337 

0  A  14= 154  3 
0  A  -14=  154  15 
0  A  44= 141  41 
14  A 14,  ov.  0,=6438 


i-i  A  34=145°  18X 
i-i  A  54= 157  29 
i'4A-l=10448 
i-i  A  1=104  15 
i-i  A  -3-3  =  128  5 


14  A  34=  150°  6' 
t4  A  1=145 
!4A-24,ov.0=11013 
1A1,  front, =70 


282  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

i-i  A-!U'=116  18  i^  A  3-3=127'  40  -1  A-l,  front,  =  70  25 

i-i  A  l-fcl!5  24  i-i  A  £2=121  31  -1  A  -l,ov.*4,=109  35 

i-i  A  2-fcl33  49  -I-i  A  HOV.  0,=128  18    3-3  A  3-3,  front,  =  96  12 

i-i  A  -2-^134  23  -1-a  A  1-&,  ov.  £*,=51  42  -3-3  A-3-3,froDt,=96  41 

t-a  A  -3-^=145  39  -1-^  A  -1  =  125  13  £2  A  l-a=102  57 

l-iA3-*=150  6 


Crystals  usually  lengthened  in  the  direction  of  the  orthodiagpnal,  or 
parallel  -to  i-i  ;  sometimes  long  acicular.  Cleavage  :  i-i  perfect  ;  I-i  less  so. 
Twins:  composition-plane  I-/;  also  i-i.  Also  fibrous,  divergent,  or  paral- 
lel ;  also  granular,  particles  of  various  sizes,  sometimes  fine  granular,  and 
forming  rock-masses. 

H.=  6—  7.  G.=3'25—  3*5.  Lustre  vitreous,  on  ^  inclining  to  pearly  or 
resinous.  Color  pistachio-green  or  yellowish-green  to  brownish-green, 
greenish-black,  and  black  ;  sometimes  clear  red  and  yellow  ;  also  gray  and 
grayish-white.  Pleochroism  often  distinct,  the  crystals  being  usually  least 
yellow  in  a  direction  through  I-i.  Streak  uncolored,  grayish.  Sub  trans- 
parent —  opaque  :  generally  subtranslucent.  ^  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 
Double  refraction  strong  :  optic-axial  plane  i-\. 

Var.—  Epidote  has  ordinarily  a  peculiar  yellowish-green  (pistachio)  color,  seldom  found  in  other 
minerals.  But  this  color  passes  into  dark  and  light  shades  —  black  on  one  side,  and  brown  on  the 
other.  Most  of  the  brown  and  nearly  all  the  gray  epidote  belongs  to  the  species  Zoisite;  and  the 
reddish  -brown  or  reddish-black,  containing  much  oxyd  of  manganese,  to  the  species  Piedmontite, 
or  Manganepidote  ;  while  the  black  is  mainly  of  the  species  Allanite,  or  Cerium-epidote. 

Var.  1.  Ordinary.  Color  green  of  some  shade,  as  described,  (a)  In  crystals,  (b)  Fibrous. 
(c)  Granular  massive,  (d)  Scorza  is  epidote  sand,  of  the  usual  green  color,  from  the  banks  of  tho 
Arangos,  near  Muska  in  Transylvania.  The  Arendal  epidote  (Arendalite)  is  mostly  in  dark 
green  crystals;  that  of  Dauphiny  (Thallite,  JDetphinite,  Oisanite)  in  yellowish-green  crystals, 
sometimes  transparent,  and  found  near  Bourg  d'Oisans,  in  the  Piedmoutese  Alps.  Puschkiniie 
includes  pleochroic  crystals  from  the  auriferous  sands  of  Katharinenburg,  Urals  ;  G.=3-ft66  ;  color 
emerald-green,  when  viewed  by  transmitted  light  through  1-i,  yellow  transverse  to  this  ;  named 
after  Puschkin,  a  Russian  senator.  AchmatUe  is  ordinary  epidote,  in  crystals,  from  Achmatovsk, 
Ural.  Escherite  is  a  brownish-yellow,  somewhat  greenish  epidote,  from  St.  Gothard  (anal.  28). 

2.  The  so-called  Bucklandite  from  Achmatovsk,  described  by  Hermann  (anal.  41,  42),  is  black  with 
a  tinge  of  green,  and  differs  from  ordinary  epidote  in  having  the  crystals  nearly  symmetrical,  and 
not,  like  other  epidote,  lengthened  in  the  direction  of  the  orthodiagonal.     G.=3'51.     Hermann's 
Eagrationite,  from  Achmatovsk,  appears  to  be  essentially  the  same  mineral,  it  agreeing  with  it  in 
angles,  according  to  Hermann  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxv.  248,  1862),  and  having  Gr.=  3  '46, 
while  the  original  bagrationite  of  Kokscharof  is  a  variety  of  allanite  (q.  v.).     It  differs  from  the 
bucklandite  in  containing  a  little  cerium  ''anal.  43). 

3.  Withamite.     Carmine-red  to  straw-yellow  :  strongly  pleochroic  ;  the  color  as  seen  through  in 
one  direction,  deep  crimson,  in  another  transverse,  straw-yellow;  H.=6—  6*5;  G.  =  3'137  ;  in 
small  radiated  groups,  i-i  A  -1-1=116°,  -1-iA  l-i=128°  20'.     From  trap,  at  Glencoe,  in  Argyle- 
shire,  Scotland.     Named  after  Dr.  Witham. 

4.  Beustite.     Grayish-white  to  ash-gray  ;  G.—  2  -859—  2'877,  Breith.     Breithaupt  gives  the  angle 
2"A  P=  154°  20',  Jf  A  P=110°  30',  which  are  very  near  0  A  1-?:,  and  -2-i  A  1-t.    From  near  Predazzo 
in  the  Tyrol. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  R,  $,  Si=l:2:3;  (£<V+3-(F~e,  £l))2Si3;  being  lime-iron-epidote,  the 
mineral  having  for  its  protozyd  porton  almost  solely  lime  (Ca),  but  containing  sesquioxyd  of  iron 
(3?e)  in  place  of  part  of  the  alumina  (A^l).  The  results  of  the  larger  part  of  the  analyses  conform 
nearly  to  the  above  ratio,  showing  apparently  that  it  is  the  normal  ratio.  Several  appear  to  afford, 
according  to  Hermann,  less  R-  and  Si  in  proportion  to  the  R,  giving  different  ratios  between  1:2:3 
and  1  :  \\:  2|  ;  but  with  the  sum  of  the  oxygen  of  the  protoxyds  and  sesquioxyds  always  equal  to 
that  of  the  silica.  The  exact  condition  of  the  iron,  whether  part  is  protoxyd  or  not,  has  not  in  all 
cases  been  ascertained,  and,  therefore,  some  of  the  results  obtained  are  not  free  from  doubt.  Ram- 
melsberg  observes  that  when  this  point  is  cleared  up  the  ratio  1:2:3  will  probably  be  found  to 
be  common  to  all. 

The  Achmatovsk  "  bucklandite  "  (anal.  41,  42)  gives  nearly  the  ratio  2:3:5;  but  if  the  iron  be 
all  sesquioxyd,  1  :  2'1  :  2*9.  Rammelsberg  says  the  crystals  may  contain  some  magnetite. 


UHISILICATES. 


283 


The  ratio  of  3Pe  to  3cl  in  most  epidote  is  approximately  1:  2,  as  in  analyses  1  to  18,  20,  22-31, 
33,  39  ;  but  other  ratios  occur  between  1 :  2  and  1:6;  and  rarely  the  amount  cf  3Pe  is  so  large  as 
to  give  nearly  the  ratio  3  :  5.  Ratio  1 :  2|  is  afforded  by  analysis  19  ;  1 :  3  by  32  ;  1  : 4  by  24-26, 
28-30 ;  1  :  5  by  27  ;  1 :  6  by  23.  In  analysis  40,  the  silica  is  much  below  the  usual  proportion, 
and  the  0.  ratio  for  ft,  £,  Si  is  nearly  3:4:6. 

Analyses :  1,  Geflf  ken  (Pogg.,  xvi.  483) ;  2,  Kiihn  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  lix.  373) ;  3,  Rammelsberg 
(2d  Suppl.,  48);  4,  id.  (Min.  Ch.,  752);  5,  6,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxviii.  295);  7,  Scheerer  (Pogg., 
xci.  378,  xcv.  501);  8,  Richter  (ib.);  9,  v.  Rath  (Pogg.,  xc.  307);  10,  Kiihn  (L  c.);  11,  Her- 
mann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliii.  35,  81);  12,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  453);  13,  Baer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvii. 
461);  14,  Stockar-Escher  (see  Scheerer);  15,  Scheerer  (1.  c.);  16,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  IxxviiL 
295);  17,  Scheerer  (1.  c.);  18,  19,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.);  20,  21,  Kiihn  (1.  c.);  22,  Hermann  (1.  c.); 
23,  v.  Rath  (ZS.  G.  xiv.  428);  24,  26-30,  Stockar-Escher  (Pogg.,  xcv.  501);  25,  Scheerer  (1.  c.); 
31,  32,  Hermann  (1.  c.);  33,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  754);  34-37,  39,  Hermann  (1.  c.) ;  38,  Oser- 
sky  (Verh.  Min.  St.  Pet,  1842,  66);  40,  Igelstrom  (GEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  18f>7,  11);  41,  Hermann  (1. 
c.) ;  42,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.) ;  43,  Hermann  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxxv.  248) : 


=100-03  Gefifken. 

=98-72  Kiihn. 

=100-85  Ramm. 

2-00  =  101-62  Ramm. 
2-93=99-32  Hermann. 
2-86=100-32  Hermann. 
2-11=100-05  Scheerer. 
2-41  =  100-20  Richter. 
2-51,  Na  0-39,  K  0'23 

=98-74  v.  Rath. 

=102-52  Kiihn. 

1-68=99-36  Hermann. 

=100-22  Ramm. 

=,  Na  0-41  =  99-47  Br. 

2-35  =  99-93  S.-Escher. 
2-u9=99-91  Scheerer. 
2-08  Mn*r.=99-64  Herm'n. 
2-u6,HCl  0-01  =  100-13  Schr. 
2-68=99-92  Ramm. 
2-82=98-65  Ramm. 

=100-26  Kiihn. 

=101-24  Kiihn. 

1-20=99-64  Hermann. 
0-63  =  100-43  Rath. 
2-02=99-73  S.-Escher. 
2-05  =  100-16  Scheerer. 
2-46=99-94  S.-Escher. 
2-30=99-37  S.-Escher. 
2-04=99-65  S.-Escher. 
2-41=99-75  S.-Escher. 
2-33  =  100-15  S.-Escher. 
1-24=99-40  Hermann. 
3-50=100-11  Hermann 
2  67  =  100  Ramm. 
2-20,  Na  0-91  =  98-85  Herm. 
0-16,  Mn  ^.  =  99-26  Herm. 
1-56=97-29  Hermann. 
1-44,  Na,  Li  2-78=98-60  H. 

,  Mn  9-26,  Na  1-67,  Li 

0-46=98-56  Osersky. 
1-23,  Na.  0-52,  Mn  tr. 

=  99-68  Hermann. 
0-94=100-25  Igelstrom. 
0-68,  C  0-32=100-33  Herm. 
2-00  =  100  Ramm. 
1-60  La,  Ce,  Di  3-60 

=97*26  Hermann. 


Si 

£1 

Fe 

Mn 

% 

Ca 

I. 

Arendal 

36-14 

22-24 

14-29 

2-12 

2-38 

22-86 

2. 

36-68 

21-72 

16-72 



0-53 

23-07 

3. 

37'98a 

20-78 

17-24 



I'll 

23-74 

4. 

38-76 

20-36 

16-35 



0-44 

23-71 

5. 

ffH. 

37-32 

22-85 

11-56 

Fe 

>  1'86 

0-77 

22-03 

6. 

gnh.-bk. 

36-79 

21-24 

12-96 

u 

5-20 



21-27 

7. 

strp. 

37-59 

20-73 

16-57 



0-41 

22-64 

8. 

pseud. 

38-84 

25-45 

10-88 





22-62 

9. 

pseud. 

37-92 

19-21 

15-55 



0-25 

22-68 

10. 

B.  d'Oisans,  gn. 

39-85 

21-61 

16-61 



0-30 

22-15 

11. 

'•         olive-gn. 

37-60 

18-57 

13-37 

Fe 

5-55 

1-40 

21-19 

12. 

i 

38-37 

21-13 

16-85 



0-17 

23-58 

13. 

• 

(1)37-78 

21-25 

15-97 



0-60 

23-46 

14. 

i 

(|)37-35 

22-02 

15-67 





22-54 

15. 

< 

37-56 

20-78 

16-49 



0-29 

22-70 

16. 

< 

38-00 

20-87 

15-06  Fe 

1-90 

21-93 

17. 

Traversella,  dark 

57'65 

20-64 

16-50  Mn 

0-49 

0-46 

22-32 

18. 

11                            U 

37-51 

21-76 

12-52  Fe 

3-59 

0-60 

21-26 

19. 

yellow 

38-34 

20-61 

9-23 

u 

2-21 

0-43 

25-01 

20. 

Penig,  Saxony 

38-64 

2198 

17-42 



0-27 

21-98 

21. 

Geier,  Erzgeb. 

40-57 

14-47 

13-44 



2-96 

30-00 

22. 

Traversella 

40-08 

16-91 

15-93 

u 

1-44 

4-97 

19-11 

23. 

Yal.  Maigels,  gy. 

39-07 

28-90 

7-43 



o-io 

24-30 

24. 

Gutanen,  bnh.-gn. 

(1)38-05 

26-39 

9-73 





23-54 

25. 

u 

38-99 

25-76 

9-99 



0-61 

22-76 

26. 

Sustenhorn,  gnh-bn. 

38-43 

26-40 

8-75 





23-90 

27. 

Lole,  gnh.-bn. 

38-39 

28-48 

7-56 





22-64 

28. 

St.  Gothard,  Escheriie     38-08 

27-74 

8-26 

i 



23-53 

29. 

"         bnh.-gn 

38-28 

27-53 

8-66 





22-87 

30. 

Kaverdiras,  bnh.-gn. 

37-66 

27-30 

8-90 





23-90 

81. 

Ural,  Schumnaja,  gn. 

37-47 

24-09 

10-60  Fe 

2-81 



22-19 

32. 

Achmatovsk,  gn. 

35-45 

24-92 

9-54 

u 

3-25 



22-45 

33. 

gn. 

37-75 

21-05 

11-41 

u 

3-59 

1-15 

22-38 

34. 

II 

37-62 

18-45 

12-32 

tt 

2-20 

0-39 

24-76 

35. 

« 

40-27 

2008 

14-22 

u 

2-39 

0-53 

21-61 

86. 

Burowa 

36-87 

18-13 

14-20 

(( 

4-60 

0-40 

21-45 

37. 

PuschkinUe 

37-47 

18-64 

14-15 

u 

2-56 



22-06 

38. 

u 

38-88 

18-85 

16-34 



6-1 

16-00 

39.  Sillbohle 


39-67    18-55    14'31         3'25     T62   20*53 


40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 


Jakobsberg,  Swed.     (f )  33-81  18-58 

Achmatovsk,  "BucM."  36'97  21-84 

"  38-27  21-25 

"  "Bagrat:'  38-88  20'19 


12-57  4-85 

10-19  Fe  9-19 

9-09  "  5-57" 

9-82  "  3-82 


3-04  26--46 

21-14 

1-07  22-75 

1-98  1737 


•  Anal,  on  material  after  its  ignition  ;  some  Ti  0*  with  the  Si  Oa 


284:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

In  anal.  5,  G.=3'37;  anal.  6,  G.=3*49;  anal.  8  has  the  form  of  pyroxene ;  anal.  9,  G.= 
3'223,  has  the  form  of  scapolite;  anal.  11,  G.=3'38;  anal.  12,  G=3-463,  material  analyzed  aftel 
its  ignition;  anal.  16,  G.-=3'42;  anal.  23,  G.  =  3-361 — 3*316,  in  the  Orisons;  24,  3-373;  26,  G.= 
3-326;  27,  3-359,  Borderrheinthal :  3 -3 84,  from  Maggiathal;  29,  3-378,  from  Formazzathal ;  30, 
3-369,  Vorderrheinthal;  31,  3'43;  32,  3*33— 3'34;  33,  3'485;  34,  3-39;  35,  3'41 ;  36,  335;  37, 
G.  =  3-43,  fr.  Werchneivinsk;  39,  3-45,  near  Helsingfors ;  40,  3-51;  42,  8*46. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  in  most  cases  water.  B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  at 
3-3 '5  to  a  dark  brown  or  black  mass  which  is  generally  magnetic.  Reacts  for  iron  and  sometimes 
for  manganese  with  the  fluxes.  Partially  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  but  when  previously  ignited, 
gelatinizes  with  acid.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates.  G.  of  Arendal  epidote 
changes  on  ignition,  from  3*409  to  2*984. 

Obs.— Epidote  is  common  in  many  crystalline  rocks,  as  syenite,  gneiss,  mica  schist,  hornblendic 
schist,  serpentine,  and  especially  those  that  contain  the  ferriferous  mineral  hornblende.  It  often 
accompanies  beds  of  magnetite  or  hematite  in  such  rocks.  It  is  sometimes  found  in  geodes  in 
trap ;  and  also  in  sandstone  adjoining  trap  dikes,  where  it  has  been  formed  by  metamorphism 
through  the  heat  of  the  trap  at  the  time  of  its  ejection.  It  also  occurs  at  times  in  nodules  in  dif- 
ferent quartz-rocks  or  altered  sandstones.  It  is  associated  ofteu  with  quartz,  pyroxene,  feldspar, 
axinite,  chlorite,  etc.,  in  the  Piedmontese  Alps. 

It  sometimes  forms  with  quartz  an  epidote  rock,  called  epidosyte.  Such  a  rock,  from  Grand 
Matanne  Eiver,  Canada,  haying  a  hardness  of  7'0,  and  G.  =  3'04,  gave  T.  S.  Hunt,  on  analysis 
(Logan's  Kep.,  1863,  497),  Si  62-60,  Si  12-30,  3Pe  9'40,  Mg  0'72,  Oa  14-10,  ISTa  0*43,  ign.  0*19  = 
99*71,  which  corresponds  to  61*33  epidote  and  38*22  quartz.  A  similar  rock  exists  at  Melbourne 
in  Canada. 

Beautiful  crystallizations  come  from  Bourg  d'Oisans,  Ala,  and  Traversella,  in  Piedmont ;  Zer- 
matt  in  the  Yalais ;  near  Gutanen  in  the  Haslithal ;  at  Kaverdiras  and  Baduz  in  the  valley  of 
Tavetsch  (the  latter  sometimes  referred  to  zoisite,  but  optically  epidote  according  to  Descloizeaux) ; 
Monzoni  in  the  Fassa  valley ;  Zillerthal  in  the  Tyrol,  sometimes  in  rose-red  and  greenish  crystals  of 
small  size,  resembling  tlwlite ;  the  Sau-Alpe  in  Carinthia  ;  and  the  other  localities  mentioned  above. 
In  N.  America,  occurs  in  N.  Hamp.  at  Franconia,  crystallized  and  granular,  with  magnetite ; 
Warren,  with  quartz  and  pyrite.  In  Mass.,  at  Hadlyme  and  Chester,  in  crystals  in  gneiss ;  at 
Athol,  in  syenitic  gneiss,  in  fine  crystals,  2  m.  S.W.  of  the  centre  of  the  town;  Newbury,  in  lime- 
stone ;  at  Borne,  in  hornblende  schist ;  at  Nahant,  poor,  in  trap.  In  Rhode  Island,  at  Cumberland, 
in  a  kind  of  trap.  In  Conn.,  at  Haddam,  in  large  splendid  crystals.  In  N.  York,  2.  m.  S.E.  of 
Amity,  in  quartz ;  2  m.  S.  of  Carmel,  Putnam  Co.,  with  hornblende  and  garnet;  2  m.  S.  of  Coffee's 
Monroe,  Orange  Co. ;  6  m.  "W.  of  Warwick,  pale  yellowish-green,  with  sphene  and  pyroxene ;  at 
Harlem,  in  gneiss,  on  the  banks  of  East  river,  near  38th  St.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Franklin,  massive ; 
at  Eoseville  in  Byram  township,  Sussex  Co.,  in  good  crystals.  In  Penn.,  at  E.  Bradford.  In 
Michigan,  in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  at  many  of  the  mines ;  at  the  Norwich  mine,  beautifully 
radiated  with  quartz  and  native  copper.  In  Canada,  at  St.  Joseph,  in  a  concretionary  argillaceous 
rock  of  the  Quebec  group. 

For  recent  papers  on  cryst.  see  Kokscharof  Min.  Eussl.,  iii.  268,  iv.  106  ;  v.  Zepharovich,  Ber. 
Ak.  Wien,  xxxiv.  480,  xlv.  381;  Descl.  Min.,  i.  1862;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not,  III.;  v.  Eath, 
Pogg.,  cxv.  472. 

Epidote  is  one  of  Haiiy's  crystallographic  names,  derived  from  the  Greek  En-uW-c,  increase,  and 
translated  by  him,  "  qui  a  recu  un  accroissement,"  the  base  of  the  prism  (rhomboidal  prism)  hav- 
ing one  side  longer  than  the  other.  In  its  introduction  Haiiy  set  aside  three  older  names.  Thai- 
lite  (from  fluAAo's,  color  of  young  twigs,  alluding  to  the  green  color)  was  rejected  because  it  was 
based  on  a  varying  character,  color ;  Delphinite  and  Arendalite,  because  derived  from  localities. 
But  the  name  Epidote  is  now  so  involved  in  geological  as  well  as  mineralogical  literature  that  the 
law  of  priority  cannot  well  do  the  justice  demanded  of  it.  Werner's  name  Pistacite  from  m<rrd«a, 
the  pistachio-nut  (referring  to  the  color)  was  not  proposed  as  early  as  thallite  or  epidote. 

Alt. — Epidote  is  less  liable  to  alteration  than  most  of  the  silicates,  partly  because  the  iron  it 
contains  is  mostly,  when  not  wholly,  in  the  state  of  sesquioxyd.  The  analyses  afford  generally 
one  or  two  per  cent,  of  water,  which  is  probably  foreign  to  the  species  ;  and  in  a  green  mineral 
from  Isle  Eoyale,  having  the  composition  of  epidote,  J.  D.  Whitney  found  5  per  cent,  of  water 
(Eep.  Geol.  L.  Sup.,  1851,  97). 

Artif. — Epidote  has  not  been  found  among  the  crystallizations  of  furnace  slags,  or  formed  in 
the  laboratory  of  the  chemist.  It  has  been  a  frequent  result  of  the  action  of  heat  and  steam  on 
ferruginous  sandstones  accompanying  the  ejection  of  doleryte  and  other  eruptive  rocks;  and 
this  fact  suggests  the  method  by  which  it  may  be  artificially  formed. 

276A.  KGELBINGITE.  (Kolbingit  Sreith.,  B.H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  398.  Ainigmatit  Breith.,  ib.)  Mono- 
clinic.  /A  7=66°  31',  0/\i-i=59°.  Cleavage  :  /perfect;  ^imperfect;  i-i  in  traces. 

H.:=5-5  — 6.  G.=3-599,  3P609,  3*613.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  greenish  to  velvet-black. 
Streak  pistachio-green.  Subtranslucent.  Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven. 


UNISILICATES.  285 

Comp.  —  Consists,  according  to  R.  Miiller  (1.  c.),  largely  of  the  silicates  of  protoxyd  of  iron  and 
lime. 

Obs.—  Occurs  at  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland,  with  segirite,  eudialyte,  etc..  and  resembles  much 
a  black  hornblende.  Unlike  hornblende  and  the  related  species,  the  crystal  is  oblique  from  an  acute 
edge  (as  in  epidote),  and  the  angles  of  the  prism  are  very  different.  Arfvedsouite  differs  in  hav- 
ing a  celandine-green  streak  ;  and  iegerite  a  mountain-green.  It  may  be  epidote. 

jEnigmatite  has  the  form  and  angles  of  kcelbingite  ;  butH.  =  5—  5'5  ;  G.^3'833—  3-863  ;  the  iron 
in  the  compound  is  sesquioxyd  ;  and  the  streak  is  reddish-brown.  Probably  altered  kcelbiugite. 

277.  PIEDMONTITE.     Rod  Magnesia  (fr.  Piedmont)  CronsL,  Min.,  106,  1758.     Manganese 
rouge  (id.)  Napione,  Mem.  Ac.  Turin,  iv.,  1790.     Manganese  oxyde  violet  silicift-re  (id.)  H.,  Tr., 
iv.,  1801.     Epidote  manganesifere  (id.)  L.   Cordier,  J.  d.  M.,  xiiL  135,  1803;  H.,  Tabl.,  1809. 
Piemontischer  Braunstein  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  a,  152,  1817.     Manganepidot   Germ.     Pie- 
montit  Kenng.,  Min.,  75,  1853. 

Monoclinic  ;  like  epidote  in  form,  and  nearly  so  in  angles,  i-i  A  -14= 
115°  20',  -14  A  f4=980  50',  i-i  A  |4=145°  37'.  Cleavage  i-i  perfect,  -l-i 
less  so.  Also  massive. 

H.  =  6'5.  G.  =3-404:,  Breithaupt.  Lustre  vitreous,  especially  bright  on 
i-i  ;  slightly  pearly  on  other  faces.  Color  reddish-brown  and  reddish-black  ; 
in  very  thin  splinters  columbine-red.  Streak  reddish.  Opaque  to  subtrans- 
lucent  Fragile. 

O 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  R,  $,  §i=l  :  2  :  3;  ($•  (V  +  f  (Mn,  Fe,  £l))2  Si3;  or  epidote  in  which  a 
large  part  of  the  alumina  is  replaced  by  sesquioxyd  of  manganese.  The  protoxyds  may  also  in- 
clude some  protoxyd  of  manganese  as  well  as  magnesia. 

Analyses:  1,  Sobrero  (Arab.,  1840,  218);  2,  Hartwall  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1828,  171);  3,  Geffken 
(Pogg.,  xvi.  483);  4,  H.  St.  C.  Deville  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xliii.  13): 

Si         £l       £e  Mn  Mg       Oa 

1.  St.  Marcel  37-86  16-30     8-23  18-96  -  13-42,  Mn  4'82,  Sn,  Cu  0'4=100'66  S. 

2             "         3847  17-65     6'60  14'08  1'82  21-65=100'27  Hartwall. 

3.  "         36-87  11-76  10-34  18-25  -  22-78  =  100  Geffken. 

4.  "         37-3  15-9      4-8  19  0  0'2  22'8  =100  Deville. 

The  last  three  analyses  correspond  nearly  with  the  epidote  0.  ratio,  1:2:3.  The  mineral  was 
first  analyzed  by  Napione  (1.  c.),  and  next  by  Cordier  (1.  c.). 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  at  3  to  a  black  lustrous  glass.  Gives  strong  reactions 
for  manganese  with  the  fluxes,  and  also  for  iron.  Not  decomposed  by  acids,  but  when  previously 
ignited  gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  at  St.  Marcel,  in  the  valley  of  Aosta,  in  Piedmont,  in  braunite  with  quartz, 
greenovite,  violan,  and  tremolite.  Crystals  rather  long  subrhomboidal  prisms,  very  fragile,  and 
having  most  of  the  surfaces  dull. 

278.  ALLANITE.     Crystallized  Gadolinite?  (fr.  Greenland)  T.  Allan,  Tr.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  vi. 
345  (read  Nov.  1808)=Allanite  Tlwmson,  ib.,  371  (read  Nov.  1810);  Phil.  Mag.,  xxxvi.  278, 
181  1.     Cerin  (fr.  Riddarhyttan)  Hisinger,  Afh.,  iv.  327,  1815.     Orthit  (fr.  Finbo)  BGTZ.,  Afh.,  v. 
32,  1818.     Pyrorthit  (fr.  Kararfvet)  Berz.,  Afh.,  v.  52,  1818.     Bucklandit  (fr.  Arendal),  Levy, 
Ann.  Phil,  II.  vii.  134,  1824.     Tautolit  (fr.  L.  Laach)  Breith.,  Schw.  J.,  1.  321,  1826.     Uralor- 
thite  fferm.j  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxiii.  273,  1841.     Bagrationit  (fr.  Achmatovsk)  Koksch.,  Russiches  Berg. 
J.,  i.  434,  1847  ;  Pogg.,  Ixxiii.  182,  1848  [not  Bagrationite  Herm.,=  Epidote].    Xanthorthit  (fr. 
Erikberg)  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliii.  112,  1848.     Erdmannit  (fr.  Stoko)  Berlin,  Pogg.,  Ixxxviii.  162, 
1853. 


Monoclinic,  isomorphous  with  epidote.  (7=89°  V  ;  0  A  14=122 
£-2  A  ^-2=r63°  58';  a  :  I  :  <?=0'4S3755  :  1  :  0-312187.  Observed  planes^: 
O  ;  vertical,  i-i,  i-2,  i4  ;  clinodome,  14  ;  hemidomes,  14,  54,  -14,  -24, 
-34,  -54  ;  hemipyramids,  1,  -1,  1-2,  3-3,  -3-3,  2-4,  5-5. 


286 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


0  A  ££=±90°  59' 
0  A  l-fcl54  0 
<9  A -1-^=154  23 
i4  A  1--£=115  1 
i-i  A  -1-^—116  36 
i4  A  -1=105  12 

269 


i-i  A  1  =  104° 

i-i  A  3-3=127  52 
^  A  -3-3=128  32 
^A^-2=121  59 
-l-i  A  1-^=128  23 


l-i  A  1-2=144°  54' 
l-i  A  1=125  26 
-l-i  A  -1=125  50 

1  A  1=70  52 
-1  A  -1,  front,=71  38 
3-3  A  3-3     "     =96  54 

270 


Crystals  either  short,  flat  tabular,  or  long  and  slender,  sometimes  acicniar. 
Twins  like  those  of  epidote.  Cleavage  :  ^-i  in  traces.  Also  massive,  and 
in  angular  or  rounded  grains. 

H.=5'5— 6.  G.=3'0— 4'2.  Lustre  submetallic,  pitchy,  or  resinous — 
occasionally  vitreous.  Color  pitch-brown  to  black,  either  brownish,  green- 
ish, grayish,  or  yellowish.  Streak  gray,  sometimes  slightly  greenish  or 
brownish.  Subtranslucent — opaque.  Fracture  uneven  or  subconchoidal. 
Brittle.  Double  refraction  either  distinct,  or  wanting. 

Comp.,  Var. — This  species,  while  closely  like  epidote  in  crystallization,  varies  much  in  the  re- 
sults of  analyses,  and  also  in  external  appearance.  The  more  prominent  ways  of  variation  are  the 
following:  (1)  The  crystals  are  sometimes  broad  tabular,  and  sometimes  very  long  aciculaV.  (2) 
The  crystals,  when  well-formed,  often  manifest  no  double  refraction,  as  Descloizeaux  has  observed. 
(3)  The  amount  of  water  present  varies  from  none  to  17  p.  c.,  and  the  hardness  and  specific  gravity 
correspondingly,  the  kinds  containing  the  most  water  being  lowest ;  and,  in  some,  G.  not  exceed- 
ing 2'53.  (4)  There  is  also  much  diversity  in  pyrognostic  and  other  chemical  characters,  as  ex- 
plained beyond. 

The  varieties  that  have  been  distinguished  are  as  follows  : 

1.  Allanite.    In  tabular  crystals  or  plates,  the  crystals  sometimes  8  to  10  in.  long,  5  to  6  wide, 
and  an  inch  or  so  thick.     Color  black  or  brownish-black.     G.=3'50— 3*95 ;  3'53— 3'54,  from  Jotun- 
Fjeld;  3'79,  from  Snarum,  Norway;  3'53,  from  E.  Bradford,  Pa.,  and  3'935,  from  Bethlehem,  Pa., 
Brush ;  3 '84,  from  Franklin,  N.  J.,  Hunt.     Named  after  T.  Allan,  the  discoverer  of  the  mineral, 
and  found  among  specimens  from  East  Greenland,  brought  to  Scotland  by  C.  Giesecke.   Cerine 
is  the  same  thing,  named  by  Hisinger,  having  H.=6;  G.=3'77  — 3'8  ;  lustre  weak,  greasy;  and 
being  subtranslucent  in  thin  splinters. 

BucUandite  is  anhydrous  allanite  in  small  black  crystals  from  a  mine  of  magnetite  near  Arendal, 
Norway.  Although  not  yet  analyzed,  it  is  referred  here  by  v.  Rath  on  the  ground  of  the  angles 
and  physical  characters  (Pogg.,  cxiii.  281).  That  of  L.  Laach  is  also  shown  to  have  the  angles  of 
allanite  by  v.  Rath  (1.  c.) ;  the  angles  are  those  cited  above  as  the  angles  of  the  species.  Tautolite 
Breith.,  is  also  from  the  trachyte  of  L.  Laach,  and  is  probably  the  same  species.  Angles :  «-2  A  *-2 
=70°  48'  and  109°  12',  *•*' A  l-t'=  1 14°  30',  l-i  A  1=125°  30',  -1-t'A  l-t=128°  37'  and  51°  20', 
Descl.;  i-2  Ai-2r=70°  14',  -l-iAl-i=51°  52',  Breith.  H.^6'5-7.  G.  =  3'86. 

2.  Uralorthite  is  allanite  in  large  prismatic  crystals  from  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  near  Miask.     II. =6; 
G.=3'41— 3-60,  Herm. ;  3'647,  Ramm.     It  is  pitch-black,  gives  a  gray  powder,  and  is  nearly  an- 
hydrous. 

2.  Bagrationite.  Occurs,  according  to  Kokscharof,  in  black  crystals,  which  are  nearly  symmel 
rical  like  the  bucklaudite  of  Achmatovsk,  and  not  lengthened,  like  uralorthite,  in  the  direction  of 
the  orthodiagonal.  Angles  the  same  with  those  of  uralorthite,  after  many  measurements  by 
Kokscharof.  H.=6'5.  G.=3'84,  Koksch.  Streak  dark  brown.  B.B.  intumesces  and  forms  a 
black,  shining,  magnetic  pearl.  In  powder  not  attacked  by  hot  muriatic  acid  or  by  boiling  nitric 
acid.  Not  analyzed.  Named  after  the  discoverer,  P.  R.  Bagration.  From  Achmatovsk,  Ural. 


UNISILICATES.  287 

Hermann  has  described  and  analyzed  what  he  calls  bagrationite,  from  Achmatovsk,  which  he 
states  has  the  angles  of  the  bucklandite  of  Achmatovsk,  and  which,  therefore,  is  true  epidote 
(q.  v.).  The  analyses  by  Hermann  sustain  this  reference. 

8.  Orthite  included,  in  its  original  use,  the  slender  or  acicular  prismatic  crystals,  often  a  foot  long, 
containing  some  water.  But  these  graduate  into  massive  forms,  and  some  orthites  are  anhydrous, 
or  as  nearly  so  as  much  of  the  allanite.  The  name  is  from  6p96^  straight.  The  tendency  to  alter- 
ation and  hydration  may  be  due  to  the  slenderness  of  the  crystals,  and  the  consequent  great  ex- 
posure to  the  action  of  moisture  and  the  atmosphere.  H.  =  5  —  6.  Gr.=2-80— 3-75;  3'63  —  3'65, 
from  Fille-fjeld;  3'546,  from  Hitteroe,  Ramm. ;  3-373,  Scheerer;  3-69—3-71,  from  Swampscot, 
Mass.,  Balch;  2-86—2*93,  from  Naes  mine,  10  m.  E.  of  Arendal,  a  hydrous  variety  containing  12 
p.  c.  of  water.  Lustre  vitreous  to  greasy 

4.  Xanthorthite,  of  Hermann,  is  yellowish  and  contains  much  water,  and  is  apparently  an  altered 
variety;  G.  =  2*78— 2*9.     Named  from  1-avdos,  yellow,  and orthite. 

5.  Pyrorihite  of  Berzelius  is  an  impure  orthite-like  mineral,  in  long  prisms  of  rather  loose  tex- 
ture, containing  as  its  principal  impurity  some  carbonaceous  material  (over  30  p.  c.),  and  show- 
ing this  in  its  burning  before  the  blowpipe.     Named  from  nvp,fire,  and  orthite.   From  Kararfvet, 
near  Fahlun. 

6.  Erdmannite,  of  Berlin,  from  Stoko,  near  Brevig,  is  near  orthite  in  composition.     It  occurs  iu 
imbedded  grains  and  plates,  with  G.  =  3-l,  lustre  vitreous,  color  dark  brown,  and  is  translucent  in 
thin  splinters.    Named  after  Prof.  Erdmann.     Contains  4  to  5  p.  c.  of  water. 

Allanite  is  a  cerium-epidote.  But,  besides  a  large  percentage  of  cerium,  it  contains  generally 
the  related  metals,  lanthanum  and  didymium,  with  also,  sometimes,  a  little  yttrium,  and  rarely 
traces  of  glucinum.  The  condition  of  oxydation  of  the  iron  has  not  been  exactly  determined  in 
most  of  the  analyses,  and  consequently  the  results  are  discordant.  The  best  determinations, 
according  to  Rammelsberg,  afford  approximately,  the  garnet-ratio  1:1:2,  instead  of  the  epidote 
ratio  1:2:3,  whence  the  formula  (iR3  +  |R)2  Si*  In  this  formula  R=Ca,  Ce,  La,  Di,  Fe,  with 
sometimes  Mg,  Y,  Mn  ;  and  fi— 3tl,  F"e.  Analyses  9-11  gave  this  oxygen  ratio  to  Genth. 

Analyses:  I.  ALLANITE;  1,  Stromeyer  (Pogg.,  xxxii.  288);  2,  Credner  (Pogg.,  Ixxix.  414) ;  3, 
Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxx.  285);  4,Bergemann  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  485);  5,  Zschau  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1852, 
652);  6,  7,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  1L  407,  465,  Ivi.  479,  Ixi.  636);  8,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxiii.  273, 
xliiL  35,  99);  9,  10,  11,  P.  Keyser  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xix.  20);  12,  T  S.  Hunt  (Proc.  N.  H.  Soc.  Bos- 
ton, viii.  57). 

II.  Cerine;  13,  Hisinger  (Afh.  i.  Fys.,  iv.  327);  14,  Scheerer  (1.  c.);  15,  P.  T.  Cleve  (<Efv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  xix.  425,  1862,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xci.  223);    16,  v.  Rath  (Pogg.,  cxix.  273);  17,  18,  D.  M.  Balch 
(Am.  J.  Sci,  II.  xxxiii.  348). 

III.  Uralorthite ;  19,   20,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliii.  102,  105);  21,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch., 
746). 

IV.  Orthite;  22,  23,  Berzelius  (Hisinger's  Min.  Schwed.);  24,  25,  Berlin  (Jahresb.,  xvii.  221); 
26,  27,  28,  Scheerer  (1.  c,);  29,  C.  W.  Blomstrand  (CEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1854,  296,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixvi. 
156);  30,  F.  Stifft  (Jahrb.  Min.,   1856,   395);  31,  D.  Forbes  (Edinb.  N.  Ph.  J.,  II.  vi.  112);  32, 
Strecker  (Christiania  Univ.  Programme,   1854,  Ed.  N.  Ph.  J.,  II.  vi.  112);   33,  Zittel  (Ann.  Ch. 
Pharm.,  cxii.  85). 

V.  Xanthorthite  ;  34,  35,  Bahr  and  Berlin  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1845,  86). 
YI.  Erdmannite;  36,  Berlin  (Pogg.,  Ixxxviii.  162). 


1.  Alia 
2. 
3. 
4. 

6. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 

0. 

Si 
nite   33-02 
37-55 
31-86 
33-83 

33-41 

(|)  34-92 
(|)  34-88 
37-46 
(|)32-19 

'  (*)  32-89 

£l 
15-23 

15-99 
16-87 
13-61 

10-90 
15-90 
15-95 
18-09 
12-00 

12-49 

Pe     Fe      Mn 
15-10  0-40 
16-83  0-23 
3-58  12-26   
3-33  12-72  0-82 

«e     La       i)i       Y      Ca 
21-60  11-08 
3-19        9'30          0-56  13'60 
21-27        2-40        10-15 
20-90        9-36 

20-73  0-69  10-52 
13-34         5-80        11-96 
1373         7-80        11-50 
6-77         9-76         1-50  13-18 
15-37         8-84        9-14 

15-68       10-10        7-12 

Mg 

0-22 
1-67 
1-40 

0'93 
0-66 
1-02 
0-84 

1-77 

H 
3-0=99-40  S. 
1-80=99-27  C. 
1-11=101-17  R. 
2-95=99-02  B. 

3-12=100-25  Z. 
0-51=99-61  S. 
=99-87  S. 
3-40=99-27  H. 
1-19,  Na  I'OO,  fc 
0-18=98-15  K. 
2-49,  Na  0-09,  K 
0-14=99-37  EL 

20-88 
14-98  1-27 
15-35    
13-84   
6'34  10-55  0-51 

7-33     9-02  0-25 

11.  "  (f)33-31  14-3410-83     7'20   —  13'42         2'70 1V28    1'23  3'01,  Na  0'41,  K 

1-33  =  99-06  K. 

12.  "        30-20  13-05 18-25 tr.     16'60        6'90       11'76  1'70  T30  Hunt. 

13.  Gertie       30-17  11-31 20-72    28-19 9'12 ,  Cu  0'87  = 

100-38  H 


288  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Si        3tl     £e      Fe  fin      Ce      La      Di      Y      Ca     Mg    fl 

14.  Cferife        32-06     6'49  25*26    23*83    2'45 8'08  1-16  0'60=99*90  S. 

15.  "  SO'99     9-10    8-71  12'69        11*35        16*08  '    9'08  1-36  0'33=99*69  C. 

16.  "  31-83  13-6610-28     8'69         0'40  20'89 11 '46  2'70    =  99-91  R. 

17.  "          33-31  14-73  15-82       21 '94 1*32     7*85  1-25  1'49,  Na  undel 

=97-71  B. 

18  Massive    32*94         33-60        20'71 1'32     7'87  1*47  1'49,  Na  undel. 

=99-40  B. 

19.  Uralorth.  35-49  18-21  13-03  Mn  2*37  10-85    6'54 9'25  2'06  2'00=99'80  H. 

20.  "         34-47   14-36    8-24     7'67        14'79    7'66 10'20  1'08  1-56=100-03 

v Y >  Hermann. 

21.  "         34-0816-86    7'35     7*90       21*38  9'28  0'95  1'32,  Cu  0'13  = 

99-25  R. 

22.  Orthite      36-25  14-00  11'42         1'36  17-39 3'80     4'87 8'70=97'79  B. 

23.  "  32-00  14-80  12'44         3'40  19'44 3'44     7'84 5'36=98'72  B. 

24.  "  36-24     8-18  9'06        4-98 29*81     5'48  0'61  4'59,  K,  Na 

0-61=99-96  B. 

25.  "          33-60  12-58  13-48        4'56 20'83     9'59  1'60  3-34,  K,  Na 

v * '  0-62  =  100  B. 

26.  "  34-93  14-26  14'90         0'85  21-43  1'91  10-42  0-86,  0'52=100-08  S. 

27.  "  33-81   13-04  15'65          20'50 T45     9'42  0'38  3'38,  K   0'67  = 

98*30  S. 

28.  "          32-77  14-32  14-76         1-12  17'TO         2'31         0'35  11  18  0'50  2'51,  K   0'26= 

98-28  S. 

29.  "  33*25  14-7414-30   1'08  U'51  0'69  12-04  0*74  8'22  (loss  incl) 

' , '  Na  0-14,  K  0-29=100  B. 

30.  "  32-79  14-67  14'71        22-31  2'42     9'68  1-20  2'67,  Na  0*34. 

K  0-41  =  101-20  S. 

31.  "          31*03     9-29  20*68         0*07     6'74   4*35  1'02     6*68  2 -06 12 -24,  Na   0'56, 

K  0-90,  Be  8-71  =  99-13  F. 

32.  "  31-85  10-28  19*27        12-76 9-12  1-8613-37     (C  incl} 

Cu  0-54=99-05  S. 

33.  "          32-70  17-4416-26 0-34     3'92        15*41 1T24  0-90  2*47,    C    0*28. 

v v '  Na  0-24,  K  0-51  =  101-71  Z. 

34. Xanthorth 32'93  15*54  4-21         0-39  20'01  0*59     6'76  2-15l7'55    (incL    C) 

=  100-1 3  B.  &  B. 

35.         "         27-5916-14  16'01         1'55  11*75  2*12     2'28  4-9411-46,  C  6-71  = 

100*55  B.  &  B. 
86.J&-dwMwm.31-85  11 -71  8*52        0'86  34*89  1-43     6*46   4*28=100  Ber. 

Analysis  1,  from  Iglorsoit;  2,  G.=3-79,  from  Krux,  Thuringia;  3,  0.  ratio  1:1:2,  from  Ches- 
ter Co.,  Pa.;  4,  from  West  Point,  K  Y.;  5,  G-.  =  3*4917,  near  Dresden;  6,  near  Jotunfjeld;  7, 
Snarum;  8,  G.=3-48— 3'66,  from  Werchoturie,  Ural,  the  so-called  bucklandite;  9,  G.=3'782, 
H.=5-5,  pitch-black,  no  cleavage,  from  Orange  Co.,  K  Y;  10,  Gr.=3-831,  H.=6,  pitch-black, 
from  near  Eckhardt's  furnace,  Berks  Co.,  Pa.;  11,  G. =3*491,  H.=5,  bnh.-bk.,  Bethlehem.  North- 
ampton Co.,  Pa.;  12,  G.=3*84,  Franklin,  N.  J.,  in  magnetic  iron. 

13,  G-.  =  3*77— 3*80,  Bastnaes;  14,  Riddarhyttan ;  15,  G-.=4'108— 4-103,  0.  ratio  4  :  3  :  7;  16, 
G-.=3-983,  from  L.  Laach;  17,  18,  G-.=3-69— 3*71,  jet-black,  massive,  from  Swampscot,  Mass. 

19,  20.  G.  =  3*41 -3-647,  from  Miask,  in  the  Ural;  21,  G.=3'647,  Miask. 

22,  G.  =  3-288,  Fahlun;  23,  Finbo;  24,  25,  G.  =  3'5,  Ytterby;  26,  G.=3'63— 3-65,  Fillef jeld ; 
27,  28,  G.  =  3-373,  Hitteroe;  29,  Wexio,  Sw.;  3<>,  G-.= 3'44—  3'47,  pitch-bk.  to  bnh.-bk.,  in  syenite 
near  Weinheim ;  81,  32,  G-.  =  2'86— 2*93,  gnh.-bk.,  Naes  mine,  Norway,  in  a  granite  containing 
both  orthoclase  and  oligoclase;  33,  Naes  mine,  near  Arendal;  34,  G-.  =  2'78,  yellow,  Eriksberg; 
35,  G-.=2-88,  black,  Kullberg;  36,  Stoko,  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  near  Brevig,  G.=3-l. 

Rammelsberg  found,  on  examination,  that  the  Hitteroe  orthite  contained  ^e  8-16  and  Fe  8-30, 
and  thus  deduced  for  the  mineral  the  C\  ratio  1:1:2.  The  cerine  of  Bastnaes  contained,  accord- 
ing to  Damour,  1'74  p.  c.  of  water. 

The  pyrorthite  afforded  Berzelius  (1.  c.)  Si  10'43,  £l  3*59,  Fe  6*08,  Mn  1-39,  Ce  13-92,  Y  4*87, 
Oa  1-81,  fi  26-50,  carbon  (by  loss)  31  -41. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Some  varieties  give  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  fuses  easily  and  swells  up 
(F.  =  2-5)  to  a  dark,  blebby,  magnetic  glass.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron.  Most  varieties 
gelatinize  with  muriatic  acid,  but  if  previously  ignited  are  not  decomposed  by  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  albitic  and  common  feldspathic  granite,  syenite,  zircon-syenite,  porphyry,  white 
limestone,  and  often  in  mines  of  magnetic  iron.  Allanite  occurs  in  Greenland,  in  granite ;  at 


UNISILICATES.  289 

Criffel,  in  Scotland,  in  small  crystals ;  at  Jotun  Fjeld  in  Norway,  in  a  kind  of  porphyry,  and  at 
Snarura,  in  albite,  along  with  rutile  and  apatite ;  at  Plauensche  Griind,  near  Dresden ;  in  granite 
near  Suhl  in  the  Thiiriugerwald.  Oerine  occurs  at  Bastniis  in  Sweden  with  hornblende  and  chalco- 
pyrite.  Orthite  occurs  in  acicular  crystals  sometimes  a  foot  long  at  Finbo  near  Fahlun,  and  at 
Ytterby  in  Sweden ;  at  Skeppsholm  near  Stockholm,  in  black  vitreous  masses  disseminated 
through  gneiss ;  also  at  Krageroe,  Hitteroe,  and  Fille  Fjeld  in  Norway ;  at  Miask  in  the  Ural. 
Urato-rthite  occurs  with  small  crystals  of  zircon  in  flesh-red  feldspar  at  Miask  in  the  Ural. 

In  Mass.,  at  the  Bolton  quarry ;  at  St.  Royalston,  in  boulders  ;  in  Athol,  on  the  road  to  West- 
minster, in  gneiss;  at  Swampscot,  near  Marblehead.  In  Conn.,  at  Allen's  vein,  at  the  gneiss 
quarries,  Haddam.  In  N.  York,  near  W.  Point,  in  tabular  cryst. ;  Moriah,  Essex  Co.,  with  magnet- 
ite and  apatite,  some  cryst.  8-10  in.  long,  6-8  broad,  and  1-2  thick;  at  Monroe,  Orange  Co.  lu 
N.  Jersey,  at  Franklin  with  feldspar  and  magnetite.  In  Penn.,  at  S.  Mountain,  near  Bethlehem, 
in  large  crystals ;  at  E.  Bradford  in  Chester  Co.  (called  orthite,  Gr.=3-5,  anal.  3);  at  Easton, 
Northampton  Co. ;  near  Eckhardt's  furnace,  Berk's  Co.,  abundant.  In  Canada,  at  St.  Paul's,  C. 
W. ;  Bay  St.  Paul,  C.  E. ;  at  Hollow  lake,  head-waters  of  the  S.  Muskoka  (Gr.=3-255  — 3-288, 
Chapman). 

On  cryst,  see  Kokscharof,  Min.  RussL,  iii.  344,  iv.  37 ;  v.  Bath,  Pogg.,  cxiii.  281,  ZS.  G-.,  xvi. 
25rt. 

Alt. — The  hydrous  varieties  of  allanite  or  orthite  are  properly  altered  forms  of  the  species. 
They  often  contain  carbonic  acid.  It  is  probable  that  the  carbonates  of  lanthanum  and  of  cerium 
proceed  at  times  from  the  alteration  of  allanite. 

At  Sillbohle,  in  Finland,  there  are  crystals  of  allanite  having  an  epidote  nucleus,  and  crystals 
of  epidote  having  a  nucleus  of  allanite,  apparently  indicating  that  a  change  had  taken  place  from 
one  to  the  other. 


279.  MUROMONTITE.    Kerndt,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  xliii.  228,  1848. 

Amorphous ;  without  any  trace  of  crystallization.     In  grains. 
H.=7.     G.  =4*263.     Lustre  vitreous  or  slightly  greasy.     Color  black  or 
greenish-black. 

Comp. — Apparently  related  to  allanite,  but  containing  much  yttrium,  and  h'ttle  aluminum  or 
cerium.  Analysis:  Kerndt  (L  c.): 

Si        Si      Be      Fe       Mn      Ce      La        Y        Oa     Mg      Na      K    £  &  loss. 
31-09     2-24     5-52     11-23     0-91     5'54     3'54     37'14     0'71     0'42     0'65     017     0'85 

Obs.— From  Mauersberg,  near  Marienberg,  in  the  Saxon  Erzgebirge. 
Named  from  a  Lathi  rendering  of  Mauersberg. 

2 79 A.  BODENITB  Breith.,  Pogg.,  Ixii  273,  1844,  Kersten,  ib.,  Ixiii.  135,  Kerndt,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  xliii. 
219.  Related  to  muromontite  in  composition,  and  in  containing  more  yttrium  than  cerium,  but 
has  a  larger  percentage  of  alumina  and  lime,  and  no  glucina,  and  is  hydrous.  Composition  ac- 
cording to  Kerndt  (1.  c.)  : 

Si          Si         Fe       Mn       6e       La        Y       Ca      Mg     Na       K        fl 
26-12     10-34     12-05     T62     10-46     7'57     17'43     6'32     2'34     0-84     l'2l     3-82=100. 

From  Boden,  near  Marienberg,  with  muromontite. 

279B.  MICHAELSONITE  Dana.  An  orthite-Uke  mineral  occurring  near  Brevig  with  meliphanite, 
containing,  like  muromontite,  little  alumina  and  some  glucina,  afforded  Michaelson  and  Nobet 
((Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1862,  505): 

Si        Si      £e       2r      Be        Oe     La,  £)i    Y       Mg       Ca       !fra       ~& 
1.  29-21     2-81     6-42     5'44    4'27       9'79     15'60     1'63     0'45     14'93     2'45     5-50=98'41  Mich, 


2   28-80  17-51  11-47     14-12     1-49      tr.      16-06    Nobel. 

Tn  anal.  2,  Nobel  obtained  also  0'83  p.  c.  of  a  precipitate  by  means  of  S  H.  H.=4— 5  ;  G-.=3'44 ; 
in  thin  splinters  transparent  to  translucent ;  lustre  vitreous  ;  amorphous.  It  differs  from  muro- 
montite in  containing  but  little  yttria. 

19 


290 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


280  ZOISITE.  Saualpit  (fr.  the  Sau-Alpe  in  Oarinthia)  v.  Zois,  and  Carinthian  Mineralogists, 
before  1806,  JHopr.,  Beitr,  iv.  179,  1807.  Zoisite  (fr.  Carinthia)  Wern.,  1805.  Var.  of  Epidote 
H.  J  d  M  xix.  365,  1806,  Bernhardi,  Moll's  Efera.,  Hi.  24,  1807.  Illuderit  Leonh,  Syst.  Tab., 
p  'iv.  1806.'  Lime-Epidote.  Zoisite,  sp.  distinct  from  Epidote,  Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  v.  382, 
1823*  Thulite  Brooke,  Cryst.,  494,  1823.  Unionite  Silliman,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  viii.  384. 

Jade  (fr  near  L.  Geneva)  H.  B.  de  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes,  i.  §  112,  1780.  Bittersteiu,  Schweiz- 
erische  Jade,  ffipfner,  Mag.  Helvet.,  i.  291,  Bergm.  J.,  448,  1788.  Nephrite  pt.  Wern.  Leh- 
manite  Delameth  T.  T.,  ii.  354.  Jade  tenace,  Jade  de  Saussure,  H.,  Tr.,  iv.  1801.  Saussurite 
T.  de  Saussure,  3.  d.  M.,  xix.  205,  1806.  Var.  of  Zoisite  T.  S.  Hunt,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxv.  437, 
1858,  xxvii.  336,  1859. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7-116°  40',  0  A  1-5=131°  If  ;  a  :  I :  c=l'l±93  : 1 : 
1-62125.  Observed  planes  :  vertical,  /,  iA,  it,  irl,  *-2,  *J,  ir&,  1-4 ;  domes, 
1-S,  J-5 ;  octahedral,  £,  2-4 ;  f -6. 


272 


Tennessee. 


Tennessee. 


/A  ife!21°  40',  meas. 

/Ai2=165  29 
i-i  A  i3:=151  37 
i£  A  i2=162  51 
is  Ai2=145  42 
2-3  A  i3,  front,  — 56  46 
i3  A  is,  side,=123  14 
1-2  A  14,  top, =109  20 
l-l  A  1-2,  top, =80  3 
i-i  A  l-fc!25  20,  meas. 
J-5  A  4-?=120  14 

i  A  ^=144  57,  Descl. 


272?>observed  form,  the  right  / 
and  fc-2,  and  ^-3  wanting,  and  planes  on 
left  side  of  summit  nearly  obsolete  ;  271,  the  normal  form  as  deduced  from 
272.  Crystals,  lengthened  in  the  direction  of  the  vertical  axis,  and  verti- 
cally deeply  striated  or  furrowed.  Cleavage  :  i-l  very  perfect.  Commonly  in 
crystalline  masses  longitudinally  furrowed.  Also  compact  massive. 

H.=6—  6-5.  G.=3'll—  3-38.  Lustre  pearly  on  i-i  ;  vitreous  on  surface 
of  fracture.  Color  grayish-  white,  gray,  yellowish,  brown,  greenish-gray, 
apple-green  ;  also  peach-blossom-red  to  rose-red.  Streak  uncolored.  Trans- 
parent to  subtranslucent.  Double  refraction  feeble  ;  optic-axial  plane  i-i  ; 
bisectrix  positive,  normal  to  i-l  ;  Descl. 

.  Var.—  A.  LIME-ZOISITE.  1.  Ordinary.  Colors  gray  to  white  and  brown.  /A  /  in  Z.  of  Saualpe 
116«  48',  Breith.  ;  of  Moravia,  117°  5',  A.  Weisbach,  the  crystal  the  rhombic  prism  /  with  the 
planes  i-5  and  i-i,  and  basal  cleavage  at  right  angles  to  /  distinct.  For  Z.  of  Kauris,  G.—  3'226, 
Breith.  ;  of  Saualpe,  3-345,  id.  ;  of  Moravia^  3'336,  id.  ;  of  Faltigl,  3'381,  id.  ;  of  Titiribi,  N.  Gre- 
nada, 3-381,  id.  Unionite  is  a  very  pure  zoisite. 

2.  Rose-red,  or  Thulite.  G.=3-124;  fragile;  dichroism  strong,  especially  in  the  direction  of  the 
vertical  axis  ;  in  this  direction  reddish,  transversely  colorless. 

B.  LIME-SODA  ZOISITE  ;  SAUSSURITE  (in  part).  The  original  saussurite,  from  the  vicinity  of 
Lake  Geneva,  is  a  fine-grained  compact  zoisite,  as  shown  by  Hunt,  both  by  the  specific  gravity 
and  the  composition.  G.=3'261,  fr.  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Geneva,  de  Saussure;  3-365  —  8'385, 
Hunt;  3'227,  Fikenscher;  H.=6'5—  7  ;  color  pale  bluish-green,  greenish-gray,  to  white  or  nearly 
so  ;  very  tough.  Hiitlin  and  Pfaffius  have  described  a  saussurite  which  occurs  with  serpentine 


UNISILICATES. 


291 


in  the  Schwarzwald  (anal.  28).  It  was  partly  altered,  and  had  the  low  hardness  3-5  with  G-  = 
3-16. 

Comp. — A  lime-epidote,  with  little  or  no  iron,  and  thus  differing  from  epidote.  Formula  (iCas 
+  f£l)2Si3= Silica  39'9,  alumina  22*8,  lime  37'3  =  100.  The  amount  of  sesquioxyd  of  iron  varies 
from  0  to  6-33  p.  c. ;  if  much  more  is  present,  amounting  to  a  sixth  atomically  of  the  protoxyd 
bases,  the  compound  appears  to  take  the  monoclinic  form  of  epidote,  instead  of  the  orthorhombic 
of  zoisite. 

Saussurite,  according  to  the  analyses,  has  the  0.  ratio  for  R,  $,  Si=l  :  2  :  3^,  instead  of  1  :  2  :  3, 
and  it  appears  as  if  this  was  another  case  in  which  an  increase  of  silica  accompanies  the  increase  of 
alkali  in  the  bases.  Both  Hunt  and  Fikenscher's  analyses  give  the  0.  ratio  2  :  3^  for  the  sesquioxyds 
and  silica.  Hunt's,  however,  has  an  excess  of  protoxyds.  In  a  second  analysis  by  Hunt  (see  below), 
the  specimen  contained  mixed  talc,  amounting  to  10  or  12  p.  c. ;  and  if  the  magnesia  in  the  first, 
and  in  Fikenscher's,  is  due  in  part  to  talc,  this  would  subtract  from  the  silica;  and  but  a  small 
reduction  in  this  way  would  make  the  ratio  1:2:3. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv.  179,  v.  41);  3,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  c.  133);  4,  Bucholz 
(Gehl.  J.,  i.  200) ;  5,  Geff  ken  (Epid.  Anal.  Dissert.  Jense,  1824) ;  6,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.) ;  7,  Geff- 
ken  (1.  c.) ;  8,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliii.  35) ;  9,  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  378) ;  10,  Rammelsberg  (1. 
c.);  11,  Richter  (Haid.  Ber.,  iii.  114);  12,  Rengert  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  1020);  13,  14,  Rammelsberg 
(1.  c.,  751) ;  15,  Bernard  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  v.  212) ;  16,  Kiihn  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  lix.  373) ;  17,  Rammels- 
berg (1.  c.) ;  18,  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxvl  69) ;  19,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  271) ;  20,  G-enth  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xxxiii.  197) ;  21,  Trippel  (ib.) ;  22,  C.  Grnelin  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliii.) ;  23,  Berlin  (Pogg.,  xlix.  539) ; 
24,  Pisani  (C.  R.,  Ixii.  100);  25,  Boulanger  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  viiL  159);  26,  T.  S  Hunt  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xxvii.  345) ;  27,  Fikenscher  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxix.  456) ;  28,  Hiitlin  and  A.  v.  Pfaffius  (Kenng., 
Ueb.,  1861,  76) : 

H 

=98  Klaproth. 

=98*5  Klaproth. 

2-09=99-84  Ramm. 
2-00=99-50  Bucholz. 

,  Mn  7-55=100-50  Geflfk. 

2-08=99-53  Ramm. 

,  Mn  1-78  =  101-92  Geffk. 

1-69=  100-05  Hermann. 
0-95,  Mn  0-17  =  100-18  Str. 
2-04=98-82  Ramm. 
1-22  =  101-39  Richter. 
2-87=99-18  Rengert. 
3-67  =  99-56  Ramm. 
3-18,  K  0-91=99-98  Ramm. 

,  K  1-50=98-55  Besnard. 

0-42  =  99-81  Kiihn. 
2-25=99-83  Ramm. 
2-22=100-89  Brush. 
1-71=99-34  Thomson. 
0-71,    Mn   0-19,  Cu   0'24= 

99-20  Geuth. 
0-26=99-22  Trippel. 
0-64,    Na   1-89,    Mn   1-63  = 
99-13  Gmelin. 
1-32,   Mn   1-05 b,   V   0-22  = 

98-53  Berlin. 
3-70=100-55  Pisani. 

,  K  1-6=100-6  Boulang. 

0-35,  Na  3 -08  =100 -04  Hunt. 
0-71,  Na  4-23  =  99-68  Fik. 
3-83,  Na,  K  3'83  Hiitlin. 


In  anal.  3,  G-.=3'353;  anal.  6,  G.=3'361 ;  anal.  10,  G-.=3-352;  anal  13,  G.=3'251 ;  14,  G.= 
3-280  •,  17,  G-.=3'341;  18,  G.=3'299  ;  20,  G-.=3'344,  some  specimens  pinkish;  23,  G.=3'34; 
24,  G.=3-02,  H.=6'5;  26,  G.  =3-3— 3-4,  H.=7,  the  mineral  from  the  valley  of  the  Rhone  fc 
Switzerland,  or  the  region  of  L.  Geneva;  27,  G.= 3*227,  same  loc. ;  28,  G.=3'16. 


Si 

& 

3Pe 

% 

Ca 

1. 

Saualpe,  grih.-gy. 

45 

29 

3 



21 

2. 

"        rdh.-white 

44 

32 

2-5 



20 

3. 

" 

40-64 

28-39 

3-89 

0-57 

24-26 

4. 

Fichtelgebirge 

40-25 

30-25 

4-50 



22-50 

5. 

M 

40-03 

29-83 

4-24 



18-85 

G. 

a 

40-32 

29-77 

2-77 

0-24 

24-35 

7. 

Faltigl,  Tyrol 

40-74 

28-94 

5-19 

4-75 

20-52 

8. 

u 

40-95 

30-34 

5-51 



21-56 

9. 

Sterzing,  Tyrol,  white 

39-91 

31-97 

2-44 

0-89  a 

23-85 

10. 

M 

40-00 

30-34 

2-06 

0-23 

24-15 

11. 

Passeyrthal,  Tyrol 

40-57 

32-67 

5-11 



20-82 

12. 

"              "   gyh.-white 

39-56 

27-64 

3-00 

I'll 

25-00 

13. 

Thai  Fusch,  ywU.-gy. 

41-92 

27-09 

2-94 

1-21 

22-73 

14. 

Mt.  Rosa,  gnh. 

42-35 

28-30 

3-08 

0-56 

21-60 

15. 

Grossarlthal,  Salzburg 

40-00 

26-46 

6-33 

3-60 

20-16 

16. 

Zwiesel,  Bav. 

40-62 

29-18 

6-19 

0-73 

22-67 

17. 

Goshen,  Mass. 

40-06 

30-67 

2-45 

0-49 

23-91 

18. 

Unionville,  Pa.,  Unionite 

40-61 

33-44 

0-49 

tr. 

24-13 

19. 

Williamsburg,  Mass. 

40-21 

25-59 

8-55 



23-28 

20. 

Polk  Co.,  Tenn.,  gy.,  gnh. 

40-04 

30-63 

2-28 

tr. 

25-11 

21. 

n      it 

43-20 

29-60 

2-88 

0-56 

22-72 

22. 

Tellemark,  Thulite 

42-81 

31-14 

2-29 



18-73 

23. 

Arendal,          " 

40-28 

31-84 

1-54 

0-66 

21-42 

24. 

Traversella,     " 

41-79 

31-00  Fe  1-95 

2-43 

19-68 

25. 

Orezza,      Saussurite 

43-6 

32-0 



2-4 

21-0 

26. 

L.  Geneva, 

43-59 

27-72 

2-61 

2-98 

19-71 

27. 

45-34 

30-28  Fe  1-37 

3-88 

13-87 

28. 

Schwarzwald,    " 

42-64 

31-OOFe2-40 

•5-73 

8-21 

a  Soda  and  potash. 

b  Made  Mn2  O8  by  Berli 

292  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Anal.  20  is  of  the  same  mineral  that  was  analyzed  by  Mallet  under  the  name  idocrase  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xx.  85).  In  anal  28,  1-13  of  the  silica  was  separated  as  soluble  silica.  Hunt  obtained  for 
another  specimen  of  saussurite  containing  much  talc  (which  was  so  disseminated  through  it  that 
separation  was  impossible)  Si  48*10,  £l  25'34,  £e  3-30,  Ca  12'60,  Mg  6'76,  Na  3'55,  ign.  0'66= 
100-31.  If  all  but  3  p.  c.  of  the  magnesia  (the  amount  in  anal  26)  belonged  to  the  talc,  the 
amount  of  talc  present  would  be  1  1  p.  c. 

Pyr,,  etc.—  B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses  at  3  —  3'5  to  a  white  blebby  mass.  Not  decomposed  by 
acid  ;  when  previously  ignited  gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.—  This  species  was  instituted  by  Werner  in  1  805,  first  united  to  epidote  by  Haiiy  and 
Bernhardi  independently  in  1806,  and  separated  again  from  epidote  on  crystallographic  grounds  by 
Brooke,  in  1  823.  Descloizeaux  has  confirmed  Brooke's  conclusion  by  optical  examinations,  and  fur- 
ther has  shown  that  the  crystallization  is  orthometric,  instead  of  clinometric.  Thulite  is  referred  to 
the  species  by  Descloizeaux,  together  with  the  lime-epidote  from  most  of  the  localities  mentioned 
in  connection  with  the  analyses.  The  angle  i-%  A  i-l  hi  thulite  is  near  152°;  Brooke  remarks 
'upon  the  isomorphism  of  the  species  with  euclase. 

Zoisile  was  so  named  after  Baron  von  Zois,  from  whom  Werner  received  his  first  specimens  ; 
and  Thulite,  after  Thule,  an  ancient  name  of  Norway. 

The  original  zoisite  is  that  of  the  Saualpe  in  Carinthia.  Other  localities  are  as  mentioned.  The 
gray  mineral  of  Fichtelgebirge  in  Baireut,  was  referred  here  by  Bernhardi  (1.  c.,  1806),  and  both 
to  epidote.  Thulite  occurs  at  Souland  in  Tellemark,  in  Norway,  with  bluish  idocrase  (cyprine), 
yellowish-  white  garnet,  epidote,  and  fluorite  ;  also  at  the  iron  mine  of  Klodeberg  near  Arendal  ; 
and  at  Traversella  in  Piedmont,  forming  small  veins  with  talc  and  actinolite  in  granite. 

Saussurite  forms  with  smaragdite  the  euphotide  of  the  Alps,  a  rock  which,  as  a  result  of  glacier 
action,  is  widely  distributed  in  boulders  over  the  valley  of  the  Rhone,  and  the  country  about  Lake 
Geneva  ;  the  boulders,  as  ascertained  by  Prof.  Guyot.  were  derived  from  the  chain  of  the  Sassgrat, 
through  the  valley  of  the  Sass,  and  are  distributed  to  a  distance  of  150  m.  from  this  place  of  ori- 
gin. Found  also  in  serpentine,  in  the  Schwarzwald,  but  more  or  less  altered  (anal.  28).  Hunt 
showed  that  both  the  very  high  specific  gravity  and  composition  identified  the  mineral  with  zois- 
ite. (For  other  minerals  that  have  passed  under  the  name  of  saussurite,  see  Garnet,  Meionite, 
Labradorite.) 

In  the  United  States,  found  in  Vermont,  at  Willsboro,  in  columnar  masses  ;  at  Montpelier,  bluish- 
gray  along  with  caJcite,  in  mica  schist.  In  Mass.,  at  Chester,  in  mica  schist  ;  at  Goshen,  Chesterfield, 
Hinsdale,  Heath,  Leyden,  Williamsburg,  Windsor.  In  Conn.,  at  Milford.  In  Penn.,  in  W.  Brad- 
ford and  W.  Goshen,  Chester  Co.;  in  Kennet  township  and  E.  Marlboro;  at  Union  ville,  white 
(  Unionite)  with  corundum  and  euphyllite.  In  Tenn.,  at  Ducktown  copper  mines. 

Neither  zoisite  nor  epidote  has  yet  been  found  among  furnace  or  laboratory  products.       ' 

On  cryst,  B.  &  M.,  p.  306;  Descl.,  Min.,  i.  238.  The  crystal  figured  above  by  the  author  (and 
from  the  cabinet  of  Prof.  Brush)  is  £  in.  long,  but  was  attached  by  one  side  to  a  large  imperfect 
crystal,  and  hence  its  planes  were  irregularly  developed.  The  left  1-2  and  2-4  were  minute  and 
somewhat  rounded.  The  angle  /A  i-l  by  Descloizeaux's  measurement,  is  12  1°  40',  as  given  above  ; 
Descloizeaux  obtained  also  for  i-iAi-2  =  162°  20',  -HA-H,  top,  =  120°  nearly;  for  i-i  A*-2=107°  13', 
whence  «-2  A  ^-2=145°  34',  and  Miller  found  107°"  12',  whence  145°  36'. 

Zoisite  is  closely  isomorphous  with  epidote.  If  the  figure  266  under  epidote  (p.  28)  is  placed 
with  the  longer  planes  vertical,  it  then  represents  very  nearly  the  form  of  zoisite  ;  the  angle  of  this 
prism  i-iAl-i  is  ^.15°  24',  and  -1  A  -1  =  109°  35';  and  correspondingly,  the  prismatic  angle  of 
zoisite  is  116°  40',  and  the  brachydome  l-i  has  the  summit  angle  109°  20'.  The  position  given 
the  crystals  of  epidote  by  Haiiy  has  therefore  a  crystallogenic  interest,  and  the  name  he  applied  to 
the  species  peculiar  significance. 

280A.  JADEITE.    Nephrite  or  Jade  pt.    Jadeite  Damowr,  C.  B.,  Ivi.  861. 

Massive,  with  traces  of  a  foliated  columnar  structure  on  a  surface  of 
fracture. 

H.=6-5-T.  G.^3'33-3-35,  fr.  China,  Damour;  3'32,  fr.  Yunnan, 
China,  Brush  ;  3*32,  fr.  ornaments  in  ancient  Swiss  lake-dwellings,  Fellen- 
berg.  Lustre  subvitreous,  pearly  on  surfaces  of  cleavage.  Color  apple- 
green  to  nearly  emerald-green,  •  bluish-green,  leek-green,  greenish-  white, 
and  nearly  white.  Streak  uncolored.  Translucent  to  subtranslucent. 
Fracture  splintery. 


alumina  22*2, 
dipyre,  while  like  zoisite  in 


TJNISILICATES. 


293 


its  very  high  specific  gravity,  as  remarked  by  T.  S.  Hunt,  who  refers  the  species  to  the  epidote 
group  (C.  R.,  June,  1863),  and  gives  the  species  the  same  position  in  that  group  as  dipyre  in  the 
scapolite  group. 
Analyses:  1,  Damour  (1.  c.);  2,  Fellenberg  (Nat.  Ges.  Bern,  1865,  112): 

Si         £l       Fe      Mg     Ca       Na       K        H 

1.  China  59-17     22-58     1-56     1-15     2'68     12-93       tr.       =  100-07  Damour. 

2.  Swiss  Lake-hab.      58  89     22-40     1'66     1-28     3-12     12'86     0-49     0-20,  2n  0-73  =  101-03  Fell 

In  an  imperfect  analysis  of  a  specimen  from  the  province  of  Yunnan,  China,  obtained  by  R. 
Pumpelly,  Win.  Cook  found  (priv.  contrib.)  Si  59'35,  il  24-07,  Mg  tr.,  Ca  0*77,  Na  13-01,  K 
0-18,  H  0-30=97-60.  The  analysis  shows  that  Mr.  Pumpelly  rightly  indentifies  this  stone,  the 
Feitsui  of  the  Chinese,  with  jadeite  (Geol.  China,  etc.,  117,  118,  1866,  Smithson.  Contrib.,  No.  202). 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  readily  to  a  transparent  blebby  glass.  Not  attacked  by  acids  after 
fusion,  and  thus  differing  from  saussurite. 

Obs. — Jadeite  is  one  of  the  kinds  of  pale  green  stones  used  in  China  for  making  ornaments, 
and  passing  under  the  general  name  of  jade  or  nephrite.  Mr.  Pumpelly  remarks  that  thefeitsui  is 
perhaps  the  most  prized  of  all  stones  among  the  Chinese.  He  also  observes  that  the  chalchihuitl 
of  the  ancient  Mexicans,  of  which  he  had  seen  many  specimens,  is  probably  the  same  mineral. 
But  W.  P.  Blake  identifies  this  name  with  the  turquois  from  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Fe*(Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  xxv.  227). 

281,  PARTSCHINITE.    Partschin  Haid.,  Ber.,  iii.  440,  1847,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xii.  480. 

Monoclinic.  7  A  7=91°  52',  C=52°  16',  0  A  ^=127°  44:',  0  A  14= 
148°,  0  A  7=116°  5',  14  A  14,  ov.  0,=116°,  0  A  -£=126°  51'.  . 

H.=6-5— 7.  G-.=4:-006,  v.  Hauer.  Lustre  a  little  greasy,  feeble.  Color 
yellowish,  reddish.  Subtranslucent.  Fracture  subcoiichoidal. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  R,  fi,  Si,  1:1:  2,  as  in  garnet,  and  near  spessartine.  Yon  Hauer 
obtained  (L  c.,  |)  Si  35-63,  Si  18-99,  Fe  14*17,  Mn  29-28,  Ca  2-77,  H  0'38. 

Obs. — In  very  small  dull  crystals  and  rounded  fragments,  in  the-  auriferous  sands  of  Ohlapian, 
Transylvania. 

282.  GADOLINITE.  Schwarzer  Zeolith  (fr.  Ytterby)  Geyer,  CrelTs  Ann.,  1788.  Ytterbit  (Sili- 
cate of  Alumina,  Ox.  Iron,  and  a  new  earth)  Gadolin,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1794;  Ekeberg,  ib.,  1797 
(naming  the  earth  YTTRIA).  Gadolinit  Klapr.  (Ak.  Berlin,  1800),  Beitr.,  iii.  52,  1802. 

Orthorhombic.  7A  7=116°,  0  A  1-^114°  247;  a  ill  c=2'2054  :  1  : 
1-6003,  Nordenskiold,  or  near  zoisite,  if  a  be  made  -faa.  Observed  planes : 


273. 


274. 


Ytterby. 


Ytterby. 


0 ;   vertical,  7,  i-i,  i-i9  i-% ;   brachy domes,  -J4,  14,  24 ;  macrodomes, 
J-£;  octahedral,  1,  i,  1-2,  2-2,  f-f,  2-|.     Cleavage  none. 


294 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


0  A  1-1=125°  58' 
O  A  24=109  57 
0  A  44= 146  26 


£  A  I—Ill0  # 

24  A  2-2,  top, =39  54 
4-1 A  -H,  top, =110  52 
1-1 A 1-1,  top, =71  56 


/A  ^-2  =  160  40' 

/A  1=158  58 

-l  A  1-2,  ov.  ^,=122  40 


H.=6-5-7.  G.=4— 4-5;  of  Ytterby  4-097— 4-226,  but  after  beating 
4-286—4-456,  H.  Eose ;  4*35,  from  Hitteroe,  Scheerer.  Lustre  vitreous. 
Color  black,  greenisb-black ;  in  thin  splinters  nearly  transparent,  and 
grass-green  to  olive-green.  Streak  greenish-gray.  Double  refraction  in 
Hitteroe  crystals,  sometimes  distinct,  with  optical  axes  very  divergent,  in 
others  often  wanting.  In  the  mass  subtranslucent — opaque.  Iracture 
conchoidal. 

Oomp.,  Var. — G-adolinite  varies  widely  in  its  crystals,  and  physical  and  chemical  characters, 
even  in  specimens  from  the  same  locality,  and  much  more  so  in  those  of  different.  The  crystals 
are  usually  rough  and  irregular,  and  sometimes  oblique  in  different  directions.  Hauy  (Min.,  1822), 
Phillips  (Min.,  1823),  Levy  (Min.  Heuland,  ii.  46),  Kupffer,  Scheerer  (Gaja  Norvegica,  313),  and 
Waage  (Forh.  Selsk.  Christiania,  1864,  and  Jahrb.  Min,  1867,  696)  have  made  it  monoclmic;  and 
Brooke  and  Miller  (Min.,  322,  using  the  same  cryst.  examined  by  Phillips),  Scheerer  (Jahrb.  Min., 
1861,  134),  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  (<Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1859,  287),  and  Maskelyne  and  v.  Lang  (Phil. 
Mag.,  IV.  xxviii.  145)  have  made  it  orthorhombic : 


OM-i 


0Al-i 
IM 


OMJ, 
CM  14 

0A-H 

/A/ 


Phillips, 
fr.  Kararfvet. 
98° 
150 

115 


B.  &  M., 
fr.  Kararfvet. 

90° 


119    30' 


Levy. 


Nordenskiold, 

fr.  Kararfv.  & 

Broddbo. 

90° 

144  2' 
124  34 
116 


Scheerer, 
fr.  Hitteroe. 


125°  45' 
116 

Scheerer, 
fr.  Ytterby. 

90° 

144  30' 

125  58 

116  30 


fr.  Hitteroe. 

90°  36' 

146     38 

127     12 

116 


Lang, 
fr.  Ytterby. 

90°  ± 
145     32' 


Maskelyne  and  v.  Lang  state  that  the  crystals  from  Ytterby  are  sometimes  oblique  in  the  direction 
of  one  diagonal,  and  sometimes  in  that  of  the  other;  they  adopt  Nordenskiold's  calculated  results. 
"Waage,  who  makes  the  form  monoclinic,  enumerates  the  planes  0,  /,  i-i,  i-$,  1,  -1,  i,  -£,  1-2,  ^-i, 
l-i.  His  measurements  were  made  with  the  reflective  goniometer,  and  agree  well  with  his  cal- 
culated results ;  which,  in  addition  to  the  above,  are,  0  A  7=89°  31',  0A1  — 111°  29,  0A-1= 
112°  21',  0A$-t=136°  7',  1  A -1  =  136°  10',  /A  1  =  158°  8',  /A -1=158°  2'.  "Waage  points  out  a 
relation  in  angles  to  epidote,  observing  that  the  prismatic  angle,  116°,  which  is  nearly  that  of 
zoisite,  corresponds  to  f-i  A  $-i  in  epidote  (=115°  32'). 

The  Ytterby  crystals  ezamined  by  v.  Lang  were  partly  altered.  Descloizeaux  found  crystals 
from  this  locality  part  a  mixture  of  double  and  singly  refracting  material,  and  part  without  any 
action  on  polarized  light.  Amid  the  diversity  of  results  it  is  impossible  to  decide  which  is  the 
correct  form. 

The  variations  in  composition  are  also  considerable.  The  Ytterby,  Finbo,  and  Broddbo  gadolinite 
afford  approximately  the  formula  R2  Si;  that  of  Hitteroe,  R8  Si3,  the  0.  ratio  between  the  bases 
and  silica  being  approximately  4  :  3,  as  in  euclase.  That  analyzed  by  Bahr  and  Bunsen  has  the 
0.  ratio  3  :  2. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Berzelius  (AfhandL,  iv.  148,  389);  3-6,  Berlin  (Dissert.  Gradol.  Upsal.,  1844, 
and  GEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1845,  86);  7,  Berzelius  (1.  c.);  8,  Richardson  (Thorn.  Min.,  i.  410),-  9,  10, 
Scheerer  (De  Poss.  Allanit,  etc.,  Berolini,  1840,  and  Pogg.,  Ivi.  479);  11.  K6nig(Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.; 
cxxxvii.  33) : 


Si        Be        Y        Ce 

1.  Finbo  25-80     45 '00     16  "69 

2.  Broddbo       24'16     45-93     16-90 


Fe       Ca 

10-26     ,  ign.  0-60=98-35  Berzelius. 

11-34     — j  ign.  0-60=98-93  Berzelius. 


maSILICATES. 


295 


3. 
4. 

5. 
G. 

7. 
8. 

9. 

10. 
11. 

Ytterby 
u 

a 
u 

Kararfvet 

u 

Hitteroe 

« 

25-62 
25-26 

24-65 
24-85 
29-18 
24-65 

25-78 

25-59 
22-61 

2-13 

4-80 
2-00 
11-05 

9-57 

10-18 
6-96 

50-00 
45-53 

49-60 
51-46 
47-30 
45-20 

45-67 

44-96 
34-64 

Ce 
7-90 


Fe 

14-44 


45-53       6-08       20-28 


15-03 
13-01 


7-64a 

5'24a 

3-40 

4-60  Pe  14-55 


Ca 

1-30,    Mg  0-54,  £l  0-48,  K  0'19,  Na  0-18= 
100-65  Berlin. 

0-50,  Mg  O'll,  £l  0-28,  K  0'21,  Na  0-20= 
98-45  Berlin. 

0-46,  Mg,  Mn  tr. =99-51  Berlin. 
0-50,  Mn,  Mg  1-11  =  100-97  Berlin. 
8-15,  Mn  1-30,  H  5-20=99-53  Berzelius. 
,  H  0-50=100-55  Richardson. 


a  With  oxyd  of  Lanthanum. 


1-81       11-68     0-34,  ta  4-75  =  100-71  Scheerer. 

12-13     0-23,  ta  6-33=99-42  Scheerer. 

9-76     0-83,  £e  4'73,  Mg  0'15,  Na  0'38,  H  1-93= 

99-37  Konig. 
b  E  2-93,  Ce  2-86,  D  8-38,  La  3'21. 


17'38b 


Of  Berlin's  analyses,  the  first  two  were  of  the  glassy  gadolinite. 

The  oxygen  ratio  between  the  bases  and  silica  in  anal.  1  is  1  :  1-02;  in  2,  1  :  1 ;  in  3,  1  :  0'94; 
in  4,  1  :  0'94;  in  5,  1  :  0-85;  in  6,  1  :  0'92 ;  in  9,  10,  1  :  0'72.  Connell  obtained,  for  a  specimen 
labelled  Fahlun,  Si  27'00,  Be  6*00,  £e  14'50,  Y  36'50,  £e  14-33,  Ca  0-50=98-83  (Edinb.  N.  Phil. 
J.,  1836,  June);  which,  taking  the  iron  as  protoxyd,  gives  the  oxygen  ratio  for  &  +  Be,  Si, 
1  :  0-92. 

Pyr.,  etc. — The  glassy  variety  is  unchanged  in  the  closed  tube,  but  if  heated  B.B.  the  assay 
gives  for  a  moment  a  bright  light,  as  if  it  had  taken  fire,  swells  up,  cracks  open,  and  becomes 
grayish-green  in  color  without  fusing.  The  splintery  variety  swells  into  cauliflower-like  ramifi- 
cations and  becomes  white,  rarely  glowing.  With  borax  gives  an  iron  reaction.  Only  slightly 
acted  upon  by  salt  of  phosphorus.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid  with  gelatinization. 

Obs. — Gadolinite  occurs  principally  in  the  quarries  of  Kararfvet,  Broddbo,  and  Finbo,  near 
Fahlun  in  Sweden  ;  also  at  Ytterby,  near  Stockholm ;  at  each  place  indistinctly  crystallized,  and 
in  rounded  masses,  which  are  often  encircled  with  a  yellow  crust,  and  imbedded  in  coarse-grained 
granite.  At  Kararfvet  crystals  have  been  obtained  4  in.  long.  It  has  also  been  met  with  at 
Disko  in  Greenland ;  in  trap  near  Galway,  Ireland ;  imbedded  in  granite  in  Ceylon ;  at  Brevig 
and  Hitteroe  in  the  southern  part  of  Norway,  crystals  sometimes  4  in.  across  and  twins  at  this 
last  locality. 

Named  after  the  Russian  chemist,  Prof.  Gadolin. 


283.  MOSANDRITE.    Erdmann,  Jahresb.,  xxi.  178,  1841. 

Orthorhombic  ?  /A  /about  117°  16',  /A  ^=121°  10'  to  120°  40',  i-i  A  i-8 
=139°  40'  to  141°,  /A  ^-2=160°  to  161°,^  A  ^3=151°  20,  Descl.  Cleav- 
age :  i-i  perfect.  Crystals  long  prisms,  usually  flattened  parallel  to  i-\  and 
longitudinally  striated.  Also  massive  and  fibrous. 

H.=4r.  G.=:2'93—  3'03.  Lustre  of  cleavage-face  between  vitreous 
and  greasy,  of  other  surfaces  resinous.  Color  reddish-brown,  but  altering 
to  dull  greenish  or  yellowish-brown.  Streak-powder  pale  yellow  or  gray- 
ish-brown. Thin  splinters  translucent,  bright  red  by  transmitted  light. 
Double  refraction  feeble  ;  optic-axial  plane  vertical,  and  normal  to  i-i  ; 
acute  bisectrix  negative,  and  apparently  at  right  angles  to  i-i,  Descl. 

Oomp.—  Analysis  by  Berlin  (Pogg.,  156,  1853): 


Si  Ti      Ce,La,i)       Pe         Mg          Ca 

29-93        9-90        26-56        1-83        0'75         19'07 


2-87 


0'52 


H 
8'90=100'33 


There  is  some  Mn  with  the  £e.  Reckoning  the  Ti  with  the  bases,  as  forming  part  of  a  sesqui- 
oxyd,  as  in  sphene  and  keilhauite,  the  oxygen  ratio  of  the  protoxyds,  sesquioxyds,  and  silica,  is 
nearly  1:2:3,  or  of  bases  and  silica  1  :  1  (precisely  16-57  :  15'86),  affording  the  formula 
(^  R3+f  I)2  Si3+l£H.  This,  excluding  the  water,  is  the  formula  of  epidote,  to  which  the  species 
may  be  related. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  at  3  to  a  brown 
With  salt  of  phosphorus  'in  E.P.  gives  a  violet  bead  (titanic  acid)  and  with  borax  hi  O.P. 


296 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


gives  an  amethystine  bead  (manganese).  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  with  separation  of  silica 
and  formation  of  a  dark  red  solution,  which,  on  heating,  gives  off  chlorine  and  becomes  yellow. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  at  Brevig,  in  syenite,  with  leucophauite,  eucolite,  elasolite,  aegirite,  black  mica 
on  the  island  of  Lammanskaret  near  Brevig,  Norway.  Readily  undergoes  alteration. 

Descloizeaux  observes  that  mosandrite  may  be  regarded  approximately  as  isomorphous  with 
zoisite,  in  which  i-l  At-3=151°  48',  /A/=116°  16'  (Min.,  i.  633). 

284.  ILVAITE.     Yenite  (fr.  Elba)  Lelicvre,  J.  d.  K,  xxi.  65,  1801   Ilvait  Ste/ens,  Orykt.,  i.  356, 
1811.     Lievrit  Went.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  ii.  a,  376,  1812.    Wehrlit  v.  Kob.,  Grundz.,  313,  1838. 

Orthorhombic.     /A  7=112°  38',  0  A  1-^146°  24'  \ji  :  I  :  c=0-66608  : 

tical,  /,  w,i-i,  i-2 

2-2,  3-3,  4-4  ;    n  zone 


1  :  1-5004.    Observed  planes  :  0  ;  vertical,  /,  w,i-i,  i-2,  i-%,  i-2,  i-Z,  i-±,  i-%  ? 
domes,  l-£,  3-£,  £-2,  2-£  ;  pyramids,  1  ;  in  zone  i-l  :  1, 
i-i  :  1,  2-2,  3-3. 


0  A  34=116°  39' 
0  A  24=138  29 
0  A  1=141  24 

6>  A  £4=167  31 

0  A  24=138  29 

1  A  1,  mac.,=139  32 


1  A  1,  brach.,=117°  27' 
irZ  A^'-2=143  8 
14  A  14=  112  49 
i-$  A  £-2,  brack, =106  15 

/A  ^-2=160  34 

/A  £2=164:  45 


Lateral  faces  usually  striated  longitudinally.  Cleavage  : 
parallel  to  the  longer  diagonal,  indistinct.  Also  columnar  or 
compact  massive. 

H.=5-5-6.  a.=3-7-4-2;  3-994,  fr.  Elba,  Haidinger ; 
3-9796,  ib.,  Stromeyer;  3-825—4-061,  ib.,  Lelievre;  3-711, 
fr.  Nassau,  Tobler.  Lustre  submetallic.  Color  iron-black,  or  dark  grayish- 
black.  Streak  black,  inclining  to  green  or  brown.  Opaque.  Fracture 
uneven.  Brittle. 


Comp.— 0.  ratio,  from  Tobler's  anal  (No.  7),  for  &,  fi,  Si=3  :  2  :  5,  whence  (fR3+fl)2Si£ 
=Silica  32-8,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  23*4,  prot.  id.  31-5,  lime  ^1 2 -3  =  1 00  ;  and,  as  the  specimens  were 
partly  in  crystals  (having  the  planes  i-%,  l-i,  J,  1),  this  may  be  the  normal  composition  of  the  spe- 
cies. This  variety  is  of  low  specific  gravity,  and  contains  much  manganese. 

The  other  analyses  show  a  deficiency  of  silica  for  a  unisilicate.  In  Rammelsberg's  (No.  3)  the 
0.  ratio  for  R,  B,  Si,  H=11'08  :  6'76  :  15'90  :  1-42;  or  forfi+B,  Si,  fi=9  :  8  :  0*75.  In  anal.  2, 
the  last  ratio  is  7  :  6  :  0'4,  and  in  No.  5,  6  :  5  :  0. 

Stadeler  found  water  a  constant  ingredient,  and,  as  it  was  not  expelled  below  ignition,  regards 
it  as  basic.  His  closely-agreeing  analyses  give  for  ft-f-S,  Si,  H  the  0.  ratio  9:8:1,  and  for  Ca, 
£e,  Fe,  2  :  4  :  1.  If  II  be  basic,  the  0.  ratio  of  bases  and  silica  is  5  :  4,  which  is  expressed  in  the 
formula  (A3,  R3,  £)6  Si6. 

But  hi  view  of  the  variation  in  ratio  in  the  analyses  of  the  Elba  mineral,  and  its  opacity,  we 
may  reasonably  infer  that  impurities  are  present  (as  staurotide  exemplifies,  p.  . . .),  and  that  these 
impurities  are  mainly  hydrated  oxyd  of  iron,  of  the  species  gothite,  which  mineral  loses  its  water 
at  a  high  temperature.  Allowing  for  this  admixture,  all  ilvaite  may  come  under  the  general  for- 
mula (&s,  B)2Si3+m3PeS;  with  the  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  7  :  6,  m  would  equal  ^. 

Analyses  :  1,  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  372) ;  2,  same  with  v.  Kobell's  estimation  of  the  iron  (Schw. 
J.,  IxiL  166);  3,  Rammelsberg  (Fogg.,  1.  157,  340,  Min.  Oh.,  740);  4,  5,  Wackernagel  and  Franks 
(Min.  Ch.,  ib.);  6,  Stadeler  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcbc.  70);  7,  Tobler  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xcix.  122): 

Si         £l       Pe        $e       Mn     Mn      6a        fl 

1.  Elba         29-28     0'61     52-54    1-59     13-78     1'27=99'07  Stromeyer. 

2.  29-28     0-61     23-00     31-90     1'59 18-78     1-27  =  101-43,  Str.,  Kob. 

3.  29-83      22-55     32-40     T50     12-44     1-60=100-32  Eamm. 

4.  "  29-45     25-79     28-60     0'94     15'49     =100'27  Wackernagel. 

6.      «  29-61      21-09     32-71      1-55     14-47      =99'43  Franke. 

6.  "         f  29-34     20-84     34-13      1-01     12-78     2'43  =  100 -5 3  Stadeler. 

7.  Nassau     33*30     22-57     24-02     6'78     11-68     1-12=99'47  Tobler. 


UNISILICATES. 


297 


Werner  placed  lievrite  in  his  system  next  to  epidote. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  quietly  at  2'5  to  a  black  magnetic  bead.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron. 
Some  varieties  give  also  a  reaction  for  manganese.  Gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — First  found  on  the  Rio  la  Marina,  and  at  Cape  Calamita,  on  Elba,  by  M.  Lelievre,  in  1802, 
where  it  occurs  in  large  solitary  crystals,  and  aggregated  crystallizations  in  dolomite  with  pyrox- 
ene, etc.  Also  found  at  Fossum  in  Norway ;  in  Siberia ;  near  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz ;  at  the 
mine  of  Temperino  in  Tuscany,  granular,  in  limestone  with  actinolite ;  near  Predazzo,  Tyrol,  in 
granite ;  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony ;  at  Skeen  in  Norway ;  at  Hebrun  in  Nassau ;  at  Kangerdluarsuk 
in  Greenland. 

Reported  as  formerly  found  at  Cumberland,  R.  I.,  in  slender  black  or  brownish-black  crystals, 
traversing  quartz  along  with  magnetite  and  hornblende ;  also  at  Milk  Row  quarry,  Somerville, 
Mass. 

On  cryst.,  Descloizeaux,  Ann.  d.  M.,  Y.  viii.  402,  and  his  Mineralogie,  1862,  from  whom  the  above 
angles  are  taken ;  his  calculations  were  made  from  1  A  1  and  1-4  A  l-l.  The  observed  angle  /A  / 
was  about  111°.  Also  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not,  No.  III.  1. 

Named  Ilvaite  from  the  Latin  name  of  the  island  (Elba)  on  which  it  was  found ;  Lievrite  after  its 
discoverer ;  Yenite  (should  have  been  Jenite)  in  commemoration  of  the  battle  of  Jena,  in  1806. 
The  Germans,  and  later  the  French,  have  rightly  rejected  the  name  yenite,  on  the  ground  that 
commemorations  of  political  hostility  or  triumph  are  opposed  to  the  spirit  of  science.  Descloi- 
zeaux adopts  Ilvaite. 

A  boulder  from  near  Bytpwn,  Canada,  analyzed  by  T.  S.  Hunt,  gave  (Logan's  Rep.,  1853,  1863) 
Si  27-80  — 28-20,  3Pe  10-80,  Fe  56'52,  Mg  2'59,  Ca  0-64,  ign.  1-20=99-55;  and  is  referred  by  him 
to  lievrite.  It  is  black,  submetallic,  and  magnetic,  with  two  oblique  cleavages;  H.  =  5'5;  G.= 
4'15— 4'16;  and  in  powder  it  gelatinizes  with  acids.  The  composition  is  essentially  that  of  fay- 
alite ;  and  the  substance,  although  stated  to  contain  some  black  mica  and  red  granular  garnet,  has 
been  supposed  to  be  a  furnace  slag. 

Wehrlite  is  probably  h'evrite,  as  suggested  by  Zipser.  It  is  massive  granular.  H.  =  6— 6*5. 
G. =3-90.  Analysis  by  Wehrle,  Si  34'60,  £e  42-38,  Mn  0-28,  3tl  0-12,  Fe  15-78,  Ca  5'84,  H  TOO 
=  100.  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges.  Imperfectly  soluble  in  muriatic  acid.  From 
Szurrasko,  Hungary. 

If  i-\  be  taken  as  /  in  lievrite,  the  form  becomes  very  nearly  tetragonal,  affording  /A  /within 
half  a  minute  of  90°,  0  A  1-1=146°  24',  1-?A1-S=112°  49'. 


285.  AXINITE.  Espece  de  Schorl  (fr.  Oisans)  Schreiber,  1781,  de  Lisle's  Crist,  ii.  353,  1783. 
Schorl  violet,  Schorl  transparent  lenticulaire  (fr.  Oisans),  de  Lisle,  ib.,  and  J.  de.  Phys.,  xxvi.  66, 
1785.  Thumerstein  (fr.  Thum)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  54,  261,  1788.  Glasschorl  Blumenb.,  Nat., 
1791.  Schorl  violet,  Yanolite,  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  i.  287,  1792.  Axinite  H.,  J.  d.  M.,  v.  264, 
1799,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Thumite. 


Triclinic.     Crystals  usually  broad,  and  acute-edged. 

276  277 


278 


Dauphiny. 


Dauphiny. 


Cornwall. 


Making  m=0,P=/Jr,u=If,  a  (brachyd.)  :  I  (macrod.)  :  c^O'49266  :  1 
0-45112.     Observed  planes,  v.  Kath  : 


298 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


With  also  Aa=:2-|/.     Interfacial  angles  : 


P  A  r=134°  45' 
P  A  2=116  24 
P  A  m  (<9)=90  4 


P  A  ^=135°  31' 
PA  5=146  42 
P  Ay,  ov.  5, =100  48 
PAw,  adj..=119  31 
w  A  $=152' 3 


u  A  7;=1470  31' 
u  A  Z=164  26 
r  A  5=143  35 
?*  A  #=139  13 
r  A  1^=115  38 


Also 


P  l\  e,  adj.,=134  40J 

Cleavage :  i-i  (v)  quite  distinct ;  in  other  directions  indistinct, 
massive,  lamellar,  lamellae  often  curved ;  sometimes  granular. 

H.=6'5— 7.  Gr.=3'271,  Haidinger;  a  Cornish  specimen.  Lustre  highly 
glassy.  Color  clove-brown,  plum-blue,  and  pearl-gray  ;  exhibits  trichroism, 
different  colors,  as  cinnamon-brown,  violet-blue,  olive-green,  being  seen  in 
different  directions.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 
Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle.  Pyroelectric,  with  two  axes,  the  analogue  (L) 
and  antilogue  (T)  poles  being  situated  as  indicated  in  figure  276  (G.  Rose). 
Double  refraction  strong. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  &,  B,  Si,  1:1-8:  0'5  :  3-6 ;  whence  for  R+S+B,  Si,  3-3  :  3-6.  or  1:1; 
whence  (R3)2  Si8  +  2  B2  Si3+i  B2  Sis=(R3,  8,  B)2  Si3.  According  to  Rose.  R'(Si,  B)2+  2  £(Si,  B). 
Analyses  :  1,  Hisinger  (Min.  Schwed.,  170);  2,  Wiegmann  (Schw.  J.,  xxxii.  462);  3-6,  Rammels- 
berg(Pogg.,  1,363): 

B         £l        3Pe        Mn       Ca       ]fi[g      & 

,  ign.  0-30—98-56  Hisinger. 

=100  Wiegmann. 

0-64=100-43  Ramm. 
und.  Ramm. 

,  B,  K  and  loss  6'62  Ramm. 

,  B,  K  and  loss  5*81  Ramm. 

Rammelsberg  states  that,  m  the  last  two  analyses,  4'5  of  the  last  entry  in  each  is  not  too  large 
an  estimate  for  the  boric  acid. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  readily  with  intumescence,  imparts  a  pale  green  color  to  the  O.F.,  and 
fuses  at  2  to  a  dark  green  to  black  glass ;  with  borax  in  O.F.  gives  an  amethystine  bead  (man- 
ganese), which  hi  R.P.  becomes  yellow  (iron).  Fused  with  a  mixture  of  bisulphate  of  potash  and 
fluor  on  the  platinum  loop  colors  the  flame  green  (boric  acid).  Not  decomposed  by  acids,  but 
when  previously  ignited,  gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Axinite  occurs  in  implanted  glassy  clove-brown  crystals,  at  St.  Cristophe,  near  Bourg 
d'Oisans  in  Dauphiny,  with  albite,  prehnite,  and  quartz ;  at  Santa  Maria,  Switzerland ;  at  the  sil- 
ver mines  of  Kongsberg,  in  smaller  crystals ;  with  hornblende  or  magnetic  iron  in  Normark  in 
Sweden ;  in  Cornwall,  of  a  dark  color,  at  the  Botallack  mine,  where  it  also  occurs  massive,  form- 
ing a  peculiar  kind  of  rock  with  garnet  and  tourmaline ;  at  Trewellard,  at  Garn  Silver  near  La- 
morran  creek,  and  at  Boscawen  Cliffs  in  St.  Burien ;  in  Devonshire,  at  Brent  Tor,  4  m.  north  of 
Tavistock ;  at  Thum  near  Ehrenfriedersdorf  in  Saxony.  It  occurs  with  gray  cobalt  near  Coquim- 
bo,  Chili,  at  the  mine  La  Buitre ;  at  Phipsburg,  Maine,  with  yellow  garnet  and  idocrase ;  at  Wales, 
Maine ;  at  Cold  Spring,  N.  Y. 

For  recent  articles  on  cryst,  Descl.  Min.,  i.  515 ;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  No.  V.  p.  27,  f.  23 ; 
v.  Rath,  Pogg.,  cxxviii.  20,  227.  Figs.  2,  3,  and  the  above  list  of  planes  and  angles,  are  from  v. 
Rath.  Fig.  1  is  from  Rose  and  Riess  on  the  Pyroelectricity  of  Axinite,  Schrift.  Ak.  Berlin,  MX.  375. 

Axinite  admits  of  a  high  polish,  but  is  deficient  in  delicacy  of  color. 


Si 

B 

51 

3Pe 

&n 

Ca 

ftg 

1. 

"Wermland 

41-50 



13-56 

7-36 

10-00 

25-84 



2. 

Treseburg 

45-00 

2-00 

19-00 

12-25 

9-00 

12-50 

0-25 

3. 

Dauphiny 

43-68 

6-61 

15-63 

9-45 

3-05 

20-67 

1-70 

4. 

u 

43-46 

und. 

16-30 

10-25 

2-74 

19-90 

1-55 

5. 

Treseburg 

43-74 



15-66 

11-94 

1-37 

18-90 

1-77 

6. 

Ural 

43-72 



16-92 

10-21 

1-16 

19-97 

2-21 

M 


299 

Well  named  from  a^ivrj,  an  axe,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  crystals.     The  name  yanolite  is  of 
earlier  date ;  but  it  means  violet-stone,  and  violet  is  not  a  characteristic  color  of  the  mineral. 
Alt. — Crystals  altered  to  chlorite  occur  on  Dartmoor  in  Devonshire,  England. 

286.  DANBURTTE.    Danburite  Shepard,  Am.  J.  ScL,  xxxv.  137,  1839. 

Triclinic.     Approximate  angles,  P  A  M=110°  and  70°,  M  A  T=54°,  and 
126°,  P  AT=93°  nearly,  P  A  e=135°.      Cleavage  :  distinct,  parallel  to  M 
and  P,  less  so  parallel  to  T.     Crystals  imbedded,  and 
often  an  inch  broad.     Also  disseminated  massive,  with-  279 

out  regular  form. 

H.=T.  G.=2-95,  Silliman,  Jr.  ;  2'957,  2'958, 
Brush.  Color  pale  yellow,  whitish.  Lustre  vitreous, 
but  usually  rather  weak.  Translucent  to  subtranslucent. 
Yery  brittle. 

Oomp.— 0  ratio  for  R,  B,  Si=l  :  3  :  4;  Ca2  Si+B2  Si3=(i  Ca3+£B)2 
Si3=rSilica  48-9,  boric  acid  28'4,  lime  22'7  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Smith 
and  Brush  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xvi.  365) : 

Si  B  3tl3Pe  Mn  Ca  Mg  ign. 

1.  48-10  27-73  0'30  0'56  22'41  0'40  0'50=100. 

2.  48-20  27-15  1'02  22'33  undet          0'50— 99'20. 

Erni  was  the  first  to  detect  the  boric  acid,  but  as  he  admits  (Erni's  Mineralogy  simplified,  p. 
147),  his  analysis  was  incorrect — the  mineral  not  containing  the  10  p.  c.  of  alkalies  announced  by 
him,  as  directly  proved  by  Smith  and  Brush.  Shepard  stated  (1.  c.)  that  the  mineral  had  8  p.  c. 
of  water  without  boric  acid ;  and  yet  it  is  certain  that  the  mineral  was  the  same  that  was  investi- 
gated by  Smith  and  Brush. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  no  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  fuses  at  3-5  to  a  colorless  glass,  and 
imparts  a  green  color  to  the  O.F.;  this  is  heightened  by  moistening  the  assay  with  sulphuric  acid 
before  heating.  Not  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  but  sufficiently  attacked  for  the  solution  to 
give  the  reaction  of  boric  acid  with  turmeric  paper.  When  previously  ignited  gelatinizes  with 
muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  orthoclase  and  oligoclase  in  dolomite  at  Danbury,  Connecticut.  It  has  some 
resemblance  to  chondrodite  in  color,  lustre,  and  brittleness,  but  is  distinctly  cleavable,  although 
the  planes  of  cleavage  are  often  irregular ;  it  may  be  readily  recognized  by  its  pyrognostic  char- 
acters. 

287.  IOLITE.  Spanischer  Lazulith  v.  Schlottheim,  Hoff.  Mag.  Min.,  i.  169,  1801.  lolith  (fr. 
Spain)  Went.;  Karst.  (with  descr.),  Tab.,  46,  92,  1808.  lolithe  K,  TabL,  61,  221,  1809. 
Dichroit  Cordier,  J.  d.  M.,  xxv.  129,  1809,  J.  de  Phys.,  IxviiL  298,  1809.  Steinheilite  Gadolin, 
Mem.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  vi.  565.  Peliom  (fr.  Bodenmais)  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  b,  117,  1817. 
Cordierite  Lucas,  Tabl.,  ii.  219,  1813;  K,  Tr.,  iiL  5,  1822.  Hard  Fahlunit.  Luchssaphir, 
Wassersaphir  in  Grerm.,  Saphir  d'eau  in  Fr.,  of  Ceylon  Jewelry. 

Orthorhombic.  In  stout  prisms  often  hexagonal.  /A  1=  11 9°  10'  and  60° 
50',  0  A  1 -2=150°  49r.  Observed  planes:  0\  vertical, 
/,  i-l,  i-i,  i-Z ;  domes,  f-?,  1-2,  2-2 ;  pyramids,  4-,  4,  1,  3-3. 
O  A  1=132°  12',  0  A  J=150°  7',  /A  ^-5=150°,  i4  A  U 
=150°  257,  to  A  £.8=120°  50'.  Cleavage  :  i-i  distinct ; 
i-l  and  0  indistinct.  Crystals  often  transversely  divided 
or  foliated  parallel  with  O.  Twins :  composition-face 
I.  Also  massive,  compact. 

H.=7-7'5.      G.=2-56-2-6Y;    2-5969,    Greenland, 
Stromeyer;  2'65— 2'6643,  Haddam,  Thomson;  Ostgoth- 
land   2'-64,   Siidermanland   2'61,   Schutz ;   2'605,   Mursinka,   Kokscharof. 
Lustre  vitreous.     Color  various  shades  of  blue,  light  or  dark,  smoky-blue  ; 


300 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Si 

XI 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg 

Ca 

1. 

Bodenmais 

48-35 

31-71 

8-32 

0-33 

10-16 



2. 

Greenland 

49-17 

33-11 

4-34 

0-04 

11-45 



3. 

Fahlun 

50-25 

32-42 

4-01 



10-85 

— 

4. 

Ostgothland 

48-6 

30-5 

10-7 

o-i 

8-2 



5.  Sudermanland     49-7 

32-0 

6-0 

o-i 

9-5 

0-6 

6. 

Krageroe 

(1)50-44 

32-95 





12-76 

1-12 

7. 

Mursinka 

50-65 

30-26 

4-10 

0-60 

11-09 



8. 

Finland 

48-54 

31-73 

5-69  Mn  0-70 

11-30 



9. 

» 

49-95 

32-88 

5-00 

0-03 

20-45 



10. 

» 

48-9 

30-9 

6-3 

0-3 

11-2 



11. 

Haddam,  Ct. 

49-62 

28-72 

11-58 

1-51 

8-64 

0-23 

12. 

Unity,  Me. 

48-11 

32-50 

7-92 

0-28 

10-14 



pleochroic,  being  often  deep  blue  along  the  vertical  axis,  and  brownish- 
yellow  or  yellowish-gray  perpendicular  to  it.  Streak  uncolored.  Trans- 
parent— translucent.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Double  refraction  feeble  ; 
bisectrix  negative,  normal  to  0. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  4  :  5  or  1  :  1 J.  The  state  of  oxydation  of  the  iron  is  still 
unascertained,  and  hence  there  is  uncertainty  as  .to  .the  proportion  between  the  protqxyds  and 
sesquioxyds.  The  ratio  usually  deduced  for  R,  R,  Si  is  1  :  3  :  5.  The  formula  2  R  Si+R2  S3, 
which  corresponds  to  this  ratio,  =,  if  Mg  :  Fe=2  :  1,  Silica  49-4,  alumina  33-9,  magnesia  8-8, 
protoxyd  of  iron,  7-9=100. 

Analyses:  1-3,  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  329,  431);  4,  5,  Schiitz  (Pogg.,  liv.  565);  6,  Scheerer 
(Pogg.,  Ixviii.  319) ;  7,  Hermann  (Koksch.  Min.  Russl.,  iii.  257) ;  8,  Stromeyer  (Untersuch.,  329, 
431);  9,  Bonsdorff  (Schw.  J.,  xxxiv.  369);  10,  Schiitz  (Pogg.,  liv.  565);  11,  Thomson  (Min.,  i. 
278);  12,  C.  T.  Jackson  (This  Min.,  1844,  406,  G.  Rep.  N.  Hamp.,  184): 


0-59=99-46  Stromeyer. 

1-20=99-31  Stromeyer. 

1-66,  Mn  0-68=99-87  Stromeyer. 

1-5,  undec.  0'2  =  100-3  Schiitz. 

2-1,  undec.  0-6=100-6  Schiitz. 

1-02,  3Pe  1-07  =  99-36  Scheerer. 

2-66,  Li  0-64=100  Hermann. 

1-69=99-65  Stromeyer. 

1-75  =  100-06  Bonsdorff. 

1-9,  undec.  1-6  =  101-1  Schiitz. 

=100-30  Thomson. 

0-50=99-49  Jackson. 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  loses  transparency  and  fuses  at  5—5-5.  Only  partially  decomposed  by  acids. 
Decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates.  • 

Obs. — lolite  occurs  in  granite,  gneiss,  hornblendic,  chlorite  and  talcose  schist,  and  allied  rocks, 
with  quartz,  orthoclase  or  albite,  tourmaline,  hornblende,  andalusite,  and  sometimes  beryl.  Also 
rarely  hi  volcanic  rocks. 

At  Bodenmais,  Bavaria,  it  is  met  with  in  granite,  in  crystals,  along  with  pyrrhotine,  blende, 
chalcopyrite ;  the  variety  is  the  peliom  of  Werner,  named  from  TrtXios  in  allusion  to  its  smoky  blue 
color.  It  occurs  in  quartz  at  Ujordlersoak  in  Greenland ;  in  granite  at  Cape  de  Gata,  in  Spain ; 
at  Krageroe  in  Norway ;  Orijerfvi,  in  Finland  (steinheilite) ;  Tunaberg,  in  Sweden  ;  Finspaong  in 
Ostgothland ;  Brunhult  in  Sudermanland ;  Fahlun  (hard  fahlunite) ;  Lake  Laach,  with  sanidin ; 
at  Campiglia  Maritima,  Tuscany,  in  a  trachytic  rock,  containing  also  mica,  quartz,  and  sanidin. 
Ceylon  affords  a  transparent  variety,  in  small  rolled  masses  of  an  intense  blue  color,  the  sapphire 
d'eau  of  jewellers. 

At  Haddam,  Conn.,  associated  with  tourmaline  in  a  granitic  vein  in  gneiss ;  sparingly  at  the 
chrysoberyl  locality,  in  an  altered  or  fahlunite  condition ;  abundant  in  quartz  with  garnet  and 
yellowish-green  feldspar,  near  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railway,  between  the  Shetucket  and 
Quinnebaug,  where  the  gneiss  has  been  quarried  for  the  road.  At  Brimfield,  Mass.,  on  the  road 
leading  to  Warren,  near  Sam  Patrick's  with  adularia,  in  gneiss ;  also  good  at  Richmond,  NT.  H., 
in  talcose  rock,  along  with  anthophyllite. 

lolite  is  occasionally  employed  as  an  ornamental  stone,  and  when  cut  exhibits  different  colors 
in  different  directions. 

Named  lolite  from  lav,  violet,  and  Xfflo?,  stone;  Dichroite,  from  its  dichroism ;  Cordierite,  after  Cordier, 
the  geologist,  who  first  studied  the  crystal  of  the  species  ;  Steinheilite  by  Gadolin  after  Mr.  Steinheil. 
Lucas  and  Haiiy,  who  adopt  cordierite,  rejected  the  earlier  names  iolite  and  dichroite  because  the 
former  is  not  always  applicable,  and  the  latter  is  equally  applicable  to  various  other  stones.  Epi- 
dole,  pyroxene,  and  a  multitude  of  other  names,  if  judged  by  the  same  code,  would  be  found  to  have 
no  better  claim  to  recognition. 

Alt.— The  alteration  of  iolite  takes  place  so  readily  by  ordinary  exposure,  that  the  mineral  is  most 
commonly  found  in  an  altered  state,  or  enclosed  in  the  altered  iolite.  This  change  may  be  a  sim  • 
pie  hydration  (fahlunite,  etc.) ;  or  a  removal  of  part  of  the  protoxyd  bases  by  carbonic  acid ;  or 
the  introduction  of  oxyd  of  iron ;  or  of  alkalies,  forming  pinite  and  mica.  The  first  step  in  the 
change  consists  in  a  division  of  the  prisms  of  iolite  into  plates  parallel  to  the  base,  and  a  pearly 
foliation  of  the  surfaces  of  these  plates ;  with  a  change  of  color  to  grayish-green  and  greenish- 
gray,  and  sometimes  brownish-gray.  As  the  alteration  proceeds,  the  foliation  becomes  more  com- 


UNISILICATES.  301 

plete ;  afterward  it  may  be  lost.  The  mineral  in  this  altered  condition  has  many  names :  as 
hydrous  iolite,  pinite,  cataspilite,  fahlunite^  lonsdorffite,  esmarkite,  chlorophyllite,  gigantolite,  praseolite. 
aspasiolite.  Pinite,  as  far  as  it  is  altered  iolite,  includes  properly  the  alkaline  kinds.  Fahlunite  and 
the  following,  excepting  the  last,  correspond  to  iolite  +  aq.  In  most  cases  if  the  water  of  the 
altered  iolifce  be  included  with  the  bases,  the  oxygen  ratio  between  the  bases  and  silica  becomes 
1:1;  it  seems,  therefore,  quite  probable  that  the  strong  tendency  of  iolite  to  take  up  water  is 
owing  to  the  fact  that  its  silica  (whose  amount  of  oxygen  exceeds  that  of  the  bases  by  one-fourth) 
is  not  saturated  with  bases.  Regarding  the  water  of  the  altered  .mineral  as  basic,  esmarkite,  chlo- 
rophyllite, gigantolite,  and  praseolite  will  have  the  formula  (R3,  R)  Si ;  and  fahlunite  and  bonsdorffite, 
containing  twice  as  much  water  as  the  preceding,  would  have  the  formula  (R3,  &)  Si  +  H.  If 
1  :  3  :  5  :  0  be  the  oxygen  ratio  for  R,  S,  Si,  II  in  iolite,  1:3:5:1  will  be  the  ratio  for  esmar* 
Me,  etc.,  and  1  :  3  :  5  :  2,  for  fahlunite,  etc.  Weissite,  iberite,  huronite  are  names  of  other  min- 
erals supposed  to  be  altered  iolite. 

For  the  distinguishing  characters  and  analyses  of  the   different  kinds  of  altered  iolite,  see 
FINITE,  FAHLUNITE,  and  CATASPILITB,  under  HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


MICA  GROUP. 

The  minerals  of  the  Mica  group  are  alike  in  having  (1)  the  prismatic 
angle  120° ;  (2)  eminently  perfect  basal  cleavage,  affording  readily  very  thin, 
tough,  laminae ;  (3)  potash  almost  invariably  among  the  protoxyd  bases 
and  alumina  among  the  sesquioxyd ;  (4)  the  crystallization  either  hexa- 
gonal or  orthorhombic,  and  therefore  the  optic  axis,  or  optic-axial  plane,  at 
right  angles  to  the  cleavage  surface. 

Soda  is  sparingly  present  in  some  micas,  and  is  characteristic  of  the  hydrous  species  paragonite 
(p.  ).  Lithia,  rubidia,  and  cassia  occur  in  lepidolite.  Fluorine  is  often  present,  probably  re- 
placing oxygen.  Titanium  is  found  sparingly  in  several  kinds,  and  is  a  prominent  ingredient  of 
one  species,  astrophyllite.  It  is  usually  regarded  as  in  the  state  of  titanic  acid  replacing  silica ; 
but,  for  reasons  elsewhere  given,  it  is 'here  made  basic. 

1.  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  1  :  1. 

288.  PHLOGOPITE.     (1)  Contains  magnesia,  with  little  or  no  iron,  and  much  alumina.    (2)  0.  ratio 
for  R,  R  between  2  :  1  and  5  :  3.     (3)  Optic-axial  angle  3° — 20°.     (4)  Folia  tough,  and,  if  not  al- 
tered, elastic. 

289.  BIOTTTE.     (1)  Contains  magnesia  and  iron,  with  much  alumina.    (2)  0.  ratio  for  R,  S  about 
1  :  1  (rarely  1  :  1-J-  or  1  :  2.)   (3)  Optically  uniaxial,  but  often  slightly  biaxial  through  irregularity. 
(4)  Folia  tough  and  elastic. 

290.  LEPIDOMELANE.     (1)  Contains  much  iron  and  little  magnesia,  with  much  of  the  alumina 
replaced  by  sesquioxyd  of  iron.     (2)  0.  ratio  for  R,  &  about  1  :  3.     (3)  Optically  like  biotite.     (4) 
Folia  brittle,  hardly  at  all  elastic. 

291.  ANNITE;  lepidomelane  having  the  0.  ratio  for  R,  B=l  :  2. 

292.  ASTROPHYLLITE.     (1)  Contains  much  titanium,  zirconium,  etc.,  with  little  alumina.     (2)  0. 
ratio  for  R,  $  between  2  :  1  and  5  :  3,  nearly  as  in  phlogopite.     (3)  Optic-axial  angle  exceeding 
90°.     (4)  Folia  brittle,  but  slightly  elastic. 

2.  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  1  :  1£  to  1  :  2. 

293.  MUSCOVITE.     (1)  Contains  potash  almost  alone  among  protoxyds.  with  no  magnesia,  or 
rarely  a  little;  and  alumina  as  the  principal  sesquioxyd.     (2)  0.  ratio  for  R,  $  1  :  6  to  1  :  12,  and 
for  R+R,  Si  mostly  1  :  1^-.     (3)  Optic-axial  angle  40°  —75°.     (4)  Folia  tough,  elastic,  except  in 
some  hydrous  or  altered  kinds. 

294.  LEPIDOLITE.    (1)  Contains  lithia,  rubidia,  and  csesia,  with  potash  as  the  principal  protoxyd, 
and  with  alumina  as  the  principal  sesquioxyd.   (2)  0.  ratio  for  R  +  R-,  Si  mostly  1  :  l£.     (3)  Optic- 
axial  divergence  70° — 78°. 

295.  CRYOPHYLLITE.     (1)  Same  constituents  as  lepidolite.    (2)  0.  ratio  for  R+K,  Si=l  :  2.    (3) 
Optic-axial  angle  50° — 60°.     (4)  Folia  tough,  elastic. 

The  species  of  the  Mica  group  graduate  into  the  hydrous  micas  of  the  Margarodite  group  (p. 
) ;  and  through  these  they  also  approach  the  foliated  species  of  the  Talc  and  Chlorite  groups, 
especially  the  latter. 

The  micas  were  regarded  as  of  one  species  until  1792,  when  lepidolifce  was  made  distinct.  The 
earlier  synonymy  therefore  may  be  conveniently  given  here. 


302 


OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 


Pliny  probably  included  the  mineral  mica  with  the  Lapis  specularis  (xxxvi.  45)  or  Seknite  ;  and 
the  shavings  or  scales  of  Lapis  specularis  strown  over  the  "  Circus  Maximus,  "  to  produce  an 
agreeable  whiteness,  were  probably  those  of  a  soft  silvery  mica  schist.  His  Hammochrysos  also 
(xxxvii.  73,  named  from  a/^oj,  sand,  xf>vff6^  dold)  was  probably  sand  from  a  yellowish  mica  schist, 
which  abounds  by  the  road-side  in  many  mica-schist  regions.  Agricola  speaks  of  the  deceptive 
character  of  this  silvery  and  golden  dust,  as  cited  below.  This  silvery  and  golden  mica  in  scales 
is  the  Cat-silver  and  Cat-gold  of  medieval  Europe.  The  following  is  the  synonymy  of  the  mineral 
since  the  time  of  Pliny : 

Mica,  Ammochrysos,  colore  argento  ita  simile  sit,  ut  pueros  et  rerum  metallicarum  imperitos 
decipere  possit,  Germ.  Glimmer,  Katzen-Silber,  Agric.,  Foss.,  254,  447,  Interpr.,  466,  1546.  Specu- 
laris lapis  adulterinus  flexilis  sexangulorum  Capeller,  Prodr.  Cryst,  26,  1723.  Mica  [Talc  not 
included],  Vitrum  Muscoviticum,  V.  Rutheniticum,  Skimmer,  VAR.  alba  (Kattsilver),  flava  (Katt- 
gull),  rubra,  viridis  [Chlorite  fr.  Sahlberg],  nigra,  squamosa,  radians,  fluctuans,  hemispherica) 
Watt.,  Min.,  129,  131,  1747.  Mica  pfc.  [rest  Talc,  Chlorite],  Verre  de  Moscovie,  etc.,  Fr.  Trl.  Wall, 
i.  241,  1753.  Mica,  Glimmer,  Yitrum  Muscoviticum  (in  plates),  Mica  squamosa  (in  scales)  Cronst., 
Min.,  88,  1758.  Isinglass  (in  large  plates),  Glimmer  or  Mica  (in  small  scales)  pt.  (rest  Talc, 
Chlorite)  Hill,  Foss.,  10,  13,  1771.  Glimmer  [Chlorite  and  Talc  excluded]  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  37, 
1789. 

The  word  mica  has  been  said  to  come  from  the  Latin  mica,  a  crumb  or  grain,  as  it  was  formerly 
applied  especially  to  the  mineral  in  scales.  It  is  usually  derived,  however,  from  the  Latin  micare, 
signifying  (like  the  German  name  Glimmer)  to  shine. 


288.  PHLOGOFITE.    Magnesia-Mica  pt.     Ehombic  Mica.     Ehombenglimmer  pt.    Phlogopit 
(fr.  Antwerp,  N.  Y.)  Breifh.,  Handb.,  398,  1841. 


282 


Orthorhombic.      /A  7=120°,  and  habit  hexagonal.      Prisms  usually 

oblong  six-sided  prisms,  more  or 
less  tapering,  with  irregular  sides  ; 
rarely,  when  small,  with  polished 
lateral  planes.  Cleavage  basal, 
highly  eminent.  Not  known  in 
compact  massive  forms. 

H.  =  2-5-3.  G.  =  2-78-2-85. 
Lustre  pearly,  often  submetallic,  on 
cleavage  surface.  Color  yellowish- 
brown  to  brownish-red,  writh  often 
something  of  a  copper-like  reflec- 
tion; also  pale  brownish-yellow, 
green,  white,  colorless.  Transpar- 
ent to  translucent  in  thin  folia. 
Antwerp.  Thin  laminae  tough  and  elastic. 

Optical-axial    divergence   3° — 20°, 
rarely  less  than   5°  ;    in  fig.   282, 
which  represents  the  optical  character  of  the  mica  of  Natural  Bridge,  15°. 

Oomp.— -Mostly  (fr  'Ra+TLf  8)2  Si3 ;  the  bases  include  magnesia  and  little  or  no  iron.  Possibly 
for  all  (|  £3+i  £)a  Si3,  as  in  anal,  by  Rammelsberg.  Phlogopite  is  a  true  Magnesia  mica. 

Analyses :  1,  Meitzendorff  (Pogg.,  Iviii.  157) ;  2-4,  Crawe  (Am.  J.  Scl,  II.  x.  396)  •  5  Ram- 
melsberg (ZS.  G.,  xiv.  758) ;  6,  Svanberg  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1839,  176) ;  7,  Delesse  fBull.  G.  Fr., 
II.  ir.  121)  j  8,  id.  (Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  x.  519) ;  9,  C.  Bromeis  (Pogg.,  Iv.  112)  \ 


Si 

1.  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.  (f)  41-30 

2.  Edwards,  N.  Y.  40-15 


15-35 
17-36 


£e      Mg     Ca 

1-77     28-79   

28-10   


$a      £ 

0'05a  9-70 
0-63  10-56 


8 

0-28 


3-30  Meitzend. 
4-20=101  Crawe. 


With  some  lithia. 


TJNISILICATES.  303 

Si       £l  Fe    MU    Mg      Ca    Na      K      fi      F 

3.  Edwards,  N.  Y.     40-36  16-45         29-55    4-94     7-23  0'95    =99-48  Crawe 

4.  "  40-36  16-08 30'25    4'39     6*07    2'65=99'80  Crawe. 

5.  Gouverneur  41'96  13'47         2'12  0'55  27'12  0-34     tr.      9'37  0'60  2-93  =  98-96  Ramm 

6.  Sala  42-46  12'86         7'11  1'06  25'39    6'03  3'17  0'62,  MgO'36,  CaO'10 

=  99-16  Svanberg. 

7.  Vosges  37-54  19'80         1-61  O'lO  30'32  0*70  I'OO     7'17  1-51  0-22=99-97  Delesse 

8.  "       bn.,  grih.     41'2012-37         9'51al'50b  19'03  1-63  1-28     7'94  2'90  1-06,  Li  0'22=98'64 

Delesse. 

9.  Herrchenberg,  br.  42-89     6'09  FelO'59    24'33  0'76  0-36  13-15  2'30   =100-47  Brom. 

a  Includes  5-03  of  Fe2  O8.          b  Eeckoned  as  1-67  Mn2  O3. 

The  Sala  mica  of  No.  6  has  not  been  examined  optically ;  yet,  as  it  agrees  nearly  in  atomic 
proportions  with  phlogopite,  it  appears  to  belong  here.  It  was  dark  green  in  color,  and  inelastic, 
and  is  called  chlorite  by  Svanberg ;  the  analysis  is  here  cited  from  the  original  paper  by  Svanberg. 
Crawe's  analyses  afford  the  0.  ratio  1-77  :  1  :  2'69=7  :  4  :  11,  and  Meitzendorff's  nearly  the  same. 
The  silico-fluorids  in  the  former  are  about  ^  and  in  the  latter  3V  G.  of  No.  5,  2-81,  Rammels- 
berg.  Analysis  7,  by  Delesse,  affords  the  0.  ratio  3:2:5;  and  8,  about  4£  :  3  :  9.  The  latter 
mica  is  a  brown  or  greenish  kind  from  the  rock  called  by  Delesse,  Minette,  occurring  at  Ser- 
yance  in  the  Vosges ;  the  ratio  may  become  that  of  biotite  when  the  state  of  oxydation  of  tho 
iron  is  ascertained  ;  G. =2*842.  No.  9  gives  the  ratio  12^  :  6  :  22^;  it  is  from  near  L.  Laach. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  little  water.  Some  varieties  give  the  reaction  for  fluorine 
in  the  open  tube,  while  most  give  little  or  no  reaction  for  iron  with  the  fluxes.  B.B.  whitens  and 
fuses  on  the  thin  edges.  Completely  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  leaving  the  silica  in  thin 


Obs. — Phlogopite  is  especially  characteristic  of  serpentine,  and  crystalline  limestone  or 
dolomite. 

Occurs  in  limestone  in  the  Yosges  (anal.  7,  8).  Includes  probably  the  mica  found  in  limestone 
at  Alt-Kemnitz,  near  Hirschberg ;  that  of  Baritti,  Brazil,  of  a  golden-yellow  color,  having  the 
optical  angle  5°  30'  and  parallel  to  the  shorter  diagonal  (Grailich);  and  a  brown  mica  from  lime- 
stone of  Upper  Hungary,  affording  G-railich  the  angle  4°  — 5°. 

Occurs  at  the  following  localities  in  the  U.  States  ;  specimens  from  which  afforded  the  optical 
angles  annexed,  all  measured  by  B.  Silliman,  Jr.  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  x.  372),  excepting  one  by  Blake 
(ib.,  xii.  6) : 

1.  Pope's  Mills,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  glassy  transparent  7°— 7°  30'          B.  S. 

2.  Edwards,  N.  Y.,  rich  reddish  brown  10? 

3.  St.  Lawrence  Co.,?  N.  Y.,  yeUowish  10? 

4.  Vrooman's  Lake,  N.  Y.,  in  long  crystals  of  a  yellow  color  10  30—10  50 

5.  Edwards,  N.  Y.,  rich  yellowish-brown  color  11 

6.  Warwick,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  in  limestone,  yellowish  11? 

7.  Falls  of  the  Grand  Calumet,  Canada,  yellowish-green  crystals  many 

inches  long  13-13  12  " 

8.  Pope's  Mills,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  large  crystals,  fine  yellowish- 

brown  13  30 

9.  Edwards,  N.  Y. ;  2d  specimen,  yellowish-brown  13  30 

10.  Church's  Mills,  Rossie,  N.  Y.,  resembles  the  Pope's  Mills  13  80—14 

11.  Near  Skinner's  Bridge,  Rossie,  N.  Y.,  silvery-yellow  mica  14 

12.  Carlisle,  Mass.,  rich  yellowish-brown  14 

13.  Rossie,  N.  Y.,  near  Mrs.  Story's,  light  yellowish  '  15 

14.  Pope's  Mills,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  brownish-yellow  hexagonal  crystal  15 

15.  Natural  Bridge,  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.,  rich  yellow;  associated  with  ser- 

pentine ;  same  as  analyzed  by  Meitzendorff  15 

15.  bis.,  ib.,  ib.,  another  specimen  16 

16.  Edwards,  N.  Y.,  white  silvery,  curved  crystals  15  30—16  30       " 

17.  Vicinity  of  Rossie,  N.  Y.,  rich  yellow-brown ;  probably  the  same  as 

Gouverneur  16  7-16  15 

18.  Essex,  N.  Y.,  in  limestone,  deep  rich  brown  color  16  30 

19.  Upper  Ottawa,  Canada,  reddish-yellow,  transparent  17  30—18 

20.  Moriah,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.,  very  dark  smoky  red  Est'd  16  —  17 

21.  Somerville,  N.  YM  faint  brownish  5 — 7 

22.  Burgess,  Canada  West,  bronzy,  almost  metallic,  semi-transparent  if 

thin ;  opaque  in  plates  a  line  thick ;  slightly  elastic  only ;  found  with 

apatite  in  sandstone  Angle  very  small  " 


304:  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

23.  Franklin,  K  J.,  bronzy-yellow  About  14°  B.  S, 

24.  Burgess,  Canada  West,  whitish-yellow  About  10  " 

25.  Fine,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  very  dark  olive-brown  Est'd  10—12  " 

26.  Amity,  N.  Y.,  opaque  silvery  white  10—12 

27.  Warwick,  Pa.,  brownish  olive-green  About  10  Blake. 

Phlogopite  occurs  also  at  Gouverneur,  N".  Y.,  of  a  brownish  copper-red  ;  at  Sterling  Mine,  Mor- 
ris Co.,  N".  J.,  rich  yellowish-brown,  inclining  to  red,  in  limestone  ;  at  Suckasunny  mine,  N.  J., 
deep  olive-brown,  inclining  to  yellow,  in  limestone  ;  Newton,  N.  J.,  yellow,  in  limestone  ;  Lock- 
wood,  Sussex  Co.,  N.  J.,  deep  olive-brown,  like  the  mica  of  Fine,  N.  Y.,  in  limestone  ;  at  St.  Je- 
rome, Canada,  reddish-coppery.  The  crystals  at  Clarke's  Hill,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  are  very  large, 
sometimes  nearly  two  feet  long  ;  fig.  281  represents  one  in  the  cabinet  of  W.  W.  Jefferis,  which 
is  20  in.  long,  4  in.  thick  at  top,  and  8^-  in.  at  centre,  and  weighs  57£  pounds.  Senarmont  found 
one  deep  bottle-green  mica  of  unknown  locality  having  the  angle  15°. 

Named  from  ^Aoyw™?,  fire-like,  in  allusion  to  the  color. 

Alt.—  The  phlogopites  are  quite  liable  to  change,  losing  their  elasticity,  becoming  pearly  in 
lustre,  with  often  brownish  spots,  as  if  from  the  hydration  of  the  oxyd  of  iron.  In  some  cases 
an  alteration  to  steatite  and  serpentine  has  been  observed.  A  serpentine  pseudomorph  after  phlog- 
qpite  from  Somerville,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  afforded  Lewinstein  (ZS.  Ch.  Pharm.,  1860,  15) 
Si  47-24,  3tl  2-32,  Mg  33'23,  Fe  110,  Na  0-67,  K  0'57,  H  14-87  =  100. 

289.  BIOTITE,  Magnesia-Mica  pt.,  Hexagonal  Mica,  Uniaxial  Mica.  Astrites  meroxenua 
(fr.  Yesuv.)  Breiffi.,  Handb.,  382,  1841.  Kubellan=  Astrites  trappicus,  Breith.,  ib.  379.  Biotit 
Hausm.,  Handb.,  671,  1847.  Khombenglimmer  (fr.  Greenwood  Furnace)  Kenngott,  Pogg.,  Ixxiii. 
661. 


Hexagonal.     ^Aj^=62°  57',  crystals  fr.  Vesuvius,  Hessenberg;   a= 
4*911126.     Habit  often  monoclinic.     Observed  planes  :  0\  rhomboliedrons, 
£        -i;  Prism>  *-2;  Pyramids,  f2,  f  2,  f-2,  1-2,  f  2,  2-2,  f  2,  f-2,  4-2  ; 
the  form  fr.  Greenwood  Furnace,  the  rest  fr.  Yesuvian  crystals. 

283  0  A  72=100°  0  A  f  2=98°  41' 

0  A  4-2=121  25'  0  A  2-2=95  49    , 

0  A  |-2  =  106  59  O  A  4-2=92  55 

0  A  1-2=101  30£  0  A  f=H3  47 


Prisms  commonly  tabular.  Cleavage  :  basal 
highly  eminent.  Often  in  disseminated  scales, 
sometimes  in  massive  aggregations  of  cleavable 
scales. 

H.  =  2'5— 3.  G. =2*7— 3*1.  Lustre  splendent,  and  more  or  less  pearly 
on  a  cleavage  surface,  and  sometimes  submetallic  when  black ;  lateral  sur- 
faces vitreous  when  smooth  and  shining.  Colors  usually  green  to  black, 
often  deep  black  in  thick  crystals,  and  sometimes  even  in  thin  laminae,  un- 
less the  laminae  are' very  thin ;  such  thin  laminae  green,  blood-red,  or  brown 
by  transmitted  light;  rarely  white.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to 
opaque.  Optically  uniaxial.  Sometimes  biaxial  with  slight  axial  diver- 
gence, from  exceptional  irregularities,  but  the  angle  not  exceeding  5°  and 
seldom  1°. 

Comp.,  Var. — Biotite  is  a  magnesia-iron  mica,  part  of  the  alumina  being  replaced  by  sesqui- 
oxyd  of  iron,  and  protoxyd  of  iron  and  magnesia  existing  among  the  protoxyd  bases.  Black  is  the 
prevailing  color,  but  brown  to  white  also  occur.  The  results  of  analyses  vary  much,  and  for  the 
reason  already  stated — the  non-determination,  in  most  cases,  of  the  degree  of  oxydation  of  the 
iron ;  and  the  exact  atomic  ratio  for  the  species  and  its  limits  of  variation  are  therefore  not  pre- 
cisely understood.  The  0.  ratio,  which  appears  to  be  dominant,  is  1  :  1  :  2,  giving  the  formula 
i3,  which  is  the  formula  of  garnet.  In  some  cases  the  ratio  is  apparently  near 


UNISILICATES. 


305 


1  :  1}  :  2£  and  1:2:3;  and  through,  species  containing  much  iron  it  passes  to  micas  of  the 
species  annite  and  lepidomelane. 

The  analyses  below  are  arranged  hi  two  divisions ;  (A)  having  the  0.  ratio  approximately  ]  : 
1:2;  (B)  having  other  various  ratios. 

Analyses:  A.  1,  v.  Kobell  (Kastn.  Arch.  Nat.,  xii.  29);  2,  3,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II. 
xvi.  45) ;  4,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xii.  485) ;  5,  Smith  &  Brush  (1.  c.) ;  6,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  j! 
Sci.,  II.  xlii.  91);  7,  v.  Kobell  (1.  c.);  8,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvi.  309);  9,  Bromeis  (Pogg.,  Iv. 
112);  10,  Chodnef  (Pogg.,  Ixi.  381);  11,  Chodnef,  with  oxyd  of  iron  by  Mitscherlich  (J.  pr.  Ch., 
Ixxxvi.  1);  12,  Kjerulf  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixv.  187);  13,  H.  Rose  (G-ilb.  Ann.,  Ixxi.  13);  14,  C.  Bromeis 
(Bischof's  Lehrb.  G-eol.,  ii.  1418);  15,  Bukeisen  (Kenng.  Ueb.,  1856-57,  86);  16,  Scheerer  (ZS. 
GK,  xiv.  60);  17,  Kiebel  (ib.);  18,  A.  Streng  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiii.  54);  19,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  v.  78); 
20,  H.  Eose  (Pogg.,  i.  75);  21,  v.  Kobell  (Kastn.  Arch.  Nat.,  xii.  29). 

B.  22,  23,  Scheerer  and  Rube  (ZS.  G-.,  xiv.  56);  24,  Varrentrapp  (Pogg.,  Ixi.  381);  25,  Delesse 
(Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xxv.  14);  26,  Svanberg  (Ak.  H.  Stockholm,  1839,  172);  27,  Kjerulf  (1.  c.); 
28,  Svanberg  (1.  c.,  177);  29,  Haughton  (Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  xviii.  413);  30,  H.  Rose  (No.  20  above), 
31,  v.Kobell  (No.  21  above),  with  Mitscherlich's  determination  of  the  iron. 


A.   0.  ratio  approximately  1:1:2. 


1.  Monroe 

2.  " 


Si      £1  3>e  Fe 

40-00  16-16  7-50  

39-88  14-99  7'68  

39-51  15-11  7-99 


4.  "  40-21  19-99    7-96 

5.  Putnam  Co.39'62  17-35    5'40    

6.  Chester,Ms.39'08  15-38    7'12    

7.  Greenland  41-00  16'88    4'50  5'05 

8.  Bodenmais  40'86  15-13  13-00    

9.  Vesuvius     39-75  15'99    8'29    


n      Mg 
21-54 

23-69 
23-40 

21-15 

23-85 


0-31 


10. 


(I)  40-91  17-79  11-02 


11. 

12.  " 

13.  L.  Baikal 

14.  L.  Laach 

15.  Tyrol 

16.  Brand 

17.  " 


7-03 


40-91  17-79    3-00 

44-63  19-04    4-92    

42-01  16-05    4-93    

43-02  16-85  11-63 

38-43  15-71  14-49C  tr. 

37-18  17-53    6-20   15-3oMnO'31 


37-06  16-78    6-07   15-37 


tr. 


23-58 
18-86 
22-00 
24-49 

19-04 
19-04 
20-89 
25-97 
18-40 
17-28 
9-05 

9-02 


18.  Harzburg    36-17  18-09    8'70  13'72 11-16 

19.  Siberia        42-50  11-50  22*00     2*0        9*00 

20.  Miask          40'00  12'67  19'03     0'63    15'70 


21. 


42-12  12-83  20-78 


16-15 


Ca 

Na 

K 

fi 

F 





10-83 

3-00 

0-50,  Ti  0-2— 

99-76  K 



1-12 

9-11 

1-30 

0-95,  Cl  0-44= 

99-16  S.  &  B. 

10-20 

1-35 

0-95  Cl  0-44= 

98-95  S.  &  B. 

1-55 

0-90 

5-22 

2-89 

=  9.8-97  H. 



1-ul 

8-95 

1-41 

1-20.C1  0-27  = 

99-06  S.  &  B. 



2-63 

7-50 

2-24 

0-76=98-60.  S. 





8-76 

4-30 

*r.=99-35  K, 





8-83 

0-44 

=100-26  K. 

0-87 



8-78 

0-75 

gangue  0*1 

=  98-62  B. 

0-30 



9-96 



=99-02  C. 

0-30 



9-96 



=98-03  C. 



2-05 

6-97 

0-17 

=98-97  K. 





7-55 



0-65=97  -16  R. 

0-71 

1-15 

8-60 



=100-36aB 

tr. 



11-42 

2-76 

=100-09  B. 

0-79 

2-93 

514 

3-62 

Ti  2-47  = 

100-57  S. 

0-57 

2-86 

5-96 

3-77 

Ti  3-64b= 

101-10  K. 

0-52 

tr. 

7-59 

2-28 

0-36=98-59  S. 

_____ 

_____ 

10-00 

1-00 

=98  K. 



, 

5-61 

2-OOTi,  £e  1-63. 

=97-27  R. 





,  8-58 

1-07 

=101-53  K. 

B.  0.  ratio  approximately  1:2:3,    1  :  1£  :  2£,  etc. 


22.  Freiberg     37'50  17'87  12-93      9*95     0'20    10-15     0'45    3'00      0'83    3'48    Ti  3'06= 

99-42  a 

23.  "  36-89  15-00  16'29      6'95 9'65     1-75 6*06    4'40    ti  316= 

100-15  R 

24.  Zillerthal    39'85  16-07  13'21     15*60     0*42  [13'68,   loss  incl.],     Yarr. 

25.  Alps,dk.gn.  41-22  13'92  26'90 1'09      4*70     2'58    1*40      6'05    0'90     1-58=100-34  D 

»  Much  ammoniacal  water  given  off  on  ignition,  and  anal,  made  on  the  mineral  after  thus  drying, 
b  Containing  Fe  and  Al.  c  As  published,  protoxyd. 

20 


306 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Si  XI      3Pe 

26.  Pargas        42-58  21*68  10-39 

27.  Eifel,&r.-Zm.43-10  15'0525-89 

28.  Rosendahl  44-41    16-86  

29.  Gar. Wood  44'40  21'52  10-72 
SO.Miask         40'00  12'67    1-97 


31. 


42-12    12-83    2-53 


ft 

fin 

i 

Ig 

Ca 

$a 

K 

g 

F 



0-75 

10-27 

1-04 



8-45 

3-35 

0-51-99-02  S. 



10 

•82 

0'81 

0-82 

4-62 

1 

•50 

Ti  1-03  = 

103-59  K 

20-71 

0-45 

11 

•26 

1-50 



4-05 

1 

•13 

0-41  =  101-68  S 

3-96 

1-28 

6 

•14 

2-70 

0-74 

6-18 

1 

•20 

=98-84  H. 

15-39 

0-63 

15-70 

tr. 



5-61 

2-10  Ti  1-63  = 

95-70  E. 

15-32 



1G 

•15 





8-58 

•i 

•07 

=98-60  K. 

In  anal.  5,  Gk  =  2'80,  the  mica  talc-like,  pale  ywh.-gn.  by  transmitted  light,  inelastic,  waxy, 
probably  somewhat  altered;  6,  chlorite-like,  with  emery,  etc.;  8,  G.=2-7;  16,  17,  from  the  Erz- 
gebirge  ;  18,  from  gabbro,  opt.  char,  not  given ;  22,  23,  bronze-brown  to  black,  in  gneiss ;  25,  out 
of  protogine  of  Alps ;  29,  from  granite,  Ireland. 

In  the  Vesuvian  biotite,  anal  12,  0.  ratio  for  E,  K,  Si=10'05  :  10-36  :  23-17 ;  anal  10,  9'37 
12-33:  21-24=1  :  lfc:  2£;  anal  11  (10  as  modified  by  Mitscherlich),  9'25  :  9-93  :  21-24.  Anal.  16, 
as  it  stands,  gives  the  ratio  1  :  1£  :  2£;  18,  1  :  1  :  If ;  22  to  29,  nearly  1  :  2  :  3,  but  some  defi- 
ciency of  protoxyds  in  27,  28,  making  the  ratio  nearer  1  :  2f :  4.  The  last  two,  30,  31,  are  the 
analyses  by  Rose  and  v.  Kobell,  Nos.  20,  21,  with  the  Fe  and  3?e  as  recently  determined  by  A. 
Mitscherlich.  Mitscherlich's  results  change  the  ratio  from  1  :  1  :  2  to  nearly  5  :  3  :  10,  or  the  ratio 
approximately  of  phlogopite ;  and  if  his  determination  should  be  sustained,  the  Siberian  mica 
analyzed  would  appear  to  be  phlogopite. 

A  chrome  magnesia  mica  ( Chromglimmer)  of  a  green  color,  from  Schwarzenstein,  in  Zillerthal,  af- 
forded Schaf  hautl  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xlvi.  325)  over  5  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  chromium,  and  the  0.  ratio 
for  the  whole  6'4  :  9'6  :  24'75=2  :  3  :  8.  He  obtained  Si  47'68,  £1  15-15,  £r  5-90,  F"e  5-72,  Mn 
1-05,  Mg  11-58,  Na  1-17,  K  7'27,  H  2'86=98-38. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  phlogopite,  except  that  with  the  fluxes  it  gives  strong  reactions  for  iron. 

Obs. — Biotite  was  first  shown  to  be  optically  uniaxial  by  Biot,  after  whom  it  is  named ;  and, 
later,  to  be  hexagonal  in  crystallization  by  Marignac  (Bibl.  Univ.,  1847,  Suppl.  vi.  300);  Brooko 
and  Miller  (Min.,  387);  Kokscharof  (Min.  Russl.,  ii.  291);  and  quite  recently,  and  after  careful 
measurements,  by  Hessenberg  (Min.  Not.,  No.  vii.  15,  1866).  But  still  the  crystals  are  often 
slightly  biaxial,  as  first  remarked  by  Silliman  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  x.  372,  1850),  and  W.  P.  Blake 
(ib.,  xii.  6,  1851);  and  later  by  Dove  (Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  1853),  Senarmont  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III. 
xxxiii.  391,  xxxiv.  171),  G-railich  (Lehrb.  d.  Kryst.,  1856),  and  others.  On  the  ground  of  the 
biaxial  character  observed,  Descloizeaux,  in  his  Min.,  i.  88,  1862,  made  the  species  orthorfiombic. 
Blake  examined  specimens  from  Greenwood  Furnace ;  a  silvery- white  var.  fr.  Easton,  Pa. ;  a 
crimson  from  Topsham,  Me. ;  a  fiery-red,  by  transmitted  light,  from  Moriah,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  a 
dark  bottle-green  from  Moor's  Slide,  Ottawa,  Canada ;  and  seveu  different  varieties  from  Vesuvius. 
But  the  divergence,  which  was  in  all  very  small,  was  not  measured.  One  of  the  uniaxial  micas 
examined  by  Biot  is  stated  by  him  to  have  come  from  Topsham,  Me.  Kokscharof  found  some 
crystals  from  Vesuvius  true  uniaxial. 

The  following  are  the  results  of  measurements  by  Senarmont  and  Grailich  (two  or  three  of  the 
micas  perhaps  phlogopites) : 

1.  Axial  plane  parallel  to  the  longer  diagonal 

1.  Greenwood  Furnace  0°— 1°  Grailich. 

2.  Pellegrino,  Tyrol ;  hexagonal ;  in  limestone  0  — 1         " 

3.  Karosulik,  Greenland;  sea-green  1  — 2  Grailich. 

4.  Lake  Baikal ;  dark  brown  1—2         " 

5.  Adun-Tschilon,  Siberia ;  reddish-brown,  in  dolomite  (phlogopite  ?)  1  —2         " 

6.  Ceylon ;  clear  green,  transparent  1  — 2  Senarmont. 

7.  Philadelphia ;  clear  oli ve-green  (phlogopite  ?)  3  — 4        " 


2.  Axial  plane  parallel  to  the  shorter  diagonal. 

1.  Vesuvius ;  so-called  meroxene 

2.  Vesuvius ;  dull  green  to  colorless 

3.  Vesuvius ;  brownish-green 

4.  Vesuvius;  bluish 

5.  Vesuvius ;  greenish-black  in  pumice 

6.  L.  Baikal ;  deep  brown,  transparent,  hexagonal 


0°— 1°  Grailich. 

1 

2  " 

3 

4 

1  Senarmont. 


UNISILICATES.  307 

7.  Easton,  Pa. ;  silvery  white  1°— 2'  Grailich. 

8.  Fassa,  Tyrol ;  resembling  meroxene  1  — 3        " 

9.  Easton,  Pa. ;  green  3  — 4        " 

Grailich  found  the  angle  0°,  or  zero,  in  mica  from  Zillerthal ;  Norway,  dark  green ;  Kariat, 
dark  olive-green ;  Retzbanya,  greenish  to  colorless ;  Goshen,  pistachio-green ;  Leonfelden,  black  • 
Magura,  dark  red ;  Altenberg,  dark  bluish ;  Horn,  black ;  Besztercze,  dark ;  Anaksirksarklich, 
liver-brown. 

The  Vesuvian  biotite  found  on  Mt.  Somma  (Meroxene  of  Breith.)  occurs  in  brilliant  crystals 
with  numerous  polished  facets.  Other  foreign  localities  are  named  in  connection  with  the  anal- 
yses. The  mica  from  Greenwood  Furnace,  Monroe,  N.  Y.,  analyzed  by  von  Kobell  (anal.  1), 
occurs  in  large  and  very  regular  rhombic  prisms  (sometimes  5  or  6  in.  across)  oblique  from  an 
acute  edge ;  and  also  in  tetrahedral  pyramids ;  the  faces  of  the  pyramids  incline  to  the  cleavage 
plane  at  113°  to  1 14° ;  v.  Kobell  gives  for  the  angle  R  A  R  (faces  of  the  pyramid )  71°  to  72°.  This 
is  the  same  mica  with  that  analyzed  by  Smith  and  Brush  (anal.  2,  3),  as  Prof.  Brush  has  assured 
himself  by  an  examination  of  von  Kobell's  specimens  at  Munich. 

Alt. — Rubellan  is  considered  an  altered  biotite ;  it  occurs  in  small  hexagonal  forms,  of  a  red 
color,  in  a  kind  of  wacke.  Steatite  is  also  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  this  species,  as  in  granite 
at  Briinn  and  Thierscheim.  Among  the  above  analyses,  several  indicate  incipient  change  by  the 
water  and  chlorine  present.  Mica,  altered  to  magnetite,  has  been  observed  in  the  Tyrol. 

The  Eukamptite  of  Kenngott  (Ueb.,  1853,  58, 1855,  and  described  under  the  name  Ghlorit  dhnliches 
Mineral  in  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xi.  609,  1853)  is  a  hydrous  biotite,  probably  a  result  of  alteration, 
from  Presburg,  Hungary.  It  is  between  mica  and  chlorite  in  its  characters.  Color  nearly  black, 
but  in  very  thin  folia  brown  to  hyacinth-red  or  reddish-yellow;  H.  =  2— 2-5;  G.~  2'73.  Com- 
position, according  to  an  analysis  by  v.  Hauer  (1.  c.),  Si  38-13,  &1  21-60,  Fe  19*92,  Mn  2*61,  Mg, 
by  loss,  13-76,  H  3-98  =  100,  giving  the  oxygen  ratio  for  R,  fi,  Si,  H=l  :  1  :  2  :  £.  The  Voigtite 
of  Schmid  may  also  be  a  hydrated  biotite.  See  under  HYDROUS  SILICATES,  p.  393. 

290.  LEPIDOMELANE.    Hausmann,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott,  945,  1840. 

Hexagonal  ?  In  small  six-sided  tables,  or  an  aggregate  of  minute  scales. 
Cleavage  basal,  eminent,  as  in  other  micas. 

H.=3.  G.— 3*0.  Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  vitreous,  pearly. 
Color  black,  with  occasionally  a  leek-green  reflection.  Streak  grayish-green. 
Opaque,  or  translucent  in  very  thin  laminae.  Somewhat  brittle,  or  but  little 
elastic.  Optically  unaxial ;  or  biaxial  with  a  very  small  axial  angle. 

Comp. — An  iron-potash  mica.  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  1:1;  for  R,  H,  mostly  1  :  3,  but 
varying  to  1  to  more  than  3 ;  of  doubtful  limits,  on  account  of  the  doubts  as  to  the  state  of 
the  iron  in  most  of  the  analyses.  1  :  3  for  the  ratio  of  R,  &  gives  (£  R3+ffi)2  Si3.  Differs  from 
biotite  in  the  smaller  proportion  of  protoxyds  and  little  alumina  and  magnesia,  but  appears  to 
agree  with  it  in  optical  characters. 

Analyses:  1,  Soltmann  (Pogg.,  1.  664);  2,  Svanberg  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  178,  1839);  3-7,  Haugh- 
ton  (J.  G.  Soc.,  xv.  129,  xviii.  413,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xviii.  259);  8,  Illiiig  (Gieb.  u.  Heintz,  ZS.Nat, 
1854,  339): 

Si        £l        Fe      Fe    Mn    ]&g   Ca    &a     K     H 

1.  Wermlaiid  37*40  11-60  27-66  12'43 0'26       9'20  0*60=99'49  Soltm. 

2.  Abborforss  39*45     9'27  35"78     1-45  2'54  3'29  0*31 5*06  1*83,  Ca  0*32,  F  0*29= 

99-58  Svanb. 

3.  Jonesed,  Sw.  39-70  12*25  23-55     0*96  1-00  7-25  4-48  0'47  7'30  1-00=99*76  Ha-ughton. 

4.  Carlow  Co.  35*55  17'08  23'70     3*55  1*95  3*07  0*61  0*35  9'45  4*30=99-61  Haughton. 
6.  Ballygihen  36*20  15*95  27-19     0'64  1*50  5'00  0*50  0'16  8'65  3*90=99  69  Haughton. 

6.  Glenveagh  36*16  19*40  26*31     0*62  0'40  4'29  0*58  0'48  9*00  2*40=99*64  Haughton. 

7.  Canton  35'50  20*80  19'TO     7'74  1-70  4'46  0*56  0*10  9*00  0*25=99'81   Haughton. 

8.  Haindorf,  Silesia      36*98  20-25  23*14 6*16  2*96  5'44  852 =103-45  Illing. 

The  original  lepidomelane,  anal.  1,  affords  the  0.  ratio  1:3:4.  The  Irish  variety  (anal.  4,  5,  6, 
7)  affords  as  a  mean  result,  1  :  3*3  :  4'1 ;  No.  4  is  from  Ballyellin,  and  5,  6,  from  Donegal  Co.  The 
Abborforss  mica  affords  1  :  4*6  :  6'2 ;  but  if  the  water  be  made  basic,  1:3*1:  4*3 ;  and  anal.  8 
corresponds  to  1  :  3'2  :  3*8 ;  both  near  1:3:4.  The  mineral  of  the  last  has  G.  =  3'96,  and  is 
very  fusible. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  at  a  red  heat  becomes  brown  and  fuses  to  a  black  magnetic  globule.  Easily 
decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  depositing  silica  in  scales. 


308  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Obs.— A  scaly-massive  mineral  at  Persberg  in  "Wermland,  Sweden,  containing  imbedded  prisms 
of  hornblende,  the  scales  half  a  line  or  so  across  ;  mica-like  at  Abborforss  in  Finland;  in  granite 
in  Ireland,  at  Ballyellin  in  Carlow  Co.,  Leinster,  at  Ballygihen  in  Donegal  Co.,  and  at  Canton, 
mostly  in  largish  crystals  or  plates  (£  inch  across  and  larger).  The  Donegal  and  Leinster  Co.  mica 
is  optically  uniaxial,  according  to  Haughton.  The  granite  contains  also  a  white  muscovite  (see 
anal.  8-11,  under  MUSCOVITE);  and  in  some  cases  the  black  and  white  form  parts  of  the  same 
crystal ;  and,  where  so,  the  optic-axial  divergence  of  the  muscovite  was  diminished,  according 
to  some  trials,  20°.  Named  from  Xe-rfr,  scale,  and  /*&«,  Hack. 

Alt. — Haughton  gives  the  following  as  the  composition  of  an  altered  form  of  the  black  mica 
of  Donegal  Co.,  Ireland  (Nos.  5,  6,  above);  it  was  from  Castlecaldwell :  Si  31-60,  £l  19-68,  Fe 
23-35,  Fe  4-04,  Mn  1*20,  Mg  7'03,  Ca  0-45,  Na  0'74,  K  3'90,  £  8-68=100-67.  It  approaches  a 
chlorite. 

PTEROLITE  of  Breithaupt  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  336)  appears  to  be  an  altered  lepidomelane,  of  a 
pearly  lustre,  and  a  color  between  olive-green  and  liver-brown ;  scaly  massive  in  texture.  In  the 
analysis  by  R.  Miiller  he  found  part  of  the  mineral  soluble  in  heated  muriatic  acid  and  part  not; 
and  in  analyses  of  the  whole  and  the  parts  separately,  the  following  results: 

Si  Xl  Fe  Fe  Mg  Ca  Na          K           fl 

1.  The  whole            39'38  6'65  19-89  16-43  '  0'66  5'47  2'81  1-86  1'39 

2.  Sol.  part                36'08  4'99  25'98  14'28          5'43  3'68  7 -96  1'31 

3.  Insol.  part            50-14  12-03  23-43         6'88         7'52  

The  0.  ratio  for  the  soluble  part  is  2  :  3  :  5;  for  the  insoluble,  3  :  2  :  10.  It  occurs  at  Brevig, 
Norway,  with  astrophyllite,  wohlerite,  segirite,  etc. 

A  Brevig  mica  afforded  A.  Dufrance  (ZS.  GL,  xiv.  100)  Si  35-93,  £l  10  98,  Fe  9-82,  Fe  26-93, 
Mn  0-72,  Mg  5'13,  Oa  1'04,  Na  5-18,  K  0-24,  fi  4-30,  Ti  0-99  =  101-26.  It  is  probably  an  altered 
mica,  as  shown  by  the  amount  of  soda  present. 

BASTONITE  is  a  mica  in  large  plicated  plates,  of  a  greenish-brown  color,  greasy  lustre,  very 
small  optical  angle,  easily  fusible  into  a  black  enamel,  discovered  by  Dumont  in  a  quartzite  from 
Bastoigne,  Duchy  of  Luxembourg  (Descl.  Min.,  498,  1862). 

A  brownish-black  mica  from  Renchthal,  in  the  Schwarzwald,  with  slight  optic-axial  angle  and 
pearly  metalloidal  lustre,  afforded  Nessler  (Jahresb.,  1863,  820)  Si  38-34,  £1  33*80,  Fe  13'73,  Fe 
7-40,  Mg  0-36,  Na  0-56,  K  4-22,  H  1'36,  F  tr.,  Ti  0-60=100-37. 

291.  ANNITE  Dana.  The  lepidomelane  of  Cape  Ann,  described  and  analyzed  by  J.  P.,  Cooke 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliii.  222),  differs,  according  to  the  analyses,  in  having  the  0.  ratio  1:2:3,  instead 
of  1  :  3  :  4.  In  optical  and  other  physical  characters  it  is  like  lepidomelane.  It  occurs  in  plates 
and  disseminated  scales;  H.=3;  G.=3'169  ;  color  black;  streak  dark  green ;  opaque,  except  in 
very  thin  folia.  Cooke  obtained : 

Si         £l        Fe       Mn       Fe       Mg       Li        &     Na,  lib   fl      SiF2 

A.  (f)  39-55     16-73     12-07     0'60     17*48     0'62     0'59     10-66       tr.      1-50     0'62  =  100'42. 

B.  37-39     16-66     13'74     0'64     19'03     0'59     10*20     1'75     =100. 

Anal.  B  is  deduced  from  A  on  the  supposition  that  the  mineral  was  mixed  intimately  (as  a 
result  of  contemporaneous  crystallization)  with  cryophyllite,  an  associated  species  at  the  locality, 
and  that  the  amount  of  lithia  indicated  the  proportion  of  cryophyllite.  0.  ratio  deduced  for  the 
latter  for  B,  B,  Si,  H=6'2  :  12-1  :  19-9  :  1-6.  It  maybe  found  that  the  biotites  having  the  0.  ratio 
for  ft,  tf  =1  :  2  should  be  here  placed. 

Occurs  in  the  Cape  Ann  granite,  with  cryophyllite,  orthoclase,  albite,  and  zircon  (cyrtoh'te). 

292.  ASTROPHYLLITE.    Astrophyllit  ScTieerer,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xiii.  240,  1854. 

Orthorhombic ;  habit  monoclinic.  I A  7=120°.  Usually  in  tabular 
prisms  ;  often  lengthened  into  strips  with  parallel  sides  in  the  direction  of 
the  shorter  diagonal.  Observed  form  a  narrow  tabular  crystal,  terminating 
in  front  in  two  planes  of  an  octahedron,  and  below  these  one  of  a  macro- 
dome  ;  the  front  angle  of  the  former  160°,  and  the  edge  between  the  planes 
inclined  to  0  125°  ;  0  on  the  macrodome  130°.  Cleavage  :  basal  eminent. 
Sometimes  in  stellate  groups. 

H.=3.  G.=3-324,  Pisani.  Lustre  submetallic,  pearly.  Color  bronze- 
yellow  to  gold-yellow.  Powder  resembling  that  of  mosaic  gold.  Translu- 


UNISILICATES. 


309 


cent  in  thin   leaves.     Laminae   only  slightly   elastic.     Optic-axial  diver- 
gence 118° — 124°;  bisectrix  normal  to  the  cleavage-surface;  Descl. 

Comp. — Perhaps  (R3,fi)2  Si8,  the  titanium  oxyd  being  included  with  the  bases.  The  protoxyds 
include  prot.  of  iron  and  manganese,  with  potash,  soda,  etc. ;  the  sesquioxyds  those  of  iron  and 
aluminum  ;  the  deutoxyds  that  of  titanium,  and  perhaps  that  of  zirconium.  Analyses  :  1,  Pisani 
(C.  R.,  Ivi.  846);  2,  3,  4,  Scheerer,  Meinecke,  and  Sieveking  (Pogg.,  cxxii.  113) : 


Si 

1.  33-23 
2.  32-21 
3.  32-35 
4.  33-71 

Ti 

7-09 
8-24 

8-84 
8-76 

Zr 

4-97 

& 

4-00 
3-02 
3-46 
3-47 

£e 
3-75 

7-97 
8-05 
8-51 

Fe 
23-58 
21-40 
18-06 
25-21 

Mn 
9-90 
12-63 
12-68 
10-59 

Mg 
1-27 
1-64 
2-72 
0-05 

Ca 
1-13 
2-11 
1-86 
0-95 

Li 

tr. 

Na 
2-51 
2-24 
4-02 
3-69 

K     ign. 
5-82  1-86=99-11  P. 
3*18  4'41  —  99*05  S 



2-94  4-53=99-51  M. 
0-65  4-85  =  100-44  S. 

Pisani's  analysis  gives  for  the  0.  ratio  of  R,  R,  8,  Si,  H,  9-78  :  4'07  :  2*99  :  17*72  :  l'65=ap- 
proximately  (water  excluded)  10  :  4  :  3  :  17 ;  or  for  bases  and  silica  1:1;  and  Sieveking's  analy- 
sis affords  9'28  :  4*17  :  3'42  :  17'97  :  4-31=:(water  excluded)  1  :  1  for  bases  and  silica. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses  easily  to  a  black  magnetic  enamel.  With  soda  or  borax, 
a  strong  manganese  reaction.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid  with  a  separation  of  silica  in 
scales. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Brevig,  Norway,  in  zircon-syenite,  imbedded  in  lamellar  feldspar,  and  associ- 
ated with  catapleiite,  and  large  prisms  of  black  mica. 

293.  MUSCOVITE.  Common  Mica;  Potash  Mica;  Biaxial  Mica;  Oblique  Mica.  Glimmer, 
Zweiaxiger  Glimmer,  Germ.  Muscovite  Dana,  Miu.,  356,  1850.  Phengit  v.  Kob.,  Taf.,  62,  1853. 
Nacrite  (fr.  Maine)  Thorn.,  Rec.  Gen.  Sci.,  332,  1836.  Fuchsite,  Chromglimmer  pt.,  SchafMutl, 
Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xliv.  40,  1842.  Talcite  (fr.  Wicklow)  Thomson,  Rec.  Gen.  ScL,  iii.  332,  1836 
[not  Talcite  Kirwan=m&ssivQ  scaly  talc].  Adamsite  Shep.,  Hitchcock's  Rep.  G.  Vt,  i.  484, 
1857. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=120°  Habit  monoclinic.  Observed  planes  :  0  ; 
vertical,  /,  i-Z,  i-l,  i-$  ;  domes,  6-£,  4-£,  2-2,  ±f~z,  l-£,  f-£ ;  octahedral  (or  hemi- 
octahedral)  4,  3,  |,  2,  |,  |,  1,  ^  i,  if;  6-8,  f-3,  f-S. 

0  A  i=121°  16r 

6>Al-f=125  2 
0  A  t-fcl!4  29 
0  A  6-fc92  54 


0  A  4=94:°  20r 
0  A  2=98  38 
0  A  4=102  50 
0  A  1=106  53| 


O  A  l-i=lOQ°  53; 
0  A  2-fc98  38 
Q  A  4-2=94  20 
0  A  6-5=92  31 


285 


284 


Miask,  UraL 


Binnen  Valley. 


Cleavage :  basal  eminent ;  occasionally  also  separating  in  fibres  parallel 
to  a  diagonal.  Twins  :  often  observable  by  internal  markings,  or  by  polar- 
ized light ;  composition  parallel  to  /  consisting  of  six  individuals  thus 
united  ;  sometimes  a  union  of  /  to  i-z.  Folia  often  aggregated  in  stellate, 
plumose,  or  globular  forms  ;  or  in  scales,  and  scaly  massive. 

H.=2— 2-5.     Gr.=2'/T5— 31.    Lustre  more  or  less  pearly.     Color  white, 
gray,  brown,  hair-brown,  pale-green,  and  violet,  yellow,  dark  olive-green, 


310  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

rarely  rose-red  ;  often  different  for  transmitted  and  reflected  light,  and  dif- 
ferent also  in  vertical  and  transverse  directions.  Streak  uncolored.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent.  Thin  laminae  flexible  and  elastic,  very  tough. 
Double  refraction  strong  ;  optic-axial  angle  44°—  78°. 

Comp.  —  0.  ratio  for  R+$t  Si  1  :  l£;  rarely  1  :  H,  and  for  R,  K  either,  approximately,  1  :  6, 
1  :  9,  or  1  :  12;  R=  potash  (K)  almost  solely.  These  ratios  may  hereafter  prove  to  be  different 
after  a  correct  determination  in  each  case  of  the  degree  of  oxydation  of  the  iron.  Fluorine  is 
present,  but  not  over  1  p.  c.  has  in  any  case  been  detected. 

Water  is  often  present,  especially  where  the  latter  ratio  is  1  :  6  or  1  :  9  ;  and  it  sometimes 
amounts  to  5  p.  c.  ;  and  the  kinds  containing  3  to  5  p.  c.  of  water  have  been  referred  to  the  spe- 
cies Margarodiie  ;  making  the  water  basic  in  such  kinds,  the  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  becomes 
1  :  1,  as  in  other  unisilicates.  The  hydrous  kinds  so  graduate  into  the  anhydrous  that  the  analy- 
ses are  here  brought  all  together,  although  the  species  margarodite  is  introduced  on  page  487. 
The  ratio  1  :  l£  may  indicate  that  muscovite  is  a  combination  of  3  parts  of  a  unisilicate  and  2  of 
a  bisilicate,  as  in  the  formula  3  (R3,  £)2  Si3  +  2  (R3,  B)  Si3.  But  if  the  mineral  is  a  true  unisilicate,  as 
its  relation  to  biotite  and  phlogopite  would  indicate,  but  with  an  excess  of  silica,  the  formula  may  be 
(K3,  fi)2  Sl3-j-H  Si  ;  or  else  with  half  the  excess  of  silica  basic.  With  the  0.  ratio  1  :  6  for  R  and  K, 
the  bases  correspond  to  -fK3+f  £;  with  1  :  9,  to  &  K3+  ft  &;  with  1  :  12,  to  fa  K3  +  jf  & 

The  analyses  are  here  arranged  in  groups  ;  first,  according  as  the  oxygen  ratio  between  the 
bases  (ft+fi)  and  silica  (Si)  is  1  :  1J,  or  1  :  1|  ;  andsubordinately,  into  those  in  which  the  oxygen 
ratio  between  the  protoxyds  (R)  and  sesquioxyds  (R-)  is  either  1  :  6  approximately,  or  1  :  9,  or  1  : 

12.  It  is  to  be  remarked  that  the  incipient  alteration  of  a  mica,  attended  with  the  introduction  of 
a  little  magnesia,  lime,  or  soda  (Mg,  Ca,  or  Na),  with  a  removal  or  not  of  some  potash  (K),  might 
increase  the  proportion  of  protoxyds  and  thus  change  the  latter  ratio  from  1  :  12  to  1  :  6,  or  pro- 
duce the  intermediate  gradations. 

Analyses  :  A.  1.  0.  ratio  of  R,  B,  1  :  6  ;  1,  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IY.  xvi.  202)  ;  2,  Eammelsberg 
(Pogg.,  Ixxxi.  38);  3,  Schafhautl;  4-6,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  46,  47,  xv.  210);  7,  8, 
Haughton  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  ix.  272);  9,  Sullivan  (J.  G.  Soc.  Dublin,  iv.  155);  10-13,  Haughton 
(L  c.,  and  Q.  J.  G.  Soc.,  xviii.  414,  xx.  280). 

2.  0.  ratio  of  R,  fi,  1:9;  14,  Kussin  (Ramm.,  4th  Suppl.,  75,  and  Min.  Ch.,  657)  ;  15,  Roth  (ZS. 
G.,  vii.  15);   16,  Schafhautl  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xliv.  40);  17,  18,  Fuchs  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1862,  795); 
19,  Apjohn  (Q.  J.  Sci.  Dublin,  i.  119)  ;  20,  E.  Boricky  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  liv.  287). 

3.  0.  ratio  of  ~R,%,  1  :  12  ;  21,  22,  H.  Rose  (Schw.  J.  xxix.  282,  GUb.  Ann.,  Ixxi.  13,  Pogg.,i.  75); 
23,  Svanberg  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1839,  155);  24-26,  H.  Rose  (1.  c.);  27,  J.  D.  Darrack  (This  Min., 
1850,  357)  ;  28,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xlvii  216). 

B.  29,  v.  Rath  (Pogg.,  xcviii.  285);  30,  Kjerulf  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  658);  31,  v.  Rath  (Pogg.,  xc. 
288)  : 

A.  Oxygen  ratio  of  R+B  to  Si  1  :  1£,  or  nearly.  In  1,  1  :  1'25  ;  2,  1  :  1'24  ;  3,  1  :  1-26  ;  4,  5,  1  • 
1-25;  6,  1:1-2;  7,  1:1-2;  8,  1:1-24;  9,  1:1*22;  10,  1:1-28;  12,  1:1-26;  13,1:1-25;  14,1: 
1-23;  15,1:1-12;  16,1:1-25;  17,1:1-85;  18,1:1-21;  19,1:1-2;  20,1:1-26;  21,1:1-23. 

1.   0.  ratio  of  B,  B,  1  :  6.    (MARGABODITE  in  part.) 

Si  £l     Pe  fig    Ca    Na      K      fi      F 

1.  St.Etienne           46-23  33  08  3-48  2-10   -  1-45  8-87  4-12    tr.,  fin  tr  =99-28  Delesse. 

47-84  32-66  3'06  1'28  0'29  1'55  10-25  2'43    -  =99'06  Ramm. 

3.  Zillerthal               47  '05  34-90  1-50  1'95    -  4'07  7  '96  1'45    -  =  98'88  Schafh. 

4.  Monroe,  Ct.           46'50  33-91  2'69  0-90   -  2'70  7*32  4-63  0'82,  Cl  0-31  =  99-78  S.  &  B. 

45-70  33-76  3-11  1-15    -  2'85     7'49  4'90  0-82,  Cl  0'31  =  100'09  S.  &  B. 

6.  Litchfield,  Ct.       44-60  36-23  1*34  0'37  0'50  4'10     6'20  5-26    tr.  =100'60  S.  &  B. 

7.  Dublin  Co.  43'47  31-42  4-79  113  T38  1'44  10'7l  5'43    -  =99'77  Haughton. 

8.  Glendalough,        44'71  31-13  4'69  0'90  1-09  1*27     9-91  6-22    -  =99-92  Haughton. 

9.  Glenmalure  47-41  36-21  3'11  1-57  1'29  2'51     5'51  2-37  0-86=100-84  Sullivan. 

10.  Mt.  Leinster          44-64  30-18  6'35  0-72   -    tr.     12-40  5'32    --  =99-61  Haughton. 

11.  Donegal,  white      44'80  29-76  8'80  ~0-71  0-45  0'32  12  '44  2'00    —  —  ,  Mn  0-48  =  99  76  Haught. 

45-24  35-64  2'24  0"7l  0'51  0'54  10-44  4'00    --  ,  FeO'70,  Mn  0-24=100-26 

Haughton. 

13.  Ytterby,    '  44'64  35'36  3'52  0'36  0'90  1'44  10'68  2'80   -  ,FeO'3,  MnO-2  =  100'20H. 


2.  0.  ratio  o/ft,  fi  1  :  9  approximately  (MAEGARODITE  or  DAMOURTTE  in  part)  (in  13    1  :  10'5' 
in  14,  1  :  91;  in  15,  1:7-5). 

14.  Zsidovacs  48-07  38-41    tr.     ---  10-10  3-42   —  ,  fin  tr.=lOO  Kussin. 


UNISILICATES. 


Si  £l      £e    fig    Ca    Na      &       fi  F 

15.  Lisens,  Tyrol         44-71  35-29  4-12  0-39  0'98        8-82        5'69  -  =100  Roth. 

16.  Zillerth.,  Fuchsite  47'95  34'45  1-80  0'71  0'59  0'37  10-75    -  0'35,  €r  3-95  =  100-92  Schafh 

17.  Harz,  black  45-02  35'00  6'67  3'08  0'13  1-04     3'89  3'3l  M6,  Mn  1-75  =  101-05   Fuchs' 

18.  "  "  44-55  34-63  6'60  3'04  0'13  1-03     3'85  3'28  1'16,  Mn  1-73  =  100  Fuchs 

19.  Ross  Hill,  I.  46-42  37'92  0'46  O'l7  0'67  1-54     9'63  4'40  --  =101-21  Apjohn. 

20.  Dobrowa  48-74  37'96    -  2  "41  2'63    --     3'07  5'45  -  =100-26  Boricky. 

3.  0.  ratio  of  B,  S  1  :  12  (in  15,  1  :  12-4;  in  21,  1  :  12'5  ;  22,  1  :  9'5  ;   23,  1  :  13'3  ;  24,  1  :  11-9  ; 
25,  1  :  12-4;  26,  1  :  11  '2). 


21.  Uto 

22.  Broddbo. 

23.  " 

24.  Fahlun 

25.  Kimito 

26.  Ochotsh 

27.  UnionvUle 


47-50  37-20  3-20 

46'10  31'60  8-65    -    , 

47-97  32-35  5'37    - 

46'22  34*52  6'04  2'lla 

46'36  36-80  4'53 

47-19  33'80  4'47  2'58aO-13 

46'75  39-20    tr.     1'02  0'39 


9-60  2'63  0'53,  fin  0'81  =  101-47  Rose. 
8'39  I'OO  1'06,  Mn  1-26  =  98-06  Rose. 
8"31  3'32  0'72,  Mn  1-50=99-54  Sv. 
8'22  0'98  1  "03  =  99-  12  Rose. 
9'22  1-84  0'67=99'42  Rose. 
8'35  4-07  0'28=  100-87  Rose. 
6*56  4'90    -  =98'82  Darrack. 
6-07  4'04   -  =98'74  Hauer. 


28.  Rio  Janeiro,  bnh.  47-60  35-70  4-31  0'59  0-43    - 

*MnO  included. 

B.  Oxygen  ratio  of  R-t-B  to  Si  1  :  H,  or  nearly. 

29.  Hirschberg  49'04  29'01  5'56  0'75  0-17  0'50  11-19  4-65   -  =100'87  Rath. 

30.  "  51-73  28-75  5'37  0'62    -  2-14     8'28    --  0-83=99-72  Kjerulf. 
81.  Pargas                    50-10  28-05  5'46  0'40  2'41  T26    7'56  3'87    -  =99-11  Rath. 

In  anal.  1,  G.=2'817,  grayish-white,  in  graphic  granite;  2,  G-.  =  2'831,  silver-white,  with  black 
tourmaline  ;  4,  5,  with  topaz  acd  fluorite  ;  6,  G.  =  2"76,  colorless,  pearly,  with  cyanite  ;  8,  G.=2'793, 
gray,  silver}',  trp.  ;  10,  gray,  silvery,  trp.  ;  14,  G.  =  2'817,  white;  15,  white,  pseud,  after  andalus- 
ite;  16,  18,  G-.=3'123,  in  hexag.  scales,  from  granite,  opt  char,  not  given;  19,  G-.  =  2-802,  in 
coarsely  grouped  masses  of  intersecting  lamina?;  20,  G-.  =  2'85;  28,  G.  =  2'86;  29,  G.=2'867, 
green,  pseud,  after  orthoclase;  30,  pseud,  after  orthoclase;  31,  G.  =  2-833,  silvery  white,  11-11, 
Oa  C  removed,  pseud,  after  scapolite. 

The  rose-colored  micas  of  Goshen,  Mass.,  afforded  Mallet  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxiii.  180)  K  9-08, 
Na  0-99,  Li  0'64. 

A  greenish-black  mica,  constituting  a  micaceous  schist  or  rock  in  Derby,  Vt.  —  the  so-called 
Adamsite  of  Shepard—  consists,  according  to  G.  J.  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiv.  216),  Si  47  '7  6, 
&1  and  3Pe  36-29,  Ca  0-24,  Mg  1-85,  alkalies  (by  loss)  8*77,  ign.  5'09,  and  has  all  the  ordinary  char- 
acters of  common  mica. 

Thomson  gives  for  the  composition  of  a  mica  reported  to  come  from  Orange  Co.,  N.  T.  (Min.,  i. 
360)  Si  49-38,  A1!  23'67,  ffe  7'31,  K  15*29,  Ca  6'13,  Li  0-06=101-89.  Little  reliance  can  be  placed 
on  the  analysis. 

A  schist,  formerly  called  talcose  schist,  from  Zillerthal  in  Tyrol,  and  named  didymite  by  Schaf- 
hautl  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  1843,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxvi.  136,  not  didrimite,  as  sometimes  written)  is  near 
muscovite  in  its  composition.  It  is  feeble  pearly,  and  grayish-  white  in  color  ;  H.=1'5—  2;  G.= 
2-75.  Schafhautl  obtained  Si  40-69,  £l  18-15,  3Pe  5'25,  Na  1'23,  K  11-16,  H  0'60,  Ca  C  22-74= 
99'82.  It  has  also  been  called  amphilogite.  Probably  only  a  mica  schist. 

A  variety  of  muscovite  (1)  composed  of  scales  arranged  in  plumose  forms  is  called  plumose  mica  ; 
and  another  (2)  having  a  diagonal  cleavage,  cleaving  sometimes  into  thread-like  pieces,  prismatic 
mica.  An  emerald-green  variety  (3)  is  thefuchsite  or  chrome-mica,  containing  sometimes  nearly 
4  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  chrome. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  gives  water,  which  with  brazil-wood  often  reacts  for  fluorine. 
B.B.  whitens  and  fuses  on  the  thin  edges  (F.  =  5'7,  v.  Kobell)  to  a  gray  or  yellow  glass.  With 
fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  sometimes  manganese,  rarely  chromium.  Not  decomposed  by 
acids.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates. 

Obs.  —  Muscovite  is  the  most  common  of  the  micas.  It  is  one  of  the  constituents  of  granite, 
gneiss,  mica  schist,  and  other  related  rocks,  and  is  occasionally  met  with  in  granular  limestone, 
trachyte,  basalt,  lava  ;  and  occurs  also  disseminated  sparingly  in  many  fragmental  rocks.  Coarse 
lamellar  aggregations  often  form  the  matrix  of  topaz,  tourmaline,  and  other  mineral  species  in 
granitic  veins. 

Siberia  affords  laminae  of  mica  sometimes  exceeding  a  yard  in  diameter  ;  and  other  remarkable 
foreign  localities  are  at  Finbo  in  Sweden,  and  Skutterud  in  Norway.  See  above  for  other  locali- 
ties. Fuchsite  or  chrome,  mica  occurs  at  Greiner  in  the  Zillerthal,  at  Passeyr  in  Tyrol,  and  on  the 
Dorfner  Alp,  as  well  as  at  Schwarzenstein. 


312 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


In  N.  Hamp.,  at  Acworth,  GTrafton,  and  Alstead,  in  granite,  the  plates  at  times  a  yard  acrosa 
and  perfectly  transparent.  In  Maine,  at  Paris ;  at  Buckfield,  in  fine  crystals ;  at  Unity,  of  a  green 
color,  on  the  estate  of  James  Neal  (Thomson's  nacrite,  wrongly  referred  to  Brunswick).  In  Mass.,  at 
Chesterfield,  with  tourmaline  and  albite  ;  at  Barre  and  South  Royalston,  in  two  localities,  with  beryl ; 
at  Mendon  and  Brimfield;  at  Chester,  Hampden  Co.,  faint  greenish;  at  Goshen,  rose- red  (sometimes 
misnamed  lepidolite) ;  prismatic  mica,  at  Russell.  In  Conn.,  at  Monroe,  of  a  dusky-brown  color, 
having  internal  hexagonal  bands  of  a  darker  shade ;  at  Trumbull,  at  the  topaz  vein  in  coarse 
radiated  aggregations  (called  margarodite) ;  at  Litchfield,  with  cyanite,  colorless  and  pearly 
(margarodite),  G.=2'76;  in  brown  hexagonal  crystal  at  the  Middletown  feldspar  quarry;  at 
Haddam,  pale  brownish,  with  columbite,  and  also  similar  at  another  locality  with  garnets.  In 
N.  York,  6  m.  S.E.  of  Warwick,  crystals  and  plates  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  in  a  vein  of 
feldspar;  a  mile  N.W.  of  EdenviUe,  in  six-sided  and  rhombic  prisms;  silvery,  near  Eden- 
ville ;  hi  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  8  m.  from  Potsdam,  on  the  road  to  Pierrepont,  in  plates  7  in.  across ; 
town  of  Edwards,  in  large  prisms,  six-sided  or  rhombic;  Greenfield,  near  Saratoga,  in  reddish- 
brown  crystals  with  chrysoberyl;  on  the  Croton  aqueduct,  near  Tonkers,  in  rhombic  prisms  with 
a  transverse  cleavage.  In  Penn.,  in  fine  hexagonal  crystals  of  a  dark  brown  color  at  Penusbury, 
near  Pennsville,  Chester  Co  ;  at  Union ville,  whitish ;  Delaware  Co.,  at  Middletown,  smoky  brown 
with  hexagonal  internal  bands,  which  are  due  to  magnetite  (see  p.  150) ;  at  Chesnut  Hill,  near  the 
Wissahiccon,  a  green  variety  ;  at  LeipervUle,  Delaware  Co.,  faint  greenish.  In  N.  Jersey,  in  crystals 
at  Newton  and  Franklin.  In  Maryland,  at  Jones's  Tails,  a  mile  and  three-quarters  from  Balti- 
more ;  the  plates  show  by  transmitted  light  a  series  of  concentric  hexagons,  the  sides  of  which 
are  parallel  with  the  sides  of  a  hexagonal  prism. 

Marignac  obtained  0A4=94°  50',  and  0  A  2  =  98°  30'  (fig.  286);  0  A  1  =  107°  5',  from  a  Vesu- 
vian  crystal  Kokscharof  0 A  1  =  106°  53'  30",  Vesuvian  crystal;  Zepharovich  107°  3'  for  the 
same  angle,  and  116°  13'  for  0Af-«  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  liv.  286). 

The  following  table  contains  the  optic-axial  angle,  as  measured  in  the  air,  for  various  musco- 
vites: 

1.  American;  as  measured  by  B.  Silliman  in  1850  (1.  c.). 


1.  New  York  Island,  4  m.  from  city,  violet-gray 

2.  Eoyalston,  Mass.,  dark  brown,  fine  crystal 

3.  ib.  ib.  ib.  ib.        another 

4.  Pennsbury,  Penn.,  smoky  brown,  striated 

5.  Philadelphia,  greenish-gray,  banded 

6.  ib.,        near  Fairmount,  smoky  brown,  resembles  No.  4 

7.  Oxford,  Maine,  light  brown 

8.  Monroe,  Conn.,  brown  with  patches 

9.  Royalston,  Mass.,  violet-brown,  in  thick  plates 

10.  Local?;  greenish-gray;  in  crystals 

11.  Falls  road,  2|  m.  from  Baltimore,  transparent  brown 


12.  Near  Ellicott's  Mills,  Md., 


ib. 


ib. 


13.  "Jones  Falls,"  near  Baltimore,   blackish-green;    symmetrically 

banded 

14.  Greenfield,  Conn.,  greenish-yellow 

15.  Haddam,  Conn.  (Quarry  Hill),  clear  brownish-green 

16.  Grafton,  New  Hampshire,  h'ght  brown,  transparent 

17.  UnionvUle,  Penn.,  white,  corundum  locality 

18.  Acworth,  N.  H.,  greenish-gray,  in  granite. 

19.  Grafton,  N.  H.,  another  specimen,  light  brown,  with  quartz  and 

tourmaline 

20.  Templeton,  Mass.,  transparent  brown 

21.  Orange,  Mass.,  ib.          ib.,    beautiful  crystals 

22.  Willimantic  Falls,  Conn.,  brownish-green,  transparent 

23.  Pennsbury,  Penn.,  brown  crystals ;  another  locality 

24.  Royalston,  Mass.,  dark  brown ;  2d  locality 

25.  Grafton,  N.  H.,  h'ght  brown ;  3d  specimen 

26.  Middletown,  Conn.,  brownish,  feldspar  quarry 

27.  Chester,  Hampden  Co.,  Mass.,  greenish-white 

28.  Norwich,  Mass.,  greenish-yellow ;  spodumene  locality 

29.  Pennsbury,  Penn.  (3d  local),  brownish-green 

30.  Goshen,  Mass.,  greenish-yellow,  with  spodumene 

31.  Greenfield,  N.  Y.,  brownish ;  chrysoberyl  locality 

32.  Haddam,  Conn.,  brownish ;  in  large  plates 


Apparent  Angle. 

56°  20'— 56°  40' 

57  30 

58—59 

59 

60  30—61 

60—62  30 

62  42—63 

64  30—65  30 
65 

65  30—66 

65  30—65  40 

66  30 

66  15—66  30 

66  30—67 
67 

67  30 
67—67  28 

67  15—67  30 

68  5—68  20 

69  30—69  40 
69  30—69  40 
69  30—69  50 
69  27—70 

69  40—70 
69—69  30 
70—70  30 
70—70  30 

70  30 
70—70  30 
70—70  30 
70  45—71 
70 


TJNISILICATES. 


313 


33.  Gouverneur,  N.  Y.,  brownish-white,  in  boulder 

34.  Templeton,  Mass.  (2d  spec.),  transparent  brown 

35.  Leiperville,  Del  Co.,  Pa.,  faint  greenish,  plicated 

36.  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.,  greenish ;  in  a  boulder 

37.  Hebron,  Maine,  light  brown,  transparent 

38.  Norwich,  Mass.,  yellowish-green,  transparent 

39.  Haddam,  Conn.,  ib. ;  columbite  locality 

40.  E.  Chester,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.,  yellowish-green  boulder 

41.  Paris,  Maine,  ib. 

42.  ib.,         ib.  ib. 

43.  Brunswick,  Maine,  whitish-brown,  silvery 

44.  Gouverneur,  N.  Y.?,  rose  color ;  no  lithia 

45.  Orange,  N.  H.,  gray,  with  flattened  tourmaline,  quartz,  and  feld- 

spar 

46.  Pounal,  Maine,  nearly  colorless;  lithia?  mica 

47.  Goshen,  Mass.,  yellowish-green,  with  indicolite 

48.  ib.        ib.  ib.  ib. 

49.  Lenox,  Mass.,  rose-colored,  with  albite 


Apparent  Angle. 

70° 

70  15' 

70  30—71 
71—71  30 

71  40—71  50 
71  45 

71  30—71  45 

71  30—72 

72  15—72  30 
72  30 

72  37—72  50 
73—73  6 

73—74 

74  50—75 
75 

75  30—76 
75—75  30 


2.  Muscovites,  measured  by  Senarmont,  Grailich,  etc. 

(1)  Optical  axes  situated  in  the  plane  of  the  longer  diagonal. 

Appar.  Angle. 

1.  Philadelphia ;  transparent ;  clear  olive-green  57 — 58 

2.  Siberia,  in  white  quartz ;  silvery,  imperf.  transparent  57 — 58 

3.  Arendal,  greenish-brown  58 

4.  Zillerthal,  in  albite;  silvery,  imperf.  transparent  58 — 59 

5.  Arendal,  in  a  feldspathic  rock  ;  transparent ;  pale  58 — 59 

6.  Loc. ?;  transparent;  clear  brown  58 — 59 

7.  "Warwick;  yellowish-brown  59 

8.  Couzeran  ?  ;  silvery,  greenish-gray,  with  concave  surface  of  cleavage  60 

9.  St.  Gothard,  in  quartzose  gneiss ;  hexag. ;  silvery;  clear  gray  60 

10.  Schwarzenbach,  Austria,  pale  green  61  12 

11.  Miask;  transparent;  clear  olive-green  62 — 63 

12.  Katherinenburg ;  transparent;  clear  pale  rose  63 — 64 

13.  Nertschiusk  65 

14.  Kothenkopf,  Tyrol;  green  66 

15.  Gloria,  near  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil;  colorless  66  36 

16.  Schaitansk;  imperfectly  transparent;  rose-colored  67 

17.  Brittany;  transparent,  rhombic  octahedrons ;  blonde  68 

1 8.  Kimito,  Finland ;  rhombic  octahedrons ;  transparent ;  clear  blonde     67 — 68 

19.  Finland;  crystals  silvery;  grayish-green  67 — 68 

20.  Aberdeen;  transparent;  blonde  68 

21.  Josephs- Alpe,  Austria;  G.  =  2-713  69  10 

22.  Cape  Gozaz,  Brazil ;  pinchbeck-brown  69  25 

23.  Middletown,  Ct. ;  colorless;  G.  =  2-852  70 

24.  Katherinenburg ;  rhombic  prisms  in  feldspar ;  transparent ;  nearly 

blonde  69 — 70 

25.  Lo,  _,;  odorless;  but  affords  j 

26.  Nulluk,  Greenland  70  36 

27.  Presburg,  Hungary  70  40 

28.  Kassigiengoyt,  Greenland;  green  71 

29.  Kakun da,  Brazil;  pinchbeck-brown  71  25 

30.  Cam,  Bohemia;  blonde  71  40 

31.  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil;  pale  green  71  50 

32.  ib.  ib. ;  pale  brown  72  20 

33.  Horlberg,  Bavaria;  pinchbeck -brown  72  25 

34.  Chesterfield,  Mass.;  G.=2'827;  greenish-yellow  72  30 — 73  30 

35.  Serra  de  Conceicao,  Brazil  74 

36.  Galmeikirchen,  Upper  Austria ;  gray  74  36 

37.  Miask,  Ural;  pinchbeck-brown  75  25 

38.  Siberia;  gray  or  colorless ;  G.  =  2'302  75 — 76 


Sen. 

u 

Grailich. 
Sen. 


Grailich. 

Sen. 
M 

Grailich. 
Sen. 

u 

Grailich. 

u 
(( 

Sen. 


Grailich. 

<( 


Sen, 

H 

(( 

Grailich, 


314 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Appar.  Angle. 

39.  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  rose  75° 

40.  Goshen?,  Mass.,  rose-colored  76  ] 0—1 6  40 

41.  Presburg,  Hungary  76  12 

42.  Alenson;  hexag.;  transparent;  grayish-blonde  76 — 77 

(2)  Optical  axes  in  the  diametral  plane  of  the  shorter  diagonal 

43.  Saxony ;  hexag. ;  silvery,  clear  gray ;  transp.,  macled  44 

44.  Kollin,  Prussia;  gray,  in  granite  50  12 

45.  Zinnwald  and  Schlaggenwald;  in  granite.    Lepidolite?  51  50 

46.  Tyrol;  in  granite,  gray  *  52  12 

47.  Siberia;  colorless  60  30 

48.  Piedmont;  rhombic;  silvery  reflection ;  grayish-green  by  trp.  63 

49.  St  Fereole,  nearBrive;  transparent;  olive-green  65 

50.  Milan;  hexag.;  greenish-white;  silvery;  unctuous,  not  elastic  65 

51.  Fossum,  Norway ;  hexag.;  clear  olive-green  66 

52.  Scotland ;  brown ;  in  large  thick  crystals  68 

53.  Tarascon  (Ariege) ;  rhombic;  transparent;  colorless  69 

54.  Ural,  in  graphic  granite ;  silvery  lustre ;  color  blonde  72 

65.  Uto;  rhombs;  lustre  silvery ;  yellowish-blonde  72—73 

Haughton  found  for  the  mica  of  Dublin  Co.,  Ireland,  53°  8';  of  Glenmalure  67°  11';  of  Glenda- 
lough  valley,  70°  4';  of  Mt  Leinster,  72°  18';  of  Lough  Dan,  70°. 

On  examining  different  micas  pressed  between  two  plates  of  glass,  and  subjecting  them  to 
changes  of  temperature,  Senarmont  found  no  perceptible  change  in  the  optical  axes. 

Grailich  shows  that,  with  slight  exceptions,  the  angle  increases  with  the  specific  gravity  in  the 
mica  of  a  given  locality.  Thus  seven  micas  from  Presburg,  Hungary,  gave  the  following: 


Grailich 


Sen. 


Sen. 
Grailich. 


Sen. 


Specific  gravity 
Angle 


2-714 
69-7 


2-735 
70-0 


2-755 
70-5 


2-782 
71-2 


2-790 
72-3 


2-793 

72-4 


2-796 

72-0 


Muscovite  was  so  named  by  the  author  in  1850,  from  Vitrum  Muscoviticum  or  Muscovy-glass, 
formerly  a  popular  name  of  the  mineral.  Fuchsite  was  named  after  the  chemist,  Fuchs. 

Takite  of  Thomson  (1.  c.),  from  "Wicklow,  Ireland,  is  nothing  but  margarodite,  according  to  Greg 
and  Lettsom  (Min.,  203),  who  say  that  it  invests  crystals  of  andalusite.  Thomson,  as  his  descrip- 
tion implies,  considered  the  andalusite  prisms  and  investing  mica  all  one  mineral — the  talcite ; 
and  in  view  of  this,  the  analyses  need  not  here  be  cited.  Thomson's  nacrite,  from  "Brunswick, 
Me.,"  is  the  green  mica  of  Unity,  Me. 

Alt. — Mica  at  times  becomes  hydrated,  losing  its  elasticity  and  transparency,  and  often  some 
portion  of  the  potash ;  and  at  the  same  time  it  may  take  up  magnesia,  lime,  or  soda.  The  occur- 
rence of  water,  magnesia,  lime,  and  soda  in  some  micas,  especially  the  margarodites,  has  been 
attributed  to  incipient  alteration.  See  analyses  under  A,  1,  and  A,  2. 

These  changes  may  be  promoted  by  waters  containing  carbonates  of  these  bases.  E.  Blum 
(Jahrb.  Min.,  1865,  269)  gives  the  following  analysis  by  Dr.  "Wolkenhaar  of  an  altered  mica 
(biotite?)  from  the  dioryte  of  Schemnitz,  which  had  lost  nearly  all  its  alumina  and  consisted 
largely  of  carbonates:  Si  33-34,  £l  3'53,  Fe  16-01,  Mn  0-89,  Mg  2-06,  Ca  21-73,  Na  2-26,  K  0-56, 
C  20-06=100-44.  The  carbonic  acid  would  require  the  Ca  21*73,  and  Mg  2-06,  with  Fe  1'22, 
making  45  p.  c.  of  carbonates.  Mica  occurs  altered  to  steatite  and  serpentine,  and  Tschermak 
mentions  cases  of  alteration  to  amphibole  and  stilpnosiderite. 


294.  LEPIDOLITE.  Violetfarbigen  Zeolith  (fr.  Eozena)  v.  Born,  Crell's  Ann.,  ii.  196,  1791. 
Lilalith  (ib.)  v.  Born.  Schuppenstein  Germ.  Lepidolith  Klapr.,  Schrift.  Ges.  Berl.,  xi.  59, 
1794,  Bergm.  J.,  it.  80,  1792,  Beitr.,  i.  21,  279,  1795,  ii.  191.  Lepidolite  Kirw.,  i.  208,  1794. 
Lithionglimmer  C.  Gmelin,  Gilb.  Ana,  Ixiv.  371,  1820.  Lithia  Mica.  Lithionit  v.  Kob.,  Taf., 
54,  1853.  Rabenglimmer,  Siderischer  Fels-Glimmer  (fr.  Altenberg),  Breith.,  Char.,  1823,  1832, 
Handb.,  404,  1841.  Zinnwaldit  Haid.,  Handb.,  521, 1845. 

Orthorhombic.     I A  1=  120°.     Forms  like  those  of  muscovite.     Cleav- 

basal,  highly  eminent.     Also  massive  scaly-granular,  coarse  or  fine. 
H.=2'5— 4.     G.=2'84— 3.     Lustre  pearly.     Color  rose-red,  violet-gray 


UNISILICATES. 


315 


or  lilac,  yellowish,  grayish-white,  white.     Translucent.     Optic-axial  ano-le 
?0°— 78°  ;  sometimes  45°— 60°. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  mostly  1  :  1 J ;  for  R,  33,  between  1  :  3  and  1  :  4£.  The 
protoxyds  (R)  include,  besides  potash,  lithia,  rubidia,  and  csesia;  and  in  the  Zinnwald  mica, 
thallium  has  been  detected.  Fluorine  is  present,  and  the  ratio  to  oxygen  mostly  1  :  12,  as  in  the 
Rozena,  as  analyzed  by  Rammelsberg ;  other  ratios  obtained  are :  in  the  Ural,  Chursdorf,  Uto, 
and  Rozena  micas,  1  :  20;  in  the  Altenberg  (Stein),  1  :  60;  in  the  Zinnwald,  1  :  14,  1  :  11,  1  :  12; 
in  the  Juschakova,  1:8;  in  Turner's  Altenberg,  1:25.  But  there  is  much  uncertainty  con- 
nected with  all  the  determinations  of  the  fluorine. 

The  0.  ratio  for  the  bases  and  silica  1  :  1$  corresponds  to  a  combination  of  1  unisilicate  to  2  of 
bisilicate,  or  the  formula  (R3,  R-)2  S3+2  (R3,  R-)  Si3;  and  also  to  simply  a  unisilicate  with  acces- 
sory silica  (R3,  &)2  Si3+  2  Si. 

Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  L,  iL,  v.);  2,  Gmelin  (1.  c.);  3,  Kralovanski  (Schw.  J.,  liv.  230); 
4,  Rammelsberg  (5th  Suppl.,  120);  5,  Regnault  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xiii.  151);  6,  7,  Gmelin;  8, 
Turner  (Edinb.J.  Sci.,iii.,vi.  61);  9,  Klaproth;  10,  Lohmeyer  (Pogg.,  Ixi.  377);  11,  Stein  (Ramm. 
5th  Suppl.,  119);  12,  Rammelsberg  (ib.);  13-16,  Turner  (1.  c.);  17,  18,  Rosales  (Pogg.,  Iviii. 
154);  19,  Turner  (1.  c.);  20,  Stein  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxviii.  295): 


Si      3tl 


Mg    Na    Li      K" 


01 


1.  Rozena  54-40 

2.  "  49-06 

3.  "  49-08 

4.  Cornwall  51-70 

5.  "  52-40 

6.  Chursdorf  62-25 

7.  Zinnwald    46-23 

8.  " 

9.  " 
10. 

11. 
12. 

13.  Uto 

14.  " 

15.  Cornwall 

16.  " 

17.  Juschakova48'92 

18.  "  46-62 


0-75          -   -   - 


44-28 
47-00 
42-97 
48-65 
46-52 
50-91 
50-35 
50-82 
40-06 


19.  Altenberg   40-19 

20.  Juschakova47'01 


38-25 

33-61  -  1-40  0-41  -  3-59 

34-01  --  1'08  0-41  -  3-58 

26-76  --  1-29  0-24  M5  T27 

26-80      -  M  1-50  -    --  4-85 

28-35      -  M  3-66  -   -  4'79 

14-14      17-97  M  4-57  ----  4'21 

24-53fell'33  M  1-66  -   -  4'09 

20'OOFel5-50       1'75  -   --    -- 

20-59      14-18       0-83  -  1'41  1'60 

I7'67f  el4-57  M  1'24  0'53  0'71  2*41 

21-81Fe21-48aMl-96  0'44  0'39  1-27 

28-17      -  M  1-08  ---  5-67 

28-30      -  M  1-23  --   --  5-49 

21-33  Fe  9-08        --  --  4-05 

22-90      27-06  M  T79  -    --  2'00 

19-03      -       5-59  -  2-23  2-77 

21-05      -       4-12  --  und. 

22-49Fel9-78  M  2-02   ----  3*06 
20-35      14-34  M,  1-53    ---  4'33 

a  6-80  Fe  O  included. 


4-00  [2-50] 

4- 18  [4-24]  0-11     3-40 

4-19  [4-1 5]       3-50      : 

10-29 7-12, 


9-14 

6-90    tr. 

4-90  0-83    

14-50 

10-02  [0-22]  0-21 

8-60 

9-09 

9*50  —  — 

9-04 

9-86 

4-30 

10-96    1-31 

und. 


4-18 
4-81 
8-10: 
4-88; 

6-35: 

8-16: 

7-47, 
3-90: 
4-94: 
4-56: 
2-16: 
10-44, 


1-01  10-01, 


7-49    

9-62  1*53  0-40 


3-80 
1-43 


=  100  Kl. 
=  100  G. 
=  100  Kr. 
Ca  0-40,  P  0-16 
=100-38  R. 
=  98-87  R. 
=  100-76  G. 
=  100-94  G, 
=  100-24  T. 
=98-75  Kl. 
=  98-38  L. 
=  102-548.    [R. 
'*  0-13  =  100-66 
99-23  T. 
=99-35  T. 
i=99-70  T. 
=  100-27  T. 
Ca  0-14  R. 
Ca  0-12,   rest 
und.  R. 
=98-83  T. 
=  100-548. 


In  a  recent  analysis  of  the  Rozena  lepidolite,  made  since  the  discovery  of  the  metals  rubidium 
and  cesium,  Cooper  obtained  (Pogg.,  cxiii.  343) : 


Si        XI        5>e      Mg      Ca      Rb      Cs 
50-32     28-54    0'73     0'51     1-Q1     0'24      tr. 


Li      LiF     NaF     KF        H 
0-70     0-99     1-77     12-06     3'12=99'99 


The  proportion  of  fluorine  was  determined  by  the  loss.  Reckoning  the  fluorine  as  oxygen,  the 
0.  ratio  for  R,  «,  Si  is  1  :  4'25  :  8-43.  0.  D.  Allen  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiv.  369)  found  in  the  He- 
bron lepidolite  caesium  0-3,  and  rubidium  0-14;  and  later  (p.  373)  0'3  of  rubidium  nearly. 

Rammelsberg's  analysis  of  the  Zinnwald  lepidolite  (anal.  12)  gave  him  the  0.  ratio  .1-15:  3:  6*2, 
or  nearly  1:3:6;  and  that  of  the  Rozena  (anal.  4)  1:4-4:  9*13,  or  approximately  1 :  4| :  9,  but 
for  which  he  proposes  1 :  4£ :  7£,  since  the  specimen  he  analyzed  contained  free  quartz  in  visible 
grains,  and  his  silica  might  consequently  have  been  too  high  [the  ratio  1 :  l£  between  the  bases 
and  silica  would  require  1 :  4£:  8^].  From  Rosales's  analysis  of  the  Juschakova  (anal.  17),  he 
deduces  the  ratio  1 :  2-8 :  6'4,  or  approximately,  as  he  observes,  1:3:6. 

AnaL  11  is  cited  by  Breithaupt  for  his  rabenglimmer;  G.=3'146— 3-190;  color  greenish-black 
to  dark  green. 

The  Zinnwald  mica  has  been  called  zinnwaldite. 


316  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

More  chemical  investigations  are  required  before  the  species  lepidolite  can  be  correctly  sub- 
divided or  comprehended.  Physically  it  is  hardly  distinct  from  muscovite. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  gives  water  and  reaction  for  fluorine.  B.B.  fuses  with  intumes- 
cence at  2  —  2'5  to  a  white  or  grayish  glass,  sometimes  magnetic,  coloring  the  flame  purplish-red 
at  tbe  moment  of  fusion  (lithia).  "With  the  fluxes  some  varieties  give  reactions  for  iron  and  man- 
ganese. Attacked  but  not  completely  decomposed  by  acids.  After  fusion,  gelatinizes  with  mu- 
riatic acid. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  granite  and  gneiss,  especially  in  granitic  veins,  and  is  associated  sometimes 
with  cassiterite,  red,  green,  or  black  tourmaline,  amblygonite,  etc.  Found  near  Uto  in  Sweden; 
grayish-white  at  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia  ;  atAltenberg,  Chursdorf,  and  Penig  in  Saxony  ;  Juschakova 
in  the  Ural;  lilac  or  reddish-  violet  at  Rozena  in  Moravia  ;  near  Chanteloube,  Dept.  Haute  Vienne, 
France;  at  Campo  on  Elba;  brown  at  St.  Michael's  Mount  in  Cornwall;  Argyll  in  Scotland; 
Tyrone  in  Ireland. 

In  the  United  States,  a  granular  and  a  broad  foliated  variety  at  Paris,  and  also  at  Hebron,  Me., 
with  red  tourmaline  and  amblygonite  ;  granular  near  Middletown,  Conn.  The  rose  mica  of 
Goshen,  Mass.,  is  muscovite. 

The  optical  axes  lie  in  the  plane  of  the  longer  diagonal  in  the  following  lepidolites  ;  the  angles 
of  divergence  observed  are  as  follows  : 

Paris,  Me.;  whitish-green;  with  green  tourmaline  74°  —  74°  30'  Silliman. 

"          rose-colored  74  Grailich. 

Siberia  75  40 

Rozena,  Moravia  76 

Penig,  Saxony  76  30 

A  "  lepidolite  "  from  Bournon's  collection  gave  Senarmont  55°;  and  a  Zinnwald  mica,  silvery 
or  greenish-blonde,  46°—  47°.  Grailich  made  the  angle  of  mica  from  Zinnwald  and  Schlaggen- 
wald  51°  10'.  Each  of  these  varieties,  giving  comparatively  small  angles,  have  the  plane  of  the 
axes  brachydiagonal  ;  and  the  small  angle  may  arise  from  an  interlamination  of  a  brachydiagonal 
kind  with  a  macrodiagonal. 

Named  lepidolite  from  ACTTI?,  scale,  after  the  earlier  German  name  Schuppenstein,  alluding  to  the 
scaly  structure  of  the  massive  variety  of  Rozena. 

295A.  SNARUMITE  Breiih.  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  364,  1865).  A  mica-like  cleavage  in  one  direction, 
and  another  transverse  imperfect.  Occurs  massive  and  in  tufts  columnar  in  structure,  with 
H.=4—  5  '5,  the  least  on  cleavage-surface;  G.  =  2'826;  lustre  on  cleavage-face  pearly,  elsewhere 
vitreous  ;  color  mostly  reddish-white,  colorless,  grayish-white.  It  is,  according  to  Richter  (1.  c.), 
a  silicate  of  alumina,  lithia,  soda,  and  potash.  Comes  from  the  shore  of  the  Snarum-Elf,  near 
c<narum,  in  Norway. 

295.  ORYOPHYLLITE.    J.  P.  CooJce,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II  xliii.  217,  1867. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=120°.  In  six-sided  prisms.  Cleavage:  basal 
highly  eminent,  as  in  the  Mica  group.  Twins  :  composition-face  i-i.  Also 
massive,  an  aggregate  of  scales. 

H.=2—  2'5.  G.=2'909.  Lustre  of  cleavage-face  bright  pearly  inclin- 
ing to  resinous.  Color  by  transmitted  light  dull  emerald-green,  transverse 
to  axis  brownish-red.  Streak  grayish,  slightly  greenish.  Thin  folia  tough 
and  elastic.  Optic-axial  angle  55°  to  60°  ;  plane  of  axes  brachydiagonal  ; 
Cooke. 


tt  Comp.—  0..  ratio  for  R,  B,  Si=3  :  4  :  14;  for  R+£,  gi,  1  :  2;  whence  the  formula  (f  R3  +  f  8) 
Si3,  in  which  R=protoxyd  of  iron,  potash,  and  lithia,  with  a  trace  of  soda,  rubidia,  and  cassia. 
But  if  the  micas  are  unisilicate  in  type,  the  formula  may  be  (f  R3  +  t$)2  Si3+3  Si;  or  else,  with 
half  the  excess  of  silica  basic.  Analysis  :  Cooke  (1.  c.)  : 

Si          £l       £e     Stn      Fe     &g        K        Li      Na,  Rb    SiF2 
($)  51-49     16-77     1-97     0'34    7'98     0'76     13'15     4*06        tr.        3'42=99'94. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  flame  of  a  candle  fuses  easily  ;  and  B.B.,  with  some  intumescence  to  a  gray- 
ish enamel  (F.  =  1'5  —  2),  giving  the  flame  a  lithia  reaction.  In  fine  powder  decomposed  by  the 
dilute  mineral  acids,  the  silica  separating  as  a  powder.  The  fluorine  is  not  expelled  even  at  a  red 
heat. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  the  granite  of  Cape  Ann,  with  danalite  and  lepidomelane  (annite). 


UNISILICATES.  317 


SCAPOLITE  GROUP. 

A  list  of  the  species  of  the  Scapolite  group,  with  their  oxygen  ratios 
and  formulas,  and  the  ratios  of  the  non-alkaline  to  the  alkaline  protoxyd 
bases,  is  given  on  page  252.  Although  the  oxygen  ratios  vary  from 
1:1:2,  1:2:3,  1 :  3  :  4,  to  1:2:4  and  1 :  2  :  6|-,  the  species  are' closely 
alike  in  the  square-prismatic  forms  of  their  crystals,  in  the  small  number 
and  the  kinds  of  occurring  planes,  and  in  the  angles.  The  variation  in  the 
basal  angle  of  the  fundamental  octahedron  (1  :  1)  for  the  species  of  the 
group  is  less  than  40',  the  extremes  being  64°  13'  (sarcolite)  and  63°  40' 
(meionite).  The  species  are  white  or  grayish-white  in  color,  except 
when  impure,  and  then  rarely  of  dark  color;  the  hardness  5— 6 '5;  G.= 
2*5— 2'8  (2*932?  in  sarcolite).  The  alkali  present,  when  any,  is  soda, 
with  only  traces  of  potash. 

Meionite  was  the  first  species  of  the  Scapolite  group  distinctly  recognized.  It  is,  however, 
probable  that  scapolite  was  included  with  lamellar  pyroxene  under  the  name  of  White  Schorl- 
Spar  (Skorlspat)  by  Cronstedt,  who  mentions  Pargas,  in  Finland,  as  one  of  its  localities.  The 
names  Wernerite  and  Scapolite  were  both  introduced  by  d'Andrada  (of  Portugal)  in  the  same 
article  (Scherer's  J.,  iv.  35,  38,  1800),  and  applied  to  specimens  from  the  same  region  in  Norway. 
Wernerite  is  the  first  of  the  two  in  the  article.  Haiiy  used  the  names  Wernerite  and  Scapolite 
(supposing  the  species  distinct)  in  his  Traite  of  1801.  But  in  his  Mineralogical  Course  for  1804 
or  1805  arbitrarily  set  aside  the  latter  for  Paranthine.  Monteiro,  a  friend  of  d'Andrada,  and 
speaking  in  his  behalf,  protested  in  1809  (J.  de  Phys.,  Ixviii.  177)  against  the  change,  and  after 
arguing  that  wernerite  and  scapolite  were  identical,  both  on  chemical  and  crystallographic  grounds, 
urged  the  adoption  of  the  name  Wernerite  for  the  species.  In  the  following  pages  the  name 
Scapolite  is  retained  for  the  group,  so  that  the  minerals  may  all  be  called  scapolites,  as  those  of 
the  feldspar  group  are  called  feldspars,  and  those  of  the  mica  and  chlorite  groups,  respectively 
micas  and  chlorites;  and  the  name  Wernerite  is  applied  to  the  most  prominent  division  of  the  old 
species.  This  course  meets  satisfactorily  the  question  of  priority,  and  also  the  convenience  of  the 
science. 


296.  SARCOLITE.  Sarcolite  Dr.  Thompson  (of  Naples),  1  807.  [Not  Sarcolite  duVicentin(= 
G-melinite)  Faujas,  Vauq.,  Ann.  d.  Mus.,  ix.  249,  1807,  xi.  42.]  Analcime  carnea  Mont.  &  Cov., 
Min.  Vesuv.,  1825. 


Tetragonal;  O  A  l-fc!56°  5'  ;  a=0'4435.  Ob- 
served planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure  ;  hemihedral 
in  the  planes  2-3,  only  the  alternate  occurring.  0  A  2 
=128°  33',  2  A  2,  pyr.,  132°  52,  0  A  4=157°  19', 
/A  2=141°  27';  /A  6=104°  52£';  1  A  1  (not  oc- 
curring planes),  bas.,=64°  13'.  Crystals  small. 

H.=6.  G.=2-545,  Brooke;  2-932,  Kammels- 
berg.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  flesh-red  to  rose-red, 
reddish-white.  Transparent  to  subtransparent.  Ex- 
tremely brittle. 

_   Oomp.—  0.  ratio  for  R,  K,  gi=l  :  1  :  2  ;  (£(  ft  Ca+  &  Na)3+| 

Si3=Silica  39*7,  alumina  22-8,  lime  33'4,  soda  4-1  =  100.     Analyses  :  1,  Scacchi  (Quadri  Crystallo- 

graphici,  Naples,  66,  1842);  2,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  cix.  570)  : 


318 


OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 


1.  Si  42-11     Xl  24-50    Ca  32-43    tfa  2*93=1 01'9T  Scacchi. 

2.  (|)      40-51          21-54          32-36  3'30,  K 1 '20=98-91  Ramm. 

corresponding  nearly  to  the  composition  of  idocrase. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  to  a  white  enamel     With  acids  gelatinizes. 

Obs.— Of  rare  occurrence  at  Mt.  Somma. 

Named  from  a&fa  flesh,  and  \idos,  stone,  in  allusion  to  the  color. 

The  crystallization  was  first  correctly  ascertained  by  Brooke  (Ed.  J.  Sci.,  i.  189,  1824).  Haiiy 
had  pronounced  it  cubic  (Tr.,  iii.  1822).  Kokscharof  found  0  A  2=128°  38',  and  0A  2-»=188°  30' 
(Min.  BussL,  ii.  110).  Rammelsberg  gives  (1.  c.)  0  A  2=128°  45',  and  0A2-i=138°  27'.  The 
above  figure  is  from  Hessenberg  (Min.  Not,  No.  L).  The  plane  usuaUy  made  1  is  here  made  2, 
in  order  that  the  lettering  of  the  crystals  may  correspond  with  that  of  the  crystals  of  other  species 
of  the  Scapolite  group. 


297    MEIONITE.    Hyacinte  blanche  de  la  Somma  de  Lisk,  Crist.,  ii.  289,  290,  PI.  iv.  f.  118, 
1783.     Meionite  H.,  Tr.,  ii.  1801. 


288 


Tetragonal :  0  A  1-i  =  156°  IS' ;  0=0-4:39.  Observed 
planes  :  0  ;  vertical,  /,  *-*,  ^-3,  ^-2  ;  pyramids,  1,  \-i ;  zircon- 
oids,  1-3,  3-3 ;  sometimes  hemihedral  in  the  planes  3-3,  the 
alternate  being  wanting.  0  A  l^MS0  10',  1  A  1,  pyr.,  =  136° 
11',  basal  63°  40'.  Cleavage :  i-i  and  /  rather  perfect,  but 
often  interrupted. 

H.=5-5-6.  G.=2-6— 2-74 ;  2'734-2'737,  fr.  Somma,  v. 
Rath.  Lustre  vitreous.  Colorless  to  white.  Transparent  to 
translucent;  often  much  cracked  within. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  K,  £,  Si=l  :  2  : 3 ;  (fr(i£  Ca+fi  Na)3+f  £l)2 Si3 = Silica 
41*6,  alumina  31*7,  h'me  24'1,  soda2'6=100.  Analyses:  1,  L.  Gmelin  (Schw. 
J.,  xxv.  36,  xxxv.  348);  2,  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  378);  3,  Wolff  (De  Comp,.  Eke- 

berg.,  etc.,  Ramm.,  2d  SuppL,  133) ;  4,  v.  Rath  (De  Comp.  Wern.,  Pogg.,  xc.  87) ;  5,  Damour  (L'ln- 

stitut,  1862,  21): 

Si        £l      Fe    fig    Ca     Na      K 

1.  Somma  40-8     30'6     1-0   22-1     2'4   ,  C  and  ign.  3-1  =  100  Gmelin. 

2.  "  40-5332-73 24'24       1-81         Fe  0'18=99-50  Stromeyer. 

3.  "  42-07  31-71 22-43  0'45  0'31,  ign.  0-31=97'29  Wolff. 

4.  "  42-55  30-89  0-41  0-83  21-41  1-25  0-93,    "    0-19=98-46  Bath. 

5.  "  41-80  30-40 0-46  19'00  2'51  0'86,    "    3'17,  gangue  0-46=98'66  Dam. 

An  opaque  meionite  examined  by  Gmelin  having  G.=2*65,  lost  1"6  by  ignition,  and  afforded  some 
carbonic  acid,  it  containing  carbonate  of  lime. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  at  3  to  a  white  blebby  glass.  Decomposed  by  acid 
without  gelatinizing  (v.  Rath).  Gmelin  states  it  to  be  fusible  with  difficulty  on  the  edges,  and 
both  Gmelin  and  v.  Kobell  state  that  it  gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid.  An  examination  of  a  speci- 
men received  from  Scacchi  fully  confirms  vom  Rath's  conclusions. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  small  crystals  in  geodes,  usually  in  limestone  blocks,  on  Monte  Somma,  near 
Naples. 

Rammelsberg  obtained  (Pogg.,  xciv.  434)  for  1  A  1,  basal,  63°  48' ;  over  summit,  116°  12' ;  1 A  1, 
pyr.,=136°  12';  the  former  gives  0  A  1  =  148°  6',  and  1  A  1,  pyr.,  136°  8'.  Kokscharof  found 
.1  Al,  pyr.,  =  136°  10'  — 136°  11|'  (Min.  BussL,  ii.  105);  Scacchi,  136°  11'  (1.  c.);  vom  Rath,  for 
crystals  from  L.  Laach,  135°  58£  (Pogg.,  cxix.  262),  giving  a=0'442. 

Named  by  Haiiy  from  /mur,  less,  the  pyramid  being  less  acute  than  in  idocrase. 


298.  PARANTHITE.  Paranthine  pt.  Skapolit,  Scapolit,  pt.  Wernerit  pt.  Skapolit  (fr. 
Storgord  in  Pargas)  N.  NordensJcidld,  Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  417,  1821 ;  id.  (fr.  Tunaberg)  Walmstedt, 
His.  Min.  Geog.  ueb.  Wohler,  98,  1826. 


UNISILICATES. 


319 


Tetragonal.  Forms  like  those  of  wernerite  ;  difference  in  angle,  if  any, 
undetermined.  Observed  planes:  prismatic,  7~,  i-i\  octahedral,  1,  \-i\ 
zirconoid,  3-3,  Nord.  Fig.  288,  excepting  the  planes  i-2  wanting  (form 
observed  at  Ersby).  Cleavage  lateral.  Also  massive. 

H.  =  5-5.  G.=:2-T36,  Pargas,  Nordenskiold ;  2'849,  Tunaberg,  Walm- 
stedt.  Lustre  between  pearly  and  vitreous  ;  outer  surface  sometimes  a 
little  waxy.  Color  white,  grayish-white,  gray,  pale  grayish-green,  sea- 
green,  approaching  celandine-green.  Translucent. 


Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  B,  Si=l  :  3  :  4;  (J  Ca3+£  £l)2  Si3=Silica  43'0,  alumina  36*9,  lime 
20-1  =  100. 

Analyses :  1-3,  K  Nordenskiold  (1.  c.) ;  4,  Walmstedt  (L  c.) ;  5,  "Wolff  (Comp.  Ekeberg.  Bias. 
Berolini,  1843): 


1.  Ersby,  trl.  cryst. 

2.  "       cryst. 

3.  Storgard 

4.  Tunaberg,  cryst. 

5.  Pargas,  Ersby?  wh.orgnh. 

6.  Pargas,  gnh.  cryst. 


Si 

43-83 
43-00 
41-25 
43-83 
45-10 
45-46 


35-43 
34-48 
33-58 
35-28 
32-76 
30-96 


Mg      Ca      Na      K       fi 


0-54 


0-68 


18-96 
18-44 
20-36 
19-37 
17-84 
17-22 


0-76 
2-29 


1-31 


1 -03=99-25  Nord. 
1-60=97-52  Nord. 
3-32  =  99-05  Nord. 

=  99-06Walmst. 

1-04=98-18  Wolff. 
1-29=98-53  Rath. 


.Anal.  1,  G.=2-736;  3,  G.=2'749;  4,  G.=2'849;  5,  G-.  =  2'712;  6,  G.  =  2'654. 

Anal.  1,  2,  4,  correspond  to  the  0.  ratio  1:3:4  (more  nearly  1  :  3*1  :  4'3) ;  anal  3,  to  1  :  2'6  :  3'6 ; 
anal.  4,  to  1  :  3  :  4-3 ;  anal.  5,  to  1  :  3  :  4'6 ;  each  corresponding  very  nearly  to  the  0.  ratio  for 
bases  and  silica  1:1. 

An  Ersby  specimen  afforded  Hartwall  and  Hedberg  (Jahresb.,  iv.  155)  Si  48-77,  A1!  31-05,  Ca 
15-94,  ISTa  3*25,  ign.  0-61=99-62;  which  gives  the  0.  ratio  1-1:3:  5-3,  or  a  considerable  excess 
of  silica,  with  some  soda.  It  is  probably  the  same  mineral  with  that  of  anal  5,  altered. 

Pyr.,  etc. — The  Tunaberg  crystals  B.B.  fuse  easily  with  intumescence  to  a  globule. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  greenish  4- and  8-sided  prisms,  some  of  them  terminated,  at  Tunaberg  in 
Sweden ;  also  at  Ersby  and  Storgard  in  the  parish  of  Pargas,  Finland. 

An  analysis  by  Laugier  of  "Paranthine"  from  Arendal  afforded  him  (J.  de  Phys.,  Ixviii.  36, 
180,  1809)  Si  45-0,  A1!  33-0,  3?e,  Slg  1-0,  Ca  17'6,  Na  1'5,  &  0'5,  which  agrees  closely  with  the  last 
analysis  by  Wolff.  The  name  paranthine,  substituted  for  scapolite  (and  for  Arendal  specimens) 
by  Haiiy,  was  consequently  connected  in  Prance,  almost  as  soon  as  introduced,  with  the  above 
composition,  and  continued  so  to  be  for  nearly  20  years  afterward,  Berzelius  giving  the  formula 
Ca3  Si  +  3  £l  Si  (and  also  the  name  paranthine)  in  his  N.  Syst.  Min.,  1819,  216.  Although  Lau- 
gier's  analysis  of  the  Arendal  scapolites  is  not  confirmed  by  later  analysts,  the  name  paranthite 
may  well  be  retained  for  this  section  of  the  Scapolite  group. 


299.  WERNERITE.  Wernerite  (fr.  Norway)  d'Andrada,  J.  de  Phys.,  li.  244,  1800,  Schorer's 
J.,  iv.  35,  1800.  Scapolite  (fr.  Norway)  d'Andrada,  ib.,  246,  and  ib.  38,  1800.  Rapidolith  Abild- 
gaard,  Ann.  Ch.,  xxxii.  195,  1800.  Wernerite,  Scapolite,  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  iv.  1801.  Skapolith, 
Arcticit  [=Wernerite]  Wern.,  1803,  Ludwig's  Wern.,  ii.  210,  1804.  Paranthine  [=Scapolite  of 
Arendal]  H.,  Lucas  Tabl.,  205,  1806 ;  H.  Comp.  Tabl.,  45,  1809.  Fuscit  (fr.  Arendal)  Schu- 
macher, Verzeichn.,  104,  1801.  Chelmsfordite  J.  F.  &  8.  L.  Dana,  Outl.  Min.  G-.  Boston,  44,  1818. 
Nuttallite  (fr.  Bolton)  Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  vii.  316, 1824.  Glaukolith  (fr.  L.  Baikal)  v.  Fischer, 
Sokoloff's  Bergwerks  J. ;  John.  Chem.  Unters.,  ii.  82,  1810;  Glaucolite. 


Tetragonal :  0  A  \4  =  156°  14£' ;  a=0'4398.  Observed  planes : 
0 ;  vertical,  7,  14,  *-2,  i-3 ;  pyramids,  1,  3 ;  zirconoid,  3-3.  3-3 
and  i-2  often  hemihedral,  right  or  left,  half  of  the  eight  planes  being 


320 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


either  wanting,  or  (as  in  f.  291,  a  top  view)  much  smaller  than  the  other 
half. 

0  A  1=148°  6' 
/A  1=121  54 
/A  £-2=161  34 
/A  i- 3=153  26 

^  A  £3=161  34 
i-i  A  £2=153  26 

1  A  1,  pyr.,=136  7 
1  A  1,  bas.,  63  48 

l-i  A  l-i,  pyr.,  =  146  53 

Cleavage :  i-i  and  /  rather 
distinct,  but  interrupted.  Also 
massive,  granular,  or  with  a 
faint  fibrous  appearance  ;  some 
times  columnar. 

H.  =  5— 6.  G.=2-63— 2-8.  Lustre  vitreous  to 
pearly  externally,  inclining  to  resinous ;  cleavage 
and  cross-fracture  surface  vitreous.  Color  white, 
gray,  bluish,  greenish,  and  reddish,  usually  light ; 
streak  .uncolored.  Transparent — faintly  subtrans- 
lucent.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Brittle. 


Hirwensalo,  Finland. 


Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  In  crystals,  white  to  gray,  grayish-green,  brownish,  and  rarely,  from  im- 
purity, nearly  black.  Kokscharof  gives  for  the  angles  those  of  meionite,  namely,  1  A  1,  pyr.,  = 
136°  11',  bas.,=63°  42',  l-i  A  I-i,  pyr.,  =  146°  67-J',  bas.,=47°  26',  i-i  A  l-z=113°  43',  /A  L=121° 
51'  (Min.  Russl.,  ii.  82).  The  prisms  are  sometimes  several  inches  thick. 

Nuttalite  (named  after  T.  Nuttal)  is  white  to  smoky  brown  scapolite  from  Bolton,  Mass.  Chem- 
ists have  found  wide  variations  in  composition,  and  have  shown  that  it  is  sometimes  much  altered. 
The  crystals  and  massive  variety  of  Chelmsford,  Mass.,  of  gray,  greenish,  and  reddish  shades  of 
color,  has  been  called  Chelmsfordite. 

2.  Massive.  Glaucolite  is  of  pale  violet-blue,  bluish,  indigo-blue,  to  greenish-gray  colors, 
sometimes  resembling  cancrinite,  but  having  the  cleavage  of  scapolite.  It  is  from  near  R.  Sludi- 
anka,  beyond  L.  Baikal,  Siberia,  where  it  occurs  in  veins  in  granite.  The  pink  scapolite  of  Bolton 
is  similar.  Named  from  yAavKtj?,  greenish-gray  or  sea-green. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  K,  K,  Si=l  :  2  :  4;  or  for  bases  and  silica  1  :  1-V.  Formula  (i(Ca,  Na)3  + 
f  A-l)2Si3  +  Si;  or  else  with  half  the  excess  of  silica  (Si)  basic;  =,  if  Oa  :  Na=4  :  1,  Silica  48'4, 
alumina  28-5,  lime  18-1,  soda  5-0=100. 

The  above  is  the  mean  ratio ;  but  the  analyses  show  variations  from  it,  as  seen  below,  due,  in 
part  at  least,  to  impunties,  alteration,  or  incorrect  determinations. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  G.  v.  Rath  (Pogg.,  xc.  82,  288);  3,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  273);  4,  Wolff  (Inaug. 


Diss.  Berlin.  1843,  Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  719);  5,  Wurtz  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  IL 
(1.  c.);  9,  Berg  (Jahresb.,  xxv.  356);  10,  v.  Rath  (1.  c.);  11,  Wolff  (L  c.): 


1.  Bolton,  bkh.-gn. 
2         '•  " 

3!        " 

4.  "      rdh.,       mass. 

5.  "      bluish,       " 

6.  Arendal,  ywh.-gn.  " 

7.  Arendal,  ywh.,  cryst. 

8.  Malsjo,  bluish, 

9.  Drothems,  violet,      " 

10.  L.  Baikal,  Glaucolite 

11.  Laurinkari,  Finl. 


325) ;  6-8,  G-.  v.  Rath 


Si 

44-40 
45-57 
46-30 
48-79 
47-67 
45-05 
46-82 
47-24 
46-82 
47-49 
48-15 

51 

25-52 
23-65 
26-48 
28-16 
25-75 
25-31 
26-12 
24-69 
26-60 
27-57 
25-38 

£e 
3-79 
3-38 

0-32 
2-26 
2-02 
1-39 

0-32 
1-54 
1-48 

fig 
1-01 
1-23 

1-29 

0-30 
0-26 
2-18 
0-55 
0-47 
0-84 

Ca 
20-18 
20-81 
18-62 
15-02 
17-31 
17-30 
17-23 
16-84 
17-17 
17-16 
16-63 

Na 
2-09 
2-46 
3-64 
4-52 
7-76 
6-45 
6-88 
3-55 
4-76 
4-71 
4-91 

K 
0-51 
0-63 

0-54 

1-55 
0-97 
0-85 
0-32 
0-58 
0-12 

fi 
1-24=98-74  Rath. 
0-78=98-51  Rath. 
5-04=100-08  Thorn. 
0-74=99-36  Wolff. 
=100-77  Wurtz. 
l-24=99'22  Rath. 
0-33=100  Rath. 
1-75=97-06  Rath. 
1-60=98-14  Berg. 
0-48  =  100  Rath. 
0-85=98-45  Wolff. 

UNISILICATES.  321 

Anal.  l,G.=r  2-788,  blackish-green  crystals,  the  interior  in  part  opaque;  2,  2 '748,  and  like  the 
preceding  in  color;  3,  2'709;  4,  G.=2-718;  5,  G.  =  2'704;  6,  G.  =  2'751;  7,  G.  =  2'697;  8,  G.= 
2-763;  9,  G.  =  2'34?,  from  the  parish  of  Drothems  in  E.  Gothland;  10,  G.  =  2'666;  11,  G.  =  2'733, 
color  blackish-green  and  greenish-gray. 

The  oxygen  ratios  for  B,  B,  Si,  corresponding  to  the  analyses  are : 


1.  1     :  2     :  3-6  5.     1  :  1-8 

2.  1-2 :  2     :  4-1  6.     1  :  1-7 

3.  1     :  2     :  4  7.     1  :  1-8 


3'7  8.     1     :  1-7  :  4-0 

3'4  9.     1-1  :  2-0  :  4'0 

3-6  10.     1     :  2-1  : 4'0 


4.     1     :  2-2  :  4'3  11.     M  :  2     :  4-0 

The  first  two  analyses  by  v.  Rath  of  specimens  named  nuttallite,  and  attributed  to  Bolton,  are 
evidently  of  altered  crystals,  as  the  presence  of  over  3  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  iron  indicates.  The  coloi 
stated,  "blackish-green,"  is  further  evidence  on  this  point.  Moreover  it  is  a  very  unusual  color 
at  the  locality,  as  nuttallite  is  ordinarily  white,  grayish-white,  and  pale  smoky  brown,  the  darker 
color  occurring  sometimes  in  crystals  that  are  partly  whitish.  V.  Rath  states  that  the  mineral 
was  very  difficultly  fusible.  Thomson's  analysis  (No.  3)  was  also  made  on  an  altered  specimen, 
as  it  gave  5  p.  c.  of  water. 

Muir,  in  an  analysis  of  nuttallite  published  by  Thomson  (Min.,  383)  obtained  Si  37-81,  3tl  25-10, 
3?e  7*89,  Ca  18-34,  K  7'30,  H  1'50=97'94.  The  potash  and  the  low  silica,  as  well  as  the  iron,  in- 
dicate an  altered  specimen,  if  the  analysis  may  be  so  far  trusted  as  to  draw  a  conclusion  from  it. 
The  color  of  the  mineral  (white,  to  yellowish,  bluish,  or  greenish)  and  the  associated  minerals  on 
the  specimen  (spheiie  and  green  pyroxene)  show  that  Muir  probably  had  true  nuttallite  for  in- 
vestigation. 

Wurtz's  analysis  of  the  pink  scapolite  of  Bolton  gives  more  soda  than  the  rest.  In  a  recent 
trial  (priv.  contrib.)  B.  S.  Burton  found  about  3  p.  c.  of  alkalies,  sustaining  Wolff's  results. 

The  bluish-gray  massive  variety  from  Malsjo  has  been  analyzed  also  by  Suckow  (Verwitt.  Min., 
138),  but  as  he  found  no  alkalies,  his  results  are  questionable,  either  on  the  ground  of  the  speci- 
men or  the  analysis.  He  obtained  Si  48-17,  3tl  28-27,  3?e  2-38,  Ca  19'04,  H  2*00.— 99-86.  Suckow 
analyzed  also  a  kaolin  from  Malsjo,  a  result  of  alteration  of  the  scapolite  (see  p.  323). 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  easily  with  intumescence  to  a  white  blebby  glass.  Imperfectly  decom- 
posed by  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  metamorphic  rocks,  and  most  abundantly  in  granular  limestone  near  its  junc- 
tion with  the  associated  granitic  or  allied  rock ;  sometimes  in  beds  of  magnetite  accompanying 
limestone.  It  is  often  associated  with  light-colored  pyroxene,  amphibole,  garnet,  and  also  with 
apatite,  spheue,  zircon ;  amphibole  is  a  less  common  associate  than  pyroxene.  The  scapolite  of  Par- 
gas,  Finland,  is  in  limestone ;  that  of  Arendal  in  Norway,  and  Malsjo  in  Wermland,  occurs  with 
magnetite  in  limestone. 

Some  foreign  localities  of  the  mineral  are  above  indicated.  In  the  following  those  of 
wernerite  and  ekebergite  are  not  yet  distinguished.  In  Vermont,  at  Marlboro',  massive. 
In  Mass.,  at  Bolton  and  Boxborough,  in  crystals,  sometimes  large ;  at  Cholmsford ;  Little- 
ton; Chester;  Carlisle;  Westfield,  massive;  at  Parsonsfield  and  Raymond,  near  Dr.  Swett's  house, 
crystals,  with  yellow  garnet.  In  Conn.,  at  Monroe,  white  and  nearly  fibrous  ;  a  stone  quarry  at 
Paugatuck,  Stonington,  massive.  In  N.  York,  at  Two  Ponds  in  Orange  Co.,  reddish-white 
crystals  with  pyroxene,  sphene,  and  zircon,  one  crystal  10  in.  long  and  5  in  diameter;  at  Fall  Hill, 
Monroe,  of  white  and  bluish  colors,  massive,  with  lamellar  pyroxene ;  in  Warwick  of  the  same 
county,  near  Amity,  milk-white  crystals  with  pyroxene,  sphene,  and  graphite ;  5  m.  S.  of  War- 
wick, and  2  m.  N.  of  Edenville,  near  Greenwood  Furnace  (planes  1,  I,  i-2,  i-i),  are  other  good 
localities  ;  in  Essex  Co.,  perfect  crystals  and  massive,  nearly  fibrous,  white  and  greenish- white, 
abundant  near  Kirby's  graphite  mine,  4  m.  N.  E.  of  Alexandria,  in  Ticonderoga,  associated  with 
pyroxene ;  at  Crown  Point ;  in  Lewis  Co.,  in  fine  crystals,  white,  bluish,  and  dark  gray,  present- 
ing the  play  of  light  not  unusual  with  this  variety;  edges  of  the  crystals  often  rounded.  In  N. 
Jersey,  at  Franklin  and  Newton,  and  3  m.  W.  of  Attleboro',  crystallized,  in  limestone.  In  Canada, 
at  G.  Calumet  Id.,  massive  lilac-colored ;  at  Hunterstown,  in  large  crystals,  with  sphene ;  at 
Grenville,  with  pyroxene. 

Pisani  has  analyzed  a  scapolite  from  Brakke,  Norway,  which  gives  a  composition  between  that 
of  paranthite  and  wernerite.  He  obtained  (C.  R.,  Iv.  450)  : 

Si  48  78     £l  32-65      £e  0'87      Mg  1-15     Ca  13*32      Na  2-59      &  0'63     H  1-80=101'29. 

It  had  been  called  Esmarkite. 

One  of  the  minerals  called  saussurite  by  Boulanger,  stated  to  come  from  Mt.  Genevre,  gave 
him  G.  =  2'65,  and  the  composition  Si  44'6,  -&1  30*4,  Mg  2-5,  Ca  15'5,  Na  7'5  (Ann.  d.  M.,  ILL 
viii.  159).  It  is  stated  to  be  greenish- white  and  compact,  and  to  occur  associated  with  a  greenish- 

21 


322 


OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 


brown  smaragdite.  In  low  specific  gravity  it  is  near  scapolite.  But  we  may  suspect  that  there  is 
some  mistake  about  the  specific  gravity,  in  which  case  it  may  be  zoisite  (see  p.  290)  like  other 
eaussurite  of  the  Alps.  It  agrees  rather  nearly  with  the  latter  in  composition. 

Canaanite,  a  grayish-white  or  bluish  white  rock  occurring  with  dolomite  in  Canaan,  Conn., 
and  referred  to  massive  scapolite  by  some  authors,  is  massive  whitish  pyroxene,  a  mineral  com- 
mon in  crystals  in  the  dolomite  of  the  region. 

A  so-called  glaucoliie  from  the  L.  Baikal  region,  analyzed  by  Bergemann  (Fogg.,  ix.  267)  and 
Givartovski  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  1848,  548)  differs  from  the  true  glaucolite  in  being  difficultly 
fusible  (as  much  so  as  orthoclase),  and  also  in  composition,  these  analysts  obtaining : 

Si  XI         £e       Mn        Mg         Ca         Na        £          H 

1.  50-58       27-60       O'lO       0'85       3-73       10'26       2'96       1'26       1-73=99-07  Bergemann. 

2.  50-49       28'12       0'44       0'59       2'68       ll'Sl       3'10       I'OO       r78=99'51  Givartovski. 

It  was  massive,  of  a  greenish-blue  color,  with  G.= 2*721,  Berg.;  2-65,  Giv.  It  has  been  supposed 
to  be  a  feldspar. 

Alt. — As  the  altered  scapolites  that  have  been  derived  from  ekebergite  or  paranthite  have  not 
been  distinguished  from  those  derived  from  wernerite,  the  following  observations  are  made  to 
include  all: 

In  the  alteration  of  the  scapolites,  one  or  more  of  the  following  changes  occur,  as  illustrated  in 
the  following  analyses  of  different  kinds : 

1.  The  hydration  of  the  mineral. 

2.  The  loss  of  part  or  all  of  the  protoxyd  bases,  often  effected  largely  through  the  action  of 
carbonated  waters  carrying  off  the  lime  as  carbonate. 

3.  The  substitution  of  potash  for  the  soda  or  lime,  due  to  the  action  of  the  carbonates  in  solu- 
tion in  percolating  waters. 

4.  The  increase  in  the  amount  of  soda,  probably  by  the  action  of  carbonate  of  soda  or  chlorid  of 
sodium  in  solution. 

5.  The  introduction  of  oxyd  of  iron,  through  salts  of  lime  (organic,  bicarbonate,   etc.)  in 
solution. 

6.  The  substitution  of  magnesia  for  other  protoxyd  bases. 

7.  The  loss  of  silica  as  well  as  protoxyd  bases. 

By  the  substitution  of  potash,  the  mineral  passes  either  to  the  state  of  pinite  (anal.  8  to  1 5), 
or  to  that  of  a  potash  mica  (anal  15,  16).  By  the  acquisition  of  iron  (anal.  17,  18)  it  passes  in  some 
cases  to  epidote  (anal.  19).  By  the  introduction  of  magnesia,  it  may  pass  to  steatite ;  or  of^magne- 
sia  and  potash,  to  a  magnesia  mica  (anal  20).  By  a  loss  of  bases,  the  proportion  of  silica  left 
increases  (anal.  4,  5,  6,  21,  22,  23);  and  by  a  loss  of  silica  also  (which  may  become  opal  in  its 
separation),  the  mineral  passes  to  a  kaolin-like  compound,  a  common  result  of  its  alteration  (anal. 
24).  Moreover,  silica  may  remain,  and  the  altered  crystal  become  by  additions  a  siliceous  pseudo- 
morph,  as  occurs  at  Pargas. 

Analyses:  I.  Hydrous.     1,  Weibye  and  Berlin  (Pogg.,  Ixxix.  302). 

II.  Containing  carbonate  of  lime.    2-6,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiv.  177);  7,  Brewer  (This  Min., 
1850,  680) ;  7  a,  same,  with  the  C  removed. 

III.  Potassic  and  often  also  carbonated.     8,  v.  Eath  (Pogg.,  xc.  288) ;  8a,   same,  with  the  C 
removed;  9,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1852-53,  168,  1863,  474);   10,  Stadtmiiller  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II. 
viii.  394);  11,  T.  S.  Hunt  (ib.,  103);  12,  Crossley  (This  Min.,  1850,  680);  13,  J.  D.  Whitney  (Am. 
J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  207);  14,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1853,  1863);  15,  Bischof  (Ch.  Geol.,  ii.  1433) ; 
16-19,  v.  Rath  (L  c.);  20,  Bischof  (1.  c.) ;  21,  John(Beud.  Min.,  ii  94,  1832);  22,  Berzelius  (Afh. 
i.  Fys.,  ii  202) ;  23,  Hartwall  &  Hedberg  (Jahresb.,  iv.  155) ;  24,  Suckow  (Verwitt.  Min.,  138, 
1848) : 


I. 
II. 

:n. 

Si 
1.  Arendal,  Ath&r.   38-00 
2.  S'dianka,  Strog.  43'35 
3.  Diana,  gray         47  -94 
4.  Bolton,  white  cr.  56*04 
5.       "    rdh.mass.  61-68 
6.  Gulsjo,  w.  mass.  53*75 
7.  Franklin,^.  (|)47-35 

7o.       "                   49-71 
8.  Bolton,  yeUow     49-99 

,80.       "                    52-20 

XI 
24-10 
30-52 
30-02 
23-92 
29-30 
28-06 
28-77 

30-21 
23-00 

24-03 

£e 

0-95 
2-60 
1-14 
1-16 
0-34 

1-64 
1-71 

Fe 

4-82 

T72 
1-81 

ftn 
0-78 

0-26 
0-14 
0-15 
0-26 

&g 
2-80 

0-20 
0-78 

2-02 

2-12 
1-73 

1-80 

Ca 
22-64 
21-59 
14-41 
9-28 
13-51 
9-24 
12-00 

12-20 
3-35 

8-06 

tfa 

3-74 
2-20 
8-66 
1-46 
7-00 

0-35 
0-37 

fc 

0-73 
1-27 
0-94 
0-55 

tr. 

7-09 
7-40 

H 

6-95  =  100-09  B. 
—  100-15  H. 
0-31=98-47  H. 
=100-65  H. 
0-82=99-80  H. 
0-67  =  99-87  H. 
1-80-,     C     4-72  = 
98-38  B. 
1-89=98-34  B. 
4-23,  Ca  C  7-80= 
99-19  R. 
4-43=100-99  R. 

UNISILICATES. 


323 


9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 

Si 

Perth                   46-30 
Diana                   45'79 

Algerite                49'82 
"                     49-96 
"                      52-09 
Wilsonite        (f)  47-60 

£l         Fe 

26-20     
30*11    1-86 
24-91    1-85 
24-41     1-48 
18-63a    
31-20     

Mg 

3-63 

1-15 
5-18 
und. 
4-19 

Ca 

12-88 
17-40 

1-45 

tfa       fc 

2-88  4-30 
3-48 
tr.  10-21 
9-97 
und.  und. 
0-88  9-30 

H 

2-80=98-99  Hunt. 
1-63=  100-27  Stadtm. 
7-57,  Ca  C  3-94=99-45  H. 
5-06,  Ca  C  4-21  =  100-27  C. 
6-68,  CaC  4-41,  Ca3P  8'22  W 
5-43=99-55  Hunt. 

15. 

Arendal,  Mica 

[65'82]b27-37a    

0-42 



0-42 

5-77 

0-20  =  100  Bisch. 

IV. 

16. 

» 

ii 

44-49 

24-91 

4-84 

0-36 

2-14 

1-11 

6-71 

3-44,  CaC  11-11=99-11  R. 

17. 

H 

brick-red  59-74 

16-20 

7-90 

4-02 

2-15 

4-31 

4-42 

1-83  =  100-57  Rath. 

18. 

M 

black 

29-52 

15-77 

19-14 

8-50 

9-02 

0-58 

0-37 

10-89,  Ca  C  4-62=98-45  R. 

19. 

« 

Epidote 

37-92 

19-21 

15-55 

0-25 

22-68 

0-39 

0-23 

2  -5  1=98-74  Rath. 

V. 

20. 

Pargas, 

Mica 

46-75 

26-15 



15-78 



0-82 

5-64 

0-63=95-77  Bischof. 

21. 

Gabbro1, 

nite 

54-00 

24-00 



1-50 



17-25 



2-00=100  John. 

VI. 

22. 

Sjosa,  brick-red 

61-50 

25-35 

1-50 

0-75 

3-00 

5-00 

Mn  1-50=99  Berz. 

23. 

Petteby,  Parg. 

51-34 

32-27 

1-91 



9-33 

5-12 



1-00=100-97  H.  &H. 

VII. 

24. 

Malsjo, 

Kaolin 

53-32 

44-65 





1-17 





=99-11  Suckow. 

a  With  a  little  Fe2  0s.        b  Probably  too  high. 


The  following  are  the  characters  of  different  altered  scapolites,  including  those  of  which  analy- 
ses are  above  given  : 

ATHERIASTITE  Weibye  (Pogg.,  Ixxix.  302,  1850).  Anal.  1.  Like  scapolite  inform;  color  green- 
ish ;  opaque.  From  Arendal,  with  black  garnet  and  keiihauite. 

STROGANOVITE  Herm.  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiv.  178,  1845)  (Anal.  2).  Has  the  form  of  scapolite  (Koksch. 
Min.  Russl.,  iii.  95).  Color  yellowish  to  light  oil-green  ;  lustre  greasy;  translucent;  H.  =  5'5,  G.= 
2-79.  B.B.  fuses  easily  with  intumescence.  From  the  Sliidianka  in  Dauria.  The  analysis  af- 
forded 6'4  p.  c.  of  carbonic  acid,  which  is  above  removed;,  this  corresponds  to  11  '4  p.  c.  of  Ca  C. 

Anal.  3.  Large  gray  crystals,  containing  9'23  p.  c.  of  Ca  C;  G.=2*74.  In  the  anal,  as  above 
given,  4'06  of  C  is  removed.  .  Occurs  at  Diana,  N".  Y.,  with  sphene  in  calcite. 

Anal.  4.  White  crystals  with  calcite,  from  Bolton;  G.=2'66.  In  the  anal,  as  above  given,  2-5 
p.  c.  of  C  is  removed.  Anal.  5,  reddish  massive,  from  Bolton;  G.  =  2'70.  Anal.  8,  massive,  yel- 
lowish ;  H.=4-5  ;  G.=2'787.  Contains  7*80  p.  c.  of  Ca  C.  From  Bolton. 

Anal.  H.  Whitish  massive,  from  Gulsjd;  contains  3'41  Ca  C;  G.=2'69.  In  the  anal,  above,  1*5 
p.  c.  of  C  removed. 

Anal.  7.  Greenish  or  yellowish-green,  cleavable,  and  partly  in  crystals,  from  Franklin,  N.  J., 
having  H.=3'5,  G.=2'78,  with  subresinous  lustre  ;  B.B.  very  fusible.  Contains  10'72  p.  c.  of  Ca  0. 

Anal.  9.  Greenish-gray,  waxy  in  lustre  to  pearly,  subtranslucent,  with  H.  =  5'5,  G.  =  2-640-  - 
2'667  ;  from  Perth  in  Canada.  Contains  considerable  magnesia  as  well  as  potash. 

AnaL  10.  In  grayish  crystals,  from  Diana,  associated  with  sphene.  (Not  from  Bolton,  as  an- 
nounced ;  the  specimen  shows  by  its  character  and  the  associated  minerals  that  it  is  unquestion- 
ably from  Diana.) 

ALGERITE  Hunt  (Am.  J.  Sci..  II.  viii.  103,  1849)  (anal.  11  —  13)  occurs  in  slender  square  prisms, 
sometimes  2  or  3  in.  long,  imbedded  in  calcite.  Yellowish  to  gray  and  usually  dull.  Brittle.  H. 
=3  —  3-5;  some  crystals  more  altered,  2'5.  G.  =  2'697  —  2*712,  Hunt;  2'78,  Crossley.  From 
Franklin,  Sussex  Co.,  N.  J.  The  varying  results  of  analyses,  and  the  presence  of  carbonate  of 
lime,  of  magnesia,  and  the  relations  to  known  examples  of  altered  scapolite,  confirm  the  view 
derived  from  the  form  and  appearances,  that  algerite  is  an  altered  scapolite,  and  related  to 


WILSONITE  Hunt  (Logan's  Rep.  Can.,  1853  and  1863,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xix.  428)  (anal.  14)  is  a  mas- 
sive mineral  from  Bathurst,  Canada,  affording  square  prisms  by  cleavage,  and  having  H. 
=3-5,  G.  =  2'765  —  2*776,  lustre  vitreous,  a  little  pearly  on  cleavage  surfaces;  color  reddish-white, 
rose-red,  and  peach-blossom  red.  According  to  Chapman  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xx.  269),  its  crystalliza- 
tion and  other  characters  are  essentially  those  of  scapolite.  It  is  associated  with  apatite,  calcite, 
and  pyroxene.  The  oblique  basal  cleavage,  mentioned  by  Hunt,  is,  as  stated  in  the  last  edition 
of  this  work,  p.  503,  only  a  fracture.  Hunt  in  Rep.  G.  Can.  1863  makes  it  a  variety  of  gieseckite. 
Occurs  also  in  northern  N.  York.  See  further  under  FINITE,  p.  479. 

Terenite  of  Emmons  (Rep.  G.  N.  Y.,  1837,  152)  has  the  form  of  scapolite,  with  H.  =  2  ;  G.  =  2'53  ; 
lustre  a  little  pearly  ;  color  yellowish-white  or  greenish  ;  and  is  from  a  small  vein  in  limestone  at 
Antwerp,  N.  Y.  It  has  not  been  analyzed,  but  is  probably  near  algerite  or  wilsonite.  The 
Pinitartigen  (pinite-like)  Scapolit  of  Schumacher  (Verz.,  98,  1801),  from  Arendal,  is  probably  simi- 


324:  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

lar  to  the  algerite  and  other  pinite  pseudomorphs.  It  is  described  as  occurring  in  crystals  and 
massive,  of  a  white,  greenish,  and  other  shades,  and  as  B.B.  fusing  easily.  His  Talkartiger  Scapo- 
lit,  from  Arendal,  appears  to  have  been  a  steatitic  pseudomorph,  it  being  B.B.  infusible. 

Mica  from  Arendal,  Norway  (Micarelle  of  Abildgaard).  Anal.  15,  16.  The  mica  occurs  im- 
bedded in  quartz,  and  has,  according  to  v.  Rath  (1.  c.),  the  form  of  8-sided  crystals  of  scapolite, 
6  in.  long.  The  crystals  are  covered  with  mica  externally,  and  within  consist  throughout  of  an 
aggregation  of  the  same  mica.  The  mica  is  greenish-white,  translucent.  H,  — 2  — 3.  G.  =  2-833. 
Oxygen  ratio  (from  v.  Rath)  1:5-6:  10'5 ;  perhaps  1:6:  10£,  giving  1  :  1|  for  the  oxygen  of 
the  bases  and  silica.  The  change  from  scapolite  has  consisted  in  the  removal  of  lime,  addition  of 
3Pe,  and  substitution  of  potash  for  soda. 

Mica  from  Pargas,  anal.  20,  is  a  magnesia  mica. 

The  red  scapolite  of  Arendal  (anal.  17)  has  H.—  5;  G-.  — 2/852.  Brownish  or  brick-red.  Dif- 
ficultly fusible.  Oxygen  ratio  1  :  2-4  :  7'5.  In  the  change,  3Pe,  magnesia,  and  potash  have  been 
introduced. 

The  black  scapolite  of  Arendal  (anal.  18)  is  altered  by  a  large  addition  of  magnesia  and  iron. 
Color  grayish-black ;  streak  grayish-white.  Rather  soft.  Gr.=:2-837.  No  cleavage.  B.B.  edges 
rounded  with  difficulty.  0.  ratio  1  :  2'1  :  2'5  :  1/6,  unless  part  of  the  iron  is  sesquioxyd. 

The  epidote  pseudomorph  of  the  same  locality  (anal.  19)  gives  the  oxygen  ratio  of  epidote 
1:2:3.  The  crystals  occur  imbedded  in  uralite.  Forchhammer  has  described  other  epidote 
pseudomorphs  after  scapolite  from  Arendal,  which  are  albite  externally  and  epidote  within. 

GABBRONITE  of  Schumacher  (Verzeichn.,  1801)  is  referred  here  by  Sa3mann,  who  observes  that 
there  are,  in  the  Ecole  des  Mines  at  Paris,  crystals  of  it  of  the  form  of  scapolile  (This  Min.,  506, 
1854).  Schumacher  describes  it  as  bluish-gray,  inclining  to  leek-green  ;  also  grayish  mountain- 
green;  lustre  feeble ;  fracture  smooth  like  that  of  flint ;  G-.  =  2'947  ;  having  some  resemblance  to 
gabbro.  The  bluish-gray  variety  from  the  Kenlig  mine  near  Arendal,  with  black  hornblende 
and  calcite,  and  the  other  from  Fredericksvarn,  Norway,  in  syenite. 

The  kaolin  from  Malsjo,  anal.  24,  is  a  reddish-yellow  clay-like  mass,  retaining  something  of  the 
crystalline  form  of  scapolite ;  Gr.=2-l.  The  composition  corresponds  to  1  of  alumina  to  2  of  silica. 
For  another  kaolin  see  under  EKEBERGITE  (Passauite). 

Steatitic  pseudomorphs  occur  at  Newton,  N.  J.,  and  Arendal  in  Norway.  A  siliceous  scapolite 
of  Pargas,  of  a  gray  color,  in  limestone,  contains  92'71  p.  c.  of  silica.  Albite  is  announced  by 
Tschermak  as  occurring  pseudomorphous  after  scapolite. 

Pseudo- Scapolite  of  N.  Nordenskiold  (Bidrag  Finl.  Min.,  66,  1820)  is  wernerite  altered  to  pyrox- 
ene. The  crystals  are  large  and  contain  crystals  of  pyroxene,  which  are  most  abundant  toward 
the  exterior ;  from  Simonsby,  near  Pargas. 

300.  EKEBERGITE.  Scapolite  (fr.  Arendal)  pt.  Wernerite  (fr.  Arendal)  pt.  [Syn.  under 
WERNEEITE.]  Sodait  (fr.  Hesselkulla)  Ekeberg,  Afh.,  ii.  153,  1807.  Natrolite  of  Hesselkulla 
WoUaston.  Ekebergite  Berz.,  Arsb.,  1824,  168.  Ekebergit,  Porzellanspath  (fr.  Passau)  J.  N. 
Fuchs,  Denkschr.  Ak.  Munchen,  vii.  65,  1818,  Tasch.  Min.,  xvii.  94,  1823.  Porzellanit  v.  Kob., 
Taf.,  52,  1853.  Passauit  Naumann,  Min.,  305,  1855. 

Tetragonal.  Like  wernerite  in  form  and  cleavage.  Also  compact,  or 
finely  columnar  massive. 

Ii.  — 5'5— 6.  G.^2'74.  Lustre  vitreous,  somewhat  pearly  or  greasy. 
Color  white,  gray,  greenish-white,  bluish,  reddish.  Transparent  to  sub- 
translucent. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  ft,  fi,  §i=l  :  2  :  4-5;  formula  (i(Ca,  Na)+f  £l)2Sl8  +  3Si;  or  else  with 
half  the  excess  of  silica  (or  1|  Si)  basic;  =,  if  Ca  :  Na=3  :  1,  Silica  51 -7,  alumina  26'3,  lime  16-1, 
soda  5-9=100;  if  Ca  :  Na=2  :  1,  Silica  51-7,  alumina  26-3,  lime  14-2,  soda  7 -9=  100. 

Analyses:  1,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiv.  177);  2,  Wolff  (Inaug.  Diss.,  Berlin,  1843,  Ramm. 
Min.  Ch.,  719);  3,  Hartwall  (Berz.  Jahresb.,  iv.  155);  4,  Wolff  (1.  c.);  5,  v.  Rath  (Fogg.,  xc.  82, 
288);  6,  Wolff  (1.  c.);  7,  Damour  (L'Institut.,  1862,  21);  8,  v.  Rath  (1.  c.);  9,  Fuchs  (1.  c.);  10,  v 
Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  L  89);  11,  Schafhautl  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xlvi.  340): 

Si        £1       Pe      Mg       Ca       Na       K       ft 

1.  Hessellkulla  51-02     26'86     2-73     0'37     13-29    4'64    0-82      ,  Mn  0-26=100  H. 

2.  gyh.rgn.  49-26     26'40     0'54     14-44    6-14    0'65     0'69=98'12  Wolff. 


TJNISILICATES. 

Si 

$} 

Pe 

fig 

Ca 

Na 

t 

3. 

Pargas 

49-42 

25-41 

1-40 

0-68 

15-59 

6-05 



4. 

Malsjo,  pink,  mass. 

49-88 

27-02 

0-21 

0-85 

12-71 

7-59 

0-87 

5. 

11       white 

50-04 

25-68 



1-06 

12-64 

5-89 

1-54 

6. 

Arendal,  ywh.-w. 

50-91 

25-81 

0-75 

0-58 

13-34 

7-09 

0-85 

7. 

a 

50-30 

25-08 





14-08 

5-98 

1-01 

8. 

Gouverneur 

52-25 

23-97 



0-78 

9-86 

8-70 

1-73 

9. 

Passau,  Passauite 

49-30 

27-90 





14-42 

5-46 



10. 

u                  u 

50-29 

27-37 





13-53 

5-92 

0-17 

11. 

11                    11 

49-20 

27-30 





15-48 

4-53 

1-23 

325 


1-45  =  100  Hartwall. 
0'77=99-90a  Wolff. 
2-50=99-35  Rath. 
0-41  =  99-74  Wolff. 
3-25=99-70  Damour. 
1-20=98-49  Bath. 
0-90=97-98  Fuchs. 

=97-30  Kobell. 

1-20,  Cl  0-92=99-65  S. 


a  1'35  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  lime  removed. 


Anal.  1,  G.=2-80;  2,  G.  =  2-735;  4,  G.=2'623;  5,  G.  =  2'658;  6,  G.=2'712;  8,  G.=2'633;  9,  G. 
=2-64. 

The  passauite  (Porcellanspath)  has  the  0.  ratio,  in  anal  1,  1  :  2-4  :  4'8 ;  in  2,  1  :  2*4  :  4-9 ;  in  3, 
1:2-2:  4*6.  But  a  slight  change  in  the  bases  would  make  the  last  1  :  2  :  4*5  ;  and  it  is  probable 
that  the  mineral  is  an  altered  ekebergite.  Fuchs  made  the  prisms  probably  about  92°,  and  so 
also  did  Schaf  hautl.  But  Descloizeaux  has  found  that  it  has  but  one  optical  axis— a  negative 
one — and  this  decides  it  to  be  tetragonal  in  crystallization.  Its  colors  are  white  to  yellowish, 
bluish,  and  grayish-white.  The  crystals  are  coarse,  and  irregularly  grouped  or  single. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yield  a  small  amount  of  water.  B.B.  whitens  and  fuses  with 
intumescence  to  a  blebby  glass.  Imperfectly  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — From  Hessellkulla  and  Malsjo  hi  Sweden ;  Arendal  in  Norway ;  Pargas  in  Finland,  in 
limestone ;  Gouverneur,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  in  limestone,  with  apatite  and  sphene,  in  short 
thick  crystals  sometimes  several  inches  in  diameter. 

The  passauite  is  from  Appenzell,  near  Passau,  in  Bavaria. 

Alt. — The  passauite  is  the  source,  by  its  alteration,  of  a  large  bed  of  porcelain  earth  or  kao- 
lin. Part  of  the  kaolin  has  the  prismatic  form  of  the  passauite.  Fuchs  found  in  one  of  his  analy- 
ses Si  45-06,  A1!  32'UO,  ffe  0'90,  Ca  0-74,  H  18-00,  undecomposed  mineral  2-96=99-66;  in  an- 
other Si  43-65,  A1!  35'93,  Fe  I'OO,  Ca  0'83,  H  18'50=99-91.  Opal  occurs  in  the  kaolin  as  one 
result  of  the  alteration. 

PARALOGITE  N.  NordensJc.  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxx.  221,  1857).  Has  the  form  and  angles 
of  scapolite  (Koksch.  Min.  RussL,  iii.  187),  and  is  probably  altered  ekebergite.  Colors  white, 
bluish,  reddish-blue;  G.  =  2'665.  The  crystals,  after  action  of  acids,  are  full  of  worm-like  holes, 
owing  to  the  separation  of  the  carbonate  of  lime  present.  Analysis  afforded  Si  44-95,  A1!  26*89 
Mn  tr.,  Mg  I -01,  Ca  1444  [Na  10-86],  ign.  1 -85  =  100.  No  potash  was  found.  B.B.  easily  fusi- 
ble. The  0.  ratio  for  R,  S,  Si  is  1  :  3  :  6 ;  but  supposing  a  loss  of  part  of  the  bases,  it  may  have 
been  originally  a  true  ekebergite.  From  the  lazulite  locality  near  Bucharei  in  Siberia,  in  the 
L.  Baikal  region. 

301.  MIZZONITE.     Scacchi,  Pogg.,  Erganz.,  iii.  478,  1852. 


Tetragonal.  Closely  resembles  meionite  in  its  crystals.  Observed  planes  : 
0,  1,  i-i,  i-2,  1.  0  A  l-fc=156°  6'  ;  ar=0'4430  ;  1  A  1=135°  56'  and  64°  8', 
Scacchi  ;  135°  58',  Kokscharof.  Cleavage  as  in  meionite.  Crystals  quite 
small.  Unknown  massive. 

H.=5-5—  6.  G.—  2-623,  v.  Kath.  Lustre  vitreous.  Colorless  to  white. 
Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp.  —  0.  ratio  for  R,  $,  Si=l  :  2  :  5J;  or,  for  bases  and  silica,  =1  :  If;  formula,  (i(Ca,  Na)8 
+fXl)2Si3+2iSi;  or  else  with  half  the  excess  of  silica  basic;  =,  if  Ca:  Na=l  :  1,  Silica  55% 
alumina  24-0,  lime  9  -9,  soda  10  '9  =100.  The  analyses  agree  about  as  well  with  the  0.  ratio  1  :  2  :  5£. 

Analysis  :  v.  Rath  (Pogg.,  cix.  254)  : 


Si  54-70 


23-80 


0'22 


Ca  8-77        Na  9'83        K  2-14,  ign.  0'13=99  59. 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  fuses  easily,  but  with  less  intumescence  than  meionite.    Not  acted  upon  by 
muriatic  acid. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  on  Somma,  like  the  meionite.  but  is  associated  with  feldspar  instead  of  calcite 
Named  from  neigw,  greater,  the  axis  of  the  prism  being  a  little  longer  than  in  meionite. 


326  OXYGKEN  COMPOUNDS. 


302.  DEPYRE.  Schorl  blanchatre  de  Mauleon  (Pyrenees)  (discov'd  by  Gillet-Laumont  in  1786), 
Leucolite,  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  i.  289,  ii.  401,  1192.  Dipyre  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Schmelzstein  W&rn., 
Steff.  Orykt.,  i.  411,  1811.  Couseranite  Charpentier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxxix.  280,  1828.  Cou 
zeranite.  Prehnitoid  Blomslrand,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1854,  297. 

Tetragonal.  Form  and  cleavage  same  as  for  wernerite  and  meionite. 
Crystals  small  or  large,  single  or  grouped.  Sometimes  columnar. 

H.— 5— 5 -5.  G-.  1=2*64:6.  Lustre  vitreous  to  somewhat  pearly.  Color- 
less, whitish,  yellowish,  greenish,  and  sometimes  reddish ;  opaque  white. 
Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 

Dipyre  occurs  in  rather  coarse  crystals,  often  large  or  stout,  and  rarely  columnar,  in  metamor- 
phic  rocks,  while  marialite  is  found  only  in  very  small  colorless  or  white  crystals,  in  igneous  rocks, 
and  contains  more  alkali.  Prehnitoid  is  similar  to  dipyre. 

Oomp.— 0.  ratio  for  K,S,  Si=l:  2  :  6;  formula  (i(£Ca+iNa)3+£  £l)2Si3+6&=,  if  Ca  :  Na 
=  1:1,  Silica  58-3,  alumina  22-6,  lime  9-1,  soda  lO'O. 

Analyses:  1,  Vauquelin  (Haiiy's  Tr.,  iii.  1801);  2,  Delesse  (C.  R.,  xviii.  994,  1844);  3,  Damour 
(L'Institut,  16,  1862);  4,  Pisani  (DescL  Min.,  i.  227);  5,  Blomstraud  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1854): 

Si      £1       fin    fig     Ca    Na    &      fi 

1.  Dipyre  60       24 10  4          2  =  100  Vauq. 

2.  "      Libarens  55'5     24'8 9'0      9'4    0'7    =99-4  Delesse. 

3.  "      Pouzac      56-22  23'05 9'44     7'68  0'90  2-41=99-70  Damour. 

4.  "      Libarens  56*69  22'68  0'39  0'49     6-85     8-65  0'78  4-55—101-08  Pisani. 

5.  Prehnitoid  56'00  22-45  0'18  0'36     7'79  10'07  0'46  1'04,  Fe  l'01=99-36  Bl. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  white  blebby  glass.  Some  specimens  are  phos- 
phorescent when  heated.  Imperfectly  decomposed  by  acids. 

Obs. — From  the  region  of  the  Hautes-Pyrenees,  in  granular  limestone ;  at  Pouzac,  near  Bag- 
neres-de-Bigorre,  with  a  white  uuiaxial  mica ;  near  Libarens,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  Mauleon, 
with  mica  or  talc;  at  the  baths  of  Aulus  in  the  Dept.  of  Ariege;  hi  a  black  schist  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Les,  near  Luzenac,  Ariege ;  in  the  vicinity  of  Loutrin,  near  Angoumer,  in  blocks  of 
granular  limestone,  with  pyrite,  sphene.  The  prehnitoid  is  from  a  locality  between  Kongsberg 
and  Solberg  in  Sweden,  with  coarsely  crystallized  hornblende ;  its  hardness  is  stated  by  Blom- 
strand  to  be  7,  and  G-.=2-50. 

The  name  dipyre,  from  in,  twice,  and  ™<>,  fire,  alludes  to  the  two  effects  of  heat,  fusion  avdphos- 
phorescence.  Prehnitoid  refers  to  a  resemblance  to  prehnite. 

Alt.— Dipyre  undergoes  very  easy  alteration,  much  easier  than  wernerite,  and  this  it  probably 
owes  to  the  large  percentage  of  soda.  At  all  the  localities  the  mineral  occurs  to  a  large  extent  in 
a  crumbling  state.  Some  of  it  appears  to  be  changed  to  a  kind  of  greenish  leuchtenbergite. 

Cotiseranite  appears  to  be  the  same  mineral  hi  an  altered  form.  It  occurs  in  the  same  region, 
and  the  dipyre  may  be  seen  passing  into  couseranite.  Its  square  prisms  are  usually  rough  or 
rounded  exteriorly,  and  bluish-black  or  grayish-black  to  deep  black  in  color,  but  sometimes  whit- 
ish and  blackish  on  the  same  specimen.  It  is  often  soft  and  fragile.  Charpentier's  mineral  came 
from  the  department  of  Ariege  (formerly  Couserans).  Analyses :  1,  Dufrenoy  (Ann.  d.  M.,  II. 
iv.  327);  2,  Pisani  (Descl.  Min.,  i.  234): 

Si  Si  Fe          Mg          Ca  fra          £  fl 

1.  52-37         24-02        1-40         11-85         3'96         5'52         =98'55  Dufr. 

2.  58-33         20-20          1'90         7'20  0'99         0'76         8'82          2'35= 100-55  Pisani. 

Pisani's  analysis  was  made  on  large  square  prisms  from  Pouzac.  It  has  the  composition  of 
agalmatolite.  Both  of  the  analyses  indicate  the  alteration  by  the  amount  of  potash  present. 

Other  localities  are  near  Bagneres-de-Bigorre ;  at  Sentenac  near  Seix,  Ariege,  in  hard  lime- 
stone. An  orthoclase  of  the  region  has  sometimes  been  mistaken  for  couseranite. 

303.  MARIALITE.    v.  Hath,  ZS.  G.,  zviii.  635,  1866.     [Not  Marialite  of  Ryllo.] 

Tetragonal.     Closely  resembles  meionite  in  its  crystals.     Form  like  f. 


UNISILICATE8.  327 

288,  except  that  0  is  present,  and   3-3   are  wanting.     1  A  1=136°  0', 
nearly. 

H.=5'5—  6.     G.=2'626;    but,  allowing  for  impurity,  2-530.     Lustre 
vitreous.     Colorless,  or  white.     Transparent  to  translucent. 

Oomp.—  0.  ratio  for  K,  S,  Si=l  :  2  :  6,  like  dipyre;  but  having  the  alkalies  and  lime  in  the 

Na)3+|  £l)2  Si8  +  3  Si^Silica  58-3,  alumina  22-3, 


ratio  2  :  1  instead  of  1  :  1.     Formula  (i  (£  Si+f 

lime  6-0,  soda  13'4=100.  Or  perhaps  ratio  1  :  2  :  6-£,  which  gives  silica  62*1,  alumina  20'2,  lime 
5-5,  soda  12-2,  agreeing  better  with  the  analysis.  Analysis:  v.  Rath  (1.  c.);  la  is  the  analysis 
with  3Pe  removed  as  mixed  magnetite  : 

Si  Si  £e         Mg         Ca         ISTa          K 

1.       59-50         20-70         4-45         0-29         4'39         8'90         1-09=99'32. 
la.     62-72         21-82        -         0'31        4'63         9'37         1-15=100. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  Like  those  Of  mizzonite. 

Obs.  —  From  a  volcanic  rock  called  piperno,  occurring  at  Pianura,  near  Naples. 


304.  NEPHELITE.  Sechsseitige  weisse  durchsichtige  Schorlsauler  mit  oder  ohne  Pyramide 
an  der  Spitze,  etc.  (fr.  Vesuvius  (Somma)),  J.  J.  Ferber,  Briefe  aus  Walschland,  166,  1773;  = 
Basaltes  crystaUisatus  albus  crystaUis  prismaticis  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  ii.  73,  177  5;=  Sommite 
Delameth.,  T.  T.,  ii.  271,  l797;=Nepheline  H,,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Pseudo-sommite,  Pseudo-nephe- 
line  (fr.  C.  di  Bove),  FL  Bellevue,  J.  dePhys.,  li.  458,  1800;  id.,  var.  of  Sommite,  Delameth.,  1.  c. 
Nefelina,  CavoHnite,  Davina,  Mont.  &  Covelli,  Min.  Yesuv.,  1825. 

Fettstein  Wern.,  1808,  Klapr.  Beitr.,  v.  176, 1810,  Steflfen's  Orykt.,  i.  472, 1811.  Elajolith (fr.  Nor- 
way) JTtejpr.,  Mag.  Gres.  Fr.  BerL,  iii.  43,  1809,  Beitr.,  v.  176,  1810.  Pierre  grasse  J3".,  Tab!., 
65,  228,  1809.  Phonite  (fr.  Norway)  Descl.  Min.,  i.  289,  1863. 

Hexagonal.  0  A  1—135°  55' ;  <z=0'839.  Observed  planes  :  0  ;  prisms, 
7,  i-2,  ^'-f  ;  pyramids,  f ,  •§-,  f ,  1,  2,  4,  6 ;  2-2,  4-2.  Usual  forms  six-sided 
and  twelve-sided  prisms  with  plane  or  modified  summits.  Fig.  292,  sum- 
mit planes  of  a  crystal. 

292 

0  A  2=117°  18'  /A  1  =  134  5 

O  A  |=14T  9  /A  2=152  42 

0  A  i=154°  9r  1  A  1,  pyr.,=139  17 

0  A  4=104  28  1  A  1,  bas.,  =  88  11 

/A  £2=150 


Cleavage:  /distinct,  0  imperfect.     Also  massive, 
compact ;  also  thin  columnar. 

H.=5-5-6.  G-.=2-5-2-65.  Lustre  vitreous- 
greasy  ;  a  little  opalescent  in  some  varieties. 
Colorless,  white,  or  yellowish  ;  also  when  massive,  Vesuvius, 

dark  green,  greenish  or  bluish-gray,  brownish  and 

brick-red.     Transparent — opaque.     Fracture   subconchoidal.     Double   re- 
fraction feeble ;  axis  negative. 


lossy,  or  Sommite.     Usually  in  small  crystals  or  grains,  with  vitreous  lustre,  first 
Somma,  in  the  region  of  Vesuvius;  G-.  =  2'56,  fr.  Vesuvius,  Scheerer;  2'637,  ib., 


Var.— 1. 

found  on  Mt. 

Breith.  Davyne  is  nephelite  from  Vesuvius,  with  feeble  lustre,  containing,  according  to  Rammels- 
berg,  12-14  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  lime,  which  he  attributes  to  partial  alteration;  and  Cavolinite 
is  of  the  same  locality ;  it  has  a  silky  lustre  owing  to  longitudinal  rifts  within. 


328 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Kokscharof  found  the  angle  1  A  1  =  139*  17';  whence  /A  1=134°  5' 22",  and  a=0-83892e 
(Min.  Russl,  ii.  160).  Breithaupt  made  /A  1  =  134°  5' ;  Haidmger  134  3  ;  focacchi  133°  67* 

2.  Elasolite.  In  large  coarse  crystals,  or  massive,  with  a  greasy  lustre.  G.=2-597,  fr.  Miask, 
Breith. ;  2-65,  fr.  Arkansas,  J3mfth  &  Brush. 

Comp. 

\\)z  Si8+f  Si.     Possibly  7  (J  _    .  .      , 
of  a  unisilicate  and  a  bisilicate.     The  percentage 
silica  44-2,  alumina  33-7,  soda  16'9,  potash  5-2  =  100. 

Analyses:  1,  Arfvedson  (Jahresb,  ii.  97);  2,  3,  4,  Scheerer  (Pogg  xlvi.  291  xhx  359);  5, 
Gmelin  (Neph.  im  Dolerit,  etc.,  Heidelberg,  1822);  6,  Heidepnem  (J.  pr.  Ch.,1.  500);  7,  Monticelh 
&  Covelli  (Prod.  Min.  Vesuv.,  375,  and  Pogg.,  xi.  470);  8,  9,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  cix.  579,  and 
Min.  Ch.,  652);  10,  LI,  12,  Scheerer  (Pogg,  xlvi.  291,  xlix.  359);  13,  14,  Bromeis  (Pogg,  xlvni. 
577)-  15  P  v  Pusirevsky  (Koksch.  Min.  Russl.,  iii.  78);  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci,  II.  xvi 
371) '  17'  J.  P.  Kimball  (Am.  J.  Sci,  II.  xxix.  65) ;  18,  D.  M.  Balch  (Proc.  Essex  Last,  iv.  5)  • 


/.  Nephelite. 
1.  Vesuvius 
2. 
3. 

4.  Odenwald 
5. 

6.  Lobau 

7.  Davyne 

8.  " 

9.  " 

II.  EteoUte. 

10.  Fredericksv'n,  gn.  45 '31 

11.  Brevig,  bn.  44-59 

12.  Miask,  white  44-30 

13.  "         "  42-51 

14.  "         "  42-33 

15.  Marienskaja  44*94 

16.  Magnet  Cove,  Ark.  44-46 

17.  Salem,  Mass.  44'31 

18.  "         "  44-32 


Si 
44-11 
44-03 
44-29 
43-70 
43-36 
43-50 
42-91 
38-76 
36-81 

11 

33-73 
33-28 
33-04 
32-31 
33-49 
32-33 
33-28 
28-10 
28-66 

3>e 

0'65a 
0-39" 
1-07 
1-50 
1-42 
1-25 

Ca 

1-77 
1-82 
0-84 
0-90 
3-55 
2-02 
9-32 
10-33 

Na 

20-46 
15-44 
14-93 
15-83 
13-36 
14-13 

15-72 
15-85 

fc 

4-94 
4-72 
5-60 
7-13 
5-03 
7-43 
1-10 
1-21 

32-63 
82-14 
33-25 
38-73 
34-39 
30-29 
30-97 
32-80 
32-69 


0-45  0-33  15-95 

0-86  0-28  15-67 

0-82  0-32  16-02 

0-20  14-01 

0-47  16-26 

0-72  1-15  21-80 

2-09  0-66  15-61 

tr.  0-40  16-43 

0-59  17-02 

a  With  Mn2  O8- 


5-45 
5-10 

5-82 
6-91 
5-95 
1-43 
5-91 
5-50 
5-09 


0-62  =  98-92  Arfved. 
0-21  =  100-32  Scheerer. 
0-21=99-40  Scheerer. 
1-39  =  100-74  Scheerer. 
1-39  =  101-13  Gmelin. 
0-32,  Mg  0-11  =  100-39  Heid. 

=96-89  M.  &  C. 

1-96,  Cl  tr.,  &  5-63  =  99-59  Ramm 
1-96,  CHr.,  C  6-01=100-83  R. 

0-60=100-72  Scheerer. 

2-05=100-69  Scheerer. 

,  Mg  0-07=100-60  Scheerer 

,  Mg  0-77=98-13  Brown. 

0-92,  Mg  0-45  =  100-77  Brown. 
,  Mg  0-15  =  100-53  Pusir. 

0-95=100-65  S.  &  B. 

1-47  =  100-91  Kimball. 
=  99-71  Balch. 


In  the  last  analysis,  the  mineral,  previous  to  analysis,  had  been  dried  at  150°  0. ;  when  dried  at 
100  C.,  it  afforded  1-31  p.  c.  of  water.  Traces  of  muriatic  acid,  and  also  of  sulphuric,  were  detect- 
ed by  Scheerer  and  Bromeis;  and  in  one  nepheline  from  Mt.  Somma  they  found  0'22  of  the  former 
and  0-10  of  the  latter.  Other  analyses :  of  E.  fr.  Norway,  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  cxix.,  145 ;  N.  fr. 
Meiches  in  the  Vogelsgeb.,  A.  Knop,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1865,  686*. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  quietly  at  3-5  to  a  colorless  glass.     Gelatinizes  with  acids. 

Obs. — Nephelite  occurs  both  in  ancient  and  modern  volcanic  rocks,  and  also  metamorphic  rocks 
allied  to  granite  and  gneiss,  the  former  mostly  in  glassy  crystals  or  grains  (sommite),  the  latter 
massive  or  in  stout  crystals  (elseolite).  A  doleryte  containing  much  disseminated  nepheline,  such 
as  occurs  at  Katzenbuckel,  near  Heidelberg,  has  been  called  nephelinophyre  and  nephelindoleryte.  A 
granite-like  rock  found  near  Miask,  in  which  elasolite  replaces  quartz,  has  been  named  miascyte, 
from  its  locality.  A  rock  composed  of  orthoclase,  elaeolite,  and  sodalite,  from  Ditro  in  Transyl- 
vania, is  the  ditroyte  of.  Tschermak.  The  zircon-syenite  of  Norway  contains  much  elasolite. 

Nephelite  occurs  in  crystals  in  the  older  lavas  of  Somma,  with  mica,  idocrase,  etc. ;  at  Capo  di 
Bove,  near  Rome  (the  locality  of  the  pseudo-nepheline) ;  in  the  clinkstone  of  Katzenbuckel,  near 
Heidelberg;  at  Hamberg  in  Hessia;  Aussig  in  Bohemia ;  Lobau  in  Saxony.  Elseolite-is  found  at 
Brevig,  Stavern,  and  Fredericksviirn,  Norway,  imbedded  in  zircon-syenite ;  in  the  llmen  Mts., 
Urals,  along  with  white  feldspar,  brown  hexagonal  mica,  zircon,  pyrochlore,  etc.;  at  Mariens- 
kaja in  the  Tunkinsk  Mts.,  Siberia,  with  graphite,  caucrinite,  zircon.  The  crystal  measured  by 
Scacchi  was  of  the  variety  sommite,  or  davyne,  occurring  at  Somma  in  a  geode  in  limestone  with 
sodalite  (Pogg.  Erganz.,  iii.  478,  1858). 

Elseolite  occurs  massive  and  crystallized  at  Litchfield,  Me.,  with  cancrinite ;  in  the  Ozark  Mts., 
Arkansas,  with  brookite  and  schorlomite ;  in  a  boulder,  with  sodalite,  at  Salem,  Mass. 

Named  nepheline  by  Haiiy  (1801),  from  vejeXfi,  a  cloud,  in  allusion  to  its  becoming  cloudy  when 
immersed  in  strong  acid;  elceolite  (by  Klaproth),  from  I'Aatoi/,  oil,  in  allusion  to  its  greasy  lustre,  the 
variety  having  been  made  a  distinct  species  earlier  by  Werner  (1808),  under  the  German  name  of 
Feitstein.  The  name  sommite,  derived  from  the  Vesuvian  locality,  given  in  1797  by  Delametherie, 
has  the  priority.  But  Werner  early  adopted  Haiiy's  name,  and  later  authors  have  all  taken  the 
same  course. 


TJNISILICATES. 


329 


A  mineral  from  Norway,  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  called  pJwnite,  is  very  much  like  elaeolite, 
according  to  Descloizeaux. 

Alt. — Nephelite  or  elaeolite  is  liable  to  ready  alteration,  and  usually  produces  a  zeolite,  as  thorn- 
sonite.  The  Ozarkite  of  Shepard,  according  to  Smith  and  Brush,  is  thomsonite  (q.  v.),  and  its  situa- 
tion in  cavities  in  elaeolite  shows  that  it  is  a  product  of  alteration.  The  large  amount  of  soda  in 
nephelite  compared  with  the  silica  fits  it  especially  for  generating  zeolites.  Blum  attributes  berg- 
mannite  to  the  alteration  of  elaeolite  (Pogg.,  Ixxxvii.  315,  and  cv.  133). 

Gieseckite  is  shown  by  Blum  to  be  a  pseudomorph  after  this  species.  It  differs  mainly  in  con 
taining  several  per  cent,  of  water.  It  occurs  in  six-sided  greenish-gray  prisms  of  greasy  lustre, 
in  Greenland,  having  0  A  1  =  135°  nearly;  and  also  at  Diana,  in  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y.,  with  the  same 
angles,  for  the  most  part,  although  the  results  of  measurement  vary  between  131°  and  139°.  The 
crystals  of  Diana  are  hexagonal  in  cleavage ;  yet  the  planes  of  cleavage  are  often  separated  by 
layers  of  a  waxy  appearance,  without  lustre  or  cleavage.  According  to  Descloizeaux,  the  material 
of  the  crystals  acts  on  polarized  light  like  a  gum  or  colloid,  and  is  evidently  a  result  of  alteration. 
Liebenerite,  from  the  valley  of  Fleims,  in  the  Tyrol,  is  considered  by  Blum  a  similar  pseudomorph, 
and  Descloizeaux  sustains  this  conclusion.  See  further  FINITE,  under  HYDROUS  SILICATES. 

Elaeolite  has  been  observed  altered  also  to  mica  and  opal.  Davyne  is  regarded  as  altered 
nephelite,  due  to  the  introduction  of  carbonic  acid,  as  stated  above ;  and  cancrinite  is  supposed 
to  have  had  the  same  origin. 


304A.  CANCRINITE.    G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xlvii.  779,  1839. 

Hexagonal,  and  in  six  and  twelve-sided  prisms,  sometimes  with  basal  edges  replaced ;  0  A  -J= 
154°  7',  /A -£=115°  53',  -£Ai=154°  47';  also  thin  columnar  and  massive.  H.  =  5  — 6.  G.= 
2-42  —  2-5.  Color  white,  gray,  yellow,  green,  blue,  reddish;  streak  uncolored.  Lustre  sub- 
vitreous,  or  a  little  pearly  or  greasy.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

COMP. — Formula  the  same  as  for  nepheline,  with  some  R  C  and  n  H,  R  of  the  silicate  to  that 
of  the  carbonate  being  mostly  as  3  :  1.  Rose  found  no  water.  Analyses:  1,  2,  G.  Rose  (Pogg., 
xlvii.  779);  3,  Pusirevsky  (Koksch.  Min.  Russl.,  iii.  76);  4,  5,  J.  D.  Whitney  (Pogg.,  Ixx.  431); 
6,  v.  Struve  (Pogg.,  xc.  615);  7,  Pusirevsky  (1.  c.);  8,  G.  Tschermak  (Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  xliv.  134); 
9,  Pisani  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  Ixvii.) : 


Oa       Na        K       C 


IT 


1.  Hmen  Mts.  40-59  28'29 

2.  40-26  28-34 

3.  (f)  35-96  29-57 

4.  Litchfield,  yellow      37 '42  27*70 

5.  "  greenish  37'20  27 '59 

6.  Tunkinsk  Mts.         3  8 -3  3  2  8 -5  5 

7.  37-72  27-75 

8.  Ditro  37*2  80'3 

9.  Barkevig  41-52  28-09 


7-06  17-38  0'57  6'38 =  100'27  G.  Rose. 

6'34  17'66  0'82  6'38  =99'70  G.  Rose. 

5-68  18-53      5'55  3'70,3Pe,MnO-19,  S>32=99-50P. 

3-91  20-98  0'67  5'95  2'82,  Mn,  £e  0-86=100-31  Wh. 

5-26  20'46  5'50  5'92  3'28,  Mn,  Pe  0'27  Whitney. 

4-24  20*37      (C  &  H)  8'5 1  =  100  Struve. 

3-11  21-60      5'61  4-07=99-86  Pusirevsky. 

5-1  17-4        5-2  4'0=99'2  Tschermak. 

4-11  17*15     3-60  6'60=101'07  Pisani. 


G.  =  2-448,  yellow,  fr.  Litchfield,  Me.,  Whitney;  2-461,  green,  ib. ;  2'489,  rose-red  (anal.  8),  fr. 
Ilmen  Mts.,  Pusirevsky;  2'454,  yeUow  (anal.  7),  fr.  Tunkinsk  Mts.,  id.;  2'42,  fr.  Ditro  (anaL  8), 
Tschermak;  2-404,  fr.  Barkevig,  Pisani  (anal.  9). 

Cancriuite  is  closely  like  nephelite  in  crystalline  form,  and  it  is  probably  identical  with  it  in 
atomic  ratio,  excepting  the  carbonate  and  water,  which  may  be  due,  as  stated,  to  alteration. 
Davyne  is  intermediate  in  composition,  and  differs  only  in  that  it  has  the  carbonic  acid  combined 
with  lime  alone. 

Whitney  found  a  trace  of  chlorine  in  his  analyses.  The  red  color  of  the  Miask  cancrinite  is 
due  to  disseminated  grains  of  hematite,  according  to  Kenngott,  who  also  found  calcite  in  micro- 
scopic grains,  and  suggests  that  this  may  be  the  source  of  the  carbonic  acid  of  cancrinite. 

PYR.,  ETC. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  loses  color,  and  fuses  (F.  =  2)  with  intu- 
mescence to  a  white  blebby  glass,  the  very  easy  fusibility  distinguishing  it  readily  from  nephelite. 
Effervesces  with  muriatic  acid,  and  forms  a  jelly  on  heating,  but  not  before. 

OBS. — Found  at  Miask  in  the  Urals ;  of  citron-yellow  color  at  the  Marienskoy  graphite  mine  in 
the  Tunkinsk  Mts.,  400  versts  west  of  Irkutsk,  in  a  coarse  granite,  with  zircon,  calcite,  and 
magnetite ;  at  Barkevig,  hi  the  Langesund-fiord,  Norway,  whitish  and  pale  yellowish,  with  blue 
sodalite  and  "  bergmannite ;  "  at  Ditro  in  Transylvania,  pale  flesh-red,  in  the  rock  called  ditroyte, 
consisting  of  orthoclase,  elaeolite,  and  sodalite  (anal.  8).  In  crystals  and  massive,  with  blue  soda- 
lite,  at  Litchfield,  Me. 


330 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Alt.— Occurs  altered  to  natrolite  (bergmannite] ;  the  cancrinite,  as  Ssemann  and  Pisani  observe, 
first  losing  its  translucence  and  then  passing  to  the  fibrous  condition  and  nature  of  the  zeolite. 


305.  SODALITE.    Sodalite  (fr.  Greenland)  Thomson,  R.  Soc.  Ed.  Tr.,  v.  387,  read  Nov.  1810. 

PhiL  Mag.,  xxxvi.  303,  1810. 

Isometric.   In  dodecahedrons,  O ;  also  4,  5, 10, 11, 14.    Cleavage :  dode- 
cahedral, 
12  planes 
centre,  anu.  ainom^  J.AV/JLU.  t*  \;\J*.*.*.M*.I.*.I*IU*.\S*-*  ~~  ~— — ~~ 

H  =5-5—6.  Gr.-=  2-136— 2-26,  Vesuvius ;  2*401,  fr.  Scarrupata,  v.  Kath ; 
2-289,  Ural;  *2-37,  Greenland;  2'294-2'314,  Salem,  Kimball.  Lustre 
vitreous,  sometimes  inclining  to  greasy.  Color  gray,  greenish,  yellowish, 
white ;  sometimes  blue,  lavender-blue,  light  red.  Subtransparent — trans- 
lucent. Streak  uncolored.  Fracture  conchoidal— uneven. 

soda  19-2,  sodium  4-7,  chlorine  7'3=100.     The  name  alludes  to  the  soda.    J.  D.  Whitney  suggests 
that  the  blue  color  may  be  owing  to  ferric  acid  present. 

Analyses:  1,  Bkeberg  (Thomson's  Ann.  Phil.,  i.  104);  2.  Thomson  (1.  c.);  3,  Arfvedson  (Jahresb., 
ii  97);  4,  5,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Oh.,  702);  6,  v.  Rath(ZS.  G.,  xviii.  621);  7,  Hofmann  (Pogg.,  xlvii. 
377) ;  8,  v.  Bore  (Pogg.,  Ixxviii.  413);  9, 10,  Whitney  (Pogg.,  Ixx.  431);  11,  J.  P.  Kimball  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xxix.  67);  12,  D.  M.  Balch  (Proc.  Essex  Inst,  Salem,  iv.  4): 

3Pe     Ca  Na  01 

0-15      . —  25-00  6-75=99-90  Ekeberg. 

1-00     2-7  23-50  3-00,  ign.  2'1=98'30  T. 

56-55*  5-30=100-43  Arfvedson. 

24-37  6-69=100-86  Ramm.,  G.=2*136. 

23*43  2-55=99*36  Ramm. 

4-03     0-43     16*43     6'96,  fig  0'73,  K  1'19,  Na  4-51,  ign.  3'12= 

10 1-7  7  Rath. 

0-32     24'47a  7-10=102-33  Hofmami. 

1-21     22-03     wwd.b,  K  0'51,  Mg  0*44=93*87  Bore. 

23-86     6-97,  K  0-59=101*60  Whitney. 

1-08 25-48      ,  rest  undet.,  Whitney. 

fa 24*31     6-99=101*33  Kimball. 

0-35     18-94     6-45,  Na  4-18=99*61  Balch,  G.=2'30. 

b  Traces  of  Sn,  Mn,  W,  and  Mo.  c  With  some  Fe2  O3. 


1.  Greenland 

2.  " 

3.  Vesuvius 

4.  " 

5.  »        g 

6.  Scarrupata 


Si  XI 

36-00  32-00 

38-52  27-48 

35-99  32-59 

38-12  31-68 

38-76  84-62 

37-30  27-07 


7.  Ilmen  Mts.  38-40  32-04 

8.  Lamo,  Norway  38'86  30*82 

9.  Litchfield,  Me.  37'30  32'88C 

10.  "          "  37-63  30-93 

11.  Salem,  Mass.  37*33  32'70 

12.  "         "  37-54  32-15 

a  With  some  potash. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  the  blue  varieties  become  white  and  opaque.  B.B.  fuses  with 
intumescence,  at  3*5—4,  to  a  colorless  glass.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  and  nitric  acids,  with  sep- 
aration of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs. — Occurs  hi  mica  slate,  granite,  syenite,  trap,  basalt,  and  volcanic  rocks,  and  is  often  associ- 
ated with  nephelite  (or  elseolite)  and  eudialyte.  With  sanidine  it  forms  a  sodalite-trachyte  at  Scarru- 
pata in  Ischia,  in  which  also  occur  augite,  titanite,  and  magnetite  in  crystals.  Found  in  West 
Greenland  in  mica  slate,  along  with  feldspar,  arfvedsonite,  and  eudialyte ;  at  Vesuvius,  on  Monte 
Somma,  in  white,  translucent,  dodecahedral  crystals,  with  pyroxene,  mica,  and  rarely  in  green 
dodecahedrons,  with  cubic  planes,  in  limestone  along  with  idocrase  and  nepheline ;  massive  and 
of  a  gray  color  imbedded  in  trap  at  the  Kaiserstuhl  in  Brisgau ;  also  near  Lake  Laach ;  in  Sicily, 
Yal  di  Noto,  with  nephelite  and  analcite ;  at  Miask,  in  the  Ural,  blue  in  the  granite-like  rock 
called  miascyte,  with  elasolite  and  feldspar ;  Sedlowatoi,  in  the  White  Sea,  with  eudialyte ;  in  nodu- 
lar masses  at  Lamoe  near  Brevig,  Norway,  of  a  lavender-blue  color,  with  elaeolite,  wohlerite, 
and  rarely  eudialyte. 

A  blue  variety  occurs  at  Litchfield,  Me.,  massive,  with  distinct  cleavage,  associated  with  elaso- 
lite,  zircon,  and  cancrinite ;  a  lavender-blue,  in  a  vein  in  syenite,  at  Salem,  Mass.,  violet  to  azure- 
blue,  with  ela3olite,  orthoclase,  biotite,  and  zircon. 


UNISILICATES.  331 

Bergemann  obtained  for  a  greenish  mineral  having  G.=  2 '502,  occurring  with  elaeolite  at  Brevig 
in  Norway  (Fogg.,  Ixxxiv.  492),  Si  46*03,  &1  23-97,  Na  21-48,  Gl  7*43,  $  0'86,  Ca,  Pe  *r.=99*77 ; 
it  gives  the  formula  of  anorthite  (oxygen  ratio  1:8:6)  with  an  addition  of  some  chlorid  of  sodi- 
um ;  but  it  may  be  only  an  impure  sodalite. 

Named  in  allusion  to  its  containing  soda. 

Alt. — Sodalite  occurs  altered  to  kaolin,  like  the  feldspars,  and  also  in  conditions  of  partial 
change. 

An  altered  sodalite  from  Greenland  afforded  Eammelsberg  Si  43-20,  £l  32-54,  Ca  3'00,  Na  11-42, 
Cl  tr.,  H  (by  loss)  9*84,  giving  for  K,  Xl,  Si,  H,  the  oxygen  ratio  1:4:6:2;  but  it  is  not  regarded 
by  this  chemist  as  a  distinct  chemical  compound. 

Trolle-Wachtmeister  found  a  Yesuvian  sodalite  to  contain  (Pogg.,  ii.  14)  Si  50*98,  A1!  27'64,  Na 
20-96,  Cl  1*26=100-84,  which  must  have  been  either  very  impure  or  altered. 

306.  LAPIS-LAZULI.  Sd;r^«ipos  Theophr.  Sapphires  Plin.,  xxxvii.  39.  Sapphirus  Agric., 
Foss.,  288,  1546.  Cyaneus,  Lapis  Lazuli  (Lapis  Azul  Arab.,  unde  nomen  Asuri,  aut  Lazuh'),  B- 
de  Boot,  Lap.,  273,  1636.  Lapis-Lazuli,  Lazur-Sten,  Jaspis  colore  cceruleo  cuprifer,  Wall,  Min., 
97,  1747.  Lapis-Lazuli,  ou  Pierre  d'Azur,  Fr.  Trl  Wall.,  i.  186,  1753.  Zeolites  Bloa  (=Blue 
Zeolite],  Lapis  Lazuli,  Cronsl,  100,  1758.  Zeolithus  caeruleus  v.  Born.,  Lithoph.,  i.  46,  1772. 
Lasurstein  Germ.  Native  Ultramarine.  Outremer  Fr. 

Isometric.  In  dodecahedrons,  f.  3, 4.  Cleavage :  dodecahedral,  imperfect. 
Commonly  massive,  compact. 

H.  — 5— 5*5.  G.— 2-38— 2*45.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  rich  Berlin  or 
azure-blue,  violet-blue,  red,  green ;  also  colorless.  Translucent — opaque. 
Fracture  uneven. 

Comp, — A  silicate  of  soda,  lime,  and  alumina,  with  a  sulphid  probably  of  iron  and  sodium. 
Analyses  :  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  i.  189) ;  2,  Gmelin  (Schw.  J.,  xiv.  329) ;  3,  Kohler  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch., 
710) ;  4,  Schultz  (ib.);  5,  Yarrentrapp  (Pogg.,  xlix.  515) ;  6,  v.  Hauer  (Yerh.  G.  Reichs.,  1860,  86) ; 
7,  F.  Field  (Q.  J.  Ch.  Soo.,  iv.  331) ;  8,  Schultz  (1.  c.)  : 

Si        XI     £e      Ca       Na      H        S 

1.  Orient       46-0     14'5     3'0     17-5      2-0     4'0,  C  10*0=97-0  Klaproth. 

2.  "          49        11        4        16  8          tr.     2,  Mg  2=92  Gmelin. 

3.  "          45-33  12-33  2'12  23'56    11-45    0'35  3'22,  Cl  0'42,  S?=98*78  Kohler. 

4.  "          43-26  20-22  4'20  14*73      8'76  5*76,  83-16=100  Schultz. 

5.  Bucharei  45*50  31-76     tr.      3*52      9'09    0'12  5*89,  Fe  0*86,  Cl  0*42,  80*95=98*11  Yarrentr. 

6.  Ditro        40*54  43*00  0*86     T14  [12*54]  1'92 =100  Hauer. 

7.  Andes      66*9     20'0     0*1      lO'l ,  S  2*9  Field. 

8.  "  45*70  25-34  1*30     7*48    10*55  4*32,  S  3*96,  K  1*35=100  Schultz. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  in  the  closed  tube  gives  off  some  moisture ;  the  variety  from  Chili  glows 
with  a  beetle-green  light,  but  the  color  of  the  mineral  remains  blue  on  cooling.  Fuses  easily  (3) 
with  intumescence  to  a  white  glass.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  with  separation  of  gelatinous 
silica  and  evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Obs. — It  is  usually  found  in  syenite  or  crystalline  limestones,  associated  often  with  pyrite  and 
mica  in  scales. 

Occurs  of  a  deep  blue  color  in  Siberia,  at  Bucharei,  in  limestone,  with  pyrite,  apatite,  and  glau- 
colite ;  near  the  river  Talaja,  and  also  the  Bystraja,  in  the  Lake  Baikal  region,  in  a  crystalline  lime- 
stone containing  mica,  in  syenite  ;  also  on  the  Sliidianka  in  the  same  region ;  at  Ditro  in  Transyl- 
vania, in  a  hornblendic  vein  in  syenite ;  in  Persia;  China;  Thibet;  at  Bardakschan  in  Tartary; 
in  the  Andes  of  Ovalle,  near  the  sources  of  the  Cazadero  and  Yias,  tributaries  of  tho  Rio  Grande, 
in  a  granitic  rock.  On  the  banks  of  the  Indus  it  is  disseminated  in  grayish  limestone. 

The  richly  colored  varieties  of  lapis  lazuli  are  highly  esteemed  for  costly  vases  and  ornamental 
furniture ;  also  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  mosaics  ;  and  when  powdered  constitutes  the  rich 
and  durable  paint  called  ultramarine.  B.  de  Boot  gives,  in  his  work  above  referred  to,  the  method 
employed  for  making  artificial  ultramarine.  An  ultramarine,  chemically  prepared,  equal  to  that 
from  native  lapis  lazuli  in  color  and  permanency,  and  now  extensively  used  in  the  arts,  contains, 
according  to  Yarrentrapp, 

Si  45-604,  S  3-830,  Xl  23'304,  Ca  0'021,  Na  21'476,  K  1'752,  S  1'685,  Fe  1*063,  Cl  fr*.=98'785. 


332 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


307.  HAUYNITE.  Latialite  (fr.  the  Campagna,  ancient  Latium)  Gismondi,  in  Mem.  read  ir 
1803,  before  the  Akad  de  Lincei  at  Eome,  but  unpublished.  Haiiyne  Bruun-Neergard,  Schw. 
J.,  iv.  417,  1807,  J.  d.  M.,  xxi.  365,  1807.  Auina  Hal.  Berzeline  L.  A.  Necker,  BibL  Univ.,  xlvi 
52,  1831,  Regne  Min.  Paris,  1835  ;  v.  Rath.  ZS.  G.,  xviii.  546,  1866=Marialite  RyUo=G\& 
mondina  ottaedrica  Med.  Spada. 

Isometric.      In   dodecahedrons,   octahedrons,   etc.,   f.  3 — 1 ;    also   with 

planes  3,  3-3.     Cleavage:   dodecahedral  distinct.     Twins:    composition- 

293  face  octahedral,   as  in  f.  293, 

parallel  to  all  the  planes  1 ;  and 
f.  294,  parallel  to  one  plane, 
with  faces  of  the  dodecahe- 
dron. Commonly  in  rounded 
grains  often  looking  like  crys- 
tals with  a  fused  surface. 

H.=5-5-6.  G.=2-4— 2'5; 
Lustre  vitreous,  to  somewhat 
greasy.  Color  bright  blue,  sky- 
blue,  greenish-blue ;  aspara- 
gus-green. Streak  slightly 
bluish  to  colorless.  Subtrans- 


Albano. 


Albano. 
parent  to  translucent. 


Fracture  flat  conchoidal  to  uneven. 


Var. — For  the  mineral  fr.  Marino,  G.=  2'833,  Gmelin;  fr.  Vesuvius,  G.=2'464,  Rainm. ;  fr. 
Melfi,  Gr.  =  2-466,  Scacchi;  fr.  L.  Laach,  2-481,  v.  Rath.  The  white  variety  from  near  Albano  is 
Berzeline  of  Necker,  according  to  v.  Rath  (1.  c.),  from  whom  figs.  293,  294,  representing  twins  of  it, 
are  taken.  Vom  Rath  remarks  that  the  mineral  analyzed  by  Gmelin  (Obs.  de  Hauyna,  etc.), 
which  has  been  referred  to  berzeline,  was  a  mixture. 

Comp,— (i  Na3  +  f  3tl)*  Si3 4-  Ca  S=(Na3)2 Si3+3  A1!2  Si3  +  4  Ca  S=Silica  32-0,  alumina  27'4,  lime 
9-9,  soda  16-5,  sulphuric  acid  14-2  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Gmelin  (Obs.  de  H.,  Heidlb.,  ISH/Schw. 
J.,  xiv.  325,  xv.  1);  2,  Varrentrapp  (Pogg.,  xlix.  515);  3-5,  J.  D.  Whitney  (Pogg.,  Ixx.  431); 
6,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  cix.  577; ;  7,  id.  (ZS.  G.,  xii.  273) ;  8,  v.  Rath  (ib.,  xvi.  84) ;  9,  v.  Rath  (ib., 
xviii.  547) : 


1.  Marino 

2.  Niederm'g 


Si 
35-48 
35-01 


3.  "  33-90 

4.  "  34-83 

5.  Mt.  Albano      32'44 

6.  Vesuvius  (f)  34'06 

7.  Melfi  '     34-88 

8.  L.  Laach  (f)  33-11 

9.  Berzeline  32-70 


28-87 
27-41 

28-07 
28-51 
27-75 
27-64 
29-34 
27-35 
28-17 


1-16 


0-31 


1-05 


fig 

0-70 
0-22 

Ca 
12-00 
12-55 

7-50 
7-23 
9-96 
10-60 
5-54 
11-70 
10-85 

Na 
9-12 

19-28 
18-57 
14-24 
11-79 
14-47 
15-39 
11-13 

& 

15-55 

2-40 
4-96 
3-76 
1-12 

4'64 

fi 
[3-45; 
6-2 

0-20 
0-48 

12-60,  Fe  0-17,  Cl  0-58, 

S  0-24=98-34  V. 
12-01 1=100-73  Whitney. 
12-13  =  101-58  Whitney. 
12-98=99-77  Whituey. 
11-25  =  100-30  Ramm. 
11-08,  CHr.  =  99-77  R. 
12-54,  010-33  =  103-01  R. 
12-15,  01  0-66,  Na  0'43 
=  101-21  R. 


a  H,  S,  and  loss. 


The  haiiynite  from  Niedermendig,  according  to  Whitney,  corresponds  in  composition  to  2  haiiy- 
nite+1  nosite. 

Pyr.,  etc, — In  the  closed  tube  retains  its  color.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  at  4'5  to  a  white 
glass.  Fused  with  soda  on  charcoal  affords  a  sulphid,  which  blackens  silver.  Decomposed  by 
muriatic  acid  with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  Vesuvian  lavas,  on  Somma ;  at  Melfi,  on  Mt.  Vultur,  Naples,  in  a  kind  of 
lava  called  Hauynophyr,  a  black  to  brown  rock  containing  the  haiiynite  disseminated  through  it. 
of  black,  green,  blue,  red,  and  brown  colors,  and  also  white,  and  sometimes  red  inside  and  blue 
outside ;  in  the  lavas  of  the  Campagna,  Rome,  and  also  in  the  peperino  of  Marino  and  Lariccia 
near  Albano,  of  sky-blue,  bluish-green,  and  sometimes  opaline,  also  white  (berzeline} ;  iu  basalt  at 
Niedermendig  and  Mayen,  L.  Laach,  hi  a  trachytic  rock ;  at  Mt.  Dor  in  Puy  de  Dome :  at  St. 
Michael's,  Azores. 


TJNTSILICATES. 


333 


Named  after  the  crystallographer  and  mineralogist  Haiiy. 

Alt. — The  variations  in  the  analyses  as  to  water  present  show  a  tendency  to  hydration  and 
to  other  changes  in  the  mineral. 

ITTNEKITE  Gmelin  (Schw.  J.,  xxxvi.  74,  1822);  SKOLOPSITE  v.  Kobett(QeL  Anzeig.,  xxviii.  638, 
1849).  Karnmelsberg  has  shown  (Ber.  Ak.  Berlin,  18ti2,  1864)  that  ittnerite  and  skolopsite 
are  probably  altered  hauynite  or  nosite.  Ittnerite  contains  10  to  12  p.  c.  of  water,  and  scolopsite 
varies  in  the  water  from  none  to  10  p.  c.  Ittnerite  occurs  in  translucent  dodecahedrons  or  granular 
massive,  with  H.=5'5;  G.=2'37 — 2*40;  color  dark  bluish  or  ash-gray  to  smoky  gray;  lustre 
resinous,  and  comes  from  Kaiserstuhl  near  Freiberg,  in  Brisgau,  Sasbach,  and  Endingen. 

Scolopsite  occurs  granular  massive;  H.  =  5;  G.=2-53,  color  grayish- white,  to  pale  reddish- 
gray,  and  is  from  Kaiserstuhl,  and  occurs  in  the  same  rock  with  ittnerite  (Fischer,  Ber.  Ges. 
Freiburg,  1862). 

Analyses:  1,  Gmelin  (1.  c.);  2,  J.  D.  Whitney  (Pogg.,  Ixx.  442);  3,  Rammelsberg  (Ber.  Ak. 
Berlin,  1864,  171);  4,  v.  Kobell  (1.  c.);  5,  Rammelsberg  (L  c.,  ii.  1862,  245);  6,  id.  (ib.,  1864,  172): 


1.  Ittnerite 

2.  " 
3. 

4.  Scolopsite 
6.         " 


Si 

34-02 
35-69 
37-97 
44-06 
34-79 
38-60 


Mg 


28-40     0-62 

29-14     

30-50b    • — 

17-86     2-49 

21-00     2-70 

19-29 


Ca 

7-27 

5-64 

0-76  3-42 

2-23  16-34 

2-67  15-10 

1-80  12-21 


Na 

12-15 
12-57 
7-89 
12-04 
11-95 
10-84 


K 

1-56 
1-20 
1-72 
1-30 
2-80 


fl 

10-76* 
[9-83] 
12-04 

3-29 


S         01 


2-86 
4-62 
4-01 
4-09 
4-39 


a  With  H  S. 


2-18    [10-25]  3-56 
With  a  little  Fe2  0'. 


0-73=98-36  Gmelin. 
1-25=100  Whitney. 
0-62  =  98-93  Ramm. 
0-56=100-97  KobeU. 
1-36=100-05  Ramm. 
1-27  =  100  Ramm. 


Scolopsite  was  named  from 


a  splinter,  from  its  splintery  fracture. 


308.  NOSITE.  In  ripis  (L.  Laach)  lapilloa  elegantiores  et  sapphires  reperire  est,  Freherus, 
Orig.  Palatinarum,  ii.  36,  1612.  SpineUan  Nose,  Noggerath's  Min.  Stud.  G-eb.  Niedderrhein,  109, 
J.  de  Phys.,  Ixix.  160,  1809.  SpineUan,  Nosian,  Klapr.,  Breitr.,  vi  371,  1815.  Hauyne  pt.  No- 
sean,  Nosin,  some  authors. 

Isometric,  like  hauynite.     In  dodecahedrons.     Often  granular  massive. 
H.=5'5.     G.=r2*25—  2'4.     Color  grayish,  bluish,  brownish;  sometimes 
black.     Translucent  to  nearly  opaque. 


36'1,    sulphuric  acid 
A  little  chlorid  of  sodium  is  also  present;  ratio  of  chlorid  to 


Comp.—  ( 

8-0,  alumina  31-0,  soda  24-9  =  100. 
sulphate  about  1  :  10. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Bergmann  (Bull.  Sci.,  1823,  iii.  406);  3,  Yarrentrapp  (Pogg.,  xlix.  515);  4,  5,  J. 
D.  Whitney  (Pogg.,  Ixx.  431);  6-9,  v.  Rath  (ZS.  G.,  xvi.  86): 


Si 

A1! 

J?e 

1.  L.  Laach 

38-50 

29-25 

1-67 

2. 

1 

37-00 

27-50 

1-28 

3. 

1 

35-99 

32-57 

0-06 

4. 
5. 

' 

36-52 
36-53 

29-54  ) 
29-42  f 

0-44  j 

6. 

dk.  bn. 

36-72 

29-08 

0-75 

7. 

'        bh.-gy. 

36-69 

28-45 

0-47 

8. 

'        gnh. 

36-46 

29-61 

0-91 

9.          '        clear 

36-87 

26-60 

0-28 

Ca    Na         K      Cl 

1-14  16-56      

8-14  12-24 

1-12  17-84     1-85  0-65 
1-09  23-12) 
1-62  22-97  \  l61  ° 
1-20  23-33     0-83  0'7l 


0-63  23-90  2-15  1-05 
2-37  20-60  2-02  0'70 
4-05  20-75  0-37  1'08 


S 

8-16,  Stn  1-00=99-11  Bergm. 
11-56,  Mn  0-50=99-59  Bergm. 

9-17=99-22  Varrentrapp. 

?-66=lOO-34  Whitney. 

7-13  =  100-99  Whitney. 

7-52,  K  0-34=100-48  Rath,  G.= 
2-281. 

7-30=1  00-64  Rath,  G.  =  2-299 

7-34=100  Rath,  G.=2'336. 
10-00=  100  Rath,  G.  =  2-399. 


Klaproth,  in  his  analysis  (Beitr.,  vi.  375),  obtained  Si  43-0,  £l  29'5,  £e  2'0,  Ca  1'5,  Na  19'0,  S 
1-0,  H  2-5  =  98-5. 

Pyr.,  etc  —  B.B.  like  hauynite.     Gelatinizes  in  acids,  yielding  no  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Obs.—  From  near  Andernach  on  the  Rhine,  at  Lake  Laach,  in  loose  blocks  consisting  largely 
of  a  glassy  feldspar,  with  mica,  magnetite,  and  occasionally  zircon,  occupying  cavities  in  the  feld- 
spar, in  small  grains  or  crystals  ;  also  found  at  Rieden  and  Yolkersfeld  in  a  leucite  rock. 

Named  after  K.  W.  Nose  of  Brunswick. 


334: 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


309.  LEUCITE.  Weisse  Granaten,  Weisse  gr&nat-formige  Schorl-Crystallen  (fr.  Vesuvius), 
J.  J.  Ferler,  Briefe  aus  Walschland,  165,  176,  etc.,  1773.  Basaltes  albus  polyedrus  granatv 
formis,  etc.,  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  ii.  73,  1775.  Schorl  blanc  Fr.  Trl  of  Ferber.  Grenats  blanca 
calcines  (fr.  Vesuvius,  where  called  Occhio  di  Pertiice,  Rome,  etc.)  de  Saussure,  J.  de  Phys., 
vii.  21,  1776.  (Eil  de  Perdrix,  Grenats  blancs,  allures  par  une  vapeur  acide  qui  ay  ant  dissout  lo 
fer  a  laisse  les  grenats  dans  un  etat  de  blancheur,  Sage,  Min.,  i.  317,  1777  ;  de  Lisle,  ii.  330, 
1783.  Weisse  Granaten  Hoffm.,  Bergm.  J.,  454,,  474,  1789.  White  Garnet.  Leucit  Wern., 
Bergm.  J.,  i.  489,  1791,  Hopfner's  Mag.  N.  Helvet,  iv.  241.  Leucite  K,  J.  d.  M.,  v.  260,  1799. 
Amphigene  H.,  Tr.,  iL  1801. 

Isometric.  Usual  form  the  trapezohedron  (f.  295).  Cleav- 
dodecahedral,  very  imperfect.  Surfaces  of  crystals 
even,  but  seldom  shining.  Often  disseminated  in  grains; 
rarely  massive  granular. 

H.=5-5— 6.  G.=2-44— 2-56.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color 
white,  ash-gray  or  smoke-gray.  Streak  uncolored.  Translu- 
cent — opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Brittle. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  1 :  3 :  8 ;  K  Si+£l  Si3=Silica  55'0,  alumina  23'5,  potash  21-5=100.  Analyses: 
1-4,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  ii.  39);  5,  Arfvedson  (Afhandl.  i  Fys.,  vi.  139);  6,  Avdejef  (Pogg.,  Iv. 
107)-  7-9,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xcviii.  142);  10,  11,  Bischof  (Lehrb.,  ii.);  12,  Rammelsberg 
(Miu.  Ch.,  999) ;  13-15,  Bischof  (1.  c.) ;  16,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg..  xcviii.  150) ;  17-20,  Bischof  (1.  c.) ; 
21,  A.  Knop  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1865,  685): 


Si 


Ca 


K 


1. 

2. 

Vesuvius 

« 

53-750 
53-50 

24-625 
24-25 

21-350   =99-725  Klaproth. 
20-09      =97-84  Klaproth. 

3. 

Pompeii 

54-50 

23-50 





19-50 

=97-50  Klaproth. 

4. 

Albano 

54- 

23- 





22- 

=99  Klaproth. 

5. 

Vesuvius 

56-10 

23-10 





21-15 

,  Fe  0-95  =  101-30  Arfvedson. 

6. 

« 

56-05 

23-03 

Jr. 

1-02 

20-40 

=100-50  Avdejef. 

7. 

t( 

56-10 

23-22 



0-57 

20-59 

=100-48  Rammelsberg. 

8. 

u 

56-25 

23-26 

0-32 

0-43 

20-04 

=100-40  Rammelsberg. 

9. 

« 

(|)  56-48 

23-14 



0-50 

19-78 

0-52=100*42  Rammelsberg. 

10. 

u 

57-84 

22-85 

0-20 

6-04 

12-45 

0-59,  £e  0-14=100-11  Bischof. 

11. 

(( 

56-49 

22-99 

0-04 

3-77 

15-21 

1-48  =  99-98  Bischof. 

12. 

(( 

57-24 

22-96 

0-91 

0-93 

18-61 

=100-65  Rammelsberg. 

13. 

u 

55-81 

24-23 



8-83 

10-40 

=99-27  Bischof.     G.=2'519. 

14. 

L.  Laach 

54-36 

24-23 



3-90 

16-52 

0-64=99-65  Bischof. 

15. 

« 

56-22 

23-07 

0-23 

6-40 

1326 

=99-66  Bischof. 

1G. 

Rocca  Monflna 

(1)56-36 

23-15 

0-25 

0-25 

19-31 

0-74,  01  0-03  =  100-09  Ramm.  G.=2'444. 

17. 

u 

57-28 

22-44 



175 

17-12 

1-41  =  100  Bischof. 

18. 

n 

58-10 

22-76 



1-78 

17  -36  Bischof. 

19. 

(( 

56-45 

24-35 



1-98 

17-43 

Bischof. 

20. 

u 

56-32 

23-99 



2-15 

17-54 

Bischof. 

21. 

Vogelsberg 

(1)56-61 

22-92 

1-68 

2-95 

13-65, 

Fe  2-33=100-14  Knop. 

Potash,  regarded  long  as  an  alkali  exclusively  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  was  first  found  among 
minerals  in  this  species  by  Klaproth,  whose  earliest  analysis  was  made  in  1796. 

Rammelsberg  does  not  find  the  large  proportion  of  soda  announced  for  some  kinds  by  Bischof. 
According  to  Deville,  the  leucite  of  the  modern  Vcsuvian  lavas  contain  more  soda  than  that  of 
the  ancient  of  Somma,  the  ratio  of  soda  to  potash  in  that  of  the  lava  of  1855  being  1  :  2'09  ;  in 
the  1847,  i  :  T67;  and  in  the  Somma,  1  :  8'21.  Specimen  for  anal.  7  is  from  lava  of  1811,  color- 
less, transparent,  G.  =  2'480;  for  8,  id.,  in  grains;  for  9,  10,  pure  crystals  from  the  Vesuvian 
eruption  of  Ap.  22,  1845;  for  11,  id.  of  Feb.  10,  1847;  for  12,  id.  of  January,  1857;  for  13,  date 
of  eruption  not  stated;  for  14,  15,  small  crystals,  externally  somewhat  altered;  16,  large,  fragile, 
yellow  crystals,  of  feeble  lustre  and  little  hardness;  17,  the  same;  18-20,  of  different  parts  of 
same  crystals,  18  the  exterior,  20  the  interior,  and  19  an  intermediate  portion. 

By  spectral  examination,  Richter  has  detected  lithia  in  the  Vesuvian  leucite. 


UNISILICATES. 


335 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  infusible  ;  with  cobalt  solution  gives  a  blue  color  (alumina).  Decomposed  by 
muriatic  acid  without  gelatinization. 

Obs.—  Leucite  is  confined  to  volcanic  rocks,  and  to  those  of  certain  parts  of  Europe.  At 
Vesuvius  and  some  other  parts  of  Italy  it  is  thickly  disseminated  through  the  lava  in  grains,  and 
the  name  kucitophyr  and  also  amphigenyte  has  been  given  to  such  lavas.  It  is  a  constituent  in  the 
nephelin-doleryte  of  Merches  in  the  Vogelsberg  (anal.  21)  ;  abundant  in  trachyte  between  Lake 
Laach  and  Andernach,  on  the  Rhine.  Vesuvius  presents  the  finest  and  largest  crystallizations. 
Near  Rome,  at  Borghetta  to  the  north,  and  Albano  and  Frascati  to  the  south,  some  of  the  older 
lavas  appear  to  be  almost  entirely  composed  of  it. 

The  leucitic  lava  of  the  neighborhood  of  Rome  has  been  used  for  the  last  two  thousand  years, 
at  least,  in  the  formation  of  mill-stones.  Mill-stones  of  this  rock  have  been  discovered  in  the 
excavations  at  Pompeii. 

Named  by  Werner  from  AEUKOS,  white,  in  allusion  to  its  color. 

Haiiy's  name,  Amphigene,  is  of  later  date,  and  is  from  a^t,  both,  and  yewaw,  to  make,  in  allusion 
to  the  existence  of  cleavage  in  two  directions  (which  is  not  a  fact),  and  to  his  inference  therefrom  of 
two  "primitive  forms"  (which  is  only  a  notion  of  his)  ;  and  it  has  therefore  the  best  of  claims  for 
rejection. 

Alt.  —  Feldspar,  nephelite,  and  kaolin  occur  with  the  form  of  leucite,  as  a  result  of  its  altera- 
tion. The  glassy  feldspar  pseudomorphs  were  first  announced  by  Scacchi,  and  since  by  Blum. 
The  following  are  analyses  of  altered  leucite:  1,  2,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  647);  3,  C.  Stamm 
(Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xcix.  287)  ;  4,  5,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  647)  ;  6,  Bergemann  (J.  pr.  Ch., 
Ixxx.  418): 


Si 


Na 


ign. 


1.  Rocca  Monfina 

53-32 

26-25 

0-66 

2. 

53-39 

25-07 

0-28 

3.  Kaiserstuhl 

54-02 

22-54 

2-90 

4.  Vesuvius            (f) 

57-37 

24-25 

1-28 

4A. 

decom. 

18-39 

12-11 

0-56 

4B. 

undec. 

39-91 

11-69 

0-40 

5. 

57-62 

24-72 

0-55 

5A. 

decom. 

24-00 

12-47 

0-71 

5B. 

undec. 

34-78 

11-58 



6.  Oberwiesenthal 

60-46 

22-11 



8-76     1-98     9-03  =  100  Rammelsberg. 
11-94    0-64    9-26  =  100-58  Rammelsberg. 
10-13     0-71     8-93,  M.g  0-57,  £e  1-35  =  101-15  Stamm. 

5-72  11-09,  Mg  0-27 =99-98  Rammelsberg. 

£30    £84'Jf.U17=4°'83  }  =«"»  Eammelsberg. 
6-32  10-93  =  100-14  Rammelsberg. 

5<r5     8-64=55-00  [  =100'29  Rammelsberg. 
0-52  13-53,  Mg  1-22,  Fe  1'98=99'82  Bergemann. 

The  mineral  of  1  and  2  is  white  and  kaolin-like ;  3,  occurs  in  trachyte ;  4,  5,  are  Somma  crys- 
tals, and  A,  under  each,  part  of  same  decomposable  by  muriatic  acid ;  B,  part  undecomposable ;  6, 
crystal,  having  H.=5'5,  G.=2'5616. 

No.  3  has  nearly  the  composition  of  analcite,  and  was  published  as  of  that  species.  But  Rose 
(Pogg.,  ciii.  521)  and  others  make  it  an  altered  leucite,  with  the  composition  of  analcite.  1  and 
2  are  nearly  the  same  in  constitution  with  3,  as  Rammelsberg  states.  4,  5,  correspond,  according 
to  Rammelsberg,  to  a  mixture  of  uephelite  (A  part)  with  glassy  feldspar  (B  part) ;  and  yet  has 
the  composition  of  a  potash-soda-leucite.  6  has  the  composition  and  reactions  nearly  of  ol' 

p.  c.  were  solubl 
0-47,  Oa,  Mn  tr. 


(oxygen  ratio,  1:3-1:  9'4) ;  it  lost  by  ignition  1-22  p.  c. ;  5*97  p.  c.  were  soluble  in  muriatic  acid, 
and  consisted  of  Si  3'oO,  £l  1'60,  Fe  U'05,  Mg  0'04,  Na  tr.,  K  0- 


FELDSPAR  GROUP. 

The  feldspars  are  characterized  by  specific  gravity  below  2'85  ;  hardness 
6  to  T ;  fusibility  3  to  5  ;  oblique  or  clinohedral  crystallization ;  prismatic 
angle  near  120°  ;  two  easy  cleavages,  one  basal,  the  other  br  achy  diagonal, 
inclined  together  either  90°,  or  very  near  90° ;  cleavage  a  prominent  fea- 
ture of  many  massive  kinds,  and  distinct  in  the  grains  of  granular  varieties, 
giving  them  angular  forms ;  close  isomorphism,  and  a  general  resemblance  in 
the  systems  of  occurring  crystalline  forms ;  twinning  parallel  to  the  clino- 
diagonal  section  and  0,  and  sometimes  24  (or  the  corresponding  triclinic 
planes) ;  transition  from  granular  varieties  to  compact,  horn  stone-like  kinds, 
called  felsites,  which  sometimes  occur  as  rocks  ;  often  opalescent,  or  having  a 


336  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

play  of  colors  as  seen  in  a  direction  a  little  oblique  to  i-\  ;  often  aventurine, 
from  the  dissemination  of  microscopic  crystals  of  foreign  substances  parallel 
for  the  most  part  to  the  planes  O  and  /. 

The  protoxyd  bases  are  lime,  soda,  potash,  and  in  one  species  baryta  ;  the 
sesquioxyd  only  alumina  ;  the  oxygen  ratio  of  the  protoxyds  and  sesquiox- 
yds  is  constant,  1:3;  while  that  of  the  silica  and  bases  varies  from  1 : 1  to 
3  : 1,  the  amount  of  silica  increasing  with  the  increase  of  alkali,  and  becom- 
ing greatest  when  alkalies  are  the  only  protoxyds. 

The  included  species  are  as  follows : 

Crystallization.          0.  ratio  K,  &,  Si. 

ANORTHITE  Lime  feldspar  Triclinic  1:3:4 

LABRADORITB  Lime-soda  feldspar  1:3:6 

HYALOPHANE  Baryta-potash  feldspar  Monoclinic  1:3:8 

ANDESITE  Soda-lime  feldspar  Triclinic  1:3:8 

OLIGOCLASE  "'•'*'."''•"  "  1:3:9 

ALBITE  Soda  feldspar  "  1  : 3 : 12 

ORTHOCLASE  Potash  feldspar  Monoclinic  1 : 3 : 12 

The  species  appear  in  the  analyses  beyond  to  shade  into  one  another  by  gradual  transitions  ; 
but  whether  this  is  the  actual  fact,  or  whether  the  seeming  transitions  (when  not  from  bad  anal- 
yses) are  due  to  mixtures  of  different  kinds  through  contemporaneous  crystallization,  is  not  pos- 
itively ascertained.  The  latter  is  the  most  reasonable  view.  It  has  been  shown  by  Breithaupt 
and  others  that  orthoclase  and  albite  (or  the  potash  and  soda  feldspars)  occur  together  in  infini- 
tesimal interlaminations  of  the  two  species,  and  that  the  soda-potash  variety  called  perthite  (p.  356) 
is  one  of  those  thus  constituted.  This  structure  is  apparent  under  a  magnifying  power,  and  also 
when  specimens  are  examined  by  means  of  polarized  light.  Moreover,  these  and  other  feldspars 
very  commonly  occur  side  by  side  or  intercrystallized  when  not  interlaminated ;  as  oligoclase  and 
orthoclase  in  the  granite  of  Orange  Summit,  N".  Hampshire,  and  Danbury,  Conn. ;  in  obsidian  in 
Mexico ;  hi  trachytes  of  other  regions.  Such  facts  show  that  the  idea  of  indefinite  shadings  be- 
tween the  species  is  probably  a  false  one,  since  the  two  keep  themselves  distinct,  and,  in  the 
perthite  and  similar  cases,  even  to  microscopic  perfection.  They  also  make  manifest  that  dontem- 
poraneous  crystallization  is  a  true  cause  in  many  cases. 

Intermediate  varieties  may  also  come  through  alteration  under  the  agency  of  infiltrating  waters. 
"Water  filtrated  through  powdered  feldspar  of  any  kind  soon  becomes  alkaline  by  taking  up 
part  of  the  bases.  Moreover  there  is  a  strong  tendency  to  alteration,  and  the  final  production  of 
kaolin,  a  change  involving  the  loss  of  all  the  protoxyd  bases,  and  also  much  of  the  silica,  the  oxy- 
gen ratio  of  the  silica  and  alumina  being  thus  reduced  to  1 :  1.  from  3 :  1  in  orthoclase  or  albite, 
and  from  2  :  1  in  labradorite. 

The  species  andesite  is  still  a  doubtful  one. 

The  play  of  colors,  especially  remarkable  in  much  labradorite,  and  occurring  also  in  some 
adularia>  albite,  and  oligoclase,  indicates,  according  to  Reusch  (Fogg.,  cxvi.  392,  cxviii.  256, 
cxx.  95),  the  existence  ^of  a  cleavage  structure  of  extreme  delicacy  transverse  to  the  median 
or  brachydiagonal  section.  In  adularia  the  plane  of  this  cleavage  is  perpendicular  to  this 
section  (or  that  of  the  clinodiagonal) ;  in  labradorite  it  is  in  general  more  or  less  inclined,  and 
differently  in  different  specimens.  The  play  of  color,  Reusch  observes,  appears  therefore  to  be  that 
of  thin  plates;  yet  the  linings  of  what  he  regards  as  a  cleavage  system  appear  to  be  of  indis- 
tinguishable minuteness ;  and  although  the  existence  of  thin  plates  can  hardly  be  established  by 
means  of  the  microscope,  it  is  proved  by  their  effects  in  the  play  of  colors,  nebulous  images  within, 
and  the  phenomena  of  inflexion  or  diffraction  which  result  from  their  regular  grouping.  There  ap- 
pears to  be  no  connection  between  the  inclination  of  the  plane  in  labradorite  and  the  colors  observed. 
The  play  of  colors  is  best  seen  on  a  plate  polished  parallel  to  the  brachydiagonal  section  («),  when, 
as  Descloizeaux  states,  it  is  turned  to  the  right  or  left  on  an  axis  slightly  oblique  to  the  face, 
which  extends  toward  the  obtuse  angle  between  the  edges  0/i-i  and  /'/H  and  makes  an  angle 
of  about  70°  with  the  edge  0/i-i\  and  the  maximum  effect  is  produced  in  two  positions  situated 
45°  to  50°  from  one  another,  which  are  unequally  inclined  to  the  face  i-i. 

The  play  of  colors  is  independent  of  the  disseminated  microscopic  crystals  of  foreign  substances 
which  occasion  the  aventurine  effect. 

The  feldspars  are  intimately  related  to  the  isometric  species  of  the  Leucite  group.  Leucite 
has  the  oxygen  ratio  1:8:8,  one  of  the  feldspar  ratios ;  so  that  isometric  leucite,  monoclinic  hy- 
alophane,  and  triclinic  andesite  (if  this  species  is  sustained),  form  a  trimorphous  group.  But 


UNISILICATES. 


337 


296 


while  the  form  of  leucite  appears  at  first  sight  to  be  very  unlike  that  of  the  true  feldspars,  there 
is  actually  approximate  isomorphism.  For  the  monoclinic  arid  triclinic  forms  are  strictly  oblique 
or  clinohedrized  dodecahedrons.* 

If  a  dodecahedron  be  so  placed  that  an  octahedral  axis,  that  is,  the  line  between  the  apices  of 
two  of  the  trihedral  solid  angles,  is  vertical,  it  is  then  a  six-sided  prism 
with  trihedral  summits.  If  now  this  axis  be  inclined  8°  6'  in  one  of  the 
diametral  planes  of  the  six-sided  prism,  it  will  have  the  inclination  of  the 
axis  of  orthoclase ;  and  this  8°  6'  is  the  greatest  amount  of  divergence 
from  the  dodecahedral  angles  that  occurs  in  the  species.  The  planes 
/,  i-i  incline  to  one  another  at  angles  near  120°,  and  correspond  to  the 
6  vertical  planes  of  the  dodecahedron  (as  above  placed).  The  basal 
plane  0  is  also  dodecahedric,  for  0  A  7=122°  16',  and  0  A  i-i  (dodecahe- 
dric)— 90°.  The  four  planes  1  are  also  dodecahedric,  as  shown  by 
their  position  and  inclinations.  Thus  all  the  twelve  faces  of  the  dode- 
cahedron occur  in  the  above  figure ;  they  are  lettered  D. 

Again,  the  planes  i-3  and  1-i,  which  replace  the  edges  between  the 
dodecahedric  planes  /,  i-i  and  1,  1,  with  angles  near  150°,  correspond 
to  planes  of  the  trapezohedron  2-2  (that  truncating  the  dodecahedron, 
f.  14),  and  consequently  the  figure  contains  six  trapezohedric  planes ; 
they  are  lettered  T. 

Again,  the  planes  2-i  are  cubic ;  for  they  make  with  the  dodecahe- 
dric plane  0  the  angle  135°  3',  varying  but  3'  from  the  isometric 
angle.  2-i  is  another  cubic  face ;  it  is  inclined  to  I,  a  dodecahedric 
plane,  134°  19'.  There  are  present,  therefore,  all  six  faces  of  the  cube;  they  are  lettered  H. 

Finally  the  plane  $-i,  at  the  top  of  the  figure  (and  the  only  remaining  one),  lettered  O,  is  octahe- 
dric,  as  shown  by  its  intersections  with  the  cubic,  dodecahedric,  and  trapezohedric  faces ;  and  also 
by  its  inclination  to  the  cubic  face  2-z'=124°  51',  and  to  the  dodecahedric  face  7=145°  47',  these 
angles  in  isometric  forms  being  125°  16'  and  144°  44'. 

It  follows  then  that  the  above  figure  contains  the  dodecahedric  planes  I,  I,  i-i,  0,  1,  1,  with 
their  opposites,  or  the  whole  twelve ;  the  trapezohedric  i-3,  t-3,  l-i,  with  their  opposites,  or  six ;  the 
octahedric,  $-i,  with  its  opposite,  or  tivo;  and  the  cubic  2-i,  2-1,  2-i,  or  all  six;  and  no  others.  The 
angles  of  the  oblique,  cube  are  2-i  A  2-i,  over  #,=90°  6',  2-i  A  2-z=96°  48'.  Moreover,  the  normal 
apex  of  the  clinohedrized  dodecahedron  is  that  part  of  the  crystal  occupied  by  the  octahedric 
plane  $-i ;  in  other  words,  f-i  is  normally  the  basal  plane,  and  not  0 ;  and  the  true  inclination  of 
the  vertical  axis  is  8°  6'  (the  angle  f-i /\i-i  being  98°  6'). 

Accordingly  the  two  cleavages  in  orthoclase,  parallel  to  0  and  i-i,  are  both  dodecahedric. 
Moreover,  the  directions  of  twinning  are  either  dodecahedric  (parallel  to  i-l,  which  is  the  most 
common,  and  0),  or  cubic  (parallel  to  2-iX 

These  relations  hold  true  also  for  the  triclinic  feldspars,  the  only  peculiarity  in  which  is  that 
the  principal  section  has  slight  lateral  obliquity,  so  that  the  two  cleavage  planes  (dodecahedric) 
incline  to  one  another  93°  15'  to  94°  15'  instead  of  90°.  G-.  Rose,  in  an  article  on  albite  (Pogg., 
cxxv.  457),  alludes  to  the  remarkable  fact  that  the  planes  2-1  (see  p.  349),  either  side  of  0,  make 
with  one  another  in  this  species  very  nearly  a  right  angle  (90°  35',  Neumann,  and  90°  4',  Descloi- 
zeaux).  The  fact  is  not  so  surprising  when  it  is  observed  that  the  planes  2-i  are  cubic  faces.  They 
correspond  to  2-i  in  orthoclase. 

310.  ANORTHITB.  INDIANITE.  Matrix  of  Corundum  (fr.  the  Carnatic,  India)  Bourn.,  Phil. 
Trans.,  1802.  Indianite  Bourn.,  Cat,  60,  1817  ;  Phillips,  Min.,  44, 1823.  Anorthit  (fr.  Vesuv.) 
G.  Rose,  Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixxiii.  197,  1823.  Cristianite  (Christianite),  Biotina  (fr.  Vesuv.),  Mont.  & 
Cov.,  Min.  Yesuv.,  1825.  Tankit  (fr.  Norway)  Breith.,  Schweigg.  J.,  Iv.  246,  1829.  Thiorsauit 
(fr.  Iceland)  Genih,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixvi.  18,  1848;  Thiorsanit  lad  orthogr. 

Latrobite  (fr.  Labrador)  Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  v.  383,  1823  ;  Children,  ib.,  viii.  38,  1824=Diploit 
Breith.,  C.  G.  G-melin's  Chein.  Unters.  Dipl.,  Tubingen,  1825.  Amphodelit  (fr.  Finland)  N.  Nor- 
densk.,  Pogg.,  xxvi.  488,  1832;=Lepolit  v.  Jossa,  Breith.  Handb.,  531,  1847. 

Triclinic.     a  :  b  (brach.)  :  c  (macrod.)= 0*86663  : 1 : 1-57548. 

*  See  a  paper  by  the  author,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.  406.  The  following  comparisons  will  be  bet- 
ter appreciated  if  the  reader  has  before  him  a  dodecahedral  crystal  (as  of  garnet),  or  a  model  of  the 
form,  so  placed  that  a  trihedral  solid  angle  shall  be  at  top,  and  one  of  the  faces  of  the  trihedral 
summit  shall  be  inclined  to  the  left.  The  vertical  edge  to  the  left  will  then  correspond  to  the  left 
vertical  line  of  the  figure  of  orthoclase,  that  is,  to  the  edge  ///. 

22 


338 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


7A  7'=120°  31' 

0  /\i-i,  ov.  2-^=85  50 

0  A  it,  ov.  2-£,=94  10        0  A  1  =122  8 

0  A  7'=114  6i 

O  A  7=110  40 

0  A  24' =133  14 


£*  A  7'=117° 
*-?  A  ^=116  3 


0  A  2-2=137°  22' 
>  A  2-L  ov.  l-£,=98  46 

1'  A  ^§'=148  32 

6>Al'=125  43  a=88  48£ 

6>  A  it,  ov.  14,  =87  6      /3=64  4J 
^  A  7=121  56  7=86  46f 


297 


0 

H 

K 

H 

K 

-1 

-1' 

24 

-2-1 

2-r 

-4-2' 

64 

64' 

a 

a 

/ 

i-l 

/' 

«-S' 

i-i 

6-?' 

64 

44' 

4-2 

4-2' 

4-2 

3-3 

3-3 

24' 

2 

24 

2' 

24 

H 

1-2' 

1 

l-l 

1' 

H' 

M 

H 

K 

H 

Observed  Planes. 

Cleavage  :  0,  i-t  perfect,  the  latter  least  so.  Twins  similar  to  those  of 
albite.  Also  massive.  Structure  granular,  or  coarse  lamellar. 

H.=6-7.  G.=2-66-2-78  ;  2'70-2'75,  Iceland,  Urals,  Corsica;  2'762, 
massive,  Kose ;  2'763,  amphodelite ;  2'668,  indianite,  Silliman.  Lustre  of 
cleavage  planes  inclining  to  pearly ;  of  other  faces  vitreous.  Color  white, 
grayish,  reddish.  ^  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent — translucent.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  Optic-axial  angle  large  ;  one  bisectrix  positive  and 
nearly  normal  to  it,  the  other  negative  and  sensibly  oblique  to  i-i. 

Var.— 1.  Anorthite  was  described  from  the  glassy  crystals  of  Somma;  and  christianite  and 
owtine  are  the  same  mineral.  -Thiorsauite  is  the  same  from  Iceland. 

2.  Indianite  is  a  white,  grayish,  or  reddish  granular  anorthite  from  India,  first  described  in 
1802  by  Count  Bournon. 

a.  AmpJwdelite  is  a  reddish-gray  or  dingy  peach-blossom-red  variety,  partly  in  rather  large  crys- 
tals, from  Finland  and  Sweden;  the  angle  between  the  two  cleavage  surfaces  (or  0  A  i-l)  is  94°  20', 
and  0  on  edge  ///'  =  !  16°.  Lepolite  of  Breithaupt  (or,  as  he  says,  of  von  Jossa,  who  sent  it  to 
nun)  comes  from  the  same  region,  and  is  the  same  variety ;  some  of  the  crystals  are  2  inches  long 


TJJSTISILICATES.  339 

Latrobite,  from  Labrador,  is  pale  rose-red,  and  closely  resembles  amphodelite.  It  has  three 
cleavages,  affording,  according  to  Brooke,  the  mutual  inclinations  98°  30',  93°  30',  and  91°,  or, 
according  to  Miller,  101°  45',  93°  30'  (=0  A  i-l),  and  109°  (=0  A  /').  Named  after  Rev.  C.  J. 
Latrobe. 

Walmstedt's  "  Scapolite  from  Tunaberg  "  is  anorthite,  according  to  G-.  Rose  (Kryst.  Ch.  Min., 
83). 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  1:3:4;  (£  R3  +  f  &1)2  Si3=Silica  43'1,  alumina  36-9,  lime  20-0=100. 

Analyses:  1,  Chenevix  (Phil.  Trans.,  1802,  333);  2,  G.  Rose  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixxiii.  173);  3,  4 
Abich  (Pogg.,  li.  519);  5,  Reinwardt  (Pogg.,  1.  351);  6,  Forchhammer  (Jahresb.,  xx.  xxiii.  284); 
7,  Damour  (Bull.  G-.  Fr.,  II.  vii.  83);  8,  Waltershausen  (Vulk.  Gest,  22);  9,  Erdmann  (CEfv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  67,  1848);  10,  Nordenskiold  (Jahresb.,  xii.  174);  11,  Svanberg  (Jahresb.,  xx.  238);  12, 
13,  Laugier  (Mem.  Mus.  d'Hist  Nat,  vii.  341);  14,  G.  J.  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  viii.  391,  with 
corrections  priv.  contrib.) ;  15,  16,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvi  387);  17,  18,  C.  Gmelin  (Pogg.,  iii. 
68);  19-21,  A.  Streng  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1864,  259,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiii.  54);  22,  Deville  (Ann.  Ch.Phys., 
III.  xl.  286);  23,  R.  H.  Scott  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xv.  518);  24,  Potyka  (Pogg.,  cviii.  110);  25, 
Haughton  (Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  xix.  13);  26,  A.  Streng  (Jahrb.  Min.  1867,  536);  27,  Rammelsbera 
(Min.  Ch.,  590): 

Si       £l      £e     Mg    Ca      Na     K     H 

1.  Carnatic  42*5  37-5     3'0      15-0     =98-0  Chenevix. 

a.  Mt.  Somma  44'49  34-46  0-74  5-26  15-68 =  100-63  G.  Rose. 

3.  "  44-12  35-12  0'70  0'56  19'02  0'27  0'25    =  100'04  Abich. 

4.  "  43-79  35-49  0'57  0'34  18-93  0'68  0'54 =100-34  Abich. 

5.  Java  46-0     37 '0 14'5     0'6      =98*1  Reinwardt. 

6.  Iceland,  Thiorsa.     47 -63  32'52  2'01  1'30  17-05  1'09  0'29 =  101-89  Forchh.     G.  =  2'70. 

7.  "  "  45-97  33-28  M2 17'21  1'85 ,  augite  0'69  D.     G.=2'75. 

8.  "         Hecla        45-14  32-10  2'03    18-32  1'06  0'22  0'31,  Mn  0'78a=99-96  "Waltersh. 

9.  Anorthite  43'34  35'37    0'35  17'41  0*89  0'52  0'39,  Fe  1'35,  undec.  0-57  =  100-19 

Erdmann 

10.  Amphod.,  FinL         45-80  35-45 5-05  10-15 1-85,  Fe  1*70  Nordenskiold. 

11.  "         Tunaberg  44-55  35-91  0'07  4'08  15-02 0'60= 100-23  Svanberg. 

12.  Indianite,  red  42-00  34'00  3'20    15-00  3'35    1  -00 =98 -55  Laugier. 

13.  "         white         43-0     34'5     1-0      15-6     2'6      1-0=97'7  Laugier. 

14.  "  "  42-09        38-89        15'78        4'08        =100-84  Brush. 

15.  Lojo,       Lepol          42-80  35-12  1-50  2'27  14-94   1-50  1  '5 6 =99'69  Hermann. 

16.  Orrijarvi     "  42-50  33-11  4'00  5'87  10-87    1-69  1-50=99-54  Hermann. 

17.  Latrobite  44-65  36-81 0'63     8-28    6-58  2'04,  Mn  3-16  =  102-1 6  Gmelin. 

18.  "  41*78  32-83 5'77b   9'79    6'58  2'04=98'78  Gmelin. 

19.  Neurode  45-05  30-00  1-97  1'29  16-71  1'86  0-48  3 '13  =  100-49  Streng.     G.  =  2'76. 

20.  Harzburg,  cryst.       45'37  34*81   0-59  0'83  16-52  1-45  0'40  0-87  =  100-84  Streng. 

21.  •'  massive  42-01  28-63  2«23     tr.    19-11  0'76  1-12  5-03  =  98-89  Streng. 

22.  St.  Eustache  45'8     35*0 0'9     17'7     I'O     =100 -4  Deville. 

as.  Bogoslovsk,     Ural  46-79  33-17  3-04     tr.    15-971-280-55 =100-31  Scott.     G.=2'72. 

24.  Konchekovskoi,  "   45'31  34-53  0'7l  O'll  16-85  2-59  0'91    =101'01  Potyka,     G.  =  2'73. 

25.  Carlingford,  Irel.     45-87  34-73    T55  17*10 =99-25  Haughton. 

26.  Hyffhauser  Mts.      44-67  34'22  0-88  0'29  11*92   1-57  2'33  4'13= lOO'Ol  Streng. 

27.  Meteoric  44-38  33'73  3'29  0'36  18'07  103  0'33    =101'19  Rammelsberg. 

a  With  Ca  O  and  Ni  0.          b  With  Mn2  O3. 

Anal.  23,  granular,  in  dioryte;  24,  with  hornblende  forming  a  rock;  26,  in  dioryte,  G.=2'77  ; 
27,  from  meteorite  of  Juvenas. 

Genth  obtained  in  an  analysis  of  his  Thiorsauite,  which  is  regarded  as  the  same  mineral  as  that 
of  anal.  6,  Si  48-36,  Xl  30-59,  £e  1-37,  Mn  tr.,  Mg  0'97,  Ca  17-16,  Na  1-13,  K  0-62  =  100-20.  The 
Neurode  feldspar  (anal.  19),  from  a  serpentine  rock,  gives  the  0.  ratio  1:2-^:4,  and  is  hydrous, 
and  had  probably  lost  part  of  its  alumina.  For  an  analysis  of  the  same  by  v.  Rath,  see  Pogg., 
xcv.  553. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  5  to  a  colorless  glass.  Anorthite  from  Mt.  Somma,  and  indianite  from 
the  Carnatic,  are  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  with  separation  of  gelatinous  silica. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  some  granites ;  occasionally  in  connection  with  gabbro  and  serpentine  rocks  ; 
in  some  cases  along  with  corundum  ;  in  many  volcanic  rocks. 

Anorthite  (christianite  and  biotine)  occurs  at  Mount  Vesuvius  in  isolated  blocks  among  the  old 
lavas  in  the  ravines  of  Monte  Somma,  associated  with  sanidin,  augite,  mica,  and  idocrase ;  on  the 
island  of  Procida  near  the  entrance  to  the  bay  of  Naples  ;  in  the  Faroe  islands,  and  on  Java ;  on 
Iceland,  on  the  plain  of  Thiorsa,  Hecla,  and  elsewhere  (G.  =  2'69  — 2-75);  near  Bogoslovsk  in  the 


34:0  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Ural  (G.=2-72— 2-73,  anal.  23,  24);  at  Carlingford  in  Ireland ;  in  the  meteoric  stone  of  Juvenas 
(anal  27). 

Amphodelite  occurs  in  Lojo,  Finland,  in  a  limestone  quarry,  and  at  Tunaberg,  Sweden ;  kpolite, 
at  Lojo  and  Orrijarfvi ;  linseite  is  probably  the  same  partly  altered  (Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvii.  236), 
containing  a  few  p.  c.  of  water.  Latrobite  is  from  Amitok  island,  on  the  coast  of  Labrador. 
Indianite  is  the  gangue  of  corundum  in  the  Carnatic,  with  garnet,  cyauite,  and  hornblende ;  the 
specimen  analyzed  by  G.  J.  Brush  was  originally  from  the  hands  of  Count  Bournon,  and  came 
from  the  Indian  locality. 

Anorthite  was  named  in  1823  by  Eose  from  dvof>66s,  oblique,  the  crystallization  being  triclinia 
Bournon's  name,  Indianite,  derived  from  the  locality  in  India,  was  first  published  in  his  Catalogue 
of  the  Royal  Mineralogical  Collection,  in  the  year  1817.  The  species  had  been  described  by  him  as 
early  as  1802  (I.  c.),  and  his  description  is  remarkably  complete  for  the  time,  it  including,  besides 
physical  characters,  a  chemical  analysis  by  Chenevix  (anal.  1  above)  agreeing  nearly  in  essential 
points  with  the  later  by  Rose,  and  quite  as  well  as  his,  with  the  true  or  normal  composition  of 
the  mineral.  Bournon  supposed  that  the  grains  might  be  rhombohedral  in  crystallization  ;  but 
Brooke,  in  Phillips'  Mineralogy  (3d  ed.),  published  in  1823,  the  year  of  Rose's  publication,  an- 
nounced that  there  were  two  cleavages,  inclined  to  one  another  84°  45'  and  95°  15',  differing  not 
widely  from  the  same  angle  ( 0  A  i-l)  as  ascertained  by  Rose.  Justice  seems  to  require  that 
Bournon's  name  should  be  restored  to  the  species.  Beudant,  in  the  first  edition  of  his  mineralogy, 
published  in  1824,  describes  indianite  in  full  and  called  it  lime-feldspar,  mentioning  anorthite  only 
in  his  index. 

Christianite  was  named  by  Monticelli  and  Covelli  after  the  prince  Christian  Friedrick  of  Den- 
mark, who  explored  Vesuvius  with  them ;  Amphodelite  from  a^t,  double,  and  a<kAo?,  spear,  the 
crystals  being  often  twinned  parallel  to  i-i ;  Latrobite,  after  C.  F.  Latrobe,  the  discoverer  of  the 
variety. 

For  recent  observations  on  cryst.,  see  Descl.  Min.,  i.  294 ;  Hessenb.  Min.  Not.,  No.  i.  6 ;  Websky, 
ZS.  G-.,  xvi.  530  ;  Kokscharof,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  vii.  326.  The  angles  given  are  from  Kokscha- 
rof,  whose  measurements  agree  closely  with  those  of  Marignac. 

Alt— Linseite  N.  Nordenskiold,  Komonen,  Verb.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet,  1843,  112.  Considered 
altered  lepolite,  which  is  from  the  same  mine  in  Orrijarvi,  Finland.  Occurs  in  large  crystals, 
H.=3-5;  G.=2-796  — 2'83;  color  black  externally.  The  name  is  sometimes  written  Lindsayite. 

Sundvikite  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Beskrifn.  Finl.  Min.,  113,  1855,  and  Jahrb.  Min.,  1858.  Feld- 
spar-like in  form;  G.=2-70  ;  from  Nordsundvik,  Finland.  It  is  regarded  as  altered  anorthite. 

Rosite  and  polyargite  are  pinite-like  pseudomorphs ;  see  PINITE. 

The  following  are  analyses  of  these  minerals :  1,  Komonen  (L  c.) ;  2,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvL 
393,  xlviii.  254);  3,  Bonsdorff  &  Ursin  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  593): 

Si        XI       3Pe      Fe      Mg      Ca     tfa       K        H 

1.  Linseite        47'50    35-29     7'03     3-56 6-62  =  100  Komonen. 

2.  42-22     27-55     6'98     2'00     8'85 2'53     3'00     7'00— 100*13  Hermann. 

3.  Sundvikite    44'82     80'70     3'69     1-48     6'81     6'78      3-38,  Mn  1*21  =  99  21  B.  &  U. 

The  presence  of  little  lime  and  of  much  water  is  a  peculiarity  of  each  of  these  minerals. 

310A.  CYCLOPITE  von  Waltershausen,  Yulk.  Gest,  292,  1853.    Cyclopite  occurs  in  white  trans- 


the  doleryte  of  the  Cyclopean 


islands  near  Catania 


810B.  BAKSOWITE  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xlviii.  567,  1839.  Massive,  of  a  granular  texture,  with  a 
nearly  perfect  cleavage  in  one  direction. 

H.=5-5— 6.  G.=2'74— 2-752.  Lustre  more  or  less  pearly.  Color  snow-white,  subtranslu- 
cent.  Fracture  granular  or  splintery.  Optically  biaxial  (DescL). 

Mean  of  three  analyses  by  Varrentrapp  (Pogg.,  xlviii.  568):  Si  48-71,  3tl  33-90,  &g  1-54,  Ch 
9-44.  The  analysis  corresponds  to  the  oxygen  ratio  1 :  3'18 :  5'24.  B.B.  alone,  fuses 
only  on  the  edges  to  a  vesicular  glass.  Gelatinizes  easily  on  heating  with  muriatic  acid.  The 
mineral  is  probably  identical  with  anorthite.  Optical  characters  separate  it  from  scapolite.  Occurs 
in  boulders  m  the  auriferous  sand  of  Barsovskoi,  as  the  gangue  of  the  blue  corundum,  as  indian- 
ite is  the  gangue  of  the  corundum  of  the  Carnatic. 

310C.  BYTOWNITE  Thomson,  Min.,  i.  372,  1836.  Bytownite  is  a  greenish-white,  feldspar-like 
mineral,  occurring  in  boulders  at  Bytown,  Canada,  having  G. =2-801.  Thomson  3-733  Hunt  ft 
has  been  referred  to  anorthite,  although  the  analyses  give  the  oxygen  ratio  nearly  1 :  3  :  5,  as  in 
barsowite.  The  following  are  analyses  with  others  of  related  substances:  1,  Thomson  (1.  c.);  2, 

Too?'  T^J^f^/'  ty?  II-  xii"  213'  Phil-  Ma£->  IY-  l  322);    3>  Tennant  (Rec.  Gen.  Sci.,    iii. 
339);  4,  5,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Logan's  Rep.,  1863,  479);  6,  T.  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  384,  1836): 


UNISILICATES.  341 

Si        3tl  £e      Mg      Ca       &a      H 

l.Bytowniie      (f)  47'57     29'65        3'57     0-40      9'06     T60     1-98=99-83  Thomson. 

2.  "  '     47-40     30-45  £  e  0'80     0'87     14-24     2'82     2'00,  &  0-38=98-96  Hunt. 

3.  Bytown  45'80  26'15  Fe  4'70  2*95  16'25  --  2'00=97'85  Tennant. 

4.  Yamaska  46  90  31'10        1'35  0'65  16'07  T77  I'OO,  K  0'58=99'42  Hunt. 

5.  Hunterstown  4910  26'80        0'80  tr.  14-67  und.  1-30=98-96  Hunt. 

6.  Huronite  45'80  33'92  Fe  4'32  1-72  8*04  -  4-16=97-96  Thomson. 

The  specimen  for  anal.  2  was  a  greenish-white  feldspathic  rock  from  a  boulder  near  Ottawa, 
haying  Gr.  =  2'73  —  "a  portion  of  the  specimen  upon  which  Dr.  Thomson  based  the  species  bytown~ 
tie."  That  of  3  was  from  the  same  region,but  is  not  called  bytownite  by  Tennant.  That  of  4  was 
a  feldspar  from  the  intrusive  dioryte  of  Yamaska  mountain,  having  the  cleavage  surface  finely 
striated;  and  associated  with  hornblende  and  a  little  sphene;  G.=2'756  —  2*763.  That  of  5  is  a 
pale  sea-green  feldspar  from  a  boulder;  G.  =2-695—2-703. 

Thomson's  huronite,  anal.  6  (1.  c.),  is  an  impure  anorthite-like  feldspar,  related  to  the  above,  ac- 
cording to  T.  S.  Hunt  (priv.  contrib.)  ;  excluding  the  4-16  p.  c.  of  water,  the  Si  would  be  47  p.  c. 
of  the  remainder.  Thomson  states  that  it  is  infusible.  He  also  says  that  his  bytownite  is  infus- 
ible, which  Prof.  Brush  finds  is  not  a  fact. 

311.  LABRADORITE.  Labradorstein  (under  Feldspat)  Wern..  Ueb.  Cronsi,  149,  1780, 
Bergm.  J.,  375,  1789.  Pierre  de  Labrador  Forst.,  Cat.,  82,  1780;  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  ii  497,  1783. 
Labrador  Feldspar.  Labrador  G.  Rose,  Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixxiii.  173,  1823;  Breiih.,  Char.,  1823.  Lime 
Feldspar. 

Mornite  Thorn.,  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  xiil  1832.     Silicite  Thorn.,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxii.  190,  1843. 
Saussurite  pt.     Kadauit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  87. 

Triclinic.     Observed  planes  :  0  ;  i-i\  1,  7;  2-2  ;  1',  7'. 

7  A  7'=121°  37'  0  A  7'=113°  34'  i-i  A  7=117°  30' 

0  A  i-i,  ov.  2-5',  =93  20  0  A  24=98  58  it  A  7'=120  53 

0  A  i-i,  ov.  2-5,=  86  40    0  A  1=125  28  it,  left,  A  24=90  20 
0  A  7=110  50                 0  A  l'=122  42  7  A  7,intwin,=125 

Angles  from  Marignac.  Reusch  skives,  as  a  mean  of  many  measurements, 
0  A  ^=86°  20',  0  A  /'=114:0  4',  A  A  7'=120°  43'.  Twins  :  (1)  composi- 
tion-face i-l  ;  often  lamellar  from  repeated  composition  of  this  kind  ;  (2)  0, 
with  the  orthodiagonal  as  the  axis  of  revolution.  Cleavage  :  0  easy  ;  i-l 
less  so;  7  traces.  Also  massive  granular,  and  grains  cleavable  ;  sometimes 
cryptocrystalline  or  hornstone-like. 

H.=i6.  G.=2*67—  2*76.  Lustre  of  0  pearly,  passing  into  vitreous; 
elsewhere  vitreous  or  subresinous.  Color  gray,  brown,  or  greenish  ;  some- 
times colorless  and  glassy;  rarely  porcelain-  white  ;  usually  a  change  of 
colors  in  cleavable  varieties.  Streak  uncolored.  Translucent  —  subtrans- 
lucent. 


Comp.,  Var.—  0.  ratio  1:3:6;  &§i+£lSi2;  or(iB3+^l)2Si3+|Si;=,if  1  £=i 
Silica  52-9,  alumina  30'3,  lime  12*3,  soda  4-5  =  100. 

Var.  1.   Cleavable.     (a)  Well  crystallized  to  (6)  massive. 

Play  of  colors  either  wanting,  as  in  some  colorless  crystals  ;  or  pale  ;  or  deep  ;  blue  and  green 
are  the  predominant  colors  ;  but  yellow,  fire-red,  and  pearl-gray  also  occur.  By  cutting  very  thin 
slices  parallel  to  i-l  from  the  original  labradorite,  they  are  seen  under  the  microscope  to  contain, 
besides  striae,  great  numbers  of  minute  scales,  like  the  aventurine  oligoclase,  which  are  probably 
gothite  or  hematite.  The  chatoyant  colors  may  be  heightened  in  their  effect  by  these  scales,  but 
are  not  due  to  them  (p.  336). 

2.  Compact  massive,  or  cryptocrysiaUine  ;  Labradorite-Felsite.  The  color  sometimes  gray  to 
brownish-red  ;  but  sometimes  porcelain-white.  Some  of  the  so-called  saussurite  is  here  included. 

A  variety  from  the  gabbro  of  Baste  in  the  Radau  valley,  Harz,  is  called  Radauite  by  Breithaupt. 
Breithaupt  refers  to  anal.  20;  H.=5;  Gr.=2'766—  2'840;  color  white  to  gray;  intercleavage 


342 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


angle  93£°.    He  also  refers  here,  with  a  query,  a  feldspar  from  Rizzoni  in  the  Tyrol;  G.  of  a 
specimen  not  fresh  2*811. 

Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  vi.  250,  3815);  2,  S.  v.  Waltershausen  (Yulk.  Gest.,  24,  1853); 
3,  4,  Lehunt  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  1832,  July,  86) ;  5,  Haughton  (Q.  J.  Sci.  Dublin,  v.  94) ;  6,  Thomson 
(Phil  Mag  III  1843,  190);  7,  Svanberg(Jahresb.,xxiii.  285);  8,  Forchhammer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,xxx.385); 
9  Damour  (BuU.  a  Soc.,  vii.  88);  10,  11,  Kersten  (Pogg.,  Ixiii.  123);  12,  Waage  (Forh.  Vid. 
Christiania  1861,  177);  13,  Blomstrand  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stockholm,  296,  1854,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixvi.  158);  14, 
15,  G.  v.  Rath  (Pogg.,  xcv.  538);  16,  Streng  (Jahrb.  Min.  1864,  267);  17,  v.  Rath  (Pogg.,  xev 
655)-  18  C  F.  Chandler  (Inaug.  Diss.,  Gott,  1856);  19,  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xii.  251,  258) , 
20,  Rammelsberg  (ZS.  G.,  xi.  101,  Min.  Ch.,  597) :  21-23,  Streng  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xx.  265,  xxiii.  53) , 
24  Segeth  ( J.  pr  Ch.,  xx.  253) ;  25,  Delesse  (1.  c.) ;  26,  Abich  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  Ix.  332) ;  27,  28, 
Waltershausen  (1.  c.) ;  29-33,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  i.  322,  ix.  354,  and  Rep.  G.  Can.,  1851, 
and  1863,  479);  34,  Deville  (Et.  GeoL,  1848);  35,  A.  Schlieper  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xi.  12]);  36-40, 
Y.  Hauer  (Verh.  G.  Reichs.,  1867,  12,  14,  58,  59,  60): 

H 

0-5=99-00  Klaproth. 

0-62  =  101-25  Waltersh. 

=99-19  Lehunt. 

=99-95  Lehunt. 

0-48=100-97  Haughton. 

0-60,  Fe  4-0=  100-20  Th. 

1-75=98-60  Svanberg. 

=101-55  Forchh. 

=99-80  Damour. 

=99-60  Kersten. 

=99-66  Kersten. 

0-71  =  100-96  Waage. 
=99-95  Blomstrand. 

0-62  =  101-18  Rath. 

2-20=99-24  Rath. 

1-02=100-38  Streng. 

1-21  =  101-24  Rath. 

0-68=99-57  Chandler. 

0-95=100  DelesSB. 

2-48  =  99-79  Ramm. 

2-38=99-84  Streng. 

1-22=101-82  Streng. 

2-97=99-40  Streng. 

0-61=99-83  Segeth. 

2-51  =  100-63  Delesse. 

0-42,  Mn  0-89=98-40  A. 

0-95=100-48  Waltersh. 
=100-35  Waltersh. 

0-40  =  99-35  Hunt. 

0-40=96-20  Hunt. 

0-55  =  100-49  Hunt. 

0-45=99-59  Hunt. 

0-60=99-00  Hunt. 

=99-92  Deville. 

=99-21  Schlieper. 

1-21  =  100-52  Hauer. 

1-07=99-91  Hauer. 

1-36=100-48  Hauer. 

2-26=98-84  Hauer. 

0-55=99-09  Hauer. 

In  anal.  2,  G.=2*646;  anal.  5,  from  doleryte,  of  meteoric  origin;  anal.  6,  G.  =  2'666;  8,  G.= 
2-68;  9,  G.  =  2-709.  trap,  ywh. ;  10,  G.=2'71,  brown,  massive;  11,  G.  =  2'72,  with  blue  opales- 
cence;  12,  G.  =  2'72;  13,  G.  =  2'68,  between  Lund  and  Christianstadt ;  14,  G.  =  2'715,  hyper- 
sthene  rock,  bh.-gy. ;  15,  G.  =  2'7p7,  gabbro,  bh.-gy. ;  16,  0.  ratio  1  :  2£ :  4|  or  Ifc :  3fc  :  6.  gabbro ; 
17,  G.  =  2-998,  color  porcelain-white;  18,  snow-white,  gnh.-w.,  little  lustre,  strp.  with  uralite ;  19, 
in  "  melaphyre,"  between  Botzen  and  Collman,  pale  gyh.-gn. ;  20,  G.  =  2'817,  gabbro ;  21,  G.  =  2'6, 
in  porphyryte  ,  22,  from  gabbro ;  23,  ib.,  massive ;  25,  G.=2'883,  in  "porphyry,"  Southern  Morea; 
27,  G.  =  2-618;  28,  G.=2'633;  29,  G.  =  2*697,  lavender-blue  cleavable  feldspar,  from  a  boulder, 


Si 

3tl 

£e 

Mg 

Ca 

Na 

K 

1. 

Labrador 

55-75 

26-50 

1-25 



11-00 

4-00 



2. 

a 

53-75 

27-06 

0-99 

0-47 

9-58 

1-25 

7-53 

3. 

Campsie 

54-67 

27-89 

0-31 

0-18 

10-60 

5-05 

0-49 

4. 

Glasgow 

52-34 

29-97 

0-87 



12-10 

3-97 

0-30 

5. 

Scavig,  Irel. 

53-60 

29-88 

FeO-20 

0-07 

11-02 

4-92 

0-80 

6. 

Antrim,  SiUcite 

54-80 

28-40 





12-40 





7. 

Dalarne 

52-15 

26-82 

1-29 

1-02 

9-14 

4-64 

1-79 

8. 

Faroe 

52-52 

30-03 

1-72 

0-19 

12-58 

4-51 



9. 

Berufiord,  Icel. 

52-17 

29-22 

1-90 



13-11 

3-40 



10. 

Egersund,  Norw. 

52-30 

29'00 

1-95 

0-15 

11-69 

4-01 

0-50 

11. 

(t                               U 

52-45 

29-85 

1-00 

0-16 

11-70 

3-90 

0-60 

12. 

Hitteroe 

51-39 

29-42 

2-90 

0-37 

9-44 

5-63 

1-10 

13. 

Sweden 

53-82 

26-96 

1-43 

0-20 

11-20 

5-00 

1-34 

14. 

Neurode,  SiL 

52-55 

28-32 

2-44 

0-48 

11-61 

4-52 

0-64 

15. 

u 

50-31 

27-31 

1-71 

0-78 

10-57 

4-81 

1-55 

16. 

a 

48-54 

29-74 

0-94 

0-68 

15-14 

2-95 

1-37 

17. 

"        Sauss. 

50-84 

26-00 

2-73 

0-22 

14-95 

4-68 

0-61 

18. 

Zobten,         " 

51-76 

26-82 

1-77 

0-35 

12-96 

4-61 

0-62 

19. 

Tyrol 

52-23 

27-73 

1-50 

0-93 

8-28 

7' 

38 

20. 

Baste,  Harz,  Pad. 

51-00 

29-51 

*     tr' 

0-28 

11-29 

3-14 

2-09 

21. 

Ilfeld      " 

63-11 

27-27 

Fe2-53 

0-91 

7-47 

5-09 

1-08 

22. 

Harzburg,  cryst. 

50-60 

29-62 

2-13 

0-53 

13-86 

2-65 

1-21 

23. 

"        Radauite 

50-65 

27-55 

0-15 

0-30 

13-06 

2-53 

2-19 

24. 

Kiew,  Russia 

55-49 

26-83 

1-60 

0-15 

10-93 

3-96 

0-36 

25. 

Greece 

53-20 

27-31 

1-03 

1-01 

8-02 

3-52 

3-40 

26. 

Etna 

53-48 

26-46 

1-60 

1-74 

9-49 

4-10 

0-22 

27. 

"        cryst. 

63-56 

25-82 

3-41 

0-52 

11-69 

4-00 

0-54 

28. 

«                a 

55-83 

25-31 

3-64 

0-74 

10-49 

3-52 

0-83 

29. 

Drummond,      Can 

.54-70 

29-80 

0-36 

tr. 

11-42 

2-44 

0-23 

30. 

Morin.                   " 

5420 

29-10 

1-10 

0-15 

11-25 

undet. 

31. 

Rawdon,              " 

54-45 

28-05 

0-45 



9-68 

6-25 

1-06 

32. 

Chateau  Richer,  " 

55-80 

26-90 

1-53 

0-27 

9-01 

4-77 

0-86 

33. 

Montarville,         " 

53'10 

26-80 

1-35 

0-72 

11-48 

4-24 

0-71 

34. 

Guadeloupe,  W.  I. 

54-25 

29-89 



0-70 

11-12 

3-63 

0-33 

35. 

Maui,  Pacific 

53-98 

27-56 

1-14 

1-35 

8-65 

6-06 

0-47 

36. 

Illowa 

54-53 

27-37 

___ 

tr. 

9-62 

5-98 

1-81 

37. 

Reesk 

55-63 

26-74 



tr. 

9-78 

5-08 

1-61 

38. 

Deva 

63-74 

28-72 



tr. 

10-69 

4-95 

1-02 

39. 

Cziffar 

51-72 

25-72 

X4'51 

tr. 

9-66 

3-95 

1-02 

40. 

Pereu,  Vitz. 

54-72 

27-39 

7-76 

6-66 

2-01 

UNISILICATES.  343 

30,  G.  =  2-6S4— 2-695,  bluish  opalescent,  cleavable  ;  31,  G.=2'67,  bh.-white,  in  trap  rock;  32,  G.= 
2-68,  pale  bh.-  or  gnh.-gy.,  lustre  of  cleavage  surfaces  vitreous,  elsewhere  waxy;  33,  G.=2-73— 
2'74,  from  basalt ;  34,  in  trachytic  dolery  te,  central  peak  ;  35,  glassy  colorless  crystals ;  36-40 
fr.  Hungary,  in  trachyte ;  36,  G.=2'636;  88,  G-.  =  2-598;  39,  G.=2'678:  40,  G.  =  2'637.  Anal. 
36-39  give  the  0.  ratio  1:3:7,  intermediate  between  labradorite  and  andesite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  3  to  a  colorless  glass.  Decomposed  with  difficulty  by  muriatic  acid, 
generally  leaving  a  portion  of  undecomposed  mineral. 

Obs. — Labradorite  is  a  constituent  of  some  rocks.  (1)  The  cleavable  mineral,  along  with 
hornblende,  composes  a  granite-like  variety  of  diabase,  or'  a  rock  resembling  dioryte,  but 
having  labradorite  as  th.e  feldspar.  (2)  If  the  hornblendic  constituent  is  a  dark  lamellar  variety 
of  either  hornblende  or  pyroxene,  or  the  species  hypersthene,  the  rock  is  called  hyperyte  (or  hyper- 
sthenyte).  (3)  If  the  hornblendic  mineral  is  a  light  lamellar  pyroxene  (diallage),  the  rock  is  called 
gabbro.  (4)  If  the  hornblende  and  labradorite  constitute  a  homogeneous  fine-grained  compact 
mass,  the  rock  is  called  amphibotyte  or  diabase;  and  (5)  if  the  diabase  contains  distinct  crystals  of 
porphyry,  it  is  a  diabase  porphyry,  the  green  porphyry  or  oriental  verd-antique  of  Greece  (anal. 
25)  being  of  this  nature.  (6)  The  crypto-crystalline,  or  felsite  variety  of  labradorite,  occurring 
occasionally  in  connection  with  some  of  these  rocks,  has  been  called  incorrectly  saussurite  and 
jade  or  nephrite.  The  above  are  labradoric  metamorphic  rocks. 

There  are  also  the  following  labradoric  intrusive  rocks.  (7)  Doleryte,  consisting  of  labradorite 
and  pyroxene,  with  generally  some  magnetite— a  rock  which,  on  the  one  hand,  may  be  light-col- 
ored crystaDine  or  granitoid,  and  on  the  other,  dark-colored  compact  massive,  either  porphyrite 
or  not,  sometimes  crypto-crystalline,  and  also  a  cellular  lava ;  it  includes  much  of  the  so-called 
trap,  greenstone,  and  amygdaloid.  (8)  Basalt,  similar  to  dolery  te  in  structure,  colors,  and  varieties, 
but  containing,  in  addition  to  labradorite  and  pyroxene,  chrysolite  in  disseminated  grains.  Dole- 
rytic  and  basaltic  lavas  are  the  most  common  of  volcanic  rocks,  (y)  Labradorite  also  occurs  in  other 
kinds  of  lava,  and  is  sometimes  found  in  them  in  glassy  crystals,  as  in  those  of  Etna  and  Vesuvius. 

The  labradoric  metamorphic  rocks  are  most  common  among  the  formations  of  the  Azoic  or  pre- 
Silurian  era.  Such  are  part  of  those  of  British  America,  northern  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Arkansas ; 
those  of  Greenland,  Norway,  Finland,  Sweden,  and  probably  of  the  Vosges.  Being  a  feldspar 
containing  comparatively  little  silica,  it  occurs  mainly  in  rocks  which  include  little  or  no  quartz 
(free  silica). 

Many  foreign  localities  are  mentioned  above. 

On  the  coast  of  Labrador,  labradorite  is  associated  with  hornblende,  hypersthene,  and  magnet- 
ite. It  is  met  with  in  place  at  Mille  Isles,  Chateau  Richer,  Rawdon,  Moriu,  Abercrombie,  and 
elsewhere,  in  Canada  East ;  and  in  boulders  at  Drummond  and  elsewhere,  Canada  West.  It 
occurs  abundantly  at  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  large  boulders  are  met  with  in  the  towns  of  Moriah, 
Newcomb,  M'Intyre,  Westport,  and  Lewis,  N.  Y. ;  also  occasionally  in  Orange,  Lewis,  St.  Law- 
rence, Warren,  Scoharie,  and  Green  Cos.  In  Pennsylvania,  at  Mineral  Hill,  Chester  Co.,  and  op- 
posite New  Hope,  Bucks  Co. ;  in  the  Witchita  Mts.,  Arkansas. 

Silicite  and  mornite  are  from  Antrim,  Ireland. 

Labradorite  was  first  brought  from  the  Isle  of  Paul,  on  the  coast  of  Labrador,  by  Mr.  Wolfe, 
a  Moravian  missionary,  about  the  year  1770,  and  was  called  by  the  early  mineralogists  Labrador 
stone  (Labrador stein),  and  also  chatoyant,  opaline,  or  Labrador  feldspar.  Klaproth's  analysis 
above  (No.  1)  was  the  first  one  made  (in  1815). 

Labradorite  receives  a  fine  polish,  and  owing  to  the  chatoyant  reflections,  the  specimens  are 
often  highly  beautiful.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  jewelry. 

Alt.— Labradorite,  ^like  anorthite,  appears  to  undergo  alteration  with  considerable  facility,  it 
losing  lime  through  infiltrating  carbonated  or  alkaline  waters,  and  receiving  water.  In  some 
cases,  also,  it  has  received  considerable  iron.  The  following  analyses  appear  to  be  of  specimens 
of  this  altered  labradorite.  The  results  are  remarkable  for  either  the  small  proportion  of  lime 
or  large  proportion  of  iron,  or  the  same  of  potash  or  of  water,  each  of  which  may  be  regarded  as 
an  indication  of  alteration.  Analyses:  1-4,  Delesse  (1,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xil  200;  2,  ib.,  xvi.  342; 
3,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xl.  271;  4,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xvi.  324);  5,  Metzger  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1850, 
683) ;  6,  v.  Rath  (ZS.  G.,  ix.  246);  7,  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M,  IV.  512) ;  8,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can., 
1863,479): 

Si  £l  £e  Mg  Ca  Na  K        H 

1.  Belfahy,  Vosges  52*89  27'39  1'24 5*89  5"29  4-58  2'28,  Mn  0-30=99-86  Delesse. 

2.  P.  Jean.       "         53'05  28'66  TOO  1-51  6'37  4-12  2'80  2'40=99'91  Delesse. 

3.  Vosgite  '       "        49'32  30'07  0'70  1'96  4-25  4'85  4'45  3*15,  Mn  0-60=99-35  Delesse. 

4.  Odern                    55'23  24'24  I'll  1*48  6'86  4'83  3'03  3-05=99-83  Delesse. 

5.  Clausthal              54*44  25-50  5-33      8*05  2'11  0'12  3-65  =  99-20  Metzger. 

6.  Graubiindten        53'92  21'51  4'16  1-26  9-41  5'57  1'59  2'76= 100-18  Rath. 

7.  Oberstein              53-89  27'66  0'97 8'28  4-92  1'28  3*00=100  Delesse. 

8.  Mt.  Royal,  Can.    53'60  25-40  4'60  0-86  3'62  undet.  0'80  Hunt. 


344 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


No.  1  is  from  a  porphyritic  rock,  G.=2'719;  2,  from  dioryte;  3,  the  vosgite,  from  a  porphyry, 
GT. =2-771,  color  whitish,  sometimes  slightly  greenish  or  bluish,  lustre  greasy  or  pearly;  4,  from 
the  euphotide  of  Odern  in  Elsace ;  5,  from  an  altered  diabase-porphyry ;  6,  from  a  gabbro,  and 
remarkable  for  its  high  specific  gravity,  G.=2-840 ;  7,  from  a  porphyritic  amygdaloid,  a  colorless 
and  translucent  variety,  with  G.= 2-642;  8,  from  a  basalt  (or  chrysolitic  doleryte),  "with  a  small 
admixture  of  augite."  Labradorite  also  occurs  changed  to  calcite  (Tschermak). 

Artil— Hausmann  (Beitr.  Eisenhochofenschlacken,  31)  has  referred  to  labradorite  crystals  dis- 
tributed through  the  mass  of  the  slag  of  a  furnace  at  Veckeshagen,  which  were  an  inch  long,  but 
not  well  formed;  had  two  cleavages  at  right  angles  to  one  another,  with  H.=6,  G.  =  2'35;  was 
fusible  B.B.,  but  insoluble  in  muriatic  acid;  and  afforded  Si  66'2,  Al  10-4,  Ca  21'0,  Fe  1*9,  Mn 
0-1=99-6. 

Globules  of  the  Variolyte  of  Durance.  These  concretionary  globules  are  often  half  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter,  grayish-green  in  color,  compact  in  texture,  with  G.=2-923.  A  specimen  from 
a  locality  south  of  Mt.  Genevre,  near  Brian9on,  afforded  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xvii.  116): 


Si 
66-12 


£1 
17-40 


7-79        0-51 


Mn 
tr. 


Mg 
3-41 


Ca 

8-74 


Sa 

3-72 


ft 

0-24 


ign. 
1-93=99-86 


Carnatite.    A  feldspar,  described  by  Beudant,  occurring  at  the  localities  of  corundum  and 
indianite  in  the  Carnatic,  India,  is  pronounced  by  Breithaupt  and  von  Kobell  to  be  labradorite. 


312.    ANDESITB. 


Andesin  Abich,  Jahresb.,   xxi.   167,    1841. 
Glocker,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiv.  494,  1845. 


Pseudoalbit.   Saccharit 


Triclinic.  Approximate  angles  from  Esterrel  crystals  (Descl.) :  0  A  i%, 
left,  87°-88°,  6>A/=111°-1120,  0  A/'=115°,  /A  A=1190-120°,//A^= 
120°,  0  A  2-£=:101°-1020.  Twins:  (1)  composition-face  i-%\  (2)  double 
twins,  made  up  of  two  twins  of  the  kind  in  (1),  one  of  them  reversed,  so 
that  there  are  4  planes  I\\\  front,  and  at  each  end  there  are  the  planes  O 
and  24 ;  (3)  double  twins,  like  the  last,  but  one  of  the  parts  turned  around, 
so  that  there  are  reentering  angles  between  two  faces  0  and  two  i-i,  and 
four  planes  /  in  front.  Cleavage  more  uneven  than  in  albite.  Also  gran- 
ular massive. 

H.=5— 6.  G.=2-61— - 2-T4;  from  the  Andes,  2'61— 2*74;  of  saccharite, 
2-66—2-69 ;  from  the  Yosges,  2'65— 2'68 ;  2'668,  Canada,  Hunt.  Color 
white,  gray,  greenish,  yellowish,  flesh-red.  Lustre  subvitreous,  inclin- 
ing to  pearly. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  1:3:8,  but  varying  to  1 :  3 :  7.  Perhaps  only  a  mixture  of  labradorite  with  a 
soda-feldspar.  Formula  (J  (Ca,  Na)3+*  &1)2  Si8+3  Si ;  or  with  half  the  excess  of  silica  basic. 

Analyses:  1,  Abich  (Pogg.,  li.  523);  2,  3,  Rammelsberg  (5th  SuppL,  48);  4,  Jacobson  (Ramm. 
Min.  Ch.,  607);  6,  Deville  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xL  283);  6-9,  Delesse  (Mem.  Soc.  d'Em.  du 
Doubs,  Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  iii.  374);  10,  Varrentrapp  (Pogg.,  hi.  473);  11,  Schmidt  (Pogg.,  Ixi.  385);  12, 
Waltershausen  (Vulk.  (Jest.,  24);  13,  Laspeyres  (ZS.  G.,  xviii.  329);  14,  15,  v.  Rath  (ZS.  G-.,  xvi. 
249);  16-19,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1868,  478);  20,  Franke  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  609);  21,  22, 
T.  S.  Hunt  (L  c.);  23,  24,  v.  Hauer  (Verh.  G.  Reichs.,  1867,  13,  81);  25.  26,  Sommaruga  (Jahrb. 
G.  Reichs.,  xvi.  397,  1866);  27,  A.  Streng  (Jahrb.  Min.  1867,  537): 


=99-92  Abich. 

=100-86  Ramm. 

0-60=101-36  Ramm. 

=104*51  Jacobson. 

0-76=100  Deville. 
1-27=99-55  Delesse. 
0-98=100  Delesse. 
2-28=100  Delesse. 
0-91=99-29  Delesse. 

=99-98  Varrentrapp, 

2-21,  MO -39  =  100  Schmidt 


Si 

£1 

3Pe 

Mg 

Ca 

tfa 

£ 

1. 

Mannato 

59-60 

24-18 

1-58 

1-08 

5-77 

6-53 

1-08 

2. 

" 

60-26 

25-01 

tr. 

0-14 

6-87 

7-74 

0-84 

3, 

(c 

58-32 

26-52 

tr. 

0-11 

8-18 

5-27 

2-36 

4. 

(c 

60-14 

25-39 

0-87 

0-53 

7-93 

7-99 

1-66 

5. 

M 

63-85 

24-05 



0-38 

5-04 

5-04 

0-88 

6. 

Vosges, 

white 

58-92 

25-05 



0-41 

5-64 

7-20 

2-06 

7. 

a 

red 

58-91 

24-59 

0-99 

0-39 

4-01 

7-59 

2-54 

8. 

Chagey 

59-95 

24-13 

1-05 

0-74 

5-65 

5-39 

0-81 

9.  La  Bresse 

58-55 

25-26 

0-30 

1-30 

5-03 

6-44 

1-50 

10. 

Silesia 

58-41 

25-23 

___ 

0-41 

6-54 

9-39 

11. 

Saccharite 

58-93 

23-50 

1-27 

0-56 

5-67 

7-42 

0-05 

TJNISILICATES. 

Si 

XI 

ft 

Mg 

Ca 

Na 

K 

12 

Iceland,  cryst. 

60-29 

23-75 

3-21 

0-64 

6-29 

5-70 

0-87 

13. 

Niedermendig 

57-29 

26-78 

tr. 

0-28 

8-01 

6-84 



14. 

St.  Valentino 

56-79 

28-48 





8-56 

6-10 

0-34 

15. 

u 

58-15a 

26-55 



0-06 

8-66 

[6-28] 

16. 

Chateau  Richer 

59-80 

25-39 

0-60 

o-ii 

7-78 

5-14 

TOO 

17. 

u 

59-55 

25-62 

0-75 

tr. 

7-73 

5-09 

0-96 

18. 

u 

57-20 

26-40 

0-40 



8-34 

5-83 

0-84 

19. 

li 

58-50 

25-80 

1-00 

0-20 

8-06 

5-45 

1-16 

20. 

It 

58-38 

23-86 

1-18 

o-io 

7-83 

6-05 

1-68 

21. 

St.  Joachim 

57-15 

27' 

•10 



8-73 

5-38 

0-79 

22. 

Lachute 

58-15 

26-09 

0-50 

0-16 

7-78 

5-55 

1-21 

'23. 

Nagy-Sebes 

57-20 

25-12 



tr. 

6-96 

7-28 

1-87 

24. 

Cziffar 

60-10 

17-62 

7-03 

1-85 

2-24 

4-01 

3-82 

25. 

Kussahora,  bk. 

57-70 

20-79 

8-35 

1-71 

5-45 

tr. 

3-99 

26. 

Ik. 

58-21 

22-22 

7-30 

0-73 

5-18 

tr. 

3-96 

27. 

KyffhauserMts. 

59-16 

25-97 

1-04 

0-03 

9-23 

3-91 

0-47 

345 

H 

=100-75  Waltershausen 

=99-20  Laspeyres. 

0-24=100-51  Rath. 

0-30=100  Rath. 
=99-82  Hunt. 

0-45  =  100-15  Hunt. 

0-20  =  99-66  Hunt. 

0-40=100-57  Hunt. 

1-03  =  100-11  Franke. 

0-20=99-75  Hunt. 

0-45  =  99-89  Hunt. 

1-68  =  100-11  Hauer. 

2-11  =  98-78  Hauer. 

3-84=101-83  Sommaruga.. 

2-75  =  100-35  Sommaruga. 

0-68,  Ba,  Sr  2r.= 100-49  Str. 


a  Probably  some  mixed  quartz. 


Inanal.  1,  G.  =  2-733;  2,G-.=2'674;  3,  G.  =  2-68-2'688  ;  4,  G.=2-679;  5,  G.=2'61  ;  6,  from  Ser- 
vance,  G.  =  2-683;  7,  fr.  Coravillers,  G-.=3'651;  8,  G-.  =  2'736;  12,  G-.  =  2'65;  14,  "tonalyte,"  fr. 
Tyrol,  G.=  2-695;  15,  G-.  =  2'676;  16,  G.  =  2'688;  18,  lavender-blue,  subtransp.,  cleavable,  curved 
surfaces;  19,  gnh.  base  of  preceding,  granular;  21,  in  a  boulder;  22,  G.=2'687;  23,  G.=2'585; 
25,  G.  =  2-853;  26,  G.=2'607;  27,  in  dioryte,  G.  =  2'69.  Other  analyses:  v.  Rath,  ZS.  G.,  ix. 
259. 

Of  these  analyses  all  but  No.  5,  by  Deville,  afford  rather  closely  the  oxygen  ratio  1:3:8.  No. 
5  gives  0"80  :  3  :  8-91.  Nos.  24  to  26  have  part  of  the  alumina  replaced  by  iron,  and  probably  in 
consequence  of  alteration,  as  the  black  color,  little  soda,  and  much  potash  would  indicate. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Andesite  fuses  in  thin  splinters  before  the  blowpipe.  Saccharite  melts  only  on  thin 
edges  ;  with  borax  forms  a  clear  glass.  Imperfectly  soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  the  Andes,  at  Marmato,  as  an  ingredient  of  the  syenite-like  rock  called  ande- 
syte  ;  in  the  porphyry  of  1'Esterel,  Dept.  of  Var,  France  ;  in  the  syenite  of  Alsace  in  the  Vosges  ; 
white  at  Servance,  red  at  Coravillers  ;  in  the  porphyry  near  Chagey,  Haute  Saone  ;  at  Vapnetiord, 
Iceland,  in  honey-yellow  transparent  crystals  (anal.  12);  at  Baumgarten  in  Silesia  (anal.  10);  iu 
the  Tyrol,  south  of  Tonale,  in  Mt.  Adamello,  in  a  granite-like  rock  called  tonalyte,  consisting  of 
this  feldspar,  according  to  v.  Rath,  with  much  quart/,,  some  orthoclase,  biotite,  and  hornblende. 

Saccharite  is  granular  massive,  with  traces  of  cleavage  in  one  direction,  occurring  hi  veins  in 
serpentine  at  the  chrysoprase  mines  near  Frankenstein,  in  Silesia. 

In  North  America,  found  at  (Chateau  Richer,  Canada  (anal  16-20),  forming  with  hypersthene  and 
ilmenite  a  wide-spread  rock  ;  color  flesh-red. 

Alt.—  The  following  are  analyses  of  altered  andesite  in  addition  to  24  to  26  above:  1,  Ram- 
melsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  608);  2-4,  Deville  (Bull.  Geol.  Fr.,  II.  vi.  410);  5,  Francis  (Pogg.,  Hi.  471). 
No.  2  is  of  the  mass  of  a  crystal,  2  A  of  the  interior,  2B  of  the  exterior  portion  : 


0'60=101'36  Ramm. 

0'77  =  100  Deville. 

1-43=100  Deville. 

2'05  =  100  Deville 

1'40,  C  2*93  =  100-02  Deville. 

1'25  =  100  Deville,  G.  =  2'62. 

-  =101-31,  Francis;  G.  =  2-64. 

The  oxygen  ratio  for  1  is  1  :  3  :  7-5  ;  2,  0'9  :  3  :  7'5  ;  2  A,  0-84  :  3  :  7'0  ;  2B,  1-5  :  3  :  7'3  ;  3, 
09:3:  6-9  ;  4,  0'8  :  3  :  7*2  ;  5,  1  :  3  :  7'2.  The  mineral  of  the  Esterrel  Mts.,  near  Frejus  in  south- 
ern France,  occurs  in  a  rock  called  porphyry.  Deville's  analyses  leave  no  doubt  as  to  the  altera- 
tion. The  analysis  by  v.  Rath  (No.  14,  above)  also  gives  nearly  the  ratio  1:3:7;  and  the 
next,  1:3:7^.  No.  4,  from  Marmato,  contains  1-4  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  lime. 

Deville  takes  the  ground,  as  a  result  of  his  analyses,  that  all  andesito  is  altered  oligodase,  the 
oxygen  ratio  of  which  is  1  :  3  :  9  ;  and  the  same  result  was  earlier  suggested  by  G.  Rose  and 
Bischof.  Deville's  analyses  of  the  Marmato  andesite  gave  him  nearly  the  oligoclase  ratio. 

Andesite  changes  also'  to  kaolin.  That  of  La  Bresse,  studied  by  Delesso,  is  in  part  in  this 
condition,  being  soft  and  crumbling  ;  and  in  part  less  changed  and  of  a  reddish  color. 


Si 

3tl 

Pe 

Mg 

Ca 

Na 

K 

1. 

Esterrel  Mts.    58'32 

26-52 



0-11 

8-18 

5-27 

2-36 

2. 

u 

59-07 

26-67 



0-58 

7-96 

4-95 

tr. 

2A.      " 

57-01 

28-05 



0-39 

7-53 

5-47 

0-12 

2B.      » 

52-42 

24-78 



0-51 

15-02 

5-10 

0-14 

3. 

Hungary 

53-92 

26-69 

1-20 

1-68 

6-98 

4-02 

1-20 

4. 

Marmato 

58-11 

28-16 



1-52 

5-35 

5-17 

0-44 

5. 

Popayan 

56-72 

26-52 

0-70 



9-38 

6-19 

0-80 

346 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


313.  HYALOPHANE.     Hyalophan  v.  Waltershausen,  Pogg.,  xcir.  134,  1855,  c.  548. 


,    ,      ,    -  ,    -,    - 

C  (by  calc.)=64°  16'  7  A  7=118°  41',  /A  *4=120°  36',  '0  A 
7A  1^=111°  55'.     Cleavage:    6>  perfect,  *4  somewhat  less 


Monoclinic,  like  orthoclase,  and  angles  nearly  the  same.  Observed 
planes :  0  :  vertical  planes,  7,  *4,  i-b  ;  hemidomes,  1-^,  f  -i ;  clinodome,  2-1 

'  OAW±=180°$5JA 
so.     In  small 
crystals,  single,  or  in  groups  of  two  or  three. 

H.=6— 6*5.  G.=2'80,  transparent ;  2*905,  translucent.  Lustre  vitre- 
ous, or  like  that  of  adularia.  Color  white,  or  colorless  ;  also  flesh-red.  Trans 
parent  to  translucent. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  K,  fi,  Si=l  :  3  :  8;  formula  (J  (Ba,  K)3+£  A1!)2  Si3  +  3  Si,  or  like  andesite 
and  leucite,  except  that  the  protoxyds  are  mainly  baryta  and  potash. 

Analyses  :  1,  Uhrlaub  (Pogg.,  c.  548) ;  2,  same,  the  impurity,  sulphuric  acid  and  part  of  baryta 
as  sulphate,  being  removed;  3,  Stockar-Escher  (Kenng.  Uebers.  1856-57,  107);  4,  Petersen 
(Jahrb.  Min.  1867,  102) ;  Igelstrom  (<Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.  1867,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  ci.  434): 

Si         3tl       Mg      Ca       Ba       fra      K         fl        S 

1.  Binnen  45-65     19-14    0'73     0-77     21-33     0'49     8-23     0-54    4'12  =  101  Uhrlaub. 

2.  "  51-30     21-50     0-84     0'87     15'11     0'55     9'25     0*58      =100  Uhrlaub. 

3.  "  52-67     21-12     0'04     0'46     15'05     2'14     7'82     0'58 

4.  "  51-84     22-08     O'lO     0'65     14*82         10-03          0'48 


5.  Jakobsberg,  Swed.  51-14    22-86     3-10    4-28       9'56         [9'06] 


=99-88  St.-E. 

=100  Petersen. 

=100Igelstr'm. 


AnaL  2  gives  the  0.  ratio  1  :  2  -6  :  7,  and  3,  1  :  2'8  :  7'8  ;  and  4  agrees  well  with  No.  3.  No. 
6  contains  less  baryta  and  more  lime. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  blebby  glass.    Unacted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs,—  Occurs  in  a  granular  dolomite,  along  with  white  barite,  greenish  tourmaline,  mica,  real- 
gar, dufrenoysite,  and  sphalerite,  near  Imfield,  in  the  valley  of  Binuen  in  the  Valais,  in  crystals  2 
or  three  lines  long,  and  rarely  larger  ;  also  at  the  manganese  mine  of  Jakobsberg  in  Sweden,  in 
limestone  with  a  manganiferous  epidote  (p.  283),  looking  much  like  common  flesh-red  orthoclase. 
A  massive  variety  accompanies  it,  containing  according  to  Igelstrom  (L  c.)  Si  60'90,  £1  21-09,  Ca 
13-30,  Ba  3-50,  alkalies,  Mg  and  Mn,  11-21  undetermined. 


314.  OLIGOOLASE.  Natron-spodumen  .Berz.,  Arsb.,  160,  1824=Soda-spodumene.  Oligoklaa 
Breith.,  Pogg.,  viii.  79,  1826.  Hafnefjordit,  Kalkoligoklas,  Forchhammer,  Skand.  Nat.  samm 
i  Stockholm,  July,  1842.  Aventurine  Feldspar  =Sunstone  pt. 

Triclinic.     Observed  planes  (see,  for  position,  the  table  under  anorthite  or 
albite)  :  0  ;  2-£,  i-i,  24f  ;  i-l  ;  i-&  ;  -2,  7,  2,  1  ;  2-?,  f  i,  l-i  ;  -2r,  I',  2',  V  ; 
-'      -r 


299 


/A  I' =120°  427  0  A  1=123°  51' 

O  A  a,  ov.  2-T,=93  50  0  A  1/=121  15 
O  A  a,  ov.  2^,=86  10  0  A  l-z=r!27  6 
O  A  7=110  55  0  A  2-£,  ov.  1-*,=9T  22 

O  A  7=114:  40  i4  A  7=120  24 

O  A  2-^=136  23  i-l  A  7=118  54 

0  A  24=132  40  7  A  -^=150  30 

7A  ^-3=147  30 

Cleavage:  0,  i-i,  perfect,  the  latter  least   so. 
Twins  :  similar  to  those  of  albite.     Also  massive. 
H.=6— 7.    G.=2-56— 2-72;  mostly  2'65-2'69. 

Lustre  vitreo-pearly  or  waxy,  to  vitreous.     Color  usually  whitish,  with  a 
faint  tinge  of  grayish-green,  grayish- white,  reddish-white,  greenish,  reddish  ; 


UNISILICATES. 


347 


Transparent,  subtranslucent.    Fracture  conchoidal 


sometimes  aventurine. 
to  uneven. 

Comp.,  Var.— 0.  ratio .1  :  3  :  9;  (i(Na,  Ca)3+f  £l)2  Si3+3f  Si;  or  else  with  half  the  excess 
of  silica  basic  ;=,  taking  R  as  soda  alone,  Silica  62'1,  alumina  23%  soda  14'2=100.  Part  of  the 
soda  is  replaced  by  lime. 

Var.  1.   Cleavable;  in  crystals  or  massive. 

2.  Compact  massive ;  oligoclase-felsite ;  includes  part,  at  least,  of  the  so-called  compact  feldspar  or 
felsite,  these  consisting  of  the  feldspar  in  a  compact,  either  fine  granular  or  flint-like  state,  containing 
free  silica  disseminated  through  the  mass.     In  those  here  included,  the  feldspar  is  a  soda-feldspar, 
and  it  is  often  difficult  to  distinguish  them  from  albite-felsite.     See  under  ALBITE  for  analyses. 

3.  Aventurine  oligoclase^  or  sunstone.     Color  grayish-white  to  reddish-gray,  usually  the  latter, 
with  internal  yellowish  or  reddish  fire-like  reflections  proceeding  from  disseminated  crystals  of 
probably  either  hematite  or  gothite. 

Much  oligoclase  has  a  faint  greenish  tinge  and  pearly  lustre,  in  which  it  somewhat  resembles 
spodumene,  whence  the  name  soda-spodumene.  Only  the  oligoclase  of  lavas  or  trachytic  rocks 
has  G.  below  2*6.  Hafnefiordite  (anal.  36)  contains  the  protoxyds  of  an  andesite  or  labradorite, 
and  may  not  belong  here. 

4.  Moonstone  pt.     A  whitish  opalescence. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Berzelius  (Jahresb.,  iv.  147,  xix.  302);  3,  L.  Svanberg  (CEfv.  Ak.  Stockholm, 
iii.  Ill);  4,  R.  Hagen  (Pogg.,  xliv.  329);  5,  Resales  (Pogg.,  Iv.  109);  6,  Francis  (Pogg.,  lii.  470); 
7,  Bodemann  (Pogg.,  Iv.  110);  8,  Jevreinof  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  1853,  No.  12);  9,  Chodnef  (Pogg.,  Ixi. 
390);  10,  Jevreinof  (1.  c.);  11,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixiv.  153);  12,  13,  Kersten  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxviL 
173,  Jahrb.  Min.  1845,  653);  14,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  iv.  830);  15,  Delesse  (Ann  d.  M., 
IV.  xix.  149);  16,  Kerndt  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliii.  218);  17.  Wolff  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiv.  234);  18,  Rammels- 
berg  (Pogg,  Ivi.  617);  19,  v.  Rath  (ZS.  G.,  ix.  226);  20,  Delesse  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xxiv.) ; 
21,  Seneca  (G.  Beschr.  Baden,  1861-62);  22,  Delesse  (Bull.  G.  Soc.,  II.  vii.  310);  23,  Laurent 
(Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  lix.  108);  24,  Damour  (Ramm.  5th  SuppL,  178);  25-27,  Haughton  (Rep.  Br. 
Assoc.,  1863,  56);  28-30,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  211,  xvi.  44);  31,  C.  T.  Jackson 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlii.  1()7);  32-35,  Deville  (C.  R.,  xix.  46,  Et.  Geol.  Teneriffe,  1848);  36,  Forch- 
hammer  (Skand.  Nat.  S.  Stockholm,  1842);  37,  Fouque  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  614);  v.  Hauer  (Verh. 
G.  Reichs.,  1867,  60);  39,  40,  A.  Streng  (Jahrb.  Min.  1867,  537): 


=100-16  Berzelius. 

=99-38  Berzelius. 

1-02,  und.  0-82=98-85  S. 

=101-37  Hagen. 

=100-79  Rosales. 

=99-52  Francis. 

=99-76  Bodemann. 

=98-55  Jevreinof. 

=99-60  Chodnef. 

=100-16  Jevreinof. 

=100  Scheerer. 

=99-69  Karsten. 

=99-32  Kersten. 

0-79=100-00  Hauer. 
1-70=98-68  Delesse. 

,  Ifrn  0-40=100  K. 

=97-77  Wolff. 

=100  Ramm. 

=100-29  Rath. 

,  Mn  ^.=99-91  D. 

=101-12  Seneca. 

1-22=99-69  Delesse. 

=99-40  Laurent. 

=98-74  Damour. 

=99-58  Haughton. 

,  Mn  0-32  =  98-32  H 

=100-40  Haughton. 

1-08  =  100-25  S.  &B. 
0-26=99-94  S.  &  B. 
0-29=99-09  S.  &  B. 
1-00=99-67  Jackson. 


Si 

£ 

Fe 

Mg 

Ca 

Na 

& 

1. 

Danviks-Zoll 

63-70 

23-95 

0-50 

0-65 

2-05 

8-11 

1-20 

2. 

Ytterby,     " 

61-55 

23-80 



0-80 

3-18 

9-67 

0-38 

3. 

Sala, 

59-66 

23-28 

1-18 

0-36 

5-17 

5-61 

1-75 

4. 

Arendal,     " 

63-51 

23-09 



0-77 

2-44 

9-37 

2-19 

5. 

"        ywh. 

62-70 

23-80Fe 

0-62 

0-02 

4-60 

8-00 

1-05 

6. 

Ajatzkaja,      Ural 

61-06 

19-68 

4-11 

1-05 

2-16 

7-55 

3-91 

7. 

Schaitansk,       " 

64-25 

22-24 

0-54 

1-14 

2-57 

7-98 

1-06 

8. 

Emerald  mine,  " 

60-63 

26-35 

0-40 

0-25 

415 

5-60 

1-17 

9. 

Kimito,  Fiiil.,  red 

63-80 

21-31 





0-47 

12-04 

1-98 

10. 

Pitkaranta       " 

60-97 

25-40 



0-39 

6-36 

6-38 

0-66 

11. 

Tvedestr'd,  Sunst.  61-80 

23-77 

0-36 



4-78 

8-50 

1-29 

12. 

Near  Freiberg 

62-97 

23-48 

0-51 

0-24 

2-83 

7-24 

2-42 

13. 

Marienbad,  Boh. 

63-20 

23-50 

0-31 

0-25 

2-42 

7-42 

2-22 

14. 

Zrnin, 

63-16 

23-16 





3-00 

9-72 

0-17 

15. 

Visembach 

63-88 

22-27 

0-51 

tr. 

3-45 

6-66 

1-21 

16. 

Boden 

61-96 

22-66 

0-35 

o-io 

2-02 

9-43 

3-08 

17. 

Flensburg,     Sil. 

64-30 

22-34 





4-12 

9-01 



18. 

Warmbrunn,    " 

[63-94] 

23-71 

Or. 

tr. 

2-52 

7-66 

2-17 

19. 

Albula,  Grisons 

62-01 

21-16 

2-54 

0-78 

3-53 

5-94 

4-33 

20. 

Mer-de-Glace 

63-25 

23-92 

tr. 

0-32 

3-23 

6-88 

2-31 

21. 

Goggenau 

63-63 

22-52 



0-44 

3-85 

8-39 

2-29 

22. 

Quenast,  Belg. 

63-70 

22-64 

0-53 

1-20 

1-44 

6-15 

2-81 

23. 

Ariege 

62-60 

24-60 

o-oi 

0-20 

3-00 

8-90 



24. 

Elba 

62-30 

22-00 

0-44 



4-86 

8-20 

0-94 

25. 

Gar  vary  Wood,  I. 

60-56 

24-40 

0-40 

0-04 

5-96 

6-46 

1-76 

26. 

?            u 

59-28 

22-96 

1-94 

0-21 

4-65 

6-48 

2'38 

27. 

Knader,           " 

62-40 

23-60 



0-08 

5-62 

7-04 

1-66 

28. 

UnionviUe,  Pa.  (f)  64-27 

21-21 

tr. 

0-58 

0-81 

10-94 

1-36 

29. 

Danbury,  Ct.      (f  )  63-76 

22-56 

tr. 

tr. 

3-09 

9-72 

0-55 

30. 

Haddam,    "       (f)  64'26 

21-90 



tr. 

2-15 

9-99 

0-50 

31. 

Chester,  Mass. 

62-00 

24-40 



0-70 

3-50 

8-07 



348 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


32.  Tenerifle 

33.  " 
34. 

35.  " 

36.  Hafnefiordite 

37.  L.  Laach 

38.  Schemnitz 


Si         £1 

62-97  22-29 

63-81  21-98 

62-54  22-4:9 

61-55  22-03 

61-22  23-32 

63-6  22-1 

59-49  23-88 


39.  Kyffhauser  Mts.      60-94    24-22 
"  "         60-01     21-66 


40. 


Pe 

Mg 

Ca 

Na 

K 

___ 

0-54 

2-06 

8-45 

3-69 

__^_ 

0'66 

1-10 

9-46 

299 



0-41 

2-18 

7-84 

4-54 

—  - 

0-47 

2-81 

7-74 

3-44 

2-40 

0-36 

8-82 

2-56 

tr. 



1-8 

0-3 

8-9 

3-4 

___ 



6-20 

4-36 

4-09 

1-66 

tr. 

3-94 

7-65 

0-95 

1-54 

0-68 

5-15 

7-08 

1-37 

£ 

=  100Devilie. 

=  100Deville. 

- — =100  Deville. 

=98-04  DeviUe. 

=98-68  Forchh. 

=100  Fouque. 

0-99=99-01  Hauer. 
0-79,  Sr*r.=100-15  S. 
2-59,  Ba,  Sr,  Li,  tr.= 

100-08  Streng. 

A  brownish  feldspar  from  Borodin,  Finland,  afforded  S.  v.  Waltershausen  (Yulk.  Gest.,  26)  Si 
63-20  £1  18-41,  3Pe  0'20,  Mg  0  87,  Ca  O'll,  Na  0-52,  K  14-41,  H  0'57=98'29.  It  may  be  an  or- 
thoclase. G  =2-583.  No.  9  may  be  mainly  albite,  judging  from  the  amount  of  soda. 

In  anal  3  G.  =  2'69;  8,  G.=2'656;  9,  G.=2'63;  ll,G.  =  2-656;  12,  G.  =  2'65;  13,G.=2'631; 
16,  G.  =  2-66 -2 -68,  in  mica  schist;  17,  G.=2'651;  19,  G.  =  2'72,  ign.  =  r05 ;  24,  G.  =  2-662  ;  28, 
G.=2-61  ;  31,  G.  =  2-586,  H.=7'5,  granular  with  emery;  33,  G.  =  2'594;  34,  G.  =  2-58— 2'59,  in 
trachyte;  35,  G.=2'592,  in  trachyte;  37,  G.  =  2-56,  in  lava;  38,  G.  =  2'635;  39,  40,  in  dioryte, 
G.  =  2-63  — 2-64 ;  Nos.  1  to  31,  in  metamorphic rocks,  granite,  gneiss,  porphyry,  syenite,  and  dioryte ; 
82-37  in  lavas  or  volcanic  rocks. 

Some  of  the  analyses  vary  from  the  oxygen  ratio  1:3:9  toward  1:3:12,  and  Scheerer  in  the 
Handw.  Chem.  of  Liebig,  Poggendorf,  etc.,  makes  intermediate  varieties,  shading  into  both  albite 
and  orthoclase,  one  called  by  him  oligoclase-albite,  the  other  oligodase-orthodase — see  under  ortho- 
close  and  albite.  But  as  explained  elsewhere,  these  probably  arise  from  mixture. 

Other  analyses:  from  Ytterby,  Haughton,  Q.  G.  J.,  xviii.  412;  from  Dockweiler,  in  the  Eifel, 
A.  Streng,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiii.  53 ;  from  granite  of  the  Ockerthal  and  of  Meineckeburg,  Fuchs,  ib. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  3'5  to  a  clear  or  enamel-like  glass.    Not  materially  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  porphyry,  granite,  syenite,  serpentine,  and  also  in  different  eruptive  rocks. 
It  is  sometimes  associated  with  orthoclase  in  granite,  or  other  granite-like  rock.  Among  its 
localities  are  Dauviks-Zoll  near  Stockholm ;  Kimito  in  Finland,  forming  with  quartz  and  mica  the 
granite  containing  columbite  ;  Pargas  in  Finland ;  Ari6ge  and  Arendal,  with  calcite,  epidote,  etc., 
crystals  sometimes  2  or  3  in.  long ;  Schaitansk,  Ural,  greenish,  in  a  gangue  of  quartz  and  mica 
and  yellowish-white  feldspar ;  in  gneiss  of  the  Schwarzwald  of  Goggenau,  north-east  of  Baden ; 
in  syenite  of  the  Vosges ;  in  a  micaceous  dioryte  (called  kersantyte)  at  Yisembach  in  the  Yosges ; 
in  protogine  of  the  Mer-de-Glace.  in  the  Alps ;  in  euphotide  at  Lavaldens,  Department  of  Isere  ; 
at  Albula  in  the  Grisons ;  in  a  dark  green  porphyry  at  Quenast  in  Belgium  ;  in  mica  schist  at  the 
Emerald  Mine  of  the  Urals,  and  at  Boden  near  Marienberg ;  in  the  amphibolyte  of  Marienbad,  Bo- 
hemia ;  in  a  green  porphyry  (oligoclase-porphyry  of  Rose),  near  Elbingerode  in  the  Harz ;  in  dia- 
base of  the  Harz ;  the  Fichtelgebirge ;  Chalanches  in  Allemont  and  Bourg  d'Oisans ;  as  sunstone 
at  Tvedestrand  hi  the  Christiana-fiord,  Norway ;  at  Hitteroe,  Lake  Baikal ;  at  the  North  Cape, 
near  Hammerfest ;  in  Donigal,  Ireland,  in  granite,  with  orthoclase,  etc. ;  in  Iceland,  colorless,  at 
Hafnefjord  (hafneftordite).  The  oligoclase-porphyry  is  called  oligophyre  by  Coquand;  near  St. 
Raphael  in  the  Dept.  of  Yar,  in  France,  a  rock  of  this  kind  has  a  beautiful  turquois-blue  color,  is 
very  hard,  and  encloses  crystals  of  oligoclase ;  G.=2'61.  In  lavas  and  trachyte  (oligoclase-tra- 
chyte)  at  Teneriffe,  and  in  the  Euganean  Mts.  near  Padua ;  in  the  domyte  (trachyte)  of  Puy  de 
Dome ;  in  doleryte  at  L.  Laach ;  in  pumice  at  Arequipa  in  Peru ;  in  obsidian,  with  sanidin,  at 
Zimapaii  in  Mexico. 

In  the  United  States,  at  Unionville,  Pa.,  with  euphyllite  and  corundum,  G.=2'61 ;  also  at  Dan- 
bury,  Ct.,  with  orthoclase  and  danburite ;  Haddam,  Ct,  often  transparent,  with  iolite  and  black 
tourmaline ;  Mineral  Hill,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  called  moonstone ;  at  Orange  summit,  N.  Hamp., 
slightly  greenish,  and  pearly;  at  the  emery  mine,  Chester,  Mass.,  granular,  with  H.=7'5, 
G.= 2-586;  at  Dixon's  quarry,  Del 

Named  in  1826  by  Breithaupt  from  <5Xiyo?,  little,  and  *Aaw,  to  cleave.  Berzelius  had  previously 
(in  1824)  recognized  it  as  a  new  mineral  from  specimens  from  Danviks-Zoll ;  and  he  afterward 
named  it  natron-spodumene  (soda-spodumene). 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  kaolin  and  natrolite.  The  change  to  kaolin  takes  place  more  easily  than 
in  orthoclase,  as  shown  by  the  longer  resistance  of  the  latter  when  both  occur  in  the  same  rock 
(Laspeyres,  ZS.  G.,  xvi.  387). 

315.  ALBITE.  Feltspat  hvit  pt.  Wall,  65,  1747.  Feldspath  pt.,  Schorl  blanc  pt.,  de  Lisle, 
Crist,  ii.  409,  PL  v.,  f.  15,  16,  1783.  Krummblatteriger  Feldspath  Hedenlerg,  Afh.,  i.  118,  1806. 
Albit  Gahn  &  Berz.,  Afh.,  iv.  180,  1815.  Tetartin  Bretth.,  Char.,  1823.  Soda  Feldspar. 

YAB.  intarod.  as  species.    Cleavelandite  (fr.  Chesterfield)  Brooke.  Ann.  Phil,  II.  v.  381,  1823. 


UNISILICATES. 


349 


Periklin  Breith.,  Char.,  1823;  Pericline.     Hyposklerit  (fr.  Arendal)  Bretih.,  Schw.  J.,  iii.  316, 
1830.     Peristerite  (fr.  Perth,  Can.)Z%o»w.,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxii.  189,  1843.     Olafit  Breith.,  B.  H 
Ztg.,  xxv.  8  S:=01igoklas-Albit  Sheerer,  Pogg.,  Ixxxix.  17. 
Felsite,  Petrosilex,  or  HeUeflinta  pt.,  Swed.    Adinole  (fr.  Sala)  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  126,  1832. 

Triclinic. 

I^  7=120°  47'  0  A  2-5,  ov.  l-5,=97°  54'  i-i  A  £-8=149°  35' 

0  A  i-l,  ov.  2-2',=93  36     0  A  |=150  3  i-i  A  ^'-8/=149  38 

6?AH  ov.  2-?,=86  24    *-*  A  l'=113  41  77  A  lx=123  6 

a  A  1=120  11  7A  1=125  3 

a  A  7=117  53  2-£  A  2-^=90  4 

^  A  7=119  40  I'  A  2-£=138  34 


6>  A  7=110  50 
0  A  2-?'=136  50 
0  A  24=133  14 


304 


305 


0 

i-l 

2-1' 

i-3 

/ 

•BHBB 

••^•1 

2-1 

/' 

2' 

a' 

w 

24 

H 

r 



r 

1 

w 

i' 

i 

i' 

Observed  Planes.    Add  £ ' 


Pericline. 


Middletown,  Ct. 


308 


Koc-tourae,  Savoy. 


Eoc-tourne,  Savoy. 


Cleavage :  0,  i-i  perfect,  the  first  most  so ;  \-l  sometimes  distinct.    Twins : 
1.  Composition-face  i-%9  axis  of  revolution  normal  to  ir\  the  most  common, 


350  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

f.  301.  2.  C.-face  and  revolution  the  same,  but  (f.  307)  the  two  halves  by 
mutual  penetration  crossing  along  a  medial  vertical  line,  so  that  the  right 
quarter  in  front  is  continued  in  the  left  quarter  behind,  and  the  left  in 
front  in  the  right  behind,  the  upper  and  under  planes  0  meeting  in  a  reen- 
tering  angle,  and  the  2-1  on  either  side  in  a  salient  angle — making  an  in- 
tersecting twin,  having  the  aspect  of  a  double  twin  of  four  crystals  in  which 
the  two  diagonally  opposite  are  alike  in  position.  3.  C.-face  the  same,  but 
axis  of  revolution  parallel  to  i-l,  and  vertical,  producing  the  form  in  f.  304, 
the  planes  0  and  1  above  (or  below)  being  very  nearly  in  the  same  zone 
(the  pjane  angle  of  i-l,  which  the  edges  of  I  and  0  make,  being  116°  26', 
and  that  which  the  edges  of  I  and  1  make  being  115°  55',  differing  only 
31') ;  also  exemplified  in  the  double  twin,  f.  308,  the  two  halves  of  which 
are  twins  like  f.  307 ;  may  be  right  or  left-handed,  according  to  which  half 
is  revolved;  also  in  other  similar  double  twins  (fr.  Middletown,  Ct.),  in 

which  the  two  halves  are  like  f.  305.  4. 
C.-face  parallel  to  #,  and  revolution  on  a 
horizontal  axis  normal  to  the  shorter  diago- 
nal of  0,  as  in  f.  309  ;  the  twin  right  or  left- 
handed,  according  as  the  part  revolved  is  the 
upper  or  lower.  5.  The  last  kind  (4),  com- 
bined with  the  first  (1),  making  double  twins. 
Also  massive,  either  lamellar  or  granular; 
Periciine.  ^  laminae  sometimes  divergent;  granular 

varieties  occasionally  quite  fine  to  impalpable. 

H.=6— 7.  G.  =  2-59— 2-65  ;  2-612,  Finbo,  Eggertz ;  2-619,  Broddbo. 
Lustre  pearly  upon  a  cleavage  face ;  vitreous  in  other  directions.  Color 
white  ;  also  occasionally  bluish,  gray,  reddish,  greenish,  and  green ;  sojne- 
times  having  a  bluish  opalescence  or  play  of  colors  on  0.  Streak  uncolored. 
Transparent — subtranslucent.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp.,  Var.— 0.  ratio  1  :  3  :  12;  (^]STa3+|3cl)2  Si3  +6  Si,  or  with  half  the  excess  of  silica  basic, 
—Silica  68-6,  alumina  19'6,  soda  ITS  —  10*0.  A  small  part  of  the  soda  is  replaced  usually,  if  not 
always,  by  potash,  and  also  by  lime.  But  these  differences  are  not  externally  apparent. 

Var.l.  Ordinary,  (a)  In  crystals  or  cleavable  massive.  The  angles  vary  somewhat,  especially 
for  plane  /' ;  /A/ =122°  15',  G.  Rose;  121°  45',  Marignac  and  Descloizeaux,  as  mean  of  many 
measurements  of  St.  Gothard  crystals ;  0  A  I'  =  1 1 5°  5',  Rose ;  1 14°  52',  M.  and  D.  (6)  Aventurine ; 
similar  to  aventurine  oligoclase  and  orthoclase.  (c)  Moonstone ;  similar  to  moonstone  under  oligo- 
clase  and  orthoclase.  P&rist&rite  is  a  whitish  adularia-like  albite,  slightly  iridescent,  having  G.= 
2'626 ;  named  from  Tupiartpd,  pigeon,  the  colors  resembling  somewhat  those  of  the  neck  of  a  pigeon. 
(d)  Periciine  is  in  large,  opaque,  white  crystals,  short  and  broad,  of  the  forms  in  fig.  303,  309. 
G.  =  2'641  ;  /A/'  =  120°  37',  Breith. ;  from  the  chloritic  schists  of  the  Alps. 

(e)  Hyposclerite  is  blackish-green,  from  Arendal ;  H.=5'6;  G.=2'63  —  2'66  ;  it  contains,  accord- 
ing to  Rammelsberg,  5  p.  c.  of  pyroxene.  Hermann  figures  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvi.  396)  a  crystal  having 
the  planes  and  nearly  the  form  of  f.  302.  Named  from  Wrf,  under,  a^r,^  hard,  with  reference  to 
the  inferior  hardness. 

(/)  Lamellar;  deavelandite ;  a  white  kind  found  at  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  and  named  after  Dr.  P. 
Cleaveland,  the  mineralogist. 

2.  Compact;  albitic  felsite ;  smooth  on  surface  of  fracture,  whitish,  grayish,  or  reddish-gray  in 
color,  and  very  tough.  H.  =  6'5  — 7*5;  G.^2'6— 2'65.  See  also  under  OLIGOCLASE. 

Analyses;  1,  Cf.  Rose  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixxiii.  173) ;  2,  Tengstrom  (Ann.  Phil.,  1824);  3,  Stromeyer 
(Untersuch.,  300);  4,  Laurent  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  lx.);  5,  Thaulow  (Pogg.,  xlii.  571);  6,  Brooks 
(Pogg.,  Ixi.  392) ;  7,  Abich  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  i.) ;  8,  Erdmann  (Jahresb.,  xxi.  192) ;  9,  Abich  (Pogg.,  li. 
526);  10,  C.  G.  Gmelin  (Pogg.,  vii.  79);  11,  Kersten  (Jahrb.  Min.  1845,  648);  12,  Diday  (Cryst. 
from  melaphyre  of  Agay,  Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  ii.  184,  193);  13,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxix.  305);  14, 
Lohmeyer  (Pogg.,  Ixi.  390);  15,  Desclabissac  (ZS.  G.,  x.  207);  16,  Scheidtauer  (Pogg.,  Ixi.  393); 
17,  Richter  (Pogg.,  Ixxxix.  17);  18,  Rube  (ZS.  G.,  xiv.  49);  19,  Redtenbacher  (Pogg.,  Hi.  48)  j  20, 


TJNISILICATES. 


351 


21,  Brush  and  Weld  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  viii.  390) ;  22,  T.  S.  Hunt  (PhiL  Mag.,  IY.  i.  222,  Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  xii.  212);  23,  F.  A.  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxviii.  249);  24,  E.  H.  Twining  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II. 
xxxi.  357) ;  25,  26,  Boye  &  Booth  (Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  ii.  190): 


=100  G.  Rose. 
=  100-08  Tengstrom. 
=99-88  Stromeyer. 
=  100  Laurent. 
100-10  Thaulow. 

=  100-55  Brooks. 

]Sln  tfr.  =  100  Abich. 

Mn  fr\  =  100-70  Efcdmann. 

=99-83  Abich. 

ign.  0-36=100-26  Gmelin. 

=99-77  Kersten. 

98-9  Diday. 

=98-8  Rammelsberg. 
100-79  Lohmeyer. 

=  100  Desclabissac. 

-99-10  Scheidtauer. 

Mn  0-20,  H  0-25  =  99-65  R. 

=  100-10  Rube. 

=  100-07  Redtenbacher. 

=99-42  Brush. 

H  0-48  =  100-27  Weld. 

ign.  0-6  =  99-80  Hunt. 

ign.  0-21  =  100-10  Genth. 

ign.  0-24=99-73  Twining. 

=  100-19  B.  &B. 

=99-97  B.  &  B. 


In  anal.  1,  G.  =  2'6l;  7,  G.  =  2'624  ;  9,  G.=2'595;  11,  G.  =  2'612;  12,  G.=2'478;  13,  G.= 
2-63;  14,  G.  =  2-624;  18,  G.=2'61  ;  20,  G.  =  2'619;  24,  G.=  2  -633  Brush. 

The  hyposclerite  (anal.  13)  afforded  Hermann  (1.  c.)  Si  56*43,  £]  21*70,  3Pe  0*75,  Mn  0*39,  Ce,  La 
2-00,  Ca  4-83,  Mg  3-39,  K  2*65,  Na  5-79=99-80,  giving  the  abnormal  and  improbable  0.  ratio 
1:2:6,  which  Rammelsberg's  later  analysis  appears  to  show  to  be  incorrect,  or  the  composition 
of  an  altered  form  of  it.  Its  inferior  hardness  would  indicate  alteration. 

The  albite  from  Pennsylvania,  analyzed  by  Redtenbacher  (anal.  19),  is  called  oligoclase-albite  by 
Scheerer;  it  gives  the  0.  ratio  I'l  :  3  :  11  -7.  He  applies  the  same  name  to  the  Snarum  feldspar 
analyzed  by  Richter,  which  he  says  has  the  external  form  of  scapolite,  and  G.  =  2-59;  oxygen 
ratio  1:3:  11-3.  It  is  the  olaftte.  That  of  Snarum,  analyzed  by  Scheidtauer,  was  in  snow-white 
crystals,  and  gave  1'2  :  3  :  11  8;  it  holds  an  excess  of  protoxyds,  owing  to  the  lime  present, 
which  may  be  a  result  of  alteration. 

Felsite  or  compact  feldspar  has  usually  some  free  silica  disseminated  through  it.  The  follow- 
ing are  analyses  of  some  kinds,  either  albite-felsite  or  oligoclase-fdsite.  The  presence  of  lime  is  in 
favor  of  the  latter.  Adinole  is  probably  albitic  ;  it  is  reddish,  from  Sala,  Sweden.  Amausite  Ger- 
hard has  been  considered  as  oligoclase  in  base  ;  the  name  was  given  to  a  granulite  (Weissstein) 
of  Namiest  in  Moravia.  The  analysis  here  cited  of  the  North  Carolina  mineral,  by  Genth,  is 
in  the  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxviii.  249  : 


-  =99-3  Berthier. 
0-32=99-20  Schnedermann. 
1-71,  Mn  tr.,  ign.  1-20=99'45  G. 
0-08,  H  0-26  Svanberg. 
0-35,  S  0-21  Svanberg. 
0-16,  H  1-12. 


Si 

£l 

Fe 

Mg 

Ca 

Na 

K 

1. 

Arendal 

68-46 

19-30 

0-28 

0-68  [11-27]     = 

2. 

Finland 

67-99 

19-61 

0-70 

-r  

0-66 

11-12 

r= 

3. 

Chesterfield 

70-68 

19-80 

0-11 



0-23 

9-06 

— 

4. 

H 

68-4 

20-8 

o-i 



0-2 

10-5 

= 

5. 

St.  Gothard,  cryst. 

69-00 

19-43 





0-20 

11-47 

= 

6. 

St.  Gothard,  white 

67-39 

19-24 



0-61 

0-31 

6-23 

6-77  = 

7. 

Miask,  cryst. 

[68-45] 

18-71 

0-27 

0-18 

0-50 

11-24 

0-65, 

8. 

Brevig 

69-11 

19-34 

0-62 

tr. 

tr. 

10-98 

0-65, 

9. 

Pantellaria 

68-23 

18-30 

1-01 

0-51 

1-26 

7-99 

2-53  = 

10. 

Zoblitz 

67-94 

18-93 

0-48 



0-15 

9-99 

2-41, 

11. 

Marienbad 

68-70 

17-92 

0-72 



0-24 

11-01 

1-18= 

12. 

Albite,  cryst. 

67-0 

19-2 

0-3 

1-8 

1-2 

7-2 

2'2= 

1  3. 

Hyposclerite 

67-62 

16-59 

2-30 

1-46 

0-85 

10-24 

0-51  = 

14. 

Schreibershau,  w.  (f 

)  68-75 

18-79 

0-54 

0*09 

0-51 

10-90 

1-21  = 

15. 

Oberhalbstein 

68-50 

18-11 



0-66 

0-56[12-17] 

16. 

Snarum 

(jti'll 

18-96 

0-34 

0-16 

3-72 

9-24 

0-57=: 

17. 

"       Olaftte 

66-83 

19-90 

0-39 

0-39 

1-56 

10-13 

, 

18. 

Drehfeld,  w. 

66-99 

18-40 

0'76a 

0-21 

0-90 

12-10 

0-74=: 

19. 

Pennsylvania         (|)  67'20 

19-64 



0-31 

1-44 

9-91 

1-57  = 

20. 

Uuionville,  Pa. 

66-65 

20-79 



0-52 

2-05 

9-36 

= 

21. 

ii 

66-86 

21-89 



0-48 

1-79 

8-78 

} 

22. 

Peristerite 

66-80 

21-80 

0-30 

0-20 

2-52 

7-00 

0-58, 

23. 

Calaveras  Co. 

68-39 

19-65 

0-41 



0-47 

10-97 

tr., 

24. 

Moriah,  N.  Y.,  gnh. 

67-01 

19-42 

0-95 

tr. 

0-39 

11-47 

0-25, 

25. 

Wilmington,  Pa. 

67-72 

20-54 



0-34 

0-78 

10-65 

0-16=: 

26. 

« 

65-46 

20-74 

0-54 

074 

0-71 

9-98 

1-80=: 

a  As  impurity,  or  mainly  so. 

Si 

il 

3Pe 

fig 

Ca 

Na 

1. 

Sala,  Adinole 

79-5 

12-2 

0-5 

1-1 



6-0 

2. 

Lehrbach 

71-60 

14-75 

1-41 

tr. 

1-06 

10-06 

3. 

N.  Carolina,  gray 

60-29 

19-6H 

4-63 

0-23 

1-83 

9-90 

4. 

Pehrberg 

77-93 

13-19 

O-o  9 

0-22 

1-22 

5-93 

5. 

u 

74-95 

11-73 

1-60 

1-32 

0-50 

6-49 

6. 

Amausite 

75-83 

11-37 



0-91 

1-30 

5-20 

See  under  ORTHOCLASE  for  other  felsites. 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  fuses  at  4  to  a  colorless  or  white  glass,  imparting  an  intense  yellow  to  the 
flame.     Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 
Obs.  —  Albite  is  a  constituent  of  several  rocks.    With  hornblende  it  constitutes  dioryte  or 


352  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

greenstone.  It  occurs  with  orthoclase  in  some  granite,  as  in  that  of  Pompey's  Pillar,  and  in  such 
cases  is  usually  distinguishable  by  its  greater  whiteness.  It  is  common  also  in  gneiss,  and  some- 
times in  the  crystalline  schists.  Veins  of  albitic  granite  are  often  repositories  of  the  rarer  granite 
minerals  and  of  fine  crystallizations  of  gems,  including  beryl,  tourmaline,  allanite,  columbite,  etc. 
It  occurs  also  in  some  trachyte,  as  that  of  Montagna,  Island  of  Pantellaria ;  hi  phonolite,  at  Lau- 
gaf  jail,  Iceland ;  in  granular  limestone  in  disseminated  crystals,  as  near  Modane  in  Savoy. 

In  the  compact  condition,  felsite,  it  constitutes  the  base  of  albite  porphyry,  a  rock  sometimes 
red  (as  at  Agay)  with  scattered  whitish  crystals  of  albite ;  also  the  same  of  some  spilyte,  as  at 
Frejus,  a  compact  grayish  rock,  containing  globules  of  carbonate  of  lime,  the  base  of  which,  ac- 
cording to  Diday,  is  70  p.  c.  albite ;  also  of  some  granulyte  or  weissstein  (white  stone). 

Many  localities  of  albite  are  mentioned  above.  It  occurs  with  epidote  and  garnet  at  Arendal ; 
with  eudialyte  and  hornblende  in  Greenland. 

In  the  United  States,  hi  Maine,  at  Paris,  with  red  and  blue  tourmalines.  In  Mass.,  at  Chester- 
field, with  the  same  minerals,  in  lamellar  masses  (cleavelandite),  slightly  bluish,  also  fine  granular, 
and  rarely  in  small  crystals;  at  Goshen.  In  New  ITamp.,  at  Acworth  and  Alstead.  In  Conn.,  at 
Haddam,  with  chrysoberyl,  beryl,  columbite,  and  black  tourmaline ;  at  the  Middletown  feldspar 
quarry,  in  fine  transparent  or  translucent  crystals  (fig.  305) ;  at  Monroe,  a  fine  granular  variety 
containing  beryl.  In  N.  York,  at  Granville,  "Washington  Co.,  white  transparent  crystals ;  at  Moriah, 
Essex  Co.,  of  a  greenish  color,  with  smoky  quartz,  and  resembling  green  diallage.  In  Penn.,  at 
Unionville,  Delaware  Co.,  a  granular  variety  is  the  matrix  of  the  corundum  (see  anals.  20  and  2 1), 
having  the  hardness  of  quartz  (7 — 7 '2  5).  It  had  been  taken  for  indianite.  A  similar  variety, 
equally  hard,  is  found  with  idocrase  at  Sanford,  Maine.  In  California,  Calaveras  Co.,  with  native 
gold  and  auriferous  pyrites. 

In  Canada,  in  fine  crystals,  at  the  SuflBeld  silver  mine,  near  L.  Massawippi,  N.E.  of  L.  Mem- 
phremagog. 

The  name  Albite  is  derived  from  alliis,  white,  in  allusion  to  its  color,  and  was  given  the  species 
by  Gahn  and  Berzelius  in  1814. 

For  recent  observations  on  cryst,  Descl.  Min.,  i.  317;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  No.  i.,  ii.,  v. ; 
G.  Eose,  Pogg.,  cxxv.  457,  cxxix.  1.  Figs.  307-309,  are  from  Rose's  papers.  The  twin  form  of 
fig.  304  occurs  at  Middletown,  Ct. 

For  Altered  forms  and  Artificial  albite,  see  under  ORTHOCLASE. 

ZYGADITE  Breith.  (Pogg.,  Ixix.  441).  Zygadite,  according  to  Descloizeaux  (Min.  i.  326),  is  prob- 
ably albite.  Occurs  in  thin  tables,  which  are  twins,  appearing  like  the  twin  crystals  of  Bon- 
homme  and  Modane.  Translucent  or  milky.  In  lustre  and  hardness  like  albite.  Color  yellow- 
ish-white, to  reddish.  G.— 2-511— 2-512,  Breith.  Plattner  obtained  in  his  trials  indications  of 
silica,  alumina,  and  lithia,  and  no  water.  Found  with  milky  quartz,  stilbite,  and  blerlde,  in 
fissures  in  argillyte,  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz.  It  was  named  from  ^vyaSnv,  in  pairs,  or 
twinned. 


316,  ORTHOCLASE.  Silex  ex  eo  ictu  ferri  facile  ignis  elicitur — ex  cubis  aliisque  figuris 
intersectis  constans,  Agric.,  Foss.,  814,  1546.  Felt-Spat,  Spatum  pyrimachum  (VAB.  album,  cin- 
ereum,  rubrum),  Wall,  Min.,  65,  1747.  Faltspat,  Spatum  scintillans,  Cronst.,  60,  1758.  Feld- 
spath  Germ.,  Fr.  Feldspar  Engl  Felspar  lad  orthogr.  Feldstein  Eausm.,  Handb.,  528, 
1813,  Orthose  H.,  Tr.,  iv.  1801,  in  Index  alone,  p.  394,  4to  edition.  Adular  Breith.,  Char.,  35, 
1820.  [In  the  preceding,  the  whole  group  of  feldspars  is  included  in  the  one  species.] 

Feldspath  (Albite  excluded)  Berz.,  1815,  N.  Syst.  Min.,  1819.  Feldspath  (Albite,  Labradorite, 
and  Anorthite  excl.)  G.  Rose,  Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixxiii.  173,  1823.  Orthoklas  (id.  excl.)  Breith,,  Char., 
1823;  (id.  +  Oligoklas  excl.)  Bretih.,  Pogg.,  viii.  79,  1826.  Potash-feldspar.  Kalifeldspath 
Germ. 

YAR.  introd.  as  sp.  Adulaire  Pini,  Mem.  Feldsp.,  Milan,  1783;  Adular  Germ. ;  Adularia 
Engl.;  Feldspath  nacre  H. ;  Mondstein  var.  Feldspath,  Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronst.,  1780;  id.  =  Adu- 
laria Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  375,  1789;  Moonstone.  Sanidin  Nose,  Noggerath  Min.  Stud.  Geb. 
Niederrhein,  1808  ;  Glasiger  Feldspath  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  i.  15, 1795,  and  others.  Necronite  ffayden, 
Am.  J.  ScL,  i.  306,  1819.  Pegmatolith  Breith.,  Char.,  1823,  1832.  Murchisonite  W.  Phillips, 
Phil.  Mag.,  II.  i.  448,  1827.  Eyakolith  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xv.  193,  1829,  xxviii.  143,  1833 ;  Rhy- 
acolite.  Valencianit,  Mikroklin  Breith.,  Schw.  J.,  Ix.  322,  324,  1830.  Erythrite,  Perthite,  Thorn., 
Phil.  Mag.,  xxii.  188,  189,  1843.  Loxoklas  Breith.,  Pogg.,  Ixvii.  419 ;  Loxoclase.  Chesterlite 
Seal,  This  Min.,  678,  1850.  Felsit  von  Marienberg  Breith.,  Pogg.,  Ixvii.  421,  Handb.,  527, 


UNISILICATES. 


353 


1847=Paradoxit£ra#i.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  35,  1866.  Felsit  von  Mulda  id.,  Handb.,  528=Muldan 
id.,  ib.,  39,  CottaiU'd,  ib.  Weissigit  Jenzsch,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1853,  396.  Lasur-Feldspatb.  N.  NordensJc., 
Bull.  Nat.  Moscow,  xxx.  225,  1857. 

Halleflinta,  Petrosilex,  Lapia  Corneus,  pt,    Cronst.,  Min.,   57,   1758.      Felsite.     Leelite  (fr. 
Westmannland)  Clarke,  Ann.  Phil.,  1818. 

Monoclinic.     (7=63°  53',  7  A  7=118°  48',  0  A  14=153°  28'  ;  a  :  I  :  c= 
0-844  :  1  :  1-5183.    Observed  planes  :  0  ;  vertical,  7,  i4,  i-b,  i-i  ;  clinodomes, 


4,  24,  64;  hemidomes, 


4,-24;  hemioctahedral, 


316 


319 


0  A  f4=145°  4:7' 
O  A  14=129  41 
0  A  |4=116  33 
O  A  24=99  38 
0  A  -24= 139 
0  A  ^4=116  7 
0  A  J=150  52 
0  A  1=124  42 


0  A  -1=146°  30' 
0  A  2=98  4 
O  A  ^-3=77  31 
0  A  44=161  36 
O  A  24=135  3 
6>  A  *4=90 
0  A  7=67  44 
£4  A  ^'4=90 


^4  A  ^-3=150°  35' 
^'4  A  4-2 =142  25 
i4  A  -4-2=130  50 
i4  A  3-3=146  40 
7  A  24=134  19 
7A  14=110  40 
1  A  1=126  14 
_1  A -1=142  40 


Cleavage  :  0  perfect ;  iA  less  distinct ;  i-i  faint ;  also  imperfect  in  the 
direction  of  one  of  the  faces  7.     Twins :     1.    Composition -face  i-l,   axis 


23 


354  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

of  revolution  normal  to  i\  the  forms  not  showing  the  composition 
externally,  except  sometimes  by  sutures.  2.  O.-face  i-l,  axis  of  rev- 
olution vertical,  producing,  with  the  form  in  ^  f.  310,  the  twins  f.  314, 


the  prism  is  made  up  of  two  adjoining  planes  O  and  two  i\  and  is  nearly 
square,  because  0  A  *4=90°,  and  0  A  24=135°  3' ;  /A  7=169°  28' ;  also 
the  same  in  a  twin  of  4  crystals,  f.  317,  each  side  of  the  prism  then  an  0 ; 
same  in  a  twin  of  3  crystals,  one  of  the  four  being  absent,  and  that  side  of 
the  prism  made  up  of  the  planes  i-l,  i-l ;  again^  the  twin  of  4  crystals 
takes,  by  cross-interpenetration  of  each,  the  form  in  f.  322,  consisting  ap- 
parently of  8  crystals,  or  four  twins  of  the  kind  in  f.  321 ;  /A  7=169°  28', 
as  above.  4.  C.-face  0,  f.  316. 

Often  m assive,  granular  ;  sometimes  lamellar.  Also  compact  crypto-crys- 
talline,  and  sometimes  flint-like  or  jasper-like. 

I£— 6— 6-5.  G.=2'44— 2-62,  mostly  2'5— 2'6.  Lustre  vitreous;  on 
cleavage-surface  sometimes  pearly.  Color  white,  gray,  flesh-red,  common  ; 
greenish- white,  bright  green.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. Fracture  conchoidal  to  uneven.  Optic-axial  plane  sometimes  in 
the  orthodiagonal  section  and  sometimes  in  the  clinodiagonal ;  acute  bisec- 
trix always  negative,  normal  to  the  orthodiagonal ;  inclined  at  18°  C.,  in 
adularia,  according  to  Angstrom,  4°  6'  to  the  clinodiagonal,  and  112°  V  to 
edge  7/7;  and  according  to  Descloizeaux,  at  22°  C.  these  angles  are  5°  18' 
and  110°  49'  for  the  red  rays  ;  angle  of  divergence  in  adularia  of  St.  Gothard 
112°  to  123° ;  in  transparent  from  "Wehr  in  the  Eifel,  only  18°  to  21°,  with 
other  optical  peculiarities. 

Comp.,  Var.— 0.  ratio  1:3:12;  ( %  K8 + f  3tl)2  Si8  +  6  Si ;  or  else  with  half  the  excess  of  silica 
basic;=Silica  64'6,  alumina  18'5,  potash  16'9=100;  with  soda  sometimes  replacing  part  of  the 
potash.  The  orthoclase  of  Carlsbad  contains  rubidium. 

The  varieties  depend  mainly  on  structure,  variations  in  angles,  the  presence  of  soda,  and  the 
presence  of  impurities. 

The  amount  of  soda  detected  by  analyses  varies  greatly,  the  ratio  to  the  potash  being  from 
1  :  100  to  1  :  \.  But  recent  chemical  investigations  have  shown,  what  Breithaupt  indicated  from 
ocular  examination  hi  1861,  that  some  of  the  sodiferous  varieties  owe  the  soda  to  a  crystalline 
combination  of  the  orthoclase  with  albite.  The  perthite  (see  beyond)  has  thus  been  found  to  con- 
sist of  thin  alternate  layers  of  these  two  feldspars.  How  far  this  explanation  extends  to  other 
sodiferous  kinds  remains  to  be  ascertained. 

The  variations  in  angles  are  large,  and  they  occur  sometimes  even  in  specimens  of  the  same 
locality.  In  crystals  of  the  kind  called  chesterlite,  which  are  to  all  appearance  regular  and  undis- 
torted.  the  angle  /'  (right  prismatic  plane)  A  /(left  id.)  varies  from  121°  to  127°,  according  to  the 
author's  measurements ;  and  other  angles  make  the  form  triclinic,  0  A  /  and  0  A  /'  sometimes 
differing  5°,  one  being  110°  and  the  other  115°;  while  twins  compounded  parallel  to  the  cliao- 
diagonal  section,  which  are  common,  prove,  by  the  absence  of  any  reentering  angle  on  the  base, 
that  the  form  is  not  triclinic  (although  so  made  by  Breithaupt,  who  refers  the  species  (B.  H.  Ztg., 
xvii.  1 )  to  albite).  The  crystallization  is  normally  monoclinic,  and  the  variations  are  simply  irreg- 
ularities. There  are  also  large  optical  variations  in  orthoclase,  on  which  see  Descl.  Min.,  i.  J529. 

The  variations  in  amount  of  soda  and  in  angles  have  led  Breithaupt  to  make  several  species 
out  of  the  species  orthoclase.  But  until  it  is  proved  that  crystals  of  certain  specific  angles  have 
uniformly  the  same  specific  chemical  composition,  and  further,  that  kinds  having  the  same  specific 
chemical  composition  wherever  occurring,  always,  when  crystallized,  present  the  same  angles, 
such  species  cannot  properly  be  recognized  as  distinct.  The  varieties  that  have  been  named  are 
the  following : 

Var.  1.  ^Ordinary.  In  crystals,  or  cleavable  massive,  (a)  Adularia.  Transparent,  cleavable, 
usually  with  pearly  opalescent  reflections,  and  sometimes  with  a  play  of  colors  like  labradorite, 
though  paler  in  shade.  Moonstone  (Hecatolite  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  ii.  201,  fr.  'CKUT^  the  moon)  belongs  in 


UNISILICATES.  355 

part  here,  the  rest  being  albite  and  oligoclase.  Valencianite,  from  the  silver  mine  of  Valenciaua, 
Mexico,  is  adularia.  Breithaupt  finds  for  ordinary  orthoclase  (which  he  calls  pegmatotite)  G.= 
2-539  —  2-578  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  38).  Kokscharof  obtained  (Min.  RussL,  v.  115)  from  crystals  from 
the  Grisons,  Switzerland,  for  /A  7=118°  48'  20" ;  0  A  /,  acute,  =  67°  45'  50"— 47' ;  0  A  /,  obtuse, 
—112°  12'  20"  — 14'  10"  ;  O  A  1-*'=129°  32'.  For  crystals  from  Zillerthal,  /A  7=118°  45|'  — 50' 
(mean,  118°  47'  21");  0  A  I,  acute,  =  67°  47'  20"— 50'  (mean,  67°  47'  38");  0  A  7,  obtuse,= 
112°  10'  20"  — 13'  (mean,  112°  12'  57");  0  A  1-1=129°  43'  10"— 50'  (mean,  129°  42'  38").  He 
gives  as  the  calculated  results  for  adularia,  7A  7=118°  47'  and  61°  13' ;  0  A  7=67°  47'  20"  and 
112°  12' 40";  0A  l-i=1290  43'  26";  0  A  2-i=135°  3'  39"  ;  C  (0  A  i-i)=63°  56'  46". 

(6)  Sunstone,  or  aventurine  feldspar  (Heliolite  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  ii.  200).  In  part  orthoclase;  rest 
albite  or  oligoclase  (q.  v.). 

(c)  Necronite.     A  cleavable  feldspar,  fetid  in  odor  when  struck.     The  original  was  found  by 
Hayden  near  the  York  and  Lancaster  road,  21  m.  from  Baltimore,  in  granular  limestone,  and 
was  whitish  or  bluish  in  color.     Named  from  veKp6$,  a  corpse. 

(d)  Amazonstone.     Bright  verdigris-green,  and  cleavabls. 

(e)  Erythrite.     Flesh-red,  from  amygdaloid,  near  Kilpatrick.     Made  out  by  Thomson  to  contain 
3  p.  c.  of  magnesia.     Named  from  ipv0pd$,  red. 

(/)  Sanidin  of  Nose,  or  glassy  feldspar,  including  much  of  the  Ice-spar,  part  of  which  is  anorthite. 
Occurs  in  transparent  glassy  crystals,  mostly  tabular  (whence  the  name  from  <r««/i?,  a  board)  in 
lava,  pumice,  trachyte,  phonolite,  etc.  Proportion  of  soda  to  potash  varies  from  1  :  20  to  2  :  1. 
A..  Mitscherlich  finds  in  some  kinds  0'79 — 2*33  p.  c.  of  baryta.  Rhyacolite  is  the  same;  the  name 
was  applied  to  glassy  crystals  from  Mt.  Somma  (Eisspath  Wern.).  Rose  has  since  observed  (Kryst. 
Ch.  Min.,  88)  that  the  specimen  he  analyzed  (Pogg.,  xxviii.  143)  probably  contained  some  mixed 
nephelite,  and  that  the  mineral  is  orthoclase.  Named  from  pval-,  stream  (lava  stream),  and  A<0of,  stone. 

(g)  Chesterlite.  In  white  crystals,  smooth,  but  feebly  lustrous,  implanted  on  dolomite  in  Ches- 
ter Co.,  Penn.,  and  having  the  variations  in  its  angles  above  stated.  It  contains  but  little  soda. 
Twins  occur  with  composition  parallel  to  0,  and  also  parallel  to  both  0  and  i-i,  the  latter  appar- 
ent by  the  meeting  of  striae  along  the  middle  of  an  0,  and  the  former  by  the  same  on  an  i-i. 
Crystals  vary  from  a  line  in  breadth  to  !£  in.  G.  =  2'531  Silliman.  Erni's  analysis  (This  Min.,  3d 
edit.,  1850,  678)  is  erroneous,  and  therefore  not  cited  here. 

(h)  Hicrodin.  Usually  in  cleavable  masses,  whitish,  grayish,  or  reddish,  and  opalescent.  The 
original  was  from  the  zircon-syenite  of  Fredericksvarn  and  Laurvig  and  Brevig,  Norway.  Brei- 
thaupt made  the  angle  between  the  two  cleavage  planes  90°  22'— 90°  23',  instead  of  90°;  and 
hence  derived  the  name,  from  /HK<OO'S,  little,  and  x\ivu,  I  incline.  The  analysis  (No.  55)  gives  for  the 
ratio  of  Na  to  K  3  :  2.  But  Breithaupt  has  since  referred  to  microclin  the  feldspar  of  Arendal, 
which  afforded  him  the  same  angle,  but  yet  contains  but  a  trace  of  soda  (No.  22).  He  also  refers 
here  a  feldspar  from  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland  (anal.  54),  which  is  near  the  first-mentioned  in 
composition,  and  gave  the  angles  0  A  i-t=90°  22',  0  A  7=112°  9',  0A7'=113°  10',  0  A  1-1= 
129"  34',  i-i  A  7'  =  119°  13'  7A  7'  =  119°  4',  7A  i-i  =  \2l°  43' ;  also  the  feldspar  of  the  micaceous 
rock  (called  Miascyte)  of  Miask  (Urals),  which  has  Na  :  K=l  :  1,  with  an  excess  of  silica,  accord- 
ing to  an  unsatisfactory  analysis ;  also  a  Bodenmais  feldspar  of  gray  and  greenish  colors,  with  Gr. 
=  2-575— 2-594,  but  he  suggests  that  Kerndt's  analysis  (No.  56)  was  probably  made  on  a  mixture 
of  microclin  and  oligoclase,  the  two  occurring  together ;  while  Potyka  found  that  the  green  variety 
(anal.  25)  contained  little  soda.  Potyka  also  states  that  the  actual  form  was  triclinic,  and  that 
the  cleavage  face  had  the  usual  striae  of  triclinic  feldspars;  but  Kenngott  observes  (Ueb.,  1861, 
73)  that  he  did  not  find  the  striae  on  a  Bodenmais  specimen,  and  H.  Fischer  none  on  the  feldspar 
of  the  zircon-syenite.  Other  loc.  reported  by  him  are :  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y.,  with  black  pyroxene  ; 
Baveno  in  Italy ;  Lomnitz  and  Fischbach  in  Silesia,  of  red  color ;  Scholtzenberg  and  Kunersdorf, 
Silesia;  Olbern-hau  in  Silesia^  grayish- white,  G.  =  2'593  ;  Sforzella  in  Predazzo,  white,  G.=2'596; 
syenite  of  the  Plauen-Grund,  near  Dresden — an  extension  of  its  distribution  which  must  make 
it  easy  to  test  the  value  of  its  distinctive  characters. 

Notwithstanding  the  measurements  of  Breithaupt,  microclin  is  probably  monoclinic.  Descloi- 
zeaux,  after  optical  investigations  (Min.,  i.  341),  refers  it  to  orthoclase.  It  is  to  be  observed  that 
these  angles  were  obtained  from  kinds  having  little  soda  as  well  as  others  having  much.  More- 
over, loxoclase,  in  which  the  amount  of  soda  is  still  larger,  is  monoclinic. 

(i)  Loxoclase.  In  grayish-white  or  yellowish  crystals,  a  little  pearly  or  greasy  in  lustre,  often 
large,  feebly  shining,  lengthened  usually  in  the  direction  of  the  clinoiiagonal.  0  A  7=112°  30', 
0  A  7'  =  112°  50',  7  A  7'  =  120°  20',  0  A  i-i  (cleavage  angle)=90°,  Breith.  G.  =  2'6— 2'62,  Plattner. 
The  analyses  find  much  more  soda  than  potash,  the  ratio  being  about  3:1,  but  how  far  this  is 
due  to  mixture  with  albite  has  not  been  ascertained.  From  Hammond,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y. 
Named  from  lofr,  transverse,  and  x\da>,  I  cleave,  under  the  idea  that  the  crystals  are  peculiar  in 
having  cleavage  parallel  to  the  orthodiagonal  section. 

0')  Breithaupt  has  added  still  other  names.  His  Paradoxite,  from  tin  mines  near  Marienberg,  etc., 
has  (1.  c.)  7A7'=119°0';  7Ai-i  =  120°  40',  7A i-i  =  120°  20';  H.  =  5i— 6;  G.=2'440— 2'455; 
color  flesh-red.  Contains  potash  as  the  alkali,  with  little  or  no  soda,  (k)  His  Cottaite  is  the 


356  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

grayish-white  orthoclase  in  twins  from  granite  in  Carlsbad,  Bohemia,  circle  of  Elbogen ;  bj  his 
trials  it  has  G.=r2'6091  —  2-6098,  H.=6— 6|,  and  /A /'about  120°;  and  by  Roessler's  analysis 
(B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  39)  it  contains  8  p.  c.  of  soda  to  5  of  potash.  But  Redner  and  Bulk  have  found 
(anal  14,  1 5)  that  it  is  an  ordinary  potash-feldspar  with  over  14  p.  c.  of  potash,  and  has  G.=2'55 
—  2-573.  (1)  His  Muldan  is  from  Mulda  near  Freiberg;  it  is  stated  to  have  /'  Ai-i  =  117°,  /' M-i 
=:116P,  0  A 7=116°  —  116f ,  0A/'=117°;  G.  =  2'54— 2-56.  MoU's  analysis  (No.  12)  shows  that 
it  is  common  orthoclase,  although  irregular  in  its  angles. 

•  (m)  Lazurfeldspar  (Lasurfeldspath),  a  feldspar  having  H.=6,  and  G.  =  2'597,  and  the  cleavage 
of  orthoclase,  found  near  Lake  Baikal  with  lapis  lazuli. 

(ri)  Perthite.     A  flesh-red  aventurine  feldspar,  consisting  of  interlaminated  albite  and  ortho- 
clase, as  shown  beyond.     From  Perth,  Canada  East. 

(o)  Murchisonite  is  similar  flesh-red  feldspar  to  perthite,  with  gold-yellow  reflections  in  one  di- 
rection, like  sunstone ;  and  stated  to  have  also  an  unusual  cleavage  direction  besides  the  two  ob- 
served. From  Dawlish  and  Exeter,  England.  Named  after  its  discoverer,  Murchison  the  geologist. 
Weissigite,  of  Jenzsch,  is  in  small  whitish  or  reddish-white  twin  crystals,  and  is  from  the  cavi- 
ties of  amygdaloid  at  Weissig  near  Dresden;  G.=r2-538— 2-546.  I.  Lea  has  named  (Proc.  Ac. 
Philad.,  May,  1866)  a  greenish  orthoclase  from  Lemii,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.,  "almost  without  cleav- 
age," lennilite ;  other  specimens  of  the  same  locality,  pearly  and  distinctly  cleavable,  delawarite ; 
and  a  dull  bluish-green  subtransparent  kind,  of  an  aventurine  character,  containing  minute  parti- 
cles bright  and  hexagonal  (hematite  ?)  from  Blue  Hill,  2  m.  N.  of  Media,  Pa.,  cassinite.  These 
are  announced  only  as  varieties  of  orthoclase;  but  their  distinctive  characters  are  not 
such  as  to  entitle  them  to  special  names.  There  is  no  place  in  the  science  of  Mineralogy  for 
names  so  given. 

2.  COMPACT  ORTHOCLASE  or  ORTHOCLASE-FELSTTE.    This  crypto-crystalline  variety  is  common 
and  occurs  of  various  colors,  from  white  and  brown  to  deep  red. 

There  are  two  kinds  (d)  the  jasper-like,  with  a  subvitreous  lustre ;  and  (6)  the  ceratoid  or  wax-like, 

with  a  waxy  lustre.   Some  red  kinds  look  closely  like  red  jasper,  but  are  easily  distinguished  by  the 

fusibility.    The  orthoclase  differs  from  the  albite  felsite  in  containing  much  more  potash  than  soda. 

Lee'ite,  named  after  J.  F.  Lee,  is  a  deep,  flesh-red  variety,  of  waxy  lustre,  from  Gryphyttan,  Sweden. 

The  Swedish  name  Halleflinta  means  false  flint. 

A.  Proportion  of  soda  much  less  than  that  of  potash ;  from  ^>-  and  less  to  f . 
Analyses:  1,  Val.  Rose  (Scheerer's  J.,  viii.  244);  3,  Diirre  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  623);  3,  S.  D. 
Hayes  (Pogg.,  cxiii.  468);  4,  Abich  (Pogg.,  Ii.  528,  B.  H.  Zfcg.,  Jahrg.,  19);  5,  Schwalbe  (Kenng. 
Ueb.,  1861,  73);  6;  7,  Abich  (1.  c.);  8,  Plattner  (Pogg.,  xlvi.  299);  9,  Brongniart  &  Malaguti  (Ann. 
d.  M.,  IV.  ii.  465);  10,  Kroner  (Pogg.,  Ixvii.  421);  11,  Kersten  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii.172);  T2,  Moll 
(Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  624) ;  13,  Jenzsch  (Pogg.,  xcv.  304) ;  14,  15,  Redner  and  Bulk  (ZS.  G.  xviii.  394) ; 
16,  A.  Streng  (Jahrb.  Min.  1867,  541);  17,  v.  Hauer  (Kenng.  Ueb.,  1856-7,  106);  18,  19,  Delesse 
(Bull.  G.  Soc.,  II.  x.  568);  20,  C.  Bischof  (Bischof,  Lehrb.  GeoL,  II.  2171,  2187);  21,  H.  Risse 
(Geol.  Beschr.  Baden,  1861);  22,  Jevreinof  (Pogg.,  xlvii.  196);  23,  Schultz  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  628)- 
24,  Jenzsch  (Jahrb.  Min.  1855,  800);  25,  J.  Potyka  (Pogg.,  cviii.  363);  26-30,  Richter  (ZS.  G., 
xiv.  49,  53);  31,  Haughton  (Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  1863,  55,  Q.  J.  G.,  xx.  269);  32,  Id.  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV 
xxxii.  221);  33-35,  C.  W.  C.  Fuchs  (Jahrb.  Min.  1862,  787,  788);  36,  87,  Lasch  (v.  Dechen,  G. 
Beschr.  Siebengeb.,  Verh.  pr.  Rheinl.  Jahrg.,  9,  289);  38-39,  Lewiustein  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixviii.  98V 
40,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  1003);  41,  F.  A.  Genth  (Keller  &  Tied.,  in.  486);  42,  Smith  &  Brush 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  42) ;  43,  44,  J.  D.  Whitney  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  440,  xxviii.  16);  45,  46,  Boye 
&  Booth  (Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.,  ii.  53,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1845);  47.  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1863, 
474);  48  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  44) ;  49,  G.  F.  Barker  ib.  xxvi.  70). 
B,.  Proportion  of  soda  to  potash  between  f  :  1  and  2:1. 

"i  (Pogg.,  Ixxxi.  313);  52,  53,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  cviii.  426);  54,  55,  TJtendorfer 
1858,  No.  6,  xvii.  11) ;  56,  Kerndt.  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xvii.  11) ;  57,  Rube  (ZS.  G.,  xiv. 
t  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  i.  322,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xii.  212);  59,  C.  W.  C.  Fuchs  (Jahrb. 
Mm  1862,  789);  60,  Heffter  &  Joy  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  626);  61,  G.  Bischof  (Lehrb.  Geol.,  1.  c.); 
62,  Abich  (1.  c.);  63,  G.  Rose  (Pogg.,  xxviii.  143);  64,  65,  Lewinstein  (1.  c.);  66,  Schnabel (Ramm. 
Min.  Cn.,  626);  67  68,  G.  Bischof  (L  c.);  69,  v.  Rath  (ZS.  G,  xii.  44);  70-73,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep. 
(Jr.  ban.,  lobd,  476). 

C.  Proportion  of  soda  to  potash  over  2- :  1. 

74,  75  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  43);  76,  Plattner  (Pogg.,  Ixvii.  419);  77,  F.  Sand- 
berger  (Geol,  Beschr.  Baden,  Carlsruhe,  1861,  48);  78,  Delesse  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xxv.): 

A.  Proportion  of  soda  much  less  than  that  of  potash;  from  fa  and  less  to  f. 

Si  £l        £e  Mg  Oa  Na       K  ign. 

1.  Lomnitz,  Silesia           66-75  17-50     1-75  1-25  12-00 =98-25  Rose. 

67-01  18-60     0-85  0'19  0'56  2'01  11-41  — =100«63  Diirre. 

rdh.    65-10  20-12  2-42  12-80  =100'44  Hayes. 


TJNISILICATES. 


357 


Si 

£1 

3Pe 

&g 

Ca 

Na 

K 

ign. 

4. 

St.  Gothard,  Adul.       65-69 

17-97 

— 



1-34 

1-01 

13-99 

=100  Abich. 

5. 

Fibia         64-62 

18-50 

— 

0-21 

0*70 

1'55 

15-58 

,  Ba  0-17  =  101-38  S. 

6. 

Baveno,  green               65-72 

18*57 

— 

o-io 

0*34 

1-25 

14-02 

=100  Abich. 

7. 

Siberia,  Amaz.             65'32 

17*89 

0-30 

0-09 

0*10 

2-8-1 

13-05 

,  Mn  0-19,  Ca  ir.=99 

75 

Ab. 

8. 

Mexico,  Valenc.            66-82 

17*58 

0-09 







14-80 

=99-29  Plattner. 

9. 

Ceylon.  Moonstone        64-00 

19*43 



0*20 

0*42 



14-81 

[1-1  4]  =  100  B.  &  M. 

10. 

Marienbcrg,  rdh.          66-43 

17-03 

0-49 



1*03 

0-91 

13-96 

=99-85  Kroner. 

11. 

Furstenstollen,  Sax.     65-52 

17-61 

0-80 



0-94 

1*70 

12-98 

=99-55  Kersten. 

12. 

Mulda^  Sax.,  bh.-w.       65-75 

17-72 





0-82 

3-66 

12-05 

=100  MoU. 

13. 

Radeberg,  Sax.,  wh.     65-24 

20-40 



0*84 



0-27 

12-35 

0-52,  Li  0-71=  100-33  J. 

14. 

Carlsbad,  twins             63-02 

18-28 



0-14 



2-41 

15-67 

,  Ba  0-48=100  Redner. 

15. 

"                                65-23 

18-26 

0*27 



tr. 

1-45 

14-66 

=99-87  Bulk. 

16. 

Kyffhauser  Mts.          62*75 

17-71 

2-87 

tr. 

1*50 

2*03 

12-24 

1-64=  100*74  Streng. 

17. 

Brazil                             63-84 

19*24 





0*41 

2-48 

12-86 

0-35=98-98  Hauer. 

18. 

Chamouni,  wh.              6  6  '48 

19*06 





0*63 

2-30 

10-52 

=98-99  Delesse. 

19. 

Yosges,  rdh.                 64-26 

19-27 

0-50 

0*77 

0*70 

2-88 

10-58 

0-40=99-36  Delesse. 

20. 

Schemnitz                     64-00 

18*00 

0-53 

0*31 

078 

0-79 

15-43 

0-54,  Pb  &  Ca  0*32  =  100 

70 

Bischof 

21. 

Baden,  rdh.                   65*32 

19*52 





0*15 

3*12 

11-66 

=99-77  Risse. 

22. 

Arendal,  Microclin       65-76 

18-31 





1-20 

tr. 

14-06 

=99*32  Jevreinof. 

23. 

"                 "             65-55 

17-99 





1-50 

1*54 

13-74 

=100*32  Schultz. 

24. 

Weissigite                     65  '00 

19*54 



1*61 

0-19 



12-69 

0-35,  Li  0-56  =  99-94  J. 

25. 

Bodenmais,  gn.,  Micr.  63'12 

19*78 

Fel-51 

0*13 

0-66 

2-11 

12-57 

=99-87  Potyka. 

26. 

Himmelfahrt,  w.     (f)  65*71 

18-75 

tr. 

0*25 

0-85 

1*05 

12-79 

0-17=99-87  Richter. 

27. 

Glashutte,  red              64-53 

17-96 

1*31 

»  tr. 

0'72 

tr. 

14-90 

0*45=99-57  Richter. 

28. 

Eppendorf,  wh.             65-00 

18-76 

0-82 

0*10 

0*32 

0-66 

13-99 

0-22=99*87  Richter. 

29. 

Churprinz,  rdh.             65-10 

17-41 

1-03 

0*15 

0-52 

2-23 

13-21 

0-39  =100-04  Richter. 

30. 

Emanuel  Erbst.,  rdh.  66'21 

18-01 

1-37 

0*13 

0-98 

3-87 

8-99 

0-19=99-75  Richter. 

31. 

Donegal  Irel.          (f)  63-20 

18*64 

0-68 

0*11 

2-75 

0-78 

14-92 

=101-08  Haughton. 

32. 

Greenland                     64'40 

18-96 

1*04 

0-14 

0-45 

2-35 

13-07 

=100-41  Haughton. 

33. 

Ockerthal,  w.,         (f)  66-92 

18-50 

2-78 



1-31 

2-56 

7-83 

0-34=  100-24  Fuchs. 

34. 

Rehberg,  gnh.         (f)  65-53 

20*62 

Fel'90 

0*13 

0-46 

3*25 

7*95 

0-09=99-93  Fuchs. 

35. 

Meineckeb.,  rdh.     (f)  66-80 

17-97 

Fe2*91 

tr. 

0*52 

3-67 

7*58 

0*30=99-74  Fuchs. 

36. 

Sutterbach,  Sanidin     65-62 

17-16 

1*67 



2-44 

0-44 

12-67 

=100  Lasch. 

37. 

Scharfenberg,      "        67*42 

15*88 

2*83 

0*15 

2-77 

0-43 

10*55 

=100  Lasch. 

38. 

Perlenhardt,        "        65*26 

17-62 

0-91 

0*35 

1-05 

2-49 

11-79 

=99-47  Lewinstein. 

39. 

Drachenfels,        "        65'59 

16*45 

1*58 

0*93 

0-97 

2-04 

12*84 

=100-40  Lewinstein 

40. 

•'                 "        65-87 

18-53 



0-39 

0-95 

3-42 

10-32 

0*44=99-92  Rammelsberg, 

41. 

Davidson  Co.,  N.  C.      65*30 

20-20 

tr. 

tr. 

0-05 

0-79 

14-35 

=100-69  Genth. 

42. 

Chesterlite                (f  )  64'97 

17-65 

0-50 

0*27 

0-61 

1-69 

14-02 

0*65  =  100*36  S.  &B. 

43. 

L.  Superior,  rdh.           66'70 

18'68          

0-30 

3-58 

9*57 

0*70=99*53  Whitney. 

44. 

"          red            65-45 

18-26 

0*57 





0-65 

15-21 

=100-14  Whitney. 

45. 

Tucker's  Qu.,  Del,  w.  65*24 

19*02 

tr. 

0*13 

0-33 

3-06 

11-94 

=99*72  B.  &  B. 

46. 

Wilmington,  Del,  g.     66*51 

17-67 

1*33 

0*30 

1-24 

3-03 

9-81 

=99*89  B.  &  B. 

47. 

Argenteuil,  Can.,  w.     65-75 

19-40 





0-45 

0-69 

13-60 

0-25=100*14  Hunt. 

48. 

Danbury,  Ct.,  w.      (f)  63-88 

18*97 



0*20 

0-70 

3-78 

11-19 

0*40=99-12  S.  &  B. 

49. 

64-25 

18-80 





1*20 

2-40 

12-44 

0*30=99*39  Barker. 

a  Impurity,  or  mostly  so. 

B.  Proportion  of  soda  to  potash  between  £ 

:  1  and  2  : 

1. 

50. 

Fredericksv'n,    Micr.  65'18 

19*99 

0*63 



0-48 

7-08 

7'03 

0-38=100-77  Gmelin. 

51. 

Laurvig,                        65  -90 

19-46 

0-44 

^__ 

0-27 

6-14 

6-55 

0-12=98*88  Gmelin. 

52. 

Zircon-  Syenite,              66-03 

19-17 

0-31 

. 

0-20 

6-83 

6-96 

0*21=99*71  Scheerer. 

53. 

"         "                     65-68 

19-53 

0-52 



0-22 

7-11 

6-93 

0*11  =  100-10  Scheerer. 

54. 

Kangerdluarsak,           66*9 

17-8 

0-5 



0-6 

6*5 

8-3 

=100-6  Utendorffer. 

55. 

Miask,                           68-16 

20-50 



___ 

___ 

4-72 

6-62 

=100  Utendorffer. 

56. 

Bodenmais,                   63*66 

17*27 

FeO-45 

2-28 

0-39 

5-13 

10-66 

,  Mn  0*15  Kerndt. 

57. 

Hartha,  Erzg.,  rdh.      66*69 

18*44 

1-28 

0-34 

0-85 

4-28 

7-48 

=99*36  Rube. 

68. 

Perthite,                         66*44 

18*35 

1-00 

0-24 

0-67 

5-56 

6-37 

0*40=99*03  Hunt. 

59. 

Radauthal,  trp.        (f)  66-05 

20-52 

tr. 

tr. 

0-72 

5*41 

6-96 

0*19=99-85  Fuchs. 

60. 

Kostenblatt,      San.     65*36 

19*41 

0-43 

0-87 

0-55 

4-06 

9-32 

=100  H.  &  J. 

61. 

Ischia,                  "       67-09 

18-88 

1-25 

0*03 

0-35 

4-59 

7-58 

=99*77  Bischof. 

358 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Si 

XL 

£e 

Mg 

Ca 

Na 

& 

62. 

Epomeo,  Ischia,  San.  66-73 

17-56 

0'81 

1-20 

1-23 

4-10 

8-27 

63. 

Eifel,  bnh., 

66-30 

18-81 

tr. 

0-75 

1-50 

461 

7-89 

64. 

"      cry  st. 

66-50 

16-69 

1-36 

1-43 

0-35 

4-93 

8-44 

65. 

Pappelsberg, 

66-03 

17-87 

0-52 

0-19 

0-47 

608 

8-86 

G6. 

67. 

Langenberg, 

M 

66-33 
68-18 

19-02 
18-33 

0-52 

0-71 

0-16 

0-76 
0-51 

7-32 
4-66 

6-02 
7-15 

68. 

Rosenau, 

67-90 

19-25 

1-42 

0-64 



4-93 

5-35 

69. 

Lowenberg 

69-0 

19-7 



tr. 

1-4 

5-0 

5'3 

70. 

Chambly,     Can.,  San.  66-15 

19-75 





0-95 

5-19 

7-53 

71. 

BroomeMtn.,    "     "    65-70 

20-80 





0-84 

6-43 

6-52 

72. 

Shefford  Mtn.,  "      "     65-15 

20-55 





0-73 

6-39 

6-67 

73. 

Mt.  Royal,        "     "    63'25 

22-12 





0-56 

5-92 

6-29 

C.  Proportion  of  soda  to  potash  over  2  :  1. 


74.  Loxodase 

75.  " 

76.  " 

77.  Lochwald,  w. 
•78.  Dransfeld,  glassy 


65-40  19-48 
66-31  18-23 
63-50  20-29 
66-37  19-95 
64-86  21-46 


1-25  0-20  2-26  7'23 

0-67  0-30  1-09  7-81 

0-67    3-22  8'76 

tr.     0-40    9-64 

tr.     tr.  10-52 


2-76 
4-35 
3-03 
3-42 
2-62 


ign. 

=99-90  Abich. 

=99-86  Rose. 

=99-70  Lewinstein. 

=100-02  Lewinstein. 

=99-97  SchnabeL 

=99-70  Bischof. 

=99-49  Bischof. 

0-4=100-8  v.  Rath. 
0-55=100-12  Hunt. 
0-50=100-79  Hunt. 
0-50=99-99  Hunt. 
0-93  =  99-07  Hunt. 


0-76=99-34  S.  &  B. 
0-20=98-96  S.  &  B. 

,  Si,  F,H  1-23  =  100-7  P. 

=99-77  Sandberger. 

=98-99  Delesse. 


In  anal.  5,  G-.=2'5685,  colorless,  trl. ;  6,  G.=2'555;  10,  G.  =  2 -44 ?,  gangue  of  tinstone;  13, 
G.=2-548;  16,  G.  =  2'56,  in  dioryte ;  23,  G.  =  2'575;  24,  in  amygdaloid,  altered  laumontite;  26- 
30,  from  the  Erzgebirge;  33,  G.  =  2*592,  0.  ratio  1  :  2'9  :  11'9,  in  granite  with  oligoclase  and 
quartz,  Harz;  34,  G.=2'58,  0.  ratio  1  :  3*4  :  12*4,  Harz;  35,  G.=2  573,  0.  ratio  1  :  2-8  :  11'7, 
Harz;  36,  G.  =  2'60;  39,  G.  =  2'547;  45,  G.  =  2'585;  46,  G.  =  2'603,  3  m.  from  Wilmington;  49, 
G.  =  2-58;  50,  G.  =  2*58;  54,  G.=2'584— 2'598,  from  Greenland,  green;  55,  G.=2'587  — 2-590, 
Breith. ;  58,  G.  =  2'57  — 2'58 ;  59,  G.=2'595,  0.  ratio  1  :  3'4  :  12'5,  Harz,  in  granite-like  gangue 
from  the  Gabbro,  with  oligoclase ;  60,  in  phonolite,  Bohemia ;  61,  lava  between  Lecco  and  Forio ; 
63,  64,  G.  =  2'576,  from  volcanic  sand  of  Rockeskill ;  66,  67,  trachyte  conglomerate  of  Langenberg 
in  the  Siebengebirge  ;  68,  trachyte  conglomerate  of  "  Kleinen  Rosenau  "  in  the  Siebengebirge  ;  69, 
from  dolerytein  the  Siebengebirge,  G.  =  2'567  ;  70,  from  porphyritic  trachyte;  71,  from  granitoid 
trachyte  ;  73,  compact  white  trachyte ;  77,  in  a  fine-grained  granite. 

Phillips,  in  an  imperfect  analysis  of  murchisonite  (Phil.  Mag.  &  Ann.,  i.  448),  obtained  Si  68*6, 
3tl  16-6,  K  14-8.  The  mineral  came  from  Dawlish,  and  is  evidently  orthoclase. 

The  perthite  afforded  Gerhard  (ZS.  G.,  xiv.  151)  the  same  composition  as  obtained  by  Hunt, 
•viz.:  Si  65-83,  £l  18'45,  Pe  1'72,  Ca  tr.,  Na  5'06,  K  8-54,  ign.  0-32=99-92.  But  he  found,  fur- 
ther, that  it  was  divisible  into  thin  reddish  and  whitish  layers,  which  were  respectively  orthoclase 
and  albite.  These  layers  afforded  him  (1.  c.) : 

Si  £l  3Pe        Ga         Na  & 


1.  Red  layers,  Orthoclase     65-36 

2.  White  layers,  Albite        67-23 


18-27 
18-52 


1-90 

1-47 


tr. 


2-25 
8-50 


12-16=99-94 
3-34=99-06 


Thus  proving  that  the  supposed  soda- orthoclase  is  really  an  intercrystalh'zation  of  two  homceo- 
morphous  species ;  and  suggesting  that  other  similar  anomalies  among  the  feldspars  may  have  an 
analogous  origin.  The  0.  ratio  in  No.  1  is  0'94  :  3  :  12'49;  in  No.  '2,  0'96  :  3  :  12'09. 

An  orthoclase,  monoclinic  in  crystals  and  cleavage,  fr.  the  nephelin-doleryte  of  Yogelsgebirge. 
afforded  A.  Knop  (Jahrb.  Min.  1865,  687)  Si  59'69,  £1  21-04,  ^e  2-27,  Mn  tr.,  Mg  tr.,  Ca  0*95J 
Na  6-55,  K  8-61,  Ba  2-27,  Sr  0*36,  fi  Zr.=101-74.  The  mineral  is  remarkable  for  the  small 
amount  of  silica,  large  of  alumina,  and  the  presence  of  baryta  The  peculiar  constitution  may  be 
a  result  of  partial  alteration,  or  of  crystallinic  mixture ;  which  is  true  is  not  ascertained.  It  is 
intermediate  between  orthoclase  and  hyalophane. 

The  following  are  analyses  of  different  felsites,  additional  to  those  under  ALBITE  on  page  351 : 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 

Si 
Leelite                      81-91 
Dannemora,  Hellfl.  81-24 
Saxony,  gyh.-red     68-0 
Nantes,  gnh.-gy.      75-2 
Brittany,  gnh.-gy.    75*4 
Pentland  Hills        71'17 
Harz                         73-29 
Jungfrug                 76*15 
Saxa-knut,  Sweden  79*55 

il 

6-55  ' 
9-78 
19*0 
15-0 
15*5 
13-60 
16*61 
13-46 
11*31 

3Pe 

6*42 
0-64 
4-5 

1-20 
1-40 

1-90 
0*42 

% 

0-21 
1-1 
2-4 
1-4 

o-i 
1-76 
1-52 

o-io 

Ca 
0-78 
1-2 

0-40 
3*01 
0-45 
2-52 

Na 
3-34 

2-33 

2-84 
3-68 

g 

8-88 
3-10 
5-6 
3-4 
3-8 
3-19 
3-49 
3-51 
2*38 

6 

1-5 
3-5 

0-69 

Thomson. 
Erdmann. 

Berthier. 
Durocher. 

Missokadis. 

TJNISILICATES.  359 

Other  analyses  of  felsites:  C.  W.  C.  Fuchs,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1862,  803. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  at  5 ;  varieties  containing  much  soda  are  more  fusible.  Loxoclase  fusea 
at  4.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs.— Orthoclase  is  an  essential  constituent  of  many  rocks. 

1.  Granular  crystalline.     Granite  and  gneiss,  which  consist  of  orthoclase,  quartz,  and  mica. 
Mica  schist,  the  same  with  less  orthoclase  and  more  mica.     Syenite  and  syenitic  gneiss,  like  the 
preceding,  but  containing  hornblende  in  place  of  mica.     Granulyte,  a  mixture  of  granular  ortho- 
clase and  more  or  less  quartz.     Albitic  granite,  a  granite  containing  albite  as  well  as  orthoclase. 
A  similar  rock  contains  oligoclase  in  place  of  albite.     Pyroxenyte,  a  rock  consisting  of  orthoclase 
and  pyroxene.     Miascyte,  a  granular  slaty  rock  consisting  of  orthoclase  and  elffiolite,  from  Miask 
in  the  Ural.     These  rocks  contain  the  orthoclase  in  cleavable  grains,  and  sometimes  also  in  dis- 
tinct disseminated  crystals ;  when  the  latter  is  the  case  the  rock  is  said  to  be  porphyritic.     The 
finest  and  largest  crystals  of  orthoclase  occur  in  granitic  or  feldspathic  veins. 

2.  Compact  cryptocrystalline.     Orthoclase-/efc#e,  or  leelite,  already  described.     It  sometimes  con- 
tains quartz  in  disseminated  grains ;  and  Diirocher  has  observed  cases  in  which  a  felsite  graduated 
into  a  granite  or  granulyte.    As  the  rock  was  originally  a  clayey  rock  (derived  from  the  wear  (not 
the  decomposition)  of  the  minerals  of  granitic  rocks)  it  is  natural  that  there  should  be  the  tran- 
sition here  mentioned.    The  feldspar  in  some  of  the  analyses  below  may  be  partly  of  oligoclase  or 
albite.     The  Mlleflinta  of  Sweden  is  for  the  most  part  here  included. 

As  the  granular  orthoclase  rocks,  granite,  gneiss,  and  the  like,  graduate  into  others  con- 
taining hornblende,  such  as  syenite,  syenitic  gneiss,  etc.,  so  the  compact  orthoclase-felsites  may 
graduate  into  others  that  are  hornblendic,  though  not  visibly  so ; — and  these  last  will  indicate 
their  hornblendic  composition,  not  merely  by  their  composition  as  ascertained  by  chemical  analy- 
sis, but  also  by  their  high  specific  gravity.  The  spherules  of  variolyte  of  a  white,  grayish,  or 
greenish-white  color,  are  mostly  a  compact  feldspar  or  felsite  of  some  kind. 

Porphyry,  in  part,  consisting  of  a  felsite  base  with  disseminated  opaque  crystals  of  orthoclase ; 
but  this  felsite  base  is  seldom  pure  orthoclase.  In  the  green  antique  porphyry,  it  is  an  intimate 
mixture  of  orthoclase  and  hornblende.  [The  feldspar  is  oligoclase  or  albite  in  some  porphyry.] 

Phonolyte  (or  clinkstone),  a  compact  grayish  rock,  often  containing  crystals  of  glassy  feldspar, 
and  having  a  zeolite  in  the  base  along  with  orthoclase.  [In  some  phonolite  the  feldspar  is  oligoclase.] 

Trachyte,  a  grayish  igneous  rock  of  rough  fracture,  intermediate  between  phonolite  and  a  gran- 
ular crystalline  rock,  it  owing  its  roughness  of  surface  largely  to  the  grains  of  glassy  feldspar 
which  mainly  constitute  it. 

Argillyte  and  talcose  schist  generally  contain  more  or  less  of  orthoclase  in  a  cryptocrystalline  or  un- 
distiuguishable  state.  Often,  however,  as  analyses  show,  the  alkalies  are  mostly  wanting ;  and 
when  so,  the  amount  of  feldspar  is  small ;  and  it  may  be  wholly  absent. 

3.  Amorphous.     Obsidian  or  volcanic  glass  is  sometimes  an  impure  orthoclase  in  a  glassy  state ; 
and  in  other  cases  it  is  a  mixture  of  orthoclase  or  labradorite  and  augite  with  chrysolite  and  much 
iron,  the  materials  varying  with  the  lavas  of  a  volcano ;  for  any  lava  will  become  glassy,  and  thus 
make  obsidian,  by  rapid  cooling.     G.  =  2-25— 2'8. 

Pitclistone  has  the  lustre  of  pitch  rather  than  glass ;  pearlstone  has  a  pearly  lustre,  and  is  some- 
times in  spherules  (spherulite),  or  consists  of  spheroidal  concretions.  G.  =  2'3— 2'4.  The  spher- 
ules of  pyromeride,  porphyry,  etc.,  are  quite  similar,  though  usually  having  an  excess  of  silica 
from  mixed  quartz.  Pitchstone  and  pearlstone  are  sometimes  in  composition  albite  or  oligoclase 
rocks  rather  than  orthoclase,  that  is,  contain  soda,  or  soda  and  lime,  instead  of  potash.  See 
analyses  below.  Fuchs  has  suggested  that  these  rocks  derive  their  glassy  portion  from  solidified 
water-glass  and  not  from  the  fusion  of  a  feldspar. 

Krablite  Forchhammer,  or  Baulite,  appears  to  be  a  siliceous  feldspathic  mineral  related  to  these 
concretions.  It  forms  the  basis  of  the  trachyte,  obsidian,  and  pitchstone  of  Iceland.  According 
to  von  Walterhausen,  it  occurs  also  in  triclinic  crystals ;  and  he  deduces  the  oxygen  ratio  1:3: 
34=(&+aSl)  Si".  B.B.  fuses  only  in  thin  splinters ;  in  acids  insoluble.  H.  =  6.  G.=2'656, 
Forch.,  2'572,  Walt.* 

*  The  following  are  analyses  of  pumice,  obsidian,  spherulite,  krablite,  etc.:  1,  Berthier  (Ann. 
d.  M.,  111.  v.  543) ;  2,  Yauquelin  (Gehl.  N.  allg.  J.,  v.  230) ;  3,  4,  Erdmann  ( J.  f.  techn.  Ch.,  xv. 
82);  5,  Thomson;  6,  Trommsdorf  (N.  J.  d.  Pharm.,  iii.  301);  7,  Erdmann  (1.  c.);  8,  Ficinus  (Schw. 
J.,  xxix.  136) ;  9,  Erdmaun  (1.  c.);  10,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  ii.  62,  iii.  262) ;  11,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M., 
vil);  12,  13,  B.  Silliman,  Jr.  (Dana's  G.  Rep.,  200);  14,  Waltershausen  (Vulk.  Gest.,  211);  15, 
Delesse  (Bull.  G-.  Fr.,  II.  ix.  176);  16,  Forchhammer  (Skand.  Nat.  Samm.  i.  Stockh.);  17,  Genth 
(Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixvi.  271): 

Si          £l         £e       Ca      Mg     ISTa       & 

1.  Obsidian,  Pasoo    69'46       2'60      2'60     t'54     2'60     5'08    7'12,  £  3-00=100  Berth. 

2.  "          Mexico  78          10  21          ,  Mn  1'6=98  6  Vauq. 


360 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Many  localities  have  been  enumerated  above.  Fine  crystals  are  found  at  Carlsbad  and  Elbogen 
in  Bohemia  (twins,  f.  314,  315);  Katherinenburg  in  Siberia;  Areudal  in  Norway;  Baveno  in 
Piedmont ;  Lomnitz  in  Silesia ;  Land's  End  and  St.  Agnes  in  Cornwall ;  Albaschka  near  Mursinsk, 
and  near  Schaitansk  in  the  Urals ;  the  Mourne  mountains,  Ireland,  with  beryl  and  topaz ;  at 
Rubieslaw  in  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  etc. ;  in  great  abundance  in  the  trachyte  of  the  Drachen- 
fels  on  the  Rhine;  also  in  the  lavas  which  devastated  the  island  of  Ischia,  near  Naples,  in  1302; 
at  Vesuvius,  where  it  may  be  obtained  in  profusion  in  the  valley  called  Fossa  Grande. 

In  the  U.  States,  orthoclase  in  crystals  occurs  in  Maine,  on  the  island  Mt.  Desert,  fine  green ; 
at  the  tourmaline  locality,  Paris.  In  N.  Hamp.,  at  the  Acworth  beryl  locality.  In  Mass.,  at  South 
Royalston  and  Barre,  often  large  crystals ;  at  Three  Rivers,  in  Palmer.  In  Conn.,  at  the  gneiss 
quarries  of  Haddam  and  the  feldspar  quarries  of  Middletown,  crystals  a  foot  long,  and  6  or  8  in. 
thick;  near  Bradleysville,  in  the  western  part  of  Litchfield,  crystals  2-3  in.  long,  abundant.  In 
N.  York,  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  at  Rossie,  2  m.  N.  of  Oxbow ;  the  crystals  are  white  or  bluish- white, 
and  sometimes  an  inch  across ;  also  8  m.  from  Potsdam,  on  the  road  to  Pierremont,  where  crystals 
a  foot  through  are  said  to  have  been  found ;  and  near  DeLong's  mills  in  the  town  of  Hammond, 
with  apatite  and  zircon,  where  the  loxoda$&  is  obtained ;  in  Lewis  Co.,  orthoclase  occurs  both 
crystallized  and  massive  in  white  limestone  near  Natural  Bridge,  with  scapolite  and  spheiie ;  in 
Orange  Co.,  crystals  near  West  Point ;  more  abundant  and  interesting  forms  are  found  at  Rocky 
Hill,  in  Warwick,  with  tourmaline  and  zircon ;  and  at  Amity  and  EdenviUe ;  in  Saratoga  Co.,  at 
the  Greenfield  chrysoberyl  locality,  white  translucent  crystals,  usually  coated  with  silvery  mica. 
In  Penn.,  in  crystals  at  Leiperville,  Mineral  Hill,  Delaware  Co.,  and  W.  Bradford,  at  Poor  House 
quarry,  Chester  Co.  (chesterlite) ;  sunstone  in  Kennett  Township.  In  N.  Car.,  at  Washington 
Mine,  Davidson  Co.,  in  white  and  yellowish  crystals  (anal.  41). 

Massive  orthoclase  is  abundant  at  the  above-mentioned  localities,  besides  many  others.  Green 
at  Mt.  Desert,  Me.,  near  S.  W.  Harbor ;  at  Rockport,  Mass.  A.n  aventurine  variety,  with  bright 
coppery  reflections  in  spots,  at  Leiperville,  Pennsylvania.  Adularia,  at  the  Falls  of  the  Yantic, 
near  Norwich,  Conn.,  at  Brimfield,  Mass.,  with  iolite,  and  at  Parsonfield,  Me. ;  and  suustone  at 
Lyme,  Conn.  (Some  of  these  may  be  oligoclase.)  Kaolin,  at  Andover,  Mass.,  and  abundantly  in 
New  Milford,  Kent,  and  Cornwall,  Conn.,  and  in  the  counties  of  Essex  and  Warren,  New  York ; 
also  in  New  Garden,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  abundant.  Necronite,  at  Roger's  Rock,  Essex  Co.,  and  at 
Thomson's  quarry,  near  196th  street,  New  York. 

For  recent  observations  on  cryst.,  see  Descl.  Min.,  i. ;  Hessenberg's  Min.  Notizen,  Nos.  I.,  II., 
IY.,  V. ;  Websky,  ZS.  G.,  xv.  677  ;  Kokscharof,  Min.  Russl.,  v.  115 ;  F.  Scharff.,  Abh.  d.  Senck. 
Ges.,  vi. 

Alt. — Feldspar  may  be  altered  through  infiltrating  waters  carrying  more  or  less  carbonic  acid 
in  solution  (Forchhammer,  Fournet,  Bischof);  also  through  the  action  of  waters  rendered  acid  by 
the  decomposition  of  sulphids  (Mitscherlich) ;  also  by  ordinary  waters  holding  traces  of  alkaline 
and  other  ingredients  in  solution  (Bischof). 

The  presence  of  a  sulphid  of  iron,  or  a  mineral  containing  protoxyd  of  iron,  as  some  mica, 
garnet,  etc.,  is  often  the  first  occasion  of  the  change.  The  decomposition  of  the  mineral  with 
the  attendant  oxydation  of  the  iron  distributes  ferruginous  waters  through  the  rock  (or  sulphate 
of  iron  from  the  altered  sulphid),  and  thus,  by  a  disaggregating  or  decomposing  action,  prepares 
the  way  for  other  agencies. 


Si 

XI 

£e 

Ca 

Mg 

Na      K 

3. 

Obsidian,  Telkban, 

.74-80 

12-40 

2-03 

1-96 

0-90 

6-40, 

Mn  1-31=99-80  Erdm. 

4. 

Pitchstone,  Meis. 

75-60 

11-60 

1-20 

1-35 

6-69 

2-77 

H  4-7  3  =  103-95  Erdm. 

6. 

Arran 

63-50 

12-74Fe3-80 

4-46 

6-22     , 

ign.  8-0=98-71  Th. 

6. 

"  Hk.  Dresden 

74-00 

17-00  Pe  2-75 

1-50 



Li  3-00=98-25  Tr. 

7. 

Pearlstone,  Hun. 

72-87 

12-05 

1-75 

1-30 

1-10 

6-13 

H  3-0=98-20  Erdm. 

8. 

u                  u 

79-12 

12-00 

2-45 



1-10 

8-58 

H  1-76  =  100-01  F. 

9. 

Spherulite,     " 

77-20 

12-47 

2-27 

3-34 

0'73 

4-27 

=  100-28  Erdmann. 

10. 

Pumice,  Lipari 

77-50 

17-50 

1-75 

3-00 

=  99-75  Klaproth. 

11. 

n            n 

70-00 

]  6-00 

0-50 

2-50 



6-50, 

H  3-00=98-50  Berth. 

12. 

Pel&s  Hair,      ) 

51-19 



—  =- 



18-16 

Fe  30-26  =  99-61  S. 

Hawaii,  vole,  glass  $ 

39-74 

10-55 



2-74 

2-40 

21-62      \ 

Fe  22-29,  H  0'33=99'67  S. 

14. 

Sideromelane 

49-25 

15-18 

20-23 

9-61 

2-10 

2-51      1-12=100  Waltersh. 

15. 

16. 

Sph&r.  in  pyrom. 
Krdblite,  Iceland 

88-09 
74-83 

6-03 
13-49 

0-58 
4-40 

0-28 
1-98 

1-65 
0-17 

2-53        H  0-84=100  Delesse. 
5-56      tr.  =100-43.  F.     G.  =  2'389. 

17. 

«                   a 

80-23 

12-08 



0-95 

2-26     4-92=  100-44'  Genth. 

Other  analyses  of  obsidian,  Deville  (Bull  G.  Soc.  Fr.,  II.  viii.  427) ;  of  pumice,  ib. ;  also  Schafler 
(J.  pr.  Ch.,  liv.  16). 


UNISILICATES.  361 

When  the  infiltrating  waters  contain  traces  of  carbonic  acid,  the  feldspar  acted  on  first  loses  its 
lime,  if  a  lime  feldspar,  by  a  combination  of  the  lime  with  this  acid ;  next,  its  alkalies  are  carried 
off  as  carbonates,  if  the  supply  of  carbonic  acid  continues,  or  otherwise  as  silicates  in  solution. 
The  change  thus  going  on  ends  in  forming  kaolin  or  some  other  hydrous  silicate.  The  carbonate 
of  soda  or  potash,  or  the  silicate  of  these  bases,  set  free,  may  go  to  the  formation  of  other  minerals 
— the  production  of  pseudomorphic  or  metamorphic  changes — and  the  supplying  fresh  and  marine 
waters  with  their  saline  ingredients. 

Kaolin  is  generally  a  simple  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina  (see  KAOLTNITE),  expressed  by  the  formula 
&1  Si2  +  2  H=Silica  46*3,  alumina  39-8,  water  13-9.  Orthoclase  in  changing  to  it  loses  1  K+ 1  Si. 
Part  of  the  silica  set  free  may  go  off  with  more  or  less  of  the  potash,  or  may  form  opal,  quartz, 
siliceous  sinter.  The  alumina  also  is  often  in  part  removed.  The  same  explanation  is  readily 
applied  to  the  change  in  albite  or  other  feldspars. 

When  the  change  is  not  carried  on  to  the  exclusion  of  the  protoxyd  bases,  certain  zeolites  may 
result,  especially,  as  Bischof  states,  when  labradorite  is  the  feldspar  undergoing  alteration,  which 
species  he  describes  as  giving  origin  to  the  species  mesolite.  Massive  nepheline  or  elasolite  is  a 
still  more  common  source  of  zeolites.  Anal.  52,  by  Scheerer,  is  of  orthoclase  enveloping  the 
zeolite  bergmannite,  and  53,  of  the  same  enclosed  in  bergmannite,  this  zeolite  having  apparently 
been  formed  out  of  other  portions  of  the  orthoclase. 

When  the  waters  contain  traces  of  a  magnesian  salt — a  bicarbonate  or  silicate — the  magnesia 
may  replace  the  lime  or  soda,  and  so  lead  to  a  steatitic  change,  or  to  a  talc  when  the  alumina  is 
excluded ;  and  when  augite  or  hornblende  is  present,  it  may  give  origin  to  chlorite. 

The  action  of  sulphurous  acid  from  volcanic  fumaroles  produces  often  a  complete  destruction 
of  the  feldspar  and  other  minerals  present,  giving  rise  to  deposits  or  incrustations  of  silica,  in 
some  of  its  various  forms,  and  also  halloysite,  kaolin,  etc. 

Steatite,  talc,  chlorite,  kaolin,  lithomarge,  mica,  laumontite,  occur  as  pseudomorphs  after  ortho- 
clase or  albite  ;  and  tin  ore  and  calcite  often  replace  these  feldspars  by  some  process  of  solution 
and  substitution.  Labradorite  more  rarely  forms  kaolin. 

Orthoclase  is  also  described  as  occurring  altered  to  albite.  This  has  been  mentioned  as  an 
example  of  paramorphism,  the  two  species  being  dimorphous.  But  as  these  feldspars  occur 
together  in  the  same  rock,  and  must  have  been  formed  under  very  similar  circumstances,  we  can 
hardly  suppose  that  either  is  liable  to  a  change  like  that  of  a  dimorphous  compound  to  the  form 
of  the  other. 

Artif. — Artificial  feldspar  has  been  observed  in  crystals  in  furnace  scoria  at  Mansfeld,  San- 
gerhausen,  near  Laimbach,  and  near  Stolberg.  Analyses  :  1,  2,  Heine ;  3,  Abich ;  4,  Raminels- 
berg: 

Si         3tl          3Pe      Mg     Oa        ]§Ta         K! 

1.  Sangerhausen     64-53     19-20       1-20     —     1-33      ,  <3u  0'27  Heine. 

2.  "  65-95     18-50       0'68 4'28     10'47      ,  Cu  0-13  Heine. 

3.  "  65-03     16-84       0'88     0'34     0'34       0'65     15*26,  Ou  0-30  Abich. 

4.  Laimbach  63'96     20'04    0'54    0*43      0'65     15-26=98'21  Ramm. 

The  oxygen  ratio  afforded  is  1  :  3  :  12.  But  the  last  is  an  iron-orthoclase,  the  alumina  being 
replaced  by  sesquioxyd  of  iron. 

ERSBYITB.  (Wasserfreier  Scolezit  [fr.  Pargas]  N.  NordensJc.,  Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  417, 1821.  Anhy- 
drous Scolecite.  Scolexerose  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  55, 1832.  Var.  of  Labrador  JFrankenheim,  Syst.  d.  Kryst., 
136,  1842.  Ersbyit  A.  E.  Nordensk.,  Finl.  Min.,  129,  1853.  Kalk-Labrador  Ramm.,  Min.  Ch.,  595, 
1860.)  Monoclinic,  with  the  angles  nearly  of  orthoclase;  /A  1=1 18°  44',  0A«-i=115°  12'  and 
64°  48',  /Ai-3=149°  55',  MAt£=150c  16',  /A2-i=134°  49',  0  A  2-4=99°  48'  (angles  by  tford., 
with  the  common  goniometer).  Observed  planes  :  0;  vertical,  /,  i-i,  i-&  ;  clinodome,  1-i',  hemi- 
dome,  2-i.  Cleavage  :  0  perfect;  i-i  less  perfect.  H.  =  6;  lustre  vitreous,  pearly  on  surface  of 
cleavage  ;  color  white  or  grayish-white.  N.  Nordenskiold  obtained  in  an  analysis  (L  c.)  Si  54'13, 
^cl  29-23,  Ca  15-46,  H  1-07=99-87,  which  affords  the  0.  ratio  1  :  3  :  6,  or  that  of  labradorite,  to 
which  species  it  has  been  referred  by  Frankenheim  and  Rammelsberg.  A  labradorite  without 
alkali  and  with  the  angles  of  orthoclase  is  so  much  of  an  anomaly  as  to  be  at  least  of  very  im- 
probable existence.  It  may  well  be  altered  orthoclase  and  thereby  pseudomorphous.  Nordenskiold. 
while  making  the  form  monoclinic  in  the  text,  states  that  he  obtained  the  angle  90°  22'  between 
the  two  cleavages  with  a  reflective  goniometer,  and  suggests  that  the  form  may  possibly  be  tri- 
clinic.  Still  the  other  angles  are  so  closely  those  of  orthoclase  that  this  view  appears  quite  im- 
probable, as  he  also  must  regard  it,  since  he  does  not  adopt  it  in  the  text.  It  was  called  anhydrous 
scolecite  by  N.  Nordenskiold,  because  the  0.  ratio  was  that  of  scolecite  minus  the  water. 


362  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


m.  SUBSILICATES. 

ABRANGEMENT    OP    THE    SPECIES. 
A.  Oxygen  ratio  of  bases  and  silica  4:3. 

I.  CHONDRODITE  GROUP. 

319.  CHONDHODITB  &g"Sis  Mg8ea|(0,  F)ia|S», 

II.  TOURMALINE  GROUP.    RhombohedraL     Containing  boric  acid  as  a  base. 

320.  TOURMALINE  (ft",  fi,  B)8  Si9  (R3,  ft,  0M,  /?B)8  Oa|(e,  F)iajSi, 


B.  Oxygen  ratio  of  bases  and  silica  3  :  2. 

1.  Containing  no  titanic  acid. 

I.  GEHLENTTE  GROUP.    Tetragonal  ;  isomorphous  with  the  scapoh'te  group. 

321.  GEHLENTTE  (i 

II.  ANDALUSITE  GROUP.    Anisometric.     Containing  only  sesquioxyds. 

322.  ANDALUSITE  3tlSi 

323.  FIBEOLITE  XlSi 

324.  KTANITE  3tlSi 

325.  TOPAZ  XlSi,  with  P  repL  one-fifth  the  0  /?^13  Fj|e4|Si 

III.  EUCLASE  GROUP.    Monoclinic.    Containing  other  bases  besides  sesquioxyds. 

326.  EUCLASE  (i 

327.  DATOUTE 


2.  Containing  titanic  acid. 

I.  GUARINITE  GROUP.    Tetragonal. 

328.  GUABINITE  (Ca  +  Ti)  Si,  or  (iCa3  +  f  Ti^)  Si  (i  €a  +  f  yTi)3  Oie4 

II.  TITANITE  GROUP.    Anisometric. 


329.  TITANITE 

330.  GROTHITE  (R2,  »,  fif  )  Si  (f  € 

331.  KEILHAUITE  (ft3,  S,  Til)  Si  (&ft+fV/?R+  ft  yTi)3  Oie4fiSi 

332.  TSCHETFKINITE  (R8,  fit)  Si 


SUBSILICATES.  363 

C.  Oxygen  ratio  of  bases  and  silica  2  :  1. 
I  STAUKOLITE  GROUP.     Containing  no  titanic  acid. 

333.  STATJBOLITB  (H3,  R8,  &)4  Si3  (£(H2,R)  +  £/3R)4e4e4||Si 
II.  SCHORLOMITE  GROUP.    Containing  titanic  acid  as  a  base. 

334.  SCHOELOMITE  (R3,  8,  Ti*  )4  Si3  ( A  ft  +  &  /?R  +  ^  yB)4  ea|e4|Si 

Appendix. — 335.  SAPPHIBINE,  Si,  3tl,  Mg. 

In  the  Andalusite  group,  the  species  andalusite  and  topaz  are  approximately  isomorphous ;  for 
if  i-2  A  i-%  m  the  latter  is  made  the  fundamental  prism,  then  /A  7=93°  11',  while  it  is  90°  44'  in  an- 
dalusite. Euclase,  datolite,  and  the  species  of  the  Titanite  group  are  also  isomorphous ;  the  angle 
of /being,  severally,  115°,  115°  3',  and  113°  31';  and  0  on  a  clinodome=161°  51',  162°  27', 
159°  39'. 


319.  OHONDRODITE.  Chondrodit  [=  Silicate  of  Magnesia  and  Iron]  d'OTisson,  Ak.  H. 
Stockh.,  206,  1817.  Condrodite  H.  Maclureite,  Fluosilicate  of  Magnesia  (fr.  Sparta,  N.  J.),  Sey- 
bert,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  v.  336,  1822.  Brucite  (fr.  N.  J.  and  N.  Y.)  Gibls,  Cleaveland's  Min.,  295,  1822, 
Nuttall  in  Am.  J.  Sci.,  v.  245,  1822.  Humite  B&urn.,  Cat.,  52,  1817. 

Orthorhombic.  Often  hemihedral  in  octahedral  planes,  producing  forms 
monoclinic  in  character.  I A  7=94°  26'  and  83°  34'.  Crystals  of  three 
types,  as  in  the  following  figures. 


323 


324 


325 


326 


Humite :  Type  I. 


Humite :  Type  II.  Humite :  Type  III.      Humite :  hemihedral. 


Type!.,  a:  1:  c=l-46T8  : 1 : 1-0805 ;  II.,  1-5727 : 1 : 1-0805  ;  III.,  1-4154  : 
1 : 1-0805.  Observed  planes  in  Yesuvian  crystals  as  in  figs.  323  to  326,  with 
also  f-2  in  type  II. ;  the  two  unlettered  planes  on  figs.  325,  326, 4-f ,  12-f ; 
another  plane  in  the  same  series  (f.  325)  1-3|.  Observed  planes  in  chondro- 
dite  as  in  fig.  327,  with  also  0,  i-i,  2-2,  f-i,  f-J,  |-f .  Fig.  326  left-handed 
hemihedral,  327  right-handed  hemihedral.  Angles  in  the  different  types 
of  humite : 


364 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


327 


0  A  34=102°  48'       III.  0  A  14=125° 


0  A  3-2=103  47 
0  A  1-5  =  121  44 

14  A  14,  bas.,  Ill  28 
0  A  f  2=112  24 

^_|  A  £f,  front, =71  32 

II.  O  A  14=122  27 
0  A  2=103  8 


Chondrodite. 

1.  0  A  14=124°  16' 
0  A  1=116  34 


0  A  4-2=98  13 

#  A  24=108  58 

L4  A  1-2,  ov.  £$,=115  6 


0  A  2-?=  109  27 
O  A  4=97  23 
6>  A  44=119  47 
O  A  44=100  48 
O  A  J^-2=140  15 
O  A  f  2=119  17 
O  A  8-2=94  35 
0  A  f=lll  15 
l-£  A  14=109  31 
14  A  |=134  23 
fAf-2,ov.7,=126  52 


Observed  angles  with  the  common  goniometer  in  chondrodite  of  !N".  Jer- 


above  115°  6' j,  0  A  f-2=136°  1',  0  A  2-2=109°  3'. 

Twins  :  composition-face  -f-2  in  type  I. ;  f-2  and  -|-2  in  II. ;  |-2  in  III. ; 
the  last  sometimes  producing  stellate  forms  of  six  crystals,  each  hemihe- 
dral.  Cleavage  indistinct.  Usually  in  imbedded  grains  or  masses  of  a 
somewhat  granular  texture. 

H.=6— 6'5.  G.=3*118— 3*24.  Lustre  vitreous — resinous.  Color  white, 
yellow,  pale  yellow  or  brown ;  sometimes  red,  apple-green,  black,  gray. 
Streak  white,  or  slightly  yellowish,  or  grayish.  Transparent — subtranslu- 
cent.  Fracture  subconchoidal — uneven. 


Var. — 1.  Ordinary  chondrodite.  In  imbedded  crystals,  masses,  or  grains,  sub  translucent  or 
opaque,  more  or  less  resinous  in  lustre,  and  surfaces  hardly  polished ;  the  crystals  sometimes  2 
inches  or  more  broad,  Colors  the  above,  excepting  white.  Gr.=3'118,  from  N.  Jersey,  Thomson; 
3-24,  fr.  Eden,  N.  Y.,  id. ;  3*199,  fr.  Finland,  Haidinger. 

2.  Humite,  In  small  implanted,  transparent  to  translucent,  polished  glassy  crystals,  from  Ve- 
suvius ;  (a)  type  I. ;  (6)  type  II. ;  (c)  type  III.,  the  most  common.  Colorless  to  citron-yellow,  honey- 
yellow,  and  brownish.  G.=3'234,  white,  type  L;  3-177,  yellow,  type  II. ;  3-199,  brown,  type  in.; 
3-186,  yellowish,  type  III. ;  Scacchi. 

Comp. — ilg8  Si3,  with  part  of  the  oxygen  replaced  by  fluorine  ;  ^  in  chondrodite ;  £>,  in  hu- 
mite,  type  I.,  ^  in  type  II.,  ^  in  type  III.,  Ramm. 

Analyses:  1,  Dr.  W.  Langstaff  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  vi.  172,  analysis  made  in  1811);  2,  Seybert  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  v.  336);  3,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  liii.  130,  and  1st  Suppl.,  38);  4,  W.  Fisher  (Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  ix.  85);  5,  Thomson  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  iii.  54);  6-10,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  liii  130,  Ixxxvi. 
413) : 

F 

8-55,  &  and  loss  2=99-55  Langstaff. 
3-89,  fl  1-0,  K  2-11=96-00  Seybert. 
7-60=99-77  Ramm. 
7-60=99-50  W.  Fisher. 
3-77,  fi  1-62=99-98  Thomson. 
8-69  =  100-75  Ramm. 
9-69=104-13  Ramm. 
8-47  =  100-75  Ramm. 
6-04,  OaO-74,  £l  1-06=100-32  Ramm, 
2-61=97-78  Ramm. 


Si 

Fe 

Mg 

1. 

New  Jersey 

32- 

6- 

51- 

2. 

N 

32-67 

2-33 

54-00 

3. 

II 

yellow 

33-06 

3-65 

55-46 

4. 

(( 

red 

33-35 

5-50   ' 

53-05 

5. 

u 

36'00  Pe 

3-97 

54-64 

6. 

Pargas, 

yello 

w 

33-10 

2-35 

56-61 

7. 

gray 

33-19 

6-75 

54-50 

8. 

ITumite, 

type 

I. 

34-80 

2-40 

60-08 

9. 

14 

u 

II. 

33-26 

2-30 

57-92 

10. 

(( 

u 

III. 

36-67 

1-67 

56-83 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  infusible ;  some  varieties  blacken  and  then  burn  white.    Fused  with  salt  of 


SUBSILICATES.  365 

phosphorus  in  the  open  tube  gives  a  reaction  for  fluorine.  With  the  fluxes  a  reaction  for  iron. 
Gelatinizes  with  acids.  Heated  with  sulphuric  acid  gives  off  fluorid  of  silicon. 

Obs.— Chondrodite  occurs  mostly  in  granular  limestone.  It  is  found  near  Abo,  in  the  parish 
of  Pargas  in  Finland,  and  at  Aker  and  Gulsjo  in  Sweden  ;  at  Taberg  in  "Wermland;  at  Boden  in 
Saxony;  on  Loch  Ness  in  Scotland;  at  Achmatovsk  in  the  Ural,  along  with  perofskite;  and  in 
the  mines  of  Schischimsk  with  red  apatite.  Humite  occurs  at  Somma,  in  ejected  masses  of  a 
kind  of  granitic  rock,  along  with  forsterite,  biotite,  pyroxene,  magnetite,  etc. 

Abundant  in  the  counties  of  Sussex,  N.  J.,  and  Orange,  N.  Y.,  where  it  is  associated  with 
spinel,  and  occasionally  with  pyroxene  and  corundum.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Bryam,  orange  and  straw- 
colored  chondrodite,  and  also  a  variety  nearly  black,  occurs  with  spinel ;  at  Sparta,  a  fine  local- 
ity of  honey-yellow  chondrodite ;  a  mile  to  the  north  of  Sparta  the  best  locality  of  this  mineral 
in  N.  J. ;  at  Vernon,  Lockwood,  and  Franklin.  In  JV.  York,  in  Orange  Co.,  in  Warwick,  Monroe, 
Cornwall,  near  Greenwood  Furnace,  and  at  Two  Ponds,  and  elsewhere ;  near  Edenville  in  fine 
specimens  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Houston;  also  sparingly  in  Rossie,  on  the  bank  of  Laidlaw 
Lake.  In  Mass.,  at  Chelmsford,  with  scapolite.  In  Penn.,  near  Chaddsford,  in  Harvy's  quarry, 
of  yellow  and  orange  colors,  abundant.  In  Canada,  in  limestone  at  St.  Crosby,  St.  Jerome,  St. 
Adele,  Grenville,  etc.,  abundant. 

The  name  chondrodite  is  from  x,6,i6pos,  a  grain,  alluding  to  the  granular  structure.  Bruciie  was 
given  by  Col.  Gibbs  after  Dr.  Bruce,  editor  of  the  American  Mineralogical  Journal ;  Maclureite  by 
Seybert,  after  Wm.  Maclure.  The  mineral  was  first  discovered  in  New  Jersey  by  Dr.  Bruce. 
Fluorine  was  first  detected  in  it  in  1811,  by  Dr.  Langstaff  of  New  York,  whose  analysis  (No.  1)  gives 
very  nearly  the  correct  constitution  of  the  species.  Cleaveland,  in  the  first  edition  of  his  mineral- 
ogy (issued  in  1816),  at  p.  185,  in  a  brief  mention  of  the  undescribed  species,  speaks  of  it  as  a 
fluate,  calling  ttfluate  of  magnesia,  he  evidently  having  had  an  imperfect  report  of  Dr.  Langstaff 'a 
examination,  the  results  of  which  had  not  then  been  published.  Dr.  Torrey  obtained  similar 
results  to  those  of  Dr.  Langstaff  in  1818.  See  on  these  points  Am.  J.  Sci.,  vi.  171,  1823.  D'Ohs- 
son  analyzed  the  mineral  in  1817  without  finding  the  fluorine,  he  obtaining  (l.c.)  Si  38*00,  Mg 
54*00,  iPe  5-10,  &\  1*50,  K  0'86  Mn  tr.,  a  result  very  wide  from  the  true  composition.  Humite 
was  shown  to  be  identical  with  chondrodite  in  composition  by  Rammelsberg. 

On  cryst.  see  Scacchi,  Pogg.,  1851,  Erganz.,  ii.  161,  who  identified  and  described  the  three  types 
of  humite;  also  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  ii.  15;  Nordenskiold  on  chondrodite  of  Pargas,  Pogg., 
xcvi.  118.  The  author  adopts  a  modified  view  of  Scacchi's  types,  first  brought  out  in  Am.  J.  Sci, 
II.  xiv.  175. 

Alt. — Chondrodite  altered  to  serpentine  has  been  observed  at  Sparta,  N.  J.,  with  spinel  and  mica. 

320,  TOURMALINE.  Early  syn.  of  precious  T.  Turamali,  Turmalin  (fr.  Ceylon),  Ceylon  name, 
Garmann,  Curiosse  Speculationes,  etc.,  von  einem  Liebhaber,  der  Immer  Gern  Speculirt,  Chem- 
nitz, 1707.  Pierre  de  Ceylan;  un  petit  aiman;  M.  Lemery  la  fit  voir,  etc.,  Hist.  Ac.  Sci.,  Paris, 
1717,  p.  8.  Aschentrecker  HolL ;  Aschenzieher  Germ.;  Ash-drawer  Engl.  [alluding  to  electri- 
cal property].  Zeolithus  vitreus  electricus,  Tourmalin,  Rinmann,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1766; 
v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  i.  47,  1772.  Borax  electricus  Linn.,  Syst,  96,  1768.  Tourmaline  Garnet  Hill, 
Foss.,  148,  1771.  Tourmaline  Kirw.,  Min.,  i.  271,  1794. 

Early  syn.  of  opaque  T.  Schurl  pt.  Erker,  1595;  Schirl  pt.  JBriickmann,  1727  [see  p.  206]. 
Skiorl  pt.,  Corneus  crystallisatus  pt.,  Wall.,  139,  1747.  Basaltes  cryst.  pt.,  Skorl-Crystall  pt., 
Oronst.,  70,  1758.  Schorl,  Stangenschorl,  Germ. ;  Shorl,  Shirl,  Cockle,  Engl.  Borax  Basaltes 
Linn.,  Syst.,  95,  1768.  Basaltes  crystallisatus  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  i.  34,  1772,  ii.  95,  1775.  Shorl 
Kirw.,  Min.,  i.  265,  1794. 

Syn.  from  union  of  T.  and  S.  in  one  species.  Tourmaline  ou  Basalte  transparent = Schorl, 
de  Lisle,  Crist.,  266,  with  fig.  cryst.  (and  proofs  of  ident.  of  T.  &  S.),  1772.  Schorl  transpa- 
rent rhomboidal  dit  Tourmaline  et  Peridot = Schorl,  de  Lisle,  Crist,  ii.  344,  with  figs.,  1783. 
Schorl,  Stangensch6rl'(incl.  var.  (1)  Schwarzer  S.,  (S)  Elektrischer  S.=Turmalin),  Wern.,  Cronst, 
169,  1780;  Bergm.  J.,  i.  374,  1789;  Jameson,  Min.,  1816.  Tourmaline  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801. 

Var.  introd.  as  Sp.  Bubellite  (fr.  Siberia)  Kirw.,  Min.,  i.  288,  1794=Daourite  Delameth., 
T.  T.,  ii.  303,  1797=Siberite  VHermina,  J.  de  1'Ecole  Polytechn.,  i.  43 9= Tourmaline  apyre  £"., 
iv.  1801=Apyrit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  642,  1813'.  Indicolite  and  Aphrizite  (fr.  Norway)  d'Andrada, 
J.  de  Phys.,  Ii.  243,  1800,  Scherer's  J.,  iv.  19,  1800.  Taltalite  Domeyko,  Min.,  139,  1860=Cobre 
negro  estrellado  de  Tantal  (Atacama). 

Var.  introd.  as  Subsp.    Achroit  (fr.  Elba)  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxv.  232,  1845. 


366 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Khombohedral.    R  A  .#=103°,  0  A  R=\3±°  3' ;  0=0-89526.    Observed 
planes  :  rhombohedrons,  J,  1  (R),  f ,  £,  f ,  5,  4f .?,  -2,  -{,  -£,  -£,  -i ;  scale- 


328 


229 


334 


z'2 


i2 


336 


Hunterstown,  C.  E. 
338.  Analogue  Pole. 


St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.T. 


Canada. 
339.  Antilogue  Pole. 


Gouverneur,  N.  Y. 


hedrons,  -Ja,  J8,  -J6,  1£,  1s,  ^8,  f3  (the  last  replacing  angle  between  — J,  ^-,  and 
J8) ;  prisms,  /,  *-2,  ^-J,  *-f.  Usually  hemihedral,  being  often  unlike  at  the 
opposite  extremities,  or  hemimorphic,  and  the  prisms  often  triangular. 
Cleavage :  R,  -J-,  and  ^-2,  difficult.  Sometimes  massive  compact ;  also  co- 
lumnar, coarse  or  fine,  parallel  or  divergent. 


SUBSILICATES.  367 


0  A  £=165°  31'  \  A  i-^1540  59'  i-2  A  f=:1300  55' 

0  A  £=152  40  £  A  £=133  8  i-2  A  11=136  41 

6>  A  |=129  21  i-2  A  £=113  26  £2  A  I2  -=147  51 

J2= 


6>  A  2=115  49  £2  A  J2=128  30  i-2  A  i-J=160  54 

0  A  $=111  9  ^-2A£5=15514  i-2  A  ^-|=166  6 

6>  A  ^=99  58  i-2  A  £3=142  26  i-2  A  /=150. 

H.=7—  7*5.  Gr.=2'94—  3*3.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  black,  brownish- 
black,  bluish-black,  most  common  ;  blue,  green,  red,  and  sometimes  of  rich 
shades  ;  rarely  white  or  colorless  ;  some  specimens  red  internally  and  green 
externally  ;  and  others  red  at  one  extremity,  and  green,  blue,  or  black  at 
the  other.  Dichroic  ;  some,  yellowish-brown  axially,  asparagus-green  trans- 
versely ;  dark  brownish-violet  axially,  greenish-blue  transversely  ;  purple 
axially,  bluish  transversely  ;  etc.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  —  opaque  ; 
greater  transparency  across  the  prism  than  in  the  line  of  the  axis.  Frac- 
ture subconchoidal  —  uneven.  Brittle.  Pyroelectric. 

Var.  —  1.  Ordinary.  In  crystals,  (a)  Eubellite  ;  the  red  sometimes  transparent  ;  the  Siberian 
is  mostly  violet-red,  the  Brazilian  rose-red  ;  that  of  Chesterfield  and  Goshen,  Mass.,  pale  rose-red 
and  opaque  ;  that  of  Paris,  Me.,  fine  ruby-red  and  transparent,  (b)  Indicolite  ;  the  blue,  either 
pale  or  bluish-black;  named  from  the  indigo-blue  color,  (c)  Brazilian  Sapphire  (in  jewelry); 
Berlin-blue  and  transparent  ;  (d)  Brazilian  Emerald,  Chrysolite  (or  Peridot)  of  Brazil;  green  and  trans- 
parent. (e)  Peridot  of  Ceylon;  honey-yellow.  (/)  Achroite;  colorless  tourmaline,  from  Elba. 
(g)  Aphrizite  ;  black  tourmaline,  from  Krageroe,  Norway,  (h)  Columnar  and  black;  coarse  columnar. 
Resembles  somewhat  hornblende,  but  has  a  more  resinous  fracture,  and  is  without  distinct  cleav- 
age or  anything  like  a  fibrous  appearance  in  the  texture. 

Kupffer  found  the  angle  |  A|  in  the  green  tourmaline  of  St.  Gothard  133°  8'  ;  in  the  black  of 
Siberia,  133°  13';  in  the  red  of  Siberia,  133°  2';  giving  134°  6',  134°  3',  and  133°  56'  for  0  f\\. 
Brooke  found  for  the  angle  0  A-J-  in  a  white  crystal,  134°  7'  ;  green,  134°  2'  24"  ;  clear  brown, 
133°  56';  red,  133°  48';  black,  133°  47'  12". 

The  varieties  in  composition  and  the  subdivisions  suggested  thereby  are  given  below. 

Comp.  —  0.  ratio  for  bases  (the  boric  acid  here  included)  and  silica  4  :  3  (Ramm.)  ;  whence  (Rs, 
&,  B)8Si9.  The  0.  ratio  for  the  protoxyds,  sesquioxyds,  and  boric  acid  (E,  B,  B)  varies  greatly; 
group  I  (see  beyond)  affording  mostly  4  :  12  :  4;  II.,  4  :  15  :  5;  III.,  4  :  21  :  6,  4  :  24  :  7,  etc.; 
IV.,  4  :  40  :  12,  4  :  36  :  11,  etc.  ;  V.,  4  :  48  :  13,  4  :  56  :  12,  etc.  The  special  formula  for  group  I. 
would  consequently  be  (R3)8Si9+3R8Si9+B8gi9  or  (£R8  +  fcfi+iB)8§i9;  for  analysis  23  in  group 
V.  (R3)8Si9+14SttSi9+3B8Si9or(1-1-8R3+i|fi+i38iB)8Si9,  and  these  (excluding  analysis  26)  are 
the  extreme  variations. 

A.  Mitscherlich,  by  a  new  method  of  analysis  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxvi.  1),  obtained  the  iron  as  prot- 
oxyd  in  several  trials,  finding  16'06  and  16*30  in  that  of  Bovey  Tracey  (No.  13,  beyond);  5'69  and 
5-66  in  that  of  St.  Gothard  (No.  9);  17*14  and  17*29  in  that  of  Sonnenberg  (No.  15);  7'54,  7*65, 
and  7'57  in  that  of  Sarapulsk  near  Mursinsk  (No.  17);  and  6*74  in  that  of  Brazil  (No.  21).  But 
Scheerer  takes  the  ground  that  Mitscherlich's  method  of  analysis  is  less  satisfactory  than  others, 
and  the  subject  is  still  in  doubt.  Mitscherlich's  determinations,  introduced  into  Rammelsberg's 
analyses  as  done  by  himself,  afforded,  in  the  14  cases  which  he  investigated,  the  following  for 
the  oxygen  of  R-t-R--fB,  that  of  the  Si  being  3  :  L,  Iron-magnesia  tourmaline  —  3*90  (No.  7); 
4-10  (No.  8);  4-09  (No.  9);  4*07  (fr  Havredal);  4*15  (fr.  Ramfosse);  4'11  (No.  10,  Haddam);  4*12 
(No.  11,  Haddam);  4*21  (No.  12,  Unity,  Me.);  II.,  Iron  tourmaline—  4-09  (No.  13);  4*32  (No. 
14);  4-09  (No.  15);  4-23  (fr.  Saar);  4*12  (fr.  Langenbielau)  ;  3*99  (No.  16).  The  results  leave 
little  question  as  to  the  normal  ratio  for  the  species  being  4  :  3. 

Analyses  :  1-26,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxx.  409,  Ixxxi.  1)  arranged  as  follows: 
I.  Magnesia  tourmaline,  G.=3—  3*tj7.  mean  3'05. 
II.  Iron-magnesia  tourmaline,  G.=3*05—  3*2,  mean  3*11. 

III.  Iron  tourmaline,  Gr.=3-13—  3'25. 

IV.  Iron-manganese-lithia.  tourmaline,  G-.  =  2'94  —  3*11,  mean  3*083. 
V.  Lithia  tourmaline,  G-.=3  —  3*1,  mean  3*041. 

Anal.  27-29,  Gmelin  (Schw.  J.,  299,  xxxviii.  514,  Pogg.,  ix.  172);  30,  Ulex  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcvl 
37);  31,  C.  W.  0.  Fuchs  (Jahrb.  Min.  1862,  800);  32,  34,  35,  37,  38,  Gmelin  (L  c.):  33,  36,  39,  40, 
Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxv.  232)  : 


368 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


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SITBSILICATES.  369 

Si        B      A1!          Mn       Mg    Na     £      Li     ign. 

,  57.  Red,  Eozena         42-13     5-74  86-43       632&U-20    2'41  2'04  1-31=97-58  G-melin. 

38.  "     Perm  39'37     4-18  44-00       5-02 1'29  2'52  1  -58=97 '56  Gmelin. 

39.  Achroite,  Elba      42-89     5'34  44  09  M  0-27       0'45  3'12    2-19 ,  C  1-66  =  100  H. 

40.  Bed,  Sarapulsk     39'70     665  40-29  "  2'30       0*16  7'88    3'02 =100  Hermann. 

Pisani  has  examined  a  specimen  of  true  taltalite  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliii.  407),  and  shown  that  it  is 
tourmaline  with  oxyd  of  copper  and  other  impurities.  Domeyko  made  it  a  silicate  of  copper 
(1.  c.,  and  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxv.  111).  Ulex's  specimen  (anal.  30)  was  procured  from  a 
cargo  of  copper  ores  landed  at  Hamburg,  and  identified  as  taltalite  by  its  characters. 

Pyr.,  etc. — I.,  fuse  rather  easily  to  a  white  blebby  glass  or  slag ;  II.,  fuse  with  a  strong  heat  to 
a  blebby  slag  or  enamel,  either  white,  greenish,  or  brownish ;  III.,  fuse  with  difficulty,  or,  in  some, 
only  on  the  edges,  to  a  brownish,  brownish-red,  gray,  or  black  slag ;  IV.,  fuse  on  the  edges,  and 
often  with  great  difficulty,  to  a  yellowish,  grayish,  bluish,  or  whitish  slag  or  enamel,  and  some 
are  infusible  ;  V.,  infusible,  but  becoming  white  or  paler,  sometimes,  as  the  Paris  (Me.)  rubellite, 
affording  a  fine  enamel  on  the  edges  (Ramm.).  With  the  fluxes  many  varieties  give  reactions  for  iron 
and  manganese.  Fused  with  a  mixture  of  bisulphate  of  potash  and  fluor-spar  gives  a  strong  reaction 
for  boric  acid.  By  heat  alone  tourmaline  loses  weight  from  the  evolution  of  fluorid  of  silicon  and 
perhaps  also  fluorid  of  boron ;  and  only  after  previous  ignition  is  the  mineral  completely  decom- 
posed by  fluohydric  acid.  Not  decomposed  by  acids  (Ramm.).  After  fusion  perfectly  decomposed 
by  sulphuric  acid  (v.  Kobell). 

Obs. — Tourmaline  is  usually  found  in  granite,  gneiss,  syenite,  mica,  chloritic  or  talcose  schist, 
dolomite,  granular  limestone,  and  sometimes  in  sandstone  near  dykes  of  igneous  rocks.  The  vari- 
ety in  granular  limestone  or  dolomite  is  commonly  brown. 

Foreign  localities  are  mentioned  above.  Small  brilliant  black  crystals  in  decomposed  feld- 
spar, at  Sonnenberg  in  the  Harz,  are  called  aphrizite.  Rubellite  and  green  tourmaline  occur  near 
Katherinenburg  in  Siberia ;  pink  crystals  are  found  at  Elba.  Pale  yellowish-brown  crystals  in 
talc  at  Windisch  Kappell  in  Carinthia ;  green  at  Airolo,  Switzerland ;  white  specimens  (achroite) 
come  from  bt.  Gothard,  Siberia,  and  Elba.  A  specimen,  formerly  in  the  Grand  Duke's  collection 
at  Florence,  measuring  1 1  inches  square,  contains  4  erect  green  tourmalines  and  1  prostrate,  2,  4, 
and  2  J  inches  long,  and  £  to  1  inch  thick. 

In  Great  Britain,  fine  black  crystals  have  been  obtained  near  Bovey  Tracey  in  Devon ;  also 
found  in  Cornwall  at  different  localities ;  green  near  Dartmoor  in  Devon  ;  black  near  Aberdeen 
in  Scotland,  and  elsewhere ;  dark  brown  at  Dalkey  in  Co.  Dublin,  Ireland ;  green  near  Dunfanaghy, 
Co.  Donegal ;  green  and  red  at  Ox  mountain,  near  Sligo. 

In  the  U.  States,  in  Maine  at  Paris  and  Hebron,  magnificent  red  and  green  tourmalines 
with  lepidolite,  etc.,  some  crystals  over  an  inch  in  diameter,  transparent,  ruby-red  within,  sur- 
rounded by  green,  or  red  at  one  extremity  and  green  at  the  other ;  also  blue  and  pink  varieties ; 
at  Albany,  green  and  black ;  at  Streaked  Mtn.,  black.  In  Mass.,  at  Chesterfield,  red,  green,  and 
blue,  in  a  granite  vein  with  albite,  uranite,  and  microlite,  the  crystals  small  and  curved,  nearly 
opaque,  and  fragile,  the  green  crystals  often  with  distinct  prisms  of  red  color  inside,  especially  when 
in  smoky  quartz ;  at  Goshen,  similar,  the  blue  in  greater  perfection ;  at  Norwich,  New  Baintree, 
and  Carlisle,  good  black  crystals.  In  N.  Hamp.,  Alstead,  Grafton,  Sullivan,  Acworth,  and  Saddle- 
back Mt  ;  at  Orford,  large  brownish-black  crystals  abundant  in  steatite.  In  Vermont,  at  Brattle- 
boro,  black.  In  Conn.,  at  Monroe,  perfect  dark  brown  crystals  in  mica-slate  near  Lane's  mine, 
sometimes  two  inches  in  length  and  breadth  ;  at  Haddam,  interesting  black  crystals  in  mica 
slate  with  anthophyllite,  also  in  granite  with  iolite,  and  also  at  the  gneiss  quarries,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  river.  In  N.  York,  near  Gouverneur,  light  and  dark  brown  crystals,  often  highly  modi- 
fied, with  apatite  and  scapolite  in  granular  limestone  (f.  3^8,  339) ;  at  Canton ;  in  simple  prisms 
in  the  same  rock  near  Port  Henry,  Essex  Co. ;  at  Schroon,  with  chondrodite  and  scapolite ; 
at  Crown  Point,  one  mile  south  of  village,  fine  brown  crystals ;  at  the  chrysoberyl  locality  near 
Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  black;  at  Alexandria,  Jefferson  Co.;  at  Kingsbridge,  brown,  yellowish  or 
reddish-brown  crystals  in  dolomite ;  near  Edenville,  gray  or  bluish-gray  and  green  in  three- 
sided  prisms  occur  ;  short  black  crystals  in  the  same  vicinity,  and  at  Rocky  Hill,  sometimes  5 
inches  in  diameter ;  a  mile  southwest  of  Amity,  yellow  and  cinnamon-colored  crystals  with  spinel 
in  calcite  ;  also  near  the  same  village  a  clove-brown  variety  with  hornblende  and  rutile  in  granu- 
lar limestone.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Franklin,  Hamburg,  and  Newton,  black  and  brown  crystals  in 
limestone,  with  spinel.  In  Penn.,  at  Newlin,  Chester  Co. ;  at  London  Grove  and  near  Unionville, 
of  a  light  yellow  or  brownish-yellow  (f.  458),  in  limestone,  and  rarely  white;  at  Parksburg,  Ches- 
ter Co ;  in  Delaware  Co.,  at  Aston ;  at  Chester,  fine  black  ;  Middletown,  black ;  Marple,  of  a  green 
color  in  talc ;  opposite  New  Hope,  Buck's  Co. ;  in  New  Garden  township,  Chester  Co.,  in  lime- 
stone, light  brown  to  yellow  and  sometimes  transparent ;  near  New  Hope  on  the  Delaware,  large 
black  crystals,  in  which  the  prismatic  faces  are  sometimes  almost  obsolete.  In  S.  Car.,  in  Cheo- 
wee  valley.  In  Georgia,  Habersham  Co.  In  California,  black  crystals,  6-8  in.  in  diameter,  ic 

24 


370 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


feldspar  veins,  in  the  mountains  between  San  Diego  and  the  Colorado  desert,  bordering  the  ele- 
vated valley  of  San  Felipe. 

In  Canada,  superb  greenish-yellow  crystals,  1  inch  through,  in  limestone  at  GL  Calumet  Id. : 
amber-colored  at  Fitzroy,  C.  W. ;  transparent-brown  (f.  386)  at  Hunterstown,  C.  E.,  with  idocrase 
and  garnet ;  black  at  Bathurst  and  Elmsley,  C.  W.,  and  St.  Jerome,  C.  E. 

The  name  turmalin,  from  Turamali  in  Cingalese,  was  introduced  into  Holland  in  1703,  with  a 
lot  of  gems  from  Ceylon.  The  property  of  attracting  the  ashes  of  burnt  peat,  after  friction,  led  to 
its  being  very  soon  named  in  Holland  Aschentrecker,  or  ash-drawer.  In  1717,  Lemery,  in  his 
Memoir  in  the  Hist,  de  1' Acad.  des  Sci.,  France,  referred  the  attraction  to  magnetism ;  and  in 
1756  to  1762,  appeared  the  several  Memoirs  of  ^Epiuus  (published  in  the  Mem.  Acad.  Berlin,  vol. 
xii.,  and  at  St.  Petersburg)  on  the  ekctrical  properties  of  tourmaline.  The  name  tourmaline  was 
slow  of  introduction  into  mineralogical  treatises.  The  first  specimens  from  Ceylon  were  cut  gems, 
so  that  the  common  characteristics  of  tourmaline  and  schorl  were  not  apparent.  Linna?us,  in  his 
Syst.  Nat.,  1768,  suggests  the  relation  between  them,  but  de  Lisle  was  the  first  to  describe  Cey- 
lon crystals,  and  bring  the  two  minerals  into  one  species.  On  the  name  schorl,  see  pages  '204  to 
206.  Long  after  the  union  of  tourmaline  and  schorl,  the  species  continued  to  bear  the  latter  of 
these  names;  and  even  in  1816,  Jameson,  in  his  System  of  Mineralogy,  retains  schorl  as  the 
name  of  the  species,  with  common  schorl  and  tourmaline  or  precious  schorl  as  two  subspecies. 

Alt. — Tourmaline  occurs  altered  to  mica,  chlorite,  cookeite,  steatite.  The  mica  is  lepidolite,  a 
species  which  is  related  in  composition  to  some  tourmaline,  and  is  a  frequent  associate  of  the  red  and 
green  varieties.  It  appears  to  take  place  through  the  addition  of  alkalies.  Some  rubellites  and 
green  tourmalines  at  Chesterfield  are  hollow,  evidently  from  decomposition  and  removal  of  the 
interior ;  and  hi  the  cavities  are  occasionally  observed  small  crystals  of  yellow  uranite  (Tesche- 
macher). 

ZEUXITE,  Thomson  (Ann.  Phil.,  iv.  299, 1814)  was  found  in  1814  in  acicular  interwoven  crystals  at 
Huel  Unity,  Cornwall ;  color  brown,  slightly  greenish  in  some  lights  ;  G-.=3-051 ;  ^.=4-25 ;  prisms 
stated  to  be  flat  rectangular.  Thomson's  analysis  afforded  Si  33*48,  A1!  31*85,  Fe  '26-01,  Ca  2-46, 
H  5-28=99-07.  B.B.  becomes  scoriaceous  at  the  edges.  Loses  over  5  p.  c.  when  heated  in  a 
glass  tube.  Greg  supposes  that  this  loss  may  have  been  of  boric  acid  instead  of  water,  and  that 
the  mineral  is  a  ferriferous  tourmaline  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  x.  118). 

321.  GEHLENITE.     Gehlenit  Fuchs,  Schw.  J.,  xv.   377,  1815.      Stylobat  Breith.,   Leonh. 
Taschenb.,  x.  600,  1816,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  b,  109,  1817. 

Tetragonal;  near  meionite  in  form  (p.  318).  0  A  1-^=158°  12';  a— 
0-400.  Observed  planes :  0 ;  vertical,  i-i,  i-3  ;  octahedral,  1,  -f ,  2,  l-i, 
Descl.  0  A  1=150°  30',  0  A  2=131°  28',  (?Af=14:707/,  0  A  f  fc!36°  58' 
(135°— 136°  obs.).  Crystals  usually  short  square  prisms,  sometimes  tabular. 
Cleavage  :  0  imperfect ;  i-i  in  traces. 

H.=5'5— 6.  G.-=2'9— 3'06T.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous. 
Color  different  shades  of  grayish-green  to  liver-brown  ;  none  bright.  Faintly 
subtranslucent — opaque.  Fracture  uneven — splintery.  Streak  white — 
grayish-white.  Double  refraction  feeble ;  axis  negative. 


---*>..  ..-*• ratio  !J?r  &JJ,  Si=l :  1 :  $,  or  3  : 2  between  bases  and  silica,  as  in  andalusite.  Formula 
Vfr-rt  +  i«)  Si=,  if  Al  to  Fe=5 : 1,  Silica  29'9,  alumina  21'5,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  6'6,  lime  42'0=  100. 
Analyses  :  1,  Fuchs  (Schw.,  xv.  377);  2,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  281);  3,  v.  Kobell  (Kastn.  Arch.,  iv. 
313);  4,  Damour  (Ann.  Oh.  Phys.,111.  x.  66);  5,  6}  Kiihn  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  lix.  371);  7,  Ram- 
melsberg  (3d  SuppL,  47) : 

H 

8-30  =99-60  Fuchs. 
4-54=100-45  Thomson. 
2-0=99-6  Kobell. 
1-53,  Na  0-33=99-54  Damour. 
3-62  =  99-14  Kiihn. 
5-n5  =  99-28  Kiihn. 
3Y-90,  H  and  loss  1'28,  Mn  0-19  Ramm. 

Rammelsberg  has  cleared  up  in  part  the  discrepancies  in  the  analyses  by  discovering  that  the 
mineral  contains  both  sesquioxgd  and  protoxyd  of  iron.  The  oxygen  ratio  from  his  analyses  is 
3-4:3:  4'1,  for  which  he  substitutes  3  :  3  :  4=1  :  1  :  * 


Si 

£1 

3Pe 

Fe 

fig 

Ca 

1.  Fassa 

29-64 

24-80 

6-56 

35-30 

2. 

ti- 

29*13 

25-05 



4-35 

___ 

37-38 

3. 

lt 

31-0 

21-4 

—  _ 

4-4 

3-4 

37-4 

4. 

« 

31-60 

19-80 

5-97 



2-20 

38-11 

5. 

H 

30-47 

17-79 

7-30 



2-99 

36-97 

6. 

II 

29-53 

19-00 



7-25 

1-41 

36-55 

7. 

U 

29-78 

22-02 

3-22 

1-73 

8-88 

3V  -90, 

SUBSILICATES. 


371 


Fyr.,  etc. — B.B.  thin  splinters  fuse  with  difficulty  (F.^5'7,  v.  Kobell)  to  a  gray  glass.  "With 
borax  fuses  slowly  to  a  glass  colored  by  iron.  Gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid,  yielding  a  solution 
containing  both  protoxyd  and  sesquioxyd  of  iron. 

Obs. — Gehlenite  is  found  only  at  Mount  Monzoni,  in  the  Fassa  valley,  in  isolated  or  aggregated 
crystals,  invested  by  calcite. 

Named  by  Fuchs  after  his  colleague,  Gehlen. 

Alt. — Gehlenite  occurs  altered  to  steatite.  A  partially  altered  specimen  afforded  G.  Bischof  Si 
31-62,  &1  23-79,  Fe  9'43,  Mg  2'84,  Ca  31-13,  ign.  1 -28  =  100-09,  with  some  mixed  carbonate  of  lime. 

Artif. — Not  unfrequent  among  furnace  scoria,  in  thin  square  tables,  or  8-sided  prisms,  with 
cleavage  parallel  to  the  lateral  planes  of  a  square  prism.  Has  been  observed  at  Dawes'  furnace, 
Oldbury  in  England,  and  at  Holzhausen  in  Hessia.  Analyses:  1,  Percy  (Rep.  Brit.  Assoc., 
1846,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  v.  128) ;  2,  Bunsen  : 


1.  Dawes',  Oldbury 

2.  Holzhausen 


Si      £l       Fe    Mn   Mg     Ca 
28-32  24-24  0'27  0'07  2*79  40M2 
32-22  27-81    2'67  5'57   17'35 


Na      K  Ca  S  Ca  S 

0-64  0-26  3-38  =  100-09  Percy. 

11-30  3-05 =99-97  Bunsen. 


322.  ANDALUSITE.  Spath  adamantin  d'un  rouge  violet  (fr.  Forez)  Bourn.,  J.  de  Phys., 
xxxiv.  453,  1789.  Feldspath  du  Forez  Guyton,  Ann.  Ch.,  i.  190,  1789.  Andalousite  (fr.  Spain 
and  Forez)  Delameth.,  J.  de  Phys.,  xlvi.  386,  1798.  Andalusite.  Feldspath  apyre  H.,  Tr.,  iv. 
1801.  Micaphilit,  Micafilit  (fr.  Lahmerwinkel),  Brunner,  Moll's  Ann.  B.  H.,  iii.  294,  1804,  Efem., 
i.  51,  1805;  Micaphyllit,  bad  orthogr.  Stanzait  (fr.  Bavaria  at  Stanzen  near  Bodenmais,  and 
Herzogau)  FlurL  Gebirgs-Form.  Churpfalzbaierischen  Staaten,  5,  1806.  Hartspat  Wern. 
Made  hyaline  Cordier. 

Silex  niger  cum  cruce  Candida:  Darinn  ein  weiss  Kreutz,  Gesner,  Foss.,  45,  1565.  Lapis 
crucifer  (fr.  Compostella)  quern  Hispani  vocat  cruciatum,  Mercati,  Metallotheca  Yaticana,  237, 
1617.  Pierres  de  Macles  (fr.  id.)  RoUen,  N.  idees  sur  la  Format,  d.  Foss.,  108,  1751  (with  fig.). 
Spanish  Shirl,  Cross-Stone,  Hill,  Foss.,  152,  1771.  Pierre  de  Croix,  Made  basaltique,  Schorl  en 
prismes — dont  les  angles  obtus  sont  de  95°,  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  1772,  ii.  440,  1783.  Crucite  Dela~ 
mdh.,  T.  T.,  ii.  292,  1797.  Chiastolith  Karst,  Tab.,  28,  73,  1800.  Chiastolite.  Made  H.,  Tr.,  iii 
1801.  Hohlspath  Wern.,  1803,  Ludwig's  Wern.,  210,  1804.  Chiast.  ident.  with  Andal.  Bern- 
hardi,  MoU's  Efem.,  iii.  32,  1807,  Beud.,  Tr.,  363,  1824. 


I :  c=0-71241 : 1 


340 


341 


Orthorhombic.     /A  7=90°  48',  0  A  1-5= 144°  32' ; 
1-01405.     Observed    planes  :    0 ; 
vertical,  I,  i-i,  i-i,  ^-2,  i-Z  ;  domes, 
14,  14 ;  octahedral,  1,  2-2.     0  A  / 
=  90°,  0  A  1-^144°  55X,  ^-2  A  i-2 
=127°     30',    \-l  A  14=109°     4', 
14 A  14=109°  50'.     Cleavage:    I 
perfect  in  crystals  from  Brazil  ;  i-i 
less  perfect  ;  i-i  in  traces.      Mas- 
sive, imperfectly  columnar,  some- 
times radiated,  and  granular. 

H.=7'5  ;  in  some"  opaque  kinds 
1  —  6.  G.=:3-05  —  3-35,  mostly 
3'1 — 3'2.  Lustre  vitreous;  often  weak.  Color  whitish,  rose-red,  flesh- 
red,  violet,  pearl-gray,  reddish-brown,  olive-green.  Streak  uncolored. 
Transparent  to  opaque,  usually  substranslucent.  Fracture  uneven,  sub- 
conchoidal.  Double  refraction  strong;  optic-axial  plane  i-i;  angle  very- 
large,  over  80°  ;  bisectrix  negative,  normal  to  O. 

Var. — 1.   Ordinary.    H.=7'5  on  the  basal  face,  if  not  elsewhere.    For  sp.  gr.,  see  below. 
2.   Chiastolite  (made).   Stout  crystals  having  the  axis  and  angles  of  a  different  color  from  the  rest, 
owing  to  a  regular  arrangement  of  impurities  through  the  interior,  and  hence  exhibiting  a  colored 


"Westford  Mass. 


372 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


cross,  or  a  tesselated  appearance  in  a  transverse  section.  H.=3  — 7-5,  varying  much  with  the 
degree  of  impurity.  The  following  figures  show  sections  of  some  crystals.  Fig.  842,  by  C.  T. 
Jackson  in  J.  Soc.  N.  Hist.,  Bost.,  i.  55;  figs,  a  and  6  are  from  opposite  extremities  of  the  same 
crystals;  so  also  c  and  d;  e  and//  h  appears  to  be  a  twin  crystal. 


Fig.  343  shows  the  successive  parts  of  a  single  crystal,  as  dissected  by  B.  Horsford  of  Spring- 
field, Mass. ;  344,  one  of  the  four  white  portions ;  and  345,  the  central  black  portion.     The  forms 


343 


344 


345 


of  the  white  and  black  portions  vary  much.  Bernhardi  showed  in  1807  (1.  c.)  that  the  central 
column  sometimes  widened  from  the  middle  toward  each  end. 

The  name  made  is  from  the  Latin  macula,  a  spot,  and,  as  Robien  observes,  it  alludes  to  the 
use  of  the  "  mascle  "  hi  heraldry,  in  which  the  word  signifies  a  voided  lozenge,  or  a  rhomb  with  open 
centre  (L  c.,  1751,  in  de  Lisle,  Crist.).  Chiastolite  is  from  chi,  the  Greek  name  for  the  letter  X. 

Oomp.— 0.  ratio  for  B,  Si=3  :  2;  £lSi=Silica  36'8,  alumina  63-2=100,  with  little,  if  any, 
sesquioxyd  of  iron  replacing  the  alumina.  Analyses:  1,  Bucholz  (Moll's  Efem.,  iv.  190);  2, 
Thomson  (Min.,  i.  232);  3,  Bunsen  (Pogg.,  xlvii.  186);  4,  A.  Erdmann  (Jahresb.,  xxiv.  311);  5, 
Roth  (ZS.  G.,  vii.  15) ;  6-8,  Hubert  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  i.  350,  358) ;  9,  Kersten(J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii. 
162);  10-12,  Pfiugsten  &  E.  E.  Schmid  (Pogg.,  xcvii.  113);  13,  Svanberg  (Jahresb.,  xxiii.  279); 
14,  15,  Jeremejef  (Verh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  1863,  140,  145);  16,  Arppe(Act.  Soc.  Fenn.,  v.  1857); 
17,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  iv.  53) ;  18,  Bunsen  (1.  c.) ;  19,  Jackson  (J.  N.  Hist  Boston,  i  55) ;  20, 
Renou(Expl.  Sci.  de  1'Algerie,  1848,  58);  21,  Jerofejef  (Yerh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet,  1863,  147): 


Si 


Mn   Mg    Ca      ]Sa 


1. 

2. 
3. 

4. 

[l: 
& 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 

Herzogau                 36-5 
Tyrol                        35-30 
Lisens             40-17 
"                  39-99 
"  Pseud.      36-74 
LangtaufV.   39-24 
"  Pseud.      36-66 
Krumbach,  Pseud.  37-63 
Munzig                    37-51 
Katharinenburg       35*74 
Robschiitz               36'84 
Braunsdorf               3  7  '57 

60-5         4-0 
60-20  Fel-32 
58-62        
58-60       0-72 
59-65       2-80 
59-49       0'63 
60-00       1-33 
59-14       0-86 
60-01       1-49 
56-98       5-71 
55-82       3-22 
59-88    .  1-33 

0-51 
0-83 

1-00 

0-25 

0-50 
0-46 
0-20 
1-14 
0'17 

0-28 

0-49 
0-51 
0'93 
2-01 
0-48 
0-15 
1-09 
0-61 





13. 

Fahlun,  Sw.              3  7  '65 

59-87 

1-87 



0-38 

0-58 

_____ 

_____ 

14. 

Mankova,  Chiast.    35'33 

62-20 

030 

tr. 



0-50 

010 

1-50 

15. 

Schaitansk,  Andal  36'73 

61-70 

0-20 



tr. 

0-90 

tr. 

0-30 

16. 

Kalvola,  FinL           37*41 

61-26 

1-86 







17. 

Brazil                  (|)37'03 

61-45 

1-17 

tr. 





______ 

_____ 

18. 

Lancaster,     Chiast.  39-09 

58-56 



0-53 

_ 

0-21 





19. 

"-                   "    33-0 

61-0  Fe 

4-0 



_ 





20. 

Algeria,              "    36'0 

61-9 







____ 





21. 

Ruskiala,  Finl.,  "    38'42 

50-96 

3-20 



tr. 

4-12 

tr. 

0-50 

H 

=  101-0  Bucholz. 

2 -03  =  99  86  Thomson. 

=  99-58  Bunsen. 

=100-14  Erdmann. 

=99-68  Roth. 

=100-12  Hubert. 

=99-92  Hubert. 

=100-14  Hubert. 

=99-95  Kersten. 

=98-78  Pfingsten. 

=98-11  Pfingsten. 

=99-56  Pfingsten. 

=100-35  Svanberg. 

0-25=100-18  Jerem. 

0-66=100-39  Jerem. 

=100-53  Arppe. 

=99-65  Damour. 

0-99=99-38  Bunsen. 

1-5=99-5  Jackson. 
=98  5  Renou. 

2-60=99-80  Jerof. 


SUB8ILICATES.  373 

AnaL  No.  4,  G.=3-154;  5,  cyanite  pseudomorphous  after  andalusite,  G.=3'401 ;  6,  G.=3'103  ; 
7,  pseudomorphous  cyanite,  forming  the  exterior  of  6,  G.^3'327 ;  8,  pseudomorphous  cyanite 
after  andalusite,  from  the  Koralp  in  Styria>  G.:=3-648  ;  9.  G  =3-152;  10,  G.  =  312  ;  11,  G.=3'll  ; 
12,G.=307;  15,  G.=3'14;  17,  G.  =  3'160 ;  20,  a=3'l,  /A/=93|°. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.  With  cobalt  solution  gives  a  blue  color.  Not  decomposed  by  acids. 
Decomposed  on  fusion  with  caustic  alkalies  and  alkaline  carbonates. 

Obs. — Most  common  in  argillaceous  schist,  or  other  schists  imperfectly  crystalline;  also  in 
gneiss,  mica  schist,  and  related  rocks ;  rarely  in  connection  with  serpentine.  Found  in  Spam,  in 
Andalusia  (first  loc.  discovered),  and  thence  the  name  of  the  species ;  in  the  Tyrol,  Lisens  val- 
ley, in  large  cryst.  with  cyanite ;  in  Saxony,  at  Braunsdorf,  Robschiitz,  Munzig,  Penig ;  in  Mo- 
ravia, at  Goldenstein ;  Bavaria,  at  Lahmerwinkel,  Rabenstein,  Hogenau,  Tillenburg,  etc. ;  Austria, 
at  Felling,  near  Krems,  in  serpentine ;  France,  Dept.  of  Var,  near  Hyeres ;  Bareges  in  the  Pyr- 
enees ;  Finland ;  Russia,  at  Schaitansk  in  the  Ural ;  Makova,  etc.,  in  Nertschinsk.  In  Ireland 
at  Killiney  Bay,  in  mica  schist ;  near  Balahulish  in  Argyleshire :  Cumberland,  England.  In 
Brazil,  province  of  Minas  Geraes,  in  fine  crystals  and  as  rolled  pebbles. 

In  N.  America,  in  Maine  at  Mt.  Abraham,  Bangor,  Searsmont,  Camden,  S.  Berwick.  N.  Hamp., 
at  White  Mtn.  Notch;  Boar's  Head,  near  Rye;  at  Charleston.  Vermont,  near  Bellows  Falls. 
Mass.,  at  Westford,  abundant  in  cryst.,  sometimes  rose-colored ;  Lancaster,  both  varieties ;  Ster- 
ling, chiastolite.  Conn.,  at  Litchfield  and  Washington,  good  cryst.  Penn.,  in  Delaware  Co.,  near 
Leiperville,  large  cryst ;  at  Marple,  Upper  Providence,  and  Springfield,  good  cryst. ;  one  weigh- 
ing 7 -£  Ibs.,  and  a  group  of  crystals,  free  from  the  gangue.  of  about  60  Ibs.  Calif.,  along  the 
Churchillas  rivers,  San  Joaquin  val.,  at  crossing  of  road  to  Ft.  Miller.  In  Canada,  at  L.  St.  Fran- 
cis, in  reddish  trl.  cryst.,  in  mica  schist,  both  var.  In  N.  Scotia,  at  Cape  Causeau. 

Alt.— Aiidalu site  occurs  altered  to  kaolin;  sometimes  to  mica;  also  to  cyanite  (anal.  5,  7, 
8);  crystals  being  found  consisting  of  cyanite,  or  mica,  as  a  result  of  the  alteration. 

A  partially  altered  andalusite  from  the  Tutchaltui  Mtn.,  Nertschinsk,  afforded  Jeremejef  (1.  c.) 
Si  53-6,  £l  43-1,  F"e  1-01,  Mg  tr.,  Ca  0'96,  Na  tr.,  K  0'8,  ign.  0'87  =  100'34;  G.  —  2944.  The 
crystals  were  distinctly  altered  to  a  depth  of  2  lines,  and  this  part  was  B.B.  fusible.  /A  I=93±°, 
the  surfaces  not  smooth. 

Artif. — Formed  in  crystals  by  the  action  of  a  current  of  gaseous  fluorid  of  silicon  on  calcined 
alumina,  the  angle  /A  /of  the  crystal  91°,  and  composition  Si  29*5,  £1  70-2=99>7=A1l4Si3;  also 
by  the  action  of  fluorid  of  aluminum  on  silica  (Deville  &  Caron). 

MYELIN  Ereitli.,  Handb.,  ii.  358,  1841;  Talksteinmark  Freiesleben,  Mag.  Orykt.  Sachs.,  v.  131, 
has,  as  Hausmann  observes,  the  composition  of  cyanite  or  andalusite.  It  is  soft,  having  a  hard- 
ness of  about  2,  yellowish  or  reddish-white  to  whitish  color,  with  colorless  streak.  G.  =  2-45— 
2-53  ;  a  somewhat  greasy  feel.  1,  Kersten  (Schw.  J.,  Ixvi.  16);  2,  Kussin  (Ramm.  Min.Ch.,  581): 

Si  £l  fc  Mg 

1.  37-62  60-50  0'63  0'82=99'57. 

2.  36-01  63-72  =99'73. 

Breithaupt  says  that  it  contains  5  p.  c.  of  water ;  but  neither  of  the  analyses  made  sustain  this. 

323.  FIBROLITE.  Faserkiesel  (fr.  Bohemia)  Lindacker,  Mayer's  Samml.  phys.  Aufs.,  ii.  277, 
1792,  Bergm.  J.,  ii.  65,  1792.  Fibrolite  (fr.  the  Carnatic)  Bournon,  Phil.  Trans.,  1802,  289,  335  ; 
=Bournonite  Z^cos,  TabL,  ii.  216, 1813.  Bucholzit  (fr.  Tyrol)  Brandes,  Schw.  J.,  xxv.  125,  1819. 
Sillimanite  (fr.  Conn.)  Bowen,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  viii.  113,  1824.  Worthite  Hess,  Pogg.,  xxi.  73,  1830. 
Xenolit  Nordensk.,  Act.  Soc.  Sc.  Fenn.,  i.  372,  Pogg.,  Ivi.  643,  1842.  Bamlit  Erdmann,  Ak.  H. 
Stockh.,  1842,  19.  Monrolite  (fr.  Monroe,  N.  Y.)  Silliman,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  viii.  385,  1849. 

Monoclinic.  /A  7=96°  to  98°  in  the  smoothest  crystals  ;  usually  larger, 
the  faces  /  striated,  and  passing  into  ^-2.  Cleavage :  i-l  very  perfect,  bril- 
liant. Crystals  commonly  long  and  slender.  Also  fibrous  or  columnar 
massive,  sometimes  radiating. 

H.:=6— 7.  G.=3'2— 3-3.  Lustre  vitreous,  approaching  subadamantine. 
Color  hair-brown,  grayish-brown,  grayish-white,  grayish-green,  pale  olive- 
green.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Couble  refraction 
very  strong ;  optic-axial  plane  i-l ;  angle  about  4A°  for  the  red  ray  ;  bisec- 
trix positive,  normal  to  0 ;  Descl. 


374 


OXYGEK    COMPOUNDS. 


Var.  —  1.  Sillimaniie.  In  long,  slender  crystals,  passing  into  fibrous,  with  the  fibres  separable, 
G-.=3'238,  fr.  Norwich,  Ct,  Dana;  3'232,  fr.  id.,  Brush;  3-239,  fr.  Yorktown,  Norton. 

2.  Fibrolite.  Fibrous  or  fine  columnar,  firm  and  compact,  sometimes  radiated;  grayish-  white  tc 
pale  brown,  and  pale  olive-green  or  greenish-gray.  Bucholzite  and  monrolite  are  here  included  ;  the 
latter  is  radiated  columnar,  and  of  the  greenish  color  mentioned.  G-.=3-24,  fibrolite,  Bournon; 
3-19—  3'21,  id.,  Damour;  3'239,  bucholzite,  fr.  Chester,  Pa.,  Erdmann;  3'04—  3'1,  monrolite,  B. 
Silliman;  3  -07  5,  id.,  Brush. 

Bamlite,  from  Bamle,  Norway,  resembles  the  monrolite,  being  columnar  subplumose,  silky  ;  Gr. 
=2-984,  and  color  greenish-  white  or  bluish-green.  The  analysis  of  Erdmann  (see  below)  gave  a 
large  excess  of  silica  ;  but  L.  Sasmann  observes  that  there  are  minute  prisms  of  quartz  among  the 
fibres  of  bamlite. 

Xenolite  also  resembles  fibrolite  closely,  excepting  in  the  high  specific  gravity,  3-58,  which  sug- 
gests an  identity  rather  with  cyanite.  But  the  prisms  are  stated  to  have  the  angle  91°,  which  is 
the  angle  of  andalusite;  and  Descloizeaux  says  that  it  is  optically  like  fibrolite,  and  not  like 
cyanite.  Prom  Petershoff,  Finland,  and  near  St.  Petersburg. 

Worthite  is  hydrous,  and  appears  to  be  a  somewhat  altered  form.  H.=7'25  ;  color  white  ;  trans- 
lucent. Optically  like  the  above.  From  near  St.  Petersburg. 

Comp.  —  &1  Si,  as  for  andalusite—  Silica  36'8,  alumina  63-2  =  100,  as  in  Damour's  analysis  of 
fibrolite,  and  Connell's,  Staaf  s,  and  Silliman's  of  siUimanite.  Damour  obtained  in  his  analysis 
of  sillimanite  39  p.  c.  of  silica,  and  others  still  more,  showing  apparently  that  the  mineral  is  not 
always  pure. 

Analyses  of  fibrolite,  etc.  :  1,  Ohenevix  (J.  d.  Mines,  xiv.  86)  ;  2,  B.  Silliman,  Jr.  (Am.  J.  Sea.,  II. 
viii.  388);  3,  4,  Damour  (C.  E.,  Ixi.  319)  ;  5,  Brandes  (J.  de  Pharm.,  xci.  237);  6,  Thomson  (Ann. 
Lye.  N.  York,  iii.  and  Min.,  L  235);  7,  A.  Erdmann  (Ak.  H.  Stockholm,  1842,  19)  ;  8,  9,  B.  Silli- 
man, Jr.  (1.  c.);  10,  Bowen  (Am.  J.  ScL,  viii.  113);  11,  Hayes  (Alger's  Min.,  601);  12,  Connell 
(Jameson's  J.,  xxxi.  232);  13,  Staaf  (Jahresb.,  xxv.  348);  14,  Silliman,  Jr.  (1.  c.);  15,  Damour 
(Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  xvi.  219);  16,  Norton  (This  Min.,  2d  ed.,  378,  1844);  17,  18,  Smith  &  Brush 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  49)  ;  19,  Komonen  (1.  c.)  ;  20,  Hess  (Pogg.,  xxi.  73): 


Si 


H 


=97-00  Chenevix. 
99-42  Silliman.* 
100-11  Damour. 
100-04  Damour.    > 
K  1-5=100  Brandes. 
99-32  Thomson. 
100-07  Erdmann=3tl8  Si9. 
100-91  Silliman. 
99-68  Silliman. 
99-28  Bowen. 
Ca  0-31  =  99-31  Hayes. 
96-68  Connell. 
98-98  Staaf. 
100-06  Silliman. 
Mn  0-28  =  100-28  Damour. 
102-74  Norton,  f 
99-33  Smith  &  Brush. 
99-78  Smith  &  Brush. 
99-98  Komonen. 
99-71  Hess. 

An  analysis  of  bamlite  afforded  Erdmann  (1.  c.)  Si  56-90,  £l  40-73,  £e  1'04,  Ca  1'04,  F  tr.- 
y  y*  T  i. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Same  as  given  under  andalusite. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  gneiss,  mica  schist,  and  related  metamorphic  rocks. 

Observed  near  Moldau  and  Schuttenhofen  in  Bohemia  (faserkitsel)  ;  at  Fassa  in  the  Tyrol 
(bucholzzte)  ;  in  the  Carnatic  with  corundum  (fibrolite)  ;  at  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria  ;  near  Eger  in 
Bohemia  ;  Marschendorf  in  Moravia  ;  in  France,  in  the  vicinity  of  Issoire  in  boulders,  and  also  in 

*0ne  of  Bournon's  own  specimens,  received  by  Col.  Gibbs  (from  whom  the  original  part  of  the 
Yale  Cabinet  was  obtained)  from  Count  Bournon  himself. 

f  Prof.  Norton  states  that  in  his  analysis  the  excess  of  alumina  was  probably  owing  to  the 
presence  of  aluminate  of  potassa,  which  remained  with  the  alumina  after  separating  the  oxyd  of 
iron  by  caustic  potassa  ;  subtracting  this  excess,  the  analysis  corresponds  to  those  by  Silliman. 


1. 

Carnatic,  Fibrolite 

38-00 

58-25 

0-75 



; 

2. 

u                 u 

36-31 

62-41 



0-70 

- 

3. 

Brioude,        " 

37-18 

61-17 





1-06: 

4. 

Morbihan,     " 

37-10 

61-03 

0-71 



1-20: 

5. 

Tyrol,  Bucholzite 

46-00 

50-00 

2-50 



J 

6. 

Chester,  Pa.  " 

46-40 

52-92 

tr. 



7. 

u                 u 

40-05 

58-88 

0-74 

_____ 

0-40= 

8. 

<l                         U 

35-96 

64-43 



0-52 

9. 
10. 

Brandy  wine  Sp.,  fibrous 
Chester,  Ct.,  Sillimanite 

36-16 
42-66 

63-52 
54-11 

2-00 



0-51  = 

11. 

«                         u 

42-60 

64-90 

1-10 

0-40 

______ 

12. 

"                    " 

36-75 

58-94 

0-90 

______ 

13. 

»                       « 

37-36 

58-62 

2-17 

0-40 

043  = 

14. 

u                        u 

37-65 

62-41 

15. 

««                    « 

39-06 

59-53 

Fe  1-42 

______ 

______ 

16. 

Fairfield,  N.  Y.  " 

37-70 

62-75 

2-29 





17. 

Monrolite 

87-20 

59-02 

2-08 



1-03= 

18. 

u 

37-03 

61-90            

0-85  = 

19. 

Xenolite 

47-44 

52-54 





20. 

Worthite 

40-58 

53-50 



1-00 

4-63  = 

SUBSILICATES. 


375 


346 


the  canton  of  Paulhaguet,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Chavaguac  and  Ourouze  with  cyanite  and  corun- 
dum, and  between  St.  Eble  and  Crespignac. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Massachusetts,  at  Worcester.  In  Connecticut,  at  the  falls  of  the  Yantic, 
near  Norwich,  with  zircon,  monazite,  and  corundum ;  and  at  Chester,  near  Saybrook  (sillimanite}  • 
at  Humphreysville.  In  N.  York,  at  Yorktown,  Westchester  Co.,  10  m.  N.B.  of  Sing  Sing;  near 
the  road  leading  from  Pine's  Bridge  to  Yorktown  P.  Office,  in  distinct  crystals,  with  monazite, 
tremolite,  and  magnetite,  the  crystals  often  running  through  the  magnetite ;  in  Monroe,  Orange 
Co.  (monrolite),  with  mica,  garnet,  magnetite,  etc.  In  Penn.,  at  Chester  on  the  Delaware,  near 
Queensbury  forge ;  in  Delaware  Co.,  in  Birmingham,  Middletown,  Concord,  Aston,  Darby.  In 
Delaware,  at  Brandywiue  Springs 

Fibrolite  was  much  used  for  stone  implements  in  western  Europe  in  the 
"Stone  age."  (Anal.  3,  4.) 

The  crystallization  of  sillimanite,  fibrolite,  bucholzite,  and  also  of  bamlite 
and  xenolite,  was  first  shown  to  be  orthorhombic  by  Descloizeaux,  on  optical 
grounds.  The  terminal  planes  in  the  crystal  figured  by  the  writer  (annexed 
figure)  were  rough,  and,  as  stated  in  the  last  edition,  of  too  doubtful  import 
to  be  relied  on  for  their  angles  or  their  indications  as  to  the  symmetry  of 
the  crystals.  Afforded  Of\I  — 105° ;  0A«i=133°  80',  raA/,  back,=120°  30'. 

The  species  approximates  closely  to  andalusite,  but  appears  to  differ  in 
its  cleavage,  that  parallel  to  i-l  being  very  perfect,  with  none  parallel  to  /; 
and  in  its  positive  bisectrix  and  much  smaller  optic-axial  angle. 

Named  fibrolite  from  the  fibrous  massive  variety ;  bucholzite,  after  the 
chemist  Bucholz  ;  sillimanite,  after  Prof.  Silliman. 

324.  CYANITE.  Talc  bleu  Sage,  Descr.  Cab.  de  1'Ecole  des  Mines,  154,  1784.  Sappare 
Saussure  Jils,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxxiv.  213,  1789.  Beril  feuillete  Sage,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxxi.  39,  1789. 
Cyanit  (fr.  G-reiner)  Wern.,  Hoffm.,  Bergm.  J.,  377,  393,  1789;  Wern.,  ib.,  164,  1790;  Kyanite. 
Disthene  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  101.  Bhsetizit  (fr.  Pfitschthal,  or  ancient  Rhsetia)  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  ii. 
b,  318,  1815,  iv.  b,  128,  1817. 

Triclinic.  In  flattened  prisms,  having  the  planes  £l,  ££,  I,  7',  £2,  as  in 
the  annexed  transverse  section  (fig.  347)  ;  0  rarely  observed.  Crystals 
oblong,  usually  very  long  and  blade-like. 


0  A  £-5=93°  15' 
0  A  £1=100  50 
0  A  77=96  42 
0  A  7=98  58 
7  A  £1=122  21 
i4A£5=106  16 


347 


7A  7'=97°  4' 
i-l  A  1=  140  35 
i-l  A  7=145  41 
£5A7'=13123 

i-l  A  £2=159  15 
7  A  £2 =166  26 

Cleavage :  i-l  perfect ;  i-l  less  so  ;  0  imper- 
fect. Twins :  composition-face  i-l,  the  two 
planes  O  and  i-l  making  angles  with  one  an- 
other; either  right-handed  or  /^-handed,  analogous  to  right-  and  left- 
handed  twins  of  orthoclase  (f.  314, 315,  p.  353) ;  also  a  kind  having  the  two 
crystals  crossing  at  60°.  Also  coarsely  bladed  columnar  to  subfibrous. 

H.  =  5— 7-25,  the  least  on  the  lateral  planes.  G.=3'45-3'7;  3'559, 
white  cyanite ;  3*675,  blue  transparent ;  3*661,  Tyrol,  Erdmann.  Lustre  vit- 
reous— pearly.  Color  blue,  white,  blue  along  the  centre  of  the  blades  or  crys- 
tals with  white  margins  :  also  gray,  green,  black.  Streak  uncolored.  Trans- 
lucent— transparent.  Optic-axial  plane  inclined  about  30°  to  edge  i-l/i-Z, 
and  60°  15'  to  edge  i-l/0;  bisectrix  negative,  very  nearly  normal  to  i-l. 

Var.— The  white  cyanite  is  sometimes  called  Ehcetizite. 
Comp. — &lSi=:Silica  36'8,  alumina  63-2  =  100. 

Analyses :  1-3,  Arfvedson  (Ak.  H.  Stockholm,  1821,  i.  148,  and  Schw.  J.,  xxxiv.  203);  4,  Resales 
(Pogg.,  Iviii.  160);  5,  Marignac  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xiv.  49);  6,  7,  A.  Erdmann  (Jahresb.,  xxiv.  311); 


376 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


1.  Roraas,  Norway 
2.  St.  Gothard 
3.            "       later  an. 
4.             " 
5. 
6.  Roraas 
7.  Tyrol 
8.  Greiner,  Tyrol 
9.  Saualpe,  Car. 
10.  Herajoki,  Finl. 
11.  Wermland 
12.  Lincoln  Co.,  N.  C. 

Si 
36-4 
34-33 
36-9 
36-67 
36-60 
3740 
37-36 
37*30 
37-92 
42-12 
40-02 
37-60 

XI 
63-8 
64-89 
64-7 
63-11 
62-66 
61-86 
62-09 
62-60 
61-60 
55-33 
58-46 
60-40 

8,  Jacobson  (Pogg.,  Ixviii.  416);  9,  Kohler  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  557) ;  10,  Modeen  (Arppe  Undersokn., 
141);  11,  Igelstrom  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixiv.  61);  12,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  371): 

Pe 

=100-2  Arfvedson. 

=99-22         " 

=101-6         " 

1-19=100-97  Resales. 

0-84=100-60  Marignac.     G.  =  3'6. 

0-52,  Cu  0-19,  H  0-61  =  100  58  Erdmann.     G.  =  3'6237. 

0-71  =  100-16  Erdmarm.     G.  =  8'661. 

1-08  =  100  98  Jacobsou.     G.=3'678. 

1-04,  Oa  0-42=100-98  Kohler. 

0-46,  Ca  2-21,  H  2-66  =  102-78  Mod.     Mixed  with  quartz. 

2-04=100-52  Igelstrom.     G.=3'48. 

1-60=99-60  Smith  &  Brush. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  andalusite. 

Obs. — Occurs  principally  in  gneiss  and  mica  slate.  Found  in  transparent  crystals  at  St.  Goth- 
ard  in  Switzerland ;  at  Greiner  and  Pfitsch  (rhcetizite,  or  white  variety)  in  the  Tyrol ;  also  in 
Styria;  Carinthia;  Bohemia;  Norway;  Finland;  at  Pontivy,  France  ;  Villa  Rica,  South  America; 
in  Scotland,  at  Botriphinie  in  Banffshire,  at  Banchory  in  Aberdeenshire,  and  near  Glen  Tilt ;  in 
the  Shetlands  at  Hilswickness  Point;  in  Ireland,  at  Donegal  and  Mayo. 

In  N.  Hamp.,  at  Jaffrey,  on  the  Monadnock  Mtn.  Jn  Mass.,  at  Chesterfield,  with  garnet  in 
mica  schist ;  at  Worthington  and  Blanford  in  good  specimens ;  at  Westfield  and  Lancaster.  In 
Conn.,  at  Litchfield  and  Washington  in  large  rolled  masses,  with  corundum  and  massive  apatite; 
at  Oxford,  near  Humphreysville,  in  mica  schist.  In  Vermont,  at  Thetford  and  Salisbury ;  at  Bel- 
lows Falls  in  short  disseminated  crystals.  In  Penn.,  in  fine  specimens  near  Philadelphia,  on  the 
Schuylkill  road  near  the  Darby  bridge ;  near  the  Schuylkill,  on  the  Ridge  road,  back  of  Robin 
Hood  tavern ;  at  East  and  West  Branford,  Chester  Co. ;  at  Darby  and  Haverford,  Delaware  Co. 
In  Maryland,  eighteen  miles  north  of  Baltimore,  at  Scott's  mill ;  in  Delaware  near  Wilmington. 
In  Virginia  at  Willis's  Mt..  Buckingham  Co.,  and  two  miles  north  of  Chancellor ville,  Spotsyl- 
vania  Co.  In  N.  Carolina,  on  the  road  to  Cooper's  gap  in  Lincoln  Co.,  near  Crowder's  Mtn., 
with  lazulite.  A  black  variety,  associated  with  rutile,  occurs  in  North  Carolina. 

Cyanite,  when  blue  and  transparent,  and  in  sufficiently  large  pieces,  is  employed  as  a  gem,  and 
somewhat  resembles  sapphire. 

Named  from  Kvav6$,  blue.  The  name  sappare  arose  from  a  mistake  by  Saussure,  Jr.,  in  reading 
a  label  of  this  mineral  on  which  it  was  called  sapphire ;  a  copy  of  this  label  is  given  in  J.  de 
Phys.,  xxxiv.  213  ;  the  specimen  thus  labelled  was  from  Botriphinie  in  Scotland,  and  was  sent  by 
the  Duke  of  Gordon  to  Saussure  the  father.  Disthene  is  from  Ms,  twice,  or  of  two  kinds,  and  aVevos, 
strong,  alluding  to  the  unequal  hardness  and  electric  properties  in  two  different  directions. 

Yon  Kobell  has  shown  (Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  1867)  that  the  right  and  left-handed  twins  may  be 
easily  distinguished  by  means  of  polarized  light ;  they  give,  with  the  stauroscope,  a  cross  some- 
what oblique  in  position ;  but  the  principal  optical  section  does  not  revolve  with  the  revolution 
of  the  crystal ;  while  the  colors  change  in  different  order  with  the  revolution,  according  as  the 
twin  is  right-handed  or  left-handed. 

Alt. — Cyanite  occurs  altered  to  talo  and  steatite. 


325.  TOPAZ.  Not  Toirdfio?,  Topazius,  Gr.,  Plin.,  or  Agric.  [= Chrysolite  pt.].  Chrysolithos 
pt.  Plin.,  xxxvii.  42.  Topasius  vulgaris=Chrysolithus  veterum  de  Boot,  Gemm.,  1636.  Chryso- 
lithus  de  Laet,  De  Gemm.  et  Lap.,  1647.  Topazius  vera  Saxonia  (fr.  Schneckenstein)  Henckd, 
Act.  Ac.  N.  Cur.,  iv.  316.  Topas  Wall,  117,  1747.  Topas  pt.  [rest  Beryl,  etc.]  Cronst.,  43, 
1758.  Chrysolithus  (fr.  Saxony)  Linn.,  Syst,  1768.  Topaze  du  Bresil,  T.  de  Saxe,  de  Lisle, 
Crist.,  1772,  1783,  with  figs,  gi,  £l,£a,  Fe,  Bergm.,  Opusc.,  1780.  Si,  Xl,  and  Fluorine  Klapr., 
Mem.  read  before  Ac.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1804,  Beitr.,  iv.  160,  1807  ;  Vauq.,  J.  d.  M.,  xvi.  469,  1804 
(with  ref.  to  anal  by  Klapr.).  Pyrophysalite  (fr.  Finbo)  His.  &  Berz.,  Afh.,  i.  Ill,  1806,  Gehl. 
J.,  iii.  124,  1807=Physalith  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  b,  114,  1817. 

PTCNITE.  Weisser  Stangenschorl  Germ. ;  Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronst.,  169,  1780.  Schorl  blanc  en 
prismes  strides  (fr.  Altenberg)  Sage,  Min.,  i.  204,  1777 ;  de  Lisk,  Crist.,  ii.  420,  1783.  Schorlartiger 
Beril  [var.  of  Beryl]  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  i.  374,  388,  1789.  Stangenstein  [species]  Karst.,  Mus. 
Lesk.,  1789;  Tab.,  20,  69,  1800.  Schorl  blanchatre  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  i  289;  Leucolite  pt.  «0.f 


SUBSILICATE8. 


377 


T.  T.,  ii.  275,  1797.  Schorlite  Klapr.,  CreU's  Ann.,  i.  395,  1788.  Shorlite  Kirwan,  Min.,  i.  286, 
1794.  Pycnite  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Si  +  3cl  +  F  Bucholz,  Schw.  J.,  i.  385,  1803.  Pycnite =Topaze 
=  Silice  fluatee  alumineuse  H.,  TabL,  1809. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=124°  IT,  0  A  1-^=138°  3' ;  a  :  I :  c=0'90243  : 1 : 
r892uO.  Observed  planes  :  0  ;  vertical,  7,  £2,  fr-J,  £2,  £f,  £3,£I,  £5 ;  domes, 
f  I,  1-*,  f-2,  2-2 ;  1-2,  J-2,  2-2,  V-*,  3-S,  H  8-*  ;  octahedral,  £,  f,  1,  |,  2  ;  1-5, 

f  2 ;  ^J;  fH ;  2-f ;  i-2,  H  f  2> 2-*>  1-^  4-2  J  H  f  * ;  H 


0  A  ffcUS0  587 
O  A  24=118  59 
6>A-J:=152  56 
0  A  f=145  47 
0  A  1=134  25 
0  A  2=116  6 
6>Af2  =  138  48 
(9  A  f-S=145  55 
6>  A  1-5  =  150  35 


0  A  f  2=147°  337 
0  A  2-2=136  21 
0  A  4-2=117  40 
/A  £-1=169  27 
/A  £2=161  16 
/A  £3  =  150  6 


|  A  |,  mac.,=149°  31' 
1  A  1,     «     =141  0 

1  A  1,  ov.  (9, =88  49J 

2  A  2-2=127  26^ 

2-2  A  2-2,  ov.  6>,=92  42 
2  A  2,  mac.,=130  22J 


£5  A  £2,  ov.  £2,=93  11     £s  A  £s,  ov.  £2,=115 

£4  A  £4,  ov.  £2, =129 


£*  A  £2  =136 
£?  A  £5  =  141  46 


Crystals  usually  liemihedral,  the  extremities  being  unlike.     Cleavage 
basal,  highly  perfect.     Also  firm  columnar ;  also  granular,  coarse  or  fine. 


349 


352 


Schneckenstein. 


Trumbull,  Ct. 


II.  =  8.  G.=3*4— 3'65.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  straw-yellow,  wine- 
yellow,  white,  grayish,  greenish,  bluish,  reddish  ;  pale.  Streak  uncolored. 
Transparent — subtranslucent.  Fracture  subconchoidal,  uneven.  Pyro- 
electric.  Optic-axial  plane  £2 ;  divergence  very  variable,  sometimes  differ- 
ing much  in  different  parts  of  the  same  crystal ;  bisectrix  positive,  normal 
to  0. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  Usually  in  crystals;  common  form  prismatic.  The  basal  cleavage  is  an 
easily  observed  character.  Crystals  from  La  Paz,  Mexico,  gave  Hessenberg  /A  7=124°  26'. 

Physalite,  or  pyrophysalite,  is  a  coarse  nearly  opaque  variety,  in  yellowish-white  large  crystals 
from  Finbo;  it  intumesces  when  heated,  and  hence  its  name  from  Qvidw,  to  blow,  and  mp,./frfe 

2.  Pycnite.  Structure  columnar,  but  very  compact.  Has  been  considered  a  distinct  species  on 
the  ground  of  composition  (see  anal.)  and  crystallization  (made  monoclinic  by  Forchhammer). 
But  Rose  has  made  out  that  the  cleavage  is  the  same,  and  the  form  probably  the  same ;  and 
Descloizeaux  has  shown  that  the  optical  characters  are  those  of  topaz.  Finally,  Rammelsberg's 
recent  analysis  gives  the  same  composition.  Named  from  7rv<-v<5?,  thick. 

Oomp. — 3tl  Si,  with  one-fifth  of  the  oxygen  of  the  silica  replaced  by  fluorine ;  or,  specially,  Si 
(iSi  02+i  Si  F2)= Silicon  15-17,  aluminum  29-58,  oxygen  34'67,  fluorine  20'68=100;  or,  Silica 


378  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

The  formula  agrees  with  Stadeler's  results,  whc 


16-2,  silicic  fluorid  28-1,  alumina  55-7=100. 


385);  12,  Berzelius  (1.  c.);  13,  Forchhaminer  (1.  c.);  14-,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.): 

Si  £1  F 

1  Auerhach  Saxony  34" 24  57*45  14-99  Berzelius. 

2  Brazil,  yellow  34-01  58'38  15'06  Berzelius. 

3.  Finbo,  pyrophysalite  34-36  57-74  15-02  Berzelius. 

4.  Finbo,             "  35'66  55'16  17'79  Forchhammer. 
5*  Trumbull,  Ct.  35'39  55'96  17*35  Forchhammer. 
6.  Schneckenstein  (|)  33-53  56*54  18 "62  Ramm. 

7  Schlackenwald  (f)33'37  56-76  18-54  Ramm.     G.=3*520. 

8  Adun-Tsehilon  33*56  56'28  18-30  Ramm.     Gr.=3*563. 
9.  Brazil                            (f)  33'73             57*39             16-12  Ramm.     Gr.=3*561. 

10.  Trumbull  32-38  55'32  16'12  Ramm.     G.  =  3*514, 

11   Altenberg,  Pycnite  35'0  48'0  16'5  Bucholz. 

12.          «  "  38-43  51-00  17-09  Berzelius. 

13'  «  «  39  04  51-25  18'48  Forchhammer. 

14  «  «  33-28  55-32  16*12  Ramm.     G.  =  3'514. 

No.  10  gave  0*66  ign.    Deville  (C.  R.,  lii.  782)  obtained  for  topaz  : 

Si  XI  Si  F 

1.  Saxony  22-3  54-3  6'5  17*3=100-4. 

2.  Brazil  25'1  63'8  5'8  15-7  =  100'4. 

Klaproth,  in  1795  (Beitr.,  i.  10),  found  that  pycnite  lost  25  p.  c.  in  a  porcelain  oven;  and 
Forchhammer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxix.  194,  xxx.  400)  obtained  for  the  loss,  at  the  fusing-point  of  iron,  of  the 
topaz  of  Trumbull,  Ct,  23-535  p.  c. ;  of  Brazil,  23'03 ;  of  Finbo,  24-80.  H.  St.  Claire  Deville  states 
(C.  R.,  xxxviii.  317)  that  topaz  loses  its  fluorine  as  fluorid  of  silicon  ;  23  p.  c.  of  this  fiuorid,  in  his 
trials,  passed  off.  In  recent  experiments  made  under  Rammelsberg:s  direction,  the  Finbo  mineral 
lost  in  a  porcelain  oven  22-98  p.  c.;  Schneckensteiu  20'73;  Schlackenwald  17*73  — 16-23;  Trum- 
bull 16*27  — 19-55;  Brazil  15*40— 14*29;  Altenberg  pycnite  19'98.  The  topaz  was  not  fused  in 
the  heating,  yet  somewhat  blistered  at  surface.  The  Brazil  topaz  afforded  Rammelsberg  after  the 
heating  in  which  15*4  p.  c  were  lost,  Si  30*22,  £l  71-34,  F  1-56=103-12;  and  after  that  in  which, 
the  loss  was  14-29  p.  c.,  Si  30-10,  &1  70-38,  F  2-47  =  102*95,  showing  that  the  part  lost  was  not 
strictly  fluorid  of  silicon,  but  may  have  included  some  fluorid  of  aluminum.  G-.  Stadeler  (1.  c.)  has 
shown  that  part  of  the  fluorine  escapes  as  fluohydric  acid,  and  makes  89*9  p.  c.  of  the  loss  to  be 
fluorine.  This  gives  for  the  Trumbull  topaz  (anal.  5),  21*16  F;  the  Brazil,  20-71  F;  the  Finbo, 
22-29,  from  Forchhammer's  results,  and  20  66  from  Rammelsberg's ;  for  the  Saxon,  IS'64  from. 
Rammelsberg's  trials,  and  20'68  from  Deville's;  the  mean  of  the  whole  20*68. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  infusible.  Some  varieties  take  a  wine-yellow  or  pink  tinge  when  heated. 
Fused  in  the  open  tube  with  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  the  reaction  for  fluorine.  With  cobalt 
solution  the  pulverized  mineral  gives  a  fine  blue  on  heating.  Only  partially  attacked  by  sulphuric 
acid.  G-.  before  ignition  3*539,  after,  3'533,  Church. 

Obs.— Topaz  occurs  in  gneiss  or  granite,  with  tourmaline,  mica,  and  beryl,  occasionally  with 
apatite,  fluor  spar,  and  tin  ore ;  also  in  talcose  rock,  as  in  Brazil,  with  euclase,  etc.,  or  in  mica  slate. 
With  quartz,  tourmaline,  and  lithomarge,  it  forms  the  topaz  rock  of  Werner  (topazoseme  of  Haiiy). 
Specimens  of  quartz  crystal  from  Brazil,  penetrated  by  topaz,  are  not  uncommon. 

Minute  crystals  of  three  or  four  different  kinds,  and  two  or  three  kinds  of  liquids,  have  been 
detected  by  Sir  David  Brewster  in  crystals  of  topaz.  (Ediub.  Trans.,  x.,  and  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xii.  214 ; 
and  later,  Edinb.  new  Phil.  J.,  II.  xvi.  130,  Proc.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  iv.  548,  v.  95.)  See  under  OR- 
GANIC COMPOUNDS. 

Fine  topazes  come  from  the  Urals,  near  Katharinenburg,  and  Miask ;  in  Nertschinsk,  beyond 
L.  Baikal,  in  the  Adun-Tschilon  Mts.,  etc.,  one  crystal  from  near  the  river  Urulga,  now  in  the  im- 
perial cabinet  at  St.  Petersburg,  being  llf  in.  long,  6|  in.  broad,  weighing  22£  Ibs.  av.,  and  mag- 
nificent also  in  its  perfect  transparency  and  wine-yellow  color.  Found  also  in  Kamschatka,  of 
yellow,  green,  and  blue  colors  ;  Villa  Rica  in  Brazil,  of  deep  yellow  color,  either  in  veins  or  nests 
in  lithomarge,  or  in  loose  crystals  or  pebbles ;  sky-blue  crystals  in  Cairngorm,  Aberdeenshire ; 
Jameson  mentions  one  which  weighed  19  oz. ;  at  the  tin  mines  of  Schlackenwald,  Zinnwald,  and 
Ehrenfriedersdorf,  and  smaller  crystals  at  Schneckeustein  and  Altenberg ;  the  Mourne  mountains, 
small  limpid  crystals  with  beryl,  albite,  and  mica,  in  drusy  cavities  in  granite.  Physalite  occurs  in 


SUBSILICATES. 


3T9 


crystals  of  great  size,  at  Fossum,  Norway ;  Finbo,  Sweden,  in  a  granite  quarry,  and  at  Broddbo. 
in  a  boulder ;  one  crystal  from  this  last  locality,  at  Stockholm,  weighed  eighty  pounds. 

Topaz  occurs  also  in  the  Mercado  Mtn.,  in  Durango,  Mexico,  along  with  tin  ore  and  magnetite  ; 
at  La  Paz,  province  of  Guauaxuato.  Pycnite  is  from  the  tin  mine  of  Altenberg  in  Saxony  ;  also 
those  of  Schlackenwald,  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia,  and  Kongsberg  in  Norway. 

In  the  United  States,  in  Conn,,  at  Trumbull,  with  fluor  and  diaspore ;  at  Middletown  rare ; 
at  Willimantic,  with  columbite.  In  N.  Car.,  at  Crowder's  Mountain.  In  Utah,  near  39°  40'  N.  and 
113£°  W.,  W.  of  S.  of  Salt  Lake,  in  Thomas's  Mts.,  on  Capt.  Simson's  return  trail  At  Trumbull 
the  crystals  are  abundant,  but  are  seldom  transparent,  except  those  of  small  size ;  these  are 
usually  white,  or  with  a  tinge  of  green  or  yellow.  The  large  coarse  crystals  are  sometimes  six 
or  seven  inches  in  diameter. 

A  variety  of  topaz  from  Brazil,  when  heated,  assumes  a  pink  or  red  hue,  resembling  the  Balas 
ruby.  The  finest  crystals  are  brought  from  Minas  Novas  in  Brazil.  From  their  peculiar  limpid- 
ity, topaz  pebbles  are  sometimes  denominated  gouttes  tfeau.  The  coarse  varieties  of  topaz  may  be 
employed  as  a  substitute  for  emery. 

On  the  cryst.  of  topaz,  see  Kokscharof,  Min.  RussL,  ii.  198,  344,  iii.  195,  378;  Hessenberg,  Min. 
Not,  No.  vii.  38. 

The  name  topaz  is  from  Toird^io^  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  as  stated  by  Pliny.  But  the  topaz 
of  Pliny  was  not  the  true  topaz,  as  it  "  yielded  to  the  file."  Topas  was  included  by  Pliny  and 
earlier  writers,  as  weh1  as  by  many  later,  under  the  name  chrysolite. 

Alt. — Topaz  is  found  altered  both  to  steatite,  and  kaolin  or  h'thomarge. 


326.  EUCLASE.  Hauy ;  Delameth.,  J.  de  Phys.,  xli.  155,  1792  (without  credit  toHaiiy); 
T.  T.,  ii.  254,  1797  (with  credit  to  Hauy) ;  Hauy,  J.  d.  Mines,  v.  258, 1799,  Tr.,  ii.  1801.  Euklas 
Germ. 

Monoclinic.  6y=79°  44'=  <9  A  i-i,  I /\  7=115°  0',  0  A  14=146°  45' ; 
a  :  I  :  c=l'02943  :  1  :  1*54:46=1  :  0-97135  :  1-50043.  Observed  planes : 
vertical,  /(«),  i-i(a\  i-l(l>),  £2(7),  £^(«),  £J(/S),  £f  (Z),  ilf-fy),  U*-(h\ 

£3(£),  £8(f),  £18,  £32;  £f ;  clinodomes,  J4(*)j  ^(°\  f*&)i  24,34; 

hemidomes,  J-*,  £-&,  ~L-i  ;  hemioctaliedral,  1,  -1  (u)  ;  1-2  (d\  -1-2  (/•),  ^-%  (a) ; 

-«?)'  -i-3^);  H(/)5 


- 

£1 
i-l 
i-l 
i-l 
i-l 
i4 

ff 
1-2 
1-2 
-1 

2-f 


A  7=122°  30' 
A  £2=107  40 
A  £^=90 
A  f  f=127  5 
A  -2-^=130  17 
A  -1=112  50 
A  -1-2=101  53 
A  14=123 
A  1-2=104  5 
A  |-|=105 
A  -1-2=156  14 
A  1-2=151  43 
A  -1,  front,=134 
A  2-f  =130  16 
A  i/-JLQ.=123  22 


354A 


20 

14  A  14,  top,=113°29/ 

i-i  A  H  top, =143  42 


O  A  J4=161°  511 


Cleavage  :  i-l  very  perfect  and  brilliant ;  0,  i-i  much  less  distinct.     Found 
only  in  crystals. 

H.=7-5.     G.=3-098,  Haid.;  3-097,  blue,  from  Brazil,  Descl. ;  3-096— 


380  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

3-103,  fr.  Urals,  Koksch.  Lustre  vitreous,  somewhat  pearly  on  the  cleavage- 
face.  Colorless,  pale  mountain-green,  passing  into  blue  and  white.  Streak  un- 
colored.  Transparent ;  occasionally  subtransparent.  Fracture^conchoidal. 
Very  brittle.  I)ouble  refraction  strong ;  optic-axial  plane  i-l ;  bisectrix 
acute,  positive. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  Be,  3tl,  Si.  H=2  :  3  :  4  :  1,  from  Damour's  analysis,  who  first  found  water 
to  be  a  constituent;  whence  (ifi'  +  f  Be3  +  f  3tl)Si= Silica  41-1,  alumina  85-3,  glucina  17'4,  water 
6-2  =  100.  Fluorine  replaces  a  little  of  the  oxygen.  Analyses  :  1,  Berzelius  (Schw.  J.,  xxvii.  73); 
2,  Mallet  (PhiL  Mag.,  IV.  v.  127) ;  3,  Damour  (C.  R,  xl.  942): 

Si         3tl        £e     Fe      Be       Ca       Sn     H        F 

1.  43-22     30-56     2'22    21-78    0'70    =98-48  Berzelius. 

2.  44-18     31-87     T31 21'43 0'35     =99'14  MaUett. 

3.  (|)41-63     34-07      T03     16'97    0'14     0'34    6'04    0'38=100'60  Damour 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube,  when  strongly  ignited,  B.B.  gives  off  water  (Damour).  B.B.  m 
the  forceps  cracks  and  whitens,  throws  out  points,  and  fuses  at  5*5  to  a  white  enamel.  Becomes 
electric  by  friction,  and,  when  once  excited,  retains  this  property  for  several  hours.  Not  acted 
on  by  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  Brazil,  in  the  mining  district  of  Villa  Kica,  with  topaz  in  chloritic  schist ;  in 
the  auriferous  sands  of  the  Orenburg  district,  southern  Ural,  near  the  river  Sanarka,  with  topaz, 
corundum,  cyanite,  etc.  One  Ural  crystal  measures  3  in.  by  f  in. 

The  crystallization  of  this  species  is  elaborately  detailed  by  Schabus  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Eoyal  Academy  of  Vienna,  vol.  vi.,  and  by  Kokscharof  in  Pogg.,  ciii.  348,  and  his  Russian  Min- 
eralogy. 

Euclase  receives  a  high  polish,  but  is  useless  as  an  ornamental  stone  on  account  of  its  brittle- 
ness. 

Named  by  Haiiy  from  M,  easily,  and  *Xdw,  to  break.  Hauy  states  that  his  name,  Euclase,  was 
published  by  Daubentou  in  an  early  issue  of  his  Tableau  meth.  de  Mineraux  ;  but  the  particular 
edition  of  the  Tableau  (of  which  several  were  issued)  the  author  has  not  been  able  to  learn.  De- 
lametherie.  after  publishing,  in  1792,  the  name  and  description,  without  crediting  either  to  Haiiy, 
in  his  Theoriede  la  Terre.  in  1797,  gives  Haiiy  full  credit. 

First  brought  to  Europe  from  S.  America  by  Dombey,  in  1785. 

327.  DATOLITE.  Datolith  (fr.  Arendal)  EsmarJc  (undescr.) ;  Karsten  &  Klapr.,  Gehlen's  J.,  vi. 
1806,  Zlapr.  Beitr.,  iv.  354,  1807  ;  Karst.,  Tab.,  52,  1808.  Datholit  Wern.,  1808.  Datholite 
Brongn.,  Min.,  ii.  397,  1807.  Chaux  boratee  sUiceuse  H.,  TabL,  17,  1809.  Esmarkit  Hausm., 
Handb.,  862,  1813.  Datolite  Atfcin,  Min.,  1815  ;  Jameson,  ii.  257,  1816.  Borate  of  lime;  Boro- 
silicate  of  lime.  Humboldtite  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  v.  130,  1823. 

Botriolit  Hausm.,  v.  Moll's  Efem.,  iv.  393,  1808.  Botryolith  Karsi,  Tab.,  52,  1808.  Chaux 
boratee  siliceuse  var.  concretionnee-mammelomiee  H.,  TabL,  17, 145, 1809.  Faser-datolith  Leonh., 
Handb.,  590,  1821.  Botryolite. 

Monoclinic.  (7=89°  54'=  0  (below)  A  i-i,  7  A  7=115°  3'  0  A  1-1=162° 
27';  a  :  I  :  c=0'49695  :  1  :  1-5712.  Observed  planes:  0  («);  vertical,  / 
(d),  w  (c\  iA  (b,  rare),  iA  (0),  £|  (r) ;  clinodomes,  14  (*),  f  4  (£),  24  (g\ 
44  (m\ ;  hemidomes,  24  (y),  -14  (u\  -|4  (v\  -24  (a?),  -34  (/),  -44  fa), 
-6^  (*),  -84  (4,) ;  hemipyramids,  -f-  (k),  1  (Q,  |-  (I  of  Schroder),  2  (e\  4  (/3), 
4  (n\  -6  (J),  -8  (5  of  S.);  -3:3,  -6-3  (p);  --4-2  (6)  ;  -5-5  (v)  •  -3-3  (w)  • 
12-|  (p)  ;  2-2  (A),  -4-2  (z\  -f  2  (*),  -8-2  fe) ;  |-|  ?  (t  of  f.  358). 

0  A  -24=135°  137  6>A|-=1540  52r  0  A  6-3=108°  13' 

0  A  -14=153   35  6>Af=141  49  .       O  A  4-2=121  58 

0  A  -64=108   37  O  A  2=130  23  O  A  8-2=107  20 

0  A  1=149  33  O  A  -4=113  4  O  A  7=90  5 


SUBSILICATES. 


381 


6>A^=90°  4' 
0  A  24=147  41 
0  A  44=128  19 
/A  2=139  32 
/A -4=157  1 
A  1=111 


i-i  A  7=147°  32' 
^4  A  ^=128  9 
i-i  A  24=90  5 
i-i  A  44=90  4 
/A  7,  front, =115  3 
24  A  24,ov.  (9, =115  21 


a'-a  A  £•&,  ov.  ^,=76°  18' 
44  A  44,  ov.  6>,=76  38 
7-2  A  2,  adj.,=131  38 

-24  A  -4 =145  34 

-24  A -£4=134  53 
4  A  f,  adj.,=141  14 


Cleavage :   0  distinct.     Also  botryoidal  and  globular,  having  a  columnar 
structure ;  also  divergent  and  radiating ;  also  massive,  granular  to  compact. 


355 


357 


Isle  Royale. 


Toggiana. 


H.  =  5— 5-5.  G.=2-8— 3  ;  2'989,  Arendal,  Haidinger.  Lustre  vitreous, 
rarely  subresinous  on  a  surface  of  fracture ;  color  white ;  sometimes  gray- 
ish, pale  green,  yellow,  red,  or  amethystine,  rarely  dirty  olive-green  or 
honey-yellow.  Streak  white.  Translucent ;  rarely  opaque  white.  Frac- 
ture uneven,  subconchoidal.  Brittle.  Plane  of  optical  axis  i-\  ;  angle  of 
divergence  very  obtuse  ;  bisectrix  nearly  normal  to  i-i. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary.  In  crystals,  glassy  in  aspect  Usual  forms  as  in  figures.  Crystals  from 
Bergen  Hill,  examined  by  Hessenberg  (Min.  Not.,  No.  iv.),  similar  to  fig.  355,  but  wanting  0,  -6-i, 
-  6-3,  and  having  4,  f-i,  ib.  Those  of  Andreasberg  have  the  planes  0,  i-i,  I,  i-fc  (these  three 


382 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


quite  small) ;  -K  -2-i,  -44,  H  2-i;  2-i,  44,  -4,  -6,  -8,  2,  $,  f,  -4-2,  -8-2,  -f  2,  -2-2, 1-i  (Schroe- 
der,  Pogg.,  xcviii.  34,  and  Dauber,  ib.,  ciii.  116).  Those  of  Toggiana,  as  in  fig.  360,  with  also  t-i, 
i-f,  -8-i,  1-1,  4,  £,  -6-3,  -5-f.  One  ot  Glen  Farg,  figured  by  Greg  &  Lettsom,  has  the  planes  of  the 
rhombic  prism  /  (d)  very  large,  i-i  (P)  narrow  linear,  the  clinodomes  2-i,  4-i  narrow,  and  the  oc- 
tahedral planes  -4  (small),  $  (large),  1,  2. 

The  plane  i-i  is  usually  made  0,  and  0,  i-i,  and  4-i,  /;  but  m  that  case  the  form  is  not  so  simply 
presented  as  in  the  above  figures.  The  angles  of  the  vertical  prisms  /,  i-2  are  very  nearly  identi- 
cal with  those  of  the  clinodomes  2-i,  4-t.  The  small  letters  added  to  the  crystallographic  symbols 
in  the  list  of  observed  planes  above,  are  the  lettering  of  Brooke  &  MiUer  (Min.,  408)  and  of  Dauber. 
The  plane  t,  of  fig.  358,  makes  parallel  intersections  with  $  and  4-t,  but  not  with  2  and  2-fc  0  A  t= 
140°  -142° li-l  A  t—  about  109£°  by  measurement. 

2  Compact  massive.     White  opaque,  breaking  with  the  surface  of  porcelain  or  Wedgewood 
ware.     G.=2'911,  Hayes;  2'983,  Chandler.     From  the  L.  Superior  region  (anal.  8). 

3  Botryoidal:  Botryolite.     Radiated  columnar,  having  a  botryoidal  surface,  and  containing  more 
water  than  the  crystals.   The  original  locality  of  both  the  crystallized  and  botryoidal  was  Arendal, 

NComyp.-0.  ratio  for  R,  B,  Si,  H=2  :  3  :  4  :  1 ;  (Ca3,H»,B)Si,  in  which  H3  :  Ca3  :  B  =  l  :  2: 
3— Silica  37-5,  boric  acid  21'9,  lime  35-0,  water  6'6=2uO.  For  botryolite,  the  ratio  2:3:4:2. 

Analyses:  1,  Stromeyer  (Pogg.,  xii.  157);  2,  Du  Menil  (Schw.  J.,  Hi.  364);  3,  4,  Rammels- 
berg  (Pogg.,  xlvii.  175);  5,  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  65);  6,  Tschermak  (Kenng.  Uebers.,  1860, 
57);  7,  Whitney  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  III.  xv.  435);  8,  0.  F.  Chandler  (ib.,  xxxviii.  13);  9,  A.  A.  Hayes 
(J.  N.  H.  S.,  Boston,  viii.  62);  10,  Rammelsberg  (L  c.): 


Si 


B 


Ca          H 


1. 

Datolite,  Andreasberg 

37-36 

21-26 

35-67 

2. 

«                 « 

38-51 

21-34 

35-59 

3. 

u                       u 

38-48 

20-31 

35-64 

4. 

"        Arendal 

37-65 

21-24 

35-41 

6, 

Mt.  Caporciano 

37-50 

22-03 

35-34 

6. 

7. 
8. 

Toggiana 
I.  Royale,  Datolite 
L.  Superior,  white 

38-2 
37-64 
37-41 

[21-2] 
[21-88] 
[21-40] 

34-9 
34-68 
35-11 

9. 

"        (|)38-12 

22-40 

33-23 

10. 

Arendal,  Botryolite 

36-08 

19-34 

35-22 

5-71=100  Stromeyer. 

4-60=1 00'14  Du  Menil. 

5-57  =  1 00  Rammelsberg. 

5-70=100  Rammelsberg. 

1-56,  £1  0-85,  Mg  2-12  =  99-41  Bechi. 

6-7  =  100  Tschermak. 

5-80,  Mn  «r.  =  100  Whitney. 

5-73,  £l,  £e  0-35=100  Chandler. 

8-97,  Si,  £e  0-52,  Cu  0'04,  q'tz  1-94=99-72  H. 

8-63=99-27  Rammelsberg. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  much  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  2  with  intumescence  to  a 
clear  glass,  coloring  the  flame  bright  green.  Gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Datolite  is  found  in  trappean  rocks ;  also  in  gneiss,  dioryte,  and  serpentine ;  in  me- 
tallic vems ;  sometimes  also  in  beds  of  iron  ore.  Found  in  Scotland,  in  trap,  at  Kilpatrick  Hills, 
Glen  Farg  in  Perthshire,  and  in  Salisbury  Craigs ;  in  a  bed  of  magnetite  at  Arendal  in  Norway, 
and  in  Uto  in  Sweden ;  at  Andreasberg,  in  veins  of  silver  ores,  in  argillaceous  schist,  with  apo- 
phyllite,  etc. ;  at  Niederkirchen  and  Sonthofen  in  Bavaria  (the  humboldtite) ;  in  granite  at  Baveno 
near  Lago  Maggiore,  one  crystal  from  which  place  measured  4£  x  3f  x  !•$•  inches ;  at  the  Seisser 
Alp,  Tyrol,  and  also  at  Theiss,  near  Claussen;  at  Mt.  Catini,  Tuscany,  in  gabbro;  at  Toggiana 
in  Modena,  in  serpentine ;  in  dioryte,  on  the  Rosskopf,  near  Freiburg,  in  Brisgau. 

Datolite  occurs  crystallized  and  massive  at  the  Rocky  Hill  quarry,  Hartford.  Conn.,  in  the 
north-east  part  of  Southington,  near  Mr.  Hamlen's,  in  amygdaloid,  both  in  crystals,  fibrous,  and 
massive;  also  in  Berlin,  near  Kensington;  in  the  north-west  part  of  Meriden  and  at  Middle- 
field  Falls,  Conn;  in  better  specimens  at  Roaring  Brook,  14  miles  from  New  Haven,  where  the 
crystals  (f.  355-356)  are  sometimes  half  an  inch  long,  and  nearly  pellucid ;  the  author  obtained 
from  a  transparent  crystal  of  this  locality  /A  7=115°  12',  giving  by  calculation  for  i-2  A  i-%  76° 
28';  the  plane  s  is  not  quite  even,  and  is  often  unpolished;  in  N.  Jersey,  at  Bergen  Hill,  in 
splendid  crystals  ;  in  trappean  rocks,  both  crystals  and  the  opaque  white  compact  variety  (anal. 
8),  in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  at  the  Minnesota,  Quincy,  Marquette,  Ash-bed,  and  other 
mines ;  at  the  Superior  mine  near  Ontohagon,  and  on  Isle  Royale. 

Named  from  <5arto//a«,  to  divide,  alluding  to  the  granular  structure  of  a  massive  variety.  Werner 
introduced  an  h  after  the  first  t  without  reason,  and  most  subsequent  authors  have  followed  him 
in  this ;  but  not  Karsten,  nor  Leonhard  who  pronounced  it  wrong,  nor  Haidinger,  Aikin,  Jame- 
son, and  others. 

Levy  gave  the  name  humboldtite  to  crystals  which  he  found  to  be  monoclinic,  datolite  having 
been  made  orthorhombic  by  Haiiy.  Wollaston  proved  their  identity  with  datolite. 

Alt. — Haytorite  is  datolite  altered  to  chalcedony. 


SUBSILICATES. 


383 


328.  GUARINTTE.     Guiscardi,  ZS.  G.,  x.  14,  1858. 

Tetragonal.  0  A  1-£=159°  38';  a=0'3712. 
Observed  planes  as  in  the  figure.  0  A  2-*= 
143°  33',  ti  A  1-£=110°  22',  £*  A  2-fcl26°  27', 
i-i  A  £2=153°  26',  i-i  A  £3=161°  27'.  In  thin 
tables ;  fig.  362  a  top  view ;  planes  i-i  sometimes 
wanting;  \-i  and  %4  observed  in  only  one  of 
the  two  zones.  Cleavage  parallel  to  ££,  rather 
imperfect. 

H.=6.  G.=3-487.  Lustre  of  cleavage-face 
somewhat  adamantine.  Color  sulphur-yellow, 
honey-yellow,  pale  or  dark.  Streak  uncolored, 
or  whitish-gray.  Transparent  to  translucent. 

Comp.— (Ca+Ti)  Si,  same  as  for  titanite.  Analysis  by  Guiscardi  (L  c.):  Si  33-64,  fi  33'92,  Oa 
28*01,  Pe,  Mn  tr.  The  compound  is  consequently  dimorphous. 

Pyr.,  etc. — The  same  as  in  titanite. 

Obs. — Found  in  small  cavities  in  a  grayish  trachyte,  on  Monte  Somma,  along  with  glassy  feld- 
spar and  nephelite.  The  mass  of  the  trachyte  is  rich  in  glassy  feldspar,  hornblende,  and  melanite. 
In  one  case  in  the  common  rock  of  Somma,  consisting  of  feldspar  and  nephelite,  and  here  along 
with  sphene. 

As  titanic  acid  itself  is  trimorphous,  it  is  not  strange  that  a  compound  containing  it  should  be 
dimorphous. 

329.  TITANITE.  Nouv.  substance  minerale  (fr.  Chamouni)  Pictet,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxxi.  368, 
1787  ;=Pictite  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  il  282,  1797.  Titanit  (fr.  Passau)  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  i.  245,  1795 ; 
=rTitane  siliceo-calcaire  Daubenton,  Tabl.,  1799,  H..  Tr.,  iv.  1801  ;=Braun  Manakerz  Wern.,  Min. 
Syst.,  1808,  Leonh.  Tasch.,  iii.  311,  1809.  Schorl  rayonnante  en  gouttiere  [or  channelled  Actin- 
olite,  the  cryst.  being  twins  with  a  ree'nt.  angle]  Saiissure,  Yoy.  Alpes,  iv.  103,  1796;=Sphene 
H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801  ;=G-elb  Menakerz  W&rn.,  1808,  1.  c. 

Semeline  (fr.  Marone,  Dauphiny)  Fl  de  Bellevue,  J.  de  Phys.,  li.  443,  1800.  Spinthere  K,  Tr., 
iv.  1801. 

Ligurite  (fr.  Stura,  Apennines  (Liguria))  Viviani,  Mem.  Ace.  Sci.  G-enova,  iii.,  J.  de  Phys., 
Ixxvii.  236,  1813.  Greenovite  (fr.  St.  Marcel)  Duf.,  Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xvii.  529,  1840.  Lederite 
Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxxix.  357,  1840.  Aspidelite  Weibye. 

Monoclinic.  £=60°  IT=  0  A  i-i ;  /A  7=113°  31r,  0  A  14=159°  39r ; 
a  :  1}  :  c=0'56586  :^1  :  1-3251.  Observed  planes:  0;  vertical,  £*,  £1,  /, 
£3  ;  clinodomes,  24,  4-1,  J^4  ;  hemidomes,  — J-*  (or  -|-J-^),  -2-*,  -5-*,  f-^,  f-^, 
\-i,  2-i ;  hemioctahedral,  i,  f ,  1,  -1,  2,  -2,  4,  -4 ;  1-2,  2-2,  -4-2 ;  -3-3  ;  f| ; 
'\  1-J. 

O(y)  A  £*(P)=119°  63'  %(ri)  A  -2(Q,  ov.  7,=108°  39r 

OM  A  l-i(x)=l 59 
OM  A  4-l(^)=123  59 
OM  A  I(r}= 114  30 
OM  A  1(4=164  19 
"   /)  A  2(7i)=141  44 
'&)  A  -1(Q=139  26 
OM  A  -2(V)=109  37 
A  1(^=149  43 


f-f;  1-2,  -34,  6-3, 


2-2(6 


12 

=133  52 
0  52 

A  -4=106  2 
A  2-2fe)=15f  16 
A  1-2H=164  36 


-1(Z)  A  -1(^= 
-2(4  A  -2(^)= 


384 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


A  *4(&)=1±0°  21' 
A  -3-ft(m)=76  7 
A*-a(&)=14:127 
A  <&-3(o)=167  41 


=146  45 

=140  4:3 

= 90 


868 


370 


Greenovite. 
369 


Lederite. 

Cleavage :  /  sometimes  nearly  perfect ;  i-i  and  —1  much  less  so  ;  rarely 
(in  greenovite)  2  easy,  -2  less  so ;  sometimes  hemimorphic  (f.  372). 
Twins :  composition-face  i-i,  and  twinned  either  (a)  by  revolution  on  an 
axis  normal  to  i-i,  or  (7>)  on  a  vertical  axis  ;  the  former  very  common,  and 
usually  producing  thin  tables  with  a  reentering  angle  along  one  side ;  some- 
times elongated,  as  in  f.  373  ;  occasionally  in  double  twins,  or  fours,  as 
would  be  represented  by  two  f.  373  united  back  to  back.  Sometimes  mas- 
sive, compact ;  rarely  lamellar. 

H.=5— 5'5.  G.=3'4— 3'56.  Lustre  adamantine — resinous.  Color 
brown,  gray,  yellow,  green,  and  black.  Streak  white,  slightly  reddish  in 
greenovite.  Transparent — opaque.  Brittle.  Optic-axial  plane  i-l ;  bisec- 
trix positive,  very  closely  normal  to  \-i  (x) ;  double  refraction  strong ; 
axial  divergence  53°-56°  for  the  red  rays,  46°-450  for  the  blue;  Descl. 

Comp.,  Var.— (Ca+Ti)  Si,  which  is  equivalent  to  fi  Si  (since  R  0+R02=R203);  it  being  a 
3  :  2  silicate,  like  andalusite,  but  one  in  which  titanium  forms  part  of  the  base. 
Var.  1.  Ordinary,  (a)  Titanite ;  brown  to  black,  the  original  being  thus  colored,  also  opaque  or 


SUBSILICATES. 


385 


subtransluceut.    (6)  Sphene  (named  from  a$i\v,  a  wedge)  ;  of  light  shades,  as  yellow,  greenish,  etc., 
and  often  translucent ;  the  original  was  yellow. 
Ligurite  was  an  apple-green  sphene;    Spinthere  (or  Semeline)  a  greenish;   named  spinth&re 


371 


Pictite. 


373 


Rothenkopf. 


Schwarzenstein. 

from  its  lustre,  and  semeline  from  semen  lini,  flax-seed,  alluding  to  a  common  form.     Lederite, 
brown,  opaque,  or  subtranslucent,  of  the  form  in  f.  369. 

2.  Manganesian ;  Greenovite.     Red  or  rose-colored,  owing  to  the  presence  of  a  little  manganese. 

3.  In  the  crystals  there  is  a  great  diversity  of  form,  arising  from  an  elongation  or  not  into  a 
prism,  and  from  the  occurrence  of  the  elongation  in  the  direction  of  different  diameters  of  the 
fundamental  form,     (a)  Long  prismatic   in  the  direction  of  the  prism  /,  f.  367    of  spinthere, 
from  Dauphiny ;   short  prismatic,  in  the  same  direction,  f.  369,  kderite,  from  northern  New  York  ; 
(c)  oblong  prismatic  in  the  direction  of  the  edge  2/2,  very  common,  f.  363-365 ;  (d)  in  the  direction 
of  the  edge  -1  /  -1,  f.  368  (from  Naumann) ;  e  in  the  direction  of  the  prism  4-t,  f.  371,  pictite,  and 
f.  373  twin  from  Schwarzenstein ;  (/)  not  elongated,  of  which  f.  366  is  one  example  among  many 
widely  different.     Besides  these  there  are  (g)  hemimorphic  forms,  as  in  f.  372,  the  planes  of  the 
opposite  extremities  of  the  crystal  being  unlike. 

Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  i.  245);  2,  3,  Resales  and  Brooks  (Fogg.,  Ixii.  253);  4,  Fuchs, 
(Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xlvi.  319);  5,  H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  253);  6,  Marignac  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III. 
xiv.  47);  7,  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  Mines,  IV.  vi.  325);  8,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  442);  9, 
Arppe  (Anal.  Finske  Min.,  34) : 


Si  Ti 

1.  Passau,  In.  35  33 

2.  "  30-63  42-56 

3.  Arendal,  bn.  31-20  40*92 

4.  Schwarzenstein,  yw.  32-52  43'2l 

5.  Zillerthal,  ywh.  gn.  32*29  41-58 

6.  Piedmont,  Greenovite  32-26  38-57 

7.  '•  30-4  42-0 

8.  Grenville,  Lederite  31'83  40'00 

9.  Frugard,  Finl.,  bn.  31-03  43*57 


Ca 

33      =101  Klaproth. 
25-00,  Fe  3-93=102-12  Brooks. 
22-25,  Fe  5'06=99'43  Rosales. 
24-18=9991  Fuchs;  G  =3'44. 
26-61,  Fe  0-96=101-44  Rose;  G.=3'535. 
27-65,  Fe  0'76,  Mn  0'76=100  Marignac. 
24-3,  Mn  3-6=100-3  Delesse. 
28-31,  ign.  0-40=100-54  Hunt;  G.=3'5. 
21-76,  Fe  0-75,  &g  0'08,£l  1-05,  ign.  0'38=98'62  A. 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  some  varieties  change  color,  becoming  yellow,  and  fuse  at  3  with  intu- 
mescence, to  a  yellow,  brown,  or  black  glass.  With  borax  they  afford  a  clear  yellowish- 
green  glass.  Imperfectly  soluble  in  heated  muriatic  acid ;  and  if  the  solution  be  concentrated 
along  with  tin,  it  becomes  of  a  fine  violet  color.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  R.F.  gives  a  violet 
bead ;  varieties  containing  much  iron  require  to  be  treated  with  the  flux  on  charcoal  with  metal- 
lic tin.  Completely  decomposed  by  sulphuric  and  fluohydric  acids. 

Obs. — Titanite  occurs  in  imbedded  crystals,  in  granite,  gneiss,  mica  schist,  syenite,  chlorite 
schist,  and  granular  limestone ;  also  in  beds  of  iron  ore,  and  volcanic  rocks,  and  often  associated 
with  pyroxene,  hornblende,  chlorite,  scapolite,  zircon,  etc.  Found  in  complicated  compound 

25 


386  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

crystals  of  a  pale  green  color  and  transparent,  in  the  Grisons,  Switzerland,  associated  with 
feldspar  and  chlorite ;  in  mica  slate  at  St.  Gothard ;  also  at  Mont  Blanc,  and  elsewhere,  in  the 
Alps ;  on  crystals  of  calcite  at  Chalanches  and  Maromme,  in  Dauphiny  (the  spinihere  H.) ;  in  small 
reddish  crystals  in  the  protogine  of  Pormenaz  and  Chamouni  (pictite  Saus.) ;  in  large,  broad,  yel- 
lowish or  reddish-green  crystals,  with  colorless  apatite,  in  a  talcose  schist  at  Ala,  Piedmont 
(ligurite) ;  in  pale  yellowish-green  transparent  or  translucent  crystals,  laceolate  in  form,  lining 
fissures  in  titanic  iron  at  Arendal,  in  Norway  (aspidelite  Weibye) ;  at  Achmatovsk,  Urals  ;  at  St. 
Marcel,  in  Piedmont,  with  manganesian  epidote  and  romeine  (greenovite  Duf.,  anal.  6,  7) ;  at  Val. 
Maggia,  Piedmont ;  at  Schwarzenstein,  Tyrol ;  at  Felberthal  in  Pinzgau ;  at  Frugard,  in  Finland, 
of  a  brownish-black  color  (anal.  9).  Smah1  crystals  occur  in  syenite  at  Strontian  in  Argyleshire, 
near  Criffel  in  Galloway;  at  Craig  Cailleach  in  Perthshire;  in  Inverness:  near  Tavistock:  near 
Tremadoc,  in  North  Wales,  with  brookite ;  at  Crow  Hill,  near  Newry,  Ireland. 

Occasionally  it  is  found  among  volcanic  rocks,  as  at  Lake  Laach  (semeline  of  F.  de  Belle vue), 
and  at  Andernach  on  the  Rhine. 

Occurs  in  Canada  at  Grenville,  Elmsley,  Burgess,  and  Grand  Calumet  Island,  in  amber-colored 
crystals ;  in  the  trachytes  of  Yamaska,  Shefford,  and  Brome  Mts.  In  Maine,  in  fine  crystals 
at  Sanford,  also  at  Thurston.  In  Mass.,  good  crystals  in  gneiss,  in  the  east  part  of  Lee ;  at  Bolton 
with  pyroxene  and  scapolite  in  limestone  ;  at  Pelham.  In  Conn.,  at  Trumbull.  In  N.  York,  at  Roger's 
Rock  on  Lake  George,  abundant  in  small  brown  crystals,  along  with  graphite  and  pyroxene  ;  at 
Gouverneur,  hi  black  crystals  in  granular  limestone  with  scapolite  :  in  Diana  near  Natural  Bridge, 
Lewis  Co.,  in  dark  brown  crystals,  among  which  is  the  variety  kderite  (f.  369),  in  which  cleavage 
is  distinct  parallel  to  /;  the  crystals  are  sometimes  nearly  three  inches  square ;  at  Rossie,  St. 
Lawrence  Co.,  in  pale  red  and  brown  crystals  with  apatite,  pargasite,  and  feldspar ;  in  Macomb  near 
Pleasant  Lake  ;  in  Orange  Co.,  in  large  crystals  abundant  in  limestone,  near  Duck-cedar  pond,  in 
the  town  of  Monroe  ;  near  Edenville,  in  light  brown  crystals,  sometimes  nearly  two  inches  across. 
in  limestone ;  five  miles  south  of  Warwick,  in  large  grayish-brown  crystals,  with  zircon,  horn- 
blende, and  iron  ore ;  also  in  small  crystals  a  mile  south  of  Amity ;  in  Westchester  Co.,  near 
PeekskiU,  in  an  aggregate  of  feldspar,  quartz,  and  hornblende ;  also  near  West  Farms,  in  small 
reddish-brown  prisms.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Franklin,  of  a  honey-yellow  color.  In  Penn.,  Bucks  Co., 
three  miles  west  of  Attleboro',  associated  with  tabular  spar  and  graphite. 

The  crystallization  was  first  clearly  made  out  by  G.  Rose  in  1821.  For  recent  observations 
see  R.  &  M.  Min. ;  Descl.  Min. ;  Hessenberg  Min.  Not.,  Nos.  i.  to  vii ;  v.  Rath.,  Pogg.,  cxv. 
466.  Breithaupt  states  that  much  sphene  is  triclinic  (Handb.,  ii.  744,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  107).  Fig. 
370  above  is  ideal,  being  intended  to  exhibit  the  relative  positions  of  the  planes  on  the  fundamental 
prism,  and  the  letters  used  on  the  planes  by  authors,  as  well  as  the  symbols.  Fig.  368  is  from 
Naumann,  drawn  after  his  view  of  the  fundamental  form ;  and  fig.  373  (from  Hessenberg)  is  simi- 
lar in  this  respect,  but  a  side  view. 

Alt.— Sphene  occurs  of  little  hardness,  dull  in  lustre,  and  hydrated  from  alteration.  Crystals 
of  this  kind,  found  in  a  decomposing  feldspar,  with  zircon  at  Green  River,  Henderson  Co.,  N.  C., 
have  been  named  by  C.  U.  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxii.  96,  1856)  Xanthitane.  Color  pale  yellowish- 
white;  H.=3-5;  G.  =  2'7  — 3-0,  and  stated  to  contain  12-5  p.  c.  of  water.  Also  occurs  altered  to 
steatite. 

Artif.— Formed  in  crystals  by  heating  together  3  Si,  4  Ti,  and  chlorid  of  calcium,  the  composi- 
tion of  them  (f)  Si  30*5,  Ti  41-7,  Ca  27 '8  =  100;  and  the  manganesian  (greenovite)  by  adding 
chlorid  of  manganese  (Hautefeuille). 

330.  GEOTHITE  Dana.  (Titanite  P.  Groth,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1866, 44.)  P.  Groth  has  shown  that  the  ti- 
tamte-hke  mineral,  from  the  syenite  of  Plauen  Grund  near  Dresden,  differs  in  composition  and 
cleavage  from  ordinary  sphene.  The  form  is  monoclinic  in  habit,  being  somewhat  like  f.  363  and 
367  ;  but  there  is  distinct  cleavage  parallel  to  one  2,  and  little  distinct  parallel  to  the  other.  The 
angles  are  2  A  2  =  136°;  2  on  l-i=155°  19'  to  156°  20';  1-t  on  i-i  about  162°.  H.  =  65.  G.= 
3-52 — 3-60.  Lustre  vitreous  to  greasy.  Color  clove  to  blackish-brown;  in  thin  splinters  reddish- 
brown  and  translucent.  The  altered  mineral  is  isabella-yellow  to  pale  yellowish-brown. 

Composition  according  to  Groth  (1.  c.):  (f)  Si  30'51,  Ti  31'16,  £e  5-83,  £l,  Y  2-44,  Mn  1-02,  Ca 
102-30.  It  gives  the  0.  ratio  forR,  fi,  Ti,  S'i,  8-95  :  3  23  :  12-16  :  16-15,  or  for  bases  (Ti 
included)  to  silica,  24-34  :  16-15=3  :  2.  The  general  formula  is  therefore  (R3,  Rf,  B)  Si.  The  analy- 
sis corresponds  very  nearly  to  8  Si,  6  Ti,  1  £,  9  (Ca  fin).  It  is  therefore  a  titanite  in  which 
one-half  of  the  bases  consists  of  3  Ca3+ 1  (Fe,  £l).  If  not  a  result  of  alteration,  and  the  char- 
acter of  the  cleavage  is  a  constant  one,  it  should  rank  as  a  distinct  species. 

CASTELLITE.  Castellit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv  113,  1866.  Monoclinic.  In  very  small  and  ex- 
ceedingly thin  8-sided  tables,  having  for  the  angles  of  the  rhombic  prism  118°  and  62°.  Cleavage  : 
prismatic?  H.  =  5'5— 6.  G.  =3*150.  Lustre  vitreous,  somewhat  adamantine.  Color  wine-yel- 
low to  wax-yellow ;  streak  colorless.  Fragile. 

According  to  Plattner  it  acts  B.B.  like  titanite,  giving  evidence  of  the  presence  of  titanic  acid, 


STJBSILICATES. 


387 


hme,  and  silica,  but  with  less  of  the  first  and  more  of  the  last  than  in  sphene.  Occurs  in  the 
phonolite  of  Holenkluk  Mtn.,  near  Proboscht,  and  in  that  of  Sollodiz— a  rock  containing  also  sani- 
din,  hornblende,  augite,  ilmenite,  and  apatite. 

331.  KEILHAUITE.     Keilhauit  A.  Erdmann,   Ak.    H.  Stockh.,    355,    1844.     Yttrotitanit 

Scheerer,  Pogg.,  Ixiii.  459,  1844. 

Monoclinic,  and  near  sphene  in  angles.  0=  0  A  £^=122°,  /A  7=114° 
(calc.  from  /A  i-i)  (fig.  374)  ;  1 A  i-i= 
147°,  <9A2=143°  30',  /A 2=153°  30', 
-2  A-l =149°,  i-i  A  2-^125°,  from  mea- 
surements  with  the  common  goniometer 
by  D.  Forbes;  0  A  7=114°  26',  and 
0  A  -1=140°  42',  from  calculations  by 
Hansteen ;  faces  of  the  crystals  rather 
rough.  Twins  very  common :  plane 
of  composition  i-i  (fig.  375).  Cleavage 
quite  distinct,  parallel  to  2. 

H.=6-5.  G.=3-519  to  3-72,  D.  Forbes;  3-69,  Scheerer,  ^  ia.v  ^  IW> 
Rammelsberg.  Lustre  vitreous  to  resinous.  Brownish-black ;  in  splin- 
ters brownish-red  and  translucent;  also  dull  brown  and  pale  grayish- 
brown.  Streak-powder  grayish-brown  to  pale  dirty  yellow. 

Comp, — (R3,  R2,  B)Si,  having,  like  sphene,  titanium  among  the  basic  metals;  but  containing  the 
sesquioxyd  alumina,  and  traces  of  glucina,  and,  besides  lime,  the  protoxyds,  yttria,  protoxyd  of  iron, 
etc. 

Analyses :  1,  2,  Erdmann  (L  c.) ;  3,  D.  Forbes  (Edinb.  N.  Phil.  J.,  II.,  i.  62,  and  iii.) ;  4,  5, 
Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  cvi.  296) : 


3.716—3-733, 


Si 

Ti 

£1 

Pe 

Mn 

£e 

1. 

30-00 

29-01 

6-09 

6-35 

0-67 

0-32 

2. 

29-45 

28-14 

5-90 

6-48 

0-86 

0-63 

3. 

31-33 

28-04 

8-03 

£e6-87 

Mn  0-28 

4.  Massive 

29-48 

2667 

5-45 

6-75 

tr. 



0-52 


Ca 

18-92 
18-68 
19-56 
20-29 


5.  Cry st       28'50     2 7 -04     6'24      5 -90 


tr. 


9-62=:  100-98  Erdmann. 
9-74=99-88  Erdmann. 
4-78=99-41  D.  Forbes. 
8-16,  Mg  0-94,  K  0-60,  ign. 
0-54=98-88  Ramm. 
17-15  12-08,    Mg    tr.,   ign.   3'59= 
100-50  Ramm. 


Rammelsberg's  analyses  afford  for  the  oxygen  ratio  between  silica  and  the  other  ingredients, 
anal.  4,  15-72  :  22*94=2  :  3,  and  anal.  5,  15-20  :  22-71  =  2  :  3;  conforming  to  the  other  analyses 
in  the  fundamental  ratio  of  the  species. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  easily  to  a  black  shining  glass.  Yields  an  iron-col- 
ored glass  with  borax,  which  in  the  inner  flame  becomes  blood-red.  With  salt  of  phosphorus 
gives  an  iron  color  and  a  silica  skeleton,  and  in  the  inner  flame  a  violet  bead.  Reaction  of  man- 
ganese with  soda.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  near  Arendal,  Norway ;  at  Buoe,  Arkeroe,  Alve,  and  Narrestoe,  in  a  feld- 
spathic  rock,  both  in  crystals  and  massive.  Crystals  weighing  2£  Ibs.,  and  masses  of  15  to  20  Ibs., 
are  mentioned  by  Forbes.  A  dull  brown  massive  kind  from  Alve  gave  G-.=3'72;  and  a  pale 
grayish-brown  8*603  ;  a  specimen  from  near  Narrestoe,  Gr.=3'519.  The  Alve  keilhauite  has  two 
cleavages  inclined  to  one  another  138°  (Forbes  &  Dahl,  Nyt.  Mag.  f.  Nat,  xiii.).  Also  from 
Snarum,  Norway. 

Named  after  Prof.  Keilhau  of  Norway. 

332.  TSCHBFFKINITE.    ?  Mineral  de  Coromandel  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  652,  1832.     Tschewkinit 

G.  Rose,  Reis.  Ural,  ii.  1839. 

Massive,  amorphous. 

H.=5— 5-5.  G.=4:-508— 4-549,  G.  Kose  ;  4-5296,  H.  Kose ;  after  heating, 
in  powder,  4-615  ;  after  fusion,  4*717.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  velvet-black. 
Streak  dark  brown.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 


388 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Comp.— Essentially  (R3,  lit,  fi)  Si,  for  the  Ural  tscheff kinite,  as  in  keilhauite.  Analyses :  1, 
H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  591) ;  2,  Hermann  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou,  xxxix.  57) ;  3,  Beudant  (Tr.,  1.  c.) ; 
4,  A.  Damour  (BuU.  G.  Fr.,  xix.  550,  1862): 

Si  Ti        Th      U       Fe       fin  Y  Ce,La,I)i   Mg  Ca   K,Na      H. 

1    Ural  (1)21-04  20'17 H'21     0'53  45'09     0'22  3'50    0'12     =101-88  R. 

2*      "         20-68  16-07  20'91  2'50       9'17     0'75  3'45     22'80      3'25    0'42  =  100  Herm. 

3    Africa    19'0  8'0 3Pl9'0  Ml'2  36'0 8'0      11-0=102-2  Beud. 

4]       "         19-03  20-86 7-96     0'38 38'38     0'27  4'40 1-30  =  100'30  D. 

Hermann  showed  that  the  mineral  contained  thoria,  and  that  Rose  had  included  it  in  his  titanic 
acid  and  oxyd  of  cerium;  his  0.  ratio  for  R  (including  the  thoria),  Ti,  Si  is  10 '44  :  6-38  :  10*92  = 
15  :  9  :  16,  and  hence  for  R  +  R,  Si,  3  :  2,  whence  the  above  formula.  Rose's  analysis  corresponds 
to  the  same  general  formula. 

a.  The  Coromandel  mineral,  referred  here  by  Damour,  affords,  according  to  him,  the  0.  ratio  for 
R  +  K  +  R,  §i=2  :  1 ;  and  for  R,  K,  R=2 :  1:2;  whence  the  formula  (f  R3+i  fi+f  M)4  Si3. 
The  alumina  is  left  out  of  consideration  as  an  impurity.  But  including  it,  the  0.  ratio  for  bases 
and  silica  is  20-65  to  10-14.  sustaining  still  better  the  ratio  2  :  1.  Damour  has  made  a  new 
examination  of  the  mineral,  and  directly  ascertained  the  absence  of  thorium  (letter  to  the  author  of 
April  24,  1867);  he  further  observes  that  a  little  Di  and  La  are  probably  present  with  the  Ce. 
Descloizeaux  states  that  the  mineral  is  not  homogeneous,  it  consisting  of  a  brown  material  not 
acting  on  polarized  light,  and  small  colorless  grains  which  are  strongly  doubly  refracting.  The 
mineral  has  H.  =  5 -5— 6;  G.=4'26.;  lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous ;  color  brownish-black ; 
subtranslucent. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  glows,  then  intumesces  strongly,  becomes  brown,  and  fuses  to  a  black  glass. 
Gives  with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  iron,  manganese,  and  titanic  acid.  Gelatinizes  with  muriatic 
acid.  The  Coromandel  mineral  in  a  closed  tube  yields  a  little  water.  B.B.  fuses  with  intumes- 
cence to  a  black  scoria,  feebly  magnetic.  "With  salt  of  phosphorus  it  gives  in  R.F.  a  pale  brown 
glass,  opaline,  which  becomes  milky  in  the  O.F.  "With  borax  it  affords  a  hyacinth-brown  glass, 
transparent  in  the  R.F.  and  pale  brown  and  opaque  in  the  O.F.  Attacked  readily  by  nitric  acid, 
especially  if  heated,  depositing  gelatinous  silica  mixed  with  titanic  acid  and  black  grains  of 
titanic  iron. 

Obs. — From  the  Ilmen  Mountains  in  the  Urals  ;  only  a  few  specimens  have  been  found.  The 
tscheflfkinite  in  collections  is  mostly  uralorthite,  which  it  much  resembles.  Also  from  the  coast 
of  Coromandel,  whence  it  was  long  since  brought  by  Leschenault.  , 

Named  after  the  Russian  general,  Tschevkin. 


333.  STAUROLITE.  Pierres  de  croix  de  Eobien,  K  idees  sur  la  format,  d.  Foss.,  109,  1751 
(with  figs.).  Basaltes  crystallisatus  pt.  Cronst.  (the  specimen  a  cross  of  two  brown  6-sided 
crystals,  worn  as  an  amulet  at  baptisms  in  Basel,  and  called  Lapis  crucifer,  and  Easier  Taufsieiri), 
Min.,  70,  1758.  Schorl  cruciforme  pt.,  Pierres  de  croix,  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  1772,  1783  (with  figs.). 
Staurolite  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  i.  298,  1792.  Grenatite  (fr.  St.  Gothard),  Saussure,  Yoy.  Alpes, 
§  1900,  1796.  Granatite.  Staurolith  Karst.,  Tab.,  22,  1800.  Staurotide  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801. 

Orthorhombie.     /A  7=129°  20',  0  A  14=124°  46' ;    a  :  I  :  c=l' 
1  :  2-11233.     Observed  planes  :  0  ;  vertical,  7,  i-i  ;  dome,  l-l. 


376 


378 


0  A  l-fc!24:0  46' 

0  A  7=90 

0  A  i-i=90 

I/\i-i=ll5  IT 

0  A  f-£,comp.-face,:=134  21 

0  A  f|          "         =119  23 

1  A  /,  meas.,  128  30-129  30 

Cleavage  :    i-i  distinct,  but 
interrupted  ;    I  in    traces. 
Twins  cruciform  :  1,  composition-face  f-£  (f.  377)  ;  2,  composition-face  f-f 


SUBSILICATES. 


389 


(f.  378).  [Making  f-£  and  f  -f  the  planes  1  -I  and  1,  on  the  ground,  that  twinning 
usually  takes  place  parallel  to  the  fundamental  or  diagonal  planes  of  crystals, 
then  °1  above  is  ^-f,  and  the  true  /A/=109°  14',  whence  a'  :  V  :  c'= 
1-M06  :  1  :  14082  (=f  tf).]  Crystals  often  with  rough  surfaces.  Massive 
forms  unobserved. 

H.=7—  7'5.  G.—  3-4—  3'8.  Subvitreous,  inclining  to  resinous.  Color 
dark  reddish-brown  to  brownish-black,  and  yellowish-brown.  Streak  uncol- 
ored  to  grayish.  Translucent  —  nearly  or  quite  opaque.  Fracture  conchoi- 
dal.  Optic-axial  plane  i-l  ;  bisectrix  positive,  normal  to  0. 


Oomp.,  Var.—  0.  ratio  for  R(  +  fi),&,  Si—  1  :  4  :  2|;  for  bases  and  silica  2:1;  whence  (£R3 
+  £&l)4Si9=  (if  3R=  f  H-f  |Mg+£Fe)  Silica  28-3,  alumina  51-7,  prot9xyd  of  iron  15-8,  magnesia 
2-5,  water  1-7  =  100.  Excluding  the  water,  the  formula  may  be  (Fe3,  3tl)4  Si3  +  1  R2  Si,  equivalent 
to  a  2  :  1  silicate  containing  a  little  (Mg,Fe)2Si  (chrysolite);  or  (Fe3,£l)4Si3  +  /3(R3,£l)Si,  that 
is,  the  same  2  :  1  silicate  with  a  little  gehlenite. 

The  early  analysts  made  the  iron  all  sesquioxyd.  Mitscherlich  has  pronounced  it  (J.  pr.  Ch., 
Ixxxvi.  1  )  all  protoxyd  in  the  staurolite  of  St.  Gothard,  Airolo,  and  Brittany.  Rammelsberg  found 
a  variety  of  ratios  in  his  analyses  of  the  mineral  from  other  localities,  the  silica  varying  from  27 
to  over  50  per  cent.  But  G-.  Lechartier  has  ascertained  that  staurolite  contains,  uniformly,  some 
water,  separable  only  at  a  high  heat  ;  and  that  the  variations  are  due  to  impurities,  the  powder 
under  the  microscope  being  distinctly  a  mixture  of  two  or  more  minerals,  and  the  action  of  fluo- 
hydric  acid  on  some  crystals  making  them  cellular,  or  even  spongy  and  fragile.  After  purifying 
the  staurolite,  the  proportion  of  silica  was  nearly  constant,  and  the  specific  gravity  was  3'70—  3'76. 
(See  below.) 

Var.  1.  Ordinary.  2.  Zinc-  Staurolite  (anal.  27);  found  at  Canton,  G-a.,  in  slender  crystals,  Jin. 
long  and  a  line  or  less  thick,  having  a  yellowish-brown  to  cinnamon-brown  color;  G.  =  3'792. 
The  crystals  have  the  planes  I,  0,  i-l.  3.  Manganese-  Staurolile,  Nordmarkite  (anal.  28)  ;  from 
dolomite  in  Nordmark,  Sweden,  of  chocolate-brown  color,  with  H.  =  6'5,  G.  =  3'54,  and  presenting 
the  usual  crystalline  form.  Its  easy  fusibility  is  reason  for  here  giving  this  variety  the  distinctive 
name  Nordmarkite. 

Analyses  :  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  v.  80)  ;  2,  Lohmeyer  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  419)  :  3,  Marignac  (Ann.  Ch. 
Phys.,  III.  xiv.  49);  4-7,  Jacobson  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  419)  ;  8,  9,  12,  Rammelsberg  (ib.,  cxiii.  599)  ;  10,  11, 
Wislicenus  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xciiL  260);  13,  14,  Jacobson  (Pogg.,  Ixviil  414);  15,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.); 
16,  Vauquelin  (J.  d.  M.,  viii.  354);  17,  18,  Jacobson  (1.  c.);  19,  20.  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.);  21,  22, 
Jacobson  (1.  c.);  23-26,  Rammelsberg  (L  c.)  ;  27,  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiii.  198)  ;  28,  Paykull 
(<Efv.  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1866)  : 


1.  St.  Gothard,  red 

2.  dark  r. 
3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8.  "brown 

9 

10. 
11. 

12.  Massachusetts,  Ik. 

13.  Airolo,  black 

14.  " 

15.  " 

16.  Brittany 

17.  " 

18.  " 

19.  " 

20.  Pitkaranta 

21.  Polevskoi,  Ural 

22.  " 

23.  Goldenstein,  bn. 


Si 
27-00 

52-25 

18-50 

&n 
0-25 

Fe 

_ff 

ign. 

27-02 

49-96 

20-07 

0-28 





; 

28-47 

53-34 

17-41 

0-31 



0-72 

; 

30-31 

46-80 

18-08 





2'16 



30-91 

48-68 

15-37  & 

1-19 



1-33 

: 

29-72 

54-72 

15-69 





1-85 

; 

29-13 

52-01[l7'58]     

1-28 

: 

29-60 

48-53 

4-25  M 

0-96 

11-50 

3-12 

0-76: 

35-05 

44-18 

5-21  " 

tr. 

11-48 

2-86 

0-95: 

27-95 

54-26 

4-58 



9-91 

2-80 

27-90 

54-42 

4-90 



9-96 

2-97 

; 

28-86 

49-19 

3-20  M 

1-28 

13-32 

2-24 

0-43: 

33-45 

47-23 

16-51 





1-99 

: 

32-99 

47-92 

16-65 





1-66 

; 

43-26 

40-45 

2-40 



10-92 

2-09 

0-45: 

33-00 

44-00 

13-00 

i-oo 





"        J 

39-19 

44-87 

15-09 

0-17 



0-32 

40-35 

44-22 

15-77 

0-10 





= 

50-75 

34-86 

2-86 

tr. 

10-45 

1-80 

0-38= 

51-32 

34-30 

M  0-42 

11-01 

2-32 

0-59= 

38-68 

47-43 

15-06 



_____ 

2-44 

; 

38-33 

45-97 

14-60 





2-47 

- 

35-15 

44-02 

0-88  M 

1-41 

12-16 

3-06 

1-27  = 

= 98-00  Klaproth. 
=97-33  Lohmeyer. 
=  100-25  Marignac. 
Ca  0-13=97-48  Jacobson. 
=99-48  Jacobson. 
=  101-98  Jacobson. 
=  100  Jacobson. 
=  98-72  Ramm. 
=99*73  Ramm. 
- 99-50  Wislicenus. 
=  100-15  Wislicenus. 
=98-52  Ramm. 
=99-18  Jacobson. 
=  99-22  Jacobson. 
=99-57  Ramm. 
Ca  3-84=94-84  Yauq. 
=  99*64  Jacobson. 
:  100*44  Jacobson. 
:  101-10  Ramm. 
:99'96  Ramm. 
=  103-61  Jacobson. 
=  101*37  Jacobson. 
:97'95  Ramm, 


390 


OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 


24.  Franconia,  In. 

25.  LitcMeld,  Ct.,  Ik. 

26.  Lisbon,  N.  H. 

27.  Canton,  Ga. 


Si 

& 

3Pe 

Mn 

Fe 

Mg 

35-36 

48-67 

2-27 

tr. 

13-05 

2-19 

36-92 

42-92 

1-85 

.0-70 

12-80 

2-93 

49-10 

37-70 



tr. 

10-69 

1-64 

(1)28-82 

49-21 

9-51 

0-15 



3-22 

ign. 

0-27=rl01'80  Ramm. 
1-00=98-82  Ramm. 
0-68=99-81  Ramm. 
1-47,  2n7-13,  TiO-84,  Cu,  Ag 
tr.  =  100-35  Genth. 


28.  Nordmark,  Sweden     36-05  85-18  13-73  Ull'61    2'51=99'08  PaykulL 

In  No  2  G.=3-737— 3-744;  4-7,  G.=3'797  in  pieces,  3-744  in  powder;  12,  G.  =  3'772;  13, 
14.  G.=3-66-3-73;  17,  18,  G.=3'528 ;  20,  G.  =  3'265;  21,  22,  G.=3'549,  3'588;  23,  G.  =  3'66; 
24,  G.=3-764;  25,  G.  =  8'622;  26,  G.=3'413 ;  27,  zinc-staurolite,  G.  =  3'792. 

Lechartier  obtained  (Bull.  Soc.  Oh.,  II.  iii.  375)  the  following  results  after  purification  : 


Silica 
Ign. 
Sp.  Gr. 


1,  2.  St.  Gothard. 

28-21  28-48 
1-50  1-60 

3-75  3-74 


3,  4.  Brittany. 

28-16         28-98 

1-55  1-43 

3-75  3-70 


5.  Quimper. 

29-15 

1-49 

3-76 


6.  Bolivia. 

29-07 

1-30 


Before  purification  the  silica  obtained  by  him  was  for  2,  36-30;  3,  46-21—54-15;  4,  49-39;  5, 
41*36  p.  c.  Nos.  3,  4,  5,  6  were  large  opaque  crystals.  He  observes  that  all  staurolite  contains 
titanic  acid,  and  that  some  magnesia  is  present. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible,  excepting  the  manganesian  variety  (anal.  28),  which  fuses  easily  to  a 
black  magnetic  glass.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron,  and  sometimes  for  manganese. 
Imperfectly  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Usually  found  in  mica  schist,  argillaceous  schist,  and  gneiss ;  often  associated  with 
garnet,  cyanite,  and  tourmaline. 

Occurs  with  cyanite  in  paragonite  schist,  at  Mt.  Campione,  Switzerland,  in  polished,  brown,  trans- 
lucent crystals ;  at  the  Greiner  mountain,  Tyrol,  in  simple  crystals  associated  with  cyanite,  and 
sometimes  appearing  as  a  continuation  of  its  crystals,  parallel  with  them ;  near  Lake  Como ;  in 
the  Tyrol ;  at  Goldenstein  in  Moravia,  brown  and  translucent ;  in  large  twin  crystals  in  Brittany ; 
at  Tornduff  and  near  Killiney  in  Ireland;  at  Oporto,  St.  Jago  de  Compostella,  and  at  other 
localities  mentioned  above. 

Abundant  throughout  the  mica  slate  of  New  England.  In  Maine,  at  "Windham,  near  the 
bridge,  the  mica  slate  is  filled  with  large  crystals ;  also  at  Mt.  Abraham,  Hartwell,  and  Win- 
throp.  In  N.  Hamp.,  brown  and  large  cryst.  at  Franconia ;  at  Lisbon,  abundant  in  mica  slate  ; 
on  the  shores  of  Mink  Pond,  loose  in  the  soil ;  at  Grantham,  2  m.  from  Meriden,  of  a  gray  color. 
In  Vermont,  at  Cabot.  In  Mass.,  at  Chesterfield,  in  fine  crystals.  In  Conn.,  at  Bolton,  Vernon,  Litch- 
field,  Stafford,  and  Tolland.  In  New  York,  small  crystals  at  the  Foss  ore 
bed  in  Dover,  Duchess  Co. ;  also  three  and  a  half  miles  from  New 
York  city,  on  the  Hudson.  In  Penn.,  reddish-brown  cryst.  abundant 
on  the  Wissahiccon,  8  m.  from  Philadelphia.  In  Georgia,  at  the  lead 
mine,  Canton,  in  quartzose  mica  schist,  the  gangue  of  the  lead  ore. 

Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  has  described  a  variety  of  staurolite  in  tesselated 
crystals  like  chiastolite,  from  Charlestown,  N.  H.,  as  represented  in 
the  accompanying  figure.     He  states  that  the  staurolite  macles  pass 
by  insensible  shades  into  andalusite  macles,  where  the  mica  slate 
passes  into  argillaceous  slate. 

Named  from  <rTavp6$,  a  cross.    Haiiy's  change  of  staurolite  to  staurotide  was  neither  necessary 
nor  reasonable. 
Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  steatite. 


379 


334.  SOHORLOMITE,   Shepard,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  il  251,  1846.  Ferrotitanite  Whitney,  J.  Nat. 
Hist,  Boston,  vi.  46,  1849.    ?  Iwaarit  Kutorga,  1851,  N.  Nord.,  Verz.  Finl.  Min.  1852. 

Massive,  without  cleavage. 

H.=7-7'5.  G.=3-862," Shepard;  3 '807,  Whitney;  3'783,  in  coarse 
powder,  Eammelsberg  ;  3'745,  fr.  Kaiserstuhl,  Glaus.  Color  black,  some- 
times tarnished  blue,  and  with  pavonine  tints ;  streak  grayish-black.  Lus- 
tre vitreous.  Fracture  conchoidal. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  K+K+ft  (bases),  and  silica=2  :  1  nearly,  and  for  ft,  R,  8=4  :  4  :  3; 
whence  (A  Oa'+A  3Pe+A  Ti*)«  Sis,  and  approaching  closely  the  Coromandel  tscheffkinite,  but 


STJBSILICATES.  391 

containing  no  cerium,  and  sesquioxyd  of  iron  in  place  of  alumina.  Whitney  deduced  Ca3  Si+ 
3pe  Si+Ca  Ti2=Silica  24'9,  oxyd  of  iron,  21*9,  lime  80'7,  titanic  acid  22-5  =  100.  In  Rammelsberg's 
second  analysis,  the  silica  was  determined  only  by  the  loss,  and  in  two  of  the  other  analyses  there 
was  titanic  acid  remaining  with  the  silica. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Whitney  (1.  c.);  3,  4,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxvii.  Ixxxv.,  and  Min.  Gh.,  886, 
former  analysis  revised) ;  5,  Crossley  (This  Min.,  3d  edit.,  692) ;  6,  Glaus  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  cxxix. 
213): 

Si         Ti        Pe        Mg       Ca 

1.  Arkansas        25'66     22-10     21-58     29-78=99-12  Whitney. 

2.  "  27'89a  20-43  21-90     30-05=100-27  Whitney. 

3.  "  26-09  17-36  25'36a  1'55  31-12  =  101-48  Ramm. 

4.  "  [26-24]  21-34  20'11  1'36  29'38,  Fe  1'57  =  100  Ramm. 

5.  "  26-36a  21-56  22'00  1'25  30'72,  Mn  «r.  =  101-89  Crossley. 

6.  Kaiserstuhl     29'55     21-18     18-08      1-22     25-13,  K,  Na  4'22=99'38  Glaus. 

a  With  some  titanic  acid. 

The  mineral  was  first  correctly  described  and  analyzed  by  Whitney.  Shepard  made  it  a  hy- 
drous gilicate  of  sesquioxyd  of  iron,  yttria,  and  perhaps  thoria. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  quietly  at  3  to  a  black  glass.  Reactions  for  iron  with  the  fluxes.  Fused 
with  salt  of  phosphorus  on  charcoal,  with  tin,  in  the  inner  flame,  gives  a  violet  bead.  Gelatinizes 
with  muriatic  acid,  the  solution  becoming  violet  when  boiled  with  metallic  tin. 

Obs. — In  small  masses  with  elseolite  and  brookite  in  the  Ozark  Mts.,  Magnet  Gove,  Arkansas. 
The  dodecahedral  crystals  reported  by  Shepard  are  black  garnets,  which  occur  with  it.  Found 
also  in  the  Kaiserstuhl,  in  the  vicinity  of  Oberschaff  hausen,  in  phonolite. 

Named  from  a  resemblance  to  schorl  (black  tourmaline). 

IVAARITE.  As  described  by  ISTordenskiold  (Beskr.  FinL  Min.,  1855,  101),  it  has  the  characters 
of  schorlomite,  and  like  it  is  found  with  elasolite.  It  occurs,  he  states,  both  massive  and  in 
garnet-like  crystals,  is  lustrous  black  and  opaque,  with  the  lustre  adamantine ;  has  H.  =  6'0,  and 
G.=3-67  — 3-69.  The  mineral  is  stated  to  consist  of  6  Si,  3  Ti,  2  Pe,  6  Ca,  which  corresponds  to 
the  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  3  :  2,  instead  of  2  :  1,  the  schorlomite  ratio.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  black 
glass.  From  Ivaara,  Finland. 

335.  SAPPHIRINE.  Sapphirin  (fr.  Greenland)  Giesecke,  Stromeyer's  Unters.,  i.  391.    Sapphi- 
rine.     Sapphirin  pt.  [rest  blue  Spinel]  Hausm.,  Handb.,  427,  1847. 

Orthorhombic  ?     In  disseminated  grains,  or  aggregations  of  grains. 
H.:=7— 8.     Gr. =3-42— 3-4:8;  3-473,  Damour.     Lustre  vitreous.     Color 
pale  blue  or  green.     Translucent.     Optically  biaxial ;  and  dichroic. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  E,  IJ,  S*i=l  :  4  :  1 ;  for  bases  and  silica=5  :  1 ;  constituents,  3Mg  +  43tl 
+  l-£Si=Silica  14-5,  alumina  66'2,  magnesia  19-3  =  100.  The  biaxial  polarization  shows  that  it  is 
not  impure  corundum  or  spinel.  Perhaps  (^Mg3  +  ^-^cl)4Si3+63cl,  or  a  staurolite  with  corundum 
as  an  accessory.  Possibly  a  5  :  1  subsilicate.  Analyses:  1  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  L  391);  2,  3,  Da- 
mour (BuU.  G.  Soc.,  IL  vi.  317,  1849) : 

Si  £1  Mg  Ca  Fe 

1.  14-51  63-11  16-85  0'38  3'92,  Mn  0'53,  ign.  0'49=99'78  Stromeyer. 

2.  14-88  63-31  19'06  2'09=99'34  Damour. 

3.  14-84  63-20  19*50  1 -90 =99 -44  Damour. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  alone  and  with  borax  infusible,  unaltered. 

Obs. — Associated  with  mica  and  authophyllite  at  Fiskenaes  in  Greenland. 

The  name  alludes  to  the  sapphire  color. 


APPENDIX  TO  ANHYDROUS  SILICATES. 

336.  EULYTITE.  Arsenik-Wismuth  Wern.,  Breith.,  Letzt.  Min.  Syst,  23,  62,  Hoflfm.  Min.,  IV. 
a,  65,  1817.  Wismutblende,  Eulytin,  Breith.,  Pogg.,  ix.  275, 1827  ;  Handb.,  303.  Wismutisches 
Blende-Erz  Breith.,  Uib.,  66,  1830,  Char.,  239,  1832.  Kieselwismuth  K&rsten,  Pogg.,  xxvii.  81, 
1 833.  Silicate  of  Bismuth. 


392  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Isometric  :  tetrahedral.  Usually  in  minute  crystals,  and  edges  often 
rounded,  figs.  34,  35.  Observed  planes  :  1,  0,  2-2.  Cleavage  :  dodecahe- 
dral,  very  imperfect.  Twins  :  plane  of  composition  parallel  to  a  dodeca- 
hedral  face.  Crystals  often  in  groups.  Sometimes  globular,  and  columnar, 
lamellar,  or  granular. 

H.—  4-5.  Gr.  =  5'912—  6'006.  Lustre  resinous  or  adamantine.  Color 
dark  hair-brown,  yellowish-gray,  grayish-white,  and  straw-yellow.  Streak 
yellowish-gray  or  un  colored.  Sub  transparent  —  opaque.  Fracture  uneven. 
feather  brittle. 

Comp.  —  Probably  Bi4  Si9,  with  some  phosphate  and  fluorid  of  iron,  Frankenheim.  Analysis  by 
Kersten  (Fogg.,  xxvii.  81)  : 

Si  22-23        Bi  69*38        P"  3'31        £e  2'40        ££n  0'30      HF,  fl,  and  loss  2'38  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  In  a  matrass  decrepitates  and  affords  a  trace  of  water.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  dark-yellow 
mass,  and  gives  out  inodorous  fumes.  Fuses  and  froths  on  charcoal,  staining  it  yellowish-brown, 
sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  green.  Fuses  readily  with  soda  to  a  button,  at  first  greenish-yellow 
and  then  reddish-yellow,  and  finally  affords  metallic  bismuth.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  it  fuses 
to  a  yellow  globule,  with  a  silica  skeleton,  which  becomes  colorless  on  cooling. 

Obs.  —  Found  with  native  bismuth  near  Schneeberg,  Saxony,  in  quartz,  and  at  Braunsdorf,  near 
Freiberg. 

Named  from  evXvro  j,  easily  dissolved,  or  fusible. 

337.  ATELESTITE.    Breith.,  Char.,  306,  1832. 

Occurs  in  small  monoclinic  crystals,  at  Schneeberg,  with  eulytite  ;  they  have  a  sulphur-yellow 
color,  adamantine  lustre,  H.  about  5,  and  are  transparent  to  translucent.  Descloizeaux  observes 
that  some  of  the  crystals,  having  the  form  of  a  rhombic  octahedron,  polarize  light  strongly. 

Contains  bismuth,  but  exact  composition  not  ascertained. 

338.  HYPOCHLOBITE.    Sogenannter  Griineisenerde  von  Schneeberg,  Hypochlorit,  Schiller,  Schw. 
J.,  Ixvi.  41,  1832,  Dissert,  de  Ferro  ochr.,  etc.,  Jence,  1832. 

Minute  crystalline  ;  also  earthy.    H.=6.  G.=2'9—  3*04.     Lustre  vitreous,  feeble.     Color  green. 
Streak  light  green.    Brittle  ;  fracture  even  to  flat  conchoidal. 
COMP.  —  Analysis  by  Schiiler  (L  c.)  : 

Si  50-24        £l  14-65        Bi  13'03        Fe  10-54        $  9-62        Mn  tr. 

Perhaps  a  mixture  of  a  silicate  of  bismuth  and  iron,  and  a  phosphate  of  alumina. 

B.B.  grows  dark,  but  infusible  ;  a  yellow  deposit  on  the  coal.     Insoluble  in  acids. 

In  minute  crystals  and  grains,  or  massive  and  earthy,  with  native  bismuth  and  cobalt  ores,  at 
Schneeberg,  Johanngeorgenstadt,  and  Braunsdorf,  in  Saxony.  Also  reported  from  Ullersreuth, 
Voigtland,  in  a  bed  of  limonite. 

Named  from  vnd^X^pos,  en  account  of  its  green  chlorite-like  color. 


338A.  ISOPYRE.     Turner,  Ed.  New  PhiL  J.,  iii.  263,  1827. 

In  compact  masses,  with  cleavage. 

H.  =  6—  6-5.  G.  =  2-9—  3.  Lustre  vitreous.  Streak  light  greenish-gray.  Color  grayish  or 
velvet-black,  occasionally  spotted  red,  like  heliotrope.  Opaque  —  subtranslucent.  Fracture  flat 
conchoidal.  Brittle.  Acts  slightly  on  the  magnetic  needle. 

COMP.—  0.  ratio  for  E,  fi,  Si,  1  :  3  :  6,  as  in  labradorite.    Analysis  by  Turner  (1.  c.)  : 
Si  47-09        £l  13-91         3Pe  20-07        Ca  15'43        Cu  1-94=98-44'. 

Part  of  the  iron  is  supposed  to  be  protoxyd,  judging  from  the  color  of  the  mineral. 
B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  magnetic  bead,  and  colors  the  flame  green.     A  silica  skeleton  with  salt  of 
phosphorus.    With  the  acids  decomposed  with  difficulty  and  imperfectly. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES.  393 

From  St.  Just,  near  Penzance,  in  a  quartzose  granite  witn  tourmaline  and  tin  ore,  n  pieces  two 
inches  in  diameter.    Also  in  breccia  on  the  Calton  Hill,  Edinburgh,  with  limonite. 


B.    HYDROUS  SILICATES. 

Arrangement  of  the  Species. 

I.  THE  GENERAL  SECTION  OF  HYDROUS  SILICATES.  Includes  all  Hydrous 
Silicates,  excepting  the  Zeolites  and  the  Margarophyllites. 

1.  Bisilicates. 

2.  Unisilicates. 

3.  Subsilicates. 

II.  ZEOLITE  SECTION.     Feldspar-like  in  constituents  and  oxygen  ratio; 
the  bases  being  alumina,  and  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths  (K,  E"  a,  Ca, 
Ba,  Sr),  to  the  almost  total  exclusion  of  magnesia  and  iron ;  and  the  oxygen 
ratio  between  the  protoxyd  and  sesquioxyd  bases  being  1  :  3. 

III.  MARGAROPHYLLITE  SECTION.     Micaceous  or  thin  foliated  when  crys- 
tallized ;  and  plane  angle  of  base  of  prism  120°. 

On  account  of  the  uncertainties  with  respect  to  the  relations  of  the  water  in  hydrous  silicates, 
the  basis  for  a  true  classification  of  them  is  to  a  large  extent  wanting.  From  the  dominance 
among  anhydrous  silicates  of  the  grand  subdivisions  of  Bisilicates,  Unisilicates,  and  Subsilicates, 
the  same  groups  might  be  reasonably  looked  for  among  the  hydrous.  But  the  formulas  of  very 
many  of  the  species  may  be  written  according  to  either  of  these  types,  by  making  more,  or  less,  or 
none,  of  the  water  basic;  and  consequently  all  attempts  to  define  the  limits  of  the  groups  must  be 
at  present  unsatisfactory.  Crystallographic  and  other  relations  to  anhydrous  species  give  help, 
but  not  always  sure  guidance. 

The  following  examples  elucidate  some  of  the  reasons  for  referring  species  to  the  section  of 
Bisilicates  rather  than  that  of  Uuisilicates,  or  the  reverse : 

Laumontite  (No.  342,  beyond)  has  a  close  approximation  in  crystalline  form  to  pyroxene,  and 
this  suggests  a  relation  to  the  Bisilicates ;  moreover,  its  formula  is  wholly  pyroxene-like,  if  ^the 
water  is  not  basic.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  part  of  the  water  escapes  on  heating  to  100°  C. 
There  is  the  same  relation  hi  form  between  pectolite  and  pyroxene,  as  long  since  shown  by 
Frankenheim ;  and  the  same  formula  also,  if  the  water,  here  a  more  stable  constituent,  is 
basic.  Okenite  is  very  near  hornblende,  or  another  anhydrous  bisilicate,  in  its  crystallization;  and 
it  is  also  like  it  in  formula,  if  half  the  water  is  basic.  In  each  of  these  cases  crystallography 
appears  to  show  whether  any  of  the  water,  and  how  much,  is  basic.  Again,  dioptase  has  the 
angles  nearly,  and  the  bisilicate  ratio,  of  beryl,  if  the  water  be  not  basic. 

Prehnite  has  an  affinity  in  its  crystallization  to  chrysolite ;  and,  if  the  water  is  all  basic,  the 
oxygen  ratio  for  the  bases  and  silica  is  1  :  1,  or  that  of  a  Unisilicate,  as  in  chrysolite.  Calamine 
is  approximately  isomorphous  with  prehnite,  and,  moreover,  both  are  pyroelectric ;  and  the  oxygen 
ratio  is  1  :  1,  if  the  water  is  not  basic.  Fahlunite,  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  iolite,  is  equivalent 
to  iolite  plus  water.  Iolite  is  a  £  silicate,  there  being  a  deficiency  of  base  for  a  true  unisilicate ; 
but  the  added  water  just  fills  up  the  deficiency,  so  that,  if  the  water  is  basic,  the  species  is  strictly 
a  Unisilicate,  the  0.  ratio  for  R,  fi,  Si,  3  being  1  :  3  :  5  :  1,  or  for  the  bases  R  +  B+H  and  silica, 
5  :  5  =  1  :  1.  There  seems  to  be  no  reason  for  questioning  this  basic  relation  of  the  water;  it 
is  probable  that  the  deficiency  of  base  may  lead  to  the  easy  absorption  of  water  so  characteristic  of 
iolite.  In  other  alterations  of  iolite  still  more  water  is  taken  up,  so  that  the  0.  ratio  is  1  :  3  :  5  :  2; 
the  compound  is  apparently  the  same,  but  with  twice  the  proportion  of  water,  only  one-half  of  it 
in  this  case  being  basic.  The  same  remarks  are  applicable  to  margarodite  and  other  hydrous 
micas  in  their  relations  to  muscovite  and  the  anhydrous  micas. 


394  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Apophyllite  crystallizes  in  tetragonal  forms— forms  that  are  common  among  anhydrous  Unisili- 
cates,  and  are  unknown  among  Bisilicates.  The  species  is  therefore  arranged  beyond  as  a  Uni- 
silicate,  but  as  a  representative  of  the  Scapolite  group  of  anhydrous  silicates.  Tritomite  and  Thorite 
are  isometric  species,  and  related  to  helvite  and  garnet ;  and  they  are  Unisilicates,  like  garnet,  if 
the  water  be  not  basic. 

From  these  examples  it  is  apparent  that  the  facts  give  only  probable  conclusions.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  chemistry  will  soon  furnish  principles  that  are  encumbered  with  less  of  doubt. 

The  group  of  Zeolites  includes  species  that  are  feldspar-like  in  having  among  them  the  oxygen 
ratios  for  the  protoxyds,  alumina,  and  silica  1  :  3  :  4,  1  :  3  :  6,  1  :  3  :  8,  1  :  3  :  9,  1  :  3  :  12,  with 
the  only  difference  that  water  is  present  in  addition.  They  are  therefore  sometimes  spoken  of  as 
representatives  among  hydrous  silicates  of  the  anhydrous  feldspars.  But  this  inference,  though 
apparently  sustained  by  the  oxygen  ratios,  is  far  from  right.  It  assumes  that  the  water  is  not  basic. 
If  it  be  basic,  then  the  species  may  be  ordinary  Bisilicates  or  Unisilicates,  quite  remote  from  the 
feldspars.  Looking  to  the  crystallization,  it  is  found  that  there  is,  in  fact,  nothing  whatever  to  sus- 
tain the  relation  to  the  feldspars.  The  species  of  the  Feldspar  group  are  almost  identical  in  angles 
and  physical  characters ;  while  the  zeolites  are  exceedingly  diverse  in  both  respects,  and  none  have 
the  feldspar  form  or  angles.  Nearly  all  the  systems  of  crystallization  are  represented  among  them, 
and  with  a  very  wide  range  in  angles.  The  feldspars  have  the  prismatic  angle  near  120° ;  while 
the  zeolites  that  approach  the  feldspars  most  nearly — that  is,  the  StilUte  group,  in  which  the  oxy- 
gen ratio  is  1  :  3  :  12,  and  the  crystallization  is  in  part  oblique — have  the  prismatic  angle  near  90° 
in  one  species,  and  from  130°  to  136°  in  others.  The  hexagonal  species,  chabazite,  levynite,  and 
gmelinite,  usually  made  a  subgroup  among  the  zeolites,  have  widely  different  rhombohedral  angles. 

While,  then,  there  is  seeming  unity  in  the  group  of  zeolites,  there  is  actually  the  widest  diver- 
sity ;  and,  when  fully  understood,  they  will  probably  have  their  places  among  the  Unisilicates  and 
Bisilicates  of  the  first  section.  Analcite,  which  is  included  among  the  zeolites,  is  related  in  form 
to  the  feldspars,  and  in  both  form  and  formula  (the  water  being  excluded)  to  the  anhydrous  sili- 
cate, leucite. 

The  Margarophyllites  appear  to  constitute  a  strictly  natural  group,  although  under  a  very  vari- 
ous chemical  constitution.  They  are  foliated  in  structure  like  the  micas,  and,  like  them,  have 
the  plane  angle  of  the  base  of  the  prism  120°,  the  crystallization  being  either  hexagonal  or  pris- 
matic, with  the  angles  of  base  120C  and  60°.  They  include  talc  andpyrophyllite,  margarodite  and 
other  hydrous  micas,  chlorite,  margarite,  etc.;  with  also  kaolinite  and  serpentine,  which  have 
the  same  crystallization ;  and  to  these  are  added  some  species  not  yet  known  in  the  crystallized 
state,  which  appear  to  be  chemically  allied  to  the  margarophyllites.  The  true  margarophyllites 
are  below  5  in  hardness  ;  greasy  to  the  feel,  at  least  when  finely  powdered ;  and  not  sparry  in 
appearance  when  massive,  unless  through  pseudomorphism,  iu  which  case  this  sparry  character 
is  that  of  the  original  mineral  altered  to  make  them. 


I.  GENERAL  SECTION  OF  HYDBOUS  SILICATES. 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 

The  oxygen  ratios  of  the  species  are  given  after  the  tables  of  formulas  ;  the  1st  column,  the 

0.  ratio  for  K,  B,  Si,  H;  2d  column  for  R+fi  (or  bases),  Si,  H.    After  the  H  in  the  latter 
column,  a  fraction  is  added,  giving  the  proportion  of  the  water  that  is  required  to  be  added  to  the 
bases  to  make  the  ratio  that  of  the  formula.   In  pectolite,  for  example,  all  the  water  is  to  be  added 
to  the  bases  ;  this  making  the  ratio  of  bases  to  silica  5  +  1:12=1:2. 

I.  BISILICATES. 

1.  PECTOLITE  OR  PYROXENOID  GROUP.   Monoclinic,  and  isomorphous  with  the  Amphi- 

bole  group  (p.  207). 


339.  PECTOLITE 

340.  XONALTTTE  CaSi+iH  SiO||e2|iea+iaq 


HYDROUS    SILICATES. 


395 


341.  OKENITE 

342.  GYROLITE 

343.  LAUMONTITE 
343A.  LEONHARDTTE 


(iCas+££l)Sis+3H 


II.  DIOPTASE  (OB  BERYLLOID)  GROUP.    Hexagonal. 

344.  CATAPLEIITE  (*  (Na,  Ca)a + f  Zr)  Si2  + 1*  H. 

345.  DIOPTASE  CuSi+H 

346.  CHRYSOCOLLA  CuSi+2H 

347.  ALIPITE  (|(Ni,Mg)+ifl)Si 

348.  CONARITE 


Si01]02|j(iea+f 


Si0J0a||(i(Na,,ea)  + 1  yZr)  +  aq 
Si0|0a|0u 

Si0||02|0u  +  2aq 


MgSi 


aq 


III.  PlCROSMINE  GROUP. 

349.  PlCROSMINE 

350.  SPADAITE 

Appendix.— 351— 356,  PYRALLOLITE,  PICROPHYLL,  TRAVERSELLITE,  PITKARANDITE,  STRAKONIT- 
ZITE,  MONRADITE;  357,  NEOLITE,  9  Mg,  A1!,  9  Si,  4J-  H;  358,  PALIGORSKITE,  6  Mg,  5  A1!,  24  Si,  18 
H;  359,  XYLOTILE,  Mg,  Fe,  £e,  Si;  360,  ANTHOSEDERITE,  £e,  Si,  H. 


R 

B  Si 

H 

R& 

Si 

H 

R 

s  si 

H 

R& 

Si  H 

Pectolite         5 

12 

1 

5 

12 

1(1) 

Catapleiite 

1 

2     6 

2 

1 

2     I 

Xonaltite        4 

8 

1 

4 

8 

1 

Dioptase 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2     1 

Okenite           1 

4 

2 

1 

4 

2  (^) 

Chrysocolla 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2     2 

Laumontite     1 

3     8 

4 

1 

2 

1 

Picrosmine 

1 

2 

£ 

1 

2     -J 

Leonhardite  (?) 

Spadaite 

5 

12 

4 

5 

12    4 

H.  UNISILICATES. 

I.  CALAMINE   (OR   CHRYSOLITHOID)   GROUP.     Orthorhombic.     Approximately  isomor- 
phous  with  chrysolite. 

361.  CALAMINE  2naSi+H 

362.  VILLARSITE  (Mg,  Fe)' 

363.  PREHNITE  (iH3+|Ca3+|Xl)2Si3 

364.  CHLORASTROLITE  (^(Ca,  Na)3  +  f  (3cl,3Pe))a  Si3+ 2  H  SiJ04 


,  Fe)2 


+|aq 


IL  THORITE  (OR  HELYITOID)  GROUP.    Isometric. 

365.  TRITOIOTE  Si,  Ce,  La,  Di,  H,  etc. 

366.  THORITE  ThSi+li-ft 

367.  CERITE  (Oe,  La,  Di)9  Si+H 

368.  ERDMANNTTE 

IIL  PYROSMALITE  GROUP.    Hexagonal 

369.  PYBOSMALTTE  (i  H+f(Fe,  Mn,FeCl))3§i 


Si|04 


,  Mn))a 


396  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

IY.  APOPHYLLITE  GROUP.    Tetragonal,  with  perfect  basal  cleavage. 
370.  APOPHYLLITE  (fi,  Ca,  K)2  Si  +  fi  Si  SilO4I(|H5 

V.  GISMONDITE  GROUP.    Tetragonal  and  hemihedral,  or  orthorhombic ;  lateral  cleavage ; 
in  short  and  small  crystals. 


371.  EDINGTONITE  ?(fH  +  f  B 

372.  GISMONDITE  (f 

VI.  CARPHOLITE  GROUP. 

373.  CARPHOLITE  (£l,&n,£e)2Si8+3fi[ 


f H2+^Ba)2+f aq 


R  it 

Si   H 

Efi 

Si 

H 

K 

fi  Si 

H 

Rfi 

Si 

fi 

Calamine            1 

1    i 

1 

1 

i 

Pyrosmalite 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

1  (|) 

Villarsite            1 

1    i 

1 

1 

i. 

4 

Apophyllite 

1 

4 

2 

Prehnite             2    3 

6    1 

5 

6 

1(1) 

?  Edingtonite 

1 

4    7 

4 

5 

7 

4(1) 

?  Chlorastrolite  1     2 

3    1 

1 

1 

| 

Gismondite 

1 

3    44 

4i 

4 

4| 

4£ 

Thorite               1 

1    t 

1 

1 

f 

Carpholite 

1     1 

i 

1 

1 

i 

?Cerite               1 

1    i 

1 

1 

1 

374.  ALLOPHANE 

375.  COLLTRITE 

376.  SCHEOTTERITE 


III.    SUBSILICATES. 

3tlSi+6fl(or5fi) 
3claSi+9B: 


=1  AUophane+lGibbsite 
=3Allophane+5Gibbsite 

The  0.  ratio  for  K,  Si,  fl  in  Allophane  is  3  :  2  :  6  ;  in  Collyrite  6  :  2  :  9  ;  hi  Schrotterite  4:1:5. 
The  species  Euclase  (p.  379)  and  Datolite  (p.  380)  are  true  hydrous  Subsilicates.  The  reason  for 
placing  them  with  the  anhydrous  species  is  stated  on  page  204. 


I.  BISILICATES. 


339.  PECTOLITE.  Pektolith  v.  Kobell,  Kastner's  Arch.,  xiii.  385,  1828,  xiv.  341.  Photolith 
Breifh.,  Char.,  131,  1832.  Wollastonite,  Stellite,  Thomson,  Min.,  i.  130,  313.  Ratholite  some 
collectors.  Osmelith  Breith.,  Pogg.,  is.  133,  1827. 

Monoclinic,  isomorphous  with  wollastonite.  Observed  planes  :  0  ;  ver- 
tical, i-i,  i-%,  ^-|5  *-4 ;  hemidomes,  1-*,  -5-i ;  hemioctahedral,  -2.  Angles 
measured  by  Greg : 


380 


C"            i/ 

^> 

III           ** 

* 

C2N           -5/           ^ 

8 

fcj 

i-i  A  l-fc95°  23; 
A  1-^=84:  3Y 
Ai-— 139  30 


i-i  A  i-\  =125°  55' 
^  A  i-l  =102  30 
^  A -2  =132  54 


Ratho. 


Cleavage  :  ^  (orthod.)  perfect.  Twins  :  com- 
position-face i-i.  In  close  aggregations  of  acicular 
crystals.  Fibrous  massive,  radiated  to  stellate. 

H.=5.  G.=2-68-2'T8.  Lustre  of  the  surface 
of  fracture  silky  or  subvitreous.  Color  whitish  or 
grayish.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque.  Tough.  For 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES. 


397 


Bergen  mineral  optic-axial  plane  parallel  to  orthodiagonal,  and  very  nearly 
normal  to  i-i ;  acute  bisectrix  positive,  parallel  to  orthodiagonal,  and  obtuse 
bisectrix  nearly  normal  to  cleavage-plane  or  i-i  ;  axial  angle  in  oil,  through 
cleavage  plates,  143°  — 145° 


Deed. 


Var. — Almost  always  columnar  or  fibrous,  and  divergent,  the  fibres  often  2  or  3  inches  long, 
and  sometimes,  as  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  a  yard.  Resembles  in  aspect  fibrous  varieties  of  natro- 
lite,  okenite,  thornsonite,  tremolite,  and  wollastonite.  Osmelite,  from  Niederkirchen,  near  Wolf- 
stein,  Bavaria,  is  columnar  and  radiated;  G.=2'799  — 2-833,  Breith. ;  color  grayish-white,  yellow- 
ish, gray. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  E,  Si,H=5  :  12  :  1 ;  whence,  if  the  water  is  basic,  (£Ca  +  £!Nra+£H)Si 
=  Silica  54*2,  lime  33-8,  soda  9*3,  water  2-7  —  100.  Analyses:  1.  v.  Kobell  (Kastner's  Arch. Nat, 
xiii.  385) ;  2,  3,  J.  D.  Whitney  (Jour.  Soc.  N.  H.  Bost.,  1849,  p.  36,  and  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  vii.  434)  ; 
4,  J.  S.  Kendall  (ib.);  5,  G.  J.  Dickinson  (ib.);  6,  J.  D.  Whitney  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxix.  205);  7, 
A.  J.  Scott  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  liii.  277) ;  8,  Heddle  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  ix.  248) ;  9,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  131) ; 
10,  Walker  (Heddle,  1.  c.) ;  11,  Kennedy  (ib.) ;  12-16,  Heddle  (L  c.) ;  17,  Adams  (Millon,  etc.,  Ann. 
d.  Ch.,  1848,  166) ;  18,  v.  Kobell  (Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen  1866,  i.  296,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcvii.  493) ;  19,  Igel- 
strom  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxi.  396)  : 


Si 


Ca       Na        K       H 


1. 

M.  Baldo 

51-30 

0 

•90 



33-77 

8-26 

1-57 

2. 

I.  Royale 

53-45 

4-94 

.  



31-21 

7-37 

tr. 

3. 

ti 

55-66 

1-45 



— 

32-86 

7-31 



4. 

Bergen  Hill 

54-00 

1-90 





32-10 

8-89 

tr. 

5. 

U                  (t 

55-00 

1-10 





32-53 

9-72 



6. 

U                li 

(1)54-62 

Fel-lla   

32-94 

8-96 



7. 

Talisker,  Skye 

52-01 

1-82 



0*39 

32-85 

7-67 



8. 

«        .    " 

53-82 

2-73 

29-88 

9-55 

^__ 

9. 

Kilsyth,  Wollast. 

52-74 

0-67 

l-20b 

1-52 

31-68 

9-60 



10. 

Costorphine  Hill 

54-00 





2-59 

30-79 

5-55 



11. 

Castle  Rock,  Woll.     51-5 

1-0 





32-0 

8-5 



12. 

11                U                11 

53-06 

0-75 





38-48 

9'98 



13. 

Ratho,  fibrous 

52-53 

0-88 





32-79 

9-75c 



14. 

"    crystalline 

52-58 

1-46 





33-75 

9-26 



15. 

Knockdolian  Hill 

53-24 

TOO 





32-22 

9-57 



16. 

Girvan 

53-48 

0-41 





34-39 

9-88 



17. 

Bavaria,  Osmelite 

52-91 

0-86 





32-96 

6-10 

2-79 

18. 

a               u 

52-63 



0'37b 



34-47 

8'28a 

tr. 

19. 

Wermland 

52-24 



1-75° 



33-83 

[8-48] 

3-89=99-69  Kobell. 
2-72=99-69  Whitney. 
2-72=100  Whitney. 
2-96=99-85  Kendall. 
2-75=101-10  Dickinson, 
[2 -3  7] =100  Whitney. 
5-06=99-80  Scott. 

3-76=99-74  Heddle. 
2-00=99*42  Thomson. 
5-43=98-36  Walker. 
5-0=98-0  Kennedy. 
3-13  =  100-40  Heddle. 
3-04=98-99  Heddle. 
2-80=98-84  Heddle. 
3-60=99-63  Heddle. 
3-26=101-42  Heddle. 
4-01  =  99-63  Adam. 
2-94,  Mn  1-75=  100-44  K. 
3-70=100  Igelstrom. 


With  some  Mn  0. 


b  The  iron  protoxyd. 


c  With  some  K  O. 


Berzelius  obtained  a  fluorine  reaction  with  the  Monzoni  mineral  The  analysis  by  Adam  (No. 
17)  makes  the  osmelite  identical  with  pectolite.  Riegel  obtained  a  very  different  result  (Jahrb.  f. 
pr.  Pharm.,  xiii.  1) ;  but  v.  Kobell  has  confirmed  Adam's  result,  and  shown  that  Riegel  must  have 
had  in  hand  another  mineral. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  2  to  a  white  enamel.  Gelatinizes 
with  muriatic  acid.  Often  gives  out  light  when  broken  in  the  dark. 

Obs. — Occurs  mostly  in  trap  and  related  rocks,  in  cavities  or  seams  ;  occasionally  in  metamor- 
phic  rocks.  Found  in  Scotland  at  Ratho  Quarry,  and  Castle  Rock,  near  Edinburgh ;  at  Kilsyth, 
Costorphine  Hill,  Loch  End,  Girvan,  and  Knockdolian  Hill,  hi  Ayrshire ;  and  at  Taliver,  etc.,  I.  Skye. 
Also  at  Mt.  Baldo  and  Mt.  Monzoni  in  the  Tyrol,  where  first  obtained ;  at  an  iron  mine  in  Werm- 
land,  associated  with  chlorite  and  calcite. 

Occurs  also  at  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.,  in  large  and  beautiful  radiations ;  compact  at  Isle  Royale,  L. 
Superior. 

Descloizeaux  obtained  from  Bergen  crystals,  i-i  A  l-?;=95°  30'  and  84°  30'.  Wollastonite  gives 
i-i  A  l-*=950  23',  i-i  A  -5-i=l59°  32',  i-i  A  i-£=140°  5',  i-i  A  -2=93°  52'. 

340.  XONALTITE.     Xonaltit  Rammdsberg,  ZS.  G.,  xviii.  33,  1866. 

Massive.  Very  hard.  G.=2'7l,  white;  2-718,  gray.  Color  white  to  bluish-gray.  Tough, 
Fracture  splintery. 


398  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

0.  ratio  for  Ca,  Si,  H=4 :  8  :  1 ;  whence  4  Ca  Si  +  H=Silica  49'80,  lime  46-47,  water  3-73= 
100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.): 

Si  Fe          Mn         fig          Ca  H 

1.  White        49-58         1'31         1'79         43'56         3'70=99'94  Rammelsberg. 

2.  Gray         50'25  2-28  0'19        43'92        4-07  =  100-71  Rammelsberg. 

Yields  water.  Infusible  [?].  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid  (Ramm.).  Occurs  at  Tetela  de 
Xonalta,  Mexico,  in  concentric  layers,  with  apophj'llite  and  bustamite. 

341.  OKENITE.    Okenit  v.  Kdbett,  Kastner's  Arch.,  xiv.  333,  1828.     Dysclasite   Connel,  Ed. 
PhiL  J.,  xvi.  198,  1834.    Bordite  Adam,  Dufr.  Min.,  iv.  697,  1859. 

Orthorhombic?  /A  7=122°  19',  Breith.  Composed  of  a  congeries  of 
minute  acicular  crystals ;  commonly  fibrous ;  also  compact. 

H.=4-5-5.  G.=2-28-2'37;  2'362  of  dysclasite,  Connel;  2'28  of 
okenite,  v.  Kobell.  Lustre  subpearly.  Color  white,  with  a  shade  of  yel- 
low or  blue;  often  yellow  by  reflected  light,  and  blue  by  transmitted. 
Frequently  opalescent.  Subtransparent — subtranslucent.  very  tough. 

Var. — Bordite,  from  Bordoe,  one  of  the  Faroe  islands,  is  only  a  very  fine  fibrous  milk-white 
okenite,  firm  in  texture  and  very  tough,  and  having  H.  =  3'5,  G.=2'33. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  &,  Si,  H=  1:4:  2 ;  whence,  if  half  of  the  water  is  basic,  2:4:  1 ;  and  the 
formula  (|  H+i  Ca)  Si+i  H=Silica  56'6,  lime  26-4,  water  17'0=  100.  It  has  the  prismatic  angle 
nearly  of  amphibole,  to  which  it  is  related  in  composition.  Analyses:  1,  2,  v.  Kobell  (1.  c.);  3, 
Connel  (1.  c.);  4,  Wiirth  (Pogg.,  Iv.  113);  5,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  1854,  190);  6,  Schmid 
(Pogg.,  cxxvi.  143) ;  7,  Adam  (I.  c.) : 

Si         Ca         H 

1.  Greenland    55-64    26-59     17*00,  3cl  and  £e  0'53,  &  tfr.=99 '76  Kobell. 

2.  "  56-99     26-35     16-65=99*99  Kobell. 

3.  Faroe  57-69     26*83     14-71,  fa  0'22,  £e  0'32,  K  0'23,  Na  0'44=  100*44  Connel. 

4.  Disko  54-88     26-15     17-94,  £l  0'46,  Na  1-02=100-45  Wiirth. 

5.  "          (|)54-81     27-23     18'04,  Mg  fr-.  =  100'08  Hauer. 

6.  Stromoe        57'85     26-09     13'97,  Mg  1-58,  Na  0-23=99'72  Schmid.     G.=2'324. 

7.  Bordite          56'92     25-14    14'19,  £l  0'67,  Na  1'04=97'94  Adam. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  matrass  yields  water.  B.B.  alone  becomes  opaque  and  white,  and  fuses  to  a 
glass.  Effervesces  with  soda,  and  fuses  to  a  subtransparent  glass,  which  is  milk-white  on  cooling ; 
with  borax  forms  a  transparent  colorless  glass.  Gelatinizes  readily  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  trap  or  related  eruptive  rocks.  Found  at  the  Faroe  Islands  ;  in  Iceland ;  on 
the  island  of  Disko,  Greenland. 

342.  GYROLITB.    Gurolite  Anderson,  PhiL  Mag.,  IY.  i.  101,  1851.     Gyrolite. 

In  concretions,  lamellar-radiate  in  structure. 

H.=3— 4.  Lustre  vitreous  to  pearly.  Color  white.  Translucent,  be- 
coming opaque. 


Comp.— (fCa  +  fcfi)  Si  +  &.  Analyses:  1,  Anderson  (1.  c.);  2,  How  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxii. 
13): 

Si  £1          Mg          Ca  K  H 

1.  Skye  50-70         1-48         0'18         33-24        14'18=99'85. 

2.  K  Scotia     51-90        1-27        0'08        29-95          1'60        15'05=99'78. 

Pyr.,  etc — In  a  closed  tube  yields  water,  intumesces,  and  separates  into  thin  scales.  B.B. 
swells  up  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  an  opaque  enamel. 

Obs.— From  the  Isle  of  Skye,  with  stilbite,  laumontite,  etc. ;  also  N.  Scotia,  25  m.  S.W.  of  C. 
Blomidon,  between  Margaretville  and  Port  George,  on  apophyUite.  Reported  also  from  Faroe  and 
Greenland. 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES. 


399 


343.  LAUMONTITE.    Zeolithe  efflorescente  JET.,  Tr.,  iv.  1801.     Laumonite  ff.,  TabL  Comp. 
1808.     Lomonit  Wern.,  Karst.  Tab.,  1808.     Schneiderite  Meneghini,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  64. 


a  :  ~b 


G= 


Monoclinic.  <?=68°  40',  /A  7=86°  16',  0  A  14=151°  9' ; 
0*516  :  1  :  0'8727.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figures.  Prism  7J 
with  the  very  oblique  terminal  plane  2-*,  the  most  common  form.  Cleav- 
age :  i-l  and  /  perfect ;  i-i  imperfect. 


0  A  7=104°  20' 
0A£fc=101   20 

0  A  2-a,  adj.,=122  59 
0  A  -1  =  148  22 

O  A  1=138  3 
i-\  A  -1=113  16 
«  A  1=120  14 
-1  A-l,  front,  =  133  28 

1  A  1,  front,  =  119  32 
i-i  A  2-fcl25  41 

7A -1=135  58 
/A  1  =  117  37 
7A  2-^=113  30 
7  A  ^'=133  8 
lAi- 1=136  52 


382 


Huelgoet. 


Mt.  Catini. 


Twins  :  composition-face  i-i.     Also  columnar,  radiating  or  divergent. 

H.=3*5— 4.  G.=2*25— 2*36.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  upon 
the  faces  of  cleavage.  Color  white,  passing  into  yellow  or  gray,  sometimes 
red.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent — translucent ;  becoming  opaque  and 
usually  pulverulent  on  exposure.  Fracture  scarcely  observable,  uneven. 
JSTot  very  brittle.  Double  refraction  weak ;  optic-axial  plane  i-\ ;  divergence 
52°  24'  for  the  red  rays ;  bisectrix  negative,  making  an  angle  of  20°  to  25° 
with  a  normal  to  i-i ;  Descl. 

Var. — Laumontite  of  Huelgoet  has  Gr.=2'29;  of  Sarnthal,  Tyrol,  2'28  (G-ericke) ;  of  Plauen- 
scher  Grund  (Gericke)  and  Helsingfors  (Arppe)  2-31 ;  of  the  red,  from  I.  Skye,  2-252  (J.  "W.  Mal- 
let). Caporcianite  occurs  in  pearly  monoclinic  crystals,  of  a  flesh-red  color,  having  G.=2'47,  and 
H.=3"5. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  $,  Si,  H=l  :  3  :  8  :  4;  and  for  R  +  K,  Si,  H=:l  :  2  :  1 ;  whence  the 
formula  (i  Ca3+f^tl)  Si8  +  3  H^Silica  50'9,  alumina  21'9,  lime  1T9,  water  15-3=100.  Both  in 
formula  and  crystallization  it  is  related  to  pyroxene. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Dufrenoy  (Ann.  d.  Mines,  III.  viii.  503);  3,  Connel  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  1829,  282); 
4,  5,  Babo  and  Delffs  (Pogg.,  lix.  339);  6,  Malaguti  and  Durocher  (Ann.  d.  Mines,  IV.  ix. 
325);  7,  Sjogren  (Pogg.,  Ixxviii.  415);  8,  Scott  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  1852,  liii.  284) ;  9,  10,  G-ericke 
(Ann.  Ch.  Pharra.,  xcix.  110);  11,  Arppe  (An.  Finsk.  Min.,  22);  12,  J.  "W.  MaUett  (Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  xxii.  179) ;  13,  How  (ib.,  xxvi.  30) : 


1.  Phipsburg,  Me. 

2.  Cormayeur 

3.  Skye 

4. ? 

5.  ? 

6.  Huelgoet 

7.  Upsala,  red 

8.  I.  Storr 


Si 
51-98 
50-38 
52-04 
52-30 
51-17 
52-47 
51-61 
5305 

XI 
21-12 
21-43 
21-14 
22-30 
21-23 
22-56 
19-06 
22-94 

Oa 
11-71 
11-14 
10-62 
12-00 
12-43 
9-41 
12-53 
9-67 

15-05=99-86  Dufrenoy. 
16-15  =  99-10  Dufrenoy. 
14-92  =  98-72  Connel. 
14-2  =  100-8  Babo. 
15-17  (loss)=100  Delffs. 
15-56=100  M.  &  D. 
14-02,  $e  2-96=100-18  Sjogren. 
14-64=100-30  Scott. 


400 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


9.  Sarnthal  (f)  51-58 

10.  PlauenGrund  51-33 

11.  Helsingfors,  red  50*44 

12.  Skye,  red  53'95 

13.  Port  George,  N.  S.  51*43 


£1        Ca          H 

20-63  11-50  15-10,  Fe  0-26,  Na  1-57  =  100-64  Gericke. 

21-98       9-01  14-93,  3Pe  0-14,  Na  3-20=100-69  Gericke. 

18-90  9-60  1 4-5 1,  £e  2-88,  Na,K  2-06,  Mg  1-04=99-43  A. 

20-13  12-86  12-42,  K,  Na  0-87,  Mg  <r.  =  100-23  Mallet. 

21-64  12-07  15-26=100-44  How. 


An  impure  Swiss  laumontite  has  been  analyzed  by  Fellenberg  (Mitth.  Berne,  54,  1865). 

The  JEdelforsite  of  Retzius,  or  the  Red  Zeolite  of  ^Edelfors,  is  referred  here  by  K  J.  Berlin,  who 
considers  it  impure  from  mixed  silica  (quartz),  and  related  to  the  red  zeolite  of  Upsala  analyzed  by 
him  It  afforded  Eetzius  Si  60-28,  £l  15-42,  Ca  8-18,  £e  4'16,  Mg  and  Mn  0'42,  H  11-07=99-53. 
A  similar  mineral  from  Fahlun  yielded  Hisinger  Si  60/00,  £l  15-6,  £e  1-8,  Ca  8-0,  H  11-6=97-0; 
while  he  obtained  for  the  ^Edelfors  zeolite  Si  53*76,  £l  18-47,  £e  4'02,  Ca  10-90,  H  11-23=98-88, 
which  is  near  the  composition  of  laumontite.  Bischof  has  analyzed  a  pseudomorph  of  laumontite 
after  orthoclase  (see  ORTHOCLASE). 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  vacuum,  Huelgoet  laumontite  crystals,  according  to  Malaguti  &  Durocher, 
lose  in  weight  2-26  p.  c.,  and,  over  sulphuric  acid,  3*85  p.  c. ;  and  regain  the  same  in  water  or 
moist  air.  Heated  up  to  100°  C.,  they  lose  3-17  p.  c. ;  to  200°,  6'08  p.  c. ;  to  300°,  7-28;  and  the 
remainder  of  the  water  only  at  a  red  heat.  B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses  at  2-7 — 3  to  a  white  enamel. 
Gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.— Laumontite  occurs  in  the  cavities  of  trap  or  amygdaloid ;  also  in  porphyry  and  syenite, 
and  occasionally  in  veins  traversing  clay  slate  with  calcite.  It  was  first  observed  in  1785,  in  the 
lead  mines  of  Huelgoet  in  Brittany,  by  Gillet  Laumont,  after  whom  it  is  named. 

Its  principal  localities  are  at  the  Faroe  Islands;  Disko  in  Greenland;  in  Bohemia,  at  Eule  in 
clay  slate ;  St.  Gothard  in  Switzerland ;  the  Fassathal,  in  large  masses  exhibiting  a  radiated 
structure ;  Sarnthal,  near  Botzen,  Tyrol ;  Plauenscher  Grund,  near  Dresden ;  Hartfield  Moss  in 
Renfrewshire,  accompanying  analcite;  the  amygdaloidal  rocks  in  the  Kilpatrick  hills,  near 
Glasgow ;  and  in  several  trap  rocks  of  the  Hebrides,  and  the  north  of  Ireland. 

Peter's  Point,  Nova  Scotia,  affords  fine  specimens  of  this  species.  It  is  there  associated  with 
apophyllite,  thomsonite,  and  other  species  of  this  family ;  also  at  Port  George,  N.  S.,  in  veins  some- 
times 3  in.  thick,  and  at  Margaretville,  colored  green  by  copper;  also  at  Digby  Neck  and  Long 
Point.  Also  found  in  good  specimens  at  Phipsburg,  Maine ;  also  sparingly  at  Bradleysville, 
Litchfield  Co.,  Conn.,  near  a  paper-mill,  in  narrow  seams  in  gneiss;  and  at  Southbury,  Conn.,  a 
little  east  of  the  village,  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Stiles.  Abundant  in  many  places  in  the  copper  veins 
of  Lake  Superior  in  trap,  and  on  I.  Royale ;  on  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  between  Pigeon  Bay 
and  Fond  du  Lac.  Found  also  at  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.,  in  greenstone,  with  datolite,  appphyllite, 
etc. ;  sparingly  at  Phillipstown,  N.  Y.,  in  feldspar  with  stilbite,  and  at  Columbia  bridge,  near 
Philadelphia. 

Alt.— Most  varieties  become  opaque  and  crumble  at  the  touch  aftar  exposure  to  the  ordinary 
atmosphere,  losing  1  to  2  p.  c.  of  water.  Specimens  in  cabinets  can  be  best  preserved  from  alter- 
ation by  keeping  them  in  moist  air. 

Schneiderite  (1.  c.)  is  laumontite  from  the  serpentine  of  Monte  Catini,  Italy,  which  has  undergone 
alteration  through  the  action  of  magnesian  solutions.  It  is  described  by  Meneghini  as  laminate- 
radiate  in  structure,  with  H.=3.  Fig.  381  represents  a  crystal  from  Mt.  Catini  (one  received  by 
Prof.  G.  J.  Brush  from  Prof.  Bechi);  it  gave  the  author  the  approximate  angles  I A  7=85° — 
86°  30',  i-i  A  2-4=126°,  -2-i  A  i-e=148°  15',  /A  -1  =  135°,  -1  A  -1,  front,  =  133°,  2-i  A  6-a=144°. 
The  planes  had  little  lustre,  and  that  strongly  pearly.  Bechi  obtained  in  an  analysis  (1.  c.) : 

Si  47-79        £119-88        Mg  11-03        Ca  16-77        JSa,  K  1-63        H  3-41  =  100. 

It  fuses  B.B.  with  intumescence,  and  gelatinizes  in  cold  acids.  Occurs  with  sloanite  in  the 
gabbro  rosso  of  Tuscany.  Named  after  Sign.  Schneider,  director  of  the  mine  of  Mount  Catini. 

CAPORCIANITE  Savi  (Mem.  cost.  fig.  Toscana,  ii.  53).  Has  been  referred  to  laumontite.  It  is 
described  by  Meneghini  as  resembling  heulandite  and  near  it  in  its  angles,  affording  (see  f.  410, 
p.  444)  2-t  A  -2-i=131°,  2-i  A  7=150°,  with  cleavage  parallel  to  i-i  very  easy,  and  also  parallel  to 
2-z;  easy  parallel  to  -2-i;  faces  2-i  minutely  striated ;  also  in  twins;  also  imperfectly  radiated 
foliaceous.  H.  =  2'5;  G.=2'470;  color  flesh-red ;  lustre  pearly. 

COMR— Ca3Si3+3£lSi3  +  9H,  Ramm.,  and  near  laumontite = Silica  53-0,  alumina  22'7,  lime 
12-4,  water  11-9=100.  Analyses:  1,  Anderson  (Ed.  PhU.  J.,  1842,  21);  2,  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  xiv.  62) : 


Si 

52-8 
52-02 


£1        Pe 

21-7        0-1 
22-83       — 


Ca 
11-3 
9-68 


Mg 
0-4 
1-11 


Na 
0-2 

0-25 


1-1 
1-11 


13-1=100-7  Anderson. 
13-17=100-17  Bechi. 


HYDKOTJS    SILICATES.  401 

B.B.  fuses  to  a  white  enamel  without  intumescence.  Dissolves  easily  in  acids,  and  forms  a 
jelly  even  in  the  cold.  Occurs  in  geodes  with  calcite  in  the  gabbro  rosso  of  Monte  de  Caporciano, 
at  1'Impruneta,  and  other  places  in  Tuscany.  It  is  sometimes  accompanied  by  native  copper. 

343A.  LEONHARDITE  Blum(Pogg.,  lix.  336, 1843).  Near  laumontite,  and  probably  that  species. 

Monoclinic.  /A  7=83°  30',  and  96°  30 ;  0  A  7=114°.  Cleavage  parallel  with  /  very  perfect, 
basal  imperfect.  Also  columnar  and  granular. 

H.  =  3  — 3-5.  Gr.  =  2-25.  Lustre  of  cleavage-face  pearly,  elsewhere  vitreous.  White,  sometimes 
yellowish,  seldom  brownish.  Subtranslucent.  Usually  whitens  on  exposure  like  laumontite. 

Analyses:  1,  DehTs  (Pogg.,  lix.  336,  339);  2,  Babo  (ib.);  3,  4,  G-.  0.  Barnes  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xv. 
440): 

Si  £1  Ca  fi 

1.  Schemnitz         56*128          22-980          9-251  11-641  =  100  Delffs. 

2.  "  55-00  24-36  10'50  12-30=102-16  Babo. 

3.  Copper  Falls     55-96  21'04          10-49  11-93=99-42  Barnes. 

4.  "        "        55-04  22-34          10'64  11-93=99-95  Barnes. 

These  results  afiford  the  following  0.  ratios  for  K,  &,  Si,  fl:  (1)  1  :  4  :  11-J  :  4£;  (2)  1  :  4 : 
10  :  3± ;  (3,  4)  1  :  3£  :  10  :  3-fr.  DehTs'  analysis  was  made  after  drying  the  mineral  at  100°  C. ; 
dried  at  the  ordinary  temperature  it  gave  13-547  —  13-807  water,  which  corresponds  to  the  above 
formula.  B.B.  exfoliates,  froths,  and  easily  melts  to  an  enamel.  Dissolves  in  acids. 

From  a  trachytic  rock  at  Schemnitz  in  Hungary ;  at  Pfitsch  in  an  earthy  chlorite,  aqd  near 
Predazzo  in  the  Fleims  Valley,  Tyrol,  in  a  melaphyre.  Also  at  Copper  Falls,  Lake  Superior 
region,  a  variety  which  alters  but  little  on  exposure. 

Lewin stein  has  analyzed  two  altered  specimens  from  the  copper  mines  of  Lake  Superior  (ZS. 
Oh.  u.  Pharm.  1860,  11),  one  (A)  containing  76  p.  c.  of  the  mineral,  the  other  (B)  81'61  p.  c.,  the 
rest  impurity ;  A,  of  a  brownish-red  color,  and  B,  greenish,  afforded,  impurity  excluded : 

Si  Si  £e         Mg         Oa          $a          fc  fi 

A.  57-92         10-19         1-19         1-13         4'59         1-14         2'58         21-26=100. 

B.  55-21         22-58         2'55         1'31         0'98         3'45         3'41         10-51  =  100. 

A  gives  nearly  the  0.  ratio  1:2:12:8;  and  B,  1  :  5  :  13  :  4'3. 

344.  CATAPLEHTE.    Katapleiit  Weibye  &  Sjogren,  Pogg.,  Ixxix.  299,  1850. 

Hexagonal.  In  thin  tabular  hexagonal  prisms,  with  the  basal  edges  re- 
placed by  the  planes  1,  2,  4;  0  A  1  =  142°  4',  0  A  2=122°  40',  0  A  4= 107° 
47'.  Cleavage :  lateral  (I)  perfect ;  2,  distinct.  Also  massive. 

H.  near  6.  G.  — 2*8.  Lustre  nearly  dull,  weak  vitreous  on  surface  of 
fracture.  Color  light  yellowish-brown.  Streak  isabella-yellow.  Opaque. 

Oomp.— 0.  ratio  for  K,  S,  Si,  fi=l :  2  :  6  :  2;  for  R+K,  Si,  fl=l  :  2  :  f ;  whence  the  for 
mula  (^  R2+ 1  Zr)  Si2+  H  &•  Analyses  by  Sjogren  (1.  c.) : 

Si  Zr  XI  ISTa  <3a  ¥>e          fl- 

1.  46-83         29-81         0'45         10'83         3'61         0'63         8-66=101'02. 

2.  46-52         29-33         1'40         10'06         4'66         0'49         9-05  =  101-51. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  in  the  platinum  forceps  fuses  at  3  to  a  white 
enamel ;  with  borax  a  clear  colorless  glass.  Easily  soluble  in  muriatic  acid  without  gelatinizing ; 
the  dilute  acid  solution  colors  turmeric  paper  orange-yellow  (reaction  for  zirconia). 

Obs. — From  the  island  Lamoe  near  Brevig,  Norway,  along  with  zircon,  leucophanite,  mosan- 
drite,  and  tritomite. 

On  the  crystallization  see  H.  Dauber,  Pogg.,  xcii.  239. 

345.  DIOPTASE.  Achirit  B.  F.  J.  Hermann,  1788,  N.  Act.  Petrop.,  xiii.  339,  1802.  Erne- 
raudine  De&ameffi.,  T.  T.,  ii.  230,  1797.  Kupfer-Schmaragd  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig,  i.  53,  233,  1803. 
Dioptase  H.t  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Emerald-Copper  Jameson.  Smaragdo-Chalcit  Mote.,  Gundr.,  1824. 

26 


402 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


384 


Khombohedral.     E  A  ^=126°   24' ;    0  A  ^=148°   38'  ;    0=0-5281. 

Observed  planes :  rhombohedral,  1  (R\ 
2,  -2;  hemi-scalenohedral  on  three  al- 
ternate edges,  as  in  the  figure,  with  also 
2a ;  also  1s ;  prismatic,  z-2,  *-f ,  £-$-,  i-f , 
the  last  three  hemihedral. 


383 


0  A  2=129°  21' 


2  A  2=95  54 
2  A  -£-2=132  3 
2a  A  £2=  151 


A  £2=165°  44' 
A  £2=169  6 
f  A  £2=146  36 
-2  A  ,£=137  57 
£2  A  72=126  48 


vitreous.     Color  emerald-green. 


Cleavage:  H  perfect.     Twins:  compo- 
sition-face R.     Also  massive. 

H.=5.      G.=3-278-3-348.      Lustre 
Streak   green.     Transparent — subtrans- 

•  .    .  i  -i-^.  IT  /»  ,   • 


lucent.     Fracture  conchoidal,  uneven.     Brittle.     Double  refraction  strong, 
positive. 

Oomp.— 0  ratio  for  Cu,  Si,  H=l :  2  :  1;  CuSi+H=Silica  38-2,  oxyd  of  copper  50-4,  water 
11-4=100.  Analyses :  1,  2,  Hess  (Fogg.,  xvi.  360) ;  3,  4,  Damour  (Ann.  Oh.  Phys.,  III.  x. 
485); 

Si  Cu  H 

1.  36-60  48-89  12*29,  Fe  2'00=99-78  Hess. 

2.  36-85  45-10  11 '52,  £l  2'36,  Ca  3;38,  Mg  0'22  =  99-43  Hess. 

3.  36-47  50-10  11'40,  3Pe  0'42,  Ca  C  0'35=98'74  Damour. 

4.  38-93  49'51  ll-27=99'7l  Damour. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Like  chrysocolla,  but  gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Dioptase  occurs  disposed  in  well  defined  crystals  and  amorphous  on  quartz,  occupying 
seams  in  a  compact  limestone  west  of  the  hill  of  Altyn-Tvibeh  in  the  Kirghese  Steppes.  Also  re- 
ported as  found  in  the  Duchy  of  Nassau,  between  Oberlahnstein  and  Braubach. 

Breithaupt  found  for  the  angle  R  A  R  125°  55';  and  Kokscharof,  after  careful  measurement, 
adopts  this  value  (Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  ix.  240). 

Named  by  Haiiy  dioptase,  from  St&,  through,  and  &rro/*a<,  to  see,  because  the  cleavage  directions 
were  distinguishable  on  looking  through  the  crystal. 

Named  Achirite  after  Achir  Mahmed^  a  Bucharian  merchant,  living  at  the  fortress  of  Semipa- 
latna  on  the  Irtish,  who  had  procured  it  in  the  region  where  it  occurred,  and  who  furnished  the 
specimens  that  were  taken  in  1785  by  Mr.  Bogdanof  to  St.  Petersburg.  Although  first  named 
by  Hermann,  his  description  was  not  given  to  the  St.  Petersburg  Academy  before  1800,  and  the 
volume  containing  it  was  not  published  until  1802,  a  year  after  the  appearance  of  Haiiy's  work. 


346.  CHRYSOCOLLA.  Chrysocolla  pt.  Theophr.,  Diosc.,  Plin.  Chrysocolla  pt.,  Cffiruleum  pi, 
Germ.  Berggriin,  Agric.,  Foss.,  1546.  Cieruleum  montanum  pt.  Wall.,  Min.,  280,  1*747;  C. 
montanum,  Yiride  montanum  pt,  CronsL,  Min.,  172,  1758.  Mountain  Blue  and  Mountain 
Green  pt.  Bleu  de  Montagne,  Vert  de  Montague,  Bleu  do  Cuivre,  Vert  de  Cuivre,  Fr.  Kup- 
fergriin  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  382,  1789;  Karst,  Tab.,  46,  1800,  62,  1808.  Cuivre  carbonate  vert- 
pulverulent,  H.,  Tr.,  1801 ;  Tabl.,  1809.  Kieselkupfer  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iv.  36,  1807.  Vert  de 
.Cuivre,  Chrysocolle,  Brochant,  Min.,  ii.  203, 1808.  Kieselmalachit  ffausm.,  Handb.,  1813.  Kiesel- 
kupfer Leonh.,  Handb.,  1821.  C.  hydrosiliceux  H.  Cuivre  hydrate  silicifere,  Hydrophane  cui- 
vreux,  Fr.  Somervillite  (fr.  N.  J.)  Dufr.,  Min.,  iii.  147,  1847.  Dillenburgite.  Kupferpecherz  pt. 
Hoffin.  Min.,  iiL  b,  103,  1816;  Hepatinerz  Breitli.,  Char.,  224,  1832;  Pechkupfer  ffausm., 
Handb.,  372,  1847.  Llanca  Chilian  Miners.  Demidovit  N.  Nordensk..  BuU.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou, 
xxix.  128,  1856.  Asperolite  Herm.,  ib.,  xxxix.  68,  1866. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES. 


403 


Cryptocrystalline  ;  often  opal-like  or  enamel-like  in  texture ;  earthy. 
Incrusting,  or  filling  seams.  Sometimes  botryoidal. 

H.— 2— 4.  G.=2— 2*238.  Lustre  vitreous,  shining,  earthy.  Color 
mountain-green,  bluish-green,  passing  into  sky-blue  and  turquois-blue ; 
brown  to  black  when  impure.  Streak,  when  pure,  white.  Translucent — 
opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Rather  sectile ;  translucent  varieties  brittle. 

Comp. — Composition  varies  much  through  impurities,  as  with  other  amorphous  substances, 
resulting  from  the  alteration.  As  the  silica  has  been  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  other 
silicates,  it  is  natural  that  an  excess  should  appear  in  many  analyses.. 

True  chrysocolla  appears  to  correspond  to  the  0.  ratio  for  Cu,  Si,  H,  1:2:  2=CuSi+2  H 
=Silica  34*2,  oxyd  of  copper  45'3,  water  20*5=100,  the  water  being  double  that  of  dioptase.  But 
some  analyses  afford  1  :  2  :  3=Cu  Si +3  &  (anal  13),  and  1  :  2  :  4=Cu  gi+H  (anal.  11). 

Impure  chrysocolla  may  contain,  besides  free  silica,  black  oxyd  of  copper,  oxyd  of  iron  (or 
limonite),  and  oxyd  of  manganese  ;  and  consequently  vary  in  color  from  bluish-green  to  brown  and 
black,  the  last  especially  when  oxyd  of  manganese  or  of  copper  is  present.  Other  kinds  are  impure 
with  carbonate  or  sulphate  of  copper ;  aud  others  with  oxyds  of  lead,  antimony,  arsenic,  etc. 

Analyses :  1,  v.  Kobell  (Pogg ,  xviii.  254) ;  2-4,  Berthier  (L  c.) ;  5,  Bo  wen  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  viii.  18) ;  6, 
Beck  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxxvl  111);  7,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  289);  8,  C.  T.  Jackson  (This  Min.,  520, 
1850);  9,  Joy  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  viii.  120);  10,  Rammelsberg  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Iv.  488,  Pogg.,  Ixxxv. 
300);  11,  Nordenskidld  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  552);  12,  J.  L.  Smith  (G-illiss's  Exped.,  il  92);  13,  F. 
Field  (Phil  Mag.,  IV.  xxii.  361) ;  14,  Kittredge  (Pogg.,  Ixxxv.  300) ;  15,  Domeyko  (Min.,  145,  1845): 


1.  Bogoslovsk 

2.  " 

3.  Canaveilles,  Pyr. 

4.  SomerviUe,  N.  J. 

5.  " 

6..  Franklin,  N.  J. 
7.*Arendal,  Norway 

8.  Copper  Harbor 

9.  "          " 

10.  Lake  Superior 

11.  Nischue  Tagilsk 

12.  Chili 

13.  Coquimbo 

14.  Chili 

15.  "      lh.-gn. 


Si         Cu         H        3Pe 

1-00,  gangue  2-10=99-84  Kobell. 

3-0,        "         1-1  =  100  Berthier. 

2-5,        "         2-5,  C  3-7  =  100  Berthier. 

.       "          1-0 =100  Berthier 

=99-42  Bowen. 

1-40=100  Beck. 

,  £e,  &1,  Ca,  K  1-09=99-66  Scheerer. 

8-90,  3tl  4-8=99-55  C.  T.  Jackson. 

7-75b=99-00  Joy. 

l-63b,  Ca  1-76,  Mg  1 -06  =  100  Ramm. 

0-40  =  100-34  Nordenskiold. 

1-97,  Si  2-83  =  100-28  Smith. 

2-80,  &!4-y7  =  100  Field. 
24-73  F 4-94,  Ca  1'49,  fig  0-78  =  100  Kittredge. 

1-2=99-6  Domeyko. 
a  LOSB  included.  b  With  some  Al2  O3. 


36-54 

40-00 

20-20 

35-0 

39-9 

21-0 

2K-0 

41-8 

23-5 

85-4 

35-1 

28-5 

37-25 

45-17 

17-00 

40-00 

42-60 

16-00* 

35-14 

43-07 

20-36 

37-85 

27-97 

20-00 

32-00 

32-75 

26-50 

32-55 

42-32 

20-68 

31-45 

37-31 

31-18 

31-35 

42-51 

21-62 

28-21 

39-50 

24-52 

40-09 

27-97 

24-73] 

52-2 

29-5 

16-7 

The  mineral  from  Somerville,  N.  J.,  as  described  by  Berthier  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  li.  395),  is  of  three 
varieties:  (1)  a  thin,  green,  transparent  incrustration ;  (2)  a  bluish-green  earthy  mineral,  very 
tender  and  light,  becoming  transparent,  like  hydrophane,  in  water ;  and  (3)  a  pale  greenish-blue 
massive  material,  hard  enough  to  scratch  glass,  and  to  be  polished  for  jewelry ;  and  he  observes 
that  the  chrysocolla  is  nearly  pure  in  the  first,  but  is  mixed  with  opal-silica  in  much  of  the 
second  kind,  and  with  opal-silica  and  ordinary  silica  in  the  last.  Berthier's  analysis  (No.  4  above) 
was  made  on  a  specimen  of  the  second  kind,  and  according  to  him  probably  contained  8  p.  a 
of  opal-silica  in  a  state  of  mixture.  Berthier,  allowing  for  8  p.  c.  of  free  silica  in  this  analysis,  sug- 
gests that  the  composition  may  be  Cu  Si +4  H,  while  Bo  wen's  earlier  analysis  (5)  gives  Cu  Si-f- 
2  H.  Berthier's  mineral  has  been  named  (without  sufficient  reason)  Somervillite,  and  the 
analysis  has  generally  been  taken  as  expressing  directly  his  view  of  the  composition.  Berthier 
gives  an  analysis  also  of  the  hard  chrysocolla  of  Somerville  (third  kind)  to  show  that  there  is  in 
these  ores  free  silica.  He  obtained  (1.  c.)  Silica  28*9,  oxyd  of  copper  6-1,  water  6*7,  oxyd  of  iron 
0*4,  silica  soluble  in  the  alkalies  57-9=100. 

The  specimen  for  No.  13  had  a  fine  turquois-blue  color,  and  was  from  Tambillos  near  Coquimbo. 

Demidoffite  occurs  at  Tagilsk,  Urals,  in  mammiilated  crusts  of  a  sky-blue  color,  and  afforded  N. 
Nordenskiold  (1.  c.)  Si  31-55,  £l  0'53,  Cu  33-14,  Mg  3'15,  H  23'03,  $  [10'22]  =  100. 

Hermann  has  given  (1.  c.)  the  name  Asp&rolite  to  an  amorphous  mineral  from  Tagilsk,  Russia.  It 
occurs  in  reniform  masses  of  the  size  of  the  fist,  of  a  bluish-green  color,  conchoidal  fracture, 
smooth  and  lustrous.  Brittle..  H.  =  2-5;  G.=2'306.  Analysis  afforded  him  Si  31'94,  Cu  40-81, 
H  27-25  =  100.  0.  ratio  for  R,  Si,  H=l  :  2  :  3.  He  considers  it  one  of  a  series  of  silicates  of 
copper,  consisting  of  dioptase,  chrysocolla,  asperolite,  and  a  mineral  described  by  Nordenskiold, 
containing  respectively  1,  2,  3,  and  4  eq.  H.  Named  asperolite  on  account  of  its  great  brittleness. 


4:04:  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

The  following  are  analyses  of  other  impure  varieties  ;  1,  Ullmann  (Syst.  tab.  Uebers.,  275) ;  2, 
Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv.  34);  3,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  1836);  4,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxix.  209);  5, 
Damour  (Ann  d  M  III.  xii.) ;  6,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  552) ;  7,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xix. 
698) ;  8,  Domeyko  (Min.,  1860,  139) ;  9,  F.  Field  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxii. 361) ;  10, 11,  Domeyko(l.  c.) : 

Si  Cu  H  £e 

1.  DiUenburg  40  40  12  ,  C  8=100  Ullmann. 

2.  Turjinsk,  grten          26  50  17  ,  0  7  =  100  Klaproth. 

3  ?  25-31         54-46  5'25          ,  C  14'98=100  Thomson. 

4  Turjinsk,  brown  9'66         13-00         18'OQ         59-00=99'66  Kobell. 

5,         "  «  17-95         12-12         20-55         50-85  =  101-47  Damour. 

6  Mexico  27-74        36*07         16'70         17-46,  Ca,  Mg  0-40=98-37  Rammelsberg. 

7  chili  7-1          46-8          15'0  1'5,    S  lO'l.  gangue  18-5  =  99  Berthier. 

8  «      black  15-00         26'33         15*02  3'05,  Mn  39-80=99-20  Domeyko. 
9*     »          «                    18-90         24-71         15-52  0'23,  Mn  40'28=99'64  Field. 

id     «          »  18-3  61-2  17-1  2-9=99-5  Domeyko. 

H*     "          «  10-33        75-55        12-18  1-26,  Ca  0-40,  Mg  0-33  =  100  Domeyko. 

Nos.  1  to  3  contain  some  carbonate  of  copper ;  and  1  has  been  named  Dilleriburgite.  Nos.  4  tc 
6  are  Kupferpecherz  (or  Hepatinerz),  a  brown  variety  containing  much  limouite  as  impurity;  No.  7 
contains  25  p.  c.  of  sulphate  of  copper ;  Nos.  8,  9  contain  oxyd  of  manganese,  and  are  black  in  color ; 
Nos.  10,  11  include  black  oxyd  of  copper.  Nos.  7  to  11  are  ah1  from  the  vicinity  of  Coquimbo. 
The  cupreous  variety  abounds  especially  at  the  Higuera  mines;  and  10  is  from  the  Cortadero 
mine ;  1 1  from  the  Brillador. 

The  chrysocolla  of  Rochlitz,  in  the  Riesengebirge,  afforded  Herter  &  Forth  (Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs.,  x. 
10)  Si  42-93— 43-43,  Cu  16-11—29-37,  Pb  1-73—5-05,  2n  7*43— 0'50,  Ca  2'00— 1-54,  Mg  4-46— 
0-33,  A1!  5-56—9-85,  Pe  10*07 — 2-08,  H  9'23 — 8'61,  and  32  p.  c.  of  antimonic  and  arsenic  acids. 

Delesse  finds  some  recent  stalactitic  formations  of  a  bluish- white  color,  occurring  in  the  galleries 
of  a  copper  mine  in  Tuscany  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  ix.  593),  to  consist  of  Silica  21-08,  alumina  17*83, 
oxyd  of  copper  28-37,  water  32-72  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  blackens  and  yields  water.  B.B.  decrepitates,  colors  the  flame 
emerald-green,  but  is  infusible.  With  the  fluxes  gives  the  reactions  for  copper.  "With  soda  and 
charcoal  a  globule  of  metallic  copper.  Decomposed  by  acids  without  gelatinization. 

Obs. — Accompanies  other  copper  ores,  occurring  especially  in  the  upper  part  of  veins. 

Bischof  observes  (Lehrb.,  ii.  1885)  that  silicate  of  copper  may  be  formed  through  the  action  of 
an  alkaline-,  lime-,  or  magnesia-silicate  on  sulphate  or  nitrate  of  copper  in  solution.  He  also 
shows  that  this  silicate  is  decomposed  by  carbonated  waters,  producing  carbonate  of  copper.  The 
alkaline  silicates  are  furnished  by  the  decomposing  granite,  and  the  sulphate  of  copper  by  altered 
pyritous  copper.  ButL.  Sasmann  communicates  to  the  author  that  he  has  seen  specimens  of  chryso- 
colla from  Chili,  which  have  in  the  interior  the  fibrous  structure  and  composition  of  pure  mala- 
chite, showing  that  the  whole  was  once  malachite.  The  chrysocolla  analyzed  by  Scheerer  (anal 
7)  occiirs  with  feldspar,  and  is  supposed  to  have  resulted  from  the  action  of  sulphate  of  copper 
on  the  feldspar.  Some  specimens  of  the  chrysocolla  are  translucent  and  brittle  on  one  part,  and 
earthy,  like  decomposed  feldspar,  on  the  opposite. 

Found  in  most  copper  mines  in  Cornwall ;  at  Libethen  in  Hungary;  at  Falkenstein  and  Schwatz 
in  the  Tyrol ;  in  Siberia ;  the  Bannat ;  Thuringia ;  Schneeberg,  Saxony ;  Kupferberg,  Bavaria ; 
South  Australia;  Chili,  etc. 

In  Somerville  and  Schuyler's  mines,  New  Jersey,  at  Morgantown,  Pa.,  and  at  Wolcottville, 
Conn.,  chrysocolla  occurs  associated  with  red  copper  ore,  native  copper,  and  green  malachite ;  in 
Pennsylvania,  near  Morgantown,  Berks  Co. ;  at  Perkiomen ;  at  Cornwall,  Lebanon  Co. ;  also  with 
similar  associated  minerals,  and  with  brown  iron  ore,  in  Nova  Scotia,  at  the  Basin  of  Mines ; 
also  in  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  mixed  with  carbonate  of  copper. 

Chrysocolla  is  from  wvaos,  gold,  and  /co'XXa,  glue,  and  was  the  name  of  a  material  used  in  soldering 
gold.  The  name  is  often  applied  now  to  borax,  which  is  so  employed.  But  much  of  the  ancient 
chrysocolla  was  a  green  stone  containing  copper  as  the  coloring  ingredient,  and  the  best,  as  Dios- 
corides  says,  was  that  which  was  ^araxdpwj  npaai^ovaa,  or  of  a  fine  leek-green  or  prase  color ;  and 
the  island  of  Cyprus,  which  was  named  from  its  copper  mines,  was  a  prominent  locality.  Pliny 
says  the  mineral  was  named  after  the  real  chrysocolla,  because  it  looked  like  it.  It  may  have  in- 
cluded carbonate  of  copper,  as  was  true  to  some  extent  of  the  chrysocolla  and  mountain-green  of 
the  16th,  17th,  and  18th  centuries.  The  cceruleum  montanum  of  Wallerius  included  both  chryso- 
colla and  an  earthy  variety  of  the  carbonate. 

347.  ALXPITE.    Pimelit  Schmidt,  Pogg.,  Ixi.  388,  1844.    Alipit  GbcJc.,  1845. 
Massive;  earthy. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES.  405 

H.=2'5.   G.=1'44—  1*46,  Schmidt.    Color  apple-green.     Not  unctuous. 
Adheres  to  the  tongue. 

Oomp.—  0.  ratio  for  E,  Si,  S,  1:8:  *,  nearly;  whence  (ifi+£(Ni,Mg))Si,  if  the  water  be 
basic;  according  to  Schmidt  (1.  c.),  Si  54'63,  £l  0'30,  M  32-66,  Fe  M3,  Mg  5'89,  Oa  0'16,  fl  5'23 

=  100. 

From  Silesia. 

Named  from  the  Greek  dXtTnj?,  not  greasy. 

348.  CONARITE.    Konarit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xviii.  1,  1859. 

Monoclinic  ?     In  small  grains  and  crystals,  with  perfect  brachy  diagonal 
cleavage,  and  supposed  to  be  like  vivianite  in  crystallization. 

H.=2-5  —  3.     Gk=2-459—  2-619.     Color  yellowish,  pistachio-  and  siskin- 

freen,   olive-green.     Streak   siskin-green.     In   thin   lamellae   translucent. 
Vagile. 


Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  Ni,  Si,£=l  :  3  :  1-J-,  nearly;  whence  (ifl+f  Ni)Si+£fi:,if  a  third  of  the 
water  be  basic.  Analysis  by  Winkler  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  335)  : 

Si          £l        £e         Si         Co         fi  £         Is         S 

43-6         4-6         0-8         358         0'6         ll'l         2'7         0'8         tr.  =  WQ. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  at  the  Hanns  George  mine,  at  Rottis,  in  Saxon  Voigtland,  with  rottisite. 
Named  from  xovapos,  evergreen. 

349.  PICROSMINE.    Pikrosmin  Raid.,  Min.  Mohs.,  iii  16*7,  1825. 

Orthorhombic.  Cleavable  massive.  Also  columnar  or  fibrous.  Cleav- 
age :  in  traces,  parallel  to  a  prism  of  117°  49'  ;  perfect  parallel  to  i-i,  less 
so  parallel  to  i-i. 

H.=2'5—  3.  G.=2'66,  cleavable  massive  ;  2*596,  columnar.  Lustre  of 
cleavage-face  pearly,  elsewhere  vitreous.  Color  greenish-white  ;  also  dark 
green,  gray.  Streak  white.  Subtranslucent  —  opaque.  Odor  bitter  argil- 
laceous when  moistened.  Double  refraction  strong  ;  optical  axes  in  the 
columnar  variety  in  a  longitudinal  plane  ;  bisectrix  negative,  normal  to  the 
sides  of  the  columns. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  ft,  Si,  fl=l  :  2  :  -J;  Mg  Si  +  $~&=  Silica  55-1,  magnesia  36%  water  8'2= 
100.  Analysis  by  Magnus  (Pogg.,  vi.  53)  : 

Si  54-89     Xl  0-79     Pe  1'40     &n  0'42     Mg  34-35     £  7'30=98'15. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  some  ammonia  given  off  with  the  water  ;  the  assay  black- 
ens and  has  a  burnt  smell.  B.B.  on  charcoal  whitens  without  fusing.  With  borax  slowly  dis- 
solves to  a  transparent  glass  ;  affords  a  glass  with  little  soda,  and  an  infusible  slag  if  the  soda  be 
increased.  A  pale  and  indistinct  red  with  cobalt  solution. 

Obs.  —  Associated  with  magnetic  iron  ore  at  the  iron  mine  of  Engelsberg,  near  Pressnitz  in  Bo- 
hemia. The  fibrous  variety  resembles  asbestus. 

Named  from  rciKpos,  bitter,  and  'o^p/,  odor. 

Haidinger  instituted  the  species  on  the  physical  characters  and  cleavage  of  the  massive  and 
fibrous  mineral,  without  a  knowledge  of  the  chemical  composition  ;  and  he  suggests  that  much  of 
common  asbestus  may  belong  to  it. 

The  talcose  or  chloritic  schist  of  Greiner  in  Tyrol,  and  the  limestone  of  the  vicinity  of  Waldheim, 
Saxony,  are  reported  as  other  localities.  Descloizeaux  obtained  the  above  optical  characters  from 
the  Pressnitz  mineral,  and  also  from  another  from  Zermatt. 

350.  SPADAITE.     V.  Kobell,  Gel.  Anz.,  Miinchen,  xvii.  945,  1843,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxx.  467. 

Massive,  amorphous. 


406  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

H.=2*5.  Lustre  a  little  pearly  or  greasy.  Translucent.  Color  reddish, 
approaching  flesh-red.  Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal  and  splintery. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  B,  Si,  S=5  :  12  :  4;  whence,  if  a  fourth  of  the  water  is  basic,  (f  fig+i 
fi)  Si+i  fi.  Analysis  by  v.  Kobell  : 

Si  56-00        £10-66         Fe  0'66         Mg  30'67         fi  11-34=99-33. 

Pyr.,  etc.  _  In  the  closed  tube  yields  much  water  and  becomes  gray.  ^  B.B.  melts  to  a  glassy 
enamel.  Dissolves  in  concentrated  muriatic  acid,  the  silica  easily  gelatinizing. 

Obs.  —  From  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome,  filling  the  spaces  among  crystals  of  wollastonite,  in  leu- 
citic  lava. 

Named  after  Sign.  Medici  Spada. 

QUINCITE.  —  The  quincite  of  Berthier  is  in  light  carmine-red  particles  disseminated  through  a 
limestone  deposit. 

Comp.  —  Silica  54,  magnesia  19,  protoxyd  of  iron  8,  water  17=98.  From  near  the  village  of 
Quincy,  France.  Strong  concentrated  acids  dissolve  the  magnesia  and  iron,  and  leave  the  silica 
in  a  gelatinous  state.  The  color  is  attributed  to  organic  matter. 

351.  PYRALLOLITE  pt.  352.  PICEOPHYLL.  353.  TRAVERSELLTTE.  354.  PITKARANDITE.  355. 
STRAKONITZITE.  356.  MONRADITE. 

These  are  names  of  pyroxene  in  different  stages  of  alteration,  between  true  pyroxene  and  either 
serpentine  or  steatite.  For  analyses  and  descriptions,  see  under  that  species  (p.  221). 

357.  NBOLITE.    Neolit  Scfaerer,  Pogg.,  Ixxi.  285,  1847. 

In  silky  fibres  stellately  grouped  ;  also  massive. 

H.=l—  2.  G.=2*/T7.  after  drying.  Color  green.  Lustre  silky  or 
earthy. 


.  Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  R,  &,  Si,  fi  about  3:1:6:1-};  whence  the  formula 
fi3].  Perhaps  (R3,  R-,  fl8)  Si3.  As  the  mineral  is  formed  through  the  agency  of  infiltrating  waters 
through  rocks  containing  magnesia,  it  is  not  safe  to  assume  that  there  are  no  impurities  ^present. 
Analyses:  1-3,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  373);  4,  Richter  (ib.): 

Si         £1         Fe      Mn      fig       Ca        fi 

1.  Arendal      52-28       7'33       3-79     0'89     31-24    0'28    4'04=99'85. 

2.  "  47-35     10-27       7'92     2'64     24'73      -     6'28=99-19. 

3.  Eisenach     51'35       9-02       0'79      -     30-19     1'93     6'50=99-78. 

4.  "  51-44       8-79  FeO-88      -     3M1     2'00     6'50=100'72 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  the  iron  mines  of  Arendal,  and  in  cavities  in  basalt  near  Eisenach.  Also 
compact  massive  and  earthy  in  fissures  at  Rochlitz  in  the  Eiesengebirge,  Bohemia,  of  a  pis- 
tachio-green color,  or  brownish;  Gr.  =  2-625  to  2'837.  Herter  &  Porth  (Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs,  x.  19) 
observe  that  this  variety  contains  oxyd  of  zinc,  oxyd  of  iron,  lime,  alumina,  and  copper,  as  im- 
purities. 

Named  from  vtos,  new,  and  Aifly?,  stone. 

358.  PALIQORSKITE.     Paligorskit  T.  v.  Ssaflschenkof,  Verb,  Min.  St.  Pet.,  1862,  102. 
Fibrous.    Soft,  but  tough,  and  hence  with  great  difficulty  pulverized.    G.=2'217.    Color  white. 

COMP.  —  0.  ratio  for  R,  B,  Si,  If,  after  excluding  8£  p.  c.  of  what  is  called  hygroscopic  water, 
1:2-5:8:3. 

Analysis  by  Ssaftschenkof  (1.  c.):  Sr5218,  Si  18'32,  fig  8'19,  Ca  0-59,  fi  12-04,  hygrosc.  water 
8-46=99-84.  B.B.  infusible.  Not  acted  on  by  the  acids. 

From  the  Permian  mining  district  of  the  Ural,  "in  der  Paligorischen  Distanz"  of  the  second 
mine  on  the  river  Popovka.  Probably  an  altered  asbestus. 

359.  XYLOTILE  Glocker,  Synopsis,  97,  1847  (Bergholz,  of  Sterzing,  and  Eolzasbest\  approaches 
the  above  in  constitution,  but  is  probably  only  an  altered  asbestus.  It  occurs  delicately  fibrous  ; 
glimmering  in  lustre  ;  wood-brown,  light  or  dark,  and  also  green  in  color;  with  Gr.=2'4—  2*45  for 


HYDROUS    SILICATES.  407 

the  brown,  and  2/56  for  the  greenish,  Kenngott.     Thaulow  obtained  (Pogg.,  xli.  635)  Si  55*58,  3tl 
0-04,  F~e  19-44,  Mg  15-50,  Ca  O'lO,  II  10 '27=79-93.    Von  Hauer  finds  (Sitz.  Wien.  Akad.,  xi.  388): 

Si  £e  Fe  Mg  Ca               H 

1.  44-31  17-74  3*73  8*90  2'27  21'57 

2.  45-53  18-03  3'36  11*08  tr.  22*01 

3.  47-96  16-05  1'87  12-37  tr.  21  "64 

Of  the  water  in  the  analyses,  9-20,  7 -90,  and  8-13  p.  c.  passed  off  at  100°  C. ;  and,  excluding  the 
mean  9f  these  determinations,  reduces  the  mean  of  the  above  results  to  Si  50*43,  3Pe  18*97,  Fe 
8*28,  Mg  11-82,  Ca  0'85,  H  14'63=99'98. 

Kenngott  considers  it  as  probably  altered  chrysotile. 

Xylite  of  Hermann  is  also  probably  only  a  hydrous  asbestus.  It  has  a  brown  color  and  asbesti- 
form  structure.  Hermann  obtained  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  xxxiv.  180,  1845),  Si  44*06,  £e  3 7 -84,  Ca  6*58,  Mg 
5-42,  Cu  1*36,  H  4*70=99-96.  H.=3.  G.  =  2'935. 

360.  ANTHOSIDBRITB.    Hausm.,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott,  281,  1841. 

In  tnfts  of  a  fibrous  structure,  and  sometimes  collected  into  feathery 
flowers.  Resembles  cacoxene. 

H.-=6'5.  G.=3.  Lustre  silky,  a  little  chatoyant  on  a  fresh  fracture. 
Color  ochre-yellow  and  yellowish-brown,  somewhat  grayish,  rarely  white. 
Powder  brown  to  colorless.  Opaque  or  slightly  subtranslucent.  Gives 
sparks  with  a  steel.  Tough. 

Oomp. — 3?e2  Si9  +  2  H=Silica  60*3,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  35*7,  water  4*0=100.  Analysis  by  Schne- 
dermann  (1.  c.,  and  Pogg.,  lii.  292)  of  the  yellow  variety  (mean  of  two  results):  Si  60*08,  3Pe 
34*99,  H  3*59  =  98-66.  If  the  water  is  basic,  the  0.  ratio  is  1  :  2J. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  becomes  reddish-brown,  then  black,  and  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  black 
magnetic  slag.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — From  Antonio  Pereira,  in  the  province  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  where  it  is  intimately 
associated  with  magnetic  iron.  Named  from  avOj$.  flower,  and  aiJ^o?,  iron. 


II.  UNISILICATES. 

361.  CALAMINE.  Cadmia  pt.  Plin.,  xxxiv.  2;  Agric.  Foss.,  255,  1546.  Lapis  calaminaris, 
Germ.  Galmei  pt.  Agric.,  Interpr.,  1546.  Gallmeja  pt.,  Lapis  calaminaris  pt.,  Cadmia  officin.  pt., 
Wall.,  Min.,  247,  1747 ;  Zincum  naturale  calciforme  pt.,  Galmeja,  Lapis  calaminaris  pt.,  Cronst, 
197,  1758.  Calamine  pt.  Fr.  Trl.  "Wall.,  i.  447,  1753.  Zincum  spatosum  cinereum  compactum 
electricum,  ib.  flavescens  drusicum  (fr.  Carinthia),  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  i.  132,  1772.  Calamine  pt, 
Mine  de  Zinc  vitriforme  (with  figs.)  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  329, 1772,  iii.  81,  1783 ;  Kieselerde,  Zinkoxyd 
(fr.  Derbyshire),  Klapr.,  Crell's  Ann.,  i.  891,  1788.  Galmei  pt.  Karst.,  Tab.,  24,  1791.  Zinc 
oxyde  pt.  H.,  Tr.,  iv.  1801.  Electric  Calamine,  Silicate  of  Zinc,  Smithson,  Phil.  Trans.,  1803. 
Zinc  Calamiue  Brongn.,  Min.,  ii.  136,  1807.  Zinkglaserz  Karst,  Tab.,  70,  100,  1808.  Zinkkieselerz, 
Kieselzinkerz,  Kieselzinkspath,  Kieselgalmey,  Germ.  Siliceous  Oxyd  of  Zinc.  Zinc  oxyde  sili- 
cifere  H.  Calamine  Beud.,  Min.,  ii,  190,  1832.  Smithsonite  B.  &  M.,  Min.,  1852  [not  Smithson- 
ite  Eeud.].  Hemimorphit  Kenng.,  Min.,  67,  1853.  Wagit  RadoszkovsU,  C.  R.,  liii.  107,  1862. 

Orthorhombic  ;  hemimorphic-hemihedral.  I A  7=104°  13',  0  A  1-1= 
148°  31' ;  a:b:  c=0'6124  :  1  :  1-2850.  Observed  planes  :  0  ;  vertical,  7, 
i-%,  i-i,  t-$,  i-2,  i-3,  i-5  ;  domes,  ^,  1-^,  |-^,  $-%,  2-i,  34,  54,  T-l ;  ^  J-*,  f--i,  14, 
24,  34;  octahedral,  J-,  f,  1 ;  3-f,  2-2,  «,  f-3,  |-4,  2-6,  f  7,  -J-7 ;  2-2,  3-f,  4-f. 


408 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


0  A  24=129°  14/ 
0  A  34=118  34 
0  A  ffc!62  59 
O  A  |-4=166  36 
Q  A  14=154  31 
0  A  34=124  58 


0  A  1=142°  11' 
i-i  A  2-2 =129  7 
^"-2  A  -fc'-S,  ov.  i-i,  =  114  50 

/A  £$=127  54 
£-2  A  ^4=147  17 
^-3  A  -£4=156  49 


Twins.  Cleavage :  /,  perfect ;  0,  in  traces.  Also  stal- 
actitic,  mammillated,  botryoidal,  and  fibrous  forms;  also 
massive  and  granular. 

H.= 4-5— 5,  the  latter  when  crystallized.  G.=3'16— 3'9, 
343 — 3 -49,  from  Altenberg.  Lustre  vitreous,  0  subpearly, 
sometimes  adamantine.  Color  white;  sometimes  with  a  delicate  bluish 
or  greenish  shade  ;  also  yellowish  to  brown.  Streak  white.  Transparent 
—translucent.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  Pyroelectric.  Double  refrac- 
tion strong ;  optic-axial  plane  i-l ;  divergence  81° — 82-J0  for  the  red  rays ; 
bisectrix  positive,  normal  to  0. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  In  crystals.  Measured  angles:  /At'4=128°  4',  Schrauf,  giving 
/A/=103°52';  /Ai-S=151°  12',  Schrauf;  t-2  A  *-S=147°  25',  Hessenberg;  0  A  l-i=148°  81', 
Dauber,  148°  39',  Schr.;  0  A  3-1=118°  39',  Dauber,  118°  40'  Schr.;  0  A  14=154°  31,  Daub., 
154°  27',  Schr.  (6)  Mammillary  or  stalactitic.  (c)  Massive;  often  cellular.  Wagite  is  a concre- 
tionary light-blue  to  green  calamine  from  Nijni  Jagurt  in  the  Ural;  G.=2'707. 

2.  Carbonated.     Sullivan  has  described  (Dublin  Q.  J.  Sei.,  1862,  ii.  150)  a  variety  of  calamine 
from  the  Dolores  mine  in  the  province  of  Santander,  Spain,  occurring  in  concentric  pisolitic  masses, 
frequently  containing  a  semitranslucent,  opal-like  nucleus.     This  mineral,  produced  from  the  hy- 
drous carbonate  by  the  action  of  silicated  waters,  contains  from  12  to  2()  per  cent,  of  carbonate  of 
zinc ;  G.=2'88 — 3 '69.     Sullivan's  paper  is  one  of  much  interest. 

3.  Argillaceous.    Another  calamine  from  Spain,  analyzed  by  Schonichen  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxii.  163), 
contains  20  to  26  p.  c.  of  alumina,  with  31-5  p.  c.  of  silica,  21  to  28'5  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  zinc,  and  18  to 
20  of  water;  and  is  apparently  calamine  mixed  with  clay.     It  occurs  massive;  color  at  first  white, 
changing  in  the  air  to  violet,  brown,  and  finally  black;  transparent  on  the  edges ;  feel  soa^py. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  £,  Si,H=l  :  1  :  |;  2n2 Si +  H= Silica  2 5 -o;  oxyd  of  zinc  67*5,  water  7'5 
=100.  Perhaps  in  some,  or  all  cases,  one-third  more  water,  or  2n2Si+  1^H= Silica  24-4,  oxyd  of 
zinc  65-9,  water  9-7  =  100. 

Analyses:  1,  Smithson  (Nicholson's  Journ.,  vi.  78);  2,  3,  Monheim  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlix.  319);  4, 
Berzelius  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1819,  141);  6,  Berthier  (J.  d.  M.,  xxviii.  341);  6,  Thomson  (Phil.  Mag., 
1840);  7,  8,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiii.  98);  9,  E.  Schmidt  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  li.  257);  10,  C,  Schnabel 
(Pogg.,  cv.  144);  11,  Radoszkovski  (1.  c.): 

2n  H" 

97-7  Smithson. 

Fe  0-68,  C  0-35=100-97  Monheim. 
3Pe  0-22,  C  0-31=99-27  Monheim. 
r  100  Berzelius. 
=  100  Berthier. 
- 100-8  Thomson. 
Pb  2-70=100  Hermann. 
=  100  Hermann. 
3Pe  0-72,0  1-02=99-68  Schmidt. 
£1,  Fe  1-08,  £  Zr.=99-41  Schnabel. 
Ca  1-55,  Do,  Fe  ^.=99-15  Radosz. 

The  wagite  gives  the  0.  ratio  1  : 1  :  J, 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  whitens,  and  gives  off  water.  B.B.  almost  infusi- 
ble (R=6) ;  moistened  with  cobalt  solution  gives  a  green  color  when  heated.  On  charcoal  with 
soda  gives  a  coating  which  is  yellow  while  hoc,  and  white  on  cooling.  Moistened  with  cobalt  solu- 
tion, and  heated  in  O.P.,  this  coating  assumes  a  bright  green  color.  Gelatinizes  with  acids  even 
when  previously  ignited.  Decomposed  by  acetic  acid  with  gelatinization.  Soluble  in  a  strong 
solution  of  caustic  potash. 


Si 

2n 

H 

1.  Eetzbanya                             25*0 

68-3 

4-4= 

2.         "                                      25-34 

67-02 

7-58, 

3.  Altenberg                         (f  )  24-85 

6640 

7-49, 

4.  Limburg                                   26-23 

66-37 

7-40: 

5.  Brisgau                                    25'5 

64-5 

10-0  = 

6.  Leadhills;  G.  =  3'164             23-2 

66-8 

10-8  = 

7.  Nertschinsk  ;  G.=3'87l        25-38 

62-85 

9-07, 

8.         "                  G.=3-435        25-96 

6566 

8-38: 

9.  Moresnet                                24-44 

66-48 

7-02 

10.  Santander;  G.=3'42             23-74 

66-25 

8-34, 

11.  Ural,  Wagite                           26-00 

66-90 

4-70, 

HYDKOUS    SILICATES.  409 

Obs. — Calamine  and  smithsonite  are  usually  found  associated  in  veins  or  beds  in  stratified 
calcareous  rocks  accompanying  ores  of  blende,  iron,  and  lead,  as  at  Aix  la  Chapelle ;  Raibel  and 
Bleiberg,  iu  Carinthia,  in  the  upper  Triassic ;  Moresnet  in  Belgium,  Fribourg  in  Brisgau,  Iserlohn, 
Taruowitz,  Olkucz,  Miedzanagora,  Retzbanya,  Schemnitz.  At  Roughten  Gill,  iu  Cumberland,  in 
acicular  crystals  and  mamrmllary  crusts,  sky-blue  and  fine  green  ;  at  Alston  Moor,  white ;  at  the 
Rutland  mine,  near  Mattock,  in  Derbyshire,  in  brilliant  crystals,  and  grayish-white,  and  yellow,  and 
mammillated :  at  Castleton,  in  crystals ;  on  the  Mendip  Hills,  mostly  brownish -yellow,  and  in  part 
stalactitic ;  in  Flintshire,  etc.,  Wales ;  Leadhills,  Scotland.  Large  crystals  have  been  found  at 
Nertschinsk. 

In  the  United  States  occurs  with  smithsonite  iu  Jefferson  county,  Missouri.  In  Pennsylvania, 
at  the  Perkiomen  and  Phenixville  lead  mines ;  in  a  lower  Silurian  rock  two  miles  from  Bethle- 
hem, at  Friedensville,  in  Saucon  valley,  abundant  and  extensively  worked  ;  on  the  Susquehanna, 
opposite  Selimsgrove.  Abundant  in  Virginia,  at  Austin's  mines  in  Wythe  Co.  A  pale  yellow, 
fusible  zinciferous  clay  occurs  in  considerable  abundance  with  calamine  at  the  Ueberroble  mine, 
Friedensville.  Analysis  of  this  by  John  M.  Blake  gave  Si  41-36,  3fci  8'04,  3P0  9-55,  2u  32-24,  Mg 
1-02,  K  tr.,  H  7 '7  6.  Other  specimens  examined  by  W.  T.  Roepper  gave  a  variable  amount  of  zinc, 
showing  that  the  substance  is  not  homogeneous  (priv.  contrib.). 

On  cryst.  see  Gr.  Rose,  Pogg.,  lix. ;  Dauber,  Pogg.,  xcii.  245  (whose  measurements  are  above 
adopted) ;  Hessenberg,  Senk.  Nat.  Ges.  Frankfurt  a  M.,  ii.  260;  Schrauf,  Ber.%ik.  Wien,  xxxviii. 
789;  Descl.  Min.,  i.  117. 

The  name  Calamine  (with  Galmei  of  the  Germans)  is  commonly  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of 
Cadmia.  Agricola  says  it  is  from  calamus,  a  reed,  in  allusion  to  the  slender  forms  (stalactitic)  com- 
mon in  the  cadmia  fornacum. 

The  cadmia  of  Pliny  and  of  other  ancient  authors  included  both  the  native  silicate  and  carbon- 
ate, and  the  oxyd  from  the  chimneys  of  furnaces  (cadmia  fornacum).  The  two  native  ores  con- 
tinued to  be  confounded  under  the  name  lapis  calaminaris,  calamine  or  galmei,  until  investi- 
gated chemically  by  Smithson  in  1803.  Earlier  analyses  had  made  out  chemical  differences,  and  some 
authors,  before  1790,  had  rightly  suggested  a  division  of  the  species  Bergmann  having  found 
28  p.  c.  carbonic  acid  in  a  Holy  well  specimen  (J.  de  Phys.,  xvi.  17,  1780);  and  Pelletier,  in  a 
kind  from  Fribourg  in  Brisgau,  which  had  been  called  Zeolite  of  Brisgau  because  it  gelatinized 
with  acids,  52  p.  c.  silica,  with  36  oxyd  of  zinc,  and  12  water  (J.  de  Phys.,  xx.  420,  1782);  and 
Klaproth,  in  another,  similarly  gelatinizing,  66  oxyd  of  zinc  and  33  silica.  But  Smithson  was 
the  first  to  make  known  the  true  composition,  and  clear  away  all  doubts. 

De  Lisle  noticed  the  crystalline  forms  of  the  two  species,  describing  one  kind  as  prismatic  with 
dihedral  summits,  and  the  other  as  scalenohedral  like  dogtooth  spar,  yet  did  not  fully  appreciate 
the  importance  of  the  observation ;  while  Haiiy,  14  years  later,  in  his  Traite,  describes  only  the  crys- 
tals of  the  silicate,  and  takes  the  ground  that  the  zinc  carbonatee  was  only  an  impure  calcareous 
"zinc  oxyde." 

In  1807  Brongniart  called  the  silicate  calamine,  leaving  for  the  other  ore  the  chemical  name 
zinc  carbonatee.  In  1832,  Beudant  followed  Brongniart  in  the  former  name,  and  designated  the 
latter  Smit/isonite,  after  SMITHSON,  who  had  analyzed  in  1803  the  carbonate  as  well  as  silicate. 
Thus  the  two  species  were  at  last,  not  only  distinguished,  but  mineralogically  named. 

Unfortunately,  Brooke  &  Miller,  in  1852,  reversed  Beudant's  use  of  these  names,  with  no  good 
reason ;  and  in  1853,  Kenngott,  on  account  of  the  confusion  of  names,  as  he  says,  introduced  for 
the  silicate  the  new  name  Hemimorphite,  and  so  added  to  the  confusion.  These  innovations 
should  have  no  favor. 

362  A.  MORESNETITE  Risse  (Yerh.  nat  Ver.  Bonn,  1865,  Ber.  98).  A  mineral  from  Altenberg,  near 
Aachen,  occurring  with  calamine.  Two  varieties  are  found,  one  dark'  to  leek-green  and  opaque  ; 
the  other  light  emerald-green,  transparent.  The  latter  is  the  purest;  it  has  H.  — 2-5,  conchoidal 
fracture,  streak  white.  It  afforded  on  analysis  Si  30-31,  £1  13-68,  Fe  0'27,  Ni  1'14,  Zn  43-41,  Mg 
tr.,  Ga  tr.,  H  11  '37  =  100'  18.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  with  cobalt  solution  a  pale  green  mass.  Diffi- 
cultly soluble  in  acids. 

362.  VILLARSITE.    Dufrenoy,  C.  R.,  1842,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  i.  387,  1842.    Serpentin  aus  d. 
Malenkerthal  FeUenberg,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  ci.  38,  1867. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=120°  8',  Descl.  Observed  planes:  0,  l-£,  1; 
crystals  all  compound,  consisting  of  three  intersecting  individuals ;  compo- 
sition-face i-Z.  0  A  1-1=140°  36',  0  A  1=136°  32'.  (Crystallization  per- 
haps pseudomorphic.)  Mostly  in  rounded  grains.  Also  massive. 

H.=4:-5.    G. =2-978,  from  Traversella;  2-99,  fr.  Malenkerthal.    Color 


410 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


yellowish-green  to  olive-green;  also  dark  green  to  blackish.  Streak  un- 
colored.  Translucent;  transparent  in  thin  plates.  Double  refraction 
strong  ;  optic-axial  plane,  i-i  ;  bisectrix  normal  to  0,  positive  ;  Descl. 


Comp—  0.  ratio  for  K,  Si,  fl=l  :  1  :  £;  (H  Mg+iV  Fe)2  Si+£  fi^Silica  38-9,  magnesia  47'5, 
protoxyd  of  iron  7'8,  water  5'8—  100.  Appears  to  be  a  hydrous  forsterite  or  boltonite  in  compo- 
sition, and  to  resemble  much  the  latter.  G.  Rose  pointed  out  the  approximation  in  angle  to 
chrysolite,  and  regarded  it  as  an  altered  variety.  Its  occurrence  in  twins  of  three  intersecting 
crystals,  as  made  known  by  Descloizeaux  (Miu.,  95,  1862),  is  an  important  characteristic  not  thus  far 
observed  in  forsterite,  or  any  other  species  of  the  chrysolite  group.  The  crystals  have  the  planes 
shining,  but  not  quite  even.  Analyses  :  1,  2,  Dufrenoy  (1.  c.,  and  Dufr.  Min.,  2d.  ed.,  iv.  343)  ;  3, 
Fellenberg  (1.  c.)  : 

Si  Fe  Mn  Mg  Ca       & 

1.  TraverseUa          39-61  3'59  2'42  47  '37  0'53  0'46 

2.  Forez  40-52  6'25  -  43-75  1-70  0'72 

3.  Malenkerthal  (f)41-72  7'97  -  42'15  --  -- 


fl 

5-80=99-78  Dufrenoy. 
6-21  =  99-15  Dufrenoy. 
5-55,  Cr,  HI  0-75,  il  3-19=101-33  F. 


Anal.  1  is  of  the  original  villarsite;  2,  of  grains  from  the  granite  of  Forez  and  Morvan,  France. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.     With  borax  a  green  enamel.     Attacked  by  concentrated  acids. 

Obs. — At  Traversella  it  is  associated  with  mica,  quartz,  and  dodecahedral  magnetite.  Much 
boltonite  is  hydrous,  and  in  composition  belongs  here.  Grains  in  the  interior  of  the  serpentine 
pseudomorphs  of  Snarum  have  sometimes  a  similar  composition.  The  mineral  from  Pirlo  in 
Malenkerthal,  of  the  Grisons,  constitutes  the  base  of  a  serpentine-like  rock,  which  is  slightly 
crystalline  in  texture,  somewhat  slaty,  feeble  lustre,  and  between  blackish-gray  and  dark  green  in 
color.  Supposing  the  alumina  present  as  a  mixed  silicate,  the  formula  is  that  of  the  Traversella 
mineral.  The  rock  looks  like  a  mixture  of  several  minerals. 

363.  PREHNITE.  Chrysolite  Sage,  Min.,  i.  232,  1777.  Chrysolite  du  Cap  (a  kind  of  Schorl) 
de  Lisle,  ii.  275,  1783.  Zeolithe  verddtre  v.  Born,  Cat.  de  Raab,  i.  203,  1790.  Prehnit  Wern., 
Bergm.  J.,  1790,  i.  110;  anal  by  Klapr.,  Schrift  Ges.  nat.  Berlin,  viii.  217,  1788.  Koupholite 
(fr.  Bareges),  Picot  la  Peyrouse,  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  ii.  547,  1797.  JEdelite  (Edelite)  Wabnstedt, 
Jahresb.,  v.  217,  1825.  Jacksonite  Whitney,  J.  Nat.  H.  Soc.  Boston,  v.  487,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=99°  56',  0  A  14=146°  11^' ;  a,  :  I  :  0=0-66963 
:  1  :  1'19035.  Observed  planes:  0\  vertical,  7,  ^4,  i-l\  domes,  f-£,  f-£, 
6-2 ;  octahedral,  2,  6.  O  A  j-£=153°  20',  0  A  f-fcl340  52^,  0  A  2=119° 
45',  0  A  6=100°  ¥1'  0  A  6-2=106°  30',  /A  ^=130°  2'.  Cleavage :  basal, 
distinct.  Tabular  crystals  often  united  by  0,  making  broken 
forms,  often  barrel-shaped.  Keniform,  globular,  and  stalac- 
titic  with  a  crystalline  surface.  Structure  imperfectly  co- 
lumnar or  lamellar,  strongly  coherent ;  also  compact  granular 
or  impalpable. 

H.=6-6'5.  4G.=2-8-2'953.  Lustre  vitreous ;  0  weak 
pearly.  Color  light  green,  oil-green,  passing  into  white  and 
gray ;  often  fading  on  exposure.  Subtransparent — translu- 
cent ;  streak  uncolored.  Fracture  uneven.  Somewhat  brit- 
tle. Pyroelectric,  with  polarity  central,  the  analogue  poles 
at  the  centre  of  the  base  and  the  antilogue  at  the  extrem- 
ities of  the  brachydiagonal,  Eiess  &  Eose.  Double  refrac- 
tion strong ;  optic-axial  plane  usually  i-i ;  bisectrix  positive, 
normal  to  0\  axial  angle  122°— 130°,  for  crystals  from 
Dauphiny  and  Pyrenees,  but  in  others  much  less ;  divergence  very  slightly 
diminished  by  heating ;  Descl. 

Var.— Usual  in  firm  and  hard  incrusting  masses,  externally  globular  or  mammillary,  the  surface 
made  up  often  of  grouped  crystals  more  or  less  imperfect,  but  sometimes  smooth. 


385 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES. 


411 


Si 

£1 

Pe 

Ca 

H 

1. 

Tyrol 

43-00 

23-25 

2-00 

26-00 

4-00, 

2. 

Tyrol,  Fassa 

42-88 

21-50 

3-00 

26-50 

4-62, 

3 

Mt.  Blanc,  Couph. 

44-71 

23-99 



25-41 

4-45, 

4. 

DumbartOD 

44-10 

24-26 



26-43 

4-18, 

5. 

^Edelfors,  Edelite 

43-03 

19-30 

6-81 

26-28 

4-43, 

6. 

Glasgow,  green 

43-60 

23-00 

2-00 

22-33 

6-40- 

7. 

"         white 

43-05 

23-84 

0-66 

26-16 

4-60, 

8. 

Bourg  d'Oisaus 

44-50 

23-44 

4-61 

23-47 

4-44  r 

9. 

Radauthal,  Harz 

44-74 

18-U6 

7-38 

27  06 

4-13, 

10. 

Niederkirchen, 

(  42-50 

30-50 

0-04 

22-57 

5-00, 

11. 

pseudomorphs 

(  44*00 

28-50 

0-04 

22-29 

6-00, 

12. 

Chili 

43-6 

21-6 

4-6 

25-0 

5-3  = 

13. 

Tyrol 

44-42 

24-09 

0-92 

26-41 

4-26- 

14. 

Upsala 

44-11 

22-99 

3-22 

25-83 

4-26= 

Coupholite  is  in  cavernous  masses,  made  of  small,  thin,  fragile  lamina  or  scales ;  the  original 
was  from  the  peak  of  Ereslids,  near  Bareges,  in  the  Pyrenees ;  also  reported  from  the  Col  du 
Bonhomme,  at  the  foot  of  Mt.  Blanc.  Named  from  Kovpoj,  tender. 

Edelite  (or  Edelite)  is  nothing  but  prehnite  from  ^Edelfors,  Sweden. 

Jacksonite  (or  anhydrous  prehnite)  of  Whitney  is  ordinary  prehnite,  from  Keweeuaw  Pt.  and  Isle 
Royale. 

Crystals  from  Farmington,  Ct.,  have  for  the  optic-axial  plane  i-i\  and  the  divergence  for  the  red 
rays  in  the  outer  parts  of  a  plate  of  a  crystal,  48° — 50° ;  in  an  ulterior  wedge-shaped  part  of  the 
same  plate,  17°,  Descl.  The  dispersion  is  very  strong  in  these  crystals,  while  in  those  of  Dau- 
phiny  it  is  hardly  perceptible. 

Comp, — 0.  ratio  for  K,  £,  Si,  H=2  :  3  :  6  :  1,  whence,  if  the  water  is  basic,  for  bases  and 
silica,  1  :  1 ;  and  formula  (i  H3  +  f  Oa+|  A-l)2  Si8=Silica  43-6,  alumina  24-9,  lime  27-1,  water  4'4= 
100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Gehlen  (Schw.  J.,  iii.  171);  3-5,  Wahnstedt  (Jahresb.,  v.  217);  6,  7,  Thom- 
son &  Lehunt  (Min.,  L  275);  8,  Regnault  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xiv.  154);  9,  Amelung  (Eamm.  2d 
Suppl.,  118,  Pogg.,  Ixviii.  312);  10,  11,  Leonhard  (Pogg.,  liv.  579);  12,  Domeyko  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV. 
ix.  3) ;  13,  P.  Kiitzing  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xx.  267) ;  14,  C.  W.  Paykull  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stock.,  1866,  85): 

Mn  0-25=98-50  Gehlen. 

Mn  0-25  =  98-75  Gehlen. 

Mn  0-19,  Fe  1-25=100  Wahnstedt. 

Fe  0-74=99-71  Wahnstedt. 

Mn  0-15=100-20  Wahnstedt. 

-97-33  Thomson. 

Mn  0-42,  K,  Na  1-03  Lehunt 

=  100-46  Regnault. 

Na  1-03=102-40  Amelung. 

K  0-02  =  100-63  Leonhard. 

K  0-01  =  100-84  Leonhard. 

100-1  Domeyko. 

=  100-10  Kutzing. 

-100-41  PaykuU. 

No.  10  is  a  pseudomorph  after  anal  cite,  and  11  after  leonhardite.  The  Jacksonite,  or  anhydrous 
prehnite,  of  Whitney  (1.  c.),  contains,  according  to  Jackson  and  Brush,  4*7,  4'15  (J.),  and  4'85  (B.) 
p.  c.  of  water.  The  specimen  analyzed  by  Whitney  may  possibly  have  been  calcined,  as  in  some 
localities  on  Lake  Superior  it  is  customary  to  burn  the  copper  ore  to  free  it  from  adhering  rock. 
He  obtained  (1.  c.)  Si  46-12,  &1  25'91.  Ca  27-03,  Na  0-85  =  99'91. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  2  with  intumescence  to  a  blebby 
enamel-like  glass.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid  without  gelatinizing.  Coupholite,  which  often 
contains  dust  or  vegetable  matter,  blackens  and  emits  a  burnt  odor. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  granite,  gneiss,  syenite,  dioryte,  and  trappean  rocks,  especially  the  last. 

At  St.  Christophe  and  1'Armentieres,  near  Bourg  d'Oisaus  in  Isere,  associated  with  axinite  and 
epidote;  at  Ratschinges,  Fassa  valley,  and  near  Campitello,  Tyrol;  in  Salzburg;  Ala  in  Piedmont; 
the  Sau-Alp  in  Carinthia ;  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia ;  in  Nassau,  at  Oberscheld  and  Uckersdorf ; 
near  Freiburg  in  Brisgau  on  the  Rosskopf ;  in  the  Harz,  near  Audreasberg,  with  datolite ;  Aren- 
dal,  Norway ;  JEdelfors  in  Sweden  (edelite) ;  Upsala,  Sweden,  in  rifts  in  hornblendic  granite,  the 
decomposition  of  the  hornblende  having  aSbrded  the  lime,  and  of  the  mica,  the  alumina  (Paykull) ; 
at  Friskie  Hall  and  Campsie  in  Dumbartonshire,  and  at  Hartfield  Moss ;  in  Renfrewshire,  in  veins 
traversing  trap,  associated  with  analcite  and  thomsonite ;  also  at  Corstorphine  Hill,  the  Castle 
and  Salisbury  Crag,  near  Edinburgh ;  Mourne  Mts.,  Ireland. 

In  the  United  States,  finely  crystallized  at  Farmington,  Woodbury,  and  Middletown,  Conn.,  and 
West  Springfield,  Mass.,  and  Patterson  and  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J. ;  in  small  quantities  in  gneiss,  at 
Bellows  Falls,  Vt. ;  in  syenite,  at  Charlestown,  Mass ;  Milk  Row  quarry,  often  in  minute  tabular 
crystals,  with  chabazite ;  also  at  Palmer  (Three  Rivers)  and  Turner's  Falls,  Mass.,  on  the  Connec- 
ticut, in  trap,  and  at  Perry,  above  Loring's  Cove,  Maine ;  at  Westport,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.  (cMtonite 
Ernmons),  on  a  quartzose  rock  ;  on  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  between  Pigeon  Bay  and  Fond 
du  Lac ;  in  large  veins  in  the  Lake  Superior  copper  region,  often  occurring  as  the  veinstone  of  the 
native  copper,  sometimes  including  strings  or  leaves  of  copper ;  and  at  times  in  radiated  nodules 
disseminated  through  the  copper. 

Handsome  polished  slabs  of  this  mineral  have  been  cut  from  masses  from  China. 

The  formula  (i  Rs  +  i  A-l)2  Si3  is  analogous  to  that  of  chrysolite  in  the  ratio  1  :  1,  and  the  two 
species  appear  to  be  homceomorphous,  2-1  A  2-1  in  chrysolite=99°  7'. 

Alt. — Prehnite  occurs  altered  to  green  earth  and  feldspar. 

Named  by  Werner  in  1790  after  CoL  Prehu,  who  first  found  the  mineral  at  the  Cape  of  Good 


412  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Hope.    Sage  had  called  it  (1777)  chrysolite;  and  Rome  de  Lisle  had  referred  it  (1783)  to  the 
group  of  schorl. 

363A.  UIGITB  Heddk  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  II.  iv.  162,  1856).  In  radiated  sheafy  clusters  of  plates, 
in  nests  in  the  amygdaloid  of  Uig,  Isle  of  Skye,  along  with  analcite  and  faroelite.  H. 
=5-5;  G-.  =  2-284;  lustre  pearly;  color  white,  slightly;  yellowish.  Composition,  according  to 
Heddle  (loc.  tit.),  Si  45-98,  £l  21-98,  Ca  16-15,  Na  4-7,  fl  11-25.  The  0.  ratio  for  R,K,  Si  corres- 
ponding is  near  1:2:4.  B.B.  fuses  readily  and  quietly  to  an  opaque  enamel,  which  is  not  frothy  ; 
gives  a  strong  soda  reaction. 

It  appears  to  be  near  prehnite  hi  structure,  and  needs  further  investigation. 

364.  OHLORASTROLITE.     C.  T.  Jackson;  J.  D.  Whitney,  J.  Nat.  Hist.  Bost.,  v.  488. 

Massive.     Finely  radiated  or  stellate  in  structure. 

H.=5-5—  6.  G.=3-180.  Lustre  pearly.  Color  light  bluish-green. 
Slightly  chatoyant  on  the  rounded  sides. 

Oomp.—O.  ratio  1  :  2  :  3  :  1  ;  (Ca8,Nas)2gi3+2(£l,£e)2Si8-f  6H=(iR3+|£)2Si3+2H=Silica 
87-6,  alumina  24*6,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  6*4,  lime  18'7,  soda5'2,  water  7  '6  =100.  Analyses  by  Whit- 
ney (Rep.  G-.  Lake  Sup.,  1851,  ii.  97)  : 

Si  £l        Fe,  little  Fe        Ca  Na  K  fi 

1.  36-99  25-49  6'48  19'90  3'70  0'40  7'22r=100-18. 

2.  37-41  24-25  6'26  21'68  4'88  5'77 


Eammelsberg  observes  that  it  has  some  relation  in  composition  to  a  hydrous  epidote.  It  also 
approaches  carpholite. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  becomes  white.  B.B.  fuses  easily  with  intu- 
mescence to  a  grayish  blebby  glass.  Forms  a  transparent  glass  readily  with  borax,  tinged  with 
iron.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid,  the  silica  separating  as  a  flocky  precipitate  (Whitney). 

Obs.  —  Occurs  on  the  shores  of  Isle  Royale,  Lake  Superior,  in  small  rounded  pebbles,  which 
have  come  from  the  trap,  and  are  waterworn  ;  it  receives  a  fine  polish. 

Named  from  xXwjw,  green,  aaTpov,  star,  At'0os,  stone. 

365.  TRITOMITE.    Tritomit  Weibye  &  Berlin,  Fogg.,  Ixxix.  299,  185O. 

Isometric  ;  tetrahedral,  f.  31.     Cleavage  indistinct. 

H.=5-5.  G.=3-9-4-66;  3*908,  Forbes;  4-16-4-66,  W.  &  B.  ;  4-26, 
Moller.  Lustre  submetallic,  vitreous.  Color  dull  brown.  Streak  dirty 
yellowish-gray.  Subtranslucent. 

Comp.—  (Rs,  R*,  £)2  Si'+4H  ?  Analyses  :  1,  approximate,  N.  J.  Berlin  (1.  c.)  ;  2,  D.  Forbes  (Ed. 
N.  PhiL  J.,  II.  iii.  1856): 

Si        W        £l        Ce        La        Fe      $[n     Y       &g      Ca       Na       fi 
1.20-13     4-62*     2-24    40'36     1511     1'83      -     0'46     0'22     5«15     1-46     7  86  =  99-44  Berlin. 
2.  21-16     3-95b     2-86     37'64     12-41     2'68     MO    4'64     0'09     4'04     0'33     8'68=99-58  Forbes. 

»  With  Mn  0,  Cu  0,  Sn  O».  b  With  Sn  O^ 

*v  F'  ?V  M6Jler  hf8  .Obtaine1d  a  verv  different  composition  in,  apparently,  a  careful  analysis,  in  which 
the  state  of  oxydation  of  the  bases  was  ascertained  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,'cxx.  241): 

Si    SnfaZr?£e    &    3Pe    »n.     Ce    La,Di    Y    Mg    Ca    Ba    Sr    Na    t    fi 
15-38  0-74   3-63   4-48  1-61  2-27  0-49  10-66   44-05   042  0'16  6-41  0'19  0'7l  0-56  2'10  5-63  =  99"49 

Froin  Berlin  and  Forbes,  the  formula  K2  Si3+4ft  has  been  deduced.     Moller  obtains  the  0.  ratio 
K,  «,  Si,  H  4  :  1  :  4  :  2      But  if  the  Sn,  Ta,  Zr  are  added  to  the  bases  instead  of  the  silica, 
the  oxygen  ratio  for  aU  the  bases  to  the  silica  and  water  is  very  nearly  2:1:$ 
Forbes  questions  whether  the  crystals  observed  are  not  thorite. 
Pyr.,  etc  —  Yields  water  and  gives  a  weak  fluorine  reaction  ;  with  borax  a  reddish-yello\r 


HYDROUS    SILICATES.  413 

glass,  which  is  colorless  on  cooling.  With  muriatic  acid  in  powder  yields  chlorine,  and  gelat- 
inizes. 

Obs. — From  the  island  Lamo,  near  Brevig,  Norway,  with  leucophanite  and  mosandrite  in  a  coarse 
syenite. 

Named  from  rpis,  three-fold,  and  re/n/w,  to  cut,  alluding  to  the  trihedral  cavities  which  the  crystals 
leave  in  the  gangue. 

365.  THORITE.  Thorit  Berz.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1 829.  Orangit  Bergemann,  Pogg.,  Ixxxii.  561, 1851. 

Isometric  and  tetraliedral.  In  dodecahedral  crystals,  with  octahedral 
planes  tetrahedrally  developed,  the  larger  set  dull  and  even,  the  smaller 
bright  and  rounded,  and  with  the  three  edges  about  the  latter  replaced. 
Also  massive  and  compact. 

H.^4'5 — 5.  G.— 4*3 — 5*4;  of  purest,  5 — 5'4.  Lustre  of  surface  of  fresh 
fracture  vitreous  to  resinous.  Color  orange-yellow,  brownish-yellow  ;  also 
black,  inclining  to  brown.  Streak  light  orange  to  dark  brown.  Transpa- 
rent in  thin  splinters  to  nearly  opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Easily 
frangible.  Optically  uniaxial. 

Var. — The  brownish-black  and  black  variety,  from  Lovo,  Norway,  was  the  mineral  from  which 
Berzelius  obtained  the  metal  thorium,  and  which  received  the  name  thorite.  The  yellowish  variety 
is  the  orangite  (so  called  from  the  color),  from  Langesund  fiord,  which  Bergemann,  when  he  so 
named  it,  supposed  to  contain  a  new  metal,  called  by  him  donarium.  The  latter  has  since  been 
found  with  an  exterior  of  the  former.  The  mineral  occurs  as  pseudomorphs  after  orthoclase  and 
zircon,  and  crystals  of  the  latter  kind  have  afforded  Zschau  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxvi.  359)  the  angles 
/Al  =  132J°,  1  A  l  =  128i°,  the  corresponding  angles  of  zircon  being  132°  10' and  123°  19'.  Zschau 
regards  the  mineral  thorite  as  tetragonal,  and  isomorphous  with  zircon,  not  considering  his  crystals 
as  pseudomorphous. 

The  mineral  varies  much  in  specific  gravity,  orangite  affording  5-397,  Bergemann  ;  5-34,  Krantz  ; 
5-19,  Damour;  4*888— 5'205,  Chydenius;  and  thorite,  4-630,  Berz. ;  4'686,  Bergemann;  4*344— 
4-397,  Chydenius. 

Comp. — Essentially  Th Si  +l£fl= Silica  17-0,  thoria  76'2,  water  6-8=100;  for  the  black 
thorite  (anal.  1)  Th  Si+2H=Silica  16*4,  thoria  73'8,  water  9-8  =  100.  Analyses  :  1,  Berzelius  (1.  c.) ;. 
2,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  i.  587) ;  3,  Bergemann  (1.  c.) ;  4,  Chydenius  (Pogg.,  cxix.  43) : 

Si      Th      Sn    XI     £e    Mn    g    £b    Mg    Ca    Na     £     fi 

1.  18-98  57-91  0-01  0'06  3'40  2'39  1'61  0'80  0-36  2'58  O'lO  0-14  9-50,  undis.  1-70=99-51  Berz. 

2.  17-52  71-65    — -  0'17  0'31  0'28  M3  0'88    tr.     1'59  0'83  0'14  6' 14=  100' 14  Damour. 

3.  17-70  71-25 0-31  0'21 4'04   0'30       6-90,  Ca  C  4-04=100'74  B. 

4.  17-76  73-80 1-18    tr.     1'08 6-45=  100-27  Chydenius. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water ;  the  orange  variety  becomes  dull-brown,  and,  on 
cooling,  orange  again.  B.B.  on  charcoal  infusible,  the  edges  only  being  slightly  glazed ;  with 
borax  a  yellowish  pearl,  becoming  colorless  on  cooling ;  with  salt  of  phosphorus  a  colorless  glass, 
which  becomes  milky  and  greenish  on  cooling ;  with  borax  an  orange  glass  when  hot,  which  be- 
comes grayish  on  cooling.  A  little  nitre  being  added,  the  orange  color  remains  after  cooling. 
With  muriatic  acid  easily  forms  a  jelly  before,  but  not  after,  calcination.  The  black  thorite  be- 
comes pale  brownish-red  when  heated ;  and  on  charcoal  forms  a  yellowish-brown  slag. 

Obs. — Found  in  syenite  by  Esmark  at  Lovo,  near  Brevig,  in  Norway;  also  at  Langesund 
fiord,  near  Brevig  (orangite,  anal.  2-4).  Masses  of  orangite  weighing  several  ounces  have  been 
obtained.  The  black  thorite  appears  to  be  partially  altered. 

367.  CERITE.  Ferrum  calciforme  terra  quadam  incognita  intime  mixtum,  Tungsten  von 
Bastnas,  Cronstedt,  Ak.  H.  Stockholm.,  1751,  Min.,  183,  1758.  Cerit  His.  &  Berz.,  Cerium  en 
ny  Metal,  etc.,  1804,  Gehlen's  J.,  ii.  397,  1804,  Afh.,  i.  58,  1806.  Ochroit,  Klapr.,  Gehlen's  J., 
ii.  303,  1804.  Cererit  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iv.  140,  1807;  Karst.,  Tab.,  74,  1808.  Cerium  oxyde 
Biliceux  H.,  Tabl.,  1809.  Cerin-Stein  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  a,  286,  1817.  Kieselcerit  Germ. 
Silicate  of  Cerium.  Lanthanocerit  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxii.  406,  1861. 

Hexagonal  ?  Isometric  ?  In  short  six-sided  prisms,  Haid.  Commonly 
massive ;  granular. 


414:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

H.=5*5.  G. =4-91 2,  Haidinger.  Lustre  dull  adamantine  or  resinous. 
Color  between  clove-brown  and  cherry-red,  passing  into  gray.  Streak 
grayish- white.  Slightly  subtranslucent.  Brittle  ;  fracture  splintery. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  K,  Si,  H=l  :  1  :  i;  (Ce,  La,  Di)a  Si+H=Silica  20'4,  ceria  73'5,  water 
6-1  =  100.  Analyses :  1,  Hisinger  (Afh.,  iii.  287);  2,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Chem.,  xxx.  193,  and  Ixxxii. 
407);  3,  Kjerulf  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xxxvii.  12);  4,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  cvii.  632,  and  Min.  Ch., 
547) ;  5,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxii.  406) : 

Si        Fe        Ce          La        Di       Ca       H 

1.  Bastnas  18-00     1-80  68'59  1'25     9'60=99'24  Hisinger. 

2.  "       16-06     3-17     26-55     16*33     18'05     3'56     8-10,  3tl  1'68,  ]S[n  0'27,  Mg  1'25,  C  4'62  H. 
3.'         "       21-30    4-98     58-50  8'47  1'23     5'52  =  100  Kjerulf. 

4.         "(|)19-18     1-54     64-55  7*28  1'31     5'71=99'57  Rammelsberg. 

5]         "       21-35     1-46     60-99       3'51       3'90     1'65     6'31,  C  0'83= 100  Hermann. 

From  analysis  3,  3*27  of  molybdenite,  and  0*18  bismuth  glance,  are  removed  as  impurities. 
Analyses  1  and  2  give  near  10  p.  c.  of  water,  with  much  lanthanum  and  didymium,  and  little  cerium, 
according  to  Hermann ;  he  accordingly  applies  to  this  kind  the  distinctive  name  lanthanocerite, 
and  to  the  rest  that  of  cerite. 

Klaproth,  who  published  the  first  analysis  (Beitr.,  iv.  140),  and  gave  the  mineral  the  name 
ochroite,  obtained  Si  34'5,  Ce  54'5,  £e  3'5,  Ca  T25,  H  5'0=98-75;  with  his  silica  he  included 
all  the  material  not  decomposed  in  his  method  of  analysis.  Hermann  has  supposed  the  substance 
analyzed  a  distinct  species. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  matrass  yields  water.  B.B.  infusible  alone;  with  borax  in  the  outer  flame 
forms  a  yellow  globule,  which  becomes  almost  colorless  on  cooling;  in  the  inner  flame  a  weak 
iron  reaction.  With  soda  not  dissolved,  but  fuses  to  a  dark  yellow  slaggy  mass.  Gelatinizes 
with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Bastnas,  near  Riddarhyttan,  in  Westmannland,  Sweden,  forming  a  bed  in  gneiss, 
and  associated  with  mica,  hornblende,  copper  pyrites,  cerine,  etc.  It  bears  considerable  resem- 
blance to  the  red  granular  variety  of  corundum,  but  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  hardness. 

Hisinger  and  Berzelius,  in  1803-4,  detected  in  this  mineral  a  new  metal  which  they  named 
cerium,  after  the  planet  Ceres,  then  recently  announced ;  and  the  mineral  they  called  cerite. 
Klaproth  made  the  same  discovery  about  the  same  time,  and  gave  the  name  ochroite  to  the  mineral, 
and  ochroite  earth  to  the  new  earth  (alluding  to  its  color,  from  wypoV,  brownish-yellow}.  In  his 
Beitrage,  1807,  Klaproth  accepted  the  names  of  Hisinger  and  Berzelius,  yet  added  a  syllable  (lest 
they  should  appear  to  come  from  Kripa,  wax),  making  them  cererium  and  cererite — a  change  not 
accepted.  In  1839  Mosander  proved  that  the  oxyd  of  cerium  contained  the  new  metal  lanthanum, 
and  in  1842  another  new  metal,  didymium. 

368.  ERDMANNITE.    Berlin,  Pogg.,  Ixxxviii.  162. 

In  imbedded  grains  and  folia  ;  with  no  traces  of  crystallization. 
G.=3'l.   Lustre  vitreous.   Color  dark  brown.    In  thin  splinters.    Trans- 
lucent. 

Comp. — Analysis  by  Blomstrand,  of  hah"  a  gramme  (1.  c.) : 

&  £l        Ox.  Ce  &  La    Fe          Sin          Y  Ca       H  and  loss 

31-85  11-71  34-89         8*52         0'86         1'43         6'46  4'28 

Obs. — From  the  island  Stoko  in  the  Langesund  fiord,  near  Brevig. 
Named  after  Erdmann. 

369.  PYROSMALITE.  Pirodmalit  Hausm.,  Moll's  Efem.,  iv.  390,  1808.  Wesentlicher  Bes- 
tandtheil  Salzsaures  Eisenoxyd,  id.,  ib.  (fr.  blowpipe  trials  of  Gahn,  its  discoverer).  Pyrosmalit 
Karst.,  Tab.,  103,  1808;  Hausm.f  Handb.,  1068,  1813.  Fer  muriate  H.,  1812,  Lucas  TabL, 
ii.  418,  1813. 

Hexagonal.  0  A  1=148°  3(X;  a=0'5307.  Observed  planes  :  0,  /,  1, 
2.  0  A  2=129°  13r,  /A  7=120°.  In  prisms  or  tables.  Cleavage :  basalj 
perfect;  /imperfect.  Also  massive.  JDouble  refraction  strong,  uniaxial. 
Axis  negative. 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES. 


415 


H.— 4-4-5.  G.  =  3-3-2;  3-081,  Hisinger ;  3'168— 3'174,  Lang.  Lus- 
tre of  0  pearly ;  of  other  planes,  less  so.  Color  blackish-green  to  pale 
liver-brown,  passing  into  gray  and  pistachio-green ;  usually  brown  exter- 
nally, and  light  greenish-yellow  internally. 


Streak 
Somewhat  brittle. 


paler   than   color. 
Fracture  uneven,  rather  splintery. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  R,  Si,  H=2  :  3  :  1;  and  ratio  of  chlorine  to  oxygen  about  1  :  42.  Mak- 
ing the  water  and  chlorid  of  iron  basic,  the  ratio  for  R  +  H,  Si=l  :  1,  and  the  formula  (^  H  + 
|(R,  Fe  Cl))2  Si=,  if  Fed  :  Mn  :  Fe  (+Ca)=l  :  5  :  8,  Silica  34-7,  Fe  31'7,  Mn  19'6,  chlorid  of  iron 
7'0,  water  7  0=100.  Analyses  :  1,  Hisinger  (Afh..  iv.  317);  2,  same,  making  the  iron  and  man- 
ganese protoxyd,  and  part  of  the  iron  a  chlorid,  and  reckoning  the  loss  as  water  (Ramm.  Min. 
Oh.,  875);  3,  J.  Lang  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxiii.  424): 

Si  3?e        Mn  Fe  Mn  Ca         H  01  Fe 

1.  35-85  35-48     24'26     1'21  undet.  3-77  Hisinger. 

2.  35-85 28-07  21 '81  1-21  [6'29]  3'77  3'00         " 

3.  35-43     30-72  20'51  0'74  7'75  3-79  ,  £l  0*24  Lang. 

In  an  earlier  trial,  Hisinger  obtained  Si  35*40,  £e  32-60,  Mn  23-10,  &l  0-60,  the  rest  undeter- 
mined. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  which  reacts  acid.  B.B.  fuses  at  2— 2-5  to  a  black 
magnetic  glass.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  A  bead  of  salt  of 
phosphorus,  previously  saturated  with  oxyd  of  copper,  when  fused  with  the  pulverized  mineral 
imparts  a  beautiful  azure  color  to  the  flame  (chlorine).  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  with  sepa- 
ration of  silica. 

Obs.— Pyrosmalite  occurs  at  Nya  Kopparberg  in  Westmannland,  and  at  Bjelkegruvan,  one  of 
the  iron  mines  of  Nordmark  in  Wermland,  Sweden,  where  it  is  associated  with  calc  spar,  pyrox- 
ene, apophyllite,  and  magnetic  iron.  A  hexagonal  prism,  in  the  museum  at  Stockholm,  is  nearly 
an  inch  in  diameter  and  one  and  a  quarter  inches  long,  and  weighs  five  and  a  half  ounces. 

Named  from  rip,  fire,  and  'oo-/*rj,  odor,  in  allusion  to  the  odor  when  heated. 

370.  APOPHYLLITE.  Zeolith  von  Hellesta  0.  Rinman,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  82,  1784.  Zeolithus 
lamellaris  major  Mutter,  De  Zeolithis  Suecicis,  32,  1791.  Ichthyophthalmite  (fr.  Uto)  d1  Andrada, 
Scherer's  J.,  iv.  32,  1800,  J.  de  Phys.,  li.  242,  180.  Mesotype  epointee  (fr.  Iceland)  H.,  Tr., 
iii.  1801.  Apophyllite  H.,  Notes  pour  servir  au  Oours  de  Min.  de  1'  an  XIII.  (1805),  Lucas 
Tabl.,  i.  266,  1806.  Fischaugenstein  Wern.,  1808.  Ichthyophthalmit,  Albin,  Wern.,  Letztes  Min. 
Syst.,  1817.  Tesselite  (fr.  Faroe)  Brewster,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  i.  5,  1819.  Oxhaverite  (fr.  Iceland) 
Brewster,  Ed.  J.  Sci.,  vii.  115,  1827.  Xylochlor  (fr.  Sicily)  v.  Walt.,  Yulk.  G-est.,  1853.  Leu- 
cocyclite  Herschell,  Descl.  Min.,  i.  126,  1862. 

Tetragonal.  6>Al-fcl28°  38';  fcl'2515.  Observed  planes:  0,  i4, 
i-2,  i-Z,  1,  £,  |,  \4,  \4.  0  A  1=119°  30',  0  A  jU=U7°  58'  1  A  1,  pyr.,= 
104°  2',  bas.,  =  121°, 


388 


399 


386 


i-2=153°  26.'  Crystals 
sometimes  nearly  cylin- 
drical or  barrel-shape. 
Cleavage :  0  highly 
perfect ;  I  less  so.  Also 
massive  and  lamellar. 

H.=4-5-5.  G.= 
2-3-2-4;  2-335,  Haid- 
inger,  a  variety  from 
Iceland ;  2'359,  Thom- 
son. Lustre  of  0 
pearly ;  of  the  other  faces  vitreous.  Color  white,  or  grayish ;  occasionally 
with  a  greenish,  yellowish,  or  rose-red  tint,  flesh-red.  Streak  uncolored. 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Transparent ;  rarely  opaque.  Brittle.  Double  refraction  feeble ;  either 
positive  or  negative ;  sometimes  a  tesselated  structure  made  apparent  by 
polarized  light. 

Var.  —  1.  Ordinary.  Usually  in  crystals,  which  are  remarkable  for  their  pearly  basal  cleavage. 
Form  sometimes  nearly  cubic. 

Hauy's  Mesotype  epointee  was  an  Iceland  variety ;  Fuchs  and  Gehlen  in  1816  ascertained  its 
identity  with  apophyllite.  In  tabular  crystals  from  the  Seisser-Alp  Dauber  found  1 A 1  =  1 21  °  7|' ; 
in  red  from  Andreasberg  120°  29'  18" ;  in  crystals  from  Poonah  119°  43'. 

1.  The  name  Oxhaverite  was  applied  to  a  pale  green  crystal  found  in  petrified  wood  at  the  Oxhaver 
Springs,  near  Husavickin  Iceland.  AlUn  of  Werner  (named  from  albus,  white]  is  in  small  nearly 
cubic  crystals,  opaque  white  in  color,  from  Aussig,  Bohemia,  partly  decomposed.  Xylochlore,  from 
Sicily,  is  olive-green,  and  has  G.=2-2904;  it  owes  its  color  to  the  presence  of  a  little  iron. 

2.  Tesselite,  from  Faroe,  is  a  cubical  variety,  exhibiting  a  tesselated  structure  in  polarized 
light. 

3.  Leucocydite,  when  plates  parallel  to  the  base  are  examined  by  means  of  polarized  light, 
shows  a  black  cross  with  rings  that  are  alternately  white  and  violat  black,  with  compensation 
positive  (whence  the  name,  from  Aewrifr,  white,  and  KVK\OS,  circle),  instead  of  the  ordinary  colored 
rings— a  peculiarity  observed  in  crystals  from  the  Seisser-Alp,  Andreasberg  (part  of  those  of  this 
locality),  Skye,  Faroe,  Iceland,  Tito,  and  Poonah  in  India.   Some  crystals  from  Uto  and  Cziklowa, 
similarly  examined,  exhibit  a  black  cross  on  a  deep  violet  ground,  with  compensation  negative. 
These  different  optical  phenomena  may  be  presented  by  contiguous  plates  of  the  same  crystal ; 
Descl. 

Comp. — A  silicate  of  lime  and  potash  containing  some  fluorine.  0.  ratio  for  R,  Si,  fi  mostly 
1  :  3-75  :  2  ;  for  the  analysis  by  Berzelius,  1:4:2;  and  for  6a,  K,  8  :  1.  Eatio  usually  taken  at 
1:4:  2 ;  which  corresponds  to  R  +  2  Si  4-  2  II ;  and  if  1  H  be  basic,  the  formula  may  be  R2  Si 
+&  Si,  or  more  specially  (i  fi  +  $  &  K  +  f  Ca))2  Si+H  Si=Silica  55-5,  lime  23-0,  potash  4-8, 
water  16-7  =  100.  This  makes  it  a  Unisilicate,  like  other  tetragonal  silicates,  with  an  opal-like 
(uncrystallizable  ?)  silicate  as  accessory.  The  ratio  of  the  fluorine  to  the  oxygen  has  not  been 
ascertained. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Berzelius  (Afh.,  vi.  181);  3,  Rammelsberg  (2d  Suppl.,  16);  4,  Stolting  (B.  H. 
Ztg.,  xx.  267);  5,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  505);  6,  C.  T.  Jackson  (This  Min.,  1850,  249);  7,  E.L. 
Reakirt  (Am.  J.  Sci,  II.  xvi.  84);  8,  J.  L.  Smith  (This  Min.,  304,  1854);  9,  W.  Beck  (Yerh.  Min. 
St.  Pet,  1862,  92);  10,  Haughton  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxxii.  223): 


1.  Uto 

2.  Faroe,  Tesselite 

3.  Andreasberg 

4.  "  rdh. 

5.  Radauthal,  G%= 1'961 

6.  Michigan,    G.  =  2-305 

7.  Nova  Scotia 

8.  L.  Superior,  G-.= 2-37 

9.  Pyterlax,  Finl. 
10.  Bombay 


Si 
52-13 
52-38 
51-33 
51-73 
L      52-69 
5      51-89 
52-60 
52-08 
(f)  52-12 
51-60 

Ca 
24-71 
24-98 
25-86 
25-02 
25-52 
25-60 
24-88 
25-30 
24-99 
25-08 

K 
5-27 
5-37 
4-90 
5-10 
4-75 
5-07 
5-14 
4-93 
5-75 
5-04 

fl 

16-20 
16-20 
und. 
15  73 
16-73 
16-00 
16-67 
15-92 
16-47 
16-20 

1-54=99-85  Berzelius. 
1-12=100-05  Berzelius. 
1-18  Ramm. 

?=97-58  Stolting. 
0-46  Ramm. 
0-91=99-47  Jackson, 
1-71  =  101  Reakirt. 
0-96= 99- 19  Smith. 
0-84=100-17  W.  Beck. 
0-97,  *1 0-24,  Mg  0-08,  NaO'63=99'84  H. 

ZylocUore  afforded  v.  Waltershausen,  as  a  mean  of  two  analyses  (1.  c.),  Si  52-07,  Ca  20-57,  Fe 
3-40,  Mg  0-33,  Na  0;55,  K  3-77,  £l  1-54,  £  and  C  17-14=99-37.  The  red  color  of  the  Andreas- 
berg  crystals  is  attributed  by  Suckow  to  fluorid  of  cobalt. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  exfoliates,  whitens,  and  yields  water,  which  reacts  acid.  In 
the  open  tube,  when  fused  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  gives  a  fluorine  reaction.  B.B.  exfoliates, 
colors  the  flame  violet  (potash),  and  fuses  to  a  white  vesicular  enamel.  F.  =  1'5  (v.  Kobell).  De- 
composed by  muriatic  acid,  with  separation  of  slimy  silica. 

Obs.— Occurs  commonly  in  amygdaloid  and  related  rocks,  with  various  zeolites ;  also  occasion- 
ally in  cavities  in  granite,  gneiss,  etc.  Greenland,  Iceland,  the  Faroe  Islands,  Poonah  and  Ah- 
mednuggar  in  Hindostan,  afford  fine  specimens  of  apophyllite  in  amygdaloid.  At  Andreasberg,  in 
silver  veins,  traversing  gray-wacke  slate ;  at  Orawicza,  Cziktowa,  and  Szaszka  in  Transylvania,  asso- 
ciated with  woUastonite  ;  in  Fifeshire,  with  magnetic  iron ;  at  Uto  in  Sweden ;  at  Puy  de  la  Piquette 
in  Auvergne,  in  a  tertiary  limestone,  near  intruded  basaltic  rocks ;  at  Finbo,  Uto,  and  Hallesta, 
Sweden;  in  the  Tyrol,  near  Frombach;  near  Nertschinsk,  Siberia;  in  Australia;  the  Valen- 
cian  Mines,  Mexico. 

In  America  it  has  been  found  at  Peter's  Point  and  Partridge  Island,  in  the  Basin  of  Mines,  Nova 
Scotia,  both  massive  and  crystallized,  presenting  white,  reddish,  and  greenish  colors,  and  asso- 
ciated with  laumontite,  thomsonite,  and  other  minerals  of  trap  rocks  ;  also  at  Chute's  cove  Cape 


HYDROUS    SILICATES.  417 

d'Or,  Isle  Haute,  Swan's  Creek,  and  Cape  Blomidon.  Large  crystals  occur  at  Bergen  Hill,  K  J., 
associated  with  analcite,  pectolite,  stilbite,  datolite,  etc.,  some  of  them  3  inches  across.  It  is  also 
found  at  Gin  Cove,  near  Perry,  Maine,  with  prehnite  and  analcite  in  amygdaloid ;  at  the  Cliff 
mine,  Lake  Superior  region  (f.  399). 

Apophyllite  was  so  named  by  Haiiy  in  allusion  to  its  tendency  to  exfoliate  under  the  blowpipe, 
from  an-o  and  <pCAAoi>,  a  leaf.  Its  whitish  pearly  aspect,  resembling  the  eye  of  a  fish  after  boiling, 
gave  rise  to  the  name  Ichthyophthalmiie,  from  i^tfuj,  fish,  and  6<pd,i\^6^  eye. 

The  name  ichthyophthalmite  (or  ichthyophthalme),  given  in  1800  by  d'Andrada,  has  priority.  But 
d'Andrada's  description  (1.  c.)  is  bad  in  all  respects,  answering  much  better  for  pearly  feldspar  or 
adularia,  even  the  specific  gravity  (2'491)  being  far  out  of  the  way;  it  affords  some  evidence  that 
he  may  have  drawn  it  from  another  mineral.  It  was  therefore  hardly  a  violation  of  the  strictest 
rule  of  priority  that  Haiiy,  who  had  studied  carefully  the  crystallization  of  the  mineral  before  it 
was  known  to  d'Andrada,  should  have  named  it  anew.  Neither  justice  to  d'Andrada,  nor  the  good 
of  science,  requires  that  the  name  apophyllite  should  now  yield  place  to  the  earlier  one.  The  ear- 
liest analyses  were  made  in  1805  by  V.  Rose  (G-ehlen's  J.,  v.),  and  Fourcroy  &  Vauquelin  (Ann.  du 
Mus.,  v.). 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  pectolite  near  Tiexno  on  Monte  Baldo,  along  with  unchanged  crystals. 

Artif. — Crystals  have  been  obtained  by  Wohler  from  heated  waters,  and  he  inferred  that  a  tem- 
perature of  180°  F.  was  necessary  to  the  result.  He  stated  that  when  heated  in  water  to  this 
temperature  under  a  pressure  of  10  to  12  atmospheres,  it  forms  a  solution  which  crystallizes  on 
cooling.  Pearly  radiated  crystals  were  formed  by  Becquerel  through  the  action  of  a  solution  of 
silicate  of  potash  on  plates  of  sulphate  of  lime  (gypsum).  Daubree  has  detected  crystals  of  apo- 
phyllite in  the  Roman  works  at  the  hot  springs  of  Plombieres ;  they  were  covered  in  part  with 
incrusting  and  stalactitic  hyalite. 


371.  EDINGTONITB.    Said.,  Brewster's  Ed.  J.  ScL,  iii.  316,  1825.     Antiedrit  JBreith.,  Char., 

164,  1832. 

Tetragonal ;  hemihedral.    0  K\.4— 145°  59' ;  390 

&=0'6T4-73.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed 
figure,  together  with  another  dome  in  the  zone 
^-,  having  the  summit  angle  144°.  0  A  1= 
136°  20J',  /A  1=133°  39V,  /A  £=115°  26, 
1  A  1,  over  summit, =92°  41',  i  A  £,  ib.,  =129° 
8'.  Cleavage:  /perfect.  Also  massive. 

H.=4-4-5.  G.=2-71,  Plaid. ;  2'694,  Hed- 
dle.  Lustre  vitreous.  White,  grayish-white, 
pink.  Streak  uncolored.  Translucent — opaque.  Brittle. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  &,  S,  Si,  H=l :  4 :  7 :  4 ;  whence,  if  half  the  water  is  basic,  for  bases,  silica 
and  water  7:7:2=1:1:$;  and  the  formula  (f  (|fi+i  Ba)3+  %  £l)2  Si3  +  If  H.  A  new  determi- 
nation of  the  composition  is  needed.  Analysis:  F.  Heddle  (Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  ix.  179) : 

Si  36-98        £l  22-63        Ba  26'84        Ca  tr.        Na  tr.        H  12'46=98'91. 

Turner  obtained,  in  an  imperfect  and  incorrect  analysis  (Brewst.  Ed.  J.  Sci.,  iii.  318),  §i  35'09,. 
3tl  27-69,  Ca  12-68,  H  13-32,  loss  11-22  supposed  to  be  some  alkali. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water,  and  becomes  white  and  opaque.  B.B.  at  a  high  heat  fuses  to  a  col- 
orless mass.  Affords  a  jelly  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Edingtonite  occurs  in  the  Kilpatrick  Hills,  near  Glasgow,  Scotland,  associated  with  har- 
motome,  another  baryta  mineral,  and  also  analcite,  calcite,  etc.  One  specimen  obtained  by  Mr. 
Heddle  weighed  2|  oz. 

Glottalite  of  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  328),  from  Port  Glasgow,  on  the  Clyde,  Scotland,  is  described 
as  occurring  in  white  crystals  that  "seem  to  be  regular  octahedrons;  at  least  4-sided  pyramids, 
the  faces  of  which  appear  to  be  equilateral  triangles,  are  visible;  other  crystals  appear  to  be 
cubic."  H.  =  3-5;  G.  =  2-18;  lustre  vitreous.  Thomson  obtained  (1.  c.)  Si  37-01,  &1  16-31,  £e 
0-50,  Ca  23-93,  H  21-25  =  99-00.  Heddle  states  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  ix.  181)  that  it  is  probably  eding- 
tonite  mixed  with  harmotome,  mentioning  that  Thomson's  mineral  came  from  the  same  locality 
with  the  edingtonite,  and  from  the  same  dealer  that  furnished  him  with  the  edingtonite  for  his 
analysis. 

27 


418  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

372.  GISMONDITE.    Zeagonite  Gismondi,  Osserv.  Min.  di  Roma,  1816,  Tagch.  Min.,  xi.  164, 
1817.   Gismondin  Leonh.,ib.,  168.   Gismondine.  Abrazite  Breislak,,  Instit.  Geol.,  iii.  198.  Aricite. 

Orthorhombic.  I A  7=93°  41',  0  A  1-£=134°  35' ;  a  :  1 :  0=1-0664: :  1  : 
1-0146.  1-i  A  14,  top,  =89°  10',  /  A  l-fc!24°  42',  v.  Lang.  Forms  re- 
sembling square  octahedrons,  but  made  up  of  the  planes  /and  1-2;  often 
clustered  into  mammillated  forms  with  a  drusy  surface.  Cleavage:  /, 
rather  perfect. 

H.^r^-S.  G.= 2*265.  Colorless  or  white,  bluish- white,  grayish,  reddish. 
Lustre  splendent.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  biaxial ;  optic- 
axial  plane  parallel  to  axis  0,  and  angle  very  large,  v.  Lang ;  but  usually 
only  confused  appearances  in  polarized  light,  Descl. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  fi,  Si,  H=l :  3  :  4}  :  4£.  Formula  perhaps  that  of  ekebergite  plus  the 
water.  Analysis  by  Marignac  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xiv.  41): 

Si  85-38  3tl  27-23  Ca  13-12  K  2'85  H  21-10=100-18. 

Pyr.,  etc. — At  100°  C.  yields  one-third  of  its  water,  and  becomes  opaque.  B.B.  whitens,  in- 
tumesces  much,  and  melts  to  a  milky  glass.  Easily  dissolves  in  acids  and  gelatinizes. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  leucitophyr,  a  leucitic  lava,  of  the  region  of  Mt.  Albano,  south-east  of 
Rome,  at  Capo  di  Bove,  and  elsewhere,  associated  with  pyroxene,  magnetite,  mellilite,  phillipsite, 
wollastonite,  etc. ;  also,  according  to  Kenngott,  on  the  Gorner  glacier,  near  Zermatt,  in  cavities  in 
a  coarse,  granular,  reddish-brown  garnet-rock,  with  epidote,  calcite,  chlorite,  and  genthite;  also 
hi  the  Val  di  Noto,  Sicily,  according  to  Scacchi,  in  white  mammillary  concretions,  fibrous  within. 

The  name  Zeagonite  is  from  £e'w,  to  cook,  and  ayuvos,  barren,  and  was  the  first  name  of  the  species. 
Leonhard  substituted  the  describer's  name,  which  it  has  since  held. 

Von  Kobell  and  Marignac  have  analyzed  crystals  from  the  locality  at  Capo  di  Bove  with  a  result 
very  different  from  the  above ;  and  it  is  supposed  that  the  crystals  taken  for  the  analyses  were  a 
mixture  of  gismondite  and  phillipsite.  The  crystals  were,  however,  received  from  the  Italian  min- 
eralogist Medici-Spada.  Credner  examined  a  part  of  the  same  lot  of  crystals,  and  has  described 
and  figured  them  in  the  Jahrb.Min.  1847,  p.  559;  and  the  figures  have  the  twin  forms  (cruciform 
to  octahedral)  and  striae  of  phillipsite.  He  describes  others  that  are  rounded  octahedral,  with 
rough  edges  without  the  striae— the  true  gismondite,  according  to  most  authors— but  adds  that 
even-faced  octahedrons  graduate  imperceptibly  into  the  rough,  and  that  all  appear  to  be  one  spe- 
cies. He  consequently  makes  all  the  crystals  orthorhombic,  and  closely  related  to  phillipsite. 
But  v.  Lang  has  shown  that  the  crystals  are  not  twins,  and  have  the  above  angles  (Phil.  Mag., 
IV.  xxviii.  505). 

Von  Kobell  (in  the  Gel.  Anz.  Miinchen,  1839)  described  the  crystals  as  tetragonal,  mentioned  the 
twins,  and  published  the  following  anatysis.  He  also  places  the  species  very  near  phillipsite,  and 
in  his  Geschichte  der  Min.  (p.  487)  he  even  queries  the  identity  of  the  two.  Marignac  also 
made  the  crystals  tetragonal  octahedrons,  with  the  angles  of  basal  edges  92°  30',  and  of  pyram- 
idal 118°  31'.  Analyses:  1,  v.  Kobell  (1.  c.,  and  J.  pr.  Ch..  xviii.  105);  2,  Marignac  (Ann.  Ch., 
Phys.,  III.  xiv.  41,  1845): 

Si  £1  Ca  K  H 

1.  42-60        25-50        7'50          6'80        17-66=100-06  Kobell. 

2.  4364         24-39         6'92         10'35         15  05=100*35  Marignac. 

The  0.  ratio  for  the  first  is  near  1 :  4 :  7* :  5 ;  for  the  second  1:3:6:3*.  These  analyses  are 
sometimes  placed  under  the  name  zeagonite,  as  if  a  third  mineral  existed  at  Capo  di  Bove  distinct 
from  the  phillipsite  and  gismondite.  But  v.  Kobell  holds  that  his  results  give  the  true  composi- 
tion of  gismondite.  L.  Gmelin,  more  than  40  years  ago,  made  a  chemical  examination  that  led 
him  to  refer  gismondite  to  phiUipsite.  Marignac  regarded  the  mineral  analyzed  by  him  (anal.  2) 
as  true  phiUipsite. 

Certain  pale  bluish  octahedral  crystals  from  Vesuvius,  affording,  according  to  Phillips,  the 
terminal  angle  122  58 ,  have  been  called  Zeagonite,  which  Hausmann  refers  to  zircon  (Handb., 
ii.  797). 


HYDROUS    8ILICATE8. 


419 


373.  OARPHOLTTE.    Karpholith  Wern.,  Letztes  Min.Syst.,  10,  43,  1817. 

Orthorhombic.  In  radiated  and  stellated  tufts,  and  groups  of  acicular 
crystals.  Khombic  prisms  of  111°  27',  and  68°  33',  Kenngott,  with  lateral 
edges  truncated. 

H.— 5— 5-5.  G.— 2-935,  Breithaupt ;  2'9365,  Stromeyer.  Lustre  silky, 
glistening.  Color  pure  straw-yellow  to  wax-yellow.  Opaque.  Yery  brittle. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  B,  Si  H=l  :  1  :  •£,  if  the  bases  are  all  sesquioxyd,  as  made  by  v.  Hauer; 
giving  the  formula (2tl,  Mn,  £e)2  Si3+3  H.  Analyses:  1,  Stromeyer  (Untersuch,,  410);  2,  Stein- 
mann  (Schw.  J.,  xxv.  413) ;  3,  v.  Hauer : 

Si  £1  Mn  Pe  Fe  Ca            H  HF 

1.  36-15  28-67  19'16        2'29  0'27  10'78  1 -47=98-7 9  Stromeyer. 

2.  37-53  26-47  18-33  6"27  11'36        =99'96  Steinmann. 

3.  36 15  19  74  20'76  9'87  T83  10-19  F  1-74=100'28  Hauer. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  water,  which  reacts  acid  and  attacks  the  glass  (fluorine). 
B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses  at  3'5  to  a  brown  glass.  "With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  manganese 
and  iron.  Not  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  minute  divergent  tufts,  disposed  on  granite,  along  with  fluor  and  quartz,  in  the 
tin  mines  of  Schlackenwald.  It  was  named  by  "Werner  in  allusion  to  its  color,  from  Kappas,  straw. 

Von  Kobell  suggests  that  the  mineral  is  altered  mareeline  (Geschichte  Mm.,  677). 


III.  SUBSILICATES. 

374.  ALLOPHANE.  Allophan  Stromeyer,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott,  1251,  1816.  Riemannit  JBreith., 
Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  b,  182,  1817.  Elhuyarit  Sack,  Schw.  J.,  Ixv.  110,  1832  (announced,  not 
named),  Jahrb.  Min.,  28,  1834  (mentioned,  not  described). 

Amorphous.  In  incrustations,  usually  thin,  with  a  mammillary  sur- 
face, and  hyalite-like  ;  sometimes  stalactitic.  Occasionally  almost  pulveru- 
lent. 

H.=3.  G.=1'85--1'89.  Lustre  vitreous  to  subresinous  ;  bright  and 
waxy  internally.  Color  pale  sky-blue,  sometimes  greenish  to  deep  green, 
brown,  yellow,  or  colorless.  Streak  uncolored.  Translucent.  Fracture 
imperfectly  conchoidal  and  bhining,  to  earthy.  Yery  brittle. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  Xl,  Si,  H,  mostly  =3  :  2  :  6  (or  5);  Xl  Si  +  6Hor  Xl  §i  +  5  H. 

Analyses:  1,  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  308);  2,  Walchner  (Schw.  J.,  xlix.  154);  3,  Guillemin  (Ann. 
Ch.  Phys.,  xlii.  260)  ;  4,  Bunsen  (Pogg.,  xxxi.  53)  ;  5,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  ix.  498)  ;  6-9, 
A.  B.  Northcoto  (PhiL  Mag.,  IV.  xiii.  338);  10,  SiUiman,  Jr.  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  vii.  417);  11,  C.  T. 


•—  •    \-™"l  / 

Si 

Xl 

Oa 

1. 

Grafenthal 

21-92 

32-20 

0-73 

2. 

Gersbach 

24-11 

38-76 



3. 

Finny,  France 

23-76 

39-68 



4. 

Friesdorf,  Elhuy. 

21-05 

30-37 



5. 

Beauvais 

21-90 

29-20 



6. 

N.  Charlton,  ywh. 

20-50 

31-34 

1-92 

7. 

"             subopaque 

19-58 

37-30 

1-36 

8. 

ti                  « 

17-00 

39-09 

1-50 

9. 

"            ruby  -red 

17-05 

32-88 

1-34 

10. 

Richmond,  Mass. 

22-65 

38-77 



11. 

Tennessee 

19-8 

41-0 

0-5 

41'30,Cu,C3-06,gyps.O-52,¥'e2H30-27  = 

35'75,  Cu  2-33=100-95  Walchner. 

35-74,   "    0  95=99'83  Guillemin. 

40'23,  £e  '2-74,  Ca  C  2'39,  Mg  0  2'06  Bun. 

44'20,  clay  4'7  =  100  Berthier. 

42'91,  Fe  0'31,  C  2'73=99'71  Northcote. 

39'19,  Fe  0-11.  C  2'44=99'98  Northcote. 

40'92,  Fe  tr.  C  'l'49=100  Northcote. 

40-31,  Pe  659,  C  1-82=99  '99  Northcote. 

35'24,  Mg  2'83=99'49  Silliman. 

37'7,  Mg  0-2=99-2  C.  T.  Jackson. 


420  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

The  coloring  matter  of  the  blue  variety  is  due  to  traces  of  chrysocolla,  the  green  to  malachite, 
and  that  of  the  yellowish  and  brown  to  iron.  Allophane  occurs  at  Richmond,  Mass.,  mixed  inti- 
mately with  part  of  the  gibbsite  of  that  locality  (Silliman). 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Yields  much  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  crumbles,  but  is  infusible.  Gives  a 
blue  color  with  cobalt  solution.  Gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.  —  Allophane  is  regarded  as  a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  some  aluminous  silicate 
(feldspar,  etc.);  and  it  often  occurs  incrusting  fissures  or  cavities  in  mines,  especially  those  of 
copper  and  limonite,  and  even  in  beds  of  coal.  It  lines  cavities  in  a  kind  of  marl  at  Grafenthal, 
near  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia,  where  it  was  first  observed,  in  1809,  by  Riemann,  and  hence  has 
been  called  riemannite.  Found  also  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony  ;  at  Gersbach  in  the  Schwarzwald  ; 
Petrow  in  Moravia,  in  a  bed  of  limonite  ;  Chotina  in  Bohemia,  at  a  copper  mine  in  alum  slate  ;  at 
Friesdorf,  near  Bonn,  in  lignite  (the  elhuyarite,  of  a  brownish  or  honey-yellow  color,  with  G.= 
1*6);  Vise  in  Belgium,  in  the  carboniferous  limestone;  afc  the  Chessy  copper  mine,  near  Lyons, 
France  ;  in  the  chalk  of  Beauvais,  France,  presenting  a  honey-yellow  color  ;  at  New  Charlton, 
near  Woolwich,  in  Kent,  England,  in  old  chalk-pits,  of  amber-yellow,  ruby-red,  and  nearly  opaque 
white  colors.  In  the  United  States  it  occurs  in  a  mine  of  limonite,  with  gibbsite,  at  Richmond, 
Mass.,  forming  a  hyaline  crust,  scaly  or  compact  in  structure,  and  brittle  ;  at  the  Bristol  Copper 
Mine,  Ct  ;  at  Morgantown,  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  j  at  the  Friedensville  zinc  mines,  Pa.  ;  in  the  copper 
mine  of  Polk  Co.,  Tenn. 

Named  from  aAAoj,  other,  and  <j>aivw,  to  appear,  in  allusion  to  its  change  of  appearance  under  the 
blowpipe. 

A  yellowish-white  earthy  mineral  from  Kornwestheim,  between  Stuttgart  and  Ludwidsburg, 
with  G.=  1-794  and  2'098,  consists  of  allophane  and  aluminite  in  combination,  and  has  been  called 
Kieselraluminite  (Siliceous  aluminite)  by  Groningen  and  Oppel.  In  one  of  their  analyses  they 
obtained  (Jahresb.  1852,  892,  from  Wiirtemb.  Nat.  Jahreshefte,  1851,  189)  Si  13-06,  S  5'04,  A1! 
42-59,  ign.  39'32=100-01. 

A.  CAROLATHINB  F.  L.  Sonnenschein  (ZS.  G.  Ges.,  v.  223,  and  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ix.  268,  1853).  Amor- 
phous, with  a  mammillary  surface,  and  approaching  allophane  in  the  ratio  of  Si  to  A1!,  but  con- 
tains less  water.  H.=2'5;  G.=1'515  ;  color  honey-  to  wine-yellow;  subtranslucent. 

Analysis  by  Sonnenschein  gave  : 

Si  29-62        £l  47-25        H  15'10         C  1-33        H  0'74        0  5-96=100. 

Heated  it  affords  water,  which  is  neutral  in  its  reactions  ;  at  a  higher  temperature  decrepitates, 
the  color  darkens,  and  a  black  shining  mass  is  obtained.  B.B.  ignites  without  flame,  owing  to 
the  organic  ingredients  present. 

From  the  coal-bed  of  the  Konigin-Louisa  Mine,  at  Zabrze,  in  Upper  Silesia. 

375.  COLLYRITE.  Das  man  dort  Salpeter  nannte  (fr.  Schemnitz)  Freiesleben,  Lempe's  Mag., 
x.  99,  1793.  Naturliche  Alaunerde  (fr.  Schemnitz)  v.  Mchtel,  Min.,  170,  1794;  Klapr.,  Beitr., 
i.  257,  1795.  KoUyrit  Karst.,  Tab.,  30,  73,  1800. 

A  clay-like  mineral,  white,  with  a  glimmering  lustre,  greasy  feel,  and 
adhering  to  the  tongue.  G.—  2—  215.  H.r=l—  2. 

Comp,—  £l2  Si+9  H  ;  or  1  of  AUophane+1  of  Gibbsite  =  [£l  Si+6  H]  +  [£l  Hs]=Siliea  14'14, 
alumina  48-02,  water  37-84.  Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  i.  257);  2,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  ii. 
476);  3,  Kersten  (Schw.  J.,  Ixi.  24);  4,  J.  H.  and  G.  Gladstone  (Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  xxiii.  461,  1862): 

Si  £1  H 

1.  Schemnitz  14'0  45'0  42-0=101  Klaproth. 

2.  Ezquerra  15'0  44-5  40-5  =  100  Berthier. 

3.  Saxony  23-3  42-8  34-7  =  100'8  Kersten. 

4.  Hove  14-49  47-44  36'39,  Ca  0'89,  C  0'79=100  Gladstone. 

In  other  specimens  Gladstone  (1.  c.)  obtained  from  8  to  3  p.  c.  of  silica,  indicating  a  varying 
proportion  of  hydrate  of  alumina. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible.  Gives  a  blue  color  when  heated  with  cobalt  solu- 
tion. Gelatinizes  with  nitric  acid.  Does  not  fall  to  pieces  in  water,  or  increase  in  weight. 

Obs.—  From  Ezquerra  in  the  Pyrenees;  near  Schemnitz,  Hungary;  near  Wessenfels,  Saxony; 
at  Hove,  near  Brighton,  England,  in  fissures  in  the  upper  chalk,  of  a  pure  white  color  and  very 
soft. 


The  name  collyrium  (xoMvpiov)  was  applied  by  the  Greeks  to  the  "  Samian  earth  ;  "  Karsten 
adopted  it  because  the  description  of  this  earth  by  Dioscorides  answers  well  for  the  above  mineral. 


HYDKOUS   SILICATES,    ZEOLITE   SECTION.  421 

375A.  DILLNITE  Haid.  (Pogg.,  Ixxviii.  577,  1849)  is  a  related  substance.  Earthy,  with  H.=l-8 
—2;  G.=2'574— 2-835.  Analyses:  Hutzelmann  and  Karafiat  (Pogg.,  Ixxviii.  576): 

Si  £1  Mg         Oa          fl 

1.  22-40        56-40        0'44        tr.        21-13,  Fe,  Mn,  alk.  rfr.  =  100'37  Hutzehnann. 

2.  23-53        53-00        T76       0'88       20-05=99-22  Karafiat. 

The  analyses  correspond  to  the  formula  £l4  Si3+9  H=Silica  24-39,  alumina  54-23,  fi  21 '38. 
The  dillnite  is  the  gangue  of  the  diaspore  of  Schemnitz,  at  a  place  called  Dilln.  Dr.  J.  L.  Smith 
obtained  a  very  different  result  for  a  similar  material  from  the  same  Schemnitz  locality,  as  given 
under  PHOLERITE  (q.  v.) ;  and  it  is  probable  that  dillnite  is  a  mixture  of  diaspore  and  kaolinite  or 
pholerite. 

376.  SCHROTTERITE.    Opalin-Allophan  Schrotter,  Baumg.  Ztg.,  iv.  145,  1837.    Schrotterit 
GlocJcer,  Grundr.,  536,  1839.    Opal  AUophane. 

Resembles  allophane ;  sometimes  like  gum  in  appearance. 

H.=3— 3*5.  G.=l*95— 2*05.  Color  pale  emerald-  to  leek-green,  green- 
ish-white, yellowish,  or  at  times  spotted  with  brown.  Translucent  to  nearly 
transparent. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  S,  Si,  fi=4  : 1 :  5  ;  £l8  Si8  +  30  fl ;  equivalent  to  3  [£l  Si  +  5  fl] + 5  [$1  fl3], 
or  3  of  allophane  and  5  of  gibbsite.  Analyses :  1,  2,  Schrotter  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xi.  380) ;  3,  J.  W. 
Mallet  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxvi.  79) : 

Si        £l        3Pe        fl       Ca       Cu      fl 

1.  Styria  11'95    46'30     2'95     36-20     1-30     0'25     0-78=99-73  Schrotter. 

2.  "  11-93     46-28     2'66     35*50     103     0'25     0-48=98-14  Schrotter. 

3.  Alabama      (|)  10'53    46-48     41'09,  2n  0-77,  Fe,  Mg  tr.,  S  0-80=99-67  Mallet. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  acts  like  allophane,  but  burns  white.     Decomposed  by  acids. 

Obs. — From  Dollinger  mountain,  near  Freienstein,  in  Styria,  in  nests  between  clay-slate  and 
granular  limestone ;  in  Cornwall ;  at  the  Falls  of  Little  River,  on  the  Sand  Mtn.,  Cherokee  Co., 
Alabama,  as  an  incrustation  over  half  an  inch  thick  and  partly  stalactitic,  resembling  gum  arabic 
when  broken,  having  H.=3'5,  and  G-.  =  1'974. 

376A.  SCARBROITE  Vernon  (Phil.  Mag.,  II.  v.  178,  1829)  is  a  white  clayey  substance,  allied  to 
schrotterite  in  composition.  It  is  without  lustre,  highly  adhesive  to  moist  surfaces,  and  may  be 
polished  by  the  nail ;  H.=2-0;  G-.  =  r485?  Composition,  according  to  an  imperfect  analysis  by 
Vernon  (1.  a),  Si  10-50,  &1  42-50,  £e  Q-25,  fl  46-75.  In  a  second,  equally  imperfect,  he  obtained 
Si  7'90,  &1  42-75,  fi  48-55,  £e  0'80  =  100.  Does  not  fall  to  pieces  in  water,  but  increases  in 
weight.  It  fills  the  veinings  of  a  sandstone,  which  is  much  marked  with  oxyd  of  iron,  or  of  its 
septaria,  on  the  coast  of  Scarborough,  Yorkshire,  England. 


II.   ZEOLITE   SECTION. 

ARRANGEMENT    OF    THE    SPECIES. 

I.  MESOTTPE  GROUP.  Anisometric;  angle  I A  /near  90° ;  cleavage  parallel  to /.  Crystalliza- 
tions often  acicular,  or  long  fibrous  and  radiating ;  thomsonite  sometimes  in  short  nearly  rec- 
tangular forms,  with  flat  summits,  and  sometimes  foliated,  but  with  a  less  pearly  and  more 
glassy  surface  than  in  stilbite. 

R  K  Si  fi        fiB  Si  fl 

377.  THOMSONITE  1    3    4    2£         1    1      f  (f  Oa+JNa),  3tl,2S"i,2ifl 

378.  NATBOLITE  1362  1    H    i  (i)        Na,  &1,  3  Si,  2  fl 


422  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

B  £  Si  H  RK  Si  H 

379.  SCOLECITE                 1363  1     H  f(|)        Ca,£l,3Si,3H 

380.  ELLAGITB                 1863  1    H  i  (t)        (fCa+^Fe),  £l,3Si,3H 

381.  MESOLITE                 1363  1     11  t  (I) 


II.  LEVYNITE    GROUP.  Hexagonal.    #  A  £=  106°,  nearly. 

382.  LEVTNITB  1364  1    H    1  (i)  (Ca,  Na,  &),  £l,  3S"i,4H 

Til.  ANALCITE  GEOUP.  Isometric,   or  else  orthorhombic  with  7  A  J=120°.     0.   ratio  for 

K,  B,  Si=l  :  3  :  8,  or  1  :  3  :  9.    Never  fibrous  or  acicular. 

383.  ANALCTTE  1382  1     2      i  Na,  £l,  4  Si,  2  H 

384.  EUDSOPHITE  1382            12      i  ISTa,  3tl,  4  Si,  2  fi 
885.  FAUJASITE  1399            1    .2£  2J  (i 


IV.  CHABAZITE  GEOUP.      Hexagonal,  or  else  orthorhombic  with  /A  7=120°.    0.  ratio  for 
E,  K,  Si=l  :  3  :  8,  or  1  :  3  :  9.    Never  fibrous  or  acicular.    Not  pearly  foliated. 

386.  CHABAZITE  1386  121$  (|Oa+i(Na,  £)),  £1,  4  Si,  6  fl 

387.  GMELINITE  1386  1    2    H  (iCa+f(Na,K)),3tl,4§i,6H 

388.  HERSCHELITE  1385  1    2     1 


V.  PHILLIPSITE  GEOUP.     Orthorhombic;  /A  /near  90°.     Often  in  cruciform  twins;  never 

fibrous  or  acicular.    Not  pearly  foliated. 

389.  PHILLIPSITE  1385  1     2     1£  (£  Ca+iK),3tl,4Sv5H 

VI.  HAEMOTOME  GEOUP.    Orthorhombic;  /A  7=124°  -125°.    Often  in  cruciform  twins; 
never  fibrous  or  acicular.    Lustre  vitreous.  , 

390.  HABMOTOME  1     3  10    5  1     2$  1J  (i)        £a,  &1,  5  Si,  5  H 

VII.  HYPOSTILBITE  GEOUP.    Like  the  mesotypes  in  acicular  and  fibrous  crystallizations  and 
absence  of  pearly  cleavage.    0.  ratio  for  K,  &,  Si=l  :  3  :  9. 

391.  HYPOSTILBITE          1396  1    2£  \\  (|)        (|Ca+|Na),£l,4|Si+6H 

VIII.  STILBITE  GEOUP.    Orthorhombic  or  monoclinic,  with  an  easy  pearly  diagonal  or  basal 
cleavage.    0.  ratio  for  R,  B,  Si=l  :  3  :  12. 

392.  STILBITB  1  3  12  6  1    3     1*  (J)  '  Oa,  Xl,  6  Si,  6  H 

393.  EPISTILBITE  1  3  12  5  13     1J  (|)  (ACa+iNa),£l,6Si,5H 

394.  HETJLANDITE  1  3  12  5  1    3    ij  (|)  Ca,  3tl,  6  Si,  5  fl 

395.  BEEWSTEBITE  1  3  12  5  1    3    1J  (f)  (|  Sr+iBa),3cl,  6  Si,  5H 

396.  MOBDENITE  1  3  18  6  1    4$  1$  (I  Oa+iNa),  £l,  9  Si,  6H 

.  SLOANITE.    398.  SASPAOHJTE. 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    ZEOLITE    SECTION. 


423 


In  the  preceding  table  the  constituents  of  the  species  are  stated  without  the  arrangement  of 
them  into  formulas.  The  resemblance  to  the  Feldspar  group  in  oxygen  ratio  seems,  at  first 
thought,  to  imply  resemblance  at  least  in  scheme  of  composition.  But  it  has  been  observed  (p. 
394)  that  instead  of  unity  of  crystalline  form  and  physical  characters,  as  in  the  Feldspar 
group,  there  is  the  utmost  diversity.  A  relation  between  the  proportion  of  silica  and  alkali  holds 
through  the  feldspars ;  but  none  exists,  or  could  be  rightly  looked  for,  among  the  varied  groups 
here  brought  together  under  the  name  of  zeolites.  The  water  present  has  produced  the  wide 
divergence  from  the  feldspars ;  and  it  is  therefore  probable  that  this  water  is  in  part,  at  least, 
basic.  This  being  so,  they  may  pertain  to  the  two  divisions  of  Unisilicates  and  Bisilicates.  In 
the  following  table  they  are  arranged  under  these  heads,  and  formulas  added  to  correspond  with 
this  reference  of  them. 

The  species  of  the  Mesotype  and  Levynite  groups  are  made  Unisilicates,  because  they  have  not 
silica  enough  for  the  bisilicate  type.  Thomsonite  has  the  0.  ratio  for  the  bases  and  silica =1+ 
3  :  4=1  :  1,  or  that  of  a  true  Unisilicate;  and  uatrolite,  if  the  water  be  basic,  is  also  unisilicate. 
Further,  the  close  isomorphism  of  the  several  species  of  the  Mesotype  group  renders  it  probable 
that  they  are  similar  chemically,  and  therefore  ah1  unisilicate. 

The  species  of  the  remaining  groups  have  silica  enough  for  Bisilicates,  and  are  so  arranged  in 
the  following  table.  Yet  those  of  the  groups  3  to  5  have  water  enough  for  Unisilicates,  if  this 
water  be  mainly  basic.  Thus  chabazite  and  gmelinite  have  a  unisilicate  ratio,  if  two-thirds  of  the 
water  is  basic ;  and  herschelite  and  phillipsite,  if  four-fifths.  But  the  facility  with  which  part  of 
the  water  in  these  species  escapes  is  evidence  that  a  considerable  part  of  it,  at  least,  is  not  basic. 
Chabazite  loses  over  7  p.  c.  of  water,  or  more  than  a  third,  by  simple  exposure  to  dry  air.  For 
other  similar  facts,  see  under  the  species  beyond.  It  is,  therefore,  not  at  all  probable  that  enough 
water  is  basic  to  make  the  species  unisilicate.  In  the  preceding  table,  the  fraction  written  after 
the  column  of  II  indicates  the  proportion  of  water  which  is  made  basic  in  the  formulas  which 
here  follow : 


Thomsonite 
Natrolite 
Scolecite 
Mesolite 


1.  UNISILICATE. 


+  3£  H 


(i  (£  H  +  £  Ca)3  +  i  Si)2  Si3  +  & 

(|  (f  H  +  1  Ca  +  £  Na)3  +  £  Si)2  Sis+H 


Si  ||  04 
Si  1  0 


Si  ||  04 


EUagite 
2.  Levynite 


faq 


2.  BISILICATE. 


3.  Anelcite  ftNaJ 

Eudnophite  ft  Na3+f  Si)  Si3+ 1|  H 

Faujasite  ftH+^Ca,  Na))3+ 

4.  Chabazite  (iCICa+^-Na^+f  Sl)Si3+4-J-H         Si 
Gmelinite  ft  ft  Ca+ f  Na)3  +  f  Si)  Si3+4|  fl         Si  0 1 0 
Herschelite  ft  (f  Na+i  K)3+f  Si)  Si3+3|  H 

5.  Phillipsite  (i(f  Ca+£K)3+|Sl)§i3+3f  H 

6.  Harmotome  (|(|H+iSa)3+fSl)gi3+2|H 

7.  Hypostilbite  ftftH+|-(Ca,Na))3+|- Sl)Si3+3f H    SiejOs 


Si  0  1  02 

Si  e  1  02  1  (i  Na2  +  f  /?A1)+|  aq 


,  Na2)+|  #M)+  H  aq 


Ifaq 


8.  Stilbite 


424  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 


Epistilbite 
Heulandite 
Brewsterite  (i(f  fl+Hfca,  Sr))3+i  3tl)  Si'+lifl  SiO |  Oa  |  (i (f H2+i (Sa,  Sr 

iaq 

9.  Mordenite 


The  term  zeolite  was  first  used  by  Oonstedt  in  1156  (Transactions  of  the  Swedish  Academy, 
vol.  zviii.),  for  certain  minerals  that  fused  with  much  intumescence ;  the  word  being  derived  from 
<£w,  to  boil,  and  Ac'0o?,  stone.  Before  the  close  of  the  century  five  subdivisions  had  been  recognized 
by  Werner  and  the  mineralogists  of  his  school:  (1)  Mehlzeolith  (mealy  zeolite);  (2)  Fasriger 
zeolith  or  Faserzeolith  (fibrous  zeolite) ;  these  two  corresponding  to  the  more  modern  mesotype 
(or  uatrolite.  scolecite,  mesolite,  and  thomsonite);  (3)  Sir ahliger  zeolith  or  Strahlzeolith  (radiated 
zeolite),  now  stilbite ;  (4)  Bldttriger  zeolith  or  Biatterzeolith  (foliated  zeolite),  now  heulandite  and 
apophyllite ;  (5)  Wilrfelzeolith  (cubic  zeolite),  now  chabazite  and  analcite.  Moreover,  Kreuzstein, 
later  called  harmotome,  and  Prehnite  were  regarded  as  distinct  species ;  and  so  also  Lapis  Lazuli, 
which  had  been  ranked  with  the  zeolites  by  Wallerius. 

In  1801  Haiiy  gave  the  name  of  Mesotype,  or  Zeolite  proper,  to  the  varieties  included  under  the 
first  two  of  the  above  subdivisions,  together  with  apophyllite ;  and  took  a  second  backward  step, 
which  he  never  retraced,  in  uniting  those  of  the  third  and  fourth  in  one  species  under  the  name 
of  Stilbite.  At  the  same  time  he  rightly  removed  Analcime  from  the  old  Cubic  zeolite. 

In  1803  natrolite  was  separated  from  mesotype  by  Klaproth,  and  hence  his  name  should  stand 
for  the  species  so  designated.  In  1813  Scolecite,  and  in  1816  Mesolite,  were  separated  by  Fuchs 
and  Gehlen ;  and  in  1820  Thomsonite  by  Brooke.  Haiiy's  name  mesotype  is  at  present  restricted, 
Or  should  be,  to  a  generic  use  to  include  the  group  of  zeolites,  viz.,  natrolite,  scolecite,  mesolite, 
and  the  related  species. 


377.  THOMSONITE.  Mesotype  pt.  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Thomsonite  (fr.  Scotland)  Brooke,  Ann. 
PhiL,  xvi.  193,  1820.  Comptonite  (fr.  Somma)  Brewster,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  iv.  131,  1821.  Mesole 
Berz.,  Ed.  PhiL  J.,  vii.  6,  1822.  Triploklas  Breith.,  Char.,  1832.  Chalilite  T.  Thonison,  Min., 
i.  324,  1836.  Scoulerite  E.  D.  Thomson,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xvii.  408,  1 840.  Ozarkite  (fr.  Arkan- 
sas) Step.,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  ii.  251,  1846.  Karphostilbit  v.  Walt.,  Tulk.  (Jest.,  272,  1853.  Faroe- 
lite  (=Mesole)  Heddle,  Phil.  Mag,  IV.  xiii.  50,  1857,  xv.  28,  1858. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=90°  40' ;  0  A  1-5=144:°  9' :  a\b\  0=0-7225  : 1 : 
1-0117.  Observed  planes,  as  in  the  annexed  figure,  with  also  a  very 
low  macrodome,  nearly  coincident  with  0,  having  the 
summit  angle  177°  35,  Naumann.  0  A  2-2=125°,  -i-i  A I 
=134:°  40'.  Cleavage:  i-i  easily  obtained;  i-i  less  so; 
0  ^  in^  traces.  Twins  :  cruciform,  having  the  vertical 
axis  in  common,  and  i-i  of  one  part  coincident  with 
irl  of  the  other ;  one  of  the  pair  of  prismatic  planes  in 
each  broader  than  the  other.  Also  columnar,  structure 
radiated ;  in  radiated  spherical  concretions ;  also  amor- 
phous and  compact. 

H.=5— 5-5.  G.=2-3— 2-4;  2'35— 2-38,  fr.  Seeberg, 
Zippe  ;  2*357,  fr.  Hauenstein,  Eamm.  Vitreous,  more  or 
less  pearly.  Snow-white ;  impure  varieties  brown.  Streak  uncolored.  Trans- 
parent—translucent. Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  Pyroelectric.  Double 
refraction  weak ;  optic-axial  plane  parallel  to  0 ;  bisectrix  positive,  normal 
to  tHi ;  divergence  82°— 82£°  for  red  rays,  from  Dumbarton ;  Descl. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    ZEOLITE   SECTION. 


425 


Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  In  regular  crystals,  usually  more  or  less  rectangular  in  outline.  (&) 
In  slender  prisms,  often  vesicular  to  radiated,  (c)  Radiated  fibrous,  (d)  Spherical  concretions, 
consisting  of  radiated  fibres  or  slender  crystals,  (e)  Massive,  granular  to  impalpable,  and  white 
to  reddish-brown. 

2.  Mesole  (Faroclite  of  Heddle),  the  original  from  Faroe,  occurs  in  spherical  concretions,  con- 
sisting of  lamellar  radiated  individuals,    pearly  in   cleavage.     The   component  crystals   gave 
Heddle,  for  a  vertical  prism,  127°  20',  which  is  within  8'  of  the  corresponding  angle  in  thomson- 
ite ;  and  Descloizeaux  regards  the  two  as  optically  identical.     It  occurs  with  mesolitc  and  apo- 
phyllite,  and  probably  owes  its  slight  excess  of  silica  to  mixture  with  the  former  of  these  minerals, 
or  else  with  free  silica.     Mesole  was  long  since  referred  to  thomsonite  by  Haidinger. 

Scoulerite  R.  D.  Thomson,  from  Port  Rush,  Antrim,  is  mesole  in  structure.  It  has,  Dr.  Thom- 
son observes,  "the  same  composition  as  thomsonite,  with  only  (according  to  an  analysis  by  R. 
D.  Thomson)  rather  less  alumina,  and  Q\  p.  c.  of  soda.  The  analysis  has  not  been  published. 

3.  Chalilite  Thomson,  is  a  compact  variety,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  from  the  Donegore  Mts., 
Antrim.     Thomson  described  it  in  his  Mineralogy  (i.  324)  as  haviug  G-.  =  2-252,  and  as  containing 
9  p.  a  of  sesquioxyd  of  iron  (most  improbable  with  so  low  sp.  gr.).     In  the  Phil.  Mag.  for  1840 
(xvii.  408),  he  describes  apparently  the  same  brown  "  uncrystallized  "  mineral  as  having  G-.=2'29, 
with  "the  same  constitution  as  the  Kilpatrick  thomsonite,  according  to  an  analysis  by  R.  D. 
Thomson  " — an  analysis  not  published.     He  gives  the  locality,  Ballimony,  Antrim.     Von  Hauer 
analyzed  the  chalilite,  and  found  considerable  magnesia  with  only  a  trace  of  iron.     Greg  &  Lett- 
som  observe  (Miu.,  160)  that  the  scoulerite  graduates  into  the  compact  chalilite.     In  view  of  the 
facts,  it  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  it  is  impure  thomsonite. 

Ozarkite  is  a  massive  thomsonite,  as  shown  by  Smith  and  Brush,  either  granular  or  compact, 
and  of  a  white  color,  with  G.  =  2-24. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  fi,  Si,  H=l  :  3  :  4  :  2-J-;  corresponding  to  2  Si,  3tl,  (f  Ca+iNa),  2£H— 
Silica  36-9,  alumina  31*6,  lime  12*9,  soda  4'8,  water  13'8=100.  Analyses:  1,  Berzelius  (Jahresb., 
ii.  96);  2,  Rammelsberg  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  lix.  349);  3,  Retzius  (Jahresb.,  iv.  154);  4,  Zippe  (Verh. 
Gres.  Mus.  Bohm.,  v.  39.  1836);  5,  6,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xlvi.  288);  7,  Melly  (Bib.  Univ.,  N. 
S.,  xv.  193);  8,  Rammelsberg  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  lix.  348);  9,  10,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xvi 
50);  11,  12,  Waltershausen  (Yulk.  Gest,  272,  277): 


Si 


Ca       Na       £ 


I. 

2. 
3. 
4. 

5. 
6. 
7. 

8. 
9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 

Kilpatrick 
Dumbarton 
Faroe 
Seeberg,  Compt. 

u            it 
Elbogen 
Hauenstein 

Ozarkite 

n 

Carphostilbite 
Cyclopean  I. 

38-30 
38-09 
39-20 
38-25 
38-73 
38-77 
37*00 
39-63 
36-85 
37-08 
39-28 
39-86 

30-70 
31-62 
30-05 
32-00 
30-84 
31-92 
31-07 
31-25 
29-42 
31-13* 
29-50 
31-45 

13-54 
12-60 
10-58 
11-96 
13-43 
11-96 
12-60 
7-27 
13-95 
13-97 
12-38 
13-33 

4-53      
4-62      
8-11 
6-53      
3-85     0-54 
4-54 
6-25      
8-03      
3-91      
3-72      
4-09     0-38 
5-30     1-00 

13-10: 
13-40: 
13-40, 

11-50: 

13-10: 

12-81: 

12-24: 
13-30: 
13-80, 
13-80: 
13-23, 
11-39: 

100-17  Berzelius. 
=  100-20  Rammelsberg. 
3Pe  0-5  =  101 -84  Retzius 
=  100-24  Zippe. 
=  100-49  Rammelsberg. 
=  100  Ramm.     G.=2'37. 
=  99-16  Melly. 

=99-48  Ramm.     G.  =  2'357. 
Pe  1-55=99-48  S.  &  B. 
=99-70  Smith  &  Brush. 
MgO-13, 3Pe  1-49=100-48  W. 
=  102-33  Waltershausen. 


a  With  some  Fe2  O3. 


The  following  are  analyses  of  Mesole:  1,  Berzelius  (Jahresb.,  iii.  147);  2,  3,  Hisinger  (ib.,  v. 
217,  xx.  214);  4,  Thomson  (Ed.  X.  Phil.  J..  xvii.  186);  5-7,  Heddle  (1-  c.);  8,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr. 
Ch.,  xcviii.  135);  9,  How  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  IL  viil  207,  1858);  10,  0.  C.  Marsh  (priv.  coutrib.): 


Si         3tl         Ca 


1.  Faroe 

2.  Annaklef 

3.  " 

4.  Bombay 

5.  Storr 

6.  Portree 

7.  Uig 

8.  Iceland 

9.  B.  of  Fundy 
10.  C.  Blomidon 


42-60 

28-00 

11-43 

5-63 

12-70: 

42-17 

27-00 

9-00 

10-19 

11-79  = 

41-52 

26-80 

8-07 

10-80 

11-79: 

42-70 

27-50 

7-61 

7-00 

14-71: 

41-32 

28-44 

11-54 

5-77 

13-26: 

41-20 

30-00 

11-40 

4-38 

13-20.- 

43-17 

29-30 

9-82 

5-33 

12-40= 

41-00 

81-66 

10-73 

4-50 

12-11  = 

41-26 

29-60 

11-71 

5-29 

12-73  = 

41-64 

30-52 

9-21 

4-95 

13-11, 

lerzelii 

is,  1  :  3 

:  6  :  |. 

1  :  3 

:4i:  2 

=100-36  Berzelius. 

=  100-15  Hisinger. 

=  98-99  Hisinger. 

=  99-52  Thomson. 

=  100-33  Heddle. 

=  100-18  Heddle. 

=  100-02 'Heddle. 

=  100-00  Kobell.     G.=2'17. 

=  100-59  How. 

K  0-44=99-87  Marsh. 


:  2 £  corresponds  better  with  ana..  3, 
5,  6,  8,  and  this  varies  but  little  from  the  composition  of  thomsonite. 


426  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Dr.  Thomson  found  for  his  chalttite  (1.  c.),  Si  36-56,  £l  26'20,  £e  9  28,  Ca  10'28,  Na  2'72,  fl 
16-66-101-70.  Von  Hauer  obtained  (Jahrb.  G.  Eeichs.,  1853)  Si  38-56,  £l  27'71,  3Pe  tr.,  Mg  6'85, 
Ca  12-01,  &  14-32. 

The  Hauenstein  mineral  (formerly  called  mesolite  of  Hauenstein)  occurs  mixed  with  natrolite, 
and  this  accounts  for  the  results  of  Freissmuth's  analysis  (Schw.  «L,  xxv.  425),  which  differ 
widely  from  Rammelsberg's  later  results  (anal.  8). 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  The  Mittelgebirge  mineral  changes  but  slightly  in  moist  or  dry  air,  according  to 
Damour  ;  after  two  hours  at  280°  C.  it  loses  6*1  p.  c.,  and  very  slowly  regains  the  water  lost  in 
the  open  air,  the  loss  being  reduced  to  1*5  p.  c.  after  forty  hours.  At  a  red  heat  the  loss  is  13-3 
p.  c.,  and  the  mineral  becomes  fused  to  a  white  enamel.  B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  at  2  to  a 
white  enamel.  Gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.  —  Found  in  cavities  in  lava  and  other  igneous  rocks;  and  also  in  some  metamorphic  rocks, 
with  elseolite. 

Thomsonite  occurs  near  Kilpatrick,  and  at  Kilmalcolm  and  Port  Glasgow,  Scotland,  in  amygda- 
loid ;  in  the  lavas  of  Somma  (comptonite)  ;  hi  basalt  at  the  Pflasterkaute  in  Saxe  Weimar  ;  at  See- 
berg  and  elsewhere  in  Bohemia,  in  the  cavities  of  clinkstone;  in  the  Cyclopean  islands,  Sicily, 
with  analcite  and  phillipsite  ;  in  Faroe  ;  hi  phonolite  at  Hauenstein  ;  in  Hungary,  near  Schem- 
nitz  ;  the  Tyrol,  at  Theiss  ;  at  Monzoni,  Fassa  ;  hi  straw-yellow  needles  (carphostiloite)  at  the  Beru- 
fiord,  Iceland,  G.=  2-362. 

Long,  slender,  prismatic  crystallizations,  of  a  grayish-white  color,  are  obtained  at  Peter's  Point, 
Nova  Scotia,  where  it  is  associated  with  apophyllite,  mesotype,  laumontite,  and  other  trap  min- 
erals ;  fibrous  radiated  and  amorphous  (ozarkite)  at  Magnet  Cove,  in  the  Ozark  Mts.,  Arkansas,  in 
cavities  in  elaeolite  (from  the  alteration  of  which  it  has  apparently  resulted),  with  slender  prisms 
of  apatite. 

Mesole  is  from  the  cave  of  Nalsoe,  island  of  Faroe  ;  Disco  I.,  Greenland  ;  Annaklef,  Sweden  ;  a 
few  miles  west  of  C.  Blomidon,  Bay  of  Fundy,  near  the  small  village  of  Ft.  George. 

On  twin  crystals,  see  H.  Guthe,  14th  Jahresb.  Ges.  Hannover,  Jahrb.  Miu.  1865,  479. 

PICROTHOMSONITE  Meneghini  &  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  63,  1852).  Like  thomsonite  in 
form,  and  near  it  in  composition.  The  soda  is  replaced  by  magnesia,  and  possibly  as  a  result  of 
alteration.  Occurs  in  radiated  masses,  laminated  in  structure,  and  cleaving  with  equal  ease 
parallel  to  two  sides  of  a  rectangular  prism;  H.  =  5;  G.  =  2'278;  lustre  pearly;  white;  trans- 
parent in  small  fragments  ;  very  fragile. 

.  COMP.—  (Ca,  Mg)8  Si+2i  £l  Si+4i  £,  Bechi.  Analysis:  Si  40'36,  £l  31-25,  Mg  6'26,  Ca  10'99, 
Na,  K  0-29,  H  10-79=99-94.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  white  enamel,  with  intumescence.  Dissolves  in  cold 
acids  and  gelatinizes.  Occurs  with  caporcianite  in  the  gabbro  rosso  of  Tuscany.  The  name, 
from  Tripos,  bitter,  and  thomsonite,  alludes  to  the  magnesia  present. 

378.  NATROLITE.  Zeolit  pt,  Zeolites  crystallisatus,  prismaticus,  capUlaris  (fr.  Gustafsberg\ 
Cronst,  Min.,  102,  1758;  Z.  albus  fibrosus,  capiUaris,  etc.  (fr.  Iceland  and  Gustafsb.),  v.  Born, 
Lithoph.,  46,  1772;  de  Lisle,  Crist,  1772,  1783.  Mehl-Zeolith,  Fasriger-Z.,  Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronst, 
243,  1780;  Faserzeolith,  Nadelzeolith,  Wern.  Mealy  Zeolite,  Fibrous  Zeolite,  Needle  Zeolite. 
Zeolite,  Mesotype,  pt.,  ff.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Natrolith  (fr.  Hogau)  Klapr.,  N.  Schrift  Nat.  Ges. 
Fr.  Berlin,  iv.  243,  1803,  Beitr.,  v.  44,  1810.  Hogauit  Selb.,  Schrift,  ib.,  395.  Natrolite  K, 
Cours  de  Min.,  1804,  Lucas  TabL,  i.  338,  1806.  Natron-Mesotype.  Soda-Mesotype. 

Krokalith  (Crocalite)  (fr.  Felvatea)  Estner,  Min.,  ii.,  pt.  2,  559,  1797.  Bergmannit  (fr.  Frieder- 
icksvarn)  Schumacher,  Verz.  dan.  Foss.,  46,  1801.  Spreustein  Wern.,  1811,  Hoffm.  Min.,  ii  to 
303,  1812.  Eadiolith  Esmark,  Hunefeld,  Schw.  J.,  Iii.  361,  1828.  Brevicit  (fr.  Brevig)  P. 
Strom,  Jahresb.,  xiv.  1834.  Lehuntite  Thomson,  Min.,  i.  338,  1836.  Eisen-Natrolith  C.  Berge- 
mann,  Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  491,  1851  ;  Iron-Natrolite.  Savite  Meneghini,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  64,  1852. 
Galaktit  Haid.,  Kenng.  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xii.  290,  1854,  xvi.  157,  1855.  Fargite  Heddle,  Phil. 
IV.  xiii.  50,  1857.  Palseo-Natrolith  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  cviii.  416,  1859. 


., 


Orthorhombic.  /A  7=91°,  0  A  l-fc!44°  23'  ;  a  :  I  :  c=0'35825  :  1  : 
1-0176.  Observed  planes:  prismatic,  7,  i-i-  octahedral.  1.  l-ff  (x\  3-3 
(between  1  and  i-i).  /Aa=13i°  3CK,  1  A  1,  ov.  x,  =  U3°  2(K  adi.= 
U2°  40'  /A  1=116°  40^  A  *=146°  28',  1  A  3-5=153°  30'.  Crystals 
usually  slender,  often  acicular  ;  frequently  interlacing,  divergent,  or  stel- 
late. Also  fibrous,  radiating,  massive,  granular,  or  compact. 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    ZEOLITE   SECTION. 


427 


H.=5-5-5.      G.=2-17— 2'25 ;    2-249,    Bergen    Hill,  392 

Brush.  Lustre  vitreous,  sometimes  inclining  to  pearly, 
especially  in  fibrous  varieties.  Color  white,  or  colorless  ; 
also  grayish,  yellowish,  reddish  to  red.  Streak  uncolored. 
Transparent — translucent.  Double  refraction  weak  ;  op- 
tic-axial plane  i-i ;  bisectrix  positive,  parallel  to  edge 
///;  axial  divergence  94° — 96°,  red  rays,  for  Auvergne 
crystals ;  95°  12'  for  brevicite  ;  Descl. 

Cpmp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  R\  Si,  &=1  :  3  :  6  :  2;  corresponding  to  3  Si, 
3tl,  Na,  2  Ii— Silica  47-2,  alumina  27'0,  soda  16-3,  water  9-5  —  100. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  Commonly  either  (a)  in  groups  of  slender  colorless 
prisms,  often  acicular,  with  /A  7=91°,  Haid.,  91°  35',  G-.  Rose,  and  1  A  1  = 
143°  20',  Haid,  144°  40',  G.  E.,  143°  33',  Phillips ;  or  (&)  in  fibrous  divergent 

or  radiated  masses,  vitreous  in  lustre,  or  but  slightly  pearly  (these  radiated  forms  often  resem- 
ble those  of  thomsonite  and  pectolite) ;  often  also  (c)  solid  amygdules,  usually  radiated  fibrous, 
and  somewhat  silky  in  lustre  within ;  and  (d)  rarely  compact  massive. 

Galactite  is  ordinary  natrolite,  occurring  in  colorless  acicular  crystallizations  in  southern  Scot- 
land, instituted  as  a  species  on  an  erroneous  analysis.  Fargite  is  a  red  natrolite  from  Glen  Farg 
(anal.  24),  containing,  like  galactite,  about  4  p.  c.  of  lime. 

Bergmannite  (  =  spreustein,  brevicite,  radiolite,  palceo-natrolite)  is  natrolite  from  the  zircon-syenite 
of  southern  Norway,  near  Brevig,  on  the  Langesundfiord,  occurring  fibrous,  massive,  and  in  long 
prismatic  crystallizations,  and  from  white  to  red  in  color.  /A  7=91°,  G.  Rose;  90°  54',  Kenn- 
gott;  and  1  A  1  =  142°  55',  G.  Rose,  143°  26',  Kenngott;  and  1  A  1,  side,  =142°  49',  Kenng.  The 
reddish  varieties  are  impure  from  mixture  with  disseminated  diaspore,  as  shown  by  Scheerer,  and 
hence  the  variations  from  natrolite  in  composition.  The  radiolite  is  in  radiated  masses,  and  com- 
pact fibrous  nodules,  of  a  grayish  color,  from  Eckefiord,  having  G.= 2  -2  7  5— 2*286.  These  miner- 
als result  from  the  alteration  of  elaeolite,  cancrinite,  and  oligoclase,  according  to  Blum  and  Sse- 
mann  &  Pisani.  The  planes  3-5  occur  on  brevicite  (G.  Rose).  Crocalite,  from  the  Ural,  is  a  red 
zeolite,  identical  with  the  bergmannite  of  Laurvig ;  occurs  in  small  amygdules,  and  is  fibrous 
or  compact. 

Savite,  according  to  Sella's  crystallographic  and  other  observations  (N.  Cimeuto,  1858),  is  noth- 
ing but  natrolite,  occurring  in  slender  colorless  prisms  of  the  same  angles.  Sella  found  7  A  7= 
91°,  7  A  ^=116°  35',  i  A  |,  macr.,  =  143°  10'.  It  comes  from  a  serpentine  rock  at  Mt.  Caporci- 
ano,  Italy,  and  specimens  are  ordinarily  not  pure  from  serpentine.  Meneghini  states  that  H.= 
3'5  and  G.  — 2'45.  See  for  composition  below. 

2.  Iron-natrolite  (Eisennatrolith  Bergm.}  id  a  dark  green  opaque  variety,  either  crystalline  or 
amorphous,  in  which  a  fourth  of  the  alumina  is  replaced  by  sesquioxyd  of  iron  (anal.  30);  it  has 
H.  =  5 ;  G.  =  2-353.  Occurs  with  the  Brevig  brevicite. 

Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  v.  44);  2,  Fuchs  (Schw.  J.,  viii.  353,  xviii.  8);  3,  Riegel  (Jhrb. 
Pharm.,  xiii.) ;  4,  5,  Fuchs  (L  c.) ;  6,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  317) ;  7,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xiii.  7);  8,  0.  G. 
Gmelin  (Pogg.,  Ixxxi.  311);  9,  10,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  276);  11,  Sieveking,  12,  Scheerer  (Pogg., 
cviii.  433);  13,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  276);  14,  Souden  (Pogg.,  xxxiii.  112);  15,  16,  Korte  (G. 
Rose's  Min.  Syst.,  1852,96);  17,  Michaelson  (<Efv.  Ak.  Stockholm,  1862,  505);  18,  Hlasiwetz 
(Kenng.  Uebers.,  1858,  72);  19,  Yatonne  (Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  xii.  684);  20,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien, 
xii.  290);  21-27,  Heddle  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xi.  272);  28,  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxi.  365);  29, 
C.  A.  Joy  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  viii.  122);  30,  C.  Bergemann  (1.  c.);  31,  R.  D.  Thomson  (Thomson's 
Min.,  i.  338) ;  32-34,  0.  C.  Marsh  (priv.  contrib.) : 


Si 


Na 


1.  Hogau 

2.  " 

3.  " 

4.  Auvergne,  cryst. 

5.  Tyrol,  fibrous 

6.  Antrim,  cryst. 

7.  Greenland,  massive 

8.  Laurvig,  Natrolite 

9.  Bergmannite,  red 

10.  "  white 

11.  Brevig,  Bergm.,  white 

12.  "         "         red 


48-00 
47-21 
48-05 
47-76 
48-63 
47-56 
46-94 
48-68 
47-97 
48-12 
47-16 
44-50 

24-25 
25-60 
25-80 
25-88 
24-82 
26-42 
27-00 
26-37 
26-66 
26-96 
26-13 
30-05 

1-75 
1-35 
2-10 

0-21 
0-58 

0-73 
0-22 
0-53 
098 

1-40 
1-80 

0-68 
0-69 
0-53 
0-83 

16-50 
16-12 
15-75 
16-21 
15-69 
14-93 
14-70 
16-00 
14-07 
14-23 
15-60 
13-52 

0-35 
tr. 
tr. 

9-00=99-50  Klaproth. 
8-88=99-16  Fuchs. 
9-00=1  00-70  RiegeL 
9-3  1  =  99-  16  Fuchs. 
9-60=98-95  Fuchs. 
10-44=101-33  Thomson. 
9-60=100-04  Kobell. 
9-55  =  100-95  Gmelin. 
9-77=99-88  Scheerer. 
10-48=100-7  Scheerer. 
9-47=99-42  Sieveking. 
9-93=99-81  Scheerer. 

428 


OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 


13.  Eadiolite 

14.  Brevig,  Brevicite 

15.  u  " 

16.  "  " 

17.  "  " 

18.  Fassa,  trl 

19.  Algeria 

20.  Bishopt,  Galactite 

21.  "  "       w. 

22.  "  "       rdh. 

23.  Glenfarg, 

24.  "  red 

25.  Campsie  H., 

26.  Kilpatrick, 

27.  Dumbarton, 

28.  Bergen  Hill 

29.  New  York 

80.  Iron-Natrolite 

81.  Lehuntite 

32.  Two  Islands,  N.  S. 

33.  C.  Blomidon,  N.  S. 

34.  Bergen  Hill 


Si 

Si 

Fe 

Ca 

Na 

48-38 

26-42 

0-24 

0-44 

13-87 

43-88 

28-39 

,  

6-88 

10-32 

48-32 

26-24 



tr. 

15-97 

48-50 

26-05 



tr. 

16-49 

47-73 

26-04 

0-53 

2-22 

13-37 

48-34 

27-43 



3-60 

9-00 

46-50 

26-30 



0-73 

15-20 

46-99 

26-84 



4-36 

9-68 

47-60 

26-60 



0-16 

15-86 

47-76 

27-20 



0-93 

14-28 

48-24 

27-00 



082 

14-82 

47-84 

27-11 



4-31 

1130 

47-32 

27-36 



2-63 

13-35 

48-03 

25-26 

0-86 

2-31 

13-98 

46-96 

26-91 



3-76 

12-83 

47-31 

26-77 



0-41 

15-44 

47-04 

26-76 





14-56 

46-54 

18-94 

7-49 



14-04' 

47-33 

24-00 

____ 

1-52 

13-20 

46-84 

27-19 



0-24 

14-89 

45-74 

28-38 



0-27 

14-23 

48-43 

26-96 



0-49 

13-09 

»  With  a  little  potash. 

£        H 

1-54    9-42=100-31  Scheerer. 

9-63,  Mg  0-21=99-31  S. 

9-47  =  1 00-00  Korte. 

9-29  =  100-33  Korte. 

0-40  10-24=100-55  Michaelsoa 

10-30,  Mg  0-40,  hygr.  H 

0-90=99-97  Hlasiwetz. 

11-00=99-73  Vatonne. 

0-45  10-56,  H  (100°)  0'49  = 

99-37  Hauer. 

9-56=99-78  Heddle. 

9-56=99-72  Heddle. 

9-24=  100-12  Heddle. 

10-24=100-81  Heddle. 

10-39=101-05  Heddle. 

9-72,  fig  0-40  =  100-56  R 

9-50=99-96  Heddle. 

0-35     9-84=100-12  Brush. 

10-99  =  99-35  Joy. 

9-37,  Fe  2-40,  fin  0-55 

=  99-33  Bergemann. 
13-60=99-65  Thomson. 

1-50     9-79=100-45  Marsh. 

1-16     10-1 1  =  99-89  Marsh. 

1-06       9-71  =  99-74  Marsh. 


Scheerer  has  shown  (Pogg.,  cviii.  416)  that  the  bergmannite  and  brevicite,  when  of  a  red  or 
reddish  color,  contain  4  to  7  p.  c,  of  diaspore  (a  kind  containing  some  iron).  The  specimen  for 
anal.  12  contained  6J-  p.  c. ;  and,  allowing  for  this,  the  analysis  becomes  Si  47-47,  A-l  26-83, 
£e  0-60,  Ca  0'88,  Na  14-42,  H  9-61=99-81.  This  fact  explains  the  discrepancies  in  other 


Savite  afforded  Bechi  (1.  c.)  gi  49*17,  £l  19-66,  fig  13-50,  Na  10-52,  K  1'23,  H  6-57  =  100-67. 
Bella  suggests  that  the  magnesia  may  come  from  the  associated  serpentine. 

Pyr.,  etc. — The  Auvergne  natrolite  undergoes,  according  to  Damour,  no  loss  in  dried 'air.  At 
240°  C.  it  loses  nearly  all  its  water  and  becomes  milky  and  opaque ;  and  if  afterward  exposed  to 
the  free  air,  it  regains  all  it  had  lost,  excepting  its  transparency  and  firm  texture ;  if  again  heated, 
it  loses  its  water  at  about  90°  C.  In  the  closed  tube  whitens  and  becomes  opaque.  B.B.  fuses  quietly 
at  2  to  a  colorless  glass.  Fusible  in  the  flame  of  an  ordinary  stearine  or  wax  candle.  Gelatinizes 
with  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  cavities  in  amygdaloidal  trap,  basalt,  and  other  igneous  rocks  ;  and  sometimes 
in  seams  in  granite,  gneiss,  and  syenite.  It  is  found  in  the  graustein  of  Aussig  and  Teplitz  in 
Bohemia ;  in  fine  crystals  at  Puy  de  Marman  and  Puy  de  la  Piquette  in  Auvergne  ;  at  Alpstein, 
near  Sohtra  in  Hesse ;  Monte  Baldo,  Tyrol ;  Fassathal,  Tyrol ;  Kapnik  in  Hungary ;  Dellys  in 
Algeria;  Hogau  in  Wiirtemberg  (the  Faserzeolith  W.\  in  yellowish  radiated  masses;  etc.  In 
red  amygdules  (crocalite)  in  amygdaloid  of  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  the  Tyrol ;  the  amygdaloid  of 
Bishoptown  (galactite),  acicular  crystals,  several  inches  long ;  at  G-len  Farg  in  Fifeshire  ;  in  Dum- 
bartonshire ;  in  Renfrewshire ;  at  Glenarm  in  the  county  of  Antrim ;  at  Port  Rush ;  and  at  Ma- 
gee  Island,  near  Larne,  Ireland. 

In  North  America,  natrolite  occurs  in  the  trap  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  Gates'  mountain,  Cape  d'Or, 
Swan's  Creek,  Cape  Blomidon,  Two  Islands ;  at  Bergen  Hill,  N.  ,T. ;  sparingly  at  Chester,  Ct. ;  at 
Copper  Falls,  Lake  Superior,  in  crystals,  sometimes  on  native  copper ;  also  on  New  York  Island. 

Named  Mesotype  by  Haiiy,  from  pivot,  middle,  and  TVKOS,  type,  because  the  form  of  the  crystal — 
in  his  view  a  square  prism— was  intermediate  between  the  forms  of  stilbite  and  analcite.  Na- 
trolite,  of  Klaproth,  is  from  natron,  soda ;  it  alludes  to  the  presence  of  soda,  whence  also  the  name 
soda-mesotype,  in  contrast  with  scolecite,  or  lime-mesotype.  Schumacher's  name  bergmannite,  after 
Bergmann,  dates  from  the  same  year  (1801)  with  Haiiy 's  mesotype. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  prehnite.    Iron-natrolite  is  probably  an  altered  variety. 


379.  SOOLEOITE.  Skolezit  Gehkn  &  Fuctis,  Schw.  J.,  viii.  361,  1813.  Mesotype  pt. 
Fibrous  Zeolite  pt.  Lime-Mesotype.  Poonahlite  Brooke,  PhiL  Mag.,  x.  110,  1831.  Punahlit 
Germ. 


HYDROUS   SILICATES,    ZEOLITE    SECTION. 


429 


393 


Monoclinic.  (7=89°  6',  I A  7=91°  36',  0  A  14=161°  16^ ;  a  :  I  :  c= 
0-3485  :  1  :  1-0282.  Observed  planes  :  0 ;  prismatic,  7", 
i\  i-i  (only  as  composition-face),  i-2 ;  hemidome,  i-i ; 
hemioctahedral,  1,  -1,  3.  1  A  1=144°  40',  -1  A  -1=144° 
20',  /A  1=116°  27',  /A  -1=143°  28',  i-l  A  1=107°  40', 
£4,  A -1=107°  56'.  Crystals  long  or  short  prisms,  or 
acicular,  rarely  well  terminated,  and  always  compound. 
Twins  :  composition-face  i-i  (orthod.) ;  striae  on  i-l  meet- 
ing along  a  vertical  line  in  an  angle  of  24°  to  26°,  the 
lines  converging  downward  on  the  implanted  crystals. 
Cleavage :  /nearly  perfect.  Also  in  nodules  or  massive  ; 
fibrous  and  radiated. 

H.  =  5— 5-5.  G.=2-16— 2-4.  Lustre  vitreous,  or  silky 
when  fibrous.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent.  Pyroelectric,  the  free  end 
of  the  crystals  the  antilogue  pole.  Double  refraction  weak ;  optic-axial 
plane  normal  to  i-\ ;  divergence  53°  41',  for  the  red  rays ;  bisectrix  nega- 
tive, parallel  to  i-i ;  plane  of  the  axis  of  the  red  rays  and  their  bisectrix 
inclined  about  17°  8'  to  i-i,  and  93°  3'  to  \4. 

Var. — a.  In  acicular  crystals.  &.  Fibrous,  radiated,  c.  Massive.  7  A  7=91°  22',  Phillips  and 
Descl. ;  91°  35',  G.  Rose.  7  A  1  =  116°  34',  DescL;  117°  10',  Phillips.  1  A  1  =  144°  40',  Rose  and 
Descl. ;  144°  15',  Rose.  Poonahlite  of  Brooke,  from  Poonah,  Hindostan,  has  the  angle  /A  7=91° 
49',  Kenngott. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  K,  K,  Si,  H=l  :  3  :  6  :  3;  corresponding  to  3  Si,  £l,  Ca,  3  H=Silica  45-8, 
alumina  26%  lime  14-3,  water  13-7  =  100.  Analyses:  1-3,  Fuchs  &  Gehlen  (Schw.  J.,  xviii.  13); 
4,  Guillemin  (Ann.  d.  M.,  xii.  8);  5,  Riegel  (J.  pr.  Chem.,  xl.  317);  6,  G-ibbs  (Pogg.,  IxxL  565);  7, 
Giilich  (Pogg.,  lix.  373);  8,  Domeyko  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IY.  ix.  3);  9,  Scott  (Ed.  Phil.  J.,  liii.  277); 


,T.  W.  Taylor  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xviii.  410);  11,  P.  Collier  (priv.  contrib.);   12,  Gmelin  (Pogg. 
538): 


10, 
xlix. 


1.  Iceland 

2.  Faroe,  cryst. 

3.  Staffa,  fibrous 

4.  Auvergne 

5.  Niederkirchen 

6.  Iceland 
7. 

8.  Chili 

9.  Mull,  Scotland 

10.  E.  Indies 

11.  Ghauts 

12.  PoonaMte 


Si 

48-93 
46-19 
46-75 
49-0 
48-16 
46-72 
46-76 
46-3 
46-21 
46-87* 
45-80 
45-12 

Xl 
25-99 
25-88 
24-82 
26-5 
23-50 
25-90 
26-22 
26-9 
27-00 
25-32 
25-55 
30-44 

Ca 
10-44 
13-86 
14-20 
15-3 
14-50 
13-71 
13-68 
13-4 
13-45 
13-80 
13-97 
10-20 

£a 

0-48 
0-39 

0'30 

0-45 
0-17 
0'66 

a 

13-90= 
13-62  = 
13-64= 
9-0  = 
13-50= 
13-67  = 
13-94= 
14-0  = 
13-78= 
13-46, 
14-28, 
13-39, 

=99-26  Fuchs  &  Gehlen. 

=  100-03  Fuchs  &  Gehlen. 

=98-80  Fuchs  &  Gehlen. 

=  99-8  Guillemin. 

=99-96  RiegeL 

=  100Gibbs. 

=  100-6  Giilich. 

100-6  Domeyko. 

=  100-44  Scott. 

K  0-13  =  100-03  Taylor. 

K  0-30  =  100-07  Collier.   G.  =  2'28. 

K  <r.=99-81  Gmelin. 


Pyr.,  etc. — According  to  Damour,  Iceland  columnar  masses  lost  nothing  in  dried  air;  nothing 
until  the  heat  applied  exceeded  100°  C. ;  at  300°  it  had  lost  5  p.  c.,  which  it  regained  in  moist 
air;  at  a  dull  red  heat  the  loss  was  12  p.  c.,  and  it  was  no  longer  hygroscopic;  at  a  bright  red  it 
lost  13 -9  p.  c.,  and  became  after  intumescence  a  white  enamel.  B.B.  sometimes  curls  up  like  a 
worm  (whence  the  name  from  <r«wA»tf,  a  worm,  which  gives  scolecite,  and  not  scolesite  or  scolezite); 
other  varieties  intumesce  but  slightly,  and  all  fuse  at  2 — 2-2  to  a  white  blebby  enamel.  Gelati- 
nizes with  acids  like  natrolite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  Berufiord,  Iceland,  where  the  crystals  often  exceed  two  inches  in  length, 
and  are  occasionally  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick.  It  has  also  been  met  with  hi  amygdaloid  at 
Staffa;  in  the  Isle  of  Mull;  in  Skye,  at  Talisker;  near  Eisenach  in  Saxony;  near  the  Vietsch 
Glacier,  Yalais;  near  Poonah,  in  the  Yeudayah  mountains,  Hindostan;  in  Greenland;  at  Pargas, 
Finland ;  in  Auvergne ;  the  valley  of  Cachapual,  in  Chili. 

R,  Hermann  states  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxii.  26)  that  he  took  a  white  amorphous  plastic  mass  from  a 
crevice  in  the  columnar  basalt  of  Stolpen,  Saxony,  and  put  it  away  in  a  box;  and  that  after  a  long 
time,  on  opening  the  box,  he  found  there,  not  the  amorphous  mass,  but  a  group  of  white  acicular 
crystals,  which  had  all  the  aspect  of  scolecite. 


430  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

380.  ELLAQITE  A.  Nordenskiold  (Beskrifn.,  etc.,  155,  1855).  Regarded  by  Rammelsberg  as  a 
ferriferous  natrolite.  Occurs  in  yellow,  brownish,  or  reddish-yellow  crystalline  masses  ;  crystals 
cleavable  in  two  directions  with  the  intersections  near  90° ;  opaque  to  subtranslucent ;  pearly  on 
a  cleavage  surface.  Igelstrom  obtained  (Ramm.  Min.  Oh.,  860)  Si  47'73,  Al  25-20,  3Pe  6"57,  Oa 
8-72,  H  12 -8 1  =  101 -03,  which,  taking  the  iron  as  protoxyd,  as  the  excess  suggests,  gives  the  0. 
ratio  1  :  3-1  :  6-5  :  3,  or  1:3:6:3,  and  the  general  constitution,  therefore,  of  natrolite.  B.B. 
forms  a  white  enamel. 

381.  MESOLITE.  Fucks  &  Gehlen,  Schw.  J.,  viii.  353,xviii.  16,  1816.  Mesotype  pt.  Fibrous 
Zeolite  pt.  Mehl-Zeolith  pt.  Lime-and-Soda  Mesotype.  Antrimolite  Thorn.,  Min.,  i.  326,  1836. 
Harringtonite  Thorn.,  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  xvii.  186,  1834. 

Triclinic  ?  Descl.  ;  but  nearly  isomorphous  with  scolecite,  and  similar  in 
acicular  crystallizations.  I^  'f'=8S°  to  88°  15',  and  91°  41'  to  92°  ;  ter- 
minal angles  of  pyramid  142°— 143°,  and  146°— 146°  10',  the  latter  between 
faces  of  the  two  united  halves.  Cleavage  :  /  and  I'  perfect.  Crystals  al- 
ways twins  ;  plane  of  composition  one  or  both  vertical  diagonal  planes.  In 
more  or  less  divergent  groups  or  tufts,  often  very  delicate ;  lateral  planes 
commonly  vertically  striated.  Also  massive  ;  nodules  or  masses  usually 
silky  fibrous  or  columnar  ;  often  bristled  with  capillary  crystals  ;  sometimes 
consisting  of  interlaced  fibres  ;  rarely  stalactitic,  radiated  fibrous  within ; 
occasionally  cryptocrystalline,  porcelain-like. 

H.=5.  G.= 2-2— 2'4;  2 -39,  Iceland.  Lustre  of  crystals  vitreous;  of 
fibrous  massive  more  or  less  silky.  Color  white  or  colorless,  grayish,  yel- 
lowish. Fragile.  Transparent — translucent ;  opaque,  when  amorphous. 
Brittle,  but  tough  when  cryptocrystalline.  Optical  characters  different 
from  those  of  scolecite,  and  compatible  only  with  a  triclinic  form,  Descl. 

Var.— Besides  (a)  the  ordinary  acicular  and  capillary  crystallizations,  divergent  tufts  (less 
delicate  commonly  than  those  of  natrolite,  but  sometimes  downy),  and  fibrous  nodules  or  masses, 
mesolite  occurs  (6)  in  fibrous  stalactites,  with  the  fibres  radiating  from  the  centre — thte  variety 
called  Antrimolite  by  Thomson,  from  Antrim,  Ireland,  having  H.=3'5— 4,  G.  =  2*096 ;  also  (c)  amor- 
phous, chalk-white,  like  an  almond  in  lustre,  opaque  and  tough,  with  H.  =  5—5-5,  and  3.91*21, 
the  variety  named  Harringtonite  by  Thomson,  also  from  Antrim;  G-.  — 2'174,  Haughton.  Ac- 
cording toKenngott,  the  prismatic  fibres  of  the  antrimolite  have  /A  7=92°  13',  and  two  vertical 
edges  are  bevelled  by  a  prism  of  150°  30'. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  K,  Si,  £=1  :  3  :  6  :  3;  corresponding  to  3  Si,  3tl,  (J  Ca+J-Na),  3H= 
Silica  45-6,  alumina  26-0,  lime  9'5,  soda  5*2,  water  13-7  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Berzelius  (Jahresb., 
iii.  147);  2-5,  Fuchs  &  Gehlen  (Schw.  J.,  xviii.  1);  6,  Reigel  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xl.  317);  7,  Thomson 
(PhiL  Mag.,  1840);  8,  Breidenstein  (Ramm.  5th  SuppL,  168);  9,  v.  Waltershausen  (Vulk  G-est., 
267);  10,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  326);  10-15,  Heddle  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xiii.  50,  148);  16,  17,  H.  How 
(Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxvi.  32);  18,  19,  Thomson  (1.  c.);  20,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  1854);  21, 
Haughton  (PhiL  Mag.,  IV.  xxxii.  225);  22,  23,  0.  C.  Marsh  (priv.  contrib.): 

Si         Xl        Ca      Na        H 

1.  Farde  46*80     26-50      9-87     5'40     12-30=100-87  Berzelius. 

2.  '    cryst.  47-00     26-13       9'35     5-47     12-25  =  100-20  Fuchs  &  Gehlen. 

3.  Iceland,  fibrow  46'78     25'66     10-06     4'79     12-31=99'60  Fuchs  &  G-ehlen. 

47-46  25-35  10'04  4'87  12'41  =  100'13  Fuchs  &  Gehlen. 

5.  Tyrol  46-04  27-00  9-61  5-20  12-86=100-21  Fuchs  &  Gehlen. 

6.  Mederkirchen  46-65  27'40  9*26  4'91  12-00=100-22  Riegel. 

7.  G-iant's  Causeway  48-88  2636  7'64  4-20  12-32,  ifrg  2-46=101-86  Thomson. 

8.  Iceland  45-78  27'53  9-00  5-03  12-38,  K  0-31  =  1 00'03  Breidenstein. 

9.  Berufiord,  Iceland  46-41  26-24  9-68  4-46  13-76,  &  0'41,  ]frg  0'01  =  100'97  Waltersh. 

10.  Antrimolite  43-47  30-26  7-50  15-32,  K  4-10,  Fe  0-19,  Cl  0-10=100-84  T. 

11  •  45-98  26-18  10'78  4-54  13-00=100-45  Heddle. 

12.  Talisker,  Syke  46-71  26-62  9-08  5-39  12-83  =  100-63  Heddle. 

13.  Storr,  46'72  26-70  8-90  5*40  12-92=100-64  Heddle. 

14.  Kilmore,  46-26  26-48  10-00  4'98  13-04=100-76  Heddle. 

15.  Naalsoe,  Faroe  46-80  26-46  9'08  5*14  12-28=99'76  Heddle. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    ZEOLITE    SECTION. 


431 


16.  Nova  Scotia 

17.  " 

18.  Harringtonite 
19. 

20.  " 

21.  "        Bombay 

22.  C.  Blomidon,  N.  S. 

23.  Sandy  Cove,  N.  S. 


Si 
(I)  46-66 
46-71 
44-96 
44-84 
45-71 
y    45-60 
45-89 
45-39 

£1 

26-48 
26-68 
26-85 
28-48 
26-58 
27-30 
27-55 
28-09 

Ca 
9-63 
9-55 
11-01 
1068 
11-48 
12-12 
9-13 
7-55 

tfa 
4-83 
5-68 
5-56 
5'56 
3-80 
2-76 
5-09 
5-28 

12-25=99-90  How. 

11-42=100-04  How. 

10-28,  Fe  0-88=99-54  Thomson. 

10-28=99-85  Thomson. 

13-11=100-68  Hauer. 

1 2-99,  &g tr.,%.  0-63  =  101  '40  H.  G.=2'174. 

12-79,  K  0-48  =  100-93  Marsh. 

12-71,  K  0-49=99-51  Marsh. 


394 


Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  becomes  opaque,  swells  up  into  vermicular 
forms,  but  not  in  so  marked  a  manner  as  scolecite,  fusing  easily  to  a  blebby  enamel.  Gelati- 
nizes with  muriatic  acid  (Fuchs). 

Obs. —  Occurs  in  amygdaloid  and  related  rocks.  The  fibrous  kinds,  especially  the  coarser,  are 
usually  a  little  less  smoothly  or  neatly  fibrous  than  those  of  natrolite.  On  Skye,  in  delicate  inter- 
lacing crystals  called  cotton-stone,  and  in  feathery  tufts,  and  in  solid  masses  consisting  of  radiating 
crystals  ;  in  downy  tufts  and  other  forms  at  Naalsoe  on  Faroe  ;  also  with  chabazite  in  Eigg ;  near 
Edinburgh  and  Kinross,  and  at  Hartfield  Moss,  in  Scotland ;  in  Antrim,  at  the  Giant's  Causeway, 
in  acicular  crystallizations;  also  at  Ballintoy  in  Antrim,  stalactitic  (antrimolite),  investing  yellow 
calcite,  or  chabazite ;  in  Antrim,  in  veins  of  amorphous  mesolite  (harringtonite),  at  Portrush  and 
at  the  Skerries ;  and  at  Magee  Island,  and  Agnew's  Hill,  5  m.  W.  of  Larne ;  also  at  other  local- 
ities, as  stated  above. 

In  the  North  Mountain  of  King's  County,  and  Gates'  Mountain,  of  Annapolis  Co.,  K  Scotia, 
with  faroelite,  in  masses,  sometimes  large  (one  reported  as  large  as  a  man's  head),  usually  within 
fine  fibrous,  radiated,  and  somewhat  plumose  ;  also  at  Cape  Blomidon. 

382.  LEVYNTTE.    Levyne  Brewster,  Ed.  J.  Sci.,  ii.  332,  1825.    Mesolin  Berz.,  Ed,  Phil.  J., 

vii.  6,  1822. 

Khombohedral.  R  A  ^=106°  3' ;  0  A  72=136°  1' ;  «=0'83583.  Ob- 
served planes,  as  in  the  annexed  figure,  with  also 
-3;  -2  A -2,  term,  edge,  =79°  29',  -2  A  2-=125° 
14',  0  A  3=109°  3^  O  A  2=m°  23'.  Cleavage  : 
-2,  indistinct.  Twins :  composition-face  0,  as  in 
chabazite.  Crystals  often  striated ;  often  in  druses, 
Double  refraction  strong  ;  axis  negative. 

H.=4— 4-5.     G.=2-09— 2-16.    Lustre  vitreous. 
Colorless,  white,  grayish,  greenish,  reddish,  yellowish.     Transparent   to 
translucent. 

Var.— Levynite  occurs  in  crystals,  usually  tabular,  and  presenting  the  plane  0,  a  plane  not 
known  in  crystals  of  chabazite.  It  differs  from  chabazite  also  in  cleavage.  The  original  crystals 
were  from  Dalsnypen,  Faroe.  Mesolin  is  a  white  granular  material  from  Faroe,  which  may  be 
chabazite  ;  it  fills  small  cavities  in  amygdaloid. 

Comp;— 0.  ratio  for  R,  &,  Si,  H=l  :  3  :  6  :  4  from  Damour's  analyses ;  corresponding  to  3  Si, 
A-l,  (Oa,  Na,  K),  4H.  Berzelius's  analyses,  which  are  suspected  to  have  been  made  on  a  mixture  of 
chabazite  and  levynite  (see  Greg  &  Lettsom,  179),  give  the  ratio  of  chabazite,  1:3:8:5.  Anal- 
yses :  1,  2,  Berzelius  (Jahresb.,  iii.  146,  v.  216) ;  3,  Connel  (Phil.  Mag.,  v.  50) ;  4,  5,  Damour  (Ann. 
d.  M.j  I  v .  ix.  333) : 

Si         XI          Ca      Na       K         H 

19-30,  fig  0  4=99-32  Berzelius. 

18-1 9 =99-79  Berzelius. 

19-51,  Fe,  Mn  0-96  =  102-07  Connel. 

17-49=99-34  Damour. 

17-33  =  100-22  Damour. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Iceland  crystals,  according  to  Damour,  lose  4  p.  c.  in  dried  air,  and  regain  all 
again  soon  in  the  free  air.  When  heated,  begin  to  lose  water  at  70°  C.;  at  225°  the  loss  is  12 
to  13  p.  c. ;  remain  hygroscopic  up  to  360°.  The  loss  is  completed  at  a  white  heat,  when  the  min- 
eral is  a  white  blebby  glass.  B.B.  intumesces  and  fuses  to  a  white  blebby  glass,  nearly  opaque. 
Gelatinizes  with  muriatic  and  nitric  acids. 


/   - 

Si 

Jl 

Ca 

Na 

K 

1. 

Faroe,  Levynite 

48-00 

20-00 

8-35 

2-86 

0-41 

2. 

"      Mesolin 

47-50 

21-40 

7-00 

4-80' 

3. 

Skye,  Levynite 

46-30 

22-47 

9-72 

1-55 

1-26 

4. 

Iceland,     " 

45-04 

21-04 

9-72 

1-42 

1-68 

5. 

ti                 U 

4576 

2356 

10-57 

1-36 

1-64 

432 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Obs.—  Lines  cavities  in  amygdaloid,  and  is.  with  a  rare  exception,  the  sole  tenant  of  its  druses, 
even  thoue-h  these  druses  be  within  a  quarter  of  an  inch  of  others  containing  chabazite  associ- 
ated with  half  a  dozen  other  zeolites  "  (Heddle);  it  shows  thus  its  distinctiyeness  from  chabazite 

Found  at  Glenarm  and  at  Island  Magee,  Antrim  ;  near  Dungiven,  Magilhgan,  and  elsewhere  in 
Londonderry;  Hartfield  Moss,  near  Glasgow;  at  Dalsnypen,  Faroe,  and  on  the  Island  Waagoe  ; 
at  Godhavn,  Disco  Island,  Greenland  ;  at  Onundarfiord,  Dyrefiord,  and  elsewhere  m  Iceland. 

Named  after  the  mineralogist  and  crystallographer,  A.  Levy 

383.  ANALCITE.  Zeolite  dure  (fr.  Etna)  Dolomieu,  F.  de  St  Fond  Min.  des  Volcans,  198, 
1784.  Wiirfelzeolith  pt.  [rest  ChabaziteJ  Emmerlmg,  Min.,  205,  1793;  Lenz,  i.  241,  1794.  [Form, 
f.  9,  described.]  Zeolite  cubique,  Z.  leucitique,  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  ii.  307,  308,  1797.  Analcime 
H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Analcite  Gallitzin,  Diet.  Min.,  12,  1801.  Kubizit  Wern.,  1803,  Ludwig's 
Min.,  ii.  210,  1804  Analzim  Wern.,  Letzt  Min.  Syst,  6.  Kuboit  JBreith.,  Char.,  153,  1832 
(Analzim,  p.  127). 

Isometric.  In  trapezohedrons,  f.  10,  also  f.  9,  and  another  form  similar, 
excepting  a  very  low  pyramid,  m,  ra,  in  place  of  each  0.  Cleavage: 
cubic,  in  traces.  Also  massive  granular. 

H.=5—  5'5.  G.:=2'22—  2*29  ;  2*278,  Thomson.  Lustre  vitreous.  Col- 
orless ;  white  ;  occasionally  grayish,  greenish,  yellowish,  or  red  dish-  white. 
Streak  white.  Transparent  —  nearly  opaque.  Fracture  subconchoidal, 
uneven.  Brittle. 


Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  £,K,  Si,H=l:  3:8:2,  corresponding  to  4  Si,  3tl,Na,  2  H=  Silica  54-4, 
alumina  23-3,  soda  14-1,  water  8-2=100.  Analyses  :  1,  H.  Rose  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixxii.  181);  2,  Henry 
(Pogg.,  xlvi.  264);  3,  Leschner  (Breith.  Min.,  1847,  410);  4,  Connel  (Ed.  J.  Sci.,  1829,  262);  5, 
Thomson  (Min.,  i.  438);  6,  Avdejef  (Pogg.,  Iv.  107);  7,  8,  Riegel  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xl.  317);  9,  Welt- 
zien  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xcix.  287);  10,  Eammelsberg  (Pogg.,  cv.  317,  Min.  Ch.,  804);  11,  Wai- 
tershausen  (Yulk.  Gest.,  266);  12,  13,  Rammelsberg  (L  c.): 


Si 


Ca      Na 


1.  Fassathal 

55-12 

22-99 



13-53 



2.  Blagodat,  Cuboite 

57-34 

22-58 

0-35 

11-86 

0-55 

3.         "               " 

51-00 

24-13 

0-75 

11-75 



4.  Kilpatrick 

55-07 

22-23 



13-17 



5.  Giant's  Causeway 

55-60 

23-00 



14-65 



6.  Brevig 

55-16 

23-55 

fr. 

14-23 

tr. 

7.  Niederkirchen 

57-50 

23-15 

5-63 

6-45 



8.            " 

56-12 

24-00 

5-82 

6-45 



9.  Kaiserstuhl 

54-02 

22-54 

2-91 

10-14 

0-71 

10.  Wessela 

56-22 

22-22 

0-27 

12-10 

1-45 

11.  Cycl.  1'ds,  G.=  2-236 

53-72 

24-03 

1-23 

7-92 

4-46 

12.    *      « 

55-22 

23-14 

025 

12-19 

1-52 

13.          " 

54-34 

23-61 

0-21 

12-95 

0-66 

H 

8-27=99-91  Rose. 

9-00=101-68  Henry. 

9-75,  £e  1-50  =  98-88  Leschner. 

8-22=99-23  Connel 

7-90  =  101-15  Thomson. 

8-26=101-20  Avdejef. 

8-00,  fe  0-10=100-83  Riegel. 

8-00,  £e  0-15  =  100-54  RiegeL 

8-93,MgO-57,Pe  1-35.P"  fe-.=  101' 

8-33=100-59  Rammelsberg. 

8-50,  Mg  0-05=99-91  Waltersh. 

7-68=100  Rammelsberg. 

8-11,  Pe  0-12  =  100  Rammelsberg. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  fuses  at  2-5  to  a  colorless  glass.  Gelati- 
nizes with  muriatic  acid. 

Breithaupt  has  found  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  337)  the  sp.  gr.  of  the  opaque  analcite  from  Lake  Supe- 
rior =  2-09,  and  for  the  nearly  transparent  =2-1—2-11.  But  a  microscope  shows,  as  Brush  has 
observed,  that  the  crystals  are  full  of  air  cavities. 

Obs.— The  Cyclopean  Islands,  near  Catania,  Sicily,  afford  pellucid  crystals  (f.  9);  also  the 
Tyrol ;  Scotland,  in  the  Kilpatrick  Hills ;  Bowling,  pseudomorphs  after  laurnontite ;  Glen  Farg ; 
near  Edinburgh  ;  at  Kilmalcolm ;  the  Campsie  Hills,  etc. ;  at  Antrim,  etc.,  in  Ireland ;  the  Faroe 
Islands;  Iceland;  the  Yincentine,  with  prehnite,  chabazite,  apophyllite,  etc.;  Wessela,  near 
Aussig,  Bohemia;  at  Arendal,  in  Norway,  in  beds  of  iron  ore;  at  Andreasberg,  in  the  Harz, 
in  silver  mines. 

Nova  Scotia  affords  fine  specimens  at  Martial's  Cove,  Five  Islands,  Cape  d'Or,  Swan's  Creek, 
and  Cape  Blomidon;  crystals  like  f.  9,  10,  occur  at  Bergen  Hill,  New  Jersey;  in  gneiss,  near 
Yonkers,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.  (f.  10) ;  at  Perry,  Maine,  with  apophyllite,  in  greenstone  ;  abun- 
dant in  fine  crystals,  with  prehnite,  datolite,  and  calcite,  in  the  Lake  Superior  region ;  in  the 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    ZEOLITE    SECTION.  433 

gangue  of  the  copper,  at  Copper  Falls  and  north-western  mines,  and  at  Michipicoton  Island 
(form  2-2),  and  also  at  other  mines  not  now  worked. 

The  name  Analcime  is  from  ai>aA*«c,  weak,  and  alludes  to  its  weak  electric  power  when  heated 
or  rubbed.  The  correct  derivative  is  analcite,  as  here  adopted  for  the  species. 

Alt. — Picranakime  of  Meneghini  and  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  62)  is  probably  analcite  altered 
by  the  magnesian  process.  It  occurs  in  geodes  in  the  gabbro  rosso  of  Tuscany,  and  also  in  the 
steatitic  paste  of  a  metalliferous  dyke;  forms  f.  9,  .10,  with  distinct  cubic  cleavage.  H.=5.  G-. 
=  2-257.  Color  flesh-red  to  colophonite-red.  Lustre  vitreous.  Composition,  according  to  mean  of 
two  analyses  by  E.  Bechi  (I.e.),  Si  59-11,  £l  22-08,  Mg  10-12,  Na  0-45,  K  0-02,  H  7-67=99-45.  For- 
mula Mg3  Si3  +  3  Al  Si3  +  6  H,  Bechi.  Associated  with  calcite,  caporcianite,  and  picrothomsonite. 

A  somewhat  similar  compound,  a  pseudomorph  after  analcite,  has  been  observed  by  G-uthe 
(Jahrb.  Min.,  1863,  590)  in  the  clay-iron  ore  of  Duingen.  An  analysis  by  Stromeyer  (L  c.)  af- 
forded Si  56-7,  £l  21-2,  3Pe  2-8,  Na  9'1,  fl  9'8  =  99'6. 

The  Cluthalite  of  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  339,  1836)  occurs  in  flesh-red  vitreous  crystals  in  amygda- 
loid at  the  Kilpatrick  Hills.  H.  =  3-5.  Gr.=2'166.  Opaque  or  subtranslucent.  Fragile.  Analy- 
sis afforded  Si  51-266,  £l  23'560,  S>e  7'306,  Na  5130,  %  1-233,  H  10-553=99'048.  It  may  be 
altered  analcite. 

Analcite  altered  to  a  mixture  of  calcite  and  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina  has  been  observed  by 
Tschermak.  Also  occurs  altered  to  prehnite. 


384.  EUDNOPHITB.    Eunophit  Weibye,  Pogg.,  Ixxix.  303,  1850. 

Orthorhombic.  I A 1=  120°,  ^  /A  1-5=1 30°,  14  A 1-*,  over  0, =84°  9'. 
Form  a  six-sided  prism  (/,  i-i)  with  the  dome  l-£.  Cleavage  :  0  perfect ; 
i-i  and  i-i,  less  so.  Commonly  massive,  cleavable. 

H.=5'5.  G.=2*27.  Lustre  weak,  a  little  pearly  on  the  cleavage-faces. 
Color  white,  grayish,  brownish.  Streak  white.  Translucent ;  in  thin 
laminae  transparent.  Optically  biaxial ;  double  refraction  strong  ;  Descl. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  &,  &,  Si,  fl=l  :  3  :  8  :  2,  or  the  same  as  for  analcite.  Analyses  by  von 
Borck  and  Berlin  (1.  c.) : 

Si  £l  Na  £ 

1.  54-93         25-59         14'06        8'29=102'87  Borck. 

2.  55-06         23-12         14'06        8'16=100'40  Berh'n. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  to  a  colorless  glass.     Gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  a  coarse  syenite  on  the  island  Lamoe,  near  Brevig,  Norway,  with  catapleiite, 
ieucophanite,  mosandrite,  etc. 
Named  from  eil^o^o?,  obscurity,  in  allusion  to  the  cloudiness  of  the  mineral. 

385.  FAUJASITE.    Damour,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IT.  i.  395,  1842. 

Isometric.     In  octahedrons.     Twins  :  composition-face  the  octahedral. 

H.  =  5.  G.=1'923.  Lustre  vitreous;  sometimes  adamantine.  Color- 
less— white ;  brown  externally.  Fragile ;  fracture  vitreous  and  uneven. 
No  action  on  polarized  light. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  £,  8,  Si,  fi=l  :  3  :  9  : 9  ;  corresponding  to  41  Si,  3tl,  (|  Oa+^Na),  9  fl= 
Silica  45-5,  alumina  17'4,  lime  4'7,  soda  5-2,  water  27-2  =  100. 
Analyses  :  1,  Damour  (1.  c.) ;  2,  id.  (ib.,  xiv.  67): 

Si  Xl  Ca          Na  fi 

1.  Kaiserstuhl        49'36         16*77         5'00        4-34        22-49=97-96. 
2  4612         16-81         4-79         5'09         27'02=99'83. 

Pyr.,  etc. — According  to  Damour,  loses  15  p.  c.  of  water  when  exposed  for  one  month  to^dty 

28 


434 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


air,  but  regains  almost  all  of  it  in  ordinary  air  in  24  hours.  Heated  at  50°-55°  C.  for  one  hour  loses 
15-2  p.  c. ;  at  60°-65°,  10-4  p.  c, ;  at  70°-75°,  19*5  p.  c.,  which  is  almost  entirely  regained  by  expo- 
sure to  air  for  a  few  weeks.  B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  white  blebby  enamel.  Decom- 
posed by  muriatic  acid  without  gelatinization. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  augite  in  the  amygdaloid  of  Kaiserstuhl,  Baden.  The  adamantine  lustre 
sometimes  existing  is  attributed  to  a  thin  bituminous  coating.  Named  by  Damour  after  Faujaa 
de  Saint  Fond. 


386.  CHABAZTTE.  Zeolithus  albus  cubicus  Islandia3  v.  Born,  Lithoph.  i.  46,  1772.  Zeolite  en 
cubes  Faujas,  Yolc.  Viv.,  126,  1778;  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  ii.  40,  1783.  Ghabazie  (fr.  Oberstein) 
Bosc  d*  Antic,  J.  d'Hist.  N.,  ii.  181,  1780.  "Wiirfelzeolith  pt.  (rest  analcite)  Wern.,  Emmerling 
Min.,  i.  205,  1793.  Chabasie  (rhombohedral  form  recognized)  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Chabasin 
Karst.,  Tab.,  30,  1808.  Schabasit  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Kuboizit  Weiss,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  b,  41, 
1818,  Mag.  Ges.  N.  Fr.,  Berlin,  viL  181,  1816. 

Phakolit  Sreith.;  Tamnau,  Jahrb.  Min.,  653,  657,  1836.  Haydenite  Cleaveland,  Min.,  478, 
1822.  Acadialite  Alger  &  Jackson  (without  publication)  =="  No  Chabasie"^.  Hoffmann,  Am. 
J.  Sci.,  xxx.  366,  1836;=Acadiolite  Thomson,  PhiL  Mag.,  xxii.  192,  1843;  Hayes,  Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  i.  122,  1846. 

Khombohedral.  E  A  j?=94°  46',  0  A  ^=129°  15'  ;  a=l-06.  Observed 
planes  :  prismatic,  *-2  ;  rhombohedral,  E,  -4>  -2  ;  pyramidal,  f  -2  (t)  ;  scaleno- 
hedral,  ¥  (0,  bevelling  terminal  edge  of  M,  or  replacing  edge  between  E 


and 


¥  (0 
E)  ; 


395 


>  always  striated  parallel  to  edge  X  (£  396). 


396 


397 


Haydenite 


398 


E  A  -i=13T°  23' 
E  A -4,  ov.  -2, =83  31 
E  A  -2,  vert.,  119  42 
E  A  -2,  across,  126  26£ 
-iA-i,  term.,=125  13 
tl\t,  term.,=14:5  54 


-2  A  -2,  term.,=72°  53' 
-iA^-s=155  18 
XmZ=103  28 


J'=155  53 


Twins :  composition -face  0,  very  common,  and  usu- 
ally in  compound  twins,  as  in  f.  397,  398  ;  2,  c.-face 
E)  rare.  Cleavage  rhombohedral,  rather  distinct. 

H.=r4— 5.  G.=2-08— 2-19.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color 
Faroe.  white,  flesh-red ;   streak  uncolored.      Transparent- 

translucent.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  Double  refraction  weak ;  in  po- 
larized light,  images  rather  confused;  axis  in  some  crystals  (Bohemia) 
negative,  in  others  (from  Andreasberg)  positive ;  Descl. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    ZEOLITE   SECTION. 


435 


Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  The  most  common  form  is  the  fundamental  rhombohedron,  hi  which  the  angle 
is  so  near  90°  that  the  crystals  were  at  first  mistaken  for  cubes.  R  A  R=  94°  46',  Phillips,  Haid. ; 
94°  36',  fr.  Kilmalcolm,  Tamnau ;  94°  68',  fr.  Riibendorfel,  id. ;  95°  2',  fr.  Fassa,  id. ;  94°  24',  fr 
Oberstein,  Breith.  Acadialite,  from  Nova  Scotia  ( Acadia  of  the  French  of  last  century),  is  only  a  red- 
dish chabazite ;  sometimes  nearly  colorless.  In  some  specimens  the  coloring  matter  is  arranged 
in  a  tesselated  manner,  or  in  layers,  with  the  angles  almost  colorless. 

2.  Phacolite  is  a  colorless  variety  occurring  in  twins  of  mostly  a  hexagonal  form  (f.  397),  and 
often  much  modified  so  as  to  be  lenticular  in  shape  (whence  the  name,  from  ^UKOJ,  a  bean) ;  the 
original  was  from  Leipa  in  Bohemia;  R  A  7?=  94°  24',  fr  Oberstein,  Breith. 

3.  Haydenite  is  a  yellowish  variety  in  small  crystals  of  the  form  in  fig.  396,  from  Jones's  Falls, 
near  Baltimore,  Md. ;  the  crystals  are  often  twinned  parallel  to  R. 

Chabazite  crystals  discovered  by  Ulrich  in  the  Okerthal,  Harz,  in  cavities  in  the  granite,  have 
G.=2-189,  and  their  edges  scratch  glass  (v.  Rath,  Pogg.,  cxxii.  404). 

Oomp. — For  most  chabazite  0.  ratio  for  R,  S,  Si,  H=l  :  3  :  8:6;  corresponding  to  4  Si,  2tl, 
(£  Oa  +  £  (Na,  K)),  6  H ;  some,  I  :  3  :  9  :  6,  the  same  in  constituents  except  4£  Si.  For  the  phacolite, 
according  to  Rammelsberg,  1:3:7:5. 

Analyses :  1-3,  Hofmann  (Pogg.,  xxv.  495) ;  4,  Berzelius  (Afh.,  vi.  190) ;  5,  Rammelsberg 
(Handw.,  i.  149) ;  6,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  334) ;  7,  Connell (Edinb.  J.,  1829,  262);  8,  Durocher  (Ann. 
d.  M.,  III.  xix.  585);  9,  Genth  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixvi.  274,  1848);  10,  Engelhardt  (Ann.  Ch. 
Pharm.,  Ixv.  372);  11,  Rammelsberg  (2d  Suppl.,  p.  34);  12,  13,  A.  A.  Hayes  (Am.  J.  Sci.. 
II.  i.  122);  14,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  149);  15,  Anderson  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  1843,  23);  16, 
Schroder  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1860,  795) : 

Si          £l        Ca      Na       &        H 

0-85=99-79  Hofmann. 
-99-91  Hofmann. 

99-95  Hofmann. 

99-52  Berzelius. 
=  100  Rammelsberg. 

99-93  Thomson. 

99-50  Connell. 

99-63  Durocher. 
£e  0-15=100-76  Genth. 
Mg  0-26  Engelhardt. 
=  1 00  Rammelsberg. 
=  99-54  Hayes. 
=99-69  Hayes. 
=  100  Rammelsberg. 
Mg  0-14,  £e  0-43=99-95  Anderson. 
Ba  0-48,  Sr  0-32=  100-40  Schroder. 

The  baryta  and  strontia  of  the  Oberstein  crystals  were  first  detected  by  spectral  analysis ;  and 
by  the  same  method  the  absence  of  these  earths  from  the  Iceland  was  ascertained. 

Delesse  obtained  in  an  analysis  of  haydenite,  made  on  too  small  an  amount  of  material  to  be 
correct  (Rev.  Sci.,  xxv.  107),  Si  49-5,  3fcl,  £e  23-5,  Ca  2'70,  Mg  tr.,  K  2-50,  H  21'0=99'2.  Silli- 
man's  analysis  (This  Min.,  2d  ed.)  is  wholly  erroneous. 

Pyr.,  etc. — According  to  Damour,  crystals  from  Dyrefiord,  Iceland,  and  Riibendorfel,  Bohemia, 
lost  7-2  p.  c.  after  5  mos.  in  dried  air;  after  some  months  in  the  free  air  again  had  regained  this, 
and  also  an  excess  of  0-15  p.  c.  Heated  for  1  h.  to  100°  C.,  the  loss  was  2'75  p.  c.;  to  180°,  14 
p.  c.;  to  230°,  17  p.  c.;  to  300°,  19  p.  c.;  this  loss  was  reduced  to  zero  in  8  days;  at  a  dull  red 
heat,  the  loss  was  21  p.  c.,  and  the  mineral  was  no  longer  hygroscopic ;  at  a  bright  red,  it  lost 
22*4  p.  c.,  intumesced,  and  was  partially  fused. 

Phacolite  of  Scotland  [Ireland?]  lost  7  p.  c.  after  7  mos.  in  dried  air;  and  4  months  after,  in 
an  atmosphere  saturated  with  moisture,  it  had  an  excess  of  12 '5  p.  c.,  which  it  lost  very  nearly 
again  in  ordinary  air.  Heated  to  100°  C.,  the  loss  was  3*7  p.  c.;  to  210°,  15-7  p.  c. ;  to  290°- 
360°,  18  p.  c.;  and  after  48  hours'  exposure  to  the  free  air,  the  amount  lost  was  restored.  At  a 
dull  red  heat,  the  loss  was  22-2  p.  c. ;  at  a  bright  red,  22*8  p.  c.,  and  the  material  was  fused  to  a 
blebby  enameL 

B.B.  intumesces  and  fuses  to  a  blebby  glass,  nearly  opaque.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid, 
with  separation  of  slimy  silica. 

Obs. — Chabazite  occurs  mostly  in  trap,  basalt,  or  amygdaloid,  and  occasionally  in  gneiss, 
syenite,  mica  schist,  hornblendic  schist. 

Occurs  at  the  Faroe  Islands,  Greenland,  and  Iceland,  associated  with  chlorite  and  stilbite ;  at 
Aussig  in  Bohemia,  in  a  kind  of  greenstone  (the  graustein  of  "Werner) ;  at  Obersteiu,  with  harmo- 
tome ;  at  Annerode,  near  Giessen ;  at  the  Giant's  Causeway,  Kilmalcolm  (some  an  inch  across) ; 
Renfrewshire,  Isle  of  Skye,  etc. ;  Poonah  in  Hindostan,  etc.  In  Nova  Scotia,  wine-yellow  or  flesh- 


1. 

Parsboro,  N.  S. 

51-46 

17-65 

8-91 

1-09 

0-17 

19-66, 

2. 

Fassathal 

48-63 

19-52 

10-22 

0-56 

0-28 

20-70- 

3. 

M 

48-18 

19-27 

9-65 

1-54 

0-21 

21-10  = 

4. 

Gustafsberg 

50-65 

17-90 

9-37 



1-70 

19-90= 

5. 

Aussig 

48-36 

18-62 

9-73 

0-25 

2-56 

[20-47] 

6. 

Kilmalcolm 

48-76 

17-44 

10-47 



1-55 

21-72  = 

7. 

« 

50-14 

17-48 

8-47 



2-58 

20-83  = 

8. 

Faroe 

47-75 

20-85 

5-74 

2-34 

1-65 

21-30= 

9. 

Annerode 

47-00 

19-71 

10-63 

0-65 

0-33 

22-29, 

10. 

Giessen 

48-31 

19-47 

11-01 



1-17 

19-65, 

11. 

Parsboro 

52-14 

19-14 

7-84 

0-71 

0-98 

19-19  = 

12. 

Acadialite 

52-02 

17-88 

4-24 

4-07 

3-03 

18-30= 

13. 

u 

52-20 

18-27 

6-58 

2- 

12 

2052= 

14. 

Leipa,  Phacolite 

46-33 

21-87 

10-40 

0-95 

1-29 

[19-16] 

15. 

u                u 

45-63 

19-48 

13-30 

1-68 

1-31 

17-98, 

16. 

Oberstein 

50-19 

17-45 

7-13 

2-12 

0-62 

22-09, 

436 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


red  (the  last  the  acadialite),  associated  with  heulandite,  analcite,  and  calcite,  at  Five  Islands,  Swan's 
Creek,  Digby  Neck,  Mink  Cove,  "William's  Brook.  Phacolite  occurs  at  Leipa  in  Bohemia  ;  also  at 
Salesel  and  Wannow,  in  Bohemia ;  in  Antrim,  Ireland,  at  Giant's  Causeway. 

Both  massive  and  incrusted  at  the  Paugatuck  stone-quarry,  Stonington,  Conn.,  with  scapolite, 
sphene,  and  apatite ;  also  yellowish-red  in  North  Killingworth,  on  the  Essex  turnpike ;  at  Had- 
lyme,  Conn.,  on  gneiss ;  in  syenite  at  Charlestown,  Mass. ;  also  at  Chester,  Mass.,  in  amygdaloid  ; 
at  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J.,  in  small  crystals ;  in  the  same  rock  at  Piermont,  N.  Y. ;  in  fissures  in  horn- 
blendic  gneiss  at  Jones's  Falls,  near  Baltimore  (hayd&nite),  with  heulandite.  Phacolite  has  been 
reported  from  New  York  Island. 

At  Husavic,  Iceland,  fossil  clam  shells  (Venus)  occur  in  a  recent  deposit,  lined  within  with  small 
rhombohedrons  of  chabazite.  Daubree  states  that  crystals  occur  at  the  warm  springs  of  Luxeuil, 
Dept.  of  Haute  Saone,  France,  as  well  as  at  those  of  Plombieres,  under  conditions  which  indicate 
that  they  were  formed  through  the  agency  of  the  warm  waters ;  the  temperature  at  Luxeuil  is 
115°  F.,  and  at  Plombieres  163°  F. 

The  name  Chabazite  is  from  xa£a£<o?,  an  ancient  name  of  a  stone. 

Alt. — The  haydenite  is  often  covered  with  chlorite,  and  sometimes  chlorite  takes  the  place  of 
the  crystal. 

Altered  crystals  from  the  Yogelsgebirge,  that  had  lost  part  of  their  protoxyd  bases,  have  been 
analyzed  by  Suckow  (Verwitt,  etc.,  148) : 

Si         3tl        Ca      fta      £        H          C 

Interior        48-40     19'13     1-88     1-47     8-13     21-01      =100-02. 

Exterior       47-29    -19-16    5'78     1-50     1'47     21-00     3-20=99-40. 

Removing  £)a  C  from  the  latter,  the  0.  ratios  are,  for  the  first,  0'76  :  3  :  8*6  :  6'3  •  for  the 
second,  0-37  :  3  :  8'4  :  6-2  (Eamm.  Min.  Oh.,  818). 

Doranite,  of  Thomson  may  be  altered  chabazite,  if  the  analysis  is  not  an  incorrect  one  of  the  unal- 
tered mineral.  It  is  described  as  occurring  in  aggregated  crystals,  apparently  cubic,  yellowish- 
white,  and  translucent,  with  G-.  =  2'15;  and  as  consisting  of  Si  48*0,  3tl  22-0,  Fe  2  75,  Mg  13-Q 
Ca  6-0,  H  7-70=99-45.  Found  in  basalt,  2  m.  W.  of  Carrickfergus,  Co.  Antrim. 

387.  GMELINITE.  Sarcolite  Vauq.,  Ann.  d.  Mus.,  ix.  249,  1807,  xi.  42.  Hydrolithe  Leman, 
Cat.  Min.  de  Dree,  18,  1811.  Gmelinite  Brooke,  Ed.  J.  ScL,  ii.  262,  1825.  Ledererite  C.  T. 
Jackson,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxv.  78,  1834. 

Khombohedral.   E  A  .#=112°  26',  0  A  E=0  A -1=140°  3' ;  a= 0-7254. 

400  Observed  planes  :  prismat- 

ic, i,  i-2  ;  rhombohedral,  E, 
-1 ;  and  also  the  plane  1-2 
truncating  the  edge  be- 
tween E  and  -1.  E  A  -1, 
pyr.,  =  142°  23',  E  A  -1, 
bas.,=T9°  547,  72  A  1-2= 
-1  A  1-2=161°  16'.  Crys- 

0.  Biomidon,  etc.  NV\;1/       "/       ^als   usually  hexagonal   in 

aspect ;  sometimes  -1  small- 
C.  Biomidon.  er  than  E,  and  habit  rhom- 

.  n      ,  .  ,    ,      m  bohedral;  i  often  horizon- 

Is  twins'  CleavaSe  :  *  Perfect.     Observed  only  in  crystals,  and  never 

H.=4-5.  G.=2-04-2-17;  2-099-2-169,  fr.  C.  Biomidon.  Lustre  vit- 
reous. Colorless,  yellowish-white,  greenish-white,  reddish-white,  flesh-red. 
Transparent  to  translucent.  Brittle.  Double  refraction  weak  ;  axis  posi- 
tive for  crystals  from  Cyprus,  negative  for  those  of  Andreasberg,  the  Vicen- 

-  and  Glenarm  ;  no  evidence  of  compound  structure  by  polarized  light; 


399 


B. 


•"W'A~A.<'« — ~A   V  •"i.v"OW1'  80°  54',  G.  Rose,  80°  6',  Dufren.,   79°  44', 
.,79   44,  from  Andreasberg,  Descl.    Plane  1-2  observed  only  on  Andreas' 


HYDKOUS   SILICATES,   ZEOLITE   SECTION. 


437 


berg  crystals.  The  sarcolite  of  Vauquelin  is  a  flesh-red  gmelinite  from  Montecchio-Maggiore  in 
the  Vicentiii,  supposed  by  Vauquelin,  when  he  used  the  name,  to  be  identical  with  the  Vesuvian 
sarcolite. 

Ledereriie  is  ordinary  gmelinite  from  Nova  Scotia,  impure  with  some  free  silica.  Marsh  has 
shown  that  it  does  not  differ  in  the  amount  of  water  ;  and  Descloizeaux  that  it  has  the  same 
angles,  finding  R  A  -1,  ov.  a,  =80°,  and  0  A  ,/?=1400.  Marsh  found  G-.  =2-108  (anal  6),  and  2-099 
(anal.  7);  most  of  the  crystals  obtained  by  him  were  implanted  on  quartz. 

Comp.  —  0.  ratio  for  R,  K,  Si,  11=1  :  3  :  8  :  6,  as  in  chabazite,  G-.  Rose  ;  corresponding  to  4  §i, 
Xl,  i  Ca+f  (Na,  K),  611.  Analyses  :  1,  Connell  (Edinb.  New  Phil.  J.,  1838)  ;  2,  3,  Rammelsberg 
(Pogg.,  xlix.  211);  4,  Damour  (Bull.  Soc.  Gk,  III.  xvi.  675);  5,  A.  A.  Hayes  (  Am.  J.  Scl,  xxv.  78); 
6,  6  A,  7,  0.  C.  Marsh  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.  362)  : 


21-66,  Pe  0-11=98-75  Connell. 
20-41  =  100-45  Rammelsberg. 
29-41  =  100  Rammelsberg. 
22-00=99-47  Damour. 

8-58,  3Pe  0-14,  P"  3-48=98-57  Hayes. 
17  98=99-74  Marsh. 
47-19     20-13       7-44     3'54     0'91     20'53  =  99'74  Marsh. 


Si 

£l 

Ca 

Na 

£ 

1. 

G-lenarm 

48-56 

18-05 

5-13 

3-85 

0-39 

2. 

u 

46-40 

21-08 

367 

7-29 

1-60 

3. 

« 

46-56 

20-18 

3-89 

7-09 

1-87 

4. 
5. 

Cyprus 
Ledererite 

46-37 
49-47 

19-55 
21-48 

5-26 
11-48 

6-51 
394 

0-78 

6 

ii 

53-71 

17-63 

6-52 

3-10 

0-80 

6A. 

7. 


51-32     18-45       6-40 


[3-48] 


20-35=100  Marsh. 


Analyses  6,  7,  give  an  excess  of  silica,  and  Marsh  attributes  it  to  free  quartz,  visible  particles  of 
which  were  detected  by  him  in  the  crystals ;  6A  is  the  same  analysis  with  6  after  separation 
of  this  excess,  amounting  to  about  12  p.  c.  Both  6  and  7  are  of  crystals  from  Cape  Blomidon,  but 
from  different  localities. 

Pyr.,  etc. — According  to  Damour,  the  Cyprus  gmelinite  loses  6  p.  c.  in  dried  air;  at  100°  C. 
loss  13  p.  c.,  and  the  amount  is  regained  rapidly  in  free  air ;  at  230°  C.  loss  20  p.  c. ;  at  a  bright  red 
heat  21-5  p.  c.,  and  the  grains  become  soldered  together.  The  Irish  crystals  lose  7 '25  p.  c.  in 
dried  air,  which  in  six  months  increases  to  9-3  p.  c. ;  the  loss  is  reduced  to  1*5  p.  c.  after  a  few 
days  of  exposure.  In  the  closed  tube  crumbles,  giving  off  much  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily  (F.= 
2'5—3)  to  a  white  enamel.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid  with  gelatinization. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  amygdaloidal  rocks  at  Moutecchio  Maggiore,  and  at  Castel,  in  the  Yicentine ;  at 
Andreasberg,  in  argillaceous  schist,  with  analcite  and  heulaudite ;  in  Transylvania ;  at  Glenarm 
and  Portrush  in  Antrim,  Ireland ;  the  island  of  Magee,  some  crystals  \  in.  across ;  near  Larne, 
flesh-colored  ;  at  Talisker  in  Skye,  in  large  colorless  crystals ;  on  the  I.  of  Cyprus,  near  Pyrgo,  of 
a  pale  reddish  color,  and  G-.  =  2-07 ;  at  Cape  Blomidon  in  Nova  Scotia  (ledererite),  on  the  north 
coast,  at  a  point  nearly  opposite  Cape  Sharp,  in  geodes,  with  analcite  and  quartz,  often  implanted 
on  the  latter  mineral. 

Gmelinite  is  usually  considered  rhombohedral,  and  the  crystals  as  twins,  secondary  to  a  rhom- 
bohedron  of  86°  18'.  Tamnau  makes  R  A  R  as  in  chabazite,  and  the  pyramidal  faces  the  form  £ a. 
The  hexagonal  cleavage  observed  by  Rose  separates  it  widely  from  chabazite. 

Named  Gmelinite  after  Prof.  Ch.  G-melin  of  Tubingen;  Hydrolite  from  the  water  present; 
Ledererite  after  Baron  Lederer,  Austrian  Consul  at  New  York.  The  name  hydrolite  has  the  pri- 
ority, but  is  objectionable  because  the  mineral  is  not  so  eminently  hydrous  as  to  make  it  deserv- 
ing of  the  appellation. 

388.  HERSCHELITE.    Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  x.  361,  1825.    Gmelinite  pt.  many  authors.    Her- 
schelite  v.  Lang,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxviii.  506. 

Orthorhombic,  v.  Lang.  /A  7=120°,  or  nearly,  O  A  l-fc!39°  23'. 
Observed  planes  :  0,  i-i,  1-2,  2-£,  f-£,  3-£.  i-l  A  14=130°  37',  i-i  A  2-1= 
149°  45 ',  i-i  A  !~2=155°.  Not  known  in  simple  forms.  Cleavage:  basal. 
Twins:  composition-face  /,  the  crystals  hexagonal  tables,  with  replaced 
basal  edges,  but  consisting  of  six  sectors  from  composition.  The  tables 
often  aggregated,  as  in  prehnite ;  and  also  into  spherules.  Surfaces  of  planes 
hardly  smooth ;  O  often  rounded  or  rough. 

H.=5'5.  G.=2'06.  Lustre  weak  vitreous.  Colorless  or  white.  Trans- 
lucent; transparent  in  thin  plates.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Optically  bi- 
axial, as  observed  in  each  sector  of  the  tables,  v.  Lang ;  double  refraction 
weak ;  axial  divergence  small ;  bisectrix  negative. 


438 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Oomp.—  0.  ratio  for  &,  8,  Si,  fi=l  :  3  :  8  :  5;  corresponding  to  4  Si,  3tl,  (f  Na+±  £), 
Near  gmelinite  in  the  general  form  of  the  crystals  and  in  composition,  but  the  crystals  are  ortho- 
rhombic  and  not  simple,  and  it  contains  as  its  protoxyd  bases  potash  and  soda  in  place  of  lime 
and  soda.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xiv.  99);  3,  v.  Waltershausen  (Vulk. 


Gest, 

1.  Aci  Castello 

2.  " 

3.  " 


Si  £l  Ca  tfa       &         fi 

47-39  20-90  0'38  8'33  4-39  17'84=99'23  Damour. 

47-46  20-18  0-25  9'35  4'17  17'65=99-06  Damour. 

(1)46-46  19-21  4-75  5-27  2'88  17'86,  Mg  0'42,  3Pe  1-14=97-99  Walt. 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  whitens  and  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  white  enamel, 
Easily  decomposed  by  acids,  yielding  semi-gelatinous  silica  (Damour). 

Obs.  —  Accompanies  phillipsite  in  a  lava  at  Aci  Castello,  near  Aci  Reale,  Sicily;  also  at  Cyclops, 
Catania  ;  in  basalt  near  Richmond,  in  Victoria,  Australia,  the  crystals  in  mode  of  twinning  and  in 
optical  properties  like  the  Sicilian. 


389.  PHILLIPSITE.    Levy,  Ann.  PhiL,  II.  x.  362,  1825.     Lime-Harmotome. 
tome  Germ.    Kali-Harmotom,  Normalin,  Breith.,  Schw.  J.,  1.  327,  1827,  Uib.,  32,  1830,  Char., 
126,  1832.     Christianite  Descl.,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xii.  373,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.     /A  7=91°  12'  and  88°  48';  1  A  1=121°  20',  120°  44' 
and  88°  40',  Marignac;  120°  42',  119°  18',  and  90°,  Brooke  and  Miller. 
Faces  1  and  i-i  striated  parallel  to  the  edge  between  them.     Simple  crys- 
~n.     Twins  :  (1)  composition-face  J,  producing  penetration  forms 
part  of  f.  401  ;  (2)  cruciform  crystals,  consisting  of  two  crossing 


tals  unknown, 
like  either 


401 


402 


C.  di  Bove. 


C.  di  Bove. 

crystals,  each  a  twinned  prism  (f.  401) ;  (3)  cruciform,  consisting  of  three 
crossing  twinned  prisms  at  right  angles  to  one  another.  The  prisms  of 
f.  401  sometimes  short,  as  m  f.  402.  Crystals  either  isolated,  or  grouped  in 
tufts  or  spheres  that  are  radiated  within  and  bristled  with  angles  at  surface. 
h*™T  T  ,  G-:72'2;  2'2?11>  Iceland>  Damour,  and  Sicily,  v.  Walters- 
hausen Lustre  vitreous.  Color  white,  sometimes  reddish  Streak  un- 
colored.  Translucent — opaque. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    ZEOLITE    SECTION. 


439 


Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  E,  &,  Si,  H=l  :  3  :  8  :  5 ;  corresponding  to  4  Si,  2tl,  (f-  Ca  +  $  K),  5  H= 
Silica  47-9,  alumina  20*5,  lime  7*4,  potash  6-3,  water  17'9  =  100. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Gmelin  (Leonh.  ZS.  Min.,  1825);  3,  4,  Kobler  (Pogg.,  xxxvii.);  5,  Connel 
(Ediub.  Phil.  J.,  xxxv.  1843,  375);  6,  7,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  ix.  336);  8,  Genth  (Ann.  Ch. 
Pharm.,  Ixvi.  272);  9,  10,  Waltershausen  (Vulk.  Gest.,  263): 


3Pe  0-99  =  100-38  Gmelin. 

3Pe  0-18=100-62  Gmelin. 

=99-49  Kohler. 

=  100-22  Kohler. 

=  100-21  Connel.  G.  =  2'17. 

=  100-73  Damour. 

=  100-00  Damour. 

£e  0-24,  Ba  tr.— 100-35  G. 

£e  2-64%  Mg  1-60  =  100-34  W. 

3Pe  0-71,  Mg  1-42=98-91  W. 


Si 

XI 

Oa 

Na 

K 

H 

1. 

Marburg 

48-51 

21-76 

6-26 



6-33 

17-23, 

2. 

if 

48-02 

22-61 

6-56 



7-50 

16-75, 

3. 

u 

50-45 

21-78 

6-50 



3-95 

16-82: 

4. 

Cassel 

48-22 

28-33 

7-22 



3-89 

17-55: 

5. 

G.  Causeway 

47-35 

21-80 

4-85 

3-70 

5-55 

16-96: 

6. 

Iceland 

48-41 

22-04 

8-49 



6-19 

15-60  = 

7. 

M 

50-16 

20-94 

7-74 



6-50 

14-66: 

8. 

Marburg 

48-17 

21-11 

6-97 

0-63 

6-61 

16-62, 

9. 

Aci  Castello,  Sic. 

48-53 

19-88 

2-92 

6-18 

3-82 

14-76, 

10. 

Palagonia,  Sic. 

48-37 

21-07 

3-24 

3-41 

6-15 

14-54, 

Probably  as  phosphate. 


Marignac  published  as  an  analysis  of  the  philhpsite  of  C.  di  Bove  results  differing  widely  from 
the  above.  See  page  418,  under  GISMONDITE. 

Pyr.,  etc. — According  to  Damour,  the  Kaiserstuhl  crystals  (mixed  with  a  little  faujasite)  lose 
8  p.  c.  after  a  month  in  dried  air,  and  regain  all  again  in  ordinary  air  in  24  hours.  Heated  to 
50°  C.  for  an  hour,  the  mineral  loses  12 -3  p.  c.,  and  recovers  nearly  all  in  24  hours'  exposure  to 
ordinary  air,  but  becomes  a  powder  and  opaque  (the  faujasite  remaining  transparent).  Heated 
to  150°  C.,  the  loss  is  16  p.  c.,  and  only  0-8  p.  c.  after  exposure  again  to  the  air  for  4  days.  At 
250°  C.,  the  loss  is  18-5  p.  c.,  part  of  which  is  due  to  the  faujasite;  it  is  reduced  to  9  p.  c.  in  the 
free  air.  B.B.  crumbles  and  fuses  at  3  to  a  white  enamel.  Gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — In  translucent  crystals  in  amygdaloid,  at  the  Giant's  Causeway,  Ireland ;  in  small  color- 
less crystals,  and  in  spheroidal  groups,  in  leucitophyr,  at  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Rome ;  in  crystals 
and  radiating  masses  at  Aci  Castello  and  elsewhere  in  Sicily;  among  the  lavas  of  Somma;  at 
Stempel,  near  Marburg;  Habichtswalde,  near  Cassel;  Annerode,  near  Giessen ;  near  Eisenach, 
in  Saxe  Weimar;  Petersberg,  in  Siebengebirge ;  Laubach,  in  Hesse  Darmstadt;  in  Kaiserstuhl, 
with  faujasite ;  at  Hartlingen,  Duchy  of  Nassau ;  in  Silesia ;  Bohemia ;  on  the  west  coast  of 
Iceland,  the  shores  of  Dyrefiord.  Very  small  transparent  crystals,  of  recent  formation,  in  the 
masonry  at  the  hot  baths  of  Plombieres,  France,  observed  by  Daubree,  are  stated  by  Senarmont 
to  have  the  angles,  and  by  Descloizeaux  the  optical  characters,  of  phillipsite. 

Named  after  the  English  mineralogist,  J.  Phillips.  The  name  christianite  was  given  by  Des- 
cloizeaux (after  Christian  VIII.  of  Denmark)  to  the  Marburg  harmotome  and  crystals  from 
Iceland;  and  in  his  Man.  Min.,  1862,  he  places  all  of  phillipsite  under  his  name  christianite. 

On  cryst.  see  Descl.,  1.  c.,  and  Min.,  i.  399 ;  v.  Rath,  ZS.  G.,  xviii.  530,  from  whom  the  above 
figures  are  taken. 


390.  HARMOTOME.  Spatum  calcarium  cryst.  dodecaedrum  album,  opacum,  et  lamellis 
quatuor  erectis,  etc.  (fr.  Zellerfeld),  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  ii.  81,  Tab.  I.,  f.  1 ;  Figura  hyacin- 
thica,  etc. :  hse  crystalli  non  sunt  calcarese,  sed  silicese,  Bergm.,  Opusc.,  ii.  7,  1780.  Hyacinte 
blanche  Demeste,  Lett.  417,  var.  5,  1779.  Hyacinte  blanche  cruciforme  de  Lisle,  Crist,  ii.  299, 
pi.  iv.  f.  119  (good),  1783.  KreuzkristaUe  Heyer,  v.  Trebra's  Erfahrungen,  etc.,  89 ;  Crell's  Ann., 
i.  212,  1789.  Kreutzstein  Wern,  Karsten,  Lempe's  Mag.,  ii.  58,  59,  1786.  Andreasbergolite 
Delametherie,  Sciagr.,  i.  267,  1792.  Andreolite  Ddameth.,  T.  T.,  ii.  285,  1797.  Staurolite  Kir- 
wan,  i.  282,  1794.  Ercinite  Napione,  Elem.  Min.,  239,  1797.  Harmotome  Haiiy,  Tr.,  iii.  1801. 
Pierre  cruciforme  Brochant,  i.  311,  1808.  Morvenite  Thorn.,  Min.,  i.  351,  1836.  Baryt-Harmo- 
tome. 

Orthorhombic.    /A  1=  124°  47'.    Observed  planes :  0,  7,  1,  4 ;  1,  4,  and 
sometimes  /,  hemihedral. 


O  A  1=120°  28' 

0  A  4=98  22 


I/\  1=149°  32' 
1  A  1,  ov.  7,=119  3 


1  A  i,  adj.,=121°  6' 
/  A  j,  adj.,=110  26 


440 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Cleavage  :  7,  0,  easy.   Simple  crystals  unknown.   Twins :  1.  Composition- 
face  /,  f.  403,  404 ;  f.  403  elongated,  and  f.  404  shortened  in  the  direction 

404  405 


403 


Andreasberg. 


Strontian. 
406 


Andreasberg. 


of  the  vertical  axis ;  both  penetration-twins,  the  two  an- 
.^\N.  terior  quadrants   twinned  parallel  to  7,  and  then  these 

/^7i\^\  parts  prolonged  backward  in  the  direction  of  the  shorter 
^^^\\-J]  diagonal,  making  a  crystal  composed  of  two  intersecting 
crystals,  but  apparently  composed  of  4  parts ;  each 
part  having  one  narrow  plane  1  between  two  planes 
1,  and  one  broad  7,  because  the  form  1  is  hemihedral,  the 
planes  occurring  only  on  one  of  the  two  basal  edges  of 
either  half  of  the  prism.  2.  Composition  the  same,  but 
twins  double  twins,  as  in  f.  405  ;  also  in  f.  406.  which  is 
like  f.  405  in  a  different  position,  except  in  the  enlargement  of  planes  1 
and  the  consequent  absence  of  the  terminal  planes  7,  the  large  lateral  planes 
corresponding  to  4  (9's  and  each  reentering  pair  to  4  7s.  Unknown  massive. 
H.=i4-5.  G.=2'44 — 2-45.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  white ;  passing  into 
gray,  yellow,  red,  or  brown.  '  Streak  white.  Subtransparent — translucent. 
Fracture  uneven,  imperfectly  conchoidal.  Brittle.  Double  refraction 
weak.  Optic-axial  plane  if,  (having  the  direction  of  the  lines  in  base  in  f. 
404) ;  acute  bisectrix  positive.  Dispersion  inappreciable. 

Var. — The  variety  morvenite,  from  Strontian,  Scotland,  occurs  in  transparent  and  translucent 
brilliant  crystals  like  fig.  403.  ^£.  =  2-447,  Damour. 

Oomp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  JJ,  Si,H=l  :  3  :  10  :  5  (or  4£);  corresponding  to  5  Si,  &1,  £a,  5H= 
Silica  46-5,  alumina  15*9,  baryta  23'7,  water  13-9  =  100. 

Analyses:  1,  Kohler  (Pogg.,  xxxvii.  561);  2,  Rammelsberg  (Handw.,  i.  200);  3,  id.  (Pogg.,  ex. 
624) ;  4,  5,  Kohler  (1  c.) ;  6,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  ex.  624) ;  7,  Connel  (Ed.  K  Phil.  J.,  July, 
1832,  33);  8,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IY.  ix.  336,  and  C.  R.,  xxii.  745);  9,  10,  Damour  (Ann.  d. 
M.,  IV.  ix.  345) : 

Si        3cl         tea       Ca        ]STa      K         fi 

15-03  =  100-08  Kohler. 
14-66  =  100-27  Rammelsberg. 
13-00=99-99  Rammelsberg. 
15-24=99-77  Kohler. 
15-11=99-96  Kohler. 
13-45=100-25  Ramm. 
14-92,  £e  0-24=10011  Connel. 
13-19,  £e  0-51=99-76  Damour. 
14-16,  3Pe  0-65  =  101-21  Damour. 
14-16,  Fe  0-56=99-47  Damour. 

Pyr.,  etc.— According  to  Damour,  the  Scotch  hannotome  loses  4'3  p.  c.  by  6  mos.'  exposure  to 
dried  air.  Heated  to  100°  C.  it  loses  1-8  p.  c. ;  between  100°  and  150°,  9-9  p.  c. ;  between  100° 


1. 

Andreasberg 

46-63 

16-82 

20-32 

0-26 



1-02 

2. 

Andreasberg 

48-74 

17-65 

19-22 







8. 

d 

48-49 

16-35 

20-08 



tr. 

2-07 

4. 

Oberstein 

46-65 

16-54 

19-12 

1-10 



1-10 

5. 

Strontian 

46-10 

16-41 

20-81 

0-63 

—  :  

0-90 

6. 

u 

47-52 

16-94 

20-25 

- 

1-09 

1-00 

7. 

u 

47-04 

15-24 

20-85 

o-io 

0-84 

0-88 

8. 

ii 

47-74 

15-68 

21-06 



0-80 

0-78 

9. 

Morveniie 

47-60 

16-39 

20-86 



0-74 

0-81 

10. 

d 

47-59 

16-71 

20-45 







HYDKOUS   SILICATES,    ZEOLITE   SECTION. 


441 


and  190°,  13-5  p.  c.;  and  after  24  h.  exposure  to  the  ordinary  air,  what  is  lost  is  restored.  At  a 
dull  red  heat  the  loss  is  14-65  p.  c.,  and  the  mineral  is  disaggregated ;  the  total  loss  at  a  bright 
red  heat  is  14-70  p.  c.  B.B.  whitens,  then  crumbles  and  fuses  without  intumescence  at  35  to 
a  white  translucent  glass.  Some  varieties  phosphoresce  when  heated.  Decomposed  by  muriatic 
acid  without  gelatinizing. 

Obs. — Harmotome  occurs  in  amygdaloid,  phonolite,  trachyte;  also  on  gneiss,  and  in  some 
metalliferous  veins. 

Occurs  at  Strontian,  in  Scotland,  in  fine  crystals,  some  an  inch  through ;  in  a  metalliferous 
vein  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz ;  at  Kudelstadt  in  Silesia ;  Schiffenberg,  near  Giessen ;  at 
Schima  and  Hauenstein  in  Bohemia  ;  near  Eschwege  in  Hesse ;  at  Oberstein  in  Birkenfeld,  im- 
planted on  agate  in  siliceous  geodes ;  at  Kongsberg  in  Norway ;  with  analcite  in  the  amygdaloid 
of  Dumbartonshire. 

Named  from  'a^oV,  joint,  and  r^i/w,  to  cut,  alluding  to  the  fact  that  the  octahedron  (made  by  the 
planes  1)  divides  parallel  to  the  plane  that  passes  through  the  terminal  edges. 

On  cryst.  see  Levy's  Heuland ;  Descloizeaux,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  ix.  839,  and  Min.,  i.  412.  The 
prismatic  angle  124°  47'  gives  for  the  prism  i-%  the  angle  87°  26'  and  92°  34',  which  is  near  the 
angle  in  phillipsite  ;  so  that  while  phillipsite  has  the  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  of  a  bisilicate 
and  the  angle  /A  /of  pyroxene,  harmotome  has  the  0.  ratio  nearly  and  angle  /A  I  of  horn- 
blende. Damour  and  Descloizeaux  show  morvenite  to  be  harmotome  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  ix.  339). 

The  name  Andreolite  of  Delametherie  (derived  from  the  locality  at  Andreasberg)  has  the  priority, 
and  also  Eremite  of  Napione  ;  but  Haiiy  substituted  harmotome,  of  no  better  signification,  and  all 
subsequent  mineralogists  have  followed  him. 

391.  HYPOSTILBITE.    Beudant  (fr.  Faroe),  Min.,  ii.  119,  1832.    Desmin,  Puflerit,  Bukeisen, 

Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xxiv.  286,  1857. 

In  small  concretions,  compactly  fine  fibrous  within  ;  also  in  large  radiate- 
fibrous  or  columnar  masses. 

H.  =  3'5— 4.  G-.— 2*1— 2'25.  Lustre  vitreous,  strongly  so  to  feebly 
shining.  Color  white,  sometimes  greenish-white.  Transparent  to  trans- 
lucent. 

Comp.,  Var.— 0.  ratio  for  ~&,  S,  Si,  S=l  :  3  :  9  :  6,  corresponding  to  4£  Si,  3tl,  ($  Ca+f  Na), 
6H=,  if  &=Ca,  Silica  50'3,  alumina  19*2,  lime  10-4,  water  20'1  =  100.  The  ordinary  hypostil- 
bite contains  some  soda,  with  Na  :  Ca=2  :  7,  nearly;  while  the  variety  pufterite  is  without 
alkalies. 

G.  of  hypostilbite,  2'14,  Beudant ;  2'18,  Haughton ;  2'252,  Mallet ;  of  puflerite,  2,  Bukeisen ;  2-21, 
Damour.  In  puflerite  the  fibres  have  two  unequal  cleavages,  at  right  angles  with  one  another, 
with  lustre  strongly  vitreous.  Double  refraction  is  strong ;  axial  divergence  small ;  bisectrix 
parallel  to  the  sides  of  the  fibres  and  negative ;  axial  plane  parallel  to  the  plane  of  more  difficult 
cleavage;  Descl. 

Analyses:  1,  Beudant  (Min.,  ii.  120);  2,  Dumenil  (ib.);  3,  Mallet  (Am.  J  Sci.,  II.  xxii.  179); 
4,  Haughton  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xiii.  510);  5,  id.  (ib.,  xxxii.  224);  6,  Bukeisen  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien, 
xxiv.  286) : 

fl 

18-70=99-96  Beudant. 
18-75=99-50  Dumenil. 
12-42  =  100-23  Mallet. 
17-83=99-97  Haughton. 
18-52=98-75  Haughton. 
17-16=98-09  Bukeisen. 

Thomson  found  (Min.,  i.  345)  a  "red  stilbite  "  from  Dumbarton  to  contain  Si  52-50,  £l  17'32, 
Oa  11-52,  H  18-45=99-79.  As  he  calls  the  mineral  red  stilbite  from  Dumbarton,  a  noted  local- 
ity of  red  stilbite  familiar  to  him,  and  stilbite  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  pearly  cleavage,  it  is 
far  safer  to  give  credit  to  his  mineralogical  opinion  than  to  his  analysis.  Until  hypostilbite  is  an- 
nounced on  good  authority  from  Dumbarton,  the  analysis  may,  therefore,  be  taken  only  as  a  coin- 
cidence by  error. 

Pyr.,  etc.— According  to  Beudant,  intumesces  a  little,  and  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges; 
attacked  by  acids  without  gelatinizing.  According  to  Mallet,  gelatinizes  readily  with  acids. 

Puflerite,  according  to  Bukeisen,  intumesces  much,  and  fuses  easily  to  a  snow-white  blebby 
glass. 


Si 

£1 

Mg 

Ca 

Na 

& 

1. 

Faroe 

52-43 

18-32 



8-10 

2-41 



2. 

Dalsnypen 

52-25 

18-75 



7-36 

2-39 



3. 

Skye 

53-95 

20-13 

tr. 

12-86 

0-87 

4. 

a 

52-40 

17-98 

0-36 

9-97 

1-40 

0-03 

5. 

Bombay 

52-80 

17-12 

tr. 

7-89 

2-35 

0-07 

6. 

Pufterite 

52-84 

16-30 



11-19 



442 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Obs.— Hypostilbite  occurs  on  the  island  of  Faroe  with  stilbite  and  epistilbite,  forming  fibrous 
nodules  or  concretions  in  amygdaloid;  on  the  island  of  Skye,  in  a  similar  manner;  in  the  Ner- 
budda  valley,  and  near  Bombay  in  India,  in  the  same  rock,  constituting  large,  fibrous,  transparent 
masses,  radiated  like  natrolite  or  thomsonite. 

Puflerite  occurs  at  Pufler-loch  in  the  Seiser  Alps,  Tyrol,  in  cavities  in  melaphyre,  with  analcite 
and  chabazite,  and  often  implanted  on  these  minerals  in  small  concretions. 

Named  from  '***,  below,  and  stilbite,  in  allusion  to  its  containing  less  silica  than  stilbite.  It  has 
been  considered  altered  stilbite. 

392.  STILBITE.  Zeolit  pt.  Cronst.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1756;  Zeolites  cryst,  crystalli  ad  centrum 
tendentes  (fr.  Gustafsberg,  etc.),  Cronst.,  102,  1758.  Z.  facie  Selenitica  lamellaris,  Blattricher 
Zeolit  pt.,  Watt.,  Min.,  i.  313,  1772.  Strahliger  Zeolith  Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronst,  242,  1780. 
Strahl-Zeolith  (var.  of  Z.)  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig.,  L  49,  1803.  Radiated  Zeolite.  Zeolite 
nacree,  Stilbite,  Delameth.,  T.T.,  ii.  305,  1797.  Stilbite  (Heulandite  incl.)  H.,  J.  d  M.,  iii.  66, 
1798,  Tr.,  iii.  1801,  1822  ;= Strahl-Zeolith  Hoffm.,  Min.,  ii.  237,  1812.  Desmine  [= Stilbite  with 
Heul.  excl.]  Breith.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  b,  40,  1818  ;=Stilbite  Brooke,  Ed.  PhD.  J.,  vi.  112,  1822. 
Sphasrostilbite  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  120,  1832.  Syhedrite  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xL  110,  1865. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=94°  16'  (whence  i-2  A  ^-2=130°  12',  analogue  of 
/A  /in  heulandite)  ;  1  A  1,  front,=119°  16',  side,  114°  0',  i-1  A  O=90°. 
Brooke  and  Miller  make  0  A  i-1  or  i  1=  90°,  i-1  A  1=123°, 
i4  A  1=120°  22'.  Cleavage  :  i%  perfect,  i-l  less  so.  Forms 
as  in  f.  40T ;  more  common  with  the  prism  flattened  par- 
allel to  i-%  or  the  cleavage-face,  and  pointed  at  the  extrem- 
ities ;  sometimes  with  the  vertical  edges  replaced  by  the 
prism  I.  Twins:  cruciform,  composition-face  1-z,  rare. 
Common  in  sheaf-like  aggregations  ;  divergent  or  radiated ; 
sometimes  globular  and  thin  lamellar-columnar. 

H.=3-5-4.  G.=2-094  — 2-205;  2161,  Haidinger. 
Lustre  of  i-i  pearly  ;  of  other  faces  vitreous.  Color  white  ; 
occasionally  yellow,  brown,  or  red,  to  brick-red.  '  Streak 
uncolored.  Transparent — translucent.  Fracture  uneven. 
Brittle.  Double  refraction  strong ;  optic-axial  plane  i4 ; 
divergence  50°  — 55°  ;  bisectrix  negative,  perpendicular  to 
O:  fiescl. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary.  Either  (a)  in  crystals,  flattened  and  pearly  parallel  to  the  plane  of  cleavage, 
or  sheaf-like  or  divergent  groups ;  or  (b)  in  radiated  stars  or  hemispheres,  with  the  radiating  indi- 
viduals showing  a  pearly  cleavage  surface.  Sphcerostilbite  Beud.  is  in  spheres,  radiated  within, 
with  a  pearly  fracture,  rather  soft  externally,  but  harder  at  centre,  and  havingG.  =  2'31.  Heddle 
shows  that  it  is  stilbite  impure  from  mixture  with  mesolite ;  the  original  was  from  Faroe. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  1:3:12:6;  corresponding  to  6  S*i,  £l,  <X  6  H=Silica  57-4,  alumina  16'5,  lime 
8-9,  water  17-2=100.  Analyses:  1,  Fuchs  &  Gehlen  (Schw.  J.,  viii.  253);  2,  Hisinger  (ib.,  xxiii 
63);  3,  Retzius  (Jahresb.,  iv.  153);  4,  Moss  (Pogg.,  Iv.  114);  5,  Riegel  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  xl.  317);  6, 
Hermann  (Bull  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou,  1848,  318);  7,  Miinster  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  297);  8,  9,  Sjogren  (OSfv. 
Ak.  Stockh.,  1848,  111);  10,  Waltershausen  (Vulk.  Gest.,  254);  11,  Kerl(B.  H.  Ztg.,  1853,  No.  2); 
12,  R.  Weber  (ib.);  13,  Beudant  (Min.,  ii.  119,  120);  14,  Heddle  (Greg  &  L.  Min.,  164);  15,  16, 
Haughton  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xiii.  510,  xxxii.  224) : 


1.  Iceland 

2.  " 

3.  Faroe 

4.  " 

5.  Niederkirchen 

6.  IlmenMts.;  G.=2'19 

7.  Christiana ;  G.=2'203 


gi 

55-07 

58-0 

56-08 

57-18 

58-33 

56-31 

58-63 


16-58 

16-1 

17-22 

16-44 

16-66 

16-25 

15-73 


Oa 

7-58 

9-2 

6-95 

7-74 

7-16 

7-66 

7-02 


Na 


1-50 


2-17 
1-11 
1-62 
1-03 
3-07 


0-32 


*  With  some  magnesia. 


H 

19-30=100-03  F.  &  G. 
16-4=99-70  Hisinger. 
18-35=100-77  Retzius. 
17-79= 100-58  Moss. 
14-50,  Pe  0-26=98-53  Riegel. 
17-75,  Pe,  Mn  1-0=100  Hermann. 
17-05,  3Pe  0-5  Munster. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    ZEOLITE   SECTION.  443 

Si  £l  Ca  Na  K         H 

8  Gustafsberg  57'41  .16-14  8'97  T21  1-04  16-60,  Mg  fr.  =  101-40  Sjogren. 

9.  Barbro,  Norway  58-41  16'56  7'89 16'53,  Mg,  Mn  0-59=99-93  S. 

10.  Iceland;  G.  =  2'134  57-40  16-23  7'71  0'60  0'34  16-68,  Mg  0'13=99-09  Waltersh. 

11.  Andreasberg  56  3  15-9  7'4  0'6  17-6.  F"e  r3=99'l  KerL 

12.  Berufiord,  Iceland  58'02  14-94  8-33  —  1'30  17-71  =  100-30  Weber. 

13.  Sphcerostilbite  55-91  17'61  9'03  0'68      17-84=100-07  Beudant. 

14.  Skye  56  54  16'43  8'90  0'46      17-05=99-38  Heddle. 

15.  Bombay  58'20  15'60  8'07  0'49  0'92  18-00=101-28  Haughton. 

16.  Nerbudda  56-59  15-35  5-88  1'45  0'89  17-48  Haughton. 

A  white  silky  incrustation  on  chert,  from  the  hot  spring  of  Olette,  eastern  Pyrenees,  afforded 
J.  Bouis  Si  57*6,  ^tl  16*1,  Ca  8'6,  H  17-6=99-9 ;  and  Descloizeaux  observes  that  it  occurs  also  in 
eleavable  rectangular  prisms  like  those  of  stilbite. 

Syhedrite  of  Shepard  (1.  c.),  from  trap  in  the  Syhedree  Mpuntains,  Bombay,  has  a  greenish  color, 
with  G.  =  2-321;  and  afforded  W.  S.  Tyler  (J.  c.)  &1  15-06,  Fe  2-71,  Mg  2-46,  Oa  6'45,  H  16-40,  the 
rest,  56-92,  undetermined,  but  supposed  to  be  all  silica.  Alkalies  wanting.  It  may  be  an  impure 
stilbite,  colored  by  a  chlorite-like  mineral. 

Pyr.,  etc. — According  to  Damour,  loses  1-3  p.  c.  at  100°  C. ;  13  p.  c.  between  100°  and  150°  C. ; 
regaining  all  lost  but  3-1  p.  c.  after  5  days'  exposure  to  the  ordinary  air;  at  170°  0.  the  loss  is 
16*2  p.  c.,  which  is  reduced  to  9'2  p.  c.  after  15  days'  exposure.  B.B.  exfoliates,  swells  up,  curves 
into  fan-like  or  vermicular  forms,  and  fuses  to  a  white  enamel.  F.=2— 2-5.  Decomposed  by 
muriatic  acid,  without  gelatinizing.  The  sphcerostilbite  gelatinizes,  but  Heddle  says  this  is  owing 
to  a  mixture  of  mesolite  with  the  stilbite. 

Obs. — Stilbite  occurs  mostly  in  cavities  in  amygdaloid.  It  is  also  found  in  some  metalliferous 
veins,  and  in  granite  and  gneiss. 

Abundant  on  the  Faroe  Islands,  in  Iceland,  and  on  the  Isle  of  Skye,  in  amygdaloid;  also 
found  on  the  Isle  of  Arran,  Scotland ;  in  Dumbartonshire,  at  Long  Craig,  and  at  Kilpatrick,  Scot- 
land, in  red  crystals ;  at  Kincardine,  Kilmalcolm,  Campsie,  Scotland ;  at  the  Giant's  Causeway, 
in  the  Mourne  Mts.,  etc.,  Ireland ;  at  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz,  and  Kongsberg  and  Arendal  in 
Norway,  with  iron  ore ;  in  the  Vendayah  Mts.,  Hindostan,  in  large  translucent  crystals  having  a 
reddish  tinge  ;  also  in  the  Nerbudda  valley  and  in  the  Bombay  Presidency ;  a  brown  variety  on 
granite,  at  the  copper  mines  of  Gustafsberg,  near  Fahlun  in  Sweden ;  at  Andreasberg,  Kongsberg, 
etc. 

SpJicerostilbite  occurs  in  minute  spheres  over  faroelite  hi  Skye ;  at  Storr  (anal.  13,  14) ;  and  at 
Quirang,  in  spheres  as  large  as  a  pea. 

In  North  America,  sparingly  in  small  crystals  at  Chester  and  the  Charlestown  syenite  quarries, 
Mass. ;  at  the  gneiss  quarry,  Thachersville,  Conn.,  in  crystals  lining  cavities  in  coarse  granite  ;  at 
Hadlyme,  in  radiated  forms  on  gneiss,  associated  with  epidote,  garnet,  and  apatite ;  at  Phillips- 
town,  N.  Y.,  in  crystals  or  fan-like  groups ;  opposite  West  Point,  in  a  vein  of  decomposing  bluish 
feldspar,  intersecting  gneiss,  in  honey-yellow  crystals ;  in  the  greenstone  of  Piermont,  in  minute 
crystals ;  in  scopiform  crystals  of  a  dull  yellow  color,  near  Peek  skill,  N.  Y. ;  and  at  Bergen  Hill, 
New  Jersey,  in  small  but  bright  crystals ;  also  at  the  Michipicoton  Islands,  Lake  Superior ;  at 
Partridge  Island,  Nova  Scotia,  forming  a  perpendicular  vein  from  3  to  4  inches  thick,  and  from 
30  to  50  feet  long,  intersecting  amygdaloid,  its  colors  white  and  flesh-red ;  also  at  Isle  Haute, 
Digby  Neck,  Gulliver's  Hole,  Black  Kock,  Cape  Blomidon,  Hall's  Harbor,  Long  Point. 

The  name  stilbite  is  from  <7n'A/?»7,  lustre ;  and  desmine  from  Je^,  a  bundle.  The  species  stilbite, 
ns  adopted  by  Haiiy,  included  Strahlzeolith  Wern.  (radiated  zeolite,  or  the  above),  and  Blatterzeo- 
lith  Wern.  (foliated  zeolite,  or  the  species  heulandite  beyond).  The  former  was  the  typical  part  of 
the  species,  and  is  the  first  mentioned  in  the  description  ;  and  the  latter  (made  the  variety  stilbite 
anamorphique)  he  added  to  the  species,  as  he  observes,  with  much  hesitation.  In  1817,  Breit- 
haupt  separated  the  two  zeolites,  and  called  the  former  desmine  and  the  latter  euzeolite,  thus 
throwing  aside  entirely,  contrary  to  rule  and  propriety,  Haiiy's  name  stilbite,  which  should  have 
been  accepted  by  him  in  place  of  desmine,  it  being  the  typical  part  of  his  species.  In  1822 
Brooke  (apparently  unaware  of  what  Breithaupt  had  done)  used  stilbite  for  the  first,  and  named 
the  other  heulandite.  In  this  he  has  been  followed  by  the  French  and  English  mineralogists ; 
while  the  Germans  have  unfortunately  followed  Breithaupt. 

Alt. — Stilbite  has  been  observed  changed  to  quartz. 

393.  EPISTILBITE.    Epistilbit  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  vi.  183,  1826.    Monophan  Breiih.,  Char.,  279, 

1823. 

Orthorhombic.    7  A  /=135°  10',  0  A  l-i=144°  53' ;  a  :  I :  c=l'422  :  1  : 
2-424:2.     Observed  planes,  as  in  f.  408,  with  2-2  replacing  edge  /A  1-z. 


444: 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


l-i  A  H  top,=109°  46',  1-5  A  14,  top,  =  147°  40',  /A  1-2 
—122°  9',  14  A  14=  141°  47'.  Cleavage:  i-l,  very 
perfect;  indistinct  in  other  directions.  Face  /mostly 
uneven.  Generally  in  twins;  composition-face  L 
-.-,  Also  granular. 

j£  —  4_4-5.  G.=2-249—  2-363.  Lustre  of  cleavage- 
face  pearly;  of  I  vitreous.  Color  white,  bluish-  or 
yellowish-white,  reddish.  Transparent  —  translucent. 
Fracture  uneven.  Double  refraction  weak  ;  plane  of 
optical  axes  parallel  to  i4,  and  bisectrix  normal  to  i-i. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  R,  fi,  Si.  £=1:3:12:5  ;  corresponding  to  6  gi, 
Silica  59-0,  alumina  16'9,  lime  7'3,  soda  2-0,  water  14-8=100.     Analyse 
3,  Dr.  Limpricht  (Waltersh.  Vulk.  Gest.,  248)  ;  4,  5,  Waltershausen  (ib.) 
Sci.,  II.  xxiii.  421);  7,  8,  How  (ib.,  xxvi.  33): 


Na),  5  H= 
1,  2,  a.  Rose  (1.  c.)  ; 
6,  Kurlbaum  (Am.  J. 


Si 

£l 

Ca 

]STa 

1.  Berufiord 

58-59 

17-52 

7-56 

1-78 

2. 

t 

60-28 

17-36 

8-32 

1-52 

3. 

1         Vh. 

58-99 

18-21 

6'92 

2-35 

4. 

< 

59-22 

17-23 

8-20 

2-46 

5. 

ywh. 

60-08 

16-74 

8-14 

K  2-35 

6. 

58-74 

17-10 

7-81 

]STa2-05 

7.  N.  Scotia       (f)  58-57 

15-34 

7-00 

0-99 

8.         " 

58-35 

16-73 

7-87 

2-10 

14-48  =  99-93  Rose. 

12-51  (loss)=100  Rose. 

14-98=101-44  Limpricht. 

13-90  =  101-01  Waltershausen. 

14-31  =  101-62  Waltershausen. 

14-21,  fe  0-12,  K  0-19=100-23  Kurlbaum. 

15-42,  £e  1-58,  K  0'99=99'89  How. 

14-93  =  100  How. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  intumesces  and  forms  a  vesicular  enamel.  Soluble  in  concentrated  muriatic 
acid  without  gelatinizing. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  with  scolecite  at  the  Berufiord  in  Iceland  ;  in  Faroe  ;  at  Poonah  in  India  ;  in 
small  flesh-colored  crystals  at  Skye  ;  in  small  reddish  crystals,  nearly  or  quite  opaque,  with  stil- 
bite,  at  Margaretville,  K  Scotia,  7  m.  E.  of  Port  George  (anal.  7  ;  loc.  for  anal.  8  not  precisely 
known).  Reported  as  occurring  with  stilbite,  apophyllite,  etc.,  at  Bergen  Hill,  N.  J. 

Parastilbite.  Von  Waltershausen  thus  names  (1.  c.,  p.  251)  a  specimen  from  Borgarfiord,  which 
afforded  on  analysis  Si  61-87,  3tl  17-83,  Oa  7-32,  Na  2'00,  &  1  "78  H  9  20=100,  for  which  he 
deduces  the  0.  ratio  1  :  3  :  12  :  3,  and  writes  the  formula  R  Si  +  ^tl  Si3+3  H.  It  resembles  epi- 
stilbite,  but  gives  (Pogg.,  xcix.  170)  136°  39'  for  the  angle  /A  /. 

394.  HEULANDITE.  Bliittriger  Zeolith  Meyer,  Beschaft.  G-es.  K  Fr.  Berlin,  iv.  1779; 
Hoffm.,  Bergm.  J.,  430,  1789.  Blatter-Zeolith  (var.  of  Z.)  Wern.,  1800,  Ludw.  Min.,  49,  1803. 
Stilbite  pt.,  Stilbite  anamorphique,  jff,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Euzeolith  Breith.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.,  b, 
40,  1818.  Heulandite  Brooke,  Ed.  PhiL  J.,  vi.  112,  1822.  Lincolnite  Hitchcock,  Rep.  G.  Mass., 
1833,  437,  1835,  662,  1841.  Beaumontite  Levy,  C.  R.,  1839. 


Monoclinic.     C=> 


409 


35',  I  A  7=136° 
1-065 


,  0  A  14=156°  45'  ;  a  :  I  :  c= 
1  :  24785.    Observed  planes  as 
in  the  annexed  figures. 


410 


0  A  2^=116°  20r 
0  A  -2-^=114 
-*  A  -2-^=129  40 


i4  A  -1=106°  3 
i-l  A  7=111  58 
-1  A  -1=146  56 


0 

Jones's  Falls. 


Cleavage  :  clinodiagonal  (i-l)  eminent. 
Also  in  globular  forms  ;  also  granular. 
H.=3-5-4.  G.=2-2,  Haidinger  ; 
2-195,  Faroe  Islands,  Thomson  ;  2-175, 
Iceland.  Lustre  of  i-\  strong  pearly; 
of  other  faces  vitreous.  Color  various 
shades  of  white,  passing  into  red,  gray, 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    ZEOLITE   SECTION.  445 

and  brown.  Streak  white.  Transparent — subtranslucent.  Fracture  sub- 
conchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle.  Double  refraction  weak ;  optic-axial  plane 
normal  to  i-l ;  bisectrix  positive,  parallel  to  the  horizontal  diagonal  of  the 
base;  Descl. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  1:3:12:5,  corresponding  to  6  Si,  3fel,  <X  5  H=Silica  59%  alumina  16*9,  lime 
9-2,  water  14-8=100.  Analyses  :  1  Meyer  (1.  c.);  2,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  347);  3,  4,  Rammelsberg 
(Handw.,  i.  302,  Fogg.,  ex.  525);  5,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  I\r.  x.  207);  6,  Waltershausen  (Vulk. 
Gest,  252) ;  7,  Hanghton  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xiii.  509)  : 

Si          3tl       Ca        ISTa      K:        H 

1.  58-3       17-2       6-6       17 -5 =99 -6  Meyer. 

2.  Faroe  5915     17-92     7'65 15-40=100-12  Thomson. 

3.  Iceland          58  2       17'6       7'2       16'0  — 99'0  Rammelsberg. 

4.  "  59-63     15-14     6'24     0'46     2'35     15-48  Rammelsberg. 

5.  "  59*64     16'33     7'44     1-16     0*74     14-33=99-64  Damour. 

6.  "  58-90     16-81     7-38     0'57     1-63     14  33,  3Pe  0'12,  Mg  0-29=100-04  "W. 

7.  Nerbudda     56'59     15-35     5'88     1'45     0-89     17'48,  Mg  0'82=98'46  Haughton. 

The  red  color  of  the  Fassa  crystals  is  due,  according  to  Kenngott,  to  minute  crystalline  grains 
of  another  mineral. 

Pyr.,  etc. — According  to  Damour,  the  Faroe  mineral  loses  part  of  its  water  in  dry  air,  which 
it  retakes  in  ordinary  air;  the  loss  of  the  mineral  is  2'1  p.  c.  at  100°  C.,  and  8-7  p.  c.  between  100° 
and  150°  C. ;  and  this  is  restored  again  after  24  hours  in  the  air.  At  190°  the  loss  is  12 -3  p.  c. ; 
and  by  the  end  of  two  months  all  is  regained  but  2'1  p.  c.  B.B.  same  as  with  stilbite. 

Obs. — Heulandite  occurs  principally  in  amygdaloidal  rocks.  Also  in  gneiss,  and  occasionally  in 
metalliferous  veins. 

The  finest  specimens  of  this  species  come  from  Berufiord,  and  elsewhere, .  Iceland ;  the  Faroe 
Islands ;  the  Vendayah  Mountains,  Hindostan.  It  also  occurs  in  the  Kilpatrick  Hills,  near  Glas- 
gow ;  on  the  I.  of  Skye ;  in  the  Fassa  Valley,  Tyrol ;  Andreasberg,  Harz  ;  near  Semil  and  Rodis- 
fort,  Bohemia ;  Poremba,  Poland ;  Marschendorf,  Moravia ;  Neudorfel,  near  Zwickau,  Saxony ; 
Siberia,  at  Nertschinsk,  etc. ;  in  the  amygdaloid  of  Abyssinia.  Red  varieties  occur  at  Campsie  in 
Sterlingshire,  with  red  stilbite ;  also  in  Fassa  Valley,  Tyrol ;  and  brown  in  ore  beds  at  Arendal. 

At  Peter's  Point,  Nova  Scotia,  it  occurs  in  amygdaloid,  presenting  white  and  flesh-red  colors, 
and  associated  with  laumontite,  apophyllite,  thomsonite,  etc. ;  also  at  Cape  Blomidon,  in  crystals 
an  inch  and  a  half  in  length ;  at  Martial's  Cove,  Isle  Haute,  Partridge  Island,  Swan's  Creek,  Two 
Islands,  Hall's  Harbor,  Long  Point. 

In  the  United  States,  with  stilbite  and  chabazite  on  gneiss,  atHadlyme,  Ct.,  and  Chester,  Mass. ; 
with  these  minerals  and  datolite,  apophyllite,  etc.,  in  amygdaloid  at  Bergen  Hill,  New  Jersey ; 
sparingly  at  Kipp's  Bay,  New  York  Island,  on  gneiss,  along  with  stilbite;  at  McKinney's 
quarry,  Rittenhouse  Lane,  near  Philadelphia,  sparingly ;  on  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
between  Pigeon  Bay  and  Fond  du  Lac ;  hi  minute  crystals,  seldom  over  half  a  line  long,  with  hay- 
denite,  at  Jones's  Falls,  near  Baltimore,  on  a  syenitic  schist  (Levy's  beaumontite,  which  is  crystal- 
lographically  and  optically  identical  with  heulandite). 

Named  after  the  English  mineralogist,  H.  Heuland. 

CERINITE  How  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  II.  x.  84,  1859)  is  near  h^ulandite  in  composition,  but  is  massive, 
with  a  subresinous  or  waxy  lustre,  H.  =3-5,  white  or  yellowish- white  color,  and  it  fuses  B.B.  with- 
out intumescence.  How  obtained,  as  a  mean  of  two  analyses,  Si  57-57,  A1!  12*66,  3Pe  1*14,  Mg 
1-87,  Ca  9-82,  K  0-37,  H  15-69=99-12.  Forms  the  thin  outer  crust  of  amygdules  in  trap  of  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  near  Black  Rock.  A  pure  species  could  hardly  be  expected  from  a  massive 
material  in  such  a  condition. 


395.  BREWSTERITE.    Brooke,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  vi.  112,  1822.     Diagonit  Bretth.,  Char.,  118,  1832. 

Monoclinic.  C=S6°  56',  /A  7=136°,  0  A  14=157°  14-';  a  :  I  :  c= 
1-0387  :  1  :  24715.  0  A  ™=93°  4',  0  A  £1=90°,  0  A  7=93°  24',  O  A  4-4 
=176°,  -J-4  A  £4=:  172°,  Brooke.  From  measurements  by  Mallet,  /A  I— 
136°  13',  /A  ^=157°  17'-23',  /A  ££=112°  12'-17',  0  A  £4=175°  49' 
-55',  14  A  f  1=171°  40'-43'.  Cleavage  :  i4  highly  perfect. 

H.=:4-5-5.    G.=2'432,  Thomson;  2-45,  Damour;  2-4:53,  Mallet.    Lus- 


446  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

411  tre  of  i-l  pearly ;  of  other  faces  vitreous.    Color  white,  in- 

clining to  yellow  and  gray.  Streak  white.  Transparent — 
translucent.  Fracture  uneven.  Double  refraction  weak ; 
optic-axial  plane  normal  to  i-l ;  bisectrix  parallel  to  ortho- 
diagonal;  plane  of  axes  of  the  red  rays  inclined  21°-23° 
to  li,  and  70°-72°  4'  to  0. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  R,  Si,  £=1  :  3  :  12  :  6,  corresponding  to  6  Si,  Xl, 
(3-Sr  +  i  Ba),  5  H^Silica  53-5,  alumina  15*3,  baryta  7-6,  strontia  10'2,  water 
13-4=100.  Analyses:  1.  Connel  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  xix.  35);  2,  Thomson  (Hin., 
L  348) ;  3,  J.  W.  Mallet  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xviii.  218)  : 

Si        Xl  £e  Ba  Sr  Ca        fl 

1.  Strontian            53-67  17-49  0*29  6'75  8-32  1-35  12-58  =  100-45  Connel. 

2          "                    53-04  16-54 6'05  9'01  0'80  14-73  =  100-17  Thomson. 

3.         "               (|)54-32  15-25  0'08  6'80  8'99  1-19  13'22=99'85  MaUet. 

Pyr.,  etc.— According  to  Damour,  brewsterite  loses  water  in  unheated  dried  air,  experiencing 
a  loss  of  weight  of  1-65  p.  c.  in  the  course  of  a  month.  At  100°  C.,  after  2  hours,  the  loss  is  0'2 
p.  c.,  but  at  130°  C.  7-7  p.  c.,  when  the  mineral  while  still  hot  is  electric,  the  crystals  mutually 
attracting;  they  have  become  opaque  and  pearly;  by  48  hours'  exposure  to  ordinary  air,  the  loss 
is  reduced  to  2-7  p.  c.  At  190°  C.,  the  loss  is  8-2  p.  c. ;  this  is  reduced  to  zero  after  48  hours' 
exposure ;  and  at  270°,  the  loss  is  10-1  p.  c.,  which  is  reduced  to  1-2  p.  c.  after  8  days'  exposure. 
At  a  dull  red  heat  the  loss  is  12'8  p.  c.,  and  at  a  bright  red,  13'3  p.  c.  B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses 
at  3  to  a  white  enamel.  Decomposed  by  acids  without  gelatinizing. 

Obs. — First  observed  at  Strontian  in  Argyleshire,  with  calcite.  Occurs  also  at  the  Giant's 
Causeway,  coating  the  cavities  of  amygdaloid ;  in  the  lead  mines  of  St.  Turpet ;  near  Freiburg  in 
the  Brisgau ;  at  the  Col  du  Bonhomme,  S.  W.  of  Mont  Blanc,  on  a  quartz  rock  ;  near  Bareges,  in 
the  Pyrenees,  in  a  calcareous  schist;  and  it  has  been  reported  from  the  department  of  the  Isere 
in  France. 

Named  after  Sir  David  Brewster. 

396.  MORDENITE.    How,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  II.  ii.  100. 

In  small  hemispherical,  reniform,  or  cylindrical  concretions.  Structure 
fibrous. 

H.=5.  G.=2-08.  Lustre  highly  silky.  Color  white,  yellowish,  or 
pinkish.  Translucent  on  the  edges.  Rather  brittle. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio,  £,  £,  gi,  fi=l  :  3  :  18  :  6  ;  corresponding  to  9  Si,  Xl,  (|  6a+t  Na),  6  fl=gi 
66-92,  Xl  12-66,  Oa  4'59,  Na  2'54,  H  13'29=100.  Analysis  :  How  (1.  c.) : 

Si  Xl         6a        Na          H 

(f)  68-40      12-77       3-46      2'35       13-02=100. 

The  soda  includes  0'09  to  0-23  of  potash.    The  silica  varied  from  67 '33  to  69'27. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  without  intumescence.  Not  perfectly  decomposed  by 
acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  near  Morden,  King's  Co.,  Nova  Scotia,  in  trap,  with  apophyllite,  barite,  and  a 
prehmte-like  mineral ;  also  at  Peter's  Point,  eight  miles  west,  with  gyrolite. 


APPENDIX  TO  ZEOLITE  SECTION. 

397.  SLOANITE    Mentghini  &  Bechi,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  64. 

Orthorhombic.     I A  7=105°.     Cleavage :  /  very  distinct.     In  radiated 
masses,  with  often  a  fracture  transverse  to  the  radiation. 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAEOPHYLLITE   SECTION.  447 

H.=4'5.     G. =2*44:1.     Lustre  pearly.     White.     Opaque. 

COMP. — 0.  ratio  for  R,  -K,  Si,  fi,  from  analysis =1  :  5  :  7  :  1= Silica  42 '7,  alumina  34'9,  lime 
11-4,  water  11-0=100.  Analysis:  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  64): 

Si  £l  Ca          Mg         Na          &  fi 

42-19         85-00         8-12         2'67         0'25         0'30         12'50=zl00'76. 

PYR.,  ETC. — Yields  water.    B.B.  fuses  without  iatumescence  to  a  white  enamel.    Dissolves  in 
the  acids  even  in  the  cold,  and  gelatinizes. 
From  the  gabbro  rosso  of  Tuscany. 

398  SASPACHITE  Desdoizeaux  (Min.,  i.  420).  A  zeolitic  mineral  from  Saspach  in  Kaiserstuhl, 
afforded  J.  Schill  (Jahrb.  Min.  1846,  452)  Si  51  "50,  £l  16-51,  Ca  6'20,  K  6'82,  Mg  1-93,  H  17'00 
=99-96.  Occurs  in  tufts  of  fibres  and  concretions;  G.  =  1-465;  H.=4— 5  ;  white  or  colorless ; 
lustre  silky  to  vitreous.  Easily  soluble  in  muriatic  acid.  Occurs  in  doleryte  in  cavities,  and  is 
often  overlaid  by  faujasite  and  apophyllite. 


III.  MAKGAKOPHYLLITE   SECTION. 


The  Margarophyllites,  whose  general  characteristics  are  mentioned  on 
page  393,  have  the  crystallization  of  the  micas,  and  the  name  alludes  to 
the  pearly  folia.  Massive  varieties  are,  however,  much  the  most  common 
with  a  large  part  of  the  species,  and  they  often  have  the  compactness  of 
clay  or  wax.  Talc,  pyrophyllite,  serpentine,  are  examples  of  species 
presenting  both  extremes  of  structure ;  while  pinite  occurs,  as  thus  far 
known,  only  in  the  compact  condition. 

The  proportion  of  silica  varies  widely,  the  oxygen  ratio  between  it  and 
the  bases  having  the  limits  3  : 1  and  ^  :  1,  corresponding  to  tersilicates  at 
one  extreme  and  the  lower  of  subsilicates  at  the  other.  13ut,  reckoning  the 
water,  or  part  of  it,  among  the  bases,  the  species  may  all  be  arranged 
under  the  heads  of  Bisilicates,  Unisilicates,  and  Subsilicates  ;  and,  although 
there  must  be  much  that  is  hypothetical  in  such  an  arrangement,  the 
method  is  adopted  beyond. 

This  method  of  arrangement  is  in  fact  no  more  arbitrary  than  the  common  one  of  making  no 
account  of  the  water.  Talc  has  the  oxygen  ratio  for  the  silica,  bases,  2£  :  1 ;  but,  at  the  same 
time,  it  contains  water,  and  holds  it  even  when  highly  heated,  thereby  indicating  that  part,  at 
least,  of  the  water  is  basic;  and  with  basic  water  the  ratio  may  be  2 :  1,  or  that  of  a  true  Bisil- 
icate.  The  arrangement  of  talc  at  the  head  of  the  Bisilicates  appears,  therefore,  not  to  be  alto- 
gether arbitrary.  Pyrophyllite  is  a  true  alumina  talc,  it  having  the  same  oxygen  ratio  as  talc, 
and  like  structure,  lustre,  greasy  feel,  and  even  range  of  color ;  and  it  has  its  place,  therefore, 
next  to  talc,  among  the  Bisilicates.  Serpentine  has  not  silica  enough  for  a  Bisilicate  ;  but,  with 
half  of  its  water  basic,  it  is  a  Unisilicate.  Kaolinite  is  identical  with  serpentine  in  oxygen  ratio, 
as  pyrophyllite  is  with  talc,  and  is  similarly  a  Unisilicate.  Pinite  has  the  same  ratio,  excepting 
half  less  of  water,  and  is  strictly  an  alumina-alkali  serpentine ;  and  palagonite  is  another  of  like 
ratio  and  characters.  These  species,  moreover,  are  all  related  to  the  margarodites  or  hydrous 
micas. 

In  the  following  table  the  species  are  distributed  under  the  three  heads  above  mentioned.  The 
catalogue  of  the  species  and  their  formulas  in  the  first  two  of  these  subdivisions  is  followed  by  a 
table  containing  the  oxygen  ratio  for  the  protoxyds,  sesquioxyds,  silica,  and  water,  and  also,  in 
another  column,  those  for  the  bases,  silica,  and  water ;  and  under  fl  in  the  latter,  a  fraction  is 
added  in  parentheses,  which  indicates  what  proportion  of  the  water  (when  any)  is  made  basic  in 
the  formulas. 


448 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 
I.  BISILICATES. 

I.  TALC  GROUP.    Foliated  when  crystallized. 

899.  TALC  A 
B 

400.  PYROPHYLLITE 

401.  PIHLITE  (E3,  H3,  2tl)  Si'+^o-  H  Si  0|02||(i  (H2,K2, 

IL  SEPIOLITE  GROUP.     Contain  magnesium  or  aluminum.    Known  only  massive. 

402.  SEPIOLITE 


Si  0||02||a  H2  +  A  Mg)  +  f5-  aq 


(iH8+£il)Si3+H 


403.  APHRODITE  ,  Mg  Si  +  £  H  Si  0||02||Mg+f  aq 

404.  CIMOLITE 

405.  SMECTITE  (£H; 

406.  MONTMORILLONITE      (iH8+£  £l)  S13  +  5  H 

III.  CHLOROPAL  GROUP.     Contain  iron  in  the  sesquioxyd  state. 

407.  STILPNOMELANE        (E3,  (Pe,  3tl))  S13+  2  H  Si0|02||(R,/?(Fe,  Al))  +  faq 


408.  CHLOROPAL              (Fe3,  3Pe)Si+4|H                            Si0||02|(Fe,  /?Fe)  +  l|aq 
409.  GLAUCONITE 

410.  CELADONTTE 

E 

£   Si 

H 

EK 

Si 

H 

E 

K 

Si 

H 

EK 

Si 

H 

Talc  A 

1 

2i 

i 

1 

2i 

J 

Cimolite 

1 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1(1) 

B 

1 

24 

i 

1 

2| 

id) 

Smectite 

1 

4 

4? 

1 

4 

Pyrophyllite 

1     2-J- 

$ 

1 

2| 

id) 

Montmorillonite 

1 

2i 

2i 

1 

21 

2i 

Pihlite 

1 

8  20 

2 

1 

2| 

t  (i) 

Stilpnomelane 

1 

2 

f 

Sepiolite 

1 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1  Q-) 

Chloropal 

1 

2 

% 

1 

2 

Aphrodite 

1 

2 

4 

1 

2 

1 

Glauconite        1 

3 

9 

3? 

I 

2± 

I? 

II.  UNISILICATES. 

IV.  SERPENTINE  GROUP.    Contain  magnesium. 

411.  SERPENTINE 

412.  BASTITE 

413.  PEWEYLITE 

414.  CEROLITE 

415.  HYDROPHITE 

416.  GENTHITE 

417.  SAPONTTE 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAKOPHYLLITE    SECTION. 
Y.  KAOLINITE  GROUP.    Contain  aluminum. 


449 


418.  PHOLERITE 

419.  KAOLINITE 

420.  HALLOYSITB 

421.  SAMOITE 


+  £  aq 


Si|O4||(iHa 
Si||e4||(±H2 


VI.  FINITE  GROUP.     Contain  aluminum,  and  generally  alkali  metals. 

422.  PmiTE  (ifl8+£(K3,£l))2&3 

423.  CATASPILITE  (|B3  +  f  A-l)2Si3  +  f  fl  Si|e4||(t(K2,-ea,Mg)+f  /?Al)a+iaq 

424.  BIHARITE  (£R 

425.  PALAGONITE  (ifi 

VII.  MARGARODITE   GROUP.     Structure  micaceous.      Contain  aluminum,  and  generally 
alkali  metals. 


426.  FAHLUNITE,  A 

B 

427.  GKOPPITE 

428.  VOIGTITE 

429.  MABGARODITE 

430.  DAMOURITE 

431.  PARAGONTTE 

432.  EUPHYLLITE 

433.  (ELLACHERITE 

434.  COOKEITE. 


(i 


Fe))2 

)3  +  1  (£1,  3Pe))2  Si3  +  f  fl  Si||e4||(|  (H2,R)  +  f  (3(M,  Fe))2  +  }  aq 
Si||e4l(i(H2,R)  +  i/?Al)2+^aq 
Sil04|(iR  +  i/?(Al,  Fe))2+aq 
2  Si8          Si|O4ia  (H2,  K2)  +  f  /?(A1,  Fe))a 
Si3  Si||O4l(i  (H2,  K2)  +  f  0(4*,  Fe))2 

Si||O4||(i(H2, 


($  (Ha,  K2, 


VIII.  HISINGERITE  GROUP.    Consist  largely  of  iron,  or  iron  and  manganese. 

435.  HISINGERITE  ftfi8+££e)2Si3  +  4fi 

436.  EKMANNITE  (^fi3+f  (Fe,  Mn)8)2Si 

437.  NEOTOCITE 
4S8.  STUBELITE 

439.  GILLINGITE 

440.  JOLLYTE 

Appendix.—  441.  EPICHLORITE.    442.  PoLYHrDRiTE.    443.  LILLITE. 


Mn8,  Mg8,  Pe))2  Si3  +  3  fl 
(R3,  Fe)2  Si3+6  fl 


+  f  aq 


^Fe)2+2  aq 


E    B  Si  fi     Rfi  Si  fl 


E  fi   Si  fl     Rfi  Si 


Serpentine 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2  (|) 

Pinito 

1 

8  12 

3 

3 

4 

i(l) 

Deweylite 

2 

3 

3 

2 

3 

3  a) 

Cataspilite 

3 

5     8 

1 

4 

4 

* 

Cerolite 

2 

4 

3 

2 

4 

3  (£) 

Biliarite 

2 

1     3 

§• 

3 

3 

i 

Hydrophite 

2 

3 

3 

2 

3 

3  a) 

Palagonite 

1 

2     4 

n 

3 

4 

n 

Genthite 

2 

3 

3 

2 

3 

3  (i) 

Fahlunite,  A 

1 

3     5 

I 

4 

5 

1(1) 

Pholerite 

3 

3 

2 

3 

3 

2 

B 

1 

3     5 

2 

4 

5 

2(4) 

Kaolinite 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2(4) 

Voigtite 

1 

1     2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

HaUoysite 

3 

4 

3 

3 

4 

3  (i) 

Groppite 

2 

3     6 

2 

5 

6 

2 

29 


450 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


ft 

ft 

Si 

S 

Ivrc  Si  II 

Margarodite 

1 

6 

9 

2 

7 

9 

2 

d) 

Hisingerite 

Damourite 

1 

9 

12 

2 

10 

12 

2 

d) 

Ekmannite 

Paragonite 

1 

9 

12 

2 

10 

12 

2 

d) 

Neotocite 

Euphyllite 

1 

8 

9 

2 

9 

9 

2 

Gillingite 

(EUacherite 

1 

4 

6 

1 

5 

6 

1 

(1) 

Jollyte 

Cookeite 

Si 


3     2 


ftfifli  fl 
2     3     3  ft) 
2     3     f(f) 
2     3    2i(f) 
1     1     1 
1     1     t 


III.  SUBSILIOATES. 

The  species  here  arranged  as  Subsilicates  seem  to  blend  indefinitely  with  the  Unisilicates. 
The  common  chlorites  have  atomically  three-fourths,  two-thirds,  or  less,  of  silica  than  bases,  and 
are  manifestly  subsilicate  in  ratio.  But  they  graduate  into  the  pyrosclerites,  which  are  true 
Unisilicates,  if  the  water  is  not  partly  basic,  and  thus  pass  into  the  margarodites  above.  Yet  the 
pyrosclerites  have  so  much  resemblance  to  the  chlorites  that  they  seem  to  belong  to  the  same 
natural  group. 

Under  the  uncertainty  with  regard  to  the  amount  of  basic  water,  the  species  are  enumerated  in 
the  following  table  with  their  oxygen  ratios,  and  with  the  constituents  unarranged  into  formulas. 

It  is,  however,  interesting  to  observe  that  the  species  of  pyrosclerites  and  chlorites  may  all 
have  the  formula  of  a  two-thirds  silicate  if  all  or  part  of  the  water  be  made  basic ;  and  if  the 
ratio  3  :  2  be  the  right  one  for  this  first  section  of  the  Subsilicates,  the  Subsilicates  will  then 
have  the  ratio  3  :  2  for  the  first  or  Chlorite  group,  2  :  1  for  the  second  or  Chloritoid,  and  3  :  1 
for  the  Seybertite  group.  In  a  second  table  below,  the  formulas  are  written  on  this  scheme. 

I.  CHLOEITE  GEOUP.    0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica,  water  excluded,  1  :  1  to  3  :  2. 

RBSi   S 


ft 

fi 

Si 

II 

445. 

PYROSCLERITE 

4 

2 

6 

3 

446. 

CHONICRITE 

3 

2 

5 

21 

447. 

JEFFERISITE 

2 

3 

5 

21 

448. 

PENNINITE 

4 

2 

*i 

3 

449. 

DELESSITE 

450. 

EIPIDOLITE 

5 

3 

6 

4 

451. 

LEUCHTENBERGITE 

4$ 

3 

5 

31 

452. 

PROCHLORITE 

4 

3 

4| 

sir 

453. 

GRENGESITE 

454. 

APHROSIDERITE 

455. 

METACHLORITE 

456. 

CRONSTEDTITE 

3 

3 

4 

3 

4     3 


id) 
id) 
id) 

2(i 

2d) 


)),  9  Si,  12  ft 


3     2     11 

H.  CHLOEITOID  GEOUP.    O.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica,  2  :  1,  or  nearly. 

457.  COBONDOPHILITE      1     1     1     £  2    1    $  4  (1  (*  %  +  *  Fe)3  +  i  XIX  3  SU 

458.  CHLOBITOID  1321  211  4  (J  Fe'+f  £l),  3  fli,  3  fi 

459.  MARGARITE  1641  7    4     1(1)  7(}Ca3+f  £l),  6  Si,  3& 

460.  TBTJRINGITE  2332  5    3    2(1)  10(§£e8+f  (£l,£e)),9gi,12fl 

in.  SEYBEETITE  GROUP.    0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica,  3  :  1  (to  4 :  1  ?). 

461.  SEYBEBTTTB  6951  31^  2(£(Mg, 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    MAEGAROPHYLLITE    SECTION.  451 

Formulas  of  the  Subsilicates  based  on  the  ratios  3  :  2,  2  :  1,  3  :  1. 


CHLORITE   GROUP.     0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  3  :  2. 


PTEOSCLERITE  (f  (fi,  Mg)s  +  f  Xl)  Si 

CHONICRITB  (H  (fl,  Mg,  Ca)3  +  -&  Xl)  Si 
JEFFERISITB 
PENNINITE 


ft  (H2,  Mg)+f  /?  Al)3  0  fl04|  Si 
(H  (H2,  Mg,  Oa)  +  A  /?  Al  )3  0  I04I  Si 

(-ft  (H2,  Mg)  +  -&  &  Al)3  0  104|  Si+iaq 
(if  (H2,  Mg)  +  &  0  Al)3  0  |O4|  Si+aq 


RIPIDOLITE  (\  (fir,  Mg)3  +  i  (3tl,  Pe))  Si  +fl  (f  (H2,  Mg)  +  \  0  (Al,  Fe))3  0  D0<||  Si  +  aq 

LEUCHTENBERGITE  (f  Mg3+|  £l)  Si  +  li  ft  (t  Mg+l  /?  ^1)3  0  104|  Si  +  ^  aq 

PROCHLORITE  (t  (Mg,  ^e)3+  f  *1)  Si  +  Ifc  fi  (I  (Mg,  Fe)  +  ^  Al)3  0  fl04il  Si  +  1  aq 

CRONSTEDTITE  (i  (Fe,  Mn)3+|  Pe)  Si+  1^  S  (i  (Fe,  Mn)+$  /?  Fe)3  0  J04||  Si+f  aq 


CHLORITOID   GROUP.     0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  2:1. 
CORUNDOPHILITE 


02  f04|]  Si  +  f  aq 

CHLORITOID  (i  Fe3  +  f  £l)4  Si3  +  3  £  (i  Fe  +  f  &  Al)4  02  104  1  Si  +  aq 

MARGAEITB  (i  (fl:,  Ca)3  +  f  £l)4  gi8  (i  (H2,  0a)  +f  /?  Al)4  03  104||  Si 

THURIXGITB  (i  (fi,  Fe)3  +  i  (Xl,  3Pe))4  gi3  -f  2  fi    (i  (Ha,  Fe)  +  i  /?  (Al,  Fe))4  02  |04B  Si  +  f  aq 


SEYBERTITE   GROUP.     0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  3  :  1. 
SEYBERTITB  (|  (Mg,  Ca)3  +  f  Xl)2  gi+i  fl 


04  fl04|  Si  +  i  aq 


APPENDIX  TO  HYDROUS  SILICATES. 


462.  WOLCHONSKOITE  Si,  <8r,  Pe,  fi 

463.  SELtfYNiTE  Si,  Xl,  ^r,  Mg,  ft 
464  CHROME  OCHKE  Si,  ^9r,  Xl,  3Pe,  ft 

465.  MILOSCHITE  (Xl,^r) 

466.  PIMELITE  Si,  Xl,  Ni,  fi 


467.  CHLOROPHJEITB  Si,  £e,  fl 

468.  KLIPSTEINITE  ^i,  Mn,  fi 

469.  CHAMOISITE  Si,  Xl,  Pe,  Fe,  fl 

470.  ALVH-E 

470A.  PICEOFLUITE  Si,  Mg,  Ca,  F,  fi 


I.    BISILICATES. 

400.  TALC.  Mayi^ru  >j0o$  Theophr,  Magnetis,  Germ.  Talck,  Glimmer,  ^L^nc.,  Foss.,  254, 
Interpr.,  466,  1546.  Talk,  Creta  Brianzonia,  C.  Hispanica,  C.  Sartoria,  Telgsten= Lapis  Ollaris, 
Wall,  Min.,  133,  134,  1747.  Talcum,  Talgsten,  Specksten,  Steatites,  Cronst.,  Min.,  89,  75, 
1758.  Talc,  Soapstone,  Steatite,  Potstone.  Craie  de  Briancon,  etc.  Ft:  Pyrallolite  pt. 
Nordensh,  Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  389,  1820.  Rensselaeritc  Emmons,  Rep.  G.  of  K  Y,,  1837,  152. 

Orthorhombic.     I  /\  /=120°.     Occurs  rarely  in  hexagonal  prisms  and 
plates.    Cleavage  :  basal,  eminent.    Foliated  massive ;  sometimes  in  globu- 


452  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

lar  and  stellated  groups ;  also  granular  massive,  coarse  or  fine  ;  also  com- 
pact or  cryptocrystalline. 

H.=l— 1-5.  G.=2'565— 2'8.  Lustre  pearly.  Color  apple-green  to 
white,  or  silvery- white ;  also  greenish-gray  and  dark  green;  sometimes 
bright  green  perpendicular  to  cleavage  surface,  and  brown  and  less  trans- 
lucent at  right  angles  to  this  direction ;  brownish  to  blackish-green  and 
reddish  when  impure.  Streak  usually  white;  of  dark  green  varieties, 
lighter  than  the  color.  Subtransparent — subtranslucent.  Sectile  in  a 
high  degree.  Thin  laminae  flexible,  but  not  elastic.  Feel  greasy.  Optic- 
axial  plane  i-l ;  bisectrix  negative,  normal  to  the  base  ;  Descl. 

Var.— 1.  Foliated,  Talc.  Consists  of  folia,  usually  easily  separated,  having  a  greasy  feel,  and 
presenting  ordinarily  light  green,  greenish-white,  and  white  colors.  Gr.  =  2'55  — 2'78. 

2.  Massive,  Steatite  or  Soapstone  (Speckstein  Germ.),  (a)  Coarse  granular,  gray,  grayish-green, 
and  brownish-gray  in  colors;  H.  =  l  —  2-5.  Pot-stone  or  Lapis  ollaris  (Topfstein)  is  ordinary  soap- 
stone,  more  or  less  impure,  (b)  Fine  granular  or  cryptocrystalline,  and  soft  enough  to  be  used  as 
chalk;  as  the  French  chalk  (Craie  de  Briancori),  which  is  milk-white,  with  a  pearly  lustre,  (c) 
Rensselaerite,  cryptocrystalline,  or  wax-like  in  composition,  but  often  having  the  form  and  cleavage 
of  sahlite  or  pyroxene,  and  evidently  pseudomorphous ;  colors  whitish,  yellowish,  grayish,  green- 
ish-white to  very  dark,  and  sometimes  pearl-white;  H.=3  — 4;  G.=2-874.  Beck;  2-767,  fr.  Gren- 
ville,  2-644,  fr.  Charleston  Lake,  hi  Canada,  Hunt;  usually  translucent  in  pieces  a  fourth  of  an 
inch  thick.  Some  agalmatolite  is  here  included,  (d)  Indurated  talc.  An  impure  slaty  talc, 
harder  than  ordinary  talc.  Talcose  slate  is  a  dark,  slaty,  argillaceous  rock,  having  a  somewhat 
greasy  feel,  which  it  owes  to  the  presence  of  more  or  less  talc. 

Pyrallohte  is  partly  pseudomorphous  steatite,  after  pyroxene,  like  rensselaerite.  It  varies  ex- 
ceedingly in  composition,  as  shown  by  Arppe  and  others,  and  as  recognized  by  A.  B.  Norden- 
skiold  in  his  Finland  Mineralogy,  the  silica  ranging  from  49  to  76  p.  c.  It  includes  pyroxene, 
therefore,  in  various  stages  of  steatitic  alteration.  Three  analyses  are  given  beyond  (Nos.  37-39), 
and  others  on  p.  221,  under  pyroxene.  Anal.  40  is  of  the  same  material  from  Finland,  referred 
by  Scheerer  to  his  pitkarandite.  The  true  pitkarandite  is  similar,  but  afforded  12*71  p.  c.  of  Fe, 
aud  9-17  Ca  (see  anal.,  p.  221). 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  Mg,  Si=l  :  2£,  with  a  varying  amount  of  water^in  both  talc  and  steatite, 
from  a  fraction  of  a  per  cent,  to  7  p.  c.  In  some,  the  ratio  for  Mg,  Si,  H=l  :  2£  :  £,  correspond- 
ing to  the  formula,  the  water  being  basic,  (fMg+l-H)  Si— Silica  62*8,  magnesia  33*5,  water  3'7 
=  100.  In  the  larger  part  about  1:2$:  i=(£Mg+iH)  Si+iV  H= Silica  62 -p,  magnesia  33'1, 
water  4-9=100.  The  formula  is  commonly  written  Mg6  S*i5+2  H.  The  water  is  driven  off  only 
at  a  high  temperature,  and  in  some  analyses  that  have  been  made  it  has,  on  this  account,  not 
been  detected. 

Anal.  33-36,  by  Lychnell,  Kersten,  Genth,  and  Senft,  afford  nearly  the  formula  M.gQ  S"i3.  It  may 
be  that  free  silica  (quartz)  is  sometimes  present,  and  that  thence  comes  an  occasional  excess  of 
this  ingredient. 

Analyses:  1,  Marignac  (Bibl.  Univ.,  1844);  2,  Klaproth  (Beitr..  v.  60);  3,  J.  Schneider  (J.  pr. 
Oh.,  xliii.  316);  4,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  xlvi.  231);  5,  6,  v.  Kobell  (Kastn.  Arch.  Nat,  xii.  29); 
7,  Beck  (Min.  N.  Y.,  297);  8,  Delesse  (Rev.  Scientif.,  etc.);  9,  Wackenroder  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxii.  8); 
10,  Delesse  (1.  c.);  11,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G-.  Can..  1857,  454,  and  1863,  470);  12-22,  Scheerer  and 
Richter  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  321);  23-25,  T.  S.  Hunt  (1.  c.,  469,  470);  26,  Brandes  (Jahresb.,  iv.  156); 
27,  Scheerer  (L  c.);  28,  T.  S.  Hunt  (1.  c.);  29,  Scheerer  (1.  c.);  30,  Tengstrom  (Jahresb.,  iv.  156); 
31-33,  Lychnell  (Pogg.,  xxxviii.  147);  34,  Kersten  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii.  164);  35,  Genth  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xxxiii.  200);  86,  Senft  (ZS.  Gr.,  xiv.  167);  37,  Nordenskiold  (Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  38y);  38,  39, 
Arppe  (Finsk.  Min.,  43,  44,  Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Fenn.,  1857);  40,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  xciii.  lu3): 

Si  £l  Fe  Mg        H 

1.  Chamouni,  Fol.  talc  62'58 1-98  35-40  0*04=100  Marignac. 

2.  St.  Gothard,     "  62-00      2'25  30'50  0'50,  K  2-75=98-00  Klaproth. 

3.  China,  Agalmat.  63'29  0'53  2-27  31'92  0'78,  Mn  0'23=99'02  Schneider. 

4.  Slatoust,       Talc  59-21      2'26  34'42  1-00=99-39  Hermann.  • 

5.  Katharinenb.,  "  62'80  0'60  MO  31-92  1-92=98-34  Kobell. 

6.  G-reiner,  62-80  I'OO  1'60  32-40  2-30=100-10  KobeU. 

7.  Canton,  N.  Y.,  Eenss.  59 '7  5      3 '40  32-90  2-85,  Oa  1-00=99-90  Beck. 

8.  ZiUerthal,  Talc  63'00 tr.  33'60  3-40  =  100  Delesse. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAROPHYLLITE   SECTION. 


453 


Si 


Xl      Fe 


H 

3-48  =  99-15  Wackenroder. 
3-83=98-96  Delesse, 
4-40,  Ni  <r.=97-95  Hunt. 
4:73,  Ni  0-20=99-92  Scheerer. 
4-78=99-93  Scheerer. 
4-78=99-79  Scheerer. 
4-83=100-11  Scheerer. 
4-83  =  100-04  Scheerer. 
4-89  =  100-19  Scheerer. 
4-92=99-37  Scheerer. 
4-95=99-68  Scheerer. 
4-96  =  100-31  Richter. 
4-97  =  100-14  Richter. 
5-04=99-06  Scheerer. 
5'56=97-32a  Hunt. 
5-60=100-05  Hunt. 
5-60=99-79  Hunt. 
5-63=98-92  Brandes. 
5-87,  Ni  0-30,  £e  0'45=99'77  Scheerer. 
6-54=100-31  Hunt. 
6-56,  Oa  0-61=99-64  Scheerer. 
6-65,  3Pe  0-6  =  100-23  Tengstrom. 

=99-34  Lychuell. 

=99-08  Lychnell. 

=99-70  LychnelL 

'0-20,  Na  (K  tr.)  0-75=99-72  Kersten. 
0-34,  Ni  0  23  =  100-07  Genth. 
1-60=99-24  Senft. 

3-58,  Oa  5-58,  Mn  0-99,  bit.  loss  6'38  N. 
7-30,  Mn  0-69,  Ca  2-90=100-80  Arppe. 
7-32,  Ca  3-74  =  100-64  Arppe. 
4-62,  3Pe  0-67=99-83  Scheerer. 
a  After  separating  about  2-5  p.  c.  of  carbonates  of  lime  and  magnesia. 

Inanal.  3,  G.= 2 -7 63;  9,  G.  =  2'747;  12,  G.=2'69;  13,  G.  =  2'78;  18,G.  =  2'79;  22,  G.  =  2-78; 
33,  G.  =  2'795;  36,  G.  =  2'682.  For  other  analyses  see  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  340-360. 

Stromeyer  found  0-4  Ni  in  the  talc  of  Roraas,  and  0'43  Ni  in  that  of  SelL 

The  steatite  from  Gopfersgriin,  in  which  Klaproth  found  but  59'5  per  cent,  of  silica,  along  with 
Mg  30-5,  Fe  2*3,  H  5'5  (Beitr.,  ii.  177),  is  what  has  been  called  hydrosteatite.  An  impure,  leek -green, 
indurated  talc,  from  Bristol,  Ct,  afforded  H.  H.  Lummis  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxL  368)  Si  64-00,  Fe  4'75, 
Mg  27-47,  II  4*oO=98-52.  The  Fenestrelles  (Piedmont)  pseudomorph  had  the  cleavage  of  horn- 
blende; of  those  of  Wunsiedel  (from  Gopfersgriin),  No.  15  was  a  pseudomorph  after  quartz,  and 
14  after  dolomite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  B.B.,  when  intensely  ignited,  most  varieties  yield  water.  In 
the  platinum  forceps  whitens,  exfoliates,  and  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  thin  edges  to  a  white 
enamel.  Moistened  with  cobalt  solution,  assumes  on  ignition  a  pale  red  color.  Not  decomposed 
by  acids.  Rensselaerite  is  decomposed  by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Talc  or  steatite  is  a  very  common  mineral,  and  in  the  latter  form  constitutes  extensive 
beds  in  some  regions.  It  is  often  associated  with  serpentine,  talcose  or  chloritic  schist,  and  dolo- 
mite, and  frequently  contains  crystals  of  dolomite,  breunuerite,  asbestus,  actinolite,  tourmaline, 
magnetite. 

Steatite  is  the  material  of  many  pseudomorphs,  among  which  the  most  common  are  those  after 
pyroxene,  hornblende,  mica,  scapolite,  and  spinel.  The  magnesian  minerals  are  those  which  com- 
monly afford  steatite  by  alteration;  while  those  like  scapolite  and  nephelite,  which  contain 
soda  and  no  magnesia,  most  frequently  change  to  pinite-like  pseudomorphs.  There  are  also 
steatitic  pseudomorphs  after  quartz,  dolomite,  topaz,  chiastolite,  staurolite,  cyanite,  garnet, 
idocrase,  chrysolite,  gehlenite. 

Hunt  has  shown  that  talc  (or  steatite)  is  a  rare  mineral  in  Azoic  or  praesilurian  crystalline  rocks. 
The  occurrence  of  rensellaerite  in  these  rocks  in  northern  New  York  is  no  exception,  any  more 
than  pyrallolite  in  those  of  Finland,  these  being  products  of  subsequent  alteration  or  metamor- 
phism. 

Apple-green  talc  occurs  in  the  Greiner  mountain  in  Saltzburg ;  in  the  Valais,  and  other  places 
above  mentioned ;  also  in  Cornwall,  near  Lizard  Point,  with  serpentine ;  in  Scotland,  with  ser- 


9. 

China.  Agalmat. 

61-97 



0-67 

33-03 

10. 

R.  Island,  Talc 

61-75 



1-70 

31-68 

11. 

Potton,  Can.,  Steatite 

59-50 

0-40 

4-50 

29-15 

12. 

Tyrol,  Talc 

62-38 



1-42 

31-19 

18. 

Gloggnitz,  indued 

62-47 

0-13 

0-47 

32-08 

14. 

Wunsiedel,  Pseud. 

62-35 



1-34 

31-32 

15. 

a                  u 

62-07 

0-39 

1-69 

31-13 

16. 

Fenestrelles,    " 

62-29 

0-15 

1-22 

31-55 

17. 

China,  Agalmat. 

62-30 

0-06 

1-62 

31-32 

18. 

Piedmont 

61-96 



1-47 

31-02 

19. 

St.  Gothard,  Talc 

60-85 

1-71 

0-09 

32-08 

20. 

"Wunsiedel,  Steatite 

62-03 



1-88 

3144 

21. 

Parma, 

62-18 

tr. 

2-53 

30-46 

22. 

Roraas,  Talc 

61-98 

0-04 

1-59 

30-41 

23. 

Elzivir,  Can.,  Steatite 

59-10 



3-51 

29-05 

24. 

Canton,  N.  Y.,  .Sewss. 

61-10 



1-62 

31-63 

25. 

Grenville, 

61-60 



1-53 

31-06 

26. 

Baireuth,  Steatite 

60-12 



3-02 

30-15 

27. 

Zoblitz,          " 

60-31 

0-79 

2-11 

29-94 

28. 

Charleston  L.,  Renss. 

61-90 



1-45 

30-42 

29. 

Pressnitz,  Talc 

58-46 

0-09 

1-09 

32-83 

30. 

Abo,  /Sffea&fe 

63-95 

0-78 



28-25 

81. 

Mt  Caunegou,  Pyr.,  Steatite  66'7  0     

2-41 

30-23 

32. 

Scotland, 

64-53 



6-85 

27-70 

33. 

Sala, 

63-13 



2-27 

34-30 

34. 

Voigtsberg, 

6602 



0-81 

31-94 

35. 

Webster,  N.  0.,  Fol  talc 

64-44 

0'48 

1-39 

33-19 

36. 

Kittelsthal,  Steatite 

66-94 

1-05 

29-65 

37. 

Finland,  Pyrall. 

56-62 

3-38 

0-89 

2338 

38. 

u                  a 

57-49 

I'll 

1-26 

30-05 

39. 

u                 (( 

63-87 

0-34 

2-18 

23-19 

40. 

"        Pitkarand. 

60-06 

5-67 

1-68 

27-13 

454  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

pentine,  at  Portsoy  and  elsewhere;  on  Unst,  one  of  the  Shetland  islands ;  at  Croky  Head,  Dung 
low,  Ireland ;  etc. 

In  N.  America,  foliated  talc  occurs  in  Maine,  at  Dexter.  In  Vermont,  at  Bridge  water,  handsome 
green  talc,  with  dolomite  ;  at  Athens  or  Grafton,  Westfield,  Marlboro,  Newfane.  In  New  Hamp- 
shire, at  Francestown,  Pelham,  Orford,  Keene,  and  Richmond.  In  Mass.,  at  Middlefield,  Windsor, 
Blanford,  Andover,  a  ad  Chester.  In  R  Island,  at  Smithfield,  delicate  green,  and  white  in  a  crys- 
talline limestone.  In  N.  York,  near  Amity ;  on  Staten  Island,  near  the  quarantine,  common  and 
indurated;  four  miles  distant,  in  detached  masses  made  up  of  folia,  snow-white.  In  N.  Jersey,  at 
Lockwood,  Newton,  and  Sparta.  In  Penn.,  at  Texas,  Nottingham,  Union ville  ;  in  South  Mountain, 
ten  miles  south  of  Carlisle ;  at  Chestnut  Hill,  on  the  Schuylkill,  talc  and  also  soapstone,  the  latter 
quarried  extensively.  In  Maryland,  at  Cooptown,  of  green,  blue,  and  rose  colors.  In  N,  Car.,  at 
Webster,  Jackson  Co.,  a  variety,  supposed  by  Genth  to  be  altered  chrysolite.  In  Canada,  at 
Potton,  with  steatite,  in  metamorphic  Silurian ;  in  the  township  of  Elzivir,  an  impure  grayish  var. 
in  Azoic  rocks. 

The  so-called  rensselaerite  occurs  in  northern  New  York,  in  the  towns  of  Antwerp  (with  the 
form  of  pyroxene),  Fowler,  Dekalb,  Edwards  (at  the  iron  mine,  a  white  variety,  from  which  ink- 
stands have  been  made),  Russel,  Gouverneur,  Canton  (in  small  crj'stals),  Hermon  (in  large  masses, 
crystalline  massive) ;  and  in  Canada,  at  Grenville,  Charleston  Lake,  near  Brockville,  Rawdou,  and 
Ramsay.  It  is  often  associated  with  crystalline  limestone,  and  graduates  at  times  imperceptibly 
into  serpentine ;  its  rock-masses  are  irregular,  and  are  seldom  continuous  for  more  than  three  or 
four  hundred  yards. 

Slabs  of  steatite  are  extensively  employed  as  fire  stones  in  furnaces  and  stoves.  It  may  be 
turned  in  a  lathe,  or  formed  into  tubes  by  boring.  The  fine-grained  varieties  (including  the 
rensselaerite)  are  sometimes  carved  into  ornaments,  etc.  When  ground,  it  is  used  for  diminishing 
friction.  It  is  also  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  some  kinds  of  porcelain.  Venetian  talc  is 
used  for  removing  oil  stains  from  woollen  cloth,  etc. 

A  white  steatite  of  a  silvery-pearly  lustre  was  the  Magnetis  of  Theophrastus — a  stone,  accord- 
ing to  this  author,  of  silvery  lustre,  occurring  in  large  masses,  and  easily  cut  or  wrought.  The 
word  is  the  origin  of  the  modern  magnesia.  Agricola,  in  his  "  Interpretatio  Rerum  Metallicarum  " 
appended  to  his  works  (1546),  gives  as  a  German  synonym  of  Magnetis,  Talck;  and  he  adds,  as 
other  synonyms,  Silberweiss  and  Katzensilber,  and  also  Glimmer,  the  German  now  for  mica,  evi- 
dently confounding  the  two  minerals.  He  mentions  its  resistance  to  fire,  and  speaks  of  it  as 


Other  later  writers  derive  the  word  talc  from  the  Arabic  talk;  and  Aldrovandus  (1648)  states 
that  it  is  of  Moorish  introduction,  adding,  "  Hoc  noraen  apud  Mauritanos  stellam  significare  dici- 
tur,"  Stella  Terrce— Star  of  the  Earth— being  one  old  name  of  the  mineral,  given  it  because  "like 
a  star  and  with  silvery  lustre  it  shines."  Caesius  ("  De  Mineralibus,"  1636)  writes  tne  word  in 
Latin,  Takhus,  but  most  other  writers  of  that  century,  Talcum. 

The  word  steatitis  occurs  in  Pliny  as  the  name  of  a  stone  resembling  fat ;  but  no  further  descrip- 
tion is  given  that  can  with  certainty  identify  it. 

Rensselaerite  was  named  after  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  of  Albany,  N.  T. 

400 A.  TALCOID  Naumann  (Min.,  5th  edit.,  255,  1859)  is  a  snow-white,  broadly-foliated  tak»  c»f 
Pressnitz,  described  by  Scheerer  as  neutraler  kieselsaurer  ffydro-tak  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  385) ;  G.=^'48. 
Analyses  by  Scheerer  and  Richter : 

Si  £1          Mg          Fe  H 

1.  Pressnitz  67'81         26-27         1-17        4-13=99-38  Scheerer. 

67-95        0-24        25-54        1'59        4'14=99'46  Richter. 

The  oxygen  ratio  nearly  3  :  10  :  1.  It  may  be  only  common  talc  with  disseminated  quartz. 
For  another  analysis  of  Pressnitz  talc,  see  No.  29,  above.  The  Kittelsthal  (Thuringi*)  steatite 
(Speckstein,  anal.  36,  p.  453)  is  similar,  except  in  the  less  water. 

401.  PYROPHYLLITB.    Pyrophyllit  Herm.,  Pogg.,  xv.  592,  1829.    Pyrauxit  BretiL,  Handb., 
397,  1841.    Agalmatolite  or  Pagodite  pt. 

Orthorhombic.  Not  ^  observed  in  distinct  crystals.  Cleavage:  basal 
eminent.  Foliated,  radiated  lamellar ;  also  granular,  to  compact  or  cryp- 
tocrystalline ;  the  latter  sometimes  slaty. 

H.  =  l-2.  G-.=2-75-2-92.  Lustre  of  folia  pearly,  like  that  of  talc; 
ol  massive  kinds  dull  or  glistening.  Color  white,  apple-green,  grayish  and 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    MARGAKOPHYLLITE   SECTION. 


455 


brownish-green,  yellowish  to  ochre-yellow,  grayish-white.  Substransparent 
to  opaque.  Laminae  flexible,  not  elastic.  Feel  greasy.  Optic-axial  angle 
large  (about  108°)  ;  bisectrix  negative,  normal  to  the  cleavage-plane. 

Var. — (1)  Foliated,  and  often  radiated,  closely  resembling  talc  in  color,  feel,  lustre,  and  struc- 
ture; G.  =  2'785,  Berlin.  (2)  Compact  massive,  white,  grayish,  and  greenish,  somewhat  resem- 
bling compact  steatite,  or  French  chalk;  G.  =  2-81  — 2'92,  Brush;  H.  =  1'5— 3.  This  compact 
variety,  as  Brush  has  shown,  includes  part  of  what  has  gone  under  the  name  of  agalmatolite, 
from  China ;  it  is  used  for  slate-pencils,  and  is  sometimes  called  pencil-stone. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  &1,  Si,  H,  mostly,  1  :  2-J-  :  fa  as  for  much  talc,  if  three-fourths  of  the 
water  be  basic,  giving  the  formula  ft  H34-£  £l)  Sis  +  £  H= Silica  65'0,  alumina  29*8,  water  5'2= 
100.  The  formula  usually  written  &12  Si*+  2  $= £l4  Si16-f  4  H. 

Anal.  1  and  2  give  nearly  the  formula  £l  Si3  +  H=Silica  59'9,  alumina  34-2,  water  5-9  =  100; 
and  if  the  specimens  were  not  impure,  they  indicate  that  two  species  are  here  combined.  The 
species  pyrophyllite  was  established  on  the  first  of  these  two  analyses. 

Analyses:  1,  Hermann  (Pogg.,  xv.  592);  2,  Igelstrom  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  308);  3,  Rammels- 
berg  (Pogg.,  Ixviii.  513);  4,  5,  Sjogren  (<Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1848,  110);  6-8,  Walmstedt  (CEfv.  Ak. 
Stockh.,  1848,  111);  9,  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxvi.  68);  10,  S.  T.  Tyson,  11,  0.  D.  Allen  (Am. 
J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiv.  219);  12,  13,  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xviii.  410);  14,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci, 
II.  xliii.  68) : 

H 

5-62  =  100-67  Hermann. 
7-46=101-97  Igelstrom. 
5-59=99-48  Rammelsberg. 
5-82,  Mn  0-50=101  Sjogren. 
7-08,  Mn  0-09=100-35  Sjogren. 
5-16=100-12  Walmstedt. 
5-20=99-93  Walmstedt. 
5-11  =  100-06  Walmstedt. 
5-48,  Na,  t  0-25=100-87  Brush. 
5-40=100-87  Tyson. 
5-25  =  100-49  Allen. 
5-25=100-39  Genth. 
5-22=101-03  Genth. 
4-98,  Mn  tr.,  Na,K  1'18=99'49  S. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.  B.B.  whitens,  and  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges.  The  radi- 
ated varieties  exfoliate  in  fan-like  forms,  swelling  up  to  many  times  the  original  volume  of  the 
assay.  Heated  with  cobalt  solution  gives  a  deep  blue  color  (alumina).  Partially  decomposed  by 
sulphuric  acid,  and  completely  on  fusion  with  alkaline  carbonates. 

pbs. — Compact  pyrophyllite  is  the  material  or  base  of  some  schistose  rocks.  The  foliated 
variety  is  often  the  gangue  of  cyanite. 

Pyrophyllite  occurs  in  the  Urals,  between  Pyschminsk  and  Beresof ;  at  Westana,  Sweden ;  the 
Horrsjoberg  in  Elfdalen,  with  cyanite;  near  Ottrez  in  Luxembourg;  in  Brazil.  Also  in  white 
stellate  aggregations  in  Cottonstone  Mtn.,  Mecklenburg  Co.,  N.  C. ;  in  Chesterfield  Dist,  S.  C., 
with  lazulite  and  cyanite ;  in  Lincoln  Co.,  Ga.,  on  Graves  Mtn. ;  in  Arkansas,  at  the  Kellogg 
lead  mine,  near  Little  Rock.  The  compact  kind,  resembling  a  slaty  soapstone  in  aspect  and  feel, 
is  found  in  large  beds  at  Deep  River,  K  C.,  greenish  to  yellowish-white  in  color,  with  G.=2'91  ; 
similar  at  Carbonton,  Moore  Co.,  N.  C.,  having  G.  =  2'82. 

The  compact  pyrophyllite  of  Deep  River,  N.  C.,  is  extensively  used  for  making  slate  pencils. 

Thomson,  in  an  analysis  of  his  nacrite  (Rec.  Gen.  Sci.,  iii.  332)  from  "Brunswick  "  (should  have 
been  Unity),  Maine,  obtained  the  composition  of  a  pyrophyllite.  But  the  mineral  is  actually  a 
green  mica ;  the  high  silica,  as  he  says,  was  due  to  mixed  quartz. 


Si 

£l 

£e 

Mg 

Ca 

1. 

Siberia 

59-79 

29-46 

1-80 

4-00 



2. 

Horrsjoberg,  Sw. 

59-86 

33-44 

0-77 

0-44 

tr. 

3. 

Spaa 

66-14 

25-87 

— 

1-49 

0-39 

4. 

Westana,  Sw. 

67-77 

25-17 

0-82 

0-26 

0-66 

5. 

n             u 

65-61 

26-09 

0-70 

0-09 

0-69 

6. 

China,  Pagodite 

65-96 

28-58 

0-09 

0-15 

0-18 

7. 

it            »{ 

66-38 

27-95 

0-06 

0-16 

0-18 

8. 

u               u 

65-65 

28-79 

0-28 

tr. 

0-23 

9. 

it                       U 

65-95 

28-97           

0-22 

10. 

Deep  River,  N.C.,  mass. 

65-93 

29-54          

11. 

Carbonton,      "        " 

66-25 

27-91 

1-08 





12. 

Chesterfield,  S.  C.,  fol 

64-82 

28-48 

0-96 

0'33 

0-55 

13. 

U                            11 

66-01 

28-52 

0-87 

0-18 

0-23 

14. 

Arkansas 

65-02 

26-11 

2-20 





401.  PIHLITE.    Pihlit  SefstrSm,  Svanberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1839,  155.    Cumatolite  C.  U.  Shep- 
ard,  private  publication,  May  24,  1867.    Cymatolite  id.,  Correspondence,  Dec.  24,  1867. 

Micaceous.  Sometimes  constituting  long  prisms,  but  only  as  a  pseudo- 
morph.  Surface  of  plates  sometimes  wavy. 

H.=:1'5.  Gr.=2'72,  pihlite,  Svanberg ;  2*74,  cymatolite,  Shepard.  Lustre 
pearly,  or  satin-like.  Color  white,  almost  silvery ;  also  yellowish.  Laminae 


456 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


brittle,  but  separating  into  thin  scales,  which  are  flexible,  somewhat  elastic, 
and  transparent.     Feel  soft. 

Comp.—  (R8,  Si)  Si3,  from  Svanberg's  analysis,  if  the  water  be  basic  ;  from  Burton's,  if  half  of 
the  water  be  basic,  (£(iH  +  iK)+£  Si)  Si3.  It  is  closely  related  to  pyrophyllite,  but  is  unlike 
that  species  in  its  appearance  and  its  alkalies.  Analyses:  1,  Svanberg  (1.  c.)  ;  2,  3,  B.  S.  Burton 
(priv.  contrib.)  : 

Si       XI     £e    fig    6a    Na     Li     K      fi 

1.  Brattstad  63-68  25-12  3'01  1-52    -   ---  3'76  2'39,  F  0'84,  Mg  0-58=100-89  Sv. 

2.  Goshen      61'21  28'01    --  0'43  0'53  0-57  4'54  3-83=99'12  Burton. 
8.         '*          61-20  27-27    -  -        undetermined        3'73  Burton, 

Prof.  Shepard,  in  an  imperfect  examination  (priv.  contrib.),  obtained  Si  59-4,  Si  33-91,  Fe  with 
Mn  2-50,  H  1-40=97-21. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  lu  a  closed  tube  yields  water  at  a  high  temperature  (Brush).  B.B.  fuses  at  6,  or 
only  on  the  thinnest  edges;  infusible  (Svanberg).  Scarcely  attacked  by  acids. 

Obs.  —  From  Brattstad,  near  Sala,  Sweden,  in  granite.  Also  (cymatolite)  from  the  indicolite 
locality,  Goshen,  Mass.,  and  from  Norwich;  at  both  places  covering  crystals  of  spodumene,  some- 
times at  the  latter  to  a  depth  of  three-fourths  of  an  inch  ;  and  also  as  continuations  of  spodumene 
crystals,  the  foliation,  according  to  Shepard,  at  right  angles  to  the  spodumene  ;  appears  to  be 
a  result  of  the  alteration  of  the  spodumene. 

Named  after  the  Swedish  mining  director,  PihL     Cymatolite  is  from  /cfya,  wave. 

402.  SEPIOLITB.  Meerschaum  Germ.,  Wern.  Bergm.  J.,  377,  1788.  L'Ecume  de  Mer  Fr. 
Keffekill  Kino.,  i.  144,  1794.  Magnesite  pt.  Brongn.,  Mm.,  1807;  Magnesite  id.,  1824.  Sepio- 
lith  Glock.,  Syn.,  190,  1847. 

Compact,  with  a  smooth  feel,  and  fine  earthy  texture,  or  clay-like. 

H.=2—  2*5.  Impressible  by  the  nail.  In  dry  masses  floats  on  water. 
Color  grayish-white,  white,  or  with  a  faint  yellowish  or  reddish  tinge. 
Opaque. 


Comp.—  0  ratio  for  R,  Si,ft=l  :  3  :  1,  corresponding  to  Mg2Si3+2E[;  or,  if  half  the  water  is 
basic,  1  :  2  :  i=(£Mg  +  £H)S"i+£H=  Silica  60-8,  magnesia  27-1,  water  12-1  =  100.  Analyses: 
1,  Lychnell(Ak.  H.  Stockholm,  1826,  175);  3,  Schultz  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  1000);  2,  4-8,  Scheerer 
&  Richter  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  361)  ;  9,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  vii.  316)  : 

fe  and  Si  0-09=100-05  Lychnell. 

Fe  0-09=100-19  Scheerer  &  Richter. 

=  99-41  Schultz. 

Fe  0-06,  C  0-67=100-16  Scheerer. 

Fe  0-12,  C  0-67,  Ca  0-60=100-83  Richter. 

Fe  0-08,  C  0-56=100-07  Scheerer. 

Ca  1-53,  C  2-73=99-83  Richter. 

Fe  0-09,  C  1-74,  Si  0-11  =  100-15  Scheerer. 

£0  1-40,  Si  1-20,  6a  1-01,  K  0'52,  sand  1-50=98-98  Dam. 

19  to  20  per  cent,  of  water  were  found  by  Berthier  in  meerschaum  from  Madrid  and  Coulom- 

miers  (Ann.  d.  M.,  vii  313);  and  by  von  Kobell  in  that  of  Greece  (J.  pr.  Ch..  xxviii.  482);  as 
follows  : 

Si          Si  Mg           £ 

!•  Spain                    53  "8        1-2  23'8 

2.  Coulommiers        54-0        1-4  24-0 

8.  Greece                  48-0         tr.  20-06 


1. 

'2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 

Asia  Minor 

u 

Turkey 

Greece 
Asia  Minor 

u 

Morocco 

Si 

60-87 
61-33 
60-01 
61-17 
61-49 
61-30 
58-20 
60-45 
55-00 

fig 
27-80 
28-28 
26-78 
28-43 
28-13 
28-39 
27-73 
28-19 
28-00 

fi 

11-29, 
9-82, 
12-62: 
9-83, 
9-82, 
9-74, 
9-64, 
9-57. 
10-35, 

20-0=98-8  Berthier. 

20-0=99-4         " 

19*6,  £e  12-40=100-06  Kobell. 


Dobereiner  also  .found  two  atoms  of  water  (instead  of  1)  in  the  meerschaum  of  Asia  Minor. 
Klaproth  (Beitr.,  n.  172)  found  in  the  same  5  per  cent,  of  carbonic  acid,  which  proceeded  from 
intermixed  carbonate  of  magnesia. 

A  related  mineral,  found  in  the  serpentine  of  Zoblitz,  a  little  translucent,  white  or  yellowish, 
with  H.=2-335,  afforded  Delesse  Si  53  5,  Si  0-9,  with  Fe  tr:,  Mg  28-6,  £  16-4=99-4. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  In  the  closed  tube  yields  first  hygroscopic  moisture,  and  at  a  higher  temperature 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    MARGAEOPHTLLITE   SECTION.  457 

gives  much  water  and  a  burnt  smell.  B.B.  some  varieties  blacken,  then  burn  white,  and  fuse 
with  difficulty  on  the  thin  edges.  With  cobalt  solution  a  pink  color  on  ignition.  Decomposed 
by  muriatic  acid  with  gelatiuization. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  Asia  Minor,  in  masses  in  stratified  earthy  or  alluvial  deposits  at  the  plains  of 
Eskihi-sher,  where,  according  to  Dr.  J.  Lawrence  Smith,  it  has  proceeded  from  the  decomposition 
of  carbonate  of  magnesia,  which  is  imbedded  in  serpentine  in  the  surrounding  mountains.  He  ob- 
serves that  more  or  less  carbonate  of  magnesia  is  often  found  in  the  meerschaum  (Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  vii.  286) ;  also  found  in  Greece ;  at  Hrubschitz  in  Moravia ;  in  Morocco ;  at  Vallecas  in  Spain, 
in  extensive  beds,  affording  a  light  but  valuable  building  stone.  The  mineral  from  Morocco, 
called  in  French  Pierre  de  savon  de  Maroc,  is  used  in  place  of  soap  at  the  Moorish  baths  in  dif- 
ferent places  in  Algeria. 

The  word  meerschaum  is  German  for  sea-froth,  and  alludes  to  its  lightness  and  color.  Sepiolite 
Glocker,  is  from  <r??jna,  cuttle-fish,  the  bone  of  which  is  light  and  porous ;  and  being  also  a  pro- 
duction of  the  sea,  "  deinde  spumam  marinam  significabat,"  says  Glocker. 

Brongniart,  in  tjhe  first  edition  of  his  Mineralogy  (1807),  included  under  Magnesite  (1)  the  car- 
bonate, which  he  calls  MitcheWs  magnetite  (see  under  MAGNESITE)  ;  (2)  the  hydrous  silicate  or 
meerschaum  ;  and  (3)  the  siliceous  carbonate  from  Baudissero  in  Piedmont ;  he  putting  "  Mitchell's 
magnesite,"  the  carbonate,  first.  Karsten,  in  his  "Tabellen,"  published  the  next  year,  separ- 
ated from  meerschaum  the  carbonate  and  adopted  for  it  the  name  magnesite,  and  in  this  he  has 
been  followed  by  all  German  and  most  other  mineralogists.  The  application  of  the  namo  magne- 
site to  the  hydrous  silicate,  done  in  the  later  writings  of  Brongniart  and  by  subsequent  French 
mineralogists,  is  hence  hi  violation  of  the  law  of  priority. 

403.  APHRODITE.    Aphrodit  Berlin,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  172, 1840. 

Soft  and  earthy  like  sepiolite. 
G.=2'21.     Color  milk-white.     Opaque. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  £,  Si,  H=l  :  2  :  f ;  MgSi  +  f  H.  Berlin  obtained  (L  c.)  Silica  51-55, 
magnesia  33-72,  protoxyd  of  manganese  1*62,  protoxyd  of  iron  0*59,  alumina  0'20,  water  13-32. 

Obs. — From  Longban,  Sweden. 

Named  from  d^pds,  foam, 

Delesse  has  analyzed  another  species,  containing  Silica  53*5,  magnesia  28-6,  alumina  with  trace 
of  sesquioxyd  of  iron  0'9,  water  16-4=nearly  MgSi+H.  Occurs  in  serpentine,  of  a  white  or 
yellowish  color,  with  a  waxy  lustre,  and  somewhat  translucent.  G.  =  2*335. 

Hampshirite  is  a  name  applied  by  Hermann  to  the  steatite  of  certain  steatitic  pseudomorphs 
described  and  analyzed  by  Dewey  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  iv.  274,  v.  249,  vi.  384,  1822,  1823),  who  obtained 
Si  50-60,  &1  0-15,  Mg  28-83,  Fe  2'59,  Mn  MO,  H  15'00.  It  gives  the  oxygen  ratio  for  K,  Si,  H, 
1:2:1.  But  the  constituents  of  pseudomorphs  are  seldom  pure  species,  and  without  thorough 
investigation  afford  no  sufficient  ground  for  instituting  a  new  species.  They  have  mostly  the 
form  of  quartz. 

404.  CIMOLITE.  Ki/«oXio  Theophr.  Cimolia  Plin.,  xxxv.  57.  Cimolit  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  i.  291, 
1795.  Pelikanit  Ouchako/,  Bull.  St.  Pet.,  xvi.  p.  129,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxiv.  254.  Hunterite 
Haughton,  Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  xvii.  18,  1859,  xxiii.  50. 

Terra  Lemnia  Dioscor,  Plin.,  etc.     Sphragid  Karst.,  Tab.,  28,  88,  1808.     Ehrenbergit  Nagger 
ath,  Yerh.  nat.  Yer.  Bonn,  ix.  378,  1852. 

Amorphous,  clay-like,  or  chalky. 

Yery  soft.  G.=2'18— 2*30.  Lustre  of  streak  greasy.  Color  white, 
grayish-white,  reddish.  Opaque.  Harsh.  Adheres  to  the  tongue. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  &\  Si,  H=l  :  3  :  1 ;  corresponding  to  £l2  Si9+3  H ;  or,  if  half  of  the  water 
is  basic,  (f£l  +  £H8)Si3  +  H.  Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (1.  c.);  2,  Himoff  (Ann.  J.  M.  Russ.,  1841, 
336);  3,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  geol.  Reichs.,  1854,  67);  4,  Ouchakoff  (L  c.);  5,  Haughton  (L  c.): 

Si        XI  Pe        H 

1.  Argentiera  63*00  23-00  1-25  12-00=99-25  Klaproth. 

2.  Ekaterinovska          63'52  23-55  12-00=99'07  Ilimoff. 

3.  Near  Bilin  62'30  24'23  12'34,  Ca  0-83=99'70  Hauer.     G.  =  2-376. 

4.  Kiew,  Pelicanite        65'66  22'84  0'44  9'31,  Mg  0'56,  K  0'30,  P"  0-17=99-28  Ouchakofc 

5.  Hunterite  65'93  20'97  11-61,  Mg  0-45,  Ca  0'30= 99-26  Haughton. 


458  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Klaproth  in  a  later  analysis  (Beitr.,  vi.  283),  obtained  Si  54-0,  3tl  26-5,  Fe  1-5,  &  5'5,  fl  12. 
The  hunterite,  according  to  the  analysis,  contains  a  little  excess  of  silica,  probably  due  to  free 
quartz,  as  the  material  was  gritty  under  the  pestle. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.  B.B.  becomes  gray  and  finally  bums  white  ;  infusible.  With  cobalt 
solution  a  blue  color. 

Obs.— From  the  island  of  Argentiera  (Ki/iwXJ  of  the  Greeks);  Berg  Hradischt,  near  Bilin,  Bo- 
hemia; also  from  Ekaterinovska,  district  of  Alexandrovsk,  Russia;  Government  of  Kiev,  Russia; 
Nagpur,  Central  India,  with  orthoclase  in  granite. 

404A.  SPHRAGIDITE.  (Aimvfa  yn  Dioscor.  S0p«y«ff  Afyn/ia.  Terra  Lemnia  Plin.,  xxxvi.  Sphra- 
gid  Karat,  Tab.,  28,  88,  1808.)  Related  in  composition  to  cimolite,  but  contains  some  alkali 
Color  yellowish-gray,  brownish,  or  yellowish-white.  Sometimes  mottled  with  rust-like  spots ; 
harsh  to  the  touch,  adheres  feebly  to  the  tongue,  and  forms  a  paste  with  water. 

Klaproth  obtained  for  its  composition  (Beitr.,  iv.  333) : 

gi         £l        Fe      Mg      Ca      Na      fl 
66-00     14-50     6-00     0'25     025     3'50     8'50 

From  Stalimeno,  the  ancient  Lemnos.  It  was  also  called  Terra  sigillata.  It  was  dug  for  medi- 
cinal purposes  once  a  year,  cut  into  spindle-shaped  pieces,  and  stamped  with  a  seal,  and  hence  the 
name  sigillata  in  Latin,  and  sphragis  in  Greek.  There  was  also  a  Rubrica  Lemnia,  or  Lemnian 
Reddle,  used  by  painters,  which  is  confounded  by  Pliny  with  the  true  terra  lemnia. 

404B.  EHRENBERGIT  Noggerath  (Yerh.  nat.  Yer.  Bonn,  ix.  3*78,  1857).  Near  the  preceding  in 
composition,  and,  like  that,  containing  alkali.  It  is  almost  gelatinous  in  the  fresh  state,  and  be- 
comes fragile,  pulverulent,  and  opaque  on  drying;  color  rose-red.  Analyses:  1,  Schnabel  (I.e.); 
2,  G.  Bischof(l.  c.): 

Si         £l       3Pe      Mn     Mg      Ca    Na,  K     fi 

1.  56-77     15-77     1-65    0-86     1'30     2*76     3'78     17-11  =  100  Schnabel. 
2.64-54      6-04    4'56    4'61     0'41     3'96     8-11       7'77  =  100  Bischof. 

Ehreribergite  occurs  in  clefts  in  trachyte  at  the  quarries  of  Steinchen  and  Wolkenburg,  Sieben- 
gebirge. 

400C.  ANAUXITE  Breiih.  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xv.  325,  1838).  Greenish-white,  pearly,  granular;  with 
cleavage  in  one  direction.  Translucent.  H.= 2— 2'5.  G.=2'26.  Plattner  obtained  (1.  c.)  Si  55*7, 
fl  1 1  -5,  with  much  Xl,  a  little  Mg  and  Fe. 

From  Bilin,  Bohemia. 

404D.  PORTITE  Meneghini  &  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  63).  Orthorhombic.  In  radiated 
masses;  cleavage  very  distinct  parallel  to  a  rhombic  prism  of  120°.  H.  =  5.  G.=2*4.  Lustre 
vitreous.  Color  white.  Opaque. 

Comp. — If  the  protoxyds  are  not  an  essential  part  of  the  compound,  the  mineral  corresponds  to 
the  formula  £l  Si3+2  fi.  Analysis  by  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  63) : 

Si         £l      Mg       Oa     ]?Ta        £       fi 
58-12     27-50    4-87      1'76    0'16     0-10     7-92=rlOO'43. 

Yields  water.  B.B.  intumesces  much  and  affords  a  milk-white  enamel.  Dissolves  in  acids, 
even  in  the  cold,  and  gelatinizes.  From  the  gabbro  rosso  in  Tuscany.  Named  after  Mr.  Porte 
of  Tuscany. 

405.  SMECTITE.  Fuller's  Earth  pt. ;  Terra  or  Creta  Fullonum  pt. ;  "Walkthon,  Walkerde 
pt.,  Germ. ;  Terre  a  Foulon  pt.  Fr.  Smectit  Breith.,  Handb.,  344,  1841.  Malthacit  Breith.,  J. 
pr.  Ch.,  x.  510,  1837. 

Massive.     Clay-like. 

Very  soft.  G. = 1  '9 — 2'1.  Lustre  dull ;  of  streak  shining.  Color  white, 
gray,  and  various  shades  of  green  to  mountain-green  and  olive-green,  or 
brownish.  Streak  colorless.  Unctuous.  Does  not  adhere  to  the  tongue. 
Softens  in  water. 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAKOPHYLLITE   SECTION.  459 

Var.—  Fuller's  Earth  includes  many  kinds  of  unctuous  clays,  gray  to  dark-green  in  color,  and 
is  ouly  in  part  Breithaupt's  smectite.  Much  of  it  is  kaoliuite.  Malthacite  is  described  as  occur- 
ring in  thin  laminae  or  scales,  and  sometimes  massive,  with  the  color  white  or  slightly  yellowish, 
and  thin  plates  translucent  ;  the  original  is  from  basalt,  at  Steindorfel,  in  Lausitz  ;  and  Beraun 
in  Bohemia  is  given  as  another  locality.  Smectite  is  a  mountain-green,  oil-green,  and  grayish- 
green  clay,  from  Cilley  in  Lower  Styria. 

Comp.  —  0.  ratio  for  R-,  Si,  1B.=  1  :  4  :  4  in  anal.  1  ;  whence,  if  a  fourth  of  the  water  is  basic 
38 


The  chemical  species  characteristic  of  these  minerals  is  probably  the  same  —  a  silicate  of  alumina 
related  to  cimolite,  but  containing  three  or  four  times  as  much  water. 

Analyses:  1,  Jordan  (Pogg.,  Ixxvii.  591);  2,   Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv.  338)  ;  3,  0.  Meissner  (1.  c)  : 

Si  £l  £e  Mg  Ca        H 

1.  Cilley,  Smectite            51-21  12'25  2'07  4'89  2-13  27-89=100*44  Jordan. 

2.  Riegate,  Fattens  E.     53-00  10*00  9*75  1'25  0'50  24*00,  K  tr.,  Na  Cl  0'10=98-60  Klapr. 

3.  Steindorfel,  Malth.       50-17  10*66  3-15  -  0'25  35  -83  =  100-06  Meissner. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  the  malthacite  is  infusible  ;  but  the  smectite  and  the  Riegate  fuller's  earth, 
owing  to  the  impurities  present,  fuse  rather  easily.     Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid. 
Obs.  —  AU  the  kinds  have  a  soapy  feel. 

RHODALITE  Thomson  (Mm.,  i.  354,  1836)  is  a  rose-red  mineral,  "  seeming  to  consist  of  a  congeries 
of  small  rectangular  prisms  with  square  prisms."  Earthy;  feel  soapy;  H.  =  2'0;  G.  =  2'0. 
Easily  scratched  and  polished  with  the  nail.  B.B.  not  altered. 

Composition,  according  to  Rich  ardson(l.  c.),  Si  55-9,  £l  8'3,  £e  11*4,  Mn  tr.,  MgO'6,  Ca  I'l,  fi22*0 
=  99-3.  From  nodules  in  amygdaloid,  in  An  trim,  northern  Ireland.  "It  appeared  to  have  been 
partially  acted  upon  by  the  rain  and  weather."  Portlock  states  that  the  mineral  contains  less 
iron  than  Thomson's  analysis  gives,  and  also  that  it  readily  fuses. 

406.  MONTMORILLONITE.  Salvetat,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xxi.  376,  1847.  Confolensite 
Dufr.,  Min.,  iii.  583,  1856.  Delanovit  Kenng.,  Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  iv.  633,  1853.  Delanouite 
Dufr.,  Min.,  iii.  583,  1856.  Stolpenit  (=Bole  of  Stolpen)  Kenng.,  Min.,  41,  1853.  Saponite  Nieklts, 
Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  Ivi.  46,  1859=Pierre  a  savon  (Germ.  Bergseife)  de  Plombieres.  Steargillite 
Meillet,  Descl.  Min.,  i  205,  1862.  Erinite  Thomson,  Min.,  L  341,  1836. 

Massive,  clay-like. 

Very  soft  and  tender.  Lustre  feeble.  Color  white  or  grayish  to  rose- 
red,  and  bluish  ;  also  pistachio-green.  Softens  in  water,  and  for  the  most 
part  does  not  adhere  to  the  tongue.  Unctuous. 

Var.  —  (1)  Montmorillonite  is  rose-red  ;  from  Montmorillon,  France.  Confolensite  is  paler  rose- 
red  ;  fr.  Confolens,  Dept.  of  Charente,  at  St.  Jean-de-C61e,  near  Thiviers.  Delanouite  is  similar  in 
color,  and  is  fr.  Millac,  near  Nontron,  France  ;  stated  by  Kenngott  to  adhere  to  the  tongue. 

(2)  Stolpenite  is  a  clay  from  the  basalt  of  Stolpen.  Steargillite  is  white,  yellow,  and  pistachio- 
green,  subtranslucent,  insoluble  in  acids  ;  and  is  easily  cut  into  cakes  looking  like  soap  or  wax  ; 
fr.  near  Virolet  on  the  Rochelle  railroad,  and  at  the  tunnel  of  Poitiers.  Saponite  of  Nickles  is  a 
soap-like  clay  from  the  granite  from  which  issues  one  of  the  hot  springs  of  Plombieres,  France, 
called  Soap  Spring. 

Erinite  is  a  yellowish-red  clayey  mineral  from  the  Giant's  Causeway  ;  G.  =  2'04;  opaque;  a 
little  resinous  in  lustre  ;  unctuous  ;  B.B.  infusible  but  whitens.  Named  from  Erin  (Ireland). 

Comp.—  Like  smectite,  but  containing  more  alumina.  0.  ratio  for  JJ,  Si,  IE=1  :  2£  :  2£; 
whence  (£&!  +  £  fi3)  Si3+5H.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Salvetat  and  Damour  (1.  c.);  3,  Berthier  (Tr.  d. 
Ess.  v.  seche,  i.  58)  ;  4.  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  iv.  633)  ;  5,  6,  Salvetat  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III. 
xxxi.  120);  7,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xlvii.  180);  8,  Meillet  (1.  c.);  9,  Nickles  (1.  c.);  10,  Berthier; 
11,  Thomson  (1.  c.): 

Si        XI  3Pe         Mg       Ca     tfa^fc     fl 

1.  Montmorillon,  Mont.    (£)  49'40     19-70        0'80        0'27       1'50     1'50     25'67=98'84  Salvetat. 

2.  "        (|)50-04     20-16         0-68         0-23       T46     1'27     26'00=99'84  Damour. 

3.  Confolens,  Conf.  49-5       18-0         -        2-1         2'1      -    28'0  =99*7  Berthier. 

4.  Millac,  De/<w.  50'55     19'15        -  Mn4'40       0'63    -     24-05  =9S'78  Hauer. 

5.  St.  J.  de  Cole,  Conf.         45'55     22*60         1-05         0'30       1'66     0*10     26  20,  Si  gel.  0'96,  qtz. 

1*04=:  99*46  Salvetat 


460 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Si 

6    _  1  rose-red          45'44 
7!  StolpenOe  45'92 

8  Stcargillite  45'30 

9  Plombieres&zpomfe  40-61 
'  (i  *i«      46.8 


Mg 
0-09 


Ca 

0'83 
3'90 


10 
\\.Erintte 


47'04 


24-00        T35 

22'14       -  . 

23'30  Fe  1-21  Mn  1'48      - 

18-45          «r.   Mg   <r.  CaS3'53 

23-4         --         2-1 

18-46        6-36       -  Ca  1-00 


0-93 

- 

1'70 

0'41 


26-70=99-35  Salvetat. 
25-86=97'82  Ramrn. 
27-00=99'99  Meillet. 
37'00=100  Nickles. 
26-6  =  98'9  Berthier. 
25'28,  Na  Cl  0-9=99-04  T. 


Salvetat  observes  that  carbonate  of  soda  separates  a  little  gelatinous  silica,  and  sulphuric  acid 
some  quartz-silica—  a  fact  of  great  interest  in  connection  with  the  earthy  hydrous  aluminous  sili- 
cates generally. 

Pyr.  etc.  _  B.B.  infusible,  excepting  the  stolpenite,  which  affords  a  yellowish  enamel,  probably 
owing  to  the  4  p.  c.  of  lime  in  the  state  of  silicate  present  as  impurity.  Moiitmorillonite  loses  6 
p.  c.  of  water  at  100°  C.,  and  delanouite  14  p.  c.  The  saponite  lost,  according  to  Nickles,  22  p.  c. 
of  water  in  dry  air  at  15°  C.  ;  34'5  p.  c.  at  100°  C.  ;  and  37  p.  c.  at  redness.  The  loss  over  sul- 
phuric acid  was  29  p.  c. 

Severity  according  to  the  analysis  of  Pelletier  (p.  477),  would  be  identical  nearly  with  the  min- 
eral from  Confolens. 

4  06  A.  RazoumoffsUn  of  John,  a  greenish-white  clay-like  mineral  from  Kosemiitz,  in  Silesia,  is 
near  montmorillonite,  except  in  the  less  amount  of  water.  Zellner  obtained  : 


Si  54-50 


27-25        Fe  0'25        Mg  0'37         Ca  2'00 


14-25=98-62. 


A  lithomarge  (Sceinmark)  from  Strimbuly,  Transylvania,  afforded  Hingenau  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1856, 

Si  52-40      £121-80      Mg  4'28      Ca  2-50      K.Nal'34      fl  [17 -68] =100. 
It  is,  probably,  judging  from  the  magnesia  and  alkalies  present,  only  a  mixture. 

407.  STILPNOMELANB.     Glocker,  ZS.  f.  Min.,  Jan.,  1828,  Handb.,  572,  1831.      Chalcodite 
Shep-i  Rep-  Am.  Assoc.,  vi.  232,  1851. 

Foliated  plates,  sometimes  hexagonal,  sometimes  radiated.  Also  fibrous, 
or  as  a  velvety  coating  even  or  tufted.  Cleavage  easy  in  one  direction. 

H.=3-4,  when  in  solid  plates.  G.=3— 3-4,  Glocker;  2*769,  Breith. ; 
2-76,  chalcodite,  Brush.  Lustre  of  cleavage  surface  between  pearly  and 
vitreous,  sometimes  submetallic  or  brass-like.  Color  black,  greenish-black, 
yellowish-bronze,  and  greenish-bronze. 

Var.— (1)  Ordinary,  in  plates  or  massive. 

(2)  Chalcodite,  in  velvety  coatings  of  brass-like  or  submetallic  lustre,  consisting  of  minute  scales, 
which  are  flexible. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R-f-S,  Si,  fi=3  :  6  :  2  nearly,  from  anfd.  1  to  3  ;  whence  (R3,  fi)  Si3+2  fi. 
Brush's  analysis,  in  which  the  state  of  oxydation  of  the  iron  was  determined,  gives  13-39  :  24'15  : 
8-18,  or  nearly  the  same. 

Analyses:  1,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xliii.  127);  2,  Siegert  (Bamm.,  5th  Suppl.,  230,  Min.  Ch., 
880);  3,  L.  J.  Igelstrom  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  IxxxL  396);  4,  G-.  J.  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxv.  198): 


Si  Si  £e        Fe  Mg  Ca  K       fl 

1.  Obergrund    (£)  45'96  5-84 35-60  1'78  0'19  0'75     8-63=98-75  Ramm. 

2.  Weilburg            45'07  4-92    41-98      0'94  1-67      8'47  =  98'85  Siegert. 

3.  Nordmark           46-61  5-00  37-70  3-00     - 

4.  Chakodite      (f)  45-29  3'62  20-47     16-47  4'56  0-28 


9-14—100-45  Igelstrom. 
9-22=99-91  Brush. 


Brush  ascertained  the  identity  of  chalcodite  with  stilpnomelane  ;  Mallet  analyzed  it  (Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  xxiv.  113),  but,  as  he  states,  he  had  too  little  of  the  mineral  for  reliable  results. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  much  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black,  shining,  magnetic  globule.  With 
the  fluxes  gives  the  reactions  for  iron.  Chalcodite  is  completely  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Stilpnomelane  occurs  at  Obergrund  and  elsewhere  in  Silesia,  with  calcite  and  quartz, 
sometimes  intermixed  with  pyrite  and  magnetite.  Also  in  Moravia,  near  Brokersdorf ;  near  Stern- 
berg,  in  a  bed  of  limonite,  in  a  clay  slate,  probably  of  the  Devonian  age,  and  often  associated 'with 
chlorite,  magnetite,  arid  calcite ;  at  Frederic  mine  near  Weilburg,  Nassau,  in  a  bed  of  iron  ore ;  at 


HYDKOTJS    SILICATES,    MAKGAKOPHYLLITE    SECTION. 


461 


Pen  Mine,  Nordmark,  Sweden,  radiated  foliated  with  actinolite,  in  veins  sometimes  4  inches  thick 
Chalcodite  occurs  at  the  Sterling  Iron  mine,  in  Antwerp,  Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.,  coating  hematite 
and  calcite,  and  sometimes  constituting  pseudomorphs,  having  the  form  of  hollow  rectangular  tables ; 
the  yellow  variety  resembles  in  color  mosaic  gold. 

Named  Stilpnomelane  from  c-nAn-i/dj,  shining,  and  /^Aa?,  black;  and  Chalcodite,  from  ^aA«os,  brass 
or  bronze. 

408.  CHLOROPAL.  Bernhardi  &  Brandes,  Schw.  J.,  xxxv.  29,  1822.  Unghwarit  Glocker, 
Grundr.,  1839,  537.  Nontronite  Berthier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxxvi.  22,  1827.  Pinguite  Breith., 
Schw.  J.,  Iv  303,  1829.  Fettbol  Freiesleben,  Mag.  Orykt.  Sachsen,  v.  136.  Grarnenite 
Krantz,  Ges.  Nat.  Heil-kunde,  Bonn,  March,  1857,  C.  Bergemann,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1857,  395. 

Compact  massive,  with  an  opal-like  appearance ;  earthy. 

H.=2-5— 4*5.  G.= 1*727,  1*870,  earthy  varieties,  the  second  a  conchoi- 
dal  specimen ;  2*105,  Thomson,  a  Ceylon  chloropal.  Color  greenish-yellow 
and  pistachio-green.  Opaque — subtranslucent.  Fragile.  Fracture  con- 
choidal  and  splintery  to  earthy.  Feebly  adhering  to  the  tongue,  and 
meagre  to  the  touch. 

Var. —  Chloi'opal  has  the  above-mentioned  characters,  and  was  named  from  the  Hungarian 
mineral  occurring  at  Unghwar,  whence  Glocker's  name  Unghwarite.  It  is  described  as  breaking 
into  parallelepipeds,  having  opposite  magnetic  polarity  at  opposite  angles. 

Nontronite  is  pale  straw-yellow  or  canary  -yellow,  and  greenish,  with  an  unctuous  feel ;  flattens 
and  grows  lumpy  under  the  pestle,  and  is  poh'shed  by  friction ;  from  Nontron,  Dept.  of  Dordogne, 
France. 

Pinguite  is  siskin  and  oil-green,  extremely  soft,  like  new-made  soap,  with  a  slightly  resinous 
lustre,  not  adhering  to  the  tongue ;  the  original  from  Wolkenstein  in  Saxony. 

Fettbol  has  a  liver-brown  color,  a  slightly  greasy  lustre,  shining  streak,  conchoidal  fracture,  and 
G.  =  2'249,  Breith.,  and  is  from  Halsbriicke  near  Freiberg. 

Gramenite  has  a  grass-green  color  (whence  the  name),  and  occurs  at  Menzenberg,  in  the  Sie- 
bengebirge,  in  thin  fibrous  seams,  or  as  a  feather  of  delicate  lamellas;  H.  =  l;  G.  =  1'87,  after 
drying  at  212°  F. ;  lustre  and  feel  somewhat  greasy,  as  in  pinguite. 

Comp. — A  hydrated  silicate  of  iron,  with  probably  the  general  formula  Fe  Si34-4|  H=Silica 
42-7,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  38-0,  water  19-3  =  100;  or(Fe3,  3Pe)  Si3+4£  H.  The  water  and  silica 
both  vary  much.  The  Hungarian  chloropal  occurs  mixed  with  opal,  and  graduates  into  it,  and 
this  accounts  for  the  high  silica  of  some  of  its  analyses. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Bernhardi  &  Brandes  (1.  c.);  3,  4,  Hiller  (Jahresb.,  1857,  671);  5,  Thom- 
son (Min.,  i.  464);  6,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xii.  161,  1854);  7,  Berthier  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys., 
xxxv.  92);  8,  Dufrenoy  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  iii.  393);  9,  Jacquelin  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xlvi.  101);  10, 
Biewend(J.  pr.  Ch.,  xi.  162);  11,  12,  Mehner  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlix.  382);  13,  H.  Miiller,  14,  E.  Uri- 
coechea  (this  Min.,  1854,  337);  15,  Kerster.  (Schw.  J.,  Ixvi.  9);  16,  Bergemann  (1.  c.);  17,  Kers- 
teu  (Schw.  J.,  Ixvi.  31): 

Si  3Pe        £1      Mg       ] 

18  =  100  Bernhardi  &  Brandes. 
20-00=99-75  Bernhardi  &  Brandes. 

8-3=99-8  Hiller. 
26-1=99-9  Hiller. 
18-00=100-24  Thomson. 
19-78,  Ca  1-77  =  10.>  Hauer. 
18-7,  clay  1-2=98-6  Berthier. 
23-00=100-20  Dufrenoy. 
18-63,  Ca  0-19,  Cu  0'9=100'3  J. 
21-56  Biewend. 

21-82,  Fe  2-26,  Ca  1-11  =  100-48  Mehn, 
20-38  =  102-91  Mehuer. 
10*00=100  Muller. 

9-79=100  Uricpechea. 
25-10,  Fe  6-10,  Mn  0-15=100  Kerst. 
23-36,  Fe  2'80,  Mn  0'67,  Ca  0'56,  K  M4 
=  100  Bergemann. 
24-50=97-41  Kersten. 


Si 

Pe        ^1      Mg 

1.  Unghwar,  compact        46 

33          1          2 

2.                     earthy           45-00 

32-00     0-75     2-00 

3.  Steinberg,  comp.           71-6 

16-3       2-1       1-5 

4.                     earthy          39-7 

28-0       3-7       2-4 

5.  Ceylon                            53-00 

26-04     1-80     1-40 

6.   Unghwarite               (1)57-76  Fe 

20-86      

7.  Nontron,  Nontronite      44'0 

29-0       3-6       2-1 

8.  Villefrance,       "            40'68 

30-19     3-96     2-37 

9.  Montmort,          "            41'31 

35-69     3-31      

10.  Andreasberg,    "            41-10 

37-30      

11.             "              gnh.         40-50 

33-71     1-09      

12.             "              bk.           46-21 

36-32      tr. 

1  3.  Tirschenreuth,  Nontr.    47'1 

35-75     7-15      tr. 

14.              "                 "        47-59 

42-49          0-13a 

15.  Wolfenstein,  Pinguite    36-90 

29-50     1-80     0-45 

16.  Gh-amenite                      38'39 

25-46     6-87     0'75 

17.  Fettbol                            46-40 

23-50     3-01      

a  With  some  potash. 

462  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Kobell  found,  after  expelling  the  water  (J.  pr.  Chem.,  xliv.  95) : 

1.  Haar  Si  52-10    £e  40-60    £l  3'00     Ca  1-60     Mg  1 '08=98-33. 

2.  Hungary  52'33  43'34  2'32  0'93  0-73=99'65. 

'  This  chemist  regards  the  chloropal  as  a  mixture  of  Pe  Si3 +2  H  and  opal;  and  he  writes  the 
same  formula  for  nontronite  and  pinguite. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible,  but  turns  black  and  becomes  magnetic.  With  the 
fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron.  Chloropal  is  partially  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid ;  pinguite  is 
completely  decomposed,  with  separation  of  pulverulent  silica,  while  nontronite  gelatinizes  with 
muriatic  acid. 

Obs.— Localities  are  mentioned  above.  The  locality  of  chloropal  at  Meenser  Steinberg  (anal.  3) 
is  near  Gottingen ;  pinguite  occurs  also  at  Sternberg  in  Moravia. 

Named  from  x*MP°(i  9reeni  an(i  opal. 

Chloropal  also  occurs  (Church,  Chem.  News,  1866,  ii.  71)  in  a  china-stone  quarry,  near  the  old 
tin  mine  known  as  Carclase,  not  far  from  St.  AusteU,  in  Cornwall,  associated  with  fluor ;  it  is  the 
variety  which  has  been  named  gramenite. 

409.  GLAUCONITE.  Glaukonit  Keferstein,  Deutsch.  geol.  dargest.,  v.  510,  1828,  Glocker, 
Handb.,  832,  1831.  Griinerde  pt.  Germ.  Green  Earth  pt.  Terre  verte  pt.  Fr.  Chloro- 
phanerit  Jenzsch,  Jahrb.  Min.,  798,  1855. 

Amorphous,  and  resembling  earthy  chlorite.  Either  in  cavities  in  rocks, 
or  loosely  granular  massive. 

H.=2.  G.=2*2— 2*4.  Lustre  dull,  or  glistening.  Color  olive-green, 
blackish-green,  yellowish-green,  grayish-green.  Opaque. 

Comp.,  Var. — Essentially  a  hydrous  silicate  of  iron  and  potash ;  but  the  material  is  mostly,  if 
not  always,  a  mixture,  and  consequently  varies  much  in  composition.  In  most  of  the  analyses 
the  state  of  oxydation  of  the  iron  was  riot  determined.  Haushofer,  who  examined  this  point, 
gives  as  the  most  common  oxygen  ratio  for  K,  B,  Si,  ft,  1:3:9:  3,  and  writes  the  formula 
K  Si-f  R  Si2+3  H=(if  R=|  Fe+£  K,  and  fi=£  3Pe+fc  3fcl)  Silica  49-3,  alumina  3'6,  sesquioxyd  of 
iron  22-7,  protoxyd  of  iron  6'3,  potash  8-3,  water  9-6.  The  ratio  is  that  of  a  hornblende,  and 
especially  acmite,  excepting  the  water  and  the  presence  of  potash  in  place  of  soda,  this  ratio 
between  the  bases  and  silica  being  1 :  2^.  Differs  from  celadonite  in  being  decomposed  by 
muriatic  acid. 

The  kinds  of  glauconite  are : 

1.  Green  earth  of  cavities  in  eruptive  rocks ;  to  which  the  chlorophanerite  of  G.  Jensch  may 
perhaps  be  added. 

2.  Green  grains  of  sand  beds  or  rocks,  as  of  the  green  sand  of  the  chalk  formation,  rarely  found 
in  limestones ;  called  glauconite  (in  allusion  to  the  green  color).     H.  =  2;  G.  =  2'29  —  2'35 ;  color 
olive-green  to  yellowish-green. 

Analyses:  1,  Delesse  (Bib.  Univ.  Gen.  1848,  June,  106);  2,  3,  Waltershausen  (Vulk.  Gest,  301); 
4,  G  Jenzsch  (L  c.) ;  5,  S.  L.  Dana  (Hitchcock's  G.  R.  Mass.,  93,  1841) ;  6-8,  Eogers  (G.  Rep 
N.  J.,  201-204);  9,  Fisher  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  ix.  83);  10,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  xiii.);  11,  D.  H. 
von  Dechen(Verh.  nat.  Ver.  Bonn,  1855,  176);  12,  W.  van  der  Marck  (ib.,  1855,  263);  13-15, 
Mallet  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxiii.  181);  16-18,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1863,  486-488);  19,  20, 
Berthier;  21-27,  Haushofer  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  xcvii.  353);  28,  id.  (ib.,  cii.  38);  29,  H.  Wurtz  (Am.  J 

1.  From  eruptive  rocks. 

Si        3tl      £e     Fe     Mg    Ca    fra       K  H 

1.  Mt.  Baldo  51-25     7'25  20'72  5-98 1*92     6'21  6-49=100  Delesse. 

2.  Berufiord,  Icel'd         62*04    4'93  25'54  4'26  1-38 6'03  5'19=99'37  Waltersh. 

3.  Eskifiord,      "  60-09     5'28  15'72  4'96  0'09  2'51     5'04  4'44=  98-13  Waltersh. 

4.  ChloropJianerite          5  9 -4    undet. 12*3  undetermined  5 '7  Jenzsch. 

2.  Glauconite,  from  sedimentary  leds;  or,  rarely,  from  limestone  strata. 

5.  Gay  Head,  Mass.       56'70  13'32  2010  M8  1'62 =99-92  Dana. 

6*  CWoTdstown,  N.J.  |48'45     6-30  —  24-31   —    »•     —  12-01     8-40=99-47  Rogers. 
7.  Sculltown,  N.  J.        51'50    6*40  24-30    ir.     9-96    7-70=99*86  Rogers. 


HTDKOTJS    SILICATES,    MAEGAEOPHYLLITE    SECTION. 


463 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 

Si 
Poke  Hill,                I  -n.,_- 
Burlingt.Co.,N.J.  f°075 
S.  E.  of  Phil,  in  K  J.  53*26 
Germany                    5-2-1 
Essen,  Westph.          58-17 

£1 

6-50 

3-85 
6-2 
10-09 

— 

Fe 
22-14 

24-15 
2-2-1 

18-75 

Mg 

1-10 
4-3 
3-37 

Ca 
1-73 

1-60 

fc 

12-96 

5-36 
6-0 
337 

H 

7-50=99-85  Rogers. 

10-1  2  =  101-12  Fisher. 
10-0  Berthier. 
6-25  =  100  Dechen. 

12. 

Werl,  Westph. 

53-46 

5-00 



21-78 

6-21 





8-79 

[4-76]  =  100Marck. 

13. 

Coal  Bluff,  Ala. 

(I)  57-56 

6-56 



20-13 

1-70 

1-04 



4-88 

8-17  =  100-04  Mallett. 

14. 

«         « 

58'91b 

5-48 



19-24 

0-87 

0-71 



4-58 

8-17,  pyrites  T46=99-42 

Mallet. 

15. 

Gainesville,  Ala. 

R.  58-74c 

4-71 



21-06 

1-48 

0-92 



3-26 

9-79=99-96,  Pe  tr.  Mall. 

16. 

New  Jersey 

50-70 

8-03 



22-50 

2-16 

1-11 

0-75 

5-80 

8-95  =100  Hunt. 

17. 

Orleans  Id.,  Can. 

50-7 

19-8 



8-6 

3-7 



0-5 

8-2 

8-5  =  100  Hunt. 

18. 

Red  Bird,  Miss. 

46-58 

11-45 



20-61 

1-27 

2-49 

0-98 

6-96 

9-66  =  100  Hunt. 

19. 

Havre 

49-7 

6-9 



19-5 







10-6 

12-0=98-7  Berthier. 

20. 

Glaris 

52-3 

5-6 



23-0 



4-9 



3-0 

8-5=98-3  Borthier. 

21. 

Kressenberg 

49-5 

3-2 

22-2 

6-8 







8-0 

9-5  =  99-2  Haushofer. 

22. 

Roding 

50-2 

1-5 

28-1 

4-2 







6-9 

8-6=98-5  Haushofer. 

23. 

« 

(!)  49-4 

7-1 

20-07 

3-8 







5-75 

12-75=98-87  Haushofer. 

24. 

Benedictbeuern 

47-6 

4-2 

21-6 

3-0 

1-4 

2-4 



4-6 

14-7=99-5  Haushofer. 

'25. 

Ortenburg 

48-99 

6-4 

25-8 

4-8 

tr. 

0-78 



5-18 

8-98  =100-93  Haushofer. 

26. 

Sorg 

50-8 

6-7 

21-8 

3-1 

4-2 

tr. 



3-1 

9-8=99-5  Haushofer. 

27. 

Bayreuth 

(1)49-1 

7-05236 

3-25 







5-75 

10-1=98-85  Haushofer. 

28. 

Havre,  France 

50-62 

3-8021-03 

6-02 

— 





7-14 

9-14,  Mg,  Ca,  C  1-11  = 

V  

v-- 

/ 

99  86  Haushofer. 

29. 

ShrewsbVKJ. 

(|)  48-03 

33-94 

1-30 





5-66 

11-50=99-93  Wurlz. 

a  11-85  p.  c.  of  Si  O2  insol.  in  carb.  soda.       b  23'89  p.  c.  of  Si  Oa  insol.  in  carb.  soda. 

Anal.  3,  G.=2'166;  13,  G.=2'297  ;  15,  G.=2-349;  16,  17,  fr.  Lower  Silurian  rocks  of  the 
Quebec  Group;  18,  fr.  Lower  Magnesian  Limestone,  Lower  Silurian;  21-25,  28,  29,  Cretaceous; 
26,  Jurassic;  27,  Triassic  (Muschelkalk).  In  29,  4-81  out  of  the  1T50  H  called  hygroscopic. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  Fuses  easily  to  a  dark  magnetic  glass.  Some  varieties  are  entirely 
decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  while  others  are  not  appreciably  attacked. 

A  green  calcite  from  Central  India  contains  a  skeleton  of  glauconite — separable  by  acids — 
constituting  about  14  p.  c.  of  the  whole,  which  afforded  S.  Haughton,  on  analysis  (Phil  Mag.,  IV. 
xvii.  6),  Si  54-59,  £1  4'74,  Fe  22-84,  Mg  4*90,  Ca  0-94,  H  and  loss  11-99.  He  names  the  rock, 
which  is  a  mixture  of  calcite  and  glauconite,  Hislopite.  An  analysis  by  Haushofer  of  a  glauconitic 
limestone  (muschelkalk)  from  Wiirzburg  is  given  in  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcix.  237. 

The  glauconite  grains  are  most  abundant  in  the  "green  sand"  of  the  chalk  formation,  some- 
times constituting  75  to  90  p.  c.  of  the  whole.  They  are  often  casts  of  the  shells  of  Rhizopods. 
The  material  has  also  been  found  in  Silurian  rocks,  and  beds  of  other  geological  periods,  and  even 
in  the  shells  of  recent  Rhizopods,  and  in  fragments  of  coral  obtained  in  deep  sea  soundings  (Am. 
J.  Sci.,  II.  xxii.  281).  The  glauconite  of  the  Silurian,  analyzed  by  Hunt,  contains  less  iron  and 
more  alumina  than  that  of  the  chalk  formation. 

The  following  are  analyses  of  material  usually  called  "  green  earth."  It  occurs  often  in  the 
form  of  pseudomorphs ;  that  of  Fassa  having  the  form  of  pyroxene ;  of  Framont,  lining  pyroxene 
crystals  and  filling  cavities  among  them,  as  if  a  result  of  their  alteration.  1.  2,  Rammelsberg 
(Min.  Ch.,  489);  3,  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  iv.  351): 


Mg     O 


H 


1. 

2.  " 

3.  Framont 


Si       £l  Pe      Fe 

45-87  11-18  24-63  0'28  1-50       5*52       9'82  Rammelsberg. 

39-48  10-31  8-94  15-66  1'70  -       4-41       4'24,  Ca  0  15-26  Rammelsberg. 

43-50  16-61  8-88  11-83  6'66  -  0'69  3'14  7'15,  Mn  0'80=99'26  Delesse. 


410.  CELADONITE.  Terre  verte  de  Verone  de  Lisk,  Crist.,  ii.  502,  1783.  Griinerde  Hojfm., 
Bergm.  J.,  519,  1788.  Green  Earth  pt. ;  Green  Earth  of  Verona.  Seladonit  Glock.,  Syn.,  193, 
1847.  Celadonite  Fr. 

Earthy  or  in  minute  scales,  forming  nodules  or  filling  cavities  in  erup- 
tive rocks.  Yery  soft.  Color  deep  olive-green,  celandine-green,  apple-green. 
Feel  more  or  less  greasy. 


464:  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

Comp.— Analysis  by  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv.  239) : 

Mt.  Baldo         Si  53         JPe  23         &g  2         £  10        H  6  =  99. 

Pyr.,  etc.— According  to  Klaproth,  and  also  later,  von  Kobell,  not  acted  on  by  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.— From  cavities  in  amygdaloid  at  Mt.  Baldo  near  Verona. 

Named  in  allusion  to  the  ordinary  color  of  the  mineral,  celadon-green,  equivalent  m  French  to 
sea-green  (written  Sdadon  in  German),  for  which  term  the  English  substituted  celandme-green* 
Celadon  is  the  name  of  one  of  the  characters  in  a  French  romance  by  d  Urfe,  entitled  Astree, 
published  in  1610.  He  was  a  weak  verdant  lover  of  insipid  tenderness,  and  thence  the  applica- 
tion to  the  above  variety  of  green.  D'Urfe  borrowed  the  name  from  Ovid;  it  comes  originally 
from  KeXaSw,  burning. 


II.  UNISILICATES. 

411.  SERPENTINE.  'O^fr/??  pt.  Dioscor.,  v.  161.  Ophites  pt.  Vitruv.,  Plin.  Ophitse,  Ser- 
pentaria,  Agric.,  Foss.,  304,  309,  1546.  Marmor  Serpentinum,  M.  Zeblicium,  Serpenstein  Ger- 
manice,  Lapis  Serpentinus,  B.  de  Boot,  1636,  pp.  502,  504.  Telgsten  pt.,  Ollaris  pt.,  Marmor 
Serpentinum,  M.  Zoblizense,  Lapis  Colubrinus,  Wall.,  135,  1747.  Serpentine  Fr.  Trl.  Wall., 
1753.  Serpentin,  Zoblitzer  S.,  Cronst.,  76,  1758. 

Orthorhombic  ?  In  distinct  crystals,  but  only  as  pseudomorphs.  Some- 
times foliated,  folia  rarely  separable ;  also  delicately  fibrous,  tlie  fibres  often 
easily  separable,  and  either  flexible  or  brittle.  Usually  massive,  fine  gran- 
ular to  impalpable  or  cryptocrystalline ;  also  slaty. 

H.=2'5  — 4,  rarely  5'5.  G.=2'5— 2'65  ;  some  fibrous  varieties  2-2—2*3  ; 
retinalite,  2'36— 2'55.  Lustre  subresinous  to  greasy,  pearly,  earthy  ;  resin- 
like,  or  wax-like ;  usually  feeble.  Color  leek-green,  blackish-green ;  oil 
and  siskin-green  ;  brownish-red,  brownish-yellow ;  none  bright ;  sometimes 
nearly  white.  On  exposure,  often  becoming  yellowish-gray.  Streak  white, 
slightly  shining.  Translucent — opaque.  Feel  smooth,  sometimes  greasy. 
Fracture  conchoidal  or  splintery.  Polarization  in  crystals,  none,  or  only 
irregular  colors,  as  in  amorphous  or  cryptocrystalline  substances ;  usually 
apparent  in  laminated  and  fibrous  varieties,  with  the  bisectrix  negative 
and  normal  to  the  plane  of  lamination  or  to  that  of  the  fibrous  structure. 

Var. — Many  unsustained  species  have  been  made  out  of  serpentine,  differing  in  structure 
(massive,  slaty,  foliated,  fibrous),  or,  as  supposed,  in  chemical  composition;  and  these  now,  in 
part,  stand  as  varieties,  along  with  some  others  based  on  variations  in  texture,  hardness,  etc. 

A.  MASSIVE.  (1)  Ordinary  massive,  (a)  Precious  or  NoUe  Serpentine  (Edler  Serpentin  Germ.} 
is  of  a  rich  oil-green  color,  of  pale  or  dark  shades,  and  translucent  even  when  in  thick  pieces ;  and 
(&)  Common  Serpentine,  when  of  dark  shades  of  color,  and  subtranslucent.  The  former  has  a 
hardness  of  2*5—3  ;  the  latter  often  of  4  or  beyond,  owing  to  impurities. 

2.  Resinous.     Retinalite  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  201,  1836)  is  massive  serpentine,  having  honey-yel- 
low to  light  oil-green  colors,  and  waxy  or  resin-like  lustre  and  aspect.     H.=r3'5  ;  G.  =  2'47 — 2'52, 
Grenville,  Hunt,  2'36 — 2*38,  Calumet  Id.,  Hunt.     It  much  resembles  deweylite.     It  affords,  on 
analysis,  3  p.  c.  more  of  water  than  ordinary  serpentine ;  and  it  is  probable  that  the  mineral  is  a 
mixture  of  serpentine  and  deweylite.    Named  from  pwf,,  resin,  and  from  specimens  obtained 
at  Grenville,  C.  W.     Vorhauserite  Kenngott  (Min.  Forsch.,  1856-57,  71)  is  the  same,  though  brown 
to  greenish-black  in  color.     H.— 3'5  ;  G.=2'45.     From  the  Fleims  valley,  Tyrol. 

3.  Porcellanous ;  Porcellophiie.    The  "meerschaum"  of  Taberg  &  Sala  is  a  soft. earthy  serpen- 

*  Jameson  has  seladon-green  (from  Werner)  in  his  Treatise  on  the  External  Characters  of  Miner- 
als, 1805  ;  and  celandine-green  in  his  System  of  Mineralogy,  L  466,  1816. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    MAKttAKOPHYLLITE    SECTION. 


465 


tine,  resembling  meerschaum  in  external  appearance  (Berlin,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1 840).     This  variety 
is  sometimes  very  soft  when  first  taken  out.     A  variety  resembling  compact  lithomarge  occurs 
at  Middletown,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.  (anal.  37).     It  has  a  smooth,  porcelain-like  fracture;  H.=3'5 
GK=2'48. 

4.  Bowenite  Dana  (Min.,  265,  1850,  Nephrite  Bowen,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  v.  346,  1822)  is  massive,  of 
very  fine  granular  texture,  and  much  resembles  nephrite,  and  was  long  so  called.     It  is  apple- 
green  or  greenish-white  in  color ;  G.  — 2*594 — 2*787,  Bowen  ;  and  it  has  the  unusual  hardness  5'5 
— 6,  which  is  some  evidence  that  this  variety  may  be  a  good  species,  although  proved  by  Smith 
&  Brush  to  be  identical  with  serpentine  in  composition.     From  Smithfield,  E.  I. 

B.  LAMELLAR. 

5.  Antigorite  Schweizer  (Pogg.,  xlix.  595,  1840)  is  thin  lamellar  in  structure,  easily  separating 
into  translucent  or  subtransparent  folia  ;  H.  =  2*5  ;  G.  =  2'622  ;  color  brownish-green  by  reflected 
light,  and  leek-green  by  transmitted ;  feel  smooth,  but  not  greasy.     Polarizes  light,  according  to 
Haidinger.     Named  from  the  locality,  Antigorio  valley,  Piedmont. 

6.  Wittiamsite  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  vi.  249,  1848)  is  a  lamellar  impure  serpentine,  of  apple- 
green  color,  with  H.=4*5  and  G.  =  2'59 — 2*o4,  from  Texas,  Pa.     Does  not  doubly  refrapt,  Desel. 
Graduates  into  a  massive  granular  variety. 

C.  THIN  FOLIATED. 

7.  Marmolite  Nuttall  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  iv.  19,  1822,  but  shown  to  be  a  variety  of  serpentine  by 
Yanuxem,  J.  Acad.  Sci.  Philad.,  iii.  133,   1823)  is  thin  foliated;  the  laminas  brittle  but  easily 
separable,  yet  graduating  into  a  variety  in  which  they  are  not  separable  (which  variety  has 
sometimes  been  called  in  the  United  States  kerolite}.     G.  =  2*41 ;   lustre  pearly;    colors  green- 
ish-white, bluish  white,  to  pale  asparagus-green.     From  Hoboken,  N.  J.     Folia  from  Hoboken 
without  polarization,  according  to  Websky  ;  feebly  polarizing,  according  to  Descloizeaux. 

8.  Thermophyllite  A.  Nordenskiold  (Beskrifn.  Fin.  Min.,  160,  1855,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxiii. 
213).     Occurs  in  small  scaly  crystals  aggregated  into  masses,  with  an  amorphous  steatite-like 
base.     B.B.  crystals  exfoliate  like  verm iculite  or  pyrophyllite.     H.  =  2*5;  G.=2'61,  Nord. ;  2*56, 
Herm.     Lustre  of  cleavage  surface  pearly ;  color  light  brown  to  silver-white  and  yellowish -brown. 
Optically  biaxial;  the  axial  angle  22°  20';  bisectrix  negative,  normal  to  plane  of  cleavage,  Miller. 
From  Hopansuo,  Finland. 

D.  FIBROUS. 

9.  Chrysotile  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  ii.  297,  1834,  xxx.  467,  1843;  Schillernder  Asbest ;  Ami- 
anthus pt.)  is  delicately  fibrous,  the  fibres  usually  flexible  and  easily  separating;  lustre  silky, 
or  silky  metallic;    color  greenish- white,  green,  olive-green,  yellow,  and  brownish;    G.  =  2*219. 
Often  constitutes  seams  in  serpentine.     It  includes  most  of  the  silky  amianthus  of  serpentine 
rocks.     The  original  chrysotile  was  from  Eeicheustein. 

10.  Picrolite  Hausmann  (Moll's  Efem.,  iv.  401,  1808)  is  columnar,  but  fibres  or  columns  not 
easily  flexible,  and  often  not  easily  separable,  or  affording  only  a  long  splintery  fracture ;  color 
dark  green  to  mountain-green,  greenish,  gray,  and  brown.     The   original  was  from   Taberg, 
Sweden. 

Metaxite  Breithaupt  (Char.,  113,  326,  1832)  is  picrolite,  consisting  of  separable  but  brittle  columns, 
of  a  greenish-white  color,  and  weak  pearly  lustre  ;  H.=2— 2*5  ;  G.=2'52.  From  Schwarzenberg. 
Passes  into  a  laminated  variety. 

Baltimorite  Thomson  (Phil.  Mag.,  xxii.  191,  1843)  is  picrolite  from  Bare  Hills,  Md.,  of  a  grayish- 
green  color;  silky  lustre,  opaque,  or  subtranslucent,  with  H.  =  2'5— 3. 

E.  CRYSTALLIZED  SERPENTINE.     The  observed  crystals  are  all  pseudomorphs.     The  most  com- 
mon have  the  form  of  chrysolite,  and  the  annexed  figure  represents  one 

of  this  kind.  Eose  has  observed  some  crystals  which  were  still  partly 
chrysolite.  Delesse  states  that  the  serpentine  of  Odern  graduates  into 
feldspar,  and  appears  to  have  been  derived  from  the  alteration  of  that 
mineral.  Other  kinds  are  pseudomorphs  after  pyroxene,  amphibole, 
spinel,  chondrodite,  garnet,  phlogopite,  sphene,  and  chromic  iron. 
Even  the  foliated  and  fibrous  kinds  may  be  partly  pseudomorphous.  If 
marmohte  or  thermophyllite  is  truly  crystallized  serpentine,  as  seems 
probable,  the  crystallization  of  the  species  is  actually  micaceous,  like 
that  of  chlorite  and  talc. 

F.  SERPENTINE  HOCKS.     Serpentine  often  constitutes   rock-masses. 
It  frequently  occurs  mixed  with  more  or  less  of  dolomite,  magnesite,  or 
calcite,  making  a  rock  of  clouded  green,  sometimes  veined  with  white 
or  pale  green,  called  verd-antique,  or  ophiolite.     Ophiolite  is  styled  by 
Hunt  (1)  dolomitic,  (2)  magnesitic,  or  (3)  calcitic,  according  as  the  ser- 
pentine is  mixed  with  dolomite,  magnesite,  or  calcite.     Serpentine  rock 
is  sometimes  mottled  with  red,  or  has  something  of  the  aspect  of  a  red 
porphyry ;  the  reddish  portions  containing  an  unusual  amount  of  oxyd 

of  iron.    Any  serpentine  rock  cut  into  slabs  and  polished,  is  called  serpentine  marble. 

30 


412 


466 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  Mg,  §i,  H=3  :  4  :  2,  corresponding  to  2  Si,  3  Mg,  2  Kr=Silica  44*14,  mag- 
nesia 42-97,  water  12'89.  Formula,  as  commonly  written,  2  Mg  Si-f  Mg  fi2.  But  as  chrysolite  is 
especially  liable  to  the  change  to  serpentine,  and  chrysolite  is  a  unisilicate,  and  the  change  consists 
in  a  loss  of  some  Mg,  and  the  addition  of  water,  it  is  probable  that  part  of  the  water  takes  the 
place  of  the  lost  Mg,  so  that  the  mineral  is  essentially  a  hydrated  chrysolite  of  the  formula  (f  Mg+ 
iH)3  Si  +  |  H.  The  relation  in  0.  ratio  to  kaolinite  and  pinite  corresponds  with  this  view  of  the 
formula. 

Analyses :  A.  Massive  Serpentine.  1,  Hartwall  (Jahresb.,  ix.  204) ;  2,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixviii. 
328);  3,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxii.  499);  4,  Genth  (Am.  J.  Set,  II.  xxxiii.  201);  5,  Kersten  (J. 
pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii.  167);  6,  Hisinger  (Afhandl.,  iv.  341);  7,  LychneU  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1826,  175); 
8,  Jordan,  9,  Marchand  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxii.  499);  10,  Mosander  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1825,  227);  11, 
LychneU  (1.  c.);  12,  13,  14,  Schweizer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxii.  378);  15,  Haughton  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  x 
253);  16,  LychneU  (1.  c.);  17,  C.  W.  Hultmark  ( J.  pr.  Ch.,  bcxix.  378);  18,  A.  E.  Arppe(Act.  Soc. 
Fenn.,  vi.,  and  Verh.  Min.  St.  Pet,  1862,  149);  19,  20,  Haughton  (1.  c.) ;  21,  v.  Merz  (Nat.  Ges. 
Zurich,  1861) ;  22,  Vanuxera  (J.  Ac.  Sci.  Philad.,  iii.  133) ;  23,  Lychnell  (1.  c.) ;  24-27,  T,  S.  Hunt 
(Rep.  G-.  Can.,  1851,  1857,  1863);  28,  29,  C.  T.  Jackson  (Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  K  Hist,  1856);  30, 
Sharpies  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlii.  272);  31-33,  T.  S.  Hunt  (1.  c.);  34,  E.  A.  Manice  (priv.  coutrib.) ; 
35,  (EUacher  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  1857,  358);  36,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  11.  xv.  212);  37, 
B.  S.  Burton  (priv.  contrib.). 

B.  Lamellar  Serpentine.     38,  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxiv.  128);  39.  Stockar-Escher  (Kenng. 
Uebers.,  '56-'57,  72) ;  40,  H.  v.  Gilm  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xxiv.  287) ;  41,  Ivanof  (Jahresb.,  xxv.  344) ; 
42,  43,  Schweizer  (I.e.);  44,  v.  Merz  (1.  c.);  45,  46,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  212);  47 
Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  liii.  31);  48,  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IY.  xiv.  78). 

C.  Thin-foliated  Serpentine.    49,  Garrett  (this  Min.,  1850,  692);  50,  Lychnell  (1.  c.);  51,  Shepard 
(Min.,  i.  292,  1835);  52,  53,  Yanuxem  (J.  Acad.  Sci.  Philad.,  iii.  133);  54,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch., 
xlvi.  230);  55,  Arppe  (Anal,  finska  Min.,  27);  56,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxiii.  213);  57,  North- 
cote  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xvi.  263,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxvi.  253). 

D.  Fibrous  or  columnar  varieties.     58,  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  365) ;  59,  List  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm., 
Ixxiv.  241);  60,  LychneU  (1.  c.);  61,  Rammelsberg  (3d  SuppL,  107);  62,  Brewer  (this  Min.,  1850, 
692);  63,  v.  Kobeil  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  ii,  297);  64,  Brush  (this  Min.,  1854,  283);  65,  Reakirt  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xviii.  410) ;  66,  Delesse  (1.  c.):  67,  Hultmark  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxix.  378);  68,  Schaffgotsch 
(Rose,  Reise  Ural,  i.  245);  69,  Gilm  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xxiv.  287);  70,  Schweizer  (1.  c.) ;   71,  Kiihn 
(Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  lix.  869);  72,  Plattner  (Prob.  Loth.,  2d  edit,  211);  73,  Kuhn  (1.  c.) ;  74,  De- 
lesse (These  Anal.,  24);  75,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1866,  205);  76,  Hunt  (ib.,  1863,  472);  77, 
Thomson  (Phil.  Mag.,  xxii.  193);  78,  E.  Schmidt  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlv.  14) 


A.  Massive  Serpentine. 


1.  Suarum,  Pseud.-  Chrys. 

2.  "  " 

3.  L.  Auschkul,   " 

4.  Webster,  N.O." 


Si  XI 

42-97  0-87 

40-71  2-39 

40-21  1-82 

4387  0-31 


Fe 

2-28 

2-43 

9-13 

7-17 


Mg 
41-66 
41-48 
35-08 
38-62 


5.  Schwarzenberg,  Pseud.-Garnet    41-50     4-10    40'34 


6. 

Fahlun,  precious  S. 

43-07 

0-25 

1-17 

40-37 

7. 

it                      U 

41-95 

0-37 

2-22 

40-64 

8. 

u                « 

40-32 



3-33 

41-76 

9 

t(                 (( 

40-52 

0-21 

3-01 

42'05 

10. 

Wermland 

42-34 

0-18 

44-20 

11. 

Sjogrube 

41-58 

in-. 

2-17 

42*41 

12. 

Zermatt,  yw.-gn. 

43-66 

0-64 

1-96 

41-12 

13. 

«                 u 

43-60 

___ 

2-09 

40*46 

14. 

Wams  Alps,  bkh.-gn. 

44-22 

0-36 

4-90 

36-41 

15. 

Zermatt,  pale  an. 

42-88 

3-80 

40-52 

16. 

Sala 

,42-16 



2-03 

42-26 

17. 

" 

41-02 

1-84 

1*81 

42-21 

18. 

Lupikko,  Finland 

42-40 

0-30 

3-81 

39-91 

19. 

Galway 

40-12 

tr. 

3-47 

40-04 

20. 

Syria 

41-24 

7-41 

36*28 

21. 

22. 

Zermatt,  Findel  Gl.,  wh.,  gyh.-gn.  42-13     —  - 
JNewburyport,  precious                42          

2-23 

1 

42-90 
40 

23. 

Massachusetts 

43-20 

_ 

5-24 

40*09 

24. 

Orford,  Can.,  olive-gn. 

40-30 



7-02 

[39-07] 

H 

12-02  —  100  Hartwall. 
12-61=99-62  Scheerer. 
13-75=100  Hermann. 

9-55,  Mn  tr.,  Ni  0'27,  <5a  0*02, 
chromic  iron  0*5 7  =  100 '8 8  Genth. 
12-87,  Mn  0-5,  Na  0-42,  Ca,  bit.  tr. 
=  99-73  Kersten. 
12-45,  Ca  0-50=97-81  Hisinger. 
11-68,  C,  bit.  3-42  =  100-28  Lychn. 
13-54=98-95  Jordan. 
13-85,  bit.  0-3=99-94  Marchand. 
12-38,  C  0-89=99-97  Mosander. 
11-29,  C,  bit  3-42  LychneU. 
13-57  =  100-95  Schweizer. 
14-73=100-88  Schweizer. 
13-11=100  Schweizer. 
12-64=99-84  Haughtou. 
12-33,  C  1-03  Lychnell. 
12-91,  C  0-48  Hultmark. 
12-79,  K  0-48=99-69  Arppe. 
13-36,  C  2-00=98-99  Haughtou, 
14-16=99-09  Haughton. 
13-60=100-86  v.  Merz. 
14-38=97-38  Vanuxem. 
11-42=99-95  Lychnell. 
13-35,  M  0-26,  £r*r.  =  100  Hunt 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAROPHYLLITE    SECTION. 


467 


25.  Orford,  Can.,  IWi.-gn. 

26.  Ham,  Can.,  gnh.-w. 

27.  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

28.  Roxbury 

29.  Lynnfield 

30.  E.  Goshen,  Pa.,  precious 

31.  Grenville,  RetinaUte 

32.  "  " 

33.  Calumet  Id.,    " 
34  Montville,        " 

35.  Monzoni,  Vorliauserite 

36.  Smithfield,  Bowenite 

37.  Middletown,  Porcett. 


38.  Antigorite 

39.  " 

40.  Kaiser  YaUey,  Tyrol 

41.  Talovsk,  Ural 

42.  Canton  Wallis,  leeJc-gn. 

43.  Zermatt,  bh.-gn. 

44.  "       pale  ywh.-gn. 

45.  Wllliamsite 

46.  " 

47.  " 

48.  Villa  Kota,  gyh.-gn. 


49.  Hoboken,  Marmolite 

50.  "  " 
61.  Blanford,        " 

52.  Hoboken,       " 

53.  Bare  Hills,      " 

54.  Finland 

55.  "        Thermophyllite 

56.  "  " 

57.  "  " 


58.  Wermland,  Picrolite 

59.  Reichenstein,  " 

60.  Taberg,  " 

61.  Texas,  Pa.,      " 

62.  "  " 

63.  Reichenstein,  Chrysotile 

64.  N.  Haven,  Ct,        " 

65.  MontviUe,  N.  J.,     " 

66.  Yosges,  " 

67.  Sala,  " 

68.  Gornoschit 

69.  Pregratten,  Tyrol 

70.  Zillerthal 

71.  Sehwarzenberg,  Metaxite 

72.  «  » 

73.  Reichenstein,  " 
74. 

75.  Petite  Nation,  Can. 

76.  Bolton,  Canada 

77.  Bare  Hills,  Baltimorite 

78.  Zoblitz,  Asbestos 


Si 

33 

Fe 

Mg 

42-90 



7-47 

36-28 

43-40 



3-60 

40-00 

40-67 

5-13 

8-12 

32-61 

42-60 



8-30 

35-50 

37-5 



2-5 

41-0 

43-89 



1-38 

40-48 

39-34 

—  3Pe 

1-80 

43-02 

40-10 

a 

1-90 

41-65 

41-20 



0-80 

43-52 

42-52 



1-96 

42-16 

41-21 



1-72 

39-24 

(f)  42-29 

tr. 

1-21 

42-29 

(|)  44-08 

0-30 

1-17 

40-87 

B.  Slaty  Serpentine. 


41-58 
40-83 
42-42 
40-80 
44-22 
43-78 
42-45 
41-60 
42-60 
(?)  44-50 
41-34 

2-60 
3-20 
0-65 
302 
1-10 
2-24 

tr. 
tr. 
0-75 
3-22 

7-22 
5-84 
5-71 
2-20 
5-44 
10-87 
2-12 
3-24 
1-62 
1-39 
5-54 

36-80 
36-26 
38-05 
40-50 
37-14 
28-21 
42-56 
41-11 
41-90 
39-71 
37-61 

C.  Thin-foliated  Serpentine. 


42-32 

41-67 

40-00 

40- 

42-69 

40-0 

(I)  41-20 
43-12 

(f)  41-48 


0-66       1-28 

fel-64 

Fe2-70 

3?eO-90 

"  1-16 

1-8 

1-71       1-20 
4-91  £e  1-99 
5-49       1-59 


42-23 
41-25 

41-40 

42- 

40- 

42-4 

39-58 

34-87 

3742 


13-14,  Ni  0-15,  £r  0-25-100-19  H. 

13-00=100  Hunt. 

12-77=99-30  Hunt. 

13-00,  Ca  C  0-60=100  Jackson. 

15-0,  6a  C  4-0=99  Jackson. 

13'45=99-20  Sharpies. 

15-09=99-25  Hunt. 

15-00  =  99-55  Hunt. 

15-40=100-92  Hunt. 

14-22  =  100-86  Manice. 

16-16,  Mn  0-30,  Ca3P"&CaCl 

0-96  =  99-59  (Ellacher. 
12-96,  Ca  0-63=99-38  S.  &  B. 
13-70,  Ca  0-37  =  100-49  Burton. 


12-67,  Ni,  Or  ^.=100-87  Brush. 
12-37=98-86  S.-Eschcr. 
12-91  =  99-74  Gilm. 
12-02,  MnO-20,CaO-42=97-16Iv. 
12-43  =  100  Schweizer. 
14-60=99-70  Schweizer. 
13-70=100-83  v.  Merz. 
12-70,  Ni  0-50=99-15  S.  &  B. 
12-70,  Ni  0-40=99-22  S.  &  B. 
12-75,  Ni  0-90=100  Hermann. 
1206=99-77  Delesse. 


13-80=  100-29  Garrett. 
13-80,  C,  bit.  1-37=99-73  L. 
15-67,  Ca  0-93=100-70  Shepard. 
16-45=99-35  Yanuxem. 
16-11=99-6  Yanuxem. 
15-8  =100  Hermann. 
10-84,  K  3-19,  Na  0-46=99-18  A. 
13-14,  Na  1-33=99-36  Hermann. 
10-88,  Na  2-84=  99-70  Northcote. 


D.  Fibrous  or  Columnar  Varieties. 


41-66 



4-05 

37-16 

44-61 



2-63 

39-75 

40-98 

0-73 

8-94 

33-44 

43-79 



2-05 

41-03 

44-25 

4-90 

3-67 

34-00 

43-50 

0-40 

2-08 

40-00 

44-05 



2-53 

39-24 

42-62 

0-38 

0-27 

42-67 

41-58 

0-42 

1-69 

42-61 

41-03 

1-43 

1-25 

42-31 

43-73 

0-81 

6-11 

37-72 

42-81 

0-62 

5-98 

38-71 

41-69 

1-56 

2-07 

40-33 

43-48 



2-20 

41-00 

4360 

6-10  £e  2-80 

34-24 

44-48 



2-34 

40-60 

42-1 

0-4 

3-0 

41-9 

43-65 



1-46 

41-57 

43-70 

. 

3-51 

40-68 

40-95 

1-50 

10-05 

34-74 

43-70 

2-76 

10-03 

29-96 

14-7 2,Mn  2-25=99-84  Stromeyer. 
12-57  =  99-56  List. 
12-86,  C  1-73  =  98-68  Lychnell. 
12-47=99-34  Rammelsberg. 
12-32,  Ni  0-69=99-83  Brewer. 
13-80  =  99-78  Kobell. 
13-49=99-31  Brush. 
14-25= 100-19  Reakirt. 
13-70=100  Delesse. 
13-72,  Mn,  C  <r.=99'74  Hultm. 
11-63  =  100  Schaffgotsch. 
12  54  =  100-04  Gilm. 
12-82=98-47  Schweizer. 
12-95=99-63  Kiihn. 
12-67=99-41  Plattner. 
12-35=99-77  Kiihn. 
13-06=100  Delesse. 
13-48=100-16  Hunt. 
12-45  =100-34  Hunt. 
12-60=99-80  Thomson. 
12-27,  Na  1-98=100-70  Schmidt 


468  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

In  anal  3,  G.=2'57;  12,  G.=2'546-2'553 ;  13,  G.=2'547;  24,  G.=2'597;  26,  G.  =  2'546;  40, 
G.=2'593;  41,  G.=2'55 ;' 44,  H.=3'5;  48,  G.  =  2'644;  64,  G.  =  2-49;  16,  G.=2'6o7.  No.  34 
accompanies  the  chrysotile  of  No.  65. 

On  composition  of  serpentine  rocks,  and  of  the  carbonate  mixed  with  serpentine  in  verd- 
antique  marble,  see  Jackson  in  Proa  N.  H.  S.  Bost.,  1856,  and  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxiii.  123  ;  T.  S. 
Hunt  Am  J  Sci.,  TI.  xxvi.  234,  and  Logan's  Hep.,  1863,  p.  609;  also  Haughton,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  x. 
253,  where  he  gives  the  composition  of  the  red  base  of  a  "  serpentine  porphyry,"  so  called 
because  of  its  aspect;  C.  Schmidt,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  cii.  190,  on  the  rock  near  the  Tuscan  boric 
acid  fumaroles. 

An  impure  serpentine  from  Aker,  Sudermannland,  transparent  and  yellowish,  afforded  Lych- 
nell  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1826)  Si  35'28,  3tl  13-73,  Fe  1'79,  Mg  35'35,  H  7-83,  C  and  bitumen  6'28= 
99-76.  Berzelius  referred  it  to  pyrosclerite. 

Von  Hauer  analyzed  a  miueral  from  near  Baltimore,  which  he  calls  baltimorite,  that  afforded 
him  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  1853)  Si  27'15,  3cl  18-54,  Ca  15'08,  Mg  26'00,  H  13-23  =  1(>0.  G.  J..Brush 
found  in  the  metaxite  of  Schwarzenberg  (priv.  contrib.)  only  0'78  p.  c.  of  A-l,  with  45-03  Si,  and 
2 '98  Fe. 

Nuttall  gave  the  following  incorrect  analysis  of  the  marmolite  of  Hobqken  in  connection  with 
his  first  description  of  the  mineral  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  iv.  21,  1822):  Si  36'0,  Mg  46-0,  Ca  2-0,  Fe  and 
£r  0-5,  H  15-0. 

Stromeyer  found  of  oxyd  of  nickel  0'32  to  0'45  p.  c.  in  the  serpentine  of  Roraas  ;  0-30  in  that 
of  Sundal;  and  0'22  in  that  of  Saxony.  Lynchnell  obtained  2"24  p.  c.  from  one  serpentine. 
Hunt  has  detected  it  in  the  serpentine  of  the  Green  Mountains  generally,  that  of  Roxbury,  Vt.,  of 
New  Haven,  Ct.,  of  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  of  Cornwall,  Eng.,  of  Banffshire,  Scotl.,  of  the  Vosges,  Fr. ; 
but  none  in  the  ophiolites  of  the  Azoic  (Laurentian)  rocks  of  Canada,  or  the  serpentine  of 
Easton,  Pa.,  or  of  the  wax-yellow  variety  of  Montville,  N.  J.,  or  an  olive-green  from  Phillips- 
town,  N.  Y.,  or  a  yellowish-green  from  Newburyport,  Mass.,  having  G.^2'551.  See  also  anal. 
4,  45-47,  62. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  on  the  edges  with  difficulty.  F.=6. 
Gives  usually  an  iron  reaction.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  and  sulphuric  acids.  Chrysotile  leaves 
the  silica  in  fine  fibres. 

Obs. — Serpentine  often  constitutes  mountain  masses.  It  is  a  metamorphic  rock,  it  resulting 
from  the  alteration  of  other  rocks,  and  mostly  of  those  of  sedimentary  origin  ;  and  is  of  various 
periods  in  origin,  from  the  Azoic  age  upward. 

Crystals  of  serpentine  (pseudomorphous)  occur  in  the  Fassa  valley,  Tyrol ;  near  Miask  at  Lake 
Auschkul,  Barsovka,  Kathariuenburg,  and  elsewhere  ;  in  Norway,  at  Snarum ;  etc.  Fine  precious 
serpentines  come  from  Fahlun  and  Gulsjo  in  Sweden,  the  Isle  of  Man,  the  neighborhood,  of  Port- 
soy  in  Aberdeenshine,  in  Cornwall,  Corsica,  Siberia,  Saxony,  etc.  The  names  of  many  localities 
are  given  above. 

In  N.  America,  in  Maine,  at  Deer  Isle,  precious  serpentine  of  a  light  green  color.  In 
Vermont,  at  New  Fane,  Cavendish,  Jay,  Roxbury,  Troy,  Westfield.  In  Mass.,  fine  at  Newbury- 
port ;  at  Blanford  with  schiller  spar,  and  the  marmolite  variety ;  also  at  Westfield,  Middlefield, 
Lynnfield,  Newburyport,  and  elsewhere.  In  It.  Island,  at  Newport ;  the  bowenite  at  Smithfield. 
In  Conn.,  near  New  Haven  and  Milford,  at  the  verd-antique  quarries.  In  N.  York,  at  Phillipstown 
in  the  Highlands ;  at  Port  Henry,  Essex  Co. ;  at  Antwerp,  Jefferson  Co.,  in  crystals ;  at  Syracuse, 
east  of  Major  Burnet's,  interesting  varieties ;  in  Gouverneur,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  in  crystals,  and 
also  in  Rossie,  two  miles  north  of  SomerviUe ;  at  Johnsburg  in  Warren  Co. ;  Davenport's  Neck, 
Westchester  Co.,  affording  fine  cabinet  specimens ;  in  Cornwall,  Monroe,  and  Warwick,  Orange 
Co.,  sometimes  in  large  crystals  at  Warwick;  and  from  Richmond  to  New  Brighton,  Richmond 
Co.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Hoboken,  with  brucite,  magnesite,  etc.,  and  the  marmolite  variety ;  also  at 
Frankfort  and  Bryan  ;  at  Montville,  Morris  Co.,  silky  fibrous  (chrysotile)  and  retinalite,  with  com- 
mon serpentine.  In  Penn.,  massive,  fibrous,  and  foliated,  of  various  colors,  purple,  brown,  green, 
and  gray,  at  Texas,  Lancaster  Co. ;  also  at  Nottingham  and  West  Goshen,  Chester  Co. ;  at  West- 
Chester,  Chester  Co.,  the  williamsite;  at  Mineral  Hill,  Newtown.  Marple,  and  Middle  town,  Dela- 
ware Co. ;  a  variety  looking  like  meerschaum  or  lithomarge  at  Middletown ;  at  Easton,  pseudo- 
morphous after  pyroxene  and  amphibole.  In  Maryland,  at  Bare  Hills  ;  at  Cooptown,  Harford  Co., 
with  diallage ;  also  in  the  north  part  of  Cecil  Co.  In  Canada,  at  Orford,  Ham,  Bolton,  etc.  In 
N.  Brunswick,  at  Crow's  Nest  in  Portland. 

Serpentine  admits  of  a  high  polish,  and  may  be  turned  in  a  lathe,  and  is  sometimes  employed 
as  a  material  for  ornaments,  vases,  boxes,  etc.  At  Zoblitz  in  Saxony,  Bayreuth,  and  in  Franconia, 
several  hundred  persons  are  employed  in  this  manufacture.  Verd-antique  marble  is  clouded  with 
green  of  various  shades,  and  is  a  beautiful  material  for  table  and  ornamental  indoor  work.  Ex- 
posed to  the  weather  it  wears  uneven,  owing  to  its  unequal  harduess,  and  soon  loses  its  polished 
surface. 

The  names  Serpentine,  Ophite,  Lapis  colubrinus,  allude  to  the  green  serpent-like  cloudings  of  the 
serpentine  marble.  Retinalite  is  from  penvfi,  resin ;  Picrolite,  from  KIK^S,  bitter,  in  allusion  to  the 


HYDRO  (IS    SILICATES,   MAEGAEOPHYLLITE   SECTION.  46$ 


magnesia  (or  Bittererde)  present  ;  ThermophyUite,  from  0%^,  heat,  and  <j>i>\\ov,  leaf,  on  account 
of  the  exfoliation  when  heated;  Chrysotile,  from  xfva6^  golden,  and  rc'Ao?,  fibrous  ;  Metaxite,  from 
pirata,  silk;  Marmolite,  from  pap/ja^aj,  I  shine,  "in  allusion  to  its  pearly  aud  somewhat  metallic 
lustre  "  (Nuttall). 

Artif.  —  Formed  by  A.  G-ages  in  a  transparent  amorphous  mass,  by  placing  a  solution  of  gelat- 
inous silicate  of  magnesia  in  a  dilute  solution  of  potash.  It  is  deposited  after  some  months'  stand- 
ing. (Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  1863,  203.) 

412.  BASTITE,  or  SCHILLER  SPAR.  (Talkart  v.  Trebra,  Erfahr.  Inn.  G-ebirge,  97,  1785.  Schil- 
lerspath  (fr.  Baste)  ffeyer,  Crell's-  Ann.,  1786,  i.  385,  ii.  147.  Schillerstein  Wern.,  1800,  Ludw.,  50, 
1803.  Diallage  pt.  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Metalloidal  diaUage  pt.  Bastit  Haid.,  Handb.,  523,  1845.) 
Bastite  is  an  impure  foliated  serpentine,  occurring  imbedded  in  serpentine  rock,  and  is  supposed 
to  be  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  a  foliated  mineral  of  the  Pyroxene  group,  as  long  since  announced 
by  G.  Rose.  That  of  Baste,  the  original  locality,  was  derived,  according  to  Streng,  from  the 
enstatite  (protobastite)  of  the  region  (see  ENSTATITE,  p.  208).  IthasH.=3'5—  4;  G.=2-5—  2*76; 
lustre  metallic  pearly,  bronze-like  (to  which  the  German  name  schiller  alludes),  to  vitreous,  and 
color  leek-green  to  olive-  and  pistachio-green,  and  pinchbeck  -brown.  Besides  the  direction  of 
perfect  cleavage,  there  are  two  inclined  to  one  another  about  87°  (Naumann),  which  is  the  cleav- 
age of  enstatite  and  hypersthene.  According  to  Descloizeaux,  it  is  probably  orthorhombic,  and 
has  a  negative  bisectrix,  which  is  normal  to  the  plane  of  cleavage,  and  gives  for  the  axial  diver- 
gence 60°  to  70°.  A  kind  from  Todtinoos  in  the  Schwarzwald  is  thin  foliated  cleavable,  and  has-  a 
dark  green  color,  but  is  metallic  pearly  on  the  cleavage-face;  H.  =  3'4;  G.=2'55;  and  shows 
under  the  microscope  in  polarized  light  that  it  is  not  homogeneous. 

Analyses  :  1,  2,  Kohler  (Fogg.,  xi.  192)  ;  3,  W.  Hetzer  (C.  E.  Weiss,  Fogg.,  cxix.  446)  : 

Si       £l       £r       Fe       Mn      Mg       Ca     K,  Na    £ 

1.  Baste,  cryst.        43'90     1'50     2'37     10'78     0'55     26-00     2'70     0-47     12-42=  100'69. 

2.  "       massive    42'36     2'17      --     13'27a  0'85     28'90     0'63      -     12'07  =  100-25. 

3.  Todtmoos       (f)43'77     6-10     -      7*14     --     30'92     1-17     2'79b     8'51  =  100'40. 

a  With  some  Cr2  O3- 

In  the  closed  tube  it  affords  ammoniacal  water.  B.B.  becomes  brown  and  is  slightly  rounded  on 
the  thin  edges.  With  borax  reactions  of  iron.  Imperfectly  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  com- 
pletely so  by  sulphuric.  A  mineral  resembling  schiller  spar  occurs  in  serpentine  in  Middletown, 
Delaware  Co.,  Pa. 

PhcKstine  (Phastin  Breitli.,  Char.,  29,  180,  1823,  115,  1832)  resembles  somewhat  schiller  spar, 
and,  according  to  Breithaupt,  is  altered  bronzite.  It  is  foliated,  but  the  cleavage  is  not  very  easy  ; 
H.  =  l  —  1^;  G.  =  2-825;  lustre  pearly  ;  color  yellowish-gray;  feel  greasy,  talc-like.  It  is  from 
Kupferberg  in  the  Fichtelgebirge,  and  occurs  distributed  through  serpentine.  It  has  not  been 
analyzed. 

413.  DEWEYLITE.     Emmons,  Man.  Min.  and  Geol.,  1826.     Gymnite  Thomson,  Phil.  Mag., 

xxii.  191,  1843. 

Amorphous,  and  having  some  resemblance  to  gum  arable,  or  a  brownish 
or  yellow  resin. 

H.=2-3-5.  G.^2-246,  Middlefield,  Shepard  ;  2-19-2-31,  Bare  Hills, 
Tyson;  2-216,  ib.,  Thomson;  1'936-2'155,  Tyrol,  (Ellacher.  Lustre 
greasy.  Color  whitish,  yellowish,  wine-yellow,  greenish,  reddish.  Trans- 
lucent. Brittle,  and  often  much  cracked. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  &,  Si,  fi=2  :  3  :  3.  Formula  (f  Mg+ifi)Si  +  f£[=Silica40-2,  magnesia 
35-7,  water  24-1  =  100. 

Analyses:  1,  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xviii.  31.  1830,  analysis  imperfect);  2,  Brush  (this  Min., 
2?6,  1854);  3,  Thomson  (Phil.  Mag.,  1843,  191);  4,  (Ellacher  (ZS.  G..  iii.  222);  5,  v.  Kobell 
(Miinch.  gel  Anz.,  1851,  xxxiiu  1);  6,  Widtermann  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  iv.  525,  1853);  7, 
Haushofer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcix.  240): 


Si         Mg        fi         Fe 

1.  Middlefield  40         40         20          =100  Shepard. 

2.  Texas,  Pa.  43-15     35'95     20-25     ,  &ltr. =99-35  Brush. 


470  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Si         Mg        H        £e 

3.  Bare  HiUs,  Md.         40-16     36-00     21-60     1*16,  Ca  0-80,  £l  tr.— 99'72  Thomson. 

4.  Tyrol  Fleims  VaL    40*40     35-85     22-60    0-38,  apatite  0-78  =  100  GEllacher. 

5.  «  i«         «       41-50     38-30     20-50 =100-30  Kobell. 

0.'       «          «        u(f)40-82    36'06    21-72     0'42,  C  0-59=99-61  Widtermann. 

7*.  Passau  *"    45*5      34-5      20*0 =100a  Haushofer. 

a  After  separation  of  4-78  Cu  0  C  O2,  0-86  Fe2  O3. 

G.  of  anal.  6=2-136;  of  anal.  7,  2-107. 

Pyr.,  etc. In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  much  water.  B.B.  becomes  opaque,  and  fuses  on  the 

edges.  Decomposed  by  hydrochloric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  with  serpentine  at  the  localities  above  mentioned. 

Named  after  Prof.  Chester  Dewey.  The  gymnite  of  Thomson,  named  from  yvpv6s,  naked,  in 
aUusion  to  the  locality  at  Bare  Hills,  Md.,  is  the  same  species. 

Thomson  found  in  another  mineral  from  the  United  States,  labelled  Deweylite  (G.=2*0964),  Si 
50-70,  Mg  23-65,  fl  20'60,  A1!  3'55,  Fe  1*70  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxxi.  .173);  and  in  another  allied  min- 
eral, Si  41-42,  Mg  23-53,  Na  6'25,  H  19'86,  £l  4-47,  £e  3-57,  Fe  tr. 

Artif. — Formed  by  A.  Gages  by  the  method  mentioned  under  SERPENTINE  (p.  465). 

414.  OEROLITB.  Kerolith  Breithaupt,  Char.,  145;  254,  1823.   Cerolith  Gloch,  1831.   Kerolite. 

Massive,  reniform,  compact  or  lamellar. 

H.=2— 2*5.  G.=2'3— 2*4.  Lustre  vitreous  or  resinous.  Color  greenish 
or  yellowish- white,  yellow,  reddish.  Streak  uncolored.  Transparent — trans- 
lucent. Feel  greasy.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Does  not  adhere  to  the  tongue. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  ft,  Si,  ~&=l  :  2  :  1-J-;  formula,  if  two-thirds  of  the  water  is  basic,  (|  S-f- 
^  Mg)  Si+i  aq ;  making  it  thus  a  unisilicate  like  deweylite,  which  species  cerolite  closely  resem- 
bles in  physical  characters.  It  differs  hi  composition  from  aphrodite,  however,  only  in  containing 
half  more  water.  Analyses  :  1,  2,  Kiihn  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  lix.  368) : 

Si        Mg        fi 

1.  Silesia    47'34    29-84    21 04=98-22  Kiihn. 

2.  "         46-96     31-26     21'22=99'44  Kiihn. 

Maak  obtained  (Schw.  J.,  Iv.  1829)  for  the  same  mineral  Si  37-95,  £l  12-18,  Mg  18-02,  H  31-00 
=99-15.  But  Kiihn  states  that  he  and  his  laboratory  pupils  found  no  alumina,  and  that  Maak's 
analysis  must  be  incorract.  Kiihn  dried  his  mineral  at  100°  C.  before  the  analysis,  and  hence  the 
less  water. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  blackens,  but  does  not  fuse. 

Obs. — From  Frankenstein  in  Silesia,  associated  with  serpentine,  and  also,  according  to  Kiihn, 
brucite.  Breithaupt  unites  deweylite  to  cerolite. 

m  Helling  obtained  for  a  mineral  from  Zoblitz,  similar  to  the  above,  Si  47*13,  Mg  36-13,  H  11-50, 
3tl  2-57,  Fe  2-92= 100-25  (Ramm.,  1st  Suppl.,  79).  Hermann  obtained  for  an  apple-green  variety 
from  Lake  Itkul  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.,  xxxviii.  481),  Si  47-06,  Ni  2-80,  Mg  31-81,  H  18-33  =  100. 
G-.=2-27. 

The  name  Cerolite  is  from  K^S,  wax,  and  Ai0o?. 

415.  HYDROFHITE.    Svariberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1839,  Pogg.,  li.  525.    Jenkinsite  SJiepard, 

Am.  J.  Scl,  II.  xiii.  392,  1852.     Eisengymnit. 

Massive  ;  sometimes  in  fibrous  crusts. 

^  H.=2'5— 3-5.  G.=2-65,  hydrophite ;  2'4— 2'6,  Jenkinsite.  Lustre 
feeble,  subvitreous.  Color  mountain-green  to  blackish-green.  Streak 
paler.  Translucent  to  opaque. 

Comp. — Same  as  for  deweylite,  except  a  replacement  of  part  of  the  magnesia  by  protoxyd  of 
iron.  Analyses  :  1,  L.  Svanberg  (1.  c.) ;  2,  3,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  369) : 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAKOPHYLLITE   SECTION.  471 

Si        3tl       Fe        Mn      Mg         H 

1.  HydropUte       36-19     2'90     22-73     1'66     21-08     16-08,  V  (KL  15  =  100-755  Svanberg. 

2.  "  38-97     0-53     19'30     4'36     22'87     13-36=99-39  S.  &  B. 

3.  Jenkinsite          37'42     0'98     20'60     4-05     22'75     13-48=99-28  S.  &  B. 

Smith  &  Brash  find  in  Jenkinsite  the  oxygen  ratio  for  the  protoxyds,  silica,  and  water,  3:4:2^, 
and  they  mention  the  nearness  to  both  hydrophite  and  serpentine.  Websky  regards  hydrophite 
as  impure  mtiaxite  (ZS.  G.  Ges.,  x.  284). 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water.  B.B.  blackens,  and  fuses  at  about  3  to  a  black 
magnetic  globule.  With  the  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  Decomposed  by 
acids. 

Obs.  —  Hydrophite  occurs  at  Taberg  in  Smaland  ;  and  Jenkinsite  at  O'Neil's  mine  in  Orange 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  as  a  fibrous  incrustation  on  magnetite. 

Named  HydropUte  in  allusion  to  the  water  present;  and  Jenkinsite,  after  J.  Jenkins  of 
Monroe. 

41  5A.  DEKMATIN  Breifhaupt,  Char.,  104,  1832.    Massive,  reniform,  or  in  crusts  on  serpentine, 
cf  a  resinous  lustre  and  green  color.    Feel  greasy  ;  odor,  when  moistened,  argillaceous. 
Composition,  according  to  Ficinus  (Min.  Ges.  zu  Dresden,  ii.  215)  : 

Si         3tl       Fe       Mn      Mg       Oa       Na    H,  C 

1.  35-80     0-42     11-33     2'25     23'70     0'83     0'50     25'20—  100'03. 

2.  40-17     0-83     14-00     1'17     19'33     0'83     1'33     22-00,  S  0-43=100'09. 

Formula  (Mg,  Fe)3  Si2+6  H  ?,  but  probably  a  mixture.    B.B.  blackens  and  cracks. 
From  Waldheim  in  Saxony.    The  name  is  from  tippa,  skin,  alluding  to  its  occurrence  as  an 
incrustation. 

416.  GENTHITE.    Nickel-Gymnite  Genih,  Kell.  &  Tiedm.  Monatsb.,  iii.  487,  1851.    Genthite 
Dana,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.  256,  1867. 

Amorphous,  with  a  delicately  hemispherical  or  stalactitic  surface,  incrust- 
ing. 

H.  =  3—  4;  sometimes  (as  at  Michipicoten)  so  soft  as  to  be  polished 
under  the  nail,  and  fall  to  pieces  in  water.  G.  =2*4:09.  Lustre  resinous. 
Color  pale  apple-green,  or  yellowish.  Streak  greenish-white.  Opaque  to 
translucent. 


Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  R,  Si,  H=:2  :  3  :  3.  or  the  same  as  for  deweylite  ;  formula  (f(Ni, 
H)2  §i+4-  H,  being  a  nickel-gymnite.    Analyses:  1,  Genth  (1.  c.);  2,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can., 
1863,  607): 

Si  Ni  Fe  Mg          Ca  H 

1.  Texas,  Pa.  35-36        30-64        0'24        14*60         0'26         19-09=100-19  Genth. 

2.  Michipicoten  Id.      33'60        30*40         2-25  3-55        4*09         17'10,  3cl  8'40=99'39  Hunt. 

After  drying  at  a  temperature  above  100°  C.,  Hunt  obtained  (L  c.)  Si  35-80,  Ni  32-20,  H  12-20. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  In  the  closed  tube  blackens  and  gives  off  water.  B.B.  infusible.  With  borax  in 
O.F.  gives  a  violet  bead,  becoming  gray  in  R.F.  (nickel).  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid  without 
gelatinizing. 

Obs.—  From  Texas,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  in  thin  crusts  on  chromic  iron  ;  and  from  Webster, 
Jackson  Co.,  N.  C.,  with  chromic  iron  in  serpentine,  as  an  amorphous,  reniform,  apple-green 
incrustation  ;  on  Michipicoten  Id.,  Lake  Superior,  of  a  greenish-yellow  to  apple-green  color.  Also 
reported  from  near  Malaga,  Spain,  with  chromite  and  talcose  schist  ;  and  by  Wiser,  from  Saasthal 
in  the  Upper  Valais. 

Eottisite  Breith.  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xviii.  1,  1859)  may  be  essentially  the  above.  It  occurs  with  phos- 
phate of  nickel  at  Rottis  in  Voigtland,  hi  amorphous  masses  and  reniform  incrustations,  apple- 
green  or  emerald-green,  of  little  lustre,  translucent  to  subtranslucent,  but  opaque  when  earthy, 
with  H.  =  2  —  2-25,  and  G.=2'358—  2'370.  Wiukler  deduces  the  formula  Ni  Si  +  $  H;  and 
publishes  as  the  result  of.  his  analysis  (1.  c.)  Si  39-15,  &1  4'68,  3Pe  0'81,  Ni  35'87,  H  H'17,  with 
Co  0'67,  Cu  0'40,  P  2-70,  As  0'80.  But  his  summation  of  these  numbers  is  100'79,  or  4'54  more 
than  they  foot  up  ;  and  there  is  here  an  unexplained  error.  The  mineral,  as  Brush  has  observed, 
is  probably  nickel-gymnite. 


472 


OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 


417.  SAPONITE.  Terra  porcellanea  particulis  impalpalibus  mollis,  pt,  Brianzoner  Krita  pt, 
Smectis,  Engdsk  Walklera,  a  hwit  (Landsend  i  Cornwall),  Oronst.,  75,  1758.  Seifenstein  (fr. 
CornwaU)  Klapr.,  Schrift.  nat.  Ges.  Berlin,  vii.  163,  1787,  Beitr.,  ii.  180,  v.  22.  Steatite  of 
Cornwall  Kirw.,  Min.,  i.  152,  1794.  Soapstone  pt.  Pierre  a  Savon  H.  Saponit  Svanberg,  Ak. 
H.  Stockh.,  1840,  153.  Piotine  Svanberg,  Pogg.,  liv.  267,  1841,  Ivii.  165.  Thalite  Owen,  J.  Ac. 
Philad.,  II.  ii.  179,  1852. 

Massive.     In  nodules,  or  filling  cavities. 

Soft,  like  butter  or  cheese,  but  brittle  on  drying.  G.^2'206.  Lustre 
greasy.  Color  white,  yellowish,  grayish-green,  bluish,  reddish.  Does  not 
adhere  to  the  tongue. 

Comp. A  hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia  and  alumina ;  but  analyses  give,  naturally,  no  uniform 

results  for  such  an  amorphous  material.  Supposing  the  alumina  present  as  kaolinite,  the  rest, 
according  to  most  of  the  analyses,  is  a  silicate  allied  to  aphrodite,  as  if  the  mineral  were  a  mixture 
of  the  two.  Analyses :  1,  Klaproth  (1.  c.) ;  2,  Svanberg  (1.  c.) ;  3,  Haughton  (Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  x. 
253);  4,  Svanberg  (1.  c.) ;  6,  6,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Set,  II.  xvi.  368) ;  7,  8.  Reakirt  and  Keyser 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  H.  xvii.  130): 


Si 

1.  Cornwall     45*00 

2.  "  46-8 

3.  "       (|)  42-28 

4.  Piotine         50-89 

5.  Thalite        45-60 

6.  "  48-89 

7.  "  44-07 


9-25 
8-0 
7-21 
9-40 

4-87 
7-23 
4-72 


i-oo 

0-4 

2'06 
2-09 
2-46 
1-70 


Mg 
24-75 
33-3 
29-70 
26-52 
24-10 
24-17 
21-49 


Oa      Na       K: 
0-75 

0-7       


0-78 
1-07 

3-75 


0-45 
0-81 


a 

18-00=98-75  Klaproth. 
11-0=100-2  Svanberg. 
18-92  Haughton. 
10-50=100-15  Svanberg. 
20-66^:98-84  Smith  &  Brush. 
15-66  =  99-22  Smith  &  Brush. 
19-96  Reakirt 


8. 


44-66         7'79          26-60" 0*16    012     undet.  Keyser. 

a  Contains  some  lime. 


The  oxygen  ratio  for  R,  K,  Si,  ft,  in  1,  is  about  2  :  1  :  5  :  3| ;  in  2,  8*  :  1  :  6£  :  2£ ;  in  3,  3| : 
1  :  7  :  5i ;  in  4,  2  :  1  :  5£  :  2 ;  in  5,  3* :  1  :  8£  :  6£ ;  in  6,  2£  :  1  :  6^ :  3^;  in  7,  5  :  1  :  llf  :  9. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  gives  out  water  and  blackens ;  thin  splinters  fuse  with  difficulty  on  the  edges. 
Decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Lizard's  Point,  Cornwall,  in  veins  in  serpentine ;  in  the  geodes  of  datolite  at 
Roaring  Brook,  near  New  Haven,  Ct. ;  in  the  trap  of  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  between 
Pigeon  Point  arid  Fond  du  Lac,  in  amygdaloid  (thalite  of  Owen) ;  at  Svardsjo  in  Dalarne  (pwtine 
and  saponite). 

Saponite  is  from  sapo,  soap;  and  piotine  from  tn6rr]s,fat. 

Another  similar  mineral,  associated  with  chalilite  of  Thomson  in  amygdaloid  at  Antrim,  Ireland, 
afforded  von  Hauer  (Kenngott's  Min.  Not,  No.  11)  Si  44-11,  A1!  10-90,  Fe  1'05,  Mg  IB'Ol,  Ca 
6-74,  Mn  and  K  tr.,  ign.  24-07=99-88 ;  oxygen  ratio  nearly  4|  :  3  :  13|  :  12 ;  or  for  R  +  S  and 
Si,  1  :  1-8.  It  has  H.  =  2,  and  is  fragile;  lustre  waxy ;  color  isabella-yellow,  or  brownish.  Softens 
or  slacks  in  water.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid,  affording  pulverulent  silica. 


418.  PHOLERITE.    Pholerite  Guilkmin,  Ann.  d.  M.,  xi.  489,  1825.    Pholerite  pt  of  many 
authors.    Pholerite,  Pelitische  Felsittuffe  von  Chemnitz,  A.  Knap.,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1859,  540. 

Orthorhombic.  In  rhombic  and  hexagonal  scales,  like  those  of  kaolinite. 
Occurs  clay-like  and  compact  massive,  consisting  of  an  aggregation  of 
scales. 

H.=l-2-5.  G.=2-35— 2-5T.  Lustre  of  scales  pearly.  Color  white, 
grayish-white,  greenish-white,  yellowish,  reddish-brown,  violet.  Doubly 
refracting,  Knop. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  S,  Si,lft=3  :  3  :  2;  A1PSi8  +  4H=Silica  19-3,  alumina  45-0,  water  15'7=: 
100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Gruulemin  (1.  c.);  3,  A.  Knop  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1859  540)-  4,  J.  L  Smith  (Am, 
J.  Set,  II.  xi.  58) ;  5,  Mallet  (Shep.  Min.,  1857,  Suppl.  to  Append,,  p.  iv.) : 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAROPHYLLITE   SECTION. 


473 


1.  Fins 
2.     " 
3.  Chemnitz 
4.  Schemnitz 
5.  Jacksonville,  Ala. 

Si         3tl        £e 
42-93     42-07     
41-65     43-35     
39-34           45-90 
42-45     42-81     
42-19     41-30      0-82 

Mg        C-a        K 


1-09 


15-00—100  Guillemin. 
15-00=100  Guillemin. 
14-76=100  Knop. 
12-92=98-18  Smith. 
14-20=99-60  Mallet. 


Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible.  Gives  a  blue  color  with  cobalt  solution.  Insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — The  pholerite  of  Guillemin  was  from  nodules  of  iron  ore  in  the  coal  mines  of  Fins,  Dept. 
of  Allier,  France.  The  Chemnitz  mineral  is  from  Niederrabenstein  (and  also  at  Zeisigwald,  etc.), 
where  it  constitutes  a  rock  called  by  Naumann  pditische  felsittuffe  in  the  Lower  Coal  formation ; 
it  is  various  in  color,  but  is  shown  to  consist  of  crystalline,  colorless,  doubly  refracting  scales. 
The  Schemnitz  is  the  gangue  of  diaspore,  and  it  may  be  kaolinite  impure  with  diaspore.  The  Jack- 
sonville is  a  kaolin,  and  may  be  kaoliuite ;  the  analysis  afforded  4*86  of  free  silica,  and  0'90  of 
undecomposed  material  which  above  is  excluded. 

The  analyses  of  kaolinite  have  been  referred  to  pholerite  under  the  idea  that  GuiUemin's  analy- 
sis was  incorrect.  But  the  analysis  by  Knop  appears  to  show  that  there  is  a  species  with  the 
pholerite  composition,  but  not  differing  from  kaolinite  in  its  physical  or  crystallographic  characters. 

Named  from  <£uAt?,  a  scale. 

418A.  Teratolite  Glocker  (Grundr.,  544,  1839  ;  Terra  miraculosa  Saxonise  0.  Eichter,  1732  ;  Sax- 
onische  Wundererde  of  old  Germ,  authors;  Eisensteinmark  Breith.,  Char.,  147,  1823,  301,  1832). 
A.  Knop  holds  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1859,  546)  that  the  teratolite  is  an  impure  lithomarge-like  pholerite, 
closely  related  to  the  mineral  from  Chemnitz.  It  is  described  as  having  H.  =  2 — 2-J-,  and  G.  =  2'49 
— 2-5;  color  varied  with  lavender  and  other  shades  of  blue,  and  spots  of  red,  and  rarely  pearl- 
gray.  It  is  from  an  amygdaloidal  rock  overlaid  by  coal  strata  at  Planitz  near  Zwickau  in  Saxony, 
It  contains  much  oxyd  of  iron ;  but,  according  to  Knop,  probably  is  a  mixture  of  pholerite  with 
some  free  quartz,  pulverized  feldspar,  hydrate  of  iron,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  magnesia.  The  fol- 
lowing is  the  analysis  of  Schuler  (Freiesleb.  Orykt.  Sachs.,  Heft  5) : 


1.  Planitz 


Si       Xl 

41-66     22-85 


£e       Mn     Mg      Ca 
12-98     1-68     2-55     3'04 


K          fi 
0-93     14-20  Schuler. 


419.  KAOLINITE.  Talkerde  von  schuppigen  Theilen  (fr.  Sonne  Adit,  Halsbrucke,  near  Frei- 
berg) Wem.,  Ueb,  218,  1780.  Erdiger  Talk  Hofmann,  Bergm.  J.,  160,  1789;  Karst,  Tab.,  32, 
1800.  ?  Talc  granuleux  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Nacrite  pt.  Brongn.,  Min.,  i.  505,  1807.  Schuppiger 
Thon  Karst.,  Tab.,  91,  1808.  Nakrit  Breifh.,  Char.,  94,  318,  1832.  Pholerite  pt.  many  authors. 
Kaolinite  S.  W.  Johnson,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliii.  351,  1867. 

Medulla  Saxi,  Germ.  Steinmarck,  pt.,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  466,  1 546  =  Lithomarge  pt.  Karuat 
Breith.,  Handb.,  ii.  359,  1841  =  Steinmark  von  Rochlitz  Klapr.,  vi.  285,  1815.  Terra  Samia, 
Collyrium,  Aster,  Plin.,  xxxv.  53.  Marga  porcellana,  Leucargilla,  pt.,  Wall.,  22,  1747.  Terra 
Porcellanea  Cronst,  73,  1758.  Porcelain  Clay.  Kaolin.  Porzellanerde,  Porzellanthon,  Germ. 
Argiles  a  porcelaine  Fr.  Terre  a.  foulon  pt.  Fr.=  Fuller's  Earth. 


In   rhombic,  rhomboidal,  or  hexagonal 
fan-shaped  aggrega- 

413 


Orthorhombic.     I A  /=  120°. 
scales  or  plates ;   sometimes  in 

tions;  usually  constituting  a  clay-like  *  mass^eitner 
compact,  friable,  or  mealy ;  base  of  crystals  lined  (f. 
413),  arising  from  the  edges  of  superimposed  plates. 
Cleavage :  basal,  perfect.  Twins :  the  hexagonal 
plates  made  up  of  six  sectors. 

H.=l-2-5.  G.=2-4:-2-63.  Lustre  of  plates, 
pearly  ;  of  mass,  pearly  to  dull  earthy.  Color  white, 
grayish-white,  yellowish,  sometimes  brownish,  bluish, 
or  reddish.  Scales  transparent  to  translucent.  Scales 
flexible,  inelastic  ;  usually  unctuous  and  plastic.  Op- 
tically biaxial ;  axial  plane  normal  to  the  base,  and 
to  a  side  of  the  hexagon ;  axes  quite  divergent ;  bisectrix  negative ;  Descl. 


474 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Var.— 1  ArgitKfarm.  Soft,  clay-like ;  ordinary  kaolinite ;  under  the  microscope  if  not  with- 
out showing  that  it  is  made  up  largely  of  pearly  scales.  The  constituent  of  most,  if  not  all,  pure 
kaolin.  G.  =  2-627,  fr.  Freiberg,  Breith.;  2-6,  fr.  Schneck  en  stein,  Clarke. 

2    Farmiform.     Mealy,  hardly  coherent,  consisting  of  pearly  angular  scales,  anal.  3-6,  9. 

3'  Indurated;  Lithoniarge  (Steinmark  Germ.).  Firm  and  compact;  H.  =  2-2-5.  When  pul- 
verized, often  shows  a  scaly  texture  (anal.  17-24).  G.=2;6,  fr  Camsdorf,  solid  var.  anal  23. 
Zfcewfe  of  Thomson  is  a  lithomarge  from  Scotland,  used  sometimes  for  slate  pencils ;  H. =2-5  ;  G.= 
2-43—2-56 ;  color  milk-white. 

4  Ferruqinous  •  Carnal  Breith.  A  firm  lithomarge  of  a  reddish-white  or  flesh-red  color ;  the 
color  owing  to  the  presence  of  some  oxyd  of  iron  replacing  the  alumina;  H  =2-3  ;  G.=2'543. 
Streak  colorless;  smooth  to  the  touch  (anal.  15,  16).  Also  brownish-red  (anal.  21) 

Comp.-0.  ratio  for  fi,  Si,  H=3  :  4  :  2 ;  whence,  if  half  the  water  be  basic,  (*  H'+f  A-l)'  Si3 ; 
(as  usually  written,  £lSi2+2H)=Silica  46'3,  alumina  39-8,  water  13-9=100. 
1   Analyses:  1,  W.'  S.  Clarke  (Ann.  Oh.  Pharm,  lxxx._  122);  2,  Pisani  (0.  R,  1m  1072);  3   R. 
Miiller  (B    H    Zte    xxiv.  336);  4,  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxvm.  251);  5,  6,  Johnson,  Burton 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliii.  354,  358);  7,  A.  Knop  (Jahresb.,  789,_  1859)  ;>  8,  R.  Richter  (Pogg.,  xc.  320); 


22,  23,  Fikenscher  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxix.  461);  24,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.);  25,  26,  R.  D.  Thomson  and 
Richardson  (Thorn.  Min.,  i.  244) : 


=  100-71  Clark. 

100-8  Pisani. 

=  1 00-28  Miiller. 

NaO-17  =  100-47a  Genth. 

=99-76  Johnson. 

undet.  2-95  =  100  Burton. 

=  100  Knop. 

=  99-82  Richter. 

=  100  Stolba. 

=  99-96  Smith. 

100  Boussingault. 

=99-66  Hunt. 

r 99-7 5  Klaproth. 

= 99-98  Bauer. 

=  98-50  Klaproth. 

alk.  0-21=99-67  Naschold. 

=  100-36  Ramm. 

=98-44  Hauer. 

=99-05  Hauer. 

=  100-55  Hauer. 

=99-30  Hauer. 

=99-50  Fikenscher. 

=99-72  Fikenscher. 

=  100  Kamin. 

=99-45  Thomson. 

=  100-24  Richardson. 

b  Contains  some  free  silica. 


Si 

Si 

Fe 

Mg 

Ca 

H 

1. 

Schneckenstein 

46-76 

39-59 



0-94 



13-42= 

2. 

Lodeve,  Fr. 

47-0 

39-4 







14-4= 

3. 

Freiberg,  Sax. 

46-74 

39-48 







14-06= 

4. 

Tamaqua,  Pa. 

(f)  46-90 

39-60 







13-80, 

5. 

Summit  Hill,  Pa. 

45-93 

39-81 







14-02= 

6. 

Richmond,  Va. 

48-56b 

35-61 







12-88, 

7. 

Zeisigwald,  Sax. 

49-91 

35-23 







[14-86]; 

8. 

Altenberg,  Sax. 

45-63 

39-89 





0-60 

13-70= 

,  9. 

Schlan,  Bohem. 

47-93 

36-78 







15-29  = 

10. 

Naxos 

44-41 

41-20 





1-21 

13-14= 

11. 

N.  Grenada 

45-0 

40-2 







14-8= 

12. 

Chaudiere  Falls 

46-05 

38-37 



0-63 

0-61 

14-00= 

13. 

Aue,      Kaolin 

46-00 

39-00 

0-25 





14-50= 

14. 

Zettlitz,     " 

48-61 

38-90 







12-47  = 

15. 

Rochlitz,  Carnal 

45-25 

36-50 

2-75 





14-00= 

16. 

((                           U 

45-09 

38-13 

1-79 

0-19 



14-29, 

17. 

Rumpelsberg,       Z^fawi.  47  -33 

40-23 



1' 

44 

12-36= 

18. 

Rene,  Bohem., 

"      43-13 

39-60 

fc 



tr. 

15-71  = 

19. 

Saszka,  white, 

"      45-19 

37-92 





0-93 

15-01  = 

20. 

"       yellow, 

"      44-37 

39-70 

tr. 



0-95 

15-53= 

21. 

"        bnh.-red, 

"       44-54 

33-00 

5-35 



0-51 

15-90= 

22. 

Cainsdorf,  w.  friabk, 

"       45-82 

39-42 



—  — 



14-26= 

23. 

"  solid, 

"       46-20 

39-72 







13-80= 

24. 

Schlackeuwald, 

"       43-46 

41-48 



0-37C 

1-20 

13-49= 

25. 

Tweed,  Tuesite, 

"       44-30 

40-40 



0-50 

0-75 

13-50: 

26. 

il                      U 

"       43-80 

40-10 

0-94 

0-55 

0-64 

14-21  = 

a  After  separating  oxyd  of  iron  01S,  Ca  O  0'93,  by  muriatic  acid  (Genth). 

c  NaO. 


Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  pholerite. 

The  mineral  from  Chaudiere  Falls  exfoliates  in  white  cauliflower-like  shapes  (Hunt). 

Obs. — Ordinary  kaolin  is  a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  aluminous  minerals,  especially  the 
feldspars  of  granitic  and  gneissoid  rocks  and  porphyries.  In  some  regions  where  thepe  rocks  have 
decomposed  on  a  large  scale,  the  resulting  clay  remains  hi  vast  beds  of  kaolin,  usually  more  or 
less  mixed  with  free  quartz,  and  sometimes  with  oxyd  of  iron  from  some  of  the  other  minerals 
present.  Pure  kaolinite  in  scales  often  occurs  in  connection  with  iron  ores  of  the.  Coal  formation. 
It  sometimes  forms  extensive  beds  in  the  Tertiary  formation,  as  near  Richmond,  Va.  Also  met 
with  accompanying  diaspore  and  emery  or  corundum. 

Occurs  in  the  coal  formation  at  Cache-Apres  in  Belgium ;  also  in  the  same  at  Schlan  in  Bohemia, 
and  at  Rohe ;  in  argillaceous  schist  at  Lodeve,  Dept.  of  Herault,  France ;  at  the  Einigkeit  mine 
at  Brand,  near  Freiberg,  and  elsewhere  in  Saxony  j  as  kaolin  at  Diendorf  (Bodenmais)  in  Bavaria; 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    MARGAKOPHYLLITE   SECTION.  475 

at  Zeisigwald  near  Chemnitz ;  as  the  gangue  of  topaz  at  Schneckenstein ;  with  emery  and  mar- 
garite  at  Naxos ;  as  the  gangue  of  diaspore  at  Schemnitz ;  as  the  material  of  pseudomorphs  after 
prosopite  at  Altenberg  (anal.  8),  showing  well  the  hexagonal  scales  (Johnson  &  Blake) ;  with 
fluor  at  Zinnwald,  a  white  powdery  substance  consisting  of  hexag.  scales ;  at  Rochlitz  (carnat)  in 
a  porphyritic  rock ;  in  seams  in  an  argillaceous  rock  on  the  Tweed  (tuesite),  the  Latin  name  of 
which  place  is  Tuesis.  At  Yrieix,  near  Limoges,  is  the  best  locality  of  kaolin  in  Europe  (a  discovery 
of  1765);  it  affords  material  for  the  famous  Sevres  porcelain  manufactory.  The  dark-colored 
clay  of  Stourbridge,  England,  is  made  up  in  large  part  of  transparent  lamina?  (J.  &  B.). 

In  the  U.  States,  kaolin  occurs  at  Newcastle  and  Wilmington,  Del. ;  at  various  localities  in  the 
limonite  region  of  Vermont  (at  Branford,  etc.),  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania  ;  Jacksonville,  Ala. ; 
Edgefield,  S.  C. ;  near  Augusta,  G-a. ;  and  Johnson  &  Blake  observed  transparent  hexagonal  scales 
abundantly  in  a  blue  fire-clay  from  Mt.  Savage,  Md. ;  in  the  white  clay  of  Brandon,  Vt.,  Beekman, 
N.  Y.,  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  Reading,  and  a  locality  in  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  Long  Island,  and  in 
white  and  colored  clays  of  various  other  places.  Near  Richmond,  Ya.,  the  mealy  constitutes  a 
bed  of  considerable  extent  in  the  Tertiary  formation ;  at  Tamaqua  and  Summit  Hill  in  Carbon 
Co.,  Pa.,  it  occurs  in  the  Coal  formation ;  in  a  sandstone  of  the  Quebec  group,  just  below  the 
Chaudiere  Falls,  filling  seams  or  fissures,  often  %  in-  thick,  having  an  unctuous  feel,  and  consist- 
ing of  minute  soft  scales. 

The  characters  of  this  species  have  been  well  defined,  and  its  relation  to  kaolin  explained,  in  an 
article  by  Johnson  &  Blake  (1.  c.),  by  whom  the  name  kaolinite  was  proposed  They  show  that 
Forchammer's  formula  for  kaolin  is  the  true  formula,  and  also  that  of  kaolinite ;  and  that  the  two 
are  one  in  species  chemically  and  physically.  They  point  out  that  much  lithomarge  should  be 
included,  and  that  the  hexagonal  scales,  which  the  massive  mineral  presents  under  the  microscope, 
may  be  detected  in  all  kaolin,  and  also  in  some  dark -colored  fire-clays,  although  much  mixed  with, 
impurities.  They  also  show  that  the  plasticity  of  the  kaolinite  depends  on  the  fineness  of  the 
material,  and  that  kinds  not  plastic  in  water  may  be  rendered  so  by  fine  trituration.  They  suggest 
that  the  distinction  of  kaolinite  and  pholerite  may  disappear  on  further  chemical  investigation. 

The  earliest  recognition  of  the  mineral  distinctively  is  by  Werner  in  1780  (1.  c.),  who  placed  it 
under  talc.  It  afterward  took  the  name  of  earthy  talc,  as  used  by  Hoffmann  in  1789  (1.  c.).  The 
acute  Karsten  pronounced  it  a  scaly  clay  (schuppige  Thon),  and  arranged  it  accordingly  in  1808 
(1.  c.) ;  but  no  author  of  the  next  twenty  years  fully  adopted  his  view.  In  1807  Brongniart  made 
the  species  nacrite  (1.  c.),  for  a  jusible,  anhydrous,  pearly  potash-mica,  analyzed  by  Vauquelm 
(affording  Si  50,  A1!  26,  I?e  5,  Ca  1'5,  K  17 -5),  and  referred  to  it  doubtingly  the  earthy  talc,  in  a 
note,  without  any  knowledge  of  it.  Hausmann,  in  1813  (Handb.,  500),  says  that  the  schuppige 
Talc  of  Andreasberg  in  the  Harz  (which  he  says  is  wrongly  called  buttermilchsilber)  may  perhaps  be 
schuppige  Hydrargillite  (hydrate  of  alumina)  or  Thon,  but  an  analysis  was  needed  to  decide  it.  Hoff- 
mann, in  1815  (Handb.,  ii.  b,  268),  makes  it  his  first  variety  of  talc,  but  queries  its  nature,  and 
cites  an  analysis  by  John  of  a  hydrate  of  alumina. 

In  1832  (1.  c.)  Breithaupt  gave  the  Saxon  mineral  the  name  nacrite  (nakrit),  without  any  appar- 
ent reference  in  the  place  to  Brongniart's  or  Vauquelin's  previous  use  of  this  name.  But  he  at 
the  same  time  questions  whether  it  may  not  be  identical  with  pholerite  (which  had  been  described 
in  1825).  Since  then  the  species  has  been  united  to  pholerite,  under  the  idea  that  pholerite  was 
incorrectly  analyzed  by  Guillemiu  (which  may  still  be  true) ;  and  Breithaupt,  in  1841  (Handb.,  391), 
adopts  this  view,  putting  pholerite  of  Guillemin  under  nacrite ;  and,  moreover,  he  attributes  his 
name  nacrite  to  Vauquelin.  This  was  the  state  of  the  question  when  the  description  of  kaolinite 
by  Johnson  and  Blake  appeared. 

Breithaupt,  in  1832,  stated  that  the  scales  were  hexagonal ;  and  again  in  his  account  of  the 
"  nakrit  "  of  Brand  near  Freiberg.  A.  Knop,  in  1859  (Jahrb.  Min.  1859,  594),  describes  with  detail 
the  crystallization  of  the  Schneckenstein  mineral ;  he  makes  it  rhombic,  with  the  planes  I,  0, 
H  and  gives  the  angle  /A  1=118°.  Descloizeaux,  in  his  Mineralogy  (1862),  shows  that  optically 
the  scales  from  Brand,  near  Freiberg,  are  orthorhombic,  and  makes  the  angles  120°  and  60° ;  and 
Johnson  &  Blake  give  the  same  angles  as  a  mean  of  their  measurements  of  various  kaolinites. 

The  name  Kaolin  is  a  corruption  of  the  Chinese  Kauling,  meaning  high-ridge,  the  name  of  a  hill 
near  Jauchau  Fu,  where  the  material  is  obtained ;  and  the  petuntze  (peh-tun-tsz)  of  the  Chinese, 
with  which  the  kaolin  is  mixed  in  China  for  the  manufacture  of  porcelain,  is  a  quartzose  feld- 
spathic  rock,  consisting  largely  of  quartz  (S.  W.  Williams).  The  word  porcelain  was  first  given 
to  the  china-ware  by  the  Portuguese,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  nacre  of  the  sea-shells  Porcel- 
lana  (Cyprneas),  they  supposing  it  to  be  made  from  egg-shells,  fish-glue,  and  fish  scales  (S.  W. 
Williams). 

420.  HALLOYSITE.  Halloysite  Berthier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxxii.  332,  1826.  Galapektit, 
Gummit,  Breith.,  Char.,  99,  1832.  Glagerit  Breith.,  Handb.,  357,  1841.  Smectite  Salvetat,  Ann. 
Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xxxi.  102,  1851.  Steinmark  or  Lithomarge  pt.,  Pseudo-Steatite  pt.,  G-lossecol- 
lite,  Shep.,  Min.,  1857,  App.  to  Suppl.,  p.  iii. 


476  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

?  Lenzinit  John.,  Chem.  Schrift.,  v.  193,  1816.   ?  Severite  Beud.,  Tr.,  1824,  in  Index,  and  ii.  36, 
1832.    ?  Nertschinskite  JRazoumovski.    Bole  pt. 

Massive.     Clay-like  or  earthy. 

H.=:l—  2.  G.  — 1-8— 2-4.  Lustre  somewhat  pearly,  or  waxy,  to  dull. 
Color  white,  grayish,  greenish,  yellowish,  bluish,  reddish.  Translucent 
to  opaque,  sometimes  becoming  translucent  or  even  transparent  in  water, 
with  an  increase  of  one-fifth  in  weight.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Hardly 
plastic. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary.  Earthy  or  waxy  in  lustre,  and  opaque  massive.  Galapectite  is  the  halloy- 
site  of  Anglar.  Pseudosieatite  of  Thomson  &  Binney  is  an  impure  variety  (anal.  8,  9),  dark  green 
in  color,  with  H.  =  2'25,  G.=2'469.  Glagerite,  from  Bergnersreuth  in  Bavaria  (anal.  10,  11),  is  proved 
to  be  halloysite  by  Fikenscher ;  it  is  white  to  yellowish-white ;  G.  =  2-35— 2-382  ;  H.  =  2—  2'5. 

2.  Smectite  of  Salvetat  is  greenish,  and  in  certain  states  of  humidity  appears  transparent  and 
almost  gelatinous ;  it  is  from  Conde,  near  Houdan,  France.   Breithaupt's  Gummite  (Char.,  99,  1832) 
is  a  "  gum-like  halloysite,"  not  adhering  to  the  tongue,  from  Anglar,  though  in  his  Handbuch,  where 
the  same  locality  is  mentioned,  he  quotes  Berthier's   analysis  of  collyrite  from  the  Pyrenees. 
Glossecottite  is  milk-white  and  earthy,  but  becomes  translucent  on  the  edges  and  a  little  opaline 
hi  water.    It  forms  a  seam  1  in.  thick  in  a  siliceous  Silurian  rock  in  Rising  Fawn,  Dade  Co., 
Georgia. 

3.  Lenzinite  is  earthy,  compact,  white,  translucent,  and  somewhat  opaline,  from  Kail  in  the 
Eifel ;  and  brownish,  from  rifts  in  pegmatite  at  La  Vilate,  near  Chanteloube,  in  France.     Leonhard 
considered  it  (Handb.,  1826)  a  decomposed  semiopal.     It  is  described  as  not  gelatinizing  in  acids. 
Named  after  the  German  mineralogist  Lenz.     Nertschinskite  of  Razoumovski,  a  whitish  or  bluish 
earth  from  Nertschinsk,  has  been  referred  to  lenzinite.     Severite,  or  lenzinite  of  St.  Sever,  was 
first  noticed  in  1818,  and  analyzed  in  that  year  by  Pelletier  (J.  de  Phys.,  Ixxxvi.  251,  1818).     It 
has  sometimes  the  semitransparency  of  opal,  a  soft  feel,  adheres  strongly  to  the  tongue,  and 
makes  no  paste  with  water ;  it  is  from  the  upper  arenaceous  stratum  in  the  gypsiferous  Tertiary 
at  St.  Sever  in  France.    It  is  not  clear  whether  it  belongs  here  or  to  kaolinite. 

4.  Bole,  in  part,  may  belong  here ;  that  is,  those  colored,  unctuous  clays  containing  more  or 
Jess  oxyd  of  iron,  which  also  have  about  24  p.  c.  of  water;  the  iron  gives  it  a  brownish,  yellow- 
ish, or  reddish  color ;  but  more  investigation  is  needed  before  it  is  known  that  they  are  not  mere 
mixtures.     Oropion  of  Glocker  (Syn.,  188,  1847)  is  a  dark  brown  to  black  bole  ;  it  is  the  Btrgseife 
of  Werner  (Ueb.  Croust,  189,  1780),  having  a  greasy  feel  and  streak,  and  H.  =  l — 2  ;  the  color  is 
attributed  to  bituminous  matters  present.     It  is  from  Olkutsch  in  Poland.     Where  it  belongs  is 
doubtful.     The  analysis  below  by  Bucholz  is  of  a  similar  kind  from  Thuringia ;  but  its  identity 
with  Werner's  Polish  Bergseife  is  not  certain. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  B,  Si,  11=3  :  4  :  3;  (ifi3  +  £  £l)2  Si2+3f[  or  (£lSiQ+3£)= Silica  43-3, 
alumina  37'7,  water  19'0=100.  Analyses:  1,  1A,  2,  Berthier  (Ann.  Oh.  Phys.,  1.  c.,  Ann.  d.  M., 
III.  ix.  500);  3,  Dufrenoy  (ib.,  iii.  393);  4,  Oswald  (J.  pr.  Ch,,  xii.  173);  5,  Aionheim  (Verh.  nat. 
Ver.  Bonn,  v.  41,  Ramm.,  4th  Suppl.,  221);  6,  Sauvage  (Ann.  de  M.,  IV.  x.  77) ;  7,  Salvetat  (Ann. 
Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xxxi.  102);  8,  9,  Thomson  and  Binney  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  xvi  55);  10,  11,  Fiken- 
scher (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxix.  459);  12,  v.  Hauer.  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  826,  1853) ;  13,  Pisaui  (C.  R.,  Hi. 
310);  14,  John  (1-  c.);  15,  Salvetat  (l.c.);  16,  17,  Lowig  ("Leonh.  Orykt.,"  but  not  found  in  it  by 
the  author);  18,  Wackenroder  (Kastn.  Archiv.,  xi.  466);  19,  Zellner  (Jahrb  Min.,  1835.  467); 
20,  Bucholz  (Gehlen's  N.  J.,  iii.  597): 

Si      £l       Pe       Mg       Ca       Na      K        H 

1.  Anglar  39'5     34-0    2 6 -5  =  100  Berthier. 

1A.     '•    dried  at  100°  C.  44-94  39-06  16-00=100  Berthier. 

2.  Housscha  46-7     36'9    16'0  =  99'15  Berthier. 

3.  LaVoulte  40-66  33'66  24'83=99'15  Dufrenoy. 

4.  Miechowitz,  Silesia       40-2530-00 24*25,  Mg 0-25  =  99-55  0. 

5.  Altenberg  40-31  33'23- 23-69,2r  1'23=98-46M. 

6.  Ecogne  42       30    .  24=100  Sauvage. 

7.  Conde,  Smectite  43-0     32'5Fel-20     0'03      1-02  0'4         21-7,Sigel.r5  =  101'62S 

8.  Blackburn  41-8922-05    6'62      6'16      2'42  20*22  Mn  ^.=99-36  T. 

42-78  22-53    6'31      6'76      2'54 18'68  Mn  *r.=99'60  B. 

10.  Glagerite,  compact         42'85  36-14  20'54=99'53  Fikensch. 

11.  earthy  37-12  41-27  , 21-16=99-55  Fikensch. 

12.  St.  Sever,  Severite         44-4236-00  0'65 18-40=99  47  Hauer. 

13.  Georgia,  Glossec.  40'4    37'8    O'o      21-8=100-5  Pisani 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MARGAROPHYLLITE   SECTION.  477 

Si      £1       £e       Mg      Ca        Na       K        & 

14.  Eifel,      Lenzinite  37'5     37'5 25-0=100  John. 

15.  Chanteloube,  "  36'36  36'00    1-95      0'18     0'50          21-50,  Si  gel  2-0,  quartz 

1-64=100-13  Salvetat. 
16    Ettinghausen,  Bole        42-00  24-14 10'03      0'43      0-52 24-03  =  101-05  Ldwig. 

17.  C.  de  Prudelles,  "         41-05  25'03    8'09      0'50      0'45     24-02=99-14  Lowig. 

18.  Sasebuhl,  "          41-9     20'9    12-2 24'9  =  99'9  Wackenrodei 

19.  Striegau,  "          42-00  20-12    8-53      2'01      2'81     0'50  24'00  =  99'97  Zellner. 

20.  Thuringia,  Oropion.       44'0     26'5      8'0 0'5 20-5=99-5  Bucholz. 

Pelletier  obtained  for  the  severite  (1.  c.)  Si  50,  A1!  22,  H  26=98.  Shepard  made  the  glossecollite 
erroneously  a  hydrated  silica  containing  17  p.  c.  of  water. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible.  A  fine  blue  with  cobalt  solution.  Decomposed  by 
acids. 

Glossecollite  is  decomposed  by  hot  sulphuric  acid,  Pisani. 

Obs. — Occurs  often  in  veins  or  beds  of  ore,  as  a  secondary  product ;  also  in  granite  and  other 
rocks,  being  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  some  aluminous  minerals.  The  Halloysite  of  Hous- 
scha  is  derived  from  graphic  granite. 

APPENDIX  TO  CLAYS. 
The  following  are  other  earthy  hydrous  aluminous  silicates,  all  of  doubtful  character : 

420A.  SINOPITE  Hausm.,  Handb..  1847;  £«»&»«$?  TheopTir. ;  Eubrica  Vitruy. ;  Sinopis  Pliny; 
Sinopische  Erde  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iv.  345  ;  Bol  de  Sinopis  Beud.  A  clayey  earth  of  a  brick-red  color 
dotted  with  white,  adhering  to  the  tongue.  The  material  analyzed  by  Klaproth  was  from  Ana- 
tolia, Asia  Minor.  The  sinopic  earth  of  the  ancients  was  brought  from  Cappadocia,  and  used  as 
a  red  paint,  and  may  have  been  a  red  ochre.  Theophrastus  speaks  of  two  other  kinds  of  sinopic 
earth,  one  whitish,  the  other  between  the  red  and  white  in  color,  and  called  the  pure  kind  because 
it  was  used  without  mixing;  besides  also  an  artificial  kind  make  by  burning  a  clay — the  clay  be- 
coming red  owing  to  the  hydrated  oxyd  of  iron  present,  which  was  freed  from  its  water  by  the 
heat. 

420B.  MELINITE  Glocker  (Syn.,  186,  1847  ;  Gelb-Erde  pt.  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  ii.  b,  210;  Argile 
ocreuse  jaune  pt.  H.-,  Yellow  ochre  pt.)  is  a  yellow  clayey  material,  looking  like  yellow  ochre,  more 
or  less  lamellar  in  structure,  shining  in  streak,  adhering  to  the  tongue,  and  soiling  the  fingers ;  G-.= 
2'24.  The  kind  analyzed,  and  to  which  the  name  especially  belongs,  is  that  from  Amberg  in 
Bavaria.  Other  reported  localities  are  Miinden  and  Schoningen  in  Hanover ;  Wehrau,  Prussia ; 
Robschiitz,  Saxony;  Vierzon  (whence  sometimes  called  Vierzonite),  Dept.  of  Cher,  and  Pourrain, 
Dept.  of  Yonne,  France. 

420C.  OCHRAN  Breith.,  Char.,  100,  1832.  A  kind  of  "bole"  of  a  yellow  color  from  Orawitza, 
a  little  greasy  in  feel,  with  H.  =  l  — 2,  and  Gr.  =  2'4— 2-5;  streak  pale  yellow  to  colorless. 

PLINTHITE  Thorn.  (Min.,  i.  323)  is  a  brick-red  clay  from  Antrim,  Ireland,  having  Gr.  =  2*342,  and 
H.  =  2-75,  and  not  adhering  to  the  tongue. 

Analyses  :  1,  Klaproth  (1.  c.);  2,  Thomson  (1.  c.);  3,  Kersten  (Schw.  J.,  Ixvi.  31);  4,  Kiihn 
(Schw.  J.,  li.  466) : 

Si  3tl  3?e           Ca  Na  Cl  H 

1.  Sinopite            32'0  26-5  21 '0           1-5  17-0=98-0  Klaproth. 

2.  Melinite  33-23  14'21  37'76  Mg  1'38          13-24=99-82  Kiihu. 

3.  Plinthite  30-88  20'76  26'16         2'60          19'60= 100  Thomson. 

4.  Ochran  31-3  48'0  1-2  21'0=96'5  Kersten. 

These  ochreous  clays  are  probably  only  mixtures.  Von  Hauer  obtained  from  a  "  melinite  "  of 
unknown  locality  (Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs.,  1853,428)  Si  46-50,  3tl,  ffe  40'82  (in  one  trial  £e  14*92),  6a 
0-39,  H  11-50  =  100. 

0 

420D.  ORAYITZITE  Breith.,  Handb.,  366,  1841.  Massive  and  in  nodules,  and  resembling  halloy- 
Bite,  but  heavier.  H.  =  2— 2£;  G-.=2'701;  lustre  waxy;  color  greenish- white ;  unctuous.  It  is 


4:78  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

supposed  to  be  a  hydrous  aluminous  silicate  containing  oxyd  of  zinc.  In  the  glass  tube  yields 
much  water.  B.B.  yields,  according  to  Plattner,  with  soda  and  borax  on  charcoal,  a  slag  which 
is  yellow  while  hot  and  white  on  cooling.  The  oxyd  of  zinc  is  probably  present  as  a  mixture  in 
the  clay. 

From  Orawitza,  Transylvania,  with  calamine. 

420E.  HVERLEBA  Forchhammer  (Jahresb.,  xxiii.  265,  1848).  A  white  or  reddish  clay  resulting 
from  the  action  of  sulphuric  and  carbonic  acids  on  the  ferriferous  clays  of  Krisuvig,  Iceland, 
Composition  Si  50'99,  £l  7-89,  £e  21-21,  Mg  19-96,  Ti  0'46=lOO-01. 

420F.  KEFFEKILITE  (Keffekilith  Fischer,  Mem.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou,  i.  60,  1811).  A  pearl-gray 
to  grayish-white  lithomarge,  from  the  Crimea,  having  a  greasy  feel,  and  somewhat  adhering  to 
the  tongue,  with  G.  =  2-40,  John.  John  obtained  (1.  c.)  Si  45-00,  A-l  14-00,  £e  12-25,  Ca  2-25, 
Na  Cl  1-50,  ft  22-00,  manganese,  chrome  (?),  magnesia,  and  loss  3-00.  Becomes  hard  enough  to 
scratch  glass  by  calcination.  It  is  evidently  merely  a  clayey  mixture. 

Keffekil  Tartarorum  (of  the  Tartars)  was,  according  to  Cronstedt  (Min.,  79,  1758),  a  yellowish- 
white  lithomarge  from  Tartary,  used  there  as  a  substitute  for  soap.  It  has  been  referred  to 
sepiolite  by  some. 

420G.  MELOPSITE  Breith.  (Handb.,  ii.  360,  1841).  Melopsite  is  translucent,  white,  yellowish, 
grayish,  or  greenish,  has  a  small  conchoidal  fracture,  adheres  a  little  to  the  tongue,  and  resembles 
in  texture  the  flesh  of  an  apple  (whence  the  name  from  /ijjAoi/,  apple,  and  o^ov,  meat,  etc.)  Accord- 
ing to  Plattner,  it  consists  of  silica,  alumina,  a  little  magnesia  and  oxyd  of  iron,  with  ammonia, 
water,  and  some  bitumen.  It  affords  hi  a  glass  tube  "less  water  than  glagerite." 

420H.  ACHTARAGDITE  Russian,  before  1847  (Glocker's  Syn.,  305, 1847.  Achtarandit  lad  orthog.). 
Massive ;  earthy.  Soiling  the  fingers  like  chalk.  Also  in  tetrahedral  crystals,  or  combinations 
of  a  dodecahedron  and  tetrahedron,  but  evidently  pseudomorphous.  Color  grayish-white  to 
greenish-gray ;  lustre  none ;  fracture  earthy.  On  the  Achtaragda,  a  tributary  to  the  Wilui  river, 
at  a  locality  of  idocrase,  and  containing  crystals  of  idocrase  imbedded  hi  it ;  also  7  m.  distant, 
near  Wilui  on  Mt.  Uegernat,  with  grossularite.  Contains  silica,  alumina,  oxyd  of  iron,  lime, 
magnesia,  and  water.  Supposed  by  Breithaupt  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  1853,  370)  to  be  pseudomorphous 
after  helvite. 

421.  SAMOITE.    Dana,  Min.,  288,  1850;  and  Geol.  Rep.  Expl.  Exp.,  324,  1849. 

Stalactitic,  with  a  lamellar  structure. 

H.=4— 4*5.  G.=l*7— 1*9.  Lustre  resinous  in  the  fracture.  Color 
white,  grayish,  or  yellowish.  Translucent  to  subtranslucent,  not  adhering 
to  the  tongue  nor  plastic,  being  too  hard. 

Comp.— Analyses :  B.  Silliman  (1.  c.) : 

Si  XI          Mg         Na  fi  CaC 

1.  81-25        37-21         0-06        0'06        30'45         O'Ol  =99*04.     G.=1'69— 1-813. 

2.  35-14        31-95         1-05  tr.          30-80         1-21  =  100-15.     G.  =  1'894. 


.^.  pvesJhP  °- ratio  3  :  3  :  5,  and  formula  2tla§i8+10ft.    No.  2  corresponds  nearly  to  Si2 
Si3+10H[  +  £  HSi].     The  mode  of  origin  of  the  mineral  renders  quite  probable  the  presence 
of  some  opal-silica. 
Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  infusible.    In  nitric  or  muriatic  acid  gelatinizes,  leaving  a  portion  of  silica  in 

Obs.— Forms  stalactites  and  stalagmites ;  the  former  low  conical ;  the  latter  flattened  hemi- 
spherical in  shape,  with  a  width  of  3  inches  or  so.  smooth  at  surface.  They  consist  within  of 
a  series  of  thin  plates  closely  adhering.  When  fresh  they  were  soft  enough  to  be  cut  with  a 
knife,  but  hardened  on  exposure.  They  occur  in  a  lava  cavern  on  the  south  side  of  the  extinct 
volcanic :  island  of  Upolu,  of  the  Navigator  or  Samoa  group;  the  cavern  was  a  passage  some  hun- 
dreds of  yards  long,  entered  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  sea  by  a  perpendicular  descent  of 
eet,  and  extending  toward  and  beneath  the  sea,  and  also  up  the  mountain  to  an  unascertained 
distance.  Its  sides  and  bottom  were  in  places  covered  with  the  samoite,  which  had  been  formed 
from  the  percolating  waters.  The  overlying  rock  was  about  15  feet  thick 

Samite  of  Silliman,  Jr.  (Dana's  Expl.  Exp.  Geol.  Rep.,  732),  is  a  kind  of  feldspar  incorrectly 
analyzed ;  probably  labradorite. 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAROPHYLLITE    SECTION.  479 

422   FINITE. 

Amorphous ;  granular  to 
crystals,  and  sometimes  with 
form  and  cleavage  being  those 
a  submicaceous  cleavage,  which  may  belong  to  the  species. 

H.r=2-5— 3-5.  G.=2'6— 2-85.  Lustre  feeble,  waxy.  Color  grayish- 
white,  grayish-green,  pea-green,  dull  green,  brownish,  reddish.  Translucent 
— opaque.  Acts  like  a  gum  on  polarized  light;  Descl. 

Comp.,  Var. — Finite  is  essentially  a  hydrous  alkaline  silicate.  Being  a  result  of  alteration, 
and  amorphous,  the  mineral  varies  much  in  composition,  and  numerous  species  have  been  made 
of  the  mineral  in  its  various  conditions.  If  crystals  of  staurolite  may  vary  20  p.  c.  in  the  propor- 
tion of  silica,  much  more  should  a  massive  mineral  which  has  been  made  by  the  metamorphism 
of  other  minerals.  Variations  would  naturaUy  exist  from  the  presence  of  some  of  the  unaltered 
original  mineral,  or  of  some  of  its  ingredients  in  an  uncombined  state ;  and  in  the  case  of  rock 
masses,  from  mixture  with  free  quartz,  partially  altered  or  unaltered  feldspar,  or  other  substances. 

The  varieties  of  pinite  here  admitted  agree  closely  in  physical  characters,  and  in  the  amount 
of  potash  and  water  present,  and  their  variations  are  such  as  are  reasonably  attributed  to  the 
above  causes. 

The  0.  ratio  for  the  bases,  silica,  and  water,  deduced  from  the  mean  of  the  analyses,  is  3:4:1, 
whence  the  formula  (iH3+f  (R3  £))2Si3=.  if  R=K  and  R3  :  B=l  :  8,  Silica  46-0,  alumina  35'1, 
potash  12-0,  water  6-9  =  100  ;  or,  if  R— ^Mg+f  K  and  &3  :  B=l  :  5,  =  Silica  45-9,  alumina  32'7, 
magnesia  2-5,  potash  12'0,  water  6'9=100;  or,  if  Mg  :  K=5  :  7  and  R3  :  &=l  :  5,  ^Silica  46-2, 
alumina  33*0,  magnesia  3'3,  potash  10*6,  water  6'9  — 100.  The  mineral  is  related  chemically,  as 
it  is  also  physically,  to  serpentine  (which  has  the  0.  ratio  3:4:2);  and  it  is  an  alkali-alumina 
serpentine,  as  pyrophyllite  is  an  alumina  talc. 

The  different  kinds  are  either  pseudomorphous  crystals  after  (1)  iolite ;  (2)  nephelite  ;  (3)  scap- 
olite;  (4)  some  kind  of  feldspar;  (5)  spodumene ;  or  (6)  other  aluminous  mineral;  or  (7)  dissem- 
inated masses  resembling  indurated  talc,  steatite,  lithomarge,  or  kaolinite,  also  a  result  of  altera- 
tion ;  or  (8)  the  prominent  or  sole  constituent  of  a  metamorphic  rock,  which  is  sometimes  apinite 
schist  (analogous  to,  and  often  much  resembling,  talcose  schist,  and  still  more  closely  related  to 
pyrophyllite  schist).  As  argillaceous  shale  often  consists  of  pulverized  feldspar,  its  conversion  into 
pinite  schist  would  be  wholly  similar  to  the  pseudomorphism  of  a  feldspar  crystal  into  pinite.  It 
is  not  possible  to  arrange  all  the  varieties  under  the  above  heads.  The  following  are  the  names  that 
have  been  introduced,  and  the  characters  of  the  substances  to  which  they  are  applied  : 

Var.  1.  FINITE.  Speckstein  [fr.  the  Pini  mine  at  Aue,  near  Schneeberg]  Hoffmann,  Bergm.  J.,  156, 
1789;  Kieselerde  +  Thonerde,  etc.,  Klapr.,  ib.,  227,  1790.  Pinit  Karsten,  Tab.,  28,  73, 1800.)  The 
original  pinite  is  in  6-  to  9-sided  prisms  ;  color  brown.  Occurs  in  granite,  and  is  supposed  to  be 
pseudomorphous  after  iolite.  Also  found  at  St.  Pardoux  in  Auvergne,  at  the  Puy  de  Dome,  in 
decomposing  feldspar  porphyry ;  at  Miihlenthal,  near  Elbingerode,  the  prisms  12-sided,  lustreless, 
with  H.  =  2  — 3.  Anal.  1-7. 

2.  GIESECKITE  (fr.  Greenland,  Allan,  Ann.  Phil.,  ii.  1813).  In  6-sided  prisms,  probably  pseudo- 
morphous after  nephelite.  H.^3'5.  G.=2'78— 2'85.  Color  grayish-green,  olive-green,  to 
brownish.  Brought  by  Giesecke  from  Akulliardsuk  and  Kangerdluarsuk,  Greenland,  where  it 
occurs  in  compact  feldspar  Also  of  similar  characters  from  a  pyroxene  rock  at  Diana,  N.  Y.,  the 
prisms  often  large,  and  with  the  basal  edges  replaced  by  a  plane  inclined  about  135°  to  the  base. 
Anal.  8-11. 

(&)  Lythrodes  Karsten  (Mag.  Ges.  Fr.  Berlin,  iv.  78,  1810;  John,  Ch.  Unt,  i.  171;  Splittriger 
Wernerit  Hausm.,  520,  1813)  has  a  little  less  silica  and  more  alumina  than  the  above  (anal.  12), 
but  is  otherwise  essentially  the  same ;  it  is  imperfectly  lamellar,  scaly  in  fracture,  greasy  in  lustre ; 
yellow,  flesh -red,  brownish-red,  or  spotted  with  greenish  and  yellowish  ;  G.=2'ol ;  and  is  from 
the  zircon-syenite  of  Fredericksvarn  and  Laurvig.  It  is  regarded  as  altered  nephelite.  Of  like 
composition  and  origin  is  the  (c)  Liebenerite  Marignac  (Bibl.  Univ.,  vi.  293,  1848),  from  a  porphy- 
ritic  feldspathic  rock  of  Mt.  Viesena,  in  Fleimsthal  (anal.  13-15)  ;  it  occurring  in  6-sided  prisms 
without  cleavage  ;  H—  3-5;  G.  =  2*814,  v.  Hauer;  2'8u6,  Breith. ;  lustre  somewhat  greasy ;  color 
greenish-gray  ;  and  without  double  refraction. 

(d)  Dysyntribite  Shepard  (Proc.  Am.  Assoc.,  311,  1851,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xii.  209)  is  essentially 
the  same  with  the  gieseckite  from  Diana  and  elsewhere,  Lewis  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  it  constitutes  masses 
or  a  rock,  sometimes  slaty  in  structure,  and  somewhat  resembles  serpentine,  though  more  waxy 
in  aspect  (anal.  18,  19);  H.=3— 3*5;  G.=2'7t>— 2'81;  colors  often  mottled,  usually  greenish,  some- 
times reddish  or  spotted  with  red.     Associated  with  phlogopite,  etc. 

(e)  Parophite  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1852,  1863)  is  similar  to  dysyntribite,  but  less  pure; 


480  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

the  analyses  vary  considerably  (anal.  20-23),  it  being,  as  regarded  by  Hunt,  a  rock,  and  not  a 
simple  mineral;  the  name  alludes  to  a  resemblance  to  serpentine ;  H.  =  2-5-3,  and  it  cuts  like 
massive  talc;  G  =2-1  —  2'784  ;  2-90,  fr.  Pownal;  colors  greenish,  yellowish,  reddish,  grayish.  It 
constitutes  a  schistose  rock  at  St.  Nicholas  and  Famine  R.,  Can.,  being  an  altered  shale  of  the 
Lower  Silurian  (Quebec  group) ;  also  occurs  in  Stanstead,  Can.,  on  the  B.  shore  of  L.  Mem- 
phremagog,  with  chloritic'schist ;  and  at  Pownal,  Vermont,  as  a  bluish-gray  schist,  that  had  been 
considered  a  taloose  or  magnesian  schist. 

(/)  A  green  mineral  from  the  Grindelwald  glacier  (anal.  24),  having  H.=3'5  — 4,  and  b-.  =  2'85, 
a  somewhat  waxy  lustre,  resembling  a  compact  green  talc,  and  described  by  Fellenberg  (Ber.  N 
Ges.  Berne,  1 866)  is  very  similar  to  parophite. 

(g)  Pinitoid,  described  by  A.  Knop  (Jahrb.  Min.  1859,  558)  as  a  rock,  is  like  dysyntribite  in 
characters,  and  a  schist  called  "pinitoid  schist"  approaches  parophite.  Pinitoid  (anal.  25)  has 
H.  =  2-5  ;  G.=:2-788  ;  color  leek-,  oil-,  and  grayish-green.  Occurs  in  the  region  between  Freiberg 
and  Chemnitz,  Saxony,  pseudomorphous  after  feldspar,  in  a  half-decomposed  granitic  porphyry, 
constituting  about  25  p.  c.  of  the  rock. 

3.  WILSONITE  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1853,  1863)  is  a  pinite  pseudomorph,  with  the  form  and 
cleavage  of  scapolite-,  H.  =  3'5;  G.^2'76— 2'78 ;  lustre  somewhat  pearly;  color  rose-red;  frag- 
ments translucent;  anal.  16,  17.  It  is  from  Bathurst,  Can.,  where  it  was  first  found  by  Dr.  Wilson; 
also  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.    Terenite-(p  323),  from  Antwerp,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  may  be  the  same. 

4.  POLYAKGITE  and  ROSITE  of  Svanberg  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  ]  840)  are  close  to  the  preceding  in 
composition.    Rosile  (anal.  28)  is  a  granular  red  mineral,  occurring  in  granular  limestone  at  Aker 
in  Sodermanland ;  H.=2'5 ;  G.=2'72.    G.  Rose  and  others  make  it  altered  anorthite.     Polyargite 
(anal  26,  27)  occurs  in  reddish  lamellar  masses  at  Tunaberg,  Sweden ;  H.^4  ;  G.=2'768  ;  named 
from  wits,  much,  and  dpyds,  sparkle.    The  name  Pyrrholite  has  been  given  to  a  reddish  lamellar 
mineral  from  Tunaberg,  which  is  very  similar  to  polyargite  (Descl.  Min.,  i.  302,  1862) ;  it  has  H.= 
3—4;  and  cleavage  surfaces  inclined  together  about  87°;  and  is  apparently  anorthite  less  altered 
than  in  rosite  and  polyargite.     It  is  optically  biaxial.     The  "  pinitoid  "  of  Sasbachwald,  Duchy  of 
Baden  (anal.  85),  is  altered  oligoclase,  according  to  Sandberger  ;  H.  =  2'5. 

5.  KILLINITE  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  330,  1836),  from  Killiney  Bay,  Ireland,  has  been  stated  to  have 
the  form  and  cleavage  of  spodumene,  a  mineral  that  occurs  in  the  vicinity.     It  has  H.=4 ;  G.= 
2-56—2-66,  Thomson;  2'678— 2-688,  Galbraith  ;  lustre  weak  vitreous ;  color  greenish-gray,  brown- 
ish, or  yellowish;  anal.  29-33. 

6.  Other  pinite  has  passed  under  the  name  of  lithomarge  (Steinmark  Germ.}.     That  of  Zorge 
(anal.  36)  is  green,  and  has  G.=3-086,  Ramm.     The  Schemnitz  mineral  (anal.  37)  occurs  with  dill- 
niteand  kaolinite  as  the  gangue  of  diaspore,  and  is  gray  or  greenish-gray  in  color,  with  H.  =  2'5 
—3,  G.  =  2-735.    Anal.  47  is  of  a  lithomarge  from  Schlackenwald.     That  of  Ems  (anal.  48)  is 
green  to  white,  and  kaolin-like  in  consistence,  and  occurs  in  clefts  in  the  Spirifer  sandstone. 

The  compact  talc  of  Klammberg,  Tyrol,  is  probably  pinite  or  agalmatolite  in  constitution. 

7.  AGALMATOLITE  (Agalmatolithus,  Bildstein  (fr.  China),  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  ii.  184,  1797.     Pagodite 
Napione,  J.  de  Phys.,  xlvi.  220,  1798).     Like  ordinary  massive  piiiite  in  its  amorphous  compact 
texture,  lustre,  and  other  physical  characters,  but  contains  more  silica,  so  as  to  afford  the  formula 
of  a  bisilicate,  or  nearly,  and  it  may  be  a  distinct  species.     Yet,  as  above  observed,  the  excess  of 
silica  is  possibly  from  free  quartz  or  feldspar  as  impurity.     The  Chinese  has  PI.  =  2 — 2*5  ;  G.r= 
2-785—2-815,  Klapr.    Colors  same  as  for  pinite,  usually  grayish,  grayish-green,  brownish,  yellow- 
ish.    Anal.  38-41. 

A  similar  mineral  in  composition  comes  from  Nagyag  in  Transylvania,  and  Ochsenkopf  near 
Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony  (anal.  4-4).  Agalmatolite  was  named  from  ayaXpa,  an  image,  and  pagodite 
from  pagoda,  the  Chinese  carving  the  soft  stone  into  miniature  pagodas,  images,  etc.  Part  of  the 
so-called  agalmatolite  of  China  is  true  pinite  in  composition,  another  part  is  compact  pyrophyllite 
(p.  455),  and  still  another  steatite  (p.  453).  (Brush,  Am  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxvi.  64.) 

Oncosin  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  ii.  295,  1834)  is  related  in  composition  (anal.  45),  and  has  H.  =  2 ; 
G.  =  2'8;  color  apple-green  to  grayish  or  brownish;  translucent;  it  occurs  in  roundish  masses 
imbedded  in  dolomite  with  mica,  at  Passecken  near  Tamsweg,  in  Salzburg,  (c)  Ob'site  (Oosit  Marx, 
ib.,  iii.  216,  1834),  another  related  compound  (anal.  43),  is  white  to  reddish  or  brownish-red,  and 
occurs  in  6-  and  12-sided  prisms;  it  is  from  the  06s  valley,  duchy  of  Baden,  occurring  in  what  is 
called  pinite-porphyry. 

(d)  Gongylite  (Gongylit  Thoreld,  Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Fenn.,  iii.  815,  A.  ISTord.,  Beskrifn.  Finl.  Mm., 
146,  1855)  is  yellowish  or  yellowish-brown,  and  has  cleavage  in  two  directions  ;  with  H.=4— 5  ; 
G.=2'7  ;  anal.  42.  From  a  schist  called  talcose  schist  at  Kimsamo  in  Finland. 

0.  ratio  for  B,  £,  Si,  H,  for  agalmatolite,  about  1  :  9  :  18  :  3 ;  for  oncosin,  1  :  5  :  10  :  1|;  for 
oosite,  1  :  10  :  24  :  6 ;  for  gongylite,  1  :  3  :  8  :  1|. 

The  following  may  be  impure  pinite  : 

-  8.  Gigantolite  Nord.  (Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Fenn.,  i.  2,  377,  1837).  From  gneissoid  granite  of  Tammela, 
Finland,  in  large  6-  and  12-sided  prisms,  with  basal  cleavage ;  H.=2'5  ;  G.  =  2-862— 2'878 ;  lustre 
somewhat  waxy ;  color  greenish  to  dark  steel-gray,  sometimes  approaching  submetaUic  in  lustre, 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAKOPHYLLITE    SECTION. 


481 


owing  to  the  alteration  of  the  original  iolite  and  the  presence  of  uncombined  oxyd  of  iron.  (&) 
Iberite  Svanberg  (CEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  i.  219,  1844),  from  Montalvan,  near  Toledo,  Spain,  is  the  same 
mineral  in  characters  ;  H.=2'5  ;  G.=2'89.  Both  are  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  iolite,  and  are 
between  pinite  andfahluniie  (p.  484)  in  composition. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Rammelsberg  (3d  SuppL,  94,  Min.  Oh.,  835);  3-5,  Marignac(J.  Pharm.  Oh.,  III. 
xii.  150);  6,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Oh.,  836);  7,  A.  Streng  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xx.  266);  8,  Stromeyer  (Gel. 
Anz.  Gdtt.,  iii.  1993,  1819);  9,  Pfaff  (Schw.  J.,  xlv.  103,  1825);  10,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs., 
1854,  76);  11,  G.  J.  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxvi.  64);  12.  John  (Chem.  Unt,  i.  171);  13,  Marig- 
nac  (1.  c.);  14,  v.  Hauer  (1.  c.,  1853,  147);  15,  GEUacher  (ZS.  Ferdinandeums,  1844,  2);  16,  T.  S. 
Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1863,  483);  17,  E.  W.  Root  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlv.  47);  18,  19,  Smith  &  Brash 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  50);  20-23,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1852,  95,  1863,  484);  24,  Fellenberg 
(Ber.  Nat.  Ges.  Berne,  1866);  25,  A.  Knop  (Jahrb.  Min.,  1859,  558);  26,  28,  A.  Svanberg 
(Pogg.,  liv.  269,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1840) ;  27,  A.  Erdmann  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1848) ;  29,  30,  Lehunt 
&  Blythe  (Thomson's  Min.,  i  330);  31,  MaUet  (Ramm.  5th  SuppL,  148);  32,  33,  J.  A.  Galbraith 
(J.  G.  Soc.  Dublin,  vi.  165);  34,  A.  Streng  (1.  c.);  35,  Seidel  (Beschr.  Baden, Carlsruhe.  55,  1861); 
36,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  152);  37,  Karafiat  (Pogg.,  Ixxviii.  575) ;  38,  Vauquelin  (Ann.  de 
Ok,  xlix.  88);  39.  40,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  v.  19,  21);  41,  John  (Chem.  Unt.,  i.  126);  42,  Thoreld 
(Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Fenn.,  iii.  815);  43,  Nessler  (Beschr.  Baden,  Carlsruhe,  32,  1861,  Jahresb.,  1861); 
44,  John  (Ann.  Phil.,  iv.  214);  45,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Cli.,  ii.  295) ;  46,  John  (Chem.  Unt.,  l.c.);  47, 
Krieg  (Ramm.  Min.  Oh..  576);  48,  Herget  (Jahresb.,  1863,  822): 


7-80=99-42  Ramm. 

3-83  =  102-13  Ramm. 

5*45  =  100  Marignac. 

5-39=100  Marignac. 

5-03  =  100  Marignac. 

4-27,  Mn  0-11  =  100-03  R. 

9-02  (with  C)=99-72  S. 

4-89,  Mn  1-15  =  96-71  S. 

5-5=98-0  Pfaff. 

6-82=98-64  Hauer.    [B. 

6-97,  Ca  C  0-32=100-28 

6-00=99-73  John. 

5-05  =  100-19  Marignac. 
[4-7  5]  =  10 1-03  Hauer. 

4-70=99-01  (Ellacher. 

5-43=99-55  Hunt. 

6-09=99-43  Root. 

5-38,  Mn  0-30=99-94 
Smith  &  Brush. 

5-30=98-88  S.  &  B. 

7-14=99-81  Hunt. 

8-40=99-53  Hunt. 

5-36=98-99  Hunt. 

6-50  Hunt. 

5-25=  100-99  Fellenberg. 

4-19 =101 -40  Knop. 

5-29,  Mn  0-30=99-22  S. 

4-62,  Mn  0-19=99-56  E. 

6-53,  Mn  0-19=99-48  S. 
10-00  =  100-43  Lehunt. 
10-00,  Mn  1-26=99-80  B. 

3-67,  Li  0-46=99-92  M. 

7-58=98-54  Galbraith. 

8-03=98-42  Galbraith. 

5-25=99-86  Streng. 

5-84=97-44  Seidel. 

5-48=99-97  Ramm. 

5-10  Karafiat. 

5      =100  Vauquelin. 

4-00=99-50  Klaproth. 

3-0=98-5  Klaproth. 

5-00=100  John. 

5-77,  Mn  0-32=99-49  T. 


Si 

XI 

3Pe 

Fe 

Mg 

Ca 

Na 

& 

1. 

Aue,                Finite 

46-83 

27-65 

8-71 

— 

1-02 

0-49 

0-40 

6-52 

2. 

Penig, 

47-00 

28-36 

7-86 

— 

2-48 

0-79 

1-07 

10-74 

3. 

Saxony, 

46-10 

32-46 

4-27 

— 

2-26 



0-46 

9-00 

4. 

Chamouny, 

44-70 

31-64 

6-57 

— 

2-86 



0-95 

7-89 

5. 

St.  Pardoux,        " 

47-50 

31-80 

3-92 

— 



0-92 

1-78 

9-05 

6. 

a                       a 

48-92 

32-29 

3-49 

— 

1-30 

0-51 



9-14 

7. 

Elbingerode,        " 

47-51 

31-17 



1-85 

1-55 

1-24 

0-15 

7-23 

8. 

Greenland,      Gieseck. 

46-08 

33-83 

3-36 



1-20 





6-20 

9. 

a                       a 

48-0 

32-5 

4-0 



1-5 





6-5 

10. 

"                  "  (|)  45-88 

26-93 



6-30 

7-87 





4-84 

11. 

Diana,                  "  (|)  45-67 

31-51 

0-27 

0-77 

3-48 

2-20 

0-88 

8-21 

12. 

Norway,  Lythrodes 

44-62 

37-36 

1-00 



tr. 

2-75 

8-00 



13. 

Fleims,  Liebener.     ($)  44-67 

36-51 



1-75 

1-40 



0-92 

9-90 

14. 

a                a 

44-45 

38-75 

2-26 

tr. 

1-58 

2-79 

6-45 

15. 

a                a 

45-13 

36-50 

263 

1-56 

0-42 

8-07 

16. 

Bathurst,  Wilsonite  (|) 

47  'HO 

31-19 





4-19 

0-95 

0-89 

9-30 

17. 

S.  Lawrence  Co.,  " 

47-46 

30-51 





3-63 

0-53 

2-43 

8-78 

18. 

Jefferson  Co.,     Dys. 

44-80 

34-90 

3-01 



0-42 

0-66 

3-60 

6'87 

19. 

a          a 

46-70 

31-01 

3-69 

___ 

0-50 

tr. 

tr. 

11-68 

20. 

St.  Nicholas,  Par.    (f) 

48-46 

27-55 



5-08 

2-02 

2-05 

2-35 

5-16 

21. 

a                   a 

48-10 

28-70 



4-80 

1-41 

2-10 

1-53 

4-49 

22. 

St.  Francis,       " 

50-50 

33-40 



tr. 

1-00 

tr. 

0*63 

8*10 

28. 

Stan  stead,         " 

50-30 

32-60 



tr. 

1-20 



un 

det. 

21. 

Grindelwald  Gl. 

46-81 

35-15 



1-43 

0-65 

0-99 

0-49 

9-68 

25. 

Chemnitz,  Pinitoid 

47-77 

32-65 



8-94 

0-49 



1-50 

5-86 

2<j. 

Tunaberg,  Polyarg. 

44-13 

35-12 

0-96 



1-43 

5-56 

_  — 

6-73 

27. 

a                 a 

45-12 

35-64 

0*14 



0*26 

5-88 

0-67 

6-93 

28. 

Aker,  Rosite 

44-90 

34-50 

0-69 



2-45 

3-59 

tr. 

(5-63 

29. 

Killiney,  Kittinite 

49-08 

30-60 



2-27 

1-08 

0-68 



6-72 

30. 

a                 a 

47-93 

31-04 



2-33 

0-46 

0-72 



6-06 

31. 

a                a 

52-89 

33-24 



3-27 



1-45 



4-94 

32. 

a                a 

50-45 

30-13 



3-53 

1-09 

___ 

0-95 

4-81 

38. 

Dalkey,        " 

50-11 

29-37 



2-23 

1-03 

0-34 

0-60 

6-71 

34. 

Auerberg,      Finite 

50-95 

30-62 



2-48 

0-35 

0-35 

0-12 

9-74 

35. 

Sasbachwald,     " 

50-43 

28-89 





3-48 

3-68 

5-12 

36. 

Zorge,  Lithomarge 

49-75 

29-88 

6-61 



1-47 

0-43 



6-35 

37. 

Schemnitz 

49-50 

27-45 



1-03 

0-72 

5-56 

10-20 

38. 

China,  ywh.,  Agalm. 

56 

29 

1 





2 



7 

39. 

"      green,       " 

54-50 

34-00 

0-75 









6-25 

40. 

Nagyag,  " 

55-0 

33-0 

0-5 





____ 



7-0 

41. 

China,  red            " 

65-50 

31-00 

1-25 



___ 

2-00 



5-25 

42. 

Finland,  Gongylite  ($) 

55-22 

21-80 

4-80 



5-90 

0-77 

0-45 

4-46 

31 

482 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


43.  Baden,  Oosiie 

44.  Ochsenkopf 

45.  Tamsweg,  Oncosin 

46.  Saxony 

47.  Schlackeuwald,  Lith. 

48.  Ems,  Nassau,  green 


gi        £l      Fe    Fe    Mg     Ca    fta  & 

58-69  22-89    4'09  0'22    1'14  4'94 

55-00  30-00  1-00 1-75    6'25 

52-52  30-88    0'80  3'82 6'38 

51-50  32-50   1-58    3'00 6'00 

52-40  31-94  1-23    1'44 1'73  5-41 


53-15  33-56 0-17  0'21 


H 

8-30=100-27  Nessler. 
5-50=99-50  John. 
4-60=99-00  Kobell. 
5-13,   Mn  0'12=99'83  J. 
5-00=99-16  Krieg. 


[4-70]  8-21  =  100  Herget. 


In  a  so-called  vinitoid  schist  of  the  valley  of  Raibl,  apple-green  in  color,  Tschermak  found  (Ber. 
Ak.  Wien,  Hi.  443) :  Si  62-0,  £l  18-1,  Fe  4'1,  Mg  1-6,  Ca  1-5,  Na  I'O,  K  4-1,  H  6-2,  C  0-4=99. 
There  is  a  large  excess  of  silica,  which  may  be  due  to  free  silica,  if  the  rock  is  not  rather  a 
pyrophyttite  schist. 

A  pinite-like  mineral  from  the  phyllite  of  Petit-Coeur  in  the  Tarentaise,  Savoy,  afforded  A. 
Terreil  (C.  R.,  liii.  120)  Si  50'00,  £l  36-45,  £e  0'37,  Ca,  Mg  0-45,  K  5'01,  Na  tr.,  $  tr.,  H  7 '96= 
100 '24.  The  composition  is  the  same  with  that  of  the  containing  schist. 

Gmelin  obtained  (Kastn.  Arch.,  i.  226)  for  the  Auvergne  pinite,  Si  55'96,  3tl  25-48,  etc. ;  but 


30-0,  £e  12-6,  K  12'4=100. 

The  following  are  analyses  of  gigantolite  and  iberite:  1,  Wachtmeister  (Pogg.,  xlv.  558);  2, 
Marignac  (J.  Pharm.  Oh.,  III.  xiL  150,  Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  836);  3,  Komonen  (Nord.  Beskrifn.  Finl. 
Min.,  151);  4,  Norlin  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1844,  219): 


1.  Tamela,  Giganl 

2.  "  " 

3.  "  " 


Si  £l        £e  Mn  Mg  Oa  Na       &  H 

46-27  25-10  15-60  0'89  3'80  1'20  2'70  6*00,  F  tr.,  Wachtm. 

42-59  26-62  15-73  0'95  2'63  0'86  5'44  5'89-— 100-71  Mar. 

45-5  26-7  13-8  0'9  2*4  5'8  6'2  =  101'3  Komon. 


4.  Montalvan,  Iberite   40-90    30*74     17-18     T33     0'80    0'40     0'04    4'57     5'57  =  101-53  Norlin. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water,  which  frequently  reacts  alkaline.  B.B.  some 
varieties  fuse  easily  with  intumescence,  while  others  fuse  quietly  and  with  more  difficulty.  Ap- 
preciably attacked  by  strong  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Gieseckite  has  been  attributed  by  many  authors  to  the  alteration  of  nephelite  (elaolite). 
Pisani  (C.  R.,  Ixii.  13 24)  has  found  the  latter  mineral  from  Brevig,  Norway,  partly  altered  to  a 
brick-red  material  which  is  true  gieseckite  in  nature  and  composition.  On  the  same  specimen  is 
found  true  translucent  elasolite,  affording  only  1-3  p.  c.  of  water  on  calcination,  and  entirely  solu- 
ble in  dilute  acids ;  by  the  side  of  this,  red  spots  where  alteration  has  commenced ;  and 
beyond,  the  mineral  changed  to  a  brick-red  uniform  material,  mostly  opaque,  with  some  trans- 
lucent spots  of  unaltered  elseolite.  This  red  material  afforded  5'9  p.  c.  of  water,  and  dissolved 
only  partially  in  dilute  nitric  acid,  leaving  an  abundant  red  deposit.  On  separating  the  insoluble 
portion  by  treatment  with  cold  dilute  nitric  acid,  this  afforded,  on  analysis,  Si  46-95,  A1!  34-65, 3Pe 
1-86,  Mg  0-58,  Ca  0-68,  Na,  Li  (HI,  K  8'7l,  H  5'58=99'72,  thus  showing  that,  besides  taking  up 
water,  the  soda  of  the  elreolite  had  been  replaced  almost  wholly  by  potash. 

423A.  Neurolite  Thomson  (Min.,  i  354,  1836)  is  greenish-yellow,  imperfectly  foliated  in  texture, 
consisting  of  thin  fibres  of  some  breadth  but  rather  obscure,  but  "not  the  least  appearance  of 
crystallization."  H.=4'25.  G.=2'476.  B.B.  whitens,  but  does  not  fuse.  Composition,  accord- 
ing to  Thomson,  Si  73-uO,  &1  17-35,  £e  0'40,  Mg  1'50,  Ca  3-25,  fl  4'30=99'8.  From  Stanstead, 
Lower  Canada,  It  has  been  doubtful  what  mineral  Dr.  Thomson  had  in  hand  in  making  his 
description.  But  according  to  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  1863,  485),  neurolite  is  a  quartzose  vari- 
ety of  woodlike  agalmatolite.  His  analysis  afforded  (L  c.) : 


Si 
50-30 


82-60 


Fe 

tr. 


Mg 
1-20 


Na,  K 

undet. 


H 

6'50 


It  occurs  at  Stanstead,  forming  a -belt  150  feet  wide;  in  some  places  granular  and  nearly  pure, 
tn  others  schistose  and  containing  quartz.  A  thin  layer  has  a  banded  structure,  ligneous  in  ap- 
pearance, with  a  shiny  satin  lustre.  It  is  translucent,  of  a  wax  or  amber-yellow  color ;  feel 
unctuous. 


423B.  A  mineral  near  pinite  in  composition  has  been  described  by  Descloizeaux  (Bull.  G.  Soc.,  H 
yxn.  25).  It  occurs  in  rounded  grains,  of  a  waxy  structure  and  greenish  color,  distributed  in  the 
anhydrite  of  Modane.  Tliiu  plates  without  double  refraction,  according  to  Descloizeaux.  H.=3 ; 


483 

G.=2'66.    Yields  water  in  closed  tube.    B.B.  fuses  with  intumescence  to  a  white  enamel. 
Scarcely  attacked  by  muriatic  acid.    Pisani  obtained  (Bull.  G.  Soc.,  1.  c.) : 

Si  48-20      3tl  19-70      Fe  3-38      Mg  12'80      Ca  1'64      K,  Na,  Li  (by  loss)  7'22      fi  7-06=100. 

423.  CATASPILITE.    Kataspilit  Igelstrom,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1867,  14. 

PseudomorphoTis  after  iolite,  and  presenting  its  forms. 
H.=2*5.     Lustre  pearly.     Color  ash-gray.     Sub  translucent. 

Comp,— Near  pinite.  0.  ratio  for  £,  8,  Si,  £=3  :  5  :  8  :  1 ;  (|  R8+f  £l)a  Sis+|  fl.  Analy- 
sis :  Igelstrom  (L  c.) : 

Si  40-05       £1,  with  some  £e,  28'95        Mg  8'20        Ca  7'43        &a  5'25       £  6'90        ign.  S'22 

G-.  J.  Brush  found  in  a  pale  greenish  pagodite  from  China  (priv.  contrib.)  Si  41 -50,  3tl,  with  little 
Pe,  31-30,  Mg  12-25,  Na  0'60,  K  6'42,  fl  7-50  =  99-67,  approaching  the  above,  but  affording  the 
0.  ratio  3:6:9:3=1:2:3:1.  Igelstrom  obtained  but  1  p.  c.  of  water  in  one  trial,  and  in  his 
formula  makes  the  cataspilite  anhydrous. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  on  charcoal  rather  easily  to  an  enamel-like  bead.  Decomposed  by  muriatic 
acid,  with  a  separation  of  flocculent  silica. 

Obs. — From  a  gray  chlorite  rock  at  Longban,  hi  Wermland,  Sweden,  distributed  through  it  in 
druses  as  large  as  peas.  Named  from  /curatrnXd^w,  in  allusion  to  this  mode  of  occurrence. 

424.  BIHARITE.    Agalmatolith  (fr.  Retzbanya)  Haid.,  Ber.  Min.  d.  k.  k.  Hofk.,  Wien,  1843. 

Biharit  K.  F.  Peters,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xliv.  132,  1861. 

Massive ;  fine  granular  or  microcrystalline. 

H.:=2'5.  G.= 2*737,  yellow  var.  Lustre  greasy,  inclined  to  pearly. 
Color  yellowish  to  green,  brownish,  dull  wine-yellow,  oil-green,  leek-green. 
Translucent  to  hardly  subtranslucent.  Feel  a  little  greasy.  Optically 
doubly  refracting. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  8,  Si,  £=2  :  1 :  3  :  |,. nearly;  whence  (f(Mg,  Oa)8-t-iXl)2Si8+Hfi. 
Analysis :  Soltesz  (1.  c.),  after  removing  4-68  Ca  C : 

Si  £l          £e  Mg          Ca          fta  &  fi 

41-74        13-47          tr.          28'92        4'27          tr.          4'86        4'46=97'72. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  infusible  (the  green  var.),  or  only  fusing  on  the 
thinnest  edges  (yellow). 

Obs. — Occurs  imbedded  in  a  fine  granular  limestone  in  the  Biharberg,  near  Retzbanya. 

425.  PALAGONITE.    Palagonit  Sartorius  v.  Walter shausen,  Subm.  Vulk.  Ausbr.  Val  di  Noto, 
etc.,  Gott,  1846 ;  Vulk.  Gest.,  1853.     Bunsen,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  M.  265,  1847,  Pogg.,  Ixzxiii. 
219,  1851.     Melanhydrit  A  Krantz,  Verh.  nat.  Yer.  Bonn,  xvi.  154,  1859. 

Amorphous.  In  grains  and  fragments  aggregated  into  a  tufa-like  rock, 
or  as  a  constituent  of  tufa  or  volcanic  conglomerate. 

H.=4r— 5.  G— 2-4— 2'Y  ;  1'82,  melanliydrite.  Lustre  vitreous  or  greasy, 
or  like  pitchstone.  Color  amber-yellow,  yellowish-brown,  colophonite- 
brown,  garnet-red,  blackish,  black.  Streak  yellowish,  brownish-yellow. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  R,  K,  Si,  fi=l  :  2  :  4  :  w;  and  for  bases  and  silica  3  :  4,  as  in  pinite,  kao- 
linite,  and  serpentine,  to  which  species  the  mineral  is  therefore  related.  Formula  (f  (R1,  £e,  &1) 
+i  6?)2  Si3  +  w  aq.  t  Has  been  regarded  by  Bunsen  a  combination  of  unisilicates  S2Si3  +  w  aq, 
and  bisilicates  (R3)  Si3  +  waq,  Avho  writes /or  the  palagonite  of  Iceland  the  formula  R8  Si3 +3S2  Si8 
+  waq;  and  for  that  of  the  Galapagos,  2R3Si'+K2Si3+waq. 


484 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Analyses  by  v.  Waltershausen  (1.  c.) ;  means  of  results  after  gangue  excluded: 


Si 

I.     1.  Krisuvik  40-68 

II.     2.  Hecla  40'75 

3.  Laxa  42'28 

4.  Val  di  Noto  38-69 

III.  5.  Galapagos  38-07 
6.           "  36-94 

IV.  7.  SudafeU  41-46 
8.  Val  di  Noto  41-26 

V.     9.  "  40-86 

VI.  10.  84-99 


XI 

14-59 
8-42 
11-14 
13-61 
13-03 
11-56 
10-91 
8-60 
10-07 
6-02 

Fe 
14-24 
17-99 
16-71 
14-51 
9-99 
10-71 
18-12 
25-32 
20-54 
20-50 

Mg 
7-65 
4-54 
6-39 
6-13 
6-58 
6-28 
4-80 
4-84 
3-28 
11-02 

Ca 
6-95 
8-64 
5-68 
8-38 
7-54 
7-95 
8-54 
5-59 
4-46 
6-08 

tfa 
1-84 
0-62 

1-07 
0-70 
0-55 
0-64 
1-06 
3-99 
0-92 

K 
0-45 
0-44 
1-80 
1-35 
0-94 
0-78 
0-40 
0-54 
1-10 
0-93 

H 
13-60 
18-60 
16-00 
16-26 
23-15 
25-23 
14-49 
12-79 
15-70 
19-54 

Waltershausen  calculates  for  chrysolite,  and  sometimes  carbonate  of  lime,  present  as  impurity, 
and  rives  the  following  for  the  correct  composition  under  the  above  types,  I.  to  VI.,  to  which  ha 
assigns  the  names  and  formulas  annexed.  The  compounds  are  mainly  hypothetical: 


Si 

£1 

£e 

Mg 

Ca 

Na 

& 

I. 

Palagonite 

41-90 

12-72 

16-74 

6-86 

6-71 

1-92 

0-99 

II. 

U 

40-62 

11-03 

15-86 

5-44 

7-23 

0-62 

1-53 

III. 

(( 

38-96 

12-75 

10-71 

6-53 

5-96 

0-65 

0-90 

IV. 

Korite 

44-07 

12-00 

19-47 

4-95 

5-53 

0-70 

0-44 

V. 

HyUite 

40-86 

10-22 

20-68 

2-61 

4-53 

4-05 

1-12 

VI. 

Notite 

36-96 

6-36 

21-66 

11-64 

3-26 

0-97 

0-99 

VIL 

Trinacrite 

31-82 

5-25 

33-95 

4-57 

2-57 

4-19 

3-42 

H 


17-67-     "  '     +  9H. 

12-84=RSi+K"Si 
15-93=    "         "    +  4H. 
18-16=R2  Si+&  SJL.+  5  H. 
14-22=R3Si+3BSi+9H. 

The  Trinacrite  is  dull  brown,  and  cleavable  or  micaceous,  and  is  mixed  with  his  hypothetical 
Sid&rosilicite,  a  hydrous  silicate  of  sesquioxyd  of  iron  and  alumina. 
The  following  are  Bunsen's  results—  gangue  excluded  (loc.  cit  ,  and  Kamm.  Min.  Ch.,  865)  : 


Si 

3tl 

3Pe 

Mg 

Ca 

ISa 

K 

H 

1. 

Iceland 

39-01 

11-60 

14-79 

6-30 

9-14 

0-66 

0-70 

17-80 

2. 

u 

40-74 

8-42 

18-00 

4-54 

8-75 

0-62 

0-43 

18-50 

3. 

t; 

39-32 

11-88 

15-29 

7-92 

5-41 

0-56 

0-28 

19-34 

4. 

<( 

41-28 

11-03 

13-82 

6-49 

8-75 

0-62 

0-65 

17-36 

5. 

II 

40-30 

14-45 

14-60 

7-57 

6-88 

1-82 

0-44 

13-50, 

P"  0-44. 

6. 

« 

39-08 

8-69 

20-00 

7-29 

8-09 

2-35 

0-94 

13-56 

7. 

II 

41-80 

13-61 

13-78 

8-20 

8-82 

1-23 

1-41 

11-15 

8. 

M 

42-29 

11-15 

16-72 

6-39 

5-67 



1-79 

15-99 

9.  Galapagos 

36-95 

11-56 

10-71 

6-27 

7-95 

0-55 

0-77 

25-24 

10. 

u 

38-07 

13-03 

10-00 

6-58 

7-54 

0-70 

0-95 

23-13 

11. 

" 

38-72 

11-60 

11-66 

8-75 

5-37 

1-70 

1-84 

20-36 

12. 

Cape  Verdes 

35-76 

11-76 

14-95 

11-22 



3-89 

2-47 

19-95 

13. 
14. 

Limburg, 
Honnef, 

yw.,  bnh. 
Melanhydr. 

48-96 
41-63 

9-94 

18-72 

10-54 
2-36 

3-04 
5-23 

4-98       1-04       0-82 
1-07  Mn2-51Fe  7-83 

20-68 
20-71 

Wack. 

Fyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  magnetic  glass.  Decomposed  by  muri- 
atic acid  with  gelatinization. 

Obs. — Tufas  are  formed  through  the  action  of  waters,  and  often  that  of  heated  waters  or  steam 
accompanying  an  eruption  of  lavas,  on  the  granulated  volcanic  rock,  or  volcanic  sand ;  and  in  the 
process  the  protoxyd  of  iron  of  the  pyroxene  of  the  rock  becomes  more  or  less  completely 
changed  to  sesquioxyd,  and  water  is  taken  up,  and  so  the  palagonite  is  produced.  As  the  volcanic 
rock  is  made  up  generally  of  pyroxene  and  a  feldspar  always  in  very  variable  proportions, 
uniformity  in  such  results  of  alteration  is  not  possible. 

Bunsen  observes  that  palagonite  is  the  basis  of  the  basaltic  tufas  of  Germany,  France,  Azores, 
Canaries,  Cape  Verdes,  Tortugas,  and  probably  also  of  those  of  the  Pacific  Islands.  Melanhydrite 
(anal.  14,  by  Wackernagel,  1.  c.,  and  Ramm.  Min.  Ch.)  is  velvet-black  to  brownish-black,  and  occurs 
in  irregular  nodules  in  a  decomposed  wacke  at  Schmelzerthal  near  Hounef,  on  the  Ehine. 

NamQd  palagonite  from  Palagonia,  one  of  its  localities  in  Sicily. 

426.  FAHLUNTTE.    Fahlunit  (fr.  Fahlun)  Hisinger,  Min.-Geogr.    Sverige,   22,   1808.      Trt- 
clasit  (fr.  ib.)  J.  F.  L.  Hausmann,  Moll's  Efem.,  iv.  396,  1808.  Hydrous  iolite  (fr.  Abo)  v.  Bons 


HYDEOUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAROPHTLLITE   SECTION.  485 

dor/.  Ak.  H.  Stockli.,  156,  1827,  Auralit  (ib.)  v.  Bonsd.  Hydrous  lolite,  Bonsdorfflte,  Thorns,, 
Min.,  i.  278,  323,  1836.  Raumit  (from  Raumo,  Finl.)  v.  Bonsdorff.  Weissit  (fr.  Fahlun)  Wacht- 
mtister,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1827.  Esmarkit  A.  Erdmann,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  188,  1840.  Praseo- 
lite  (fr.  Brakke)  Erdmann,  ib.  ChlorophyUite  (fr.  Unity,  Me.)  C.  T.  Jackson,  Rep.  G-.  N.  Hamp., 
152,  1841,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xli.  357,  1841.  Peplolit  (fr.  Ramsberg,  Swed.)  Carlsson,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stoekh., 
241,  1857.  PyrargiUit  (fr.  Helsingfors)  N.  Nord.,  Jahresb.,  xii.  1832,  174.  Polychroilith 
Weibye,  Jahrb.  Min.,  1846,  289.  Aspasiolit  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  Ixviii.  823,  1846. 

In  six-  to  twelve-sided  prisms,  but  derived  from  pseudomorphism  after 
iolite.  Cleavage  :  basal  sometimes  perfect. 

H.— 3'5— 5.  Gr.=2'6— 2*8.  Lustre  of  surface  of  basal  cleavage  pearly 
to  waxy,  glimmering.  Color  grayish-green,  to  greenish-brown,  olive-  or 
oil-green ;  sometimes  blackish-green  to  black ;  streak  colorless. 

Var. — This  species  is  a  result  of  alteration;  and  considerable  variation  in  the  results  of 
analyses  should  be  expected.  The  crystalline  form  is  that  of  the  original  iolite,  while  the  basal 
cleavage  when  distinct  is  that  of  the  new  species  fahlunite. 

1.  Tridasiie  and  fahlunite  were  from  the  same  locality,  Fahlun,  Sweden.     The  mineral  has  the 
above  characters.     Bonsdorffite  and  auralite  are  BonsdorfFs  Hydrous  iolite,  from  Abo,  Finland,  and 
identical  with  fahlunite.     The  name  triclasite  alludes  to  three  cleavages,  and  is  therefore  bad,  as 
they  are  not  cleavages  of  the  species,  but  in  part  of  the  original  iolite.    Fahlunite  dates  from  the 
same  year. 

Esmarkite  is  fahlunite.  Color  grayish-green  to  whitish,  with  a  greasy  lustre.  G-. =2*709; 
H.=3'5.  (b)  Praseolite  is  similar  from  Brakke,  near  Brevig,  in  granite.  H.=3'5;  G-.=2'754. 

(c)  Eaumite,   from  Raumo  in  Finland,  is  of  like  nature  and  origin,  according  to  A.  E.  Nor- 
denskiold  (Beskrifn.  Finl.   Min.),   although    analysis  gives  a   somewhat  diiferent  constitution. 

(d)  Chlorophyllite  from  Unity,   Maine,  is  like  fahlunite  in   composition,  etc. ;    H.   on  base  of 
prisms=l-5— 3  ;  Gk=2'705.    Named  from  %Aa)pd?,  green,  and  0uXAo»/,  leaf,   (e)  Peplolite  from  Rams- 
berg,  Sweden,  has  the  composition  essentially  and  form  of  esmarkite;  Gr.=2'68— 2-75. 

2.  Pyrargillite  is  near  fahlunite,  and  probably  essentially  the  same,  though  containing  more 
water  and  less  of  protoxyd  bases.     Form  the  same,  but  cleavage  not  distinct ;  color  blackish, 
bluish,  liver-brown,   or  in  part  dull-red;  H.=3*5;  G.=2'5;  lustre  weak  resinous.     It  is  from 
granite  near  Helsiugfors,  Finland.    Bischof  has  shown  that  it  is  only  altered  iolite. 

3.  PolychroUite  has  been  referred  here.     It  occurs  in  six-sided  prisms  of  120°,  without  distinct 
cleavage.     H.=3— 3*5;  lustre  greasy ;  color  blue  and  green  of  different  shades,  and  also  brown 
and  brick-red.     Occurs  in  gneiss  at  Krageroe,  Norway. 

4.  Aspasiolite  occurs  in  prisms  like  those  of  fahlunite,  but  with  the  cleavage  less  distinct ;  H.  — 
3—3-5;  G.=2-764;  color  green  to  greenish-gray,  clouded  with  brown  or  red.    It  is  from  Kra- 
geroe, Norway,  with  iolite  in  quartz. 

Huronite  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  384,  1836).  Considered  an  altered  mineral  near  fahlunite,  by  T.  S. 
Hunt.  Occurs  in  spherical  masses  in  hornblendic  boulders  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Huron.  Struc- 
ture partly  in  imperfect  folia,  and  partly  granular.  H.=3  — 3-5;  G-.  =  2'86;  lustre  waxy  to  pearly; 
color  light  yellowish-green ;  subtranslucent.  Weissite  Wachtmeister,  is  like  fahlunite  in  most  of 
its  characters,  but  differs  in  composition,  and  may  belong  elsewhere.  Occurs  of  bluish  and  green 
colors  at  Fahlun,  in  masses  as  large  as  hazel-nuts,  in  chlorite. 

Oomp.— O.  ratio  for  R,  £,  Si,  H=  1  : 3  :  5  :  1 ;  whence  the  formula  (f  (H,  R)3  +  f  (3tl,  £e))2  Si3,  the 
water  being  basic,  and  entering,  as  already  suggested,  to  make  up  the  deficiency  of  bases  in  the 
unisilicate.  In  some  kinds,  the  same  with  the  addition  of  H.  The  0.  ratio  of  iolite,  the  original 
of  the  species,  is  1  :  3  :  5. 

Analyses :  1,  Hisinger  (Afh.,  iv.  210);  2,  3,  Trolle  Wachtmeister  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1827,  213); 
4,  Bonsdorff  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1827) ;  5,  Malmgren  (Arppe's  Finsk.  Min.,  1861,  586,  Verb.  Min. 
St.  Pet,  1862,  152);  6,  Erdmann  (Jahresb.  1841,  174);  7,  C.  T.  Jackson  (Rep.  G.  N.  H.,  1844, 
184);  8,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  833);  9,  Erdmann  (L  c.);  10,  J.  Staudinger  (Bonsdorff,  L  c.); 
11,  Carlsson.  Amark  and  Sieurin  (1.  c.) ;  12,  Nordenskiold  (1.  c.) ;  13,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixviii.  323) ; 
14,  Waohtmeister  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1827): 

Si        £l        Fe          Mn      Mg    Ca      &      H 

1.  Fahlun,  Tricl.  46-79     26*73     5'01  MnO'43     2*97 13-50=95-43  Hiainger. 

2.  "  "      Ik.        44-60     30-10     3-86          2'24     6'75    1-86    1'98  9'35,  F  *r.=100'23  W. 

3.  "  "       cryst.   44'95     30-70     7'22          1'90     6'04    0'95    1'38  8'66=  101-79  W. 

4.  Abo,  Bonsd.  45         30         5  9 11  =  100  B. 

5.  "     Aur.  41-76     31-25     8-35          0'30    4'73  1'78    1'50  10-44=100-11  Malm. 


486 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


6.  Brevig,  Esmark. 

7.  Unity,  Chloroph. 

Q  U  H 

9.  Brakke,  Pros. 

10.  Raumo,  Raumite 

11.  Ramsberg,  Pepl. 

12.  Helsingfors,  Pyra 

13.  Krageroe,  Aspas. 

14.  Fahlun,  Weissite 


Si      Xl 

45-97  32-08 

A 

45-20  27-60 
46-31  25-17 
40-94  28-79 

43-00  19-00 
45-95  30-51 
43-93  28-93 
50-40  32-38 
59-69  21-70 

Fe    Mn    Mg      Ca      & 
3-83    0-41  10-32  

8-24   4-08     9-60  
3Pe  10-99     tr.     10-91    0'58  
"     7-40    0-32  13-73  

«  19-20  12-55  
6-77  7-99    0-50  
5-30  2-90a  1-05 
2-34  8-01  
1-43    0-63     8-99  4'10 

fi 

5-49,  Ca,  Pb,  Cu,  Co, 
f  i  0-45=98-55  Erdmann 
3-60,    P  *r.=98'32  J. 
6-70=100-66  Ramm. 
7-38,  Ca,  fi,  Cu,  Pb,  Co 
0-50=99-06  A.  Erdmann. 
6-00=99.75  Staudinger. 
8-30=100-02  Carlsson. 
15-47,Na  1-85  =  99-43  N. 
6-73=99'86  Scheerer. 
3-20,  Na  0-68,  2n  0'30 
=100-72  Wachtmelster. 

With  some  Mn  O. 


In  polychroilite  Dahl  found  (1.  c.)  Si  52,  Xl  37,  Pe  3,  Mg  7,  Ca  1,  fi  1 ;  and  Scheerer  obtained 
about  6  p.  c.  of  water.  The  huronite  afforded  Thomson  (L  c.)  Si  45-80,  3cl  33-92,  Fe  4*32,  Ca  8*04, 
Mg  1-72,  fi  4-16=97'96  ;  it  is  stated  to  be  infusible  and  not  attacked  by  acids. 

An  ash-gray  mineral  from  Potton,  Canada  East,  as  analyzed  by  Tennant,  is  near  weissite  in  com- 
position. Tennant  obtained  (Rec.  Gen.  Sci.,  iii.  339)  Si  55'05,  &1  22'60,  Fe  12'60,  Mn  tr.,  Mg  5'70, 
Ca  1-40,  fi  2-25=99-60;  and  gives  H.  =  1'75,  G.=2'8263.  T.  S.  Hunt  says  it  is  probably  only  a 
rock,  and  not  a  mineral  species,  as  he  judges  from  a  specimen  he  has  seen  so  labelled  (private  com- 
munication). 

Gigantolite  and  Iberite  much  resemble  fahlunite,  and  like  it  are  results  of  the  alteration  of  iolite, 
occurring  in  large  six  to  twelve-sided  crystals.  But  they  contain  potash,  and  are  therefore  re- 
lated in  composition  to  pinite,  of  which  they  seem  to  be  impure  varieties.  See  under  FINITE. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  white  blebby  glass.  Not  acted  upon  by  acids. 
Pyrargillite  is  difficultly  fusible,  but  is  completely  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid. 


427.  GROPPITE.    Svanlerg,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  iii.  14,  1846. 

Crystalline,  with  one  distinct  cleavage  affording  a  broad  cleavage  surface,  and  two  others  less 
distinct. 

H.=2-5.  G.=2-73.  Thin  splinters  translucent.  Color  rose-red  to  brownish-red.  Streak 
paler.  Fracture  splintery.  , 

0.  ratio  for  E,  &,  Si,  fi=2  :  3  :  6  :  2,  whence,  if  half  the  water  be  basic,  (i  (fi8,  R8)  +  |  (3fcl, 
Pe))8  Si8  +  fi.  Analy  sis  by  Svanberg  : 

Si         A-l       £e       Mg      Ca       ISTa      K        fl 
45-01     22-55    3-06     12'28    4«55     0'22     5'23     7-11,  undissolved  0-13=100-13. 

PTB.—  In  a  matrass  yields  water.    B.B.  whitens,  and  on  thin  edges  shows  only  incipient  fusion. 
Svanberg's  formula  is  the  same  as  for  ottrelite. 
From  a  limestone  at  Gropptorp  in  Sweden. 

428.  VOIGTITB.  E.  E.  Schmid,  Pogg.,  xcvii.  108,  1856.  Rastolyte  Shep.,  Min.,  1857,  Append., 
p.  vi.,  and  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxiv.  128. 

In  small  crystals  and  scales,  mica-like  in  structure  and  aspect. 
H.=2—  3.     G.=2'91.     Lustre  pearly.      Color  leek-green,  often  yellow- 
ish or  brownish  from  alteration.     Thin  scales  translucent. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  E,  R,  Si,  fi=l  :  1  :  2  :  1  ; 
tite  with  the  addition  of  water. 


+  |fi)8  Si3+3  fi,  or  the  same  as  that  of  bio- 
Analyses:  1,  Schmid  (1.  c.);  2,  Pisani  (C.  R.,  liv.  686,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxxiv.  208): 

Si  £l         £e         Fe        Mg         Ca        Na         fi 

Ehrenberg  33-83       13'40       8'42      23-01      7'54      2'04      0-96      9'87=99'07  Schmid. 

Rastolyte  34'98       21-88     -      28-44      6'24     -      -      9'22=100-76  PisanL 

Fyr.,  etc.—  In  a  glass  tube  yields  water,  sometimes  exfoliates,  and  becomes  brown  and  metallic 


HYDROUS   SILICATES,    MAKGAROPHYLLITE   SECTION.  487 

in  lustre.  B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  glass,  with  the  reaction  of  iron.  Attacked  by  muriatic 
acid,  giving  a  yellow  solution,  and  the  insoluble  part  becomes  after  some  days  colorless. 

Obs. — Voigtite  constitutes  the  mica  in  a  kind  of  graphic  granite  at  Ehrenberg  near  Ilmenau. 
Kastolyte  is  in  ash-gray,  reddish,  and  bluish  lamina?,  looking  like  an  altered  mica,  at  Monroe,  N.  Y., 
mixed  with  pyrite,  and  probably  formed  through  the  action  of  the  decomposing  pyrite  on  mica. 

Named  after  Mr.  Yoigt,  director  of  the  mines  of  Saxe- Weimar. 

Eukamptite  of  Kenngott  (p.  307)  is  a  similar  hydrous  biotite  with  less  water. 

Another  from  "Rio  Janeiro,  closely  related  to  the  above,  has  been  described  by  Kenngott  in  his 
Uebersicht  for  1856 --57,  p.  80.  It  is  in  dull  green  short  prismatic  crystals,  in  granite.  Composi- 
tion, according  to  T.  Hauer  (1.  c.),  Si  32'33,  £l  20'47,  Fe  26'25,  Mg,  by  loss,  7'75,  Ca  0'85,  K  2'02, 
ign.  10-33. 

429.  MARGARODITB.    Margarodit  Schafhautt,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xlvl  825,  1843. 

Like  muscovite  or  common  mica  in  crystallization,  and  in  optical  and 
other  physical  characters,  except  usually  a  more  pearly  lustre,  and  the 
color  more  commonly  whitish  or  silvery. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  mostly  1:6:9:2;  whence  the  formula  .(HR8,  S^+l-^l)2  Si3,  the  water 
being  basic.  Sometimes  0.  ratio  1  :  9  :  12  :  2,  whence,  (£  (Ks,  fis)+f  A1!)2  Si3;  but  this  divi- 
sion belongs  with  damourite,  if  the  two  are  distinguishable.  This  species  appears  to  be  often,  if 
not  always,  a  result  of  the  hydration  of  muscovite,  there  being  all  shades  of  gradation  between 
it  and  that  species.  Muscovite  has  the  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  of  4  :  5,  or  nearly ;  and  the 
deficiency  of  base  for  a  unisilicate  here  indicated  appears  to  be  the  source  of  its  tendency  to  take 
up  water,  the  water  passing  in  to  suppljr  it. 

For  analyses  and  localities  see  under  MUSCOVITE  (p  309). 

A  hydrous  mica,  accompanying  cyanite,  at  Litchfield,  Ct.,  afforded  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  xv.  210)  Si  44-60,  £l  36-23,  3?e  1-34,  Mg  0'37,  Ca  0-50,  Na  4-10,  K  6'20,  fi  5'26,  Mil,  F  tr.= 
98-60.  It  is  a  soda-potash  mica  intermediate  between  margarodite  and  paragonite;  0.  ratio 
1:  7£:  10:  2;  G.=2'76. 


430.  DAMOURITE.    Delesse,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xv.  248,  1845. 

An  aggregate  of  fine  scales,  mica-like  in  structure. 
H.=i2— 3.    G. =2-792.    Lustre  pearly.    Color  yellow  or  yellowish-white. 
Optic-axial  divergence  10  to  12  degrees,  Descl. 

Comp. — A  hydrous  potash-mica,  like  margarodite,  to  which  it  is  closely  related.    0.  ratio  for 
&,  Si,fi,  1  :9  :  12  :  2. 
Analyses  :  1,  Delesse  (1.  c.) ;  2,  Igelstrom  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  308) : 

Si        £1       3Pe       K        & 

1.  Pontivy  45'22    37'85       tr.      11-20     6-25=99-52  Delesse. 

2,  Horrsjoberg       43-41     35*17     4'62     10'90    4'50,  &g  1-40=100  Igelstrom. 

It  is  the  gangue  of  cyanite  at  Pontivy  in  Brittany ;  and  the  same  at  Horrsjoberg,  Wermland. 
Named  after  the  French  chemist  Damour. 

430A.  SEBICITE  List  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixxxi.  257).  A  scaly  mineral  from  a  silky  schist,  occur- 
ring at  Nerothal  near  Wiesbaden.  H.  =  l;  G-.= 2*897  ;  greenish  or  yellowish-white.  It  afforded 
List  Si  49-00,  £l  23-65,  Fe  8'07,  Mg  0-94,  Ca  0'63,  Na  1-75,  K  9*11,  H  3'41,  Ti  1'39,  SiF2  1'60= 
100-14.  Supposed  to  be  near  damourite.  Named  from  its  silky  lustre. 

431.  PARAGONITE.    Paragonit  Schafhdutl,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xlvL  334,  1843.    Pregrattit 
L.  Liebener,  Kenng.  Ueb.  1861,  53,  1862. 

Massive,  sometimes  consisting  distinctly  of  fine  scales  ;  the  rock  slaty  or 
schistose.  Cleavage  of  scales  in  one  direction  eminent,  mica-like. 

H.=2-5— 3.     G.=2-779,   paragonite,   Schafhautl;    2-895,   pregrattite, 


4:88  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

(Ellacher.     Lustre  strong  pearly.     Color  yellowish,  grayish,  grayish- white, 
greenish,  light  apple-green.     Translucent ;  single  scales  transparent. 

Comp.— A  hydrous  soda  mica.  0.  ratio  for  K,  p,  Si,  fl=l  :.9 :  12 :  2,  or  1:1  for  bases  and 
silica,  if  the  water  be  made  basic.  Formula^  (i(fi3,  Nas)+f  £l)2  Si3;  the  pregrattite  has  a  little 
more  of  protoxyd  bases,  the  0.  ratio  being  1  : 7-3  : 9  : 1-7=3  :  22 :  27  : 5,  or  nearly. 

Analyses  :  1,  Schaf  hautl  (1-  c.) ;  2,  Rammelsberg  (ZS.  G.,  xiv.  761) ;  3,  (Ellacher  (Kenng.  Ueb., 
l.c.): 

Si         £l        #e      Mg      Ca      tfa        &        £ 

1.  Paragonite     50-20     35-90      2'36     8'45     2-45=99-36  Schaf  hautl. 

2.  "       (|)46-81     40*06        tr.      0'65     1'26     6*40      tr.       4-82  =  100  Ramm. 

Z.  Pregrattite     44'65    40'41FeO-84    0'37     0'52    7'06     1-71     5'04,  £r  0'10= 100-70  (Ellacher. 

Pyr.— B.B.  the  paragonite  is  stated  to  be  infusible.  The  pregrattite  exfoliates  somewhat  like 
vermiculite  (a  property  of  some  clinochlore  and  other  species),  and  becomes  milk-white  on  the 
edges. 

Obs. — Paragonite  constitutes  the  mass  of  the  rock  at  Monte  Campione,  in  the  region  of  St. 
Gothard,  containing  cyanite  and  staurotide,  called  paragonitic  or  talcose  schist.  The  rock  also 
contains  garnet  and  black  tourmaline.  Named  from  Tn/payw,  /  mislead.  The  pregrattite  is  from 
Pregratten  in  the  Pusterthal,  Tyrol. 

A  Brevig  mica  afforded  Defrance  5  p.  c.  of  soda,  but  with  much  less  silica  than  above.  See 
under  LEPIDOMELANE,  p.  307,  where  relations  to  other  Brevig  mica  are  stated,  that  tend  to  show 
that  it  is  an  altered  mica. 

432.  EUPHYLLITE.     Silliman,  Jr.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  viii.  381,  1849. 

Structure  as  in  mica,  but  laminae  not  as  easily  separable. 

H.=3'5-4'5.  G.=2-963-3-008,  Silliman;  2-83,  Smith  &  Brush. 
Lustre  of  cleavage  surface  bright  pearly,  inclining  to  adamantine.  Color 
white  to  colorless ;  sides  faint  grayish  sea-green  or  whitish.  Transparent 
to  translucent ;  at  times  opaque  or  nearly  so.  Laminae  rather  brittle. 
Biaxial ;  angle  between  the  optical  axes  71-J0,  Silliman. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  K,  Si,  fi=l :  8  :  9 :  2 ;  whence  (£  E,3  +  f  K)2  S13+ £  fi=,  if  Ca:  K :  Na= 
8  :4:  11,  Silica  41-6,  alumina  42'3,  lime  1*5,  potash  3'2,  soda  5'9,  water  5'5  =  100.  Analyses: 
Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  209)  : 

Si         3tl       Fe      Mg      Ca      Na      K        fl 

1.  Unionville    40-29     43-00     1'30     0'62     1-01     5'16     3'94     5'00=100-32  Smith  &  Brush, 

2.  39-64    42-40     T60     0'70     I'OO     5'16     3'94     5'08=99'52  Smith  &  Brush. 

3.  40-21     41-50     1-50     0'78     1-88     4'26     3'25     5'91=99'29  Smith  &  Brush. 

4.  40-96    41-40     1-30     0'70     I'll     4'26     3'25     6'23  =  99-21  Smith  &  Brush. 

The  specimen  for  analysis  2  by  Smith  &  Brush  was  from  the  original  one  described  by  Silliman. 
Their  results  show  that  the  earlier  analysis  of  Crooke  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  viii.  381)  and  those  of  Erni 
&  G-arrett  (this  Min.,  3d  edit.,  362,  1850)  are  erroneous.  Brni's  and  Crooke's  specimens  were 
from  the  same  that  afforded  the  material  for  analysis  2  of  Smith  &  Brush. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  matrass  yields  water.  B.B.  exfoliates,  emits  a  strong  light,  and  in  the  forceps 
fuses  on  the  edges.  Gives  traces  of  fluorine. 

Obs.— Occurs  associated  with  tourmaline  and  corundum  at  Unionville,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.  The 
impression  of  the  crystals  of  tourmaline  on  the  lateral  surface  of  the  euphyllite  leaves  a  very 
smooth,  hard-looking  surface.  Also  in  the  same  vicinity  in  aggregated  laminae,  or  scales,  or 
compact  masses. 

Dr.  Smith  refers  here,  with  a  query,  a  mica  found  by  him  with  the  emery  of  Asia  Minor,  which 
afforded  him  the  following  results  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xi.  62,  xv.  210) : 


Si 

il 

3Pe 

Mg 

Ca     : 

fe,  little  ISTa 

fl 

1. 

Gumuchdagh 

42-80 

40-61 

1-30 

tr. 

3-01 

undet. 

5-62 

2. 

Kulah 

43-62 

38-10 

3-50 

0-25 

0-52 

7-83 

5-51 

3. 

" 

42-71 

37-52 

2-82 

tr. 

1-41 

wwdferf. 

5-95 

4. 

Nicaria 

42-60 

37-45 

1-70 

tr. 

0-68 

9-76 

5-20 

HYDROUS   SILICATES,   M  A  KG  AEOPHYLLITE   SECTION.  489 

They  afford  the  mean  oxygen  ratio,  excluding  the  water,  1;10  :12.  May  be  damourite.  A 
similar  whitish  mica,  from  Newlin,  Pa.,  afforded  S.  B.  Sharpies  Si  43,  'M  40,  alk.  7  to  8  p.  c. 

433.  (ELLACHERITE.    Margarite  from  Pfitschthal  (Ellacher,  Kenng.  Uebers.  1860,  49,  1862. 
(EUacherite  Dana,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.  256,  1867. 

In  crystalline  scales  or  laminae  ;  structure  micaceous. 

G.=2'8S4—  2*994.  Lustre  strong  pearly.  Color  grayish-  white  to  white. 
In  thin  plates  transparent.  Elastic.  Double  refraction  strong  ;  optic-axial 
angle  in  the  air  79°  21'  for  the  red  ray,  78°  45'  for  the  blue,  or  the  same  as 
in  muscovite  ;  Descl. 


Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  R,  £,  Si,  fi,  1  :  4  :  6  :  1  ;  whence  the  formula,  if  H  be  basic,  (&  (R8, 
f-j*tl)2Si3.    Remarkable  for  the  presence  of  baryta.    Analyses:  1,  (Ellacher  (1.  c.)  ;  2,  Rammels- 
berg(ZS.  G.,  xiv.  763): 

Si        £l        £e      Fe      Mn      Cu      Mg      Ca      Ba      Sr       fra       &       H 

1.  42-59     30-18     0-91     1-74     0-12     0'31     4'85     1'03     4'65     0'09     1-42     7'61     4'43=99'93  CE. 

2.  43-07     32-79    -     1-85     0'31    -    2'90     0'23     5'91    -        undet.        4'26  Ramm. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  near  Kemmat  in  Pfitschthal,  along  with  the  chlorite  analyzed  by  Hetzer  (p.  502). 
The  locality  is  about  12  miles  in  a  direct  line  from  that  of  margarite  (p.  506). 

434.  COOKEITE.     G.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sci,  II.  xli.  246,  1866. 

In  minute  scales,  and  in  slender  six-sided  prisms,  sometimes  vernacularly 
bent.  Often  as  a  coating. 

H.^2'5.  G.=2'70.  Lustre  pearly  on  plane  of  cleavage.  Color  white 
to  yellowish-green.  In  thin  scales  transparent.  Flexible,  inelastic. 

Comp.-  0.  ratio  for  R,  K,  gi,  fi,  1  -93  :  21  :  18-74  :  11-91,  Brush=l  :  10  :  9  :  5i  Approaches  a 
hydrous  lithia  mica  in  composition.  Analysis  :  P.  Collier  (1.  c.)  : 

Si         £l        Li        K        S       SiF2 
($)  34-93    4491     2'82     2'57     13'41     0'47,  fi  exp.  at  100°C.  0'38=99-49. 

Three  determinations  of  the  silica  obtained  35-04,  34*05,  35-71  p.  c.  The  alumina  contained  a 
little  oxyd  of  iron. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  exfoliates  like  vermiculite,  and  colors  the  flame  intense  carmine-red.  In  the 
closed  tube  yields  water,  which  is  at  first  neutral,  then  becomes  acid  by  decomposing  the  fluorid 
of  silicon  evolved,  while  a  ring  of  silica  is  deposited.  Tube  slightly  etched.  Fusible  on  thin  edges, 
and  gives  blue  color  with  cobalt  solution.  With  phosphorus  salt  gives  skeleton  of  silica.  Par- 
tially decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.—  Occurs  with  tourmaline  and  lepidolite  at  Hebron  and  Paris,  Me.,  often  as  a  pearly  coat- 
ing on  crystals  of  rubellite,  of  which  it  appears  to  be  a  product  of  alteration. 

435.  HISINGERITE.  Hisirigerit  (fr.  Riddarhyttan)  Berz.,  Pogg.,  xiii.  505,  1828.  Degeroit 
Holmberg,  Bidr.  Finl.  Nat.,  L  4,  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  1850,  1851,  N.  Nordenskiold,  Verz.  Finl. 
Min.,  1852.  Skotiolit  Arppe,  Finsk.  Min.,  13,  1857. 

Amorphous,  compact,  without  cleavage. 

H.=3.  Gr.=  3*045.  Lustre  greasy,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Color  black 
to  brownish-black.  Streak  yellowish-brown.  Fracture  conchoidal. 

Var.—  (1)  Hisingerite.  (2)  Degeroite,  G-.  =  2'54,  Holmberg;  H.=2'5;  color  blackish-green  to 
black.  (3)  Scotiolite  ;  G.=3'09  ;  H.=r3  ;  color  dark  green  to  black  (and  named  from  er/«moj,  dark)  ; 
contains  much  magnesia,  and  less  water  than  hisingerite. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  R+&,  Si,  H=2  :  3  :  3  j  formula,  making  one-third  of  the  water  basic,  (R3, 
«)2Si3  +  4aq,  or  specially,  (£H3  +  £(R3.£e))3Sia+4aq.  In  the  latter  formula  R3  includes  some 


490 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Si 

£l 

£e 

Fe 

Mn 

fig. 

.  Oa 

1. 

Riddarhyttan 

36-30 

44-39         

2. 

it 

35-02 

1-20 

39-46 

2-20 



0-80 

tr. 

3. 

« 

35-08 

1-38 

40-28 

2-23 



0-35 

0-36 

4. 
5. 

Solberg,  Norway 

u            it 

35-33 
87-55 

1-17 

32-14 
30*57 

7-08 
7-00 

— 

3-60 
2-91 

1-41 

6. 

Jordosen 

34-90 



36-00 

9-20 



2-67 



7. 

Longban 

35-71 



27-70 

7-52 

3-02 

1-68 

1-48 

8. 

Waldemarsvik 

33-66 



39-90 

2-30 



2-95 



9. 

Orijarvi 

36-92 



31-87 

8-92 



2-06 



10. 

Tunaberg 

37-14 

1-39 

30-24 

3-02 

0-17 

6-06 



11. 

Longban,  Scotiolite 

36-73 



34-97 

3-09 

tr. 

8-75 



12. 

Riddarhyttan,  His. 

33-07 



34-78 

17-59 



0-46 

2-56 

13. 

Degero,  Degeroite 

36-60 

0-80 

41-56 

1-16 



2-50 

2-90 

14. 

u              u 

34-45 

0-75 

38-63 

1-08 



2-33 

2-70 

15. 

Orijarvi,  Scotiolite 

40-97 

0-60 

26-04 





15-63 

0-38 

Fe,  Mg,  Ca,  and  occasionally  Mn.  Excluding  R,  the  percentage  composition  is  Silica  35-9,  sea- 
quioxyd  of  iron  42'6,  water  21'5=100.  Clove's  analysis  makes  the  scotiohte  of  Longban  essen- 
tially hisiugerite ;  and  that  of  Orijarvi  may  be  an  impure  variety  (anal.  15). 

Analyses:  1,  Hisinger  (Fogg.,  xiii.  505);  2-11,  Cleve,  Oeberg,  Lindstrom,  Nordenskiold, 
Thoreld L  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1866,  169);  12,  Rammelsberg  (Fogg.,  Ixxv.  398);  13,  14,  Thoreld 
(Min.  Ges.  St.  Fet,  1850,  51,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1866,  169);  15,  Arppe  (1.  c.): 

3 

20-70=101-39  Haidinger. 
21-70,  undec.  0-95  =  101'33  Cleve. 
20-78=100-46  Oeberg. 
22-04=100-19  Cleve. 
20-32=100-93  Lindstrom. 
18-46=101-23  Cleve. 
22-83=99-94  Nordenskiold. 
21-09=99-90  Nordenskiold. 
21-09=100-86  Lindstrom. 
21-56=99-58  Cleve. 
15-80=99-34  Cleve. 
11-54=100  Rammelsberg. 
13-70,£ePO-26,und.  T50  Thor. 
19-54,  undec.  1-40  Thoreld. 
15-12=98-74  Arppe. 

The  part  of  the  water  driven  off  at  100°  C.  was  in  anal  2,  11-20 ;  4,  11-66  ;  5,  13'H ;  6,  9'33  ; 
7,  12-19;  8,  9-37;  9,  13'56 ;  10,  10'61 ;  11,  6'30;  14,  11-60;  15,  7'49. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  much  water.  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  black  magnetic  slag.  "With  the 
fluxes  gives  reactions  for  iron.  In  muriatic  acid  easily  decomposed  without  gelatinizing. 

Obs. — Found  at  the  various  localities  mentioned  above.  At  Riddarhyttan  it  occurs  in  reniform 
masses  associated  with  pyrite  in  a  copper  mine,  and  is  a  result  of  alteration ;  at  Degero,  near 
Helsingfors,  Finland,  in  a  silver  mine. 

Named  after  the  Swedish  chemist,  Hisinger. 

MELANOLITE  Wurtz  (this  Min.,  679,  1850).  Approaches  hisingerite.  It  is  black,  opaque,  with 
streak  dark  olive-green;  H.=2;  Gr.=2  69.  Surface  of  the  mineral  often  striated,  or  with  an  im- 
perfectly columnar  aspect.  H.  Wurtz  obtained,  excluding  12'77  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  lime: 

Si  35-36    £14-49     3Pe  23*20     Fe  25-J8    fta  1'86    H  10-24=100-33. 
From  Milk-Row  quarry,  near  Charlestown,  Mass.,  incrusting  the  sides  of  a  fissure. 

436.  EKMANNITE.    Ekmannit  L.  J.  Igektrom,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1865,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxvi.  21, 

1867. 

Foliated,  chlorite-like.  Also  foliated  columnar  and  asbestiform,  radiated ; 
also  granular  massive,  consisting  of  minute  scales. 

Hardness  and  lustre  as  in  chlorite.  Color  grass-green,  leek-green,  gray- 
ish-white ;  also  black. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R+B,  Si,  fi=4  :  6  :  3,  with  the  bases  mainly  protoxyds  (Fe,  Mn) ;  only 
one-third  to  one-sixth  being  sesquioxyds  (3Pe,  3tl),  and  regarded  as  impurity  by  Igelstrom.  For- 
mula (f(Fe,  Mn)-f£H)2  Si+iH,  in  which  two-thirds  of  the  water  is  made  basic.  Analyses; 
1-6,  Igelstrom  (L  c.) : 


1.  Fol-mass.,  grass-gn. 

2.  Fol.-col,  gyh.-w. 

3.  Fol.-mass.,  leek-gn. 

4.  Gran.-mass.,  grass-gn. 

5.  Asbesiif.)  green 

6.  Fol.-mass.,  green 


Si  - 
34-30 
36-42 
40-80 
87-07 
37-69 
36-82 


A-l 

tr. 
1-07 
5-08 

5-85 

3-63 


3Pe  Fe  Mn  Mg  Ca 

4-97  35-78  11-45  2'99  

4-79  24-27  21'56      tr.  ifi\ 

3-60  25-51       7-13  7'64  

38-20  6-32  2-73 

36-07*          14-74  

31-09      9-29  7-63  tr. 


H 

10-51  =  100. 

9-91=98-02. 
10-74=100. 

9-71=99-88. 
11-50=100. 
10-71=99-07. 


With  perhaps  some  alumina. 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MARGABOPHYLLITE   SECTION.  491 

Pyr.,  etc.— On  heating  yields  water,  becomes  black,  submetallic,  and  after  ignition  strongly 
magnetic.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  black  slag.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid,  with  a  deposition  of  silica. 

Obs. — From  a  mine  of  magnetite  at  Grythyttan,  in  Sweden,  filling  cavities  in  the  ore,  pene- 
trating it  extensively,  and  constituting  nodular  masses  and  beds.  Anal.  4  is  of  the  green  interior 
of  a  nodule  which  was  black  externally.  Some  of  it  contains  carbonate  of  lime,  and  some  affords 
when  heated  a  bituminous  odor. 

Named  after  G.  Ekmann,  proprietor  of  the  mine. 

Alt. — Becomes  black  on  exposure,  through  oxydation. 

437.  NEOTOOITB.  Neotokit  N.  Nordenskiold,  Verz.  Finl.  Min.,  1852.  Wittingit  id.,  ib. 
Yattenhaltigt  Manganoxid-silikat  J.  F.  Bohr,  (Efv.  Ak.,  1850,  240.  Stratopeit  L.  J.  Igelstrom, 
ib.,  1851,  143  (with  mention  of  "Neotokit"  and  "  Wittingit "). 

Amorphous. 

H.=:3— 4.  G.^2-64— 2-8.  Lustre  dull,  sometimes  feebly  submetallic. 
Color  black  to  dark  brown  and  liver-brown.  Streak  dark  brown  to  black. 
Opaque. 

Comp.,  Var. — The  amorphous  mineral  substances  here  included  are  results  of  the  alteration 
of  rhodonite,  in  which  the  manganese  passes  from  the  state  of  protoxyd  to  that  of  sesquioxyd, 
and  other  changes  take  place  through  the  presence  of  any  ingredients  in  the  altering  infiltrating 
waters.  A  uniformity  of  composition  is  not  therefore  to  be  expected,  and  much  doubt  must  exist 
as  to  the  reality  of  the  species  which  any  chemical  analyses  may  seem  to  indicate.  The  most 
recent  analyses  (anal.  2  to  5  below)  have  a  correspondence  in  oxygen  ratio  which  appears  to  show 
that  there  is  among  them  at  least  one  true  hydrous  silicate  of  manganese,  and  that  it  is  related 
in  composition  to  hisingerite.  The  0.  ratio  for  R+&,  Si,  H,  in  analysis  2  is  12-69  :  19'11  :  14*32 ; 
3,  11-56  :  18-69  :  14'86;  4,  12-11  :  19-09  :  14-02;  5,  13'04  :  18'34  :  15*44;  each  of  which  corres- 
pond quite  nearly  to  2  :  3  :  2£,  and  to  the  general  hisingerite  formula,  (S3,  B)2  Si3+3  aq,  in  which 
two-fifths  of  the  water  is  made  basic. 

Neotocite  (anal.  4,  5)  is  here  included  by  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  along  with  stratopeite,  and  good 
authority  appears  thus  to  be  given  for  setting  aside  the  older  analysis  of  it  by  Igelstrom  (anal.  6). 
In  stratopeite,  G.  =  2"64,  according  to  Igelstrom;  in  neotocite  and  wittingite,  G.=2"7  —  2-8,  according 
to  N.  Nordenskiold. 

Bahr's  and  Svanberg's  analyses,  9-12,  give  a  different  composition,  as  the  manganese  is  made 
sesquioxyd ;  but  new  determinations  are  required  before  these,  or  the  analyses  of  wittingite.  can 
be  taken  as  representing  distinct  chemical  compounds.  Bahr  writes  for  analyses  9,  10,  11,  Mna 
Si3+3  II;  and  for  anal.  12,  obtains  the  0.  ratio  for  &+K,  Si,  II,  13-9  :  17'6  :  8'5.  The  wittingite 
analyzed  by  Arppe  (anal.  7)  contained  7*21  p.  c.  of  carbonic  acid,  corresponding  to  18'82  p.  c.  of 
carbonate  of  manganese. 

Analyses :  1,  Igelstrom  (1.  c.);  2-5,  Cleve  and  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1866,  169, 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  c.  121);  6,  Igelstrom  (Nord.  Verz.  FinL  Min.,  1852,  Beskrifn.  Finl.  Min.,  138,  1863);  7, 
Arppe  (Finsk.  Min.,  21);  8,  Nordenrkiold  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  c.  122);  9-12,  Bahr  (1.  c.): 

Si       £l      £e      Fe      Mn      Mn    Mg    Ca       & 

1.  Paisberg,  Stratopeite    35-43   10'27    32-41    8-04   13-75=99-90  Igelstrom 

2.  35-83    8-20 29'37  8'66    16'11,  P b  2'13  C. 

8.         "  35-05 1-36 38-49  5'27  0'47    16'72,  Pb  3'31  N. 

4.  Gestrikland,  Neotocite  35'79    10-90  13-93   20*51  2'44  0'52    15-77=99-86  Nord. 

5.  34-38  1-57  18-58     2'88 22'67  2*50    17'37=99'95  Cleve. 

6.  Ingoa                   "  35-69  0'40  25-08  24'12    2'90  0'55  10*37=99*11  Igelstr. 

7.  Wittingi,  Wittingite  35*01    3-50  43'20         1 1 -03,  C  7 '21  =  99*95  A. 

8.  Bredvik,         "  39*72    2'06 34'76  T21  0'69  21*98=100-42  Nord. 

9.  Klapperud  36'20  1*11     0'70  47'91 4'43  0*61      9'43=100'39  Bahr. 

10.  36*11  0-90  11-31    42-00   0'57  0'70    [9*43J  =  101'39  Svanb. 

11.  34*72  1-09  10-45    42'64   0*36  0*56      9-76=99*98  Bahr. 

33-81  1*03     7*53    46'18  1*42  0'72      9'57  =  100'26  Bahr. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  much  water.  Reactions  with  borax  for  manganese  and  iron.  Difficultly 
fusible  to  infusible. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  rhodonite  at  Paisberg  in  Filipstad,  Sweden  (stratopeite) ;  Gestrikland  (neoto- 
cite) in  Sweden ;  at  Ingoa  (ib.),  Finland ;  at  Wittingi  (wittingite)  in  Storkyro,  Finland ;  at  Bred- 
vik (ib.)  in  West  Gothland ;  at  Klapperud  in  Dalecarlia,  Finland. 

Named  from  VCOTOKOS,  of  recent  origin.    This  name  antedates  stratopeite. 


492  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

438.  STUBELITE.    Stubelit  Breiih.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  322,  1865. 

Eeniform  and  botryoidal  massive. 

H.— 4—5.  G.=2-223— 2-263.  Lustre  vitreous,  brilliant.  Color  velvet  to  pitchy  black.  Streak 
dark  brown.'  Fracture  eonchoidal,  distinct.  Brittle.  Analysis  by  Stiibel  (L  c.) : 

Si  £l  £e          Mn  Cu          Mg  H  Cl 

26-99         5-37         10'18         21-89         15-25         1'03         16-85         0-77=98'33. 

OBS.— Occurs  at  the  island  of  LiparL    Named  from  Dr.  Alphonse  StubeL 

439.  GILUNGITB.  Svart  Stenart  (fr.  Gillinge)  Hising&r,  Afh.,  iii.  304,  1810.  Gillingit 
Hisinger,  Min.  Geogr.  Schwed.  ("Wohler's),  102,  1826.  Thraulit  (fr.  Bodenmais)  v.  Kob.,  Pogg., 
xiv.  67,  1828.  Traulit. 

Amorphous — compact. 

H.=3.  G.=3*04:5,  Hisinger,  fr.  Gillinge.  Lustre  shining  to  dull;  sur- 
face of  fracture  earthy.  Color  black  or  blackish. 

Comp.,  Var.— 0.  ratio  for  K-f  B,  Si,  H=,  nearly,  1:1:1;  whence  (&3,  B)2  Si3+6  aq.  (1)  In 
anal.  3,  of  gillingite,  &3  :  K=2  :  5 ;  in  4,  7  :  9'5,  or  nearly  3  :  4.  (2)  For  anal  7,  of  thraulite,  v. 
Kobell  adopts  the  same  0.  ratio,  1  :  1  :  1,  observing  that  the  mineral  analyzed  contained  some 
mixed  pyrrhotite.  Analyses :  1,  Hisinger  (Afh.,  iii.  304) ;  2,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxv. 
398);  3,  4,  Hoglund  and  Tamm  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1866,  169,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  c.  123);  5,  Hermann 
(J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvi.  238) ;  6,  Hisiuger  (Pogg.,  xiii.  505) ;  7,  v.  Kobell  (1.  c.) : 

Si        £l        3Pe         Fe          Mn      Mg     Oa         H 

1.  Gillinge  27-50    5-50    51-50     StnO'77      11-75=97-02  His. 

2.  "  32-18      30-10       8-63          4-22     5'50     19'37  =  100  Ramm. 

3.  "  27-88      31-62     18-29         1'17     6'95      13-92=99-83  Hoglund 

4.  "  29-85     2-96     34'23     11'66         2'69     3'12     0'50     15-52=100-53  Tamm. 

5.  Orijarvi,  Hiring.  29-51     10-74    37'49         7'78     13-00=98-52  Herm. 

6.  Bodenmais,  Thraulite  31-77 49-87  20'00  =  101'64  His. 

7.  "  "  31-28     43-42       5'70         19-12=99-52  KobelL 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  much  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black,  slaggy,  opaque,  magnetic  globule. 
Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — From  Gillinge-Grube,  in  Sodermanland,  Sweden,  whence  the  name.  Thraulite  (named 
from  OpavXos,  fragik)  occurs  at  Bodenmais,  three  leagues  from  Zwiesel,  in  Bavaria,  with  vivianite, 
etc. 

440.  JOLLYTE.    Jollyt  v.  KobeU,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  1865,  168. 

Compact,  amorphous. 

H.=3.  G.=2*61.  Lustre  weak  greasy.  Color  dark  brown;  in  thin 
splinters  transparent,  with  green  to  brownish-red  color ;  the  coarse  powder 
is  light  leek-green,  the  fine,  light  grayish-green ;  in  some  positions  the 
powder  appears  ochre-yellow.  Fracture  subconchoidal  and  splintery.  In 
thin  splinters  shows  double  refraction. 

Comp.-O.  ratio  for  ft,  K,  Si,  H=l  :  2  :  3  :  2;  (J  £3+£  £l)2  Si3+4  H,  if  Fe  :  &g=3  :  2,= 
Si  35-5,  £l  27-0,  Fe  17'0,  Mg  6-3,  H  14-2=100.  Analysis:  v.  Kobell  (L  c.): 

Si  35-55        Xl  27-77        Fe  16-67        Mg  6-66        H  13-18=99-83. 

Fyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  swells  up  and  fuses  with  difficulty  on  thin 
edges  to  a  black  mass,  which  is  not  magnetic,  or  only  slightly  so;  with  the  fluxes  gives  the  reac- 
tions for  iron.  Decomposed  readily  by  muriatic  acid,  leaving  gelatinous  silica. 


HYDKOUS   SILICATES,    MAKGAROPHYLLITE   SECTION.  493 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria,  with  pyrite,  vivianite,  iolite,  etc.  Resembles  a  hisin- 
ge-rite  in  which  the  iron  is  replaced  by  alumina.  It  is  distinguished  from  this  mineral,  as 
well  as  from  gillingite,  by  the  green  color  of  its  powder,  and  by  yielding  a  residue  before  'the 
blowpipe  which  is  but  slightly  magnetic.  Named  after  the  physicist,  G-.  Jolly. 

L.  Ssemann  observes,  in  a  letter  to  the  author,  that  this  species  is  very  similar  to  fahlunite. 

441.  EPICHLOBITE  Ramm.  (Pogg.,  Ixxiii.  437,  1849).    Fibrous  or  columnar,  between  schiller  spar 
and  chlorite  in  its  characters.     H.  =  2  —  2'5 ;  G.  =  2-76;  color  dull  leek-green;  streak  white  to 
greenish ;  lustre  greasy ;  in  thin  columns  translucent  and  of  a  bottle-green  color. 

COMP.— 0.  ratio  for  fi,  fi,  Si,  fi=4  :  3  :  9  :  4,  whence,  for  bases,  silica,  and  water,  if  half  of 
the  water  be  basic,  9:9:2.  Analysis  (1.  c.) : 

Si  40-88    Xl  10-96    3Pe  8-72     Fe  8-96     Mg  20'00     <3a  0'68     fi  10-18=100-38. 

B  B.  fuses  only  in  thin  fibres  with  difficulty.    "With  the  fluxes  reaction  of  silica  and  iron. 
Forms  veins  in  a  rock  resembling  serpentine  at  Harzburg.     Named  in  allusion  to  its  being  near 
chlorite  in  characters. 

442.  POLTHYDRITE  Breith.  (Handb.,  ii.  334,  1841).      From  St.  Cristoph,  at  Breitenbrunn,  in 
Saxony.      Amorphous;   H.=2  —  3;    Gi-.=  2-095— 2'142 ;   lustre  dull;    color  liver-brown;    streak 
lighter,  grayish.    According  to  Plattner,  contains  Si,  3Pe,  Fe,  with  some  3tl,  Mn,  and  29'20  p.  c. 
of  water.     In  muriatic  acid  decomposed. 

443.  LILLITB  Reuss  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xxv.  550,  1857).     From  Przibram  in  Bohemia,  with  pyrite, 
and  arising,  apparently,  through  the  agency  of  decomposing  pyrite.     H.  =  2 ;  G.=3-043.     Earthy, 
like  glauconite;  blackish-green.      Analysis  afforded  Si  32'48,  3Pe,  Fe  54'95,  H  10*20,  Ca  C  1'96, 
Fe  S  0*63  =  100-22. 

444.  CHLORITE-LIKE  MINERAL,  from  the  keup&r  of  Altenburg,  Haushofer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcix.  239). 
Color  dark  leek-green.     Stated  to  be  B.B.  infusible.     Analysis  gave  Si  29-51,  £l  11-54,  £e  18-26, 
Fe  25-26,  Ca  0'52,  fi  14-81=99-90.    0.  ratio  of  bases  and  silica=l  :  1,  and  of  £,£=!  :  2. 


445.  PYROSCLERITE.    Pyrosklerit  v.  Kobell,  J.  pr..Ch.,  ii.  53,  1834. 

Orthorhombic,  or  monoclinic  ;  Descl.  Cleavage  :  basal  eminent  or  mi- 
caceous ;  in  a  transverse  direction  at  right  angles  to  the  former,  in  traces. 

H.=3.  G.=2*74:,  v.  Kobell.  Lustre  of  cleavage  surface  weak  pearly. 
Color  apple-  to  emerald-green.  Translucent. 

Oomp.—  0.  ratio  for  ft,  £,  Si,  £-4  :  2  :  6  :  3  ;  whence  (f  R8+i  £l)2  Si3+  3  fl=Silica  38-9,  alu- 
mina 14-8,  magnesia  34*6,  water  11-7  =  100.  By  making  part  of  the  water  basic  in  this  species 
and  the  three  following,  the  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  may  be  3  :  2,  and  the  formulas  as  written 
on  p.  451. 

Analysis  :  v.  Kobell  (1.  c.)  : 

Si         3tl        £r       Fe       Mg         £ 
1.  Elba,  Pyrosderite    37'03     13'50     1'43     3*52     31*62     11'00=98-10. 

The  0.  ratio  from  the  analysis  is  13*43:  6-75  :  19'74  :  9'78,  whence  20-18  :  19-74  for  the  bases  and 
silica. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  3-8—  4  to  a  grayish  glass.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for 
chromium  and  iron.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid  with  gelatinization. 

Obs.  —  Pyrosclerite  appears  to  differ  from  kammererite  in  crystallization  as  well  as  composi- 
tion. It  may  include  tabergite  (p.  496,  7,  8)  and  the  Talc-chlorite  of  Traversella  (p.  500). 

Occurs  with  chonicrite,  constituting  seams  in  serpentine,  near  Porto  Ferrajo,  Elba. 

Named  from  ir$p,  fire,  and  oxA^o's,  hard  (refractory). 


445  A.  YEBMICULITE  T.  H.  Webb  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  vii.  55,  1824).  Hexagonal,  being  optically  uniaxial, 
Descl.  Occurs  in  small  foliated  scales,  distributed  through  a  steatitic  base,  and  hence  scaly-mas- 
sive. H.=l—  2;  G-.=2-756,  Crossley;  lustre  somewhat  talc-like;  color  grayish,  somewhat 
brownish. 


4:94  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Analysis:  Crossley  (this  Min.,  3d  ed.,  291,  1850)  : 

Si  35-74    2tl  16-42     Fe  10-02     Mg  27*44    £  10-30=99*92. 

0.  ratio  for  K,  &,  Si,  £=13-20 :  7*66  : 19-16  :  9-14=7.:  4:11:5,  or  approximately  4:2:6:3, 
which  is  that  of  pyrosclerite.  General  formula  (R3,  S)2Si3+2  aq,  as  above.  Thomson  obtained 
Si  49-o8,  3cl  7-28,  £e  16'12,  Mg  16'96,  fl  10*28;  but  he  evidently  took  the  specimen  in  mass, 
while  Crossley  separated  with  great  care  from  the  base  the  scaly  mineral  which  is  the  true  ver- 
miculite.  When  heated  exfoliates  prodigiously,  the  scales  opening  out  into  long,  worm-like 
threads,  made  up  of  the  separate  folia.  Exfoliation  commences  at  500°  to  600°  F.,  and  takes  place 
with  so  much  force  as  often  to  break  the  test  tube  in  which  the  mineral  may  be  confined.  B.B. 
fuses  at  3-5  to  a  grayish-black  glass. 

Occurs  at  Milbury,  near  Worcester,  Mass.  Named  by  Webb,  as  he  says,  from  the  Latin  ver- 
miculor,  I  breed  worms. 

446.  OHONICRITE.    Chonikrit  v.  K6b.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  ii.  51, 1834.     Metaxoit  Arppe,  Finsk.  Min., 

Act.  Sci.  Fenn.,  vi.  580,  1861,  Holmberg,  Verh.  Min.  St.  Pet.,  1862,  145. 

Massive,  crystalline  granular,  or  compact ;  sometimes  globular,  radiated. 

H.=2-5— 3.  G.=2-91,  v.  Kob. ;  2-58—2-61,  Arppe.  Lustre  weak  silky, 
to  glimmering  or  dull.  Color  white,  sometimes  with  yellowish  or  grayish 
spots ;  pale  greenish-blue. 

Comp.,  Var. — 0.  ratio  for  fi,  fi,  Si,  11=3  :  2  :  5  :  2.  It  is  a  lime  pyrosclerite.  CJionicrite 
occurs  only  massive,  white,  with  Gr.=2-9l,  and  has  the  lime  to  the  magnesia  as  1  :  2.  Metaxoite 
is  greenish-blue  to  nearly  white,  amorphous  or  crystalline  granular,  with  G-.  —  2'58— 2*61,  and 
lime  to  magnesia  about  1:1.  It  contains  more  silica,  the  oxygen  ratio  for  bases,  silica,  and  water 
being  5:6:3.  Analyses:  1,  v.  Kobell  (L  c.) ;  2-4,  Asp  and  Hallsten  (Finsk.  Min.,  1.  c.) : 

Si       &1       3Pe        Mn     Fe        Mg        Ca        H 

1.  Chonicrite  35*69  17-12   1-46     22-50     12-60     9-00—98-37  Kobell. 

2.  Metaxoite,  crysL       38'69     9*68    4'7      undet. 15*28    undet.  12-97  Asp. 

3.  "  "  37-90     9-78     6-73     2-05      12'23     18-79  12-76=100-24  Asp. 

4.  "        amorph.    40'63  10-17     6*78    undet.    11'24     16-03  12-88  Hallsten. 

Chonicrite  gives  the  0.  ratio  for  &,  $,  Si,  H=12*8  :  8  :  19*0  :  8;  or  for  bases,  silica,  and  water, 
20-8  :  19  :  8. 

Metaxoite,  anal.  3,  gives  10'3  :  7-17  :  20*21  :  11 -34= for  bases,  silica,  and  water,  17-5  :  20-2  :  11-3. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yield  much  water.  Chonicrite  fuses  with  intumescence  at  3'5— 4  to  a  grayish- 
white  glass,  and  is  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  the  silica  separating  in  powder.  Metaxoite 
acts  much  the  same. 

Obs. — Chonicrite  forms,  with  pyrosclerite,  seams  in  serpentine,  on  Elba:  and  metaxoite  is 
found  near  Lupikko  in  Finland,  some  versts  south  of  Pitkaranta,  with  serpentine. 

Chonicrite  is  from  ^urno,  fusion,  and  /optrd?,  test,  its  fusibility  distinguishing  it  from  some  allied 
species.  Metaxoite,  from  its  nearness  to  metaxite. 

447.  JEFFERISITE.    Yermiculite?  G.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxi.  369,  1861 ;  Jefferisite 

*d,  ib.,  xli.  248,  1866. 

Orthorhombic  ?  In  broad  crystals  or  crystalline  plates.  Cleavage :  basal 
eminent,  affording  easily  very  thin  folia,  like  mica.  Surface  of  plates  often 
triangularly  marked,  by  the  crossing  of  lines  at  angles  of  60°  and  120°. 

H.-=1'5.  G.=2'30.  Lustre  pearly  on  cleavage  surface.  Color  dark 
yellowish-brown  and  brownish-yellow ;  light  yellow  by  transmitted  light. 
Transparent  only  in  very  thin  folia.  Flexible,  almost  brittle.  Optically 
biaxial,  Descl. 

Oomp.-.0.  ratio  for  ft,  fi,  Si,  fl=2  :  3  :  5  :  21  (in  the  analysis,  3) ;  whence  (f  R3  +  f  £)2  Si3+ 
3  H.  Differs  from  pyrosclerite  in  the  larger  proportion  of  sesquioxyds.  Analysis:  Brush  (1.  c.): 

Si         XI         £e       Fe       Mg       &     tfa     fc        fi 
Westchester         37-10     17-67     10  54    1*26    19-65    0'56    tr.    0'43     13-76=100  87  Brush. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    MARGAROPHYLLITE   SECTION. 


495 


The  exact  0.  ratio  is  8-20  :  11'36  :  19*79  :  12-23,  giving  for  bases  and  silica  19-56  :  19'79. 

Pyr.,  etc. — When  heated  to  300°  C.  exfoliates  very  remarkably  (like  vermiculite) ;  B.B.  in 
forceps  after  exfoliation  becomes  pearly-white  and  opaque,  and  ultimately  fuses  to  a  dark  gray 
mass.  With  the  flaxes  reactions  for  silica  and  iron.  Decomposed  by  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  veins  in  serpentine  at  Westchester,  Pa.  Plates  often  several  inches  across. 
Named  after  W.  W.  Jefferis  of  Westchester,  Pa, 

A  foliated  mineral  similarly  exfoliating  occurs  coarse-granular  massive,  according  to  R.  Pum- 
pelly,  in  Japan,  in  the  mountains  of  the  peninsula  of  Kadzusa,  S.E.  of  Yedo. 

A  mineral  from  the  Vosges,  referred  to  pyrosclerite  by  Delesse  (Ann.  d.  Min.,  IV.  xx.  155,  1851), 
approaches  more  nearly  the  jefferisite  in  its  oxygen  ratio,  although  containing  less  oxyd  of  iron 
as  a  substitute  for  alumina.  It  has  the  following  characters :  cleavage  as  in  pyrosclerite,  perfect 
in  one  direction,  and  less  so  in  a  transverse;  structure  a  little  lamellar;  soft;  G.  =  2'622;  lustre 
greasy  or  waxy ;  color  grayish,  bluish,  and  emerald-green.  Composition,  according  to  Delesse,  Si 
38-39,  &1  26-54,  £r  fr.,  Fe  0'59,  Mn  tr.,  Mg  [22-16],  Oa  0-67,  fl  11'67.  0.  ratio  for  R,  £,  Si, 
fi=2  :  3  :  5  :  2i.  As  the  magnesia  was  not  directly  determined,  the  results  are  doubtful.  It 
occurs  in  nodules  in  serpentine  at  St.  Philippe,  near  Sainte  Marie-aux-Mines. 

448.  PENNINTTB.  Chlorite  pt.  Hydrotalc  (=Wasserglimmer  of  Morin)  Necker,  Min.,  1835. 
Pennine  J.  Frobel  &  E.  Schweizer,  Pogg.,  1.  523,  1840.  Kammererite  Nordensk.,  Act.  Soc.  Sci. 
Fen.,  i.  483,  1843,  and  Arsberat.  1843,  193.  Rhodochrom  Fiedler,  Rose,  Reise  n.  d.  Ural,  ii. 
1842,  and  Pogg.,  lix.  1843.  Tabergit  pt.  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  bcxi.  448,  1847.  Chromchlorit  Herm., 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  liii.  21,  1851.  RhodophyUite  Genth.,  Proc.  Ac.  Sci.  Philad.,  1852,  118,  121.  Penninite 
Dana. 


414 


as  pyramids,  f.  4 
51'      0  A    =121 


41 


Khombohedral.  R  A  ^=65°  36',  0  A  ^=103°  55';  0=3-4951.  Observed 

planes  :  0,  i ;  rhombohedral,  ^-,  -|, 
r,  7?,  f  (/•),  J-  (w),  occurring  often 
:16.    6^  A  ^-^128° 
47' ;o  -^Af- 

r  (obs. 


Texas,  Pa. 
415 


^ 

]Ti 

»-. 

^r. 
rJ- 

\ 



i 

i 

i 

j 
j 

i 

m 

-  —  «  , 

m 

h 

i 

>-^ 

x  

h 

^ 

rV.   -77^ 

^i^- 

162°  8r;       /\ 
167  obs.) ;  0  A  I-  (m)= 
94°  Or) ;  R  A  ^,  in  twin, =152°  10r. 
Cleavage :   basal,  highly   perfect. 
Crystals  often  tabular,  and  in  crest- 
ed groups.     Also  massive,  consist- 
ing of  an  aggregation  of  scales ; 
also  compact  cryptocrystalline. 

H.=:2— 2-5  ;  3,  at  times,  on 
edges.  G.=2-6-2-85;  2-673,  Ala. 
Lustre  of  cleavage  surface  pearly  ; 
of  lateral  plates  vitreous,  and  some- 
times brilliant.  Color  green,  apple- 
green,  grass-green,  grayish-green, 
olive-green;  also  reddish,  violet, 
rose-red,  pink,  grayish-red  ;  occasionally  yellowish  and  silver- white ;  violet 
crystals,  ^and  sometimes  the  green,  hyacinth-red  by  transmitted  light  along 
the  vertical  axis.  Transparent  to  subtranslucent.  Laminae  flexible,  not 
elastic.  Double  refraction  feeble ;  axis  either  negative  or  positive,  and 
sometimes  positive  and  negative  in  different  laminae  of  the  same  plate  or 
crystal. 

Var. — 1.  Penninite.  As  first  named,  it  included  a  green  crystallized  chlorite  from  the  Pennine 
Alps. 

Hydrotak  of  Necker  is  penninite  from  the  Binnen  valley,  in  the  Valais.  Axis  of  double  refrac- 
tion positive,  Descl.  Most  of  the  penninite  from  Zermatt,  and  that  of  Binneo  and  the  Tyrol,  have 


Texas,  Pa. 


Kammererite,  Urals. 


496 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


a  negative  optical  axis  ;  some  crystals  of  Zermatt,  and  those  of  Ala,  a  positive  ;  and  some  plates 
from  Zermatt  consist  of  positive  and  negative  laminae  united;  Descl. 

2.  Tdbergite,  from  Taberg,  "Wermland  (Blue  talc  of  "Werner,  and  called  also  mica-ddorite},  is  a 
bluish-green  or  green  chlorite.    According  to  Descloizeaux's  optical  observations,  it  is  in  part  uni- 
axial,  with  the  axis  positive  like  true  penninite.    But  in  other  cases  uniaxial  and  biaxial  plates 
are  combined,  and  negative  and  positive  also ;  and  the  axial  divergence  of  the  biaxial  plates  varies 
from  1°  to  33°,  indicating  a  mixture  of  penninite  and  another  chlorite,  either  pyrosclerite  or 
ripidolite. 

Crystals  of  Texas  have  the  double  refraction  positive  though  feeble  (Descl.,  Cooke) ;  they  are 
often  mixed  with  ripidolite,  and  sometimes  a  crystal  is  traversed  by  a  band  of  ripidolite,  whose 
optic-axial  angle  is  60°  to  70°  (Descl.). 

3.  Kammererite.    The  original  specimen  was  a  reddish- violet  micaceous  mineral  from  L.  Itkul  in 
Bissersk,  in  Perm,  Eussia,  partly  in  6-sided  prisms.    It  was  named  after  Kammerer  of  Eussia. 
JthodophyttiteofGenth,  and  chrom-chlorite of  Herm.  (anal.  12),  are  the  same,  from  Texas,  Pa.;  G.= 
2 -6 17  — 2-62.     Rhodochrome  is  a  compact  or  scaly-granular  variety,  originally  from  L.  Itkul,  Siberia, 
having  a  splintery  fracture,  with  G.=2-66  — 2-67.     Color  deep  green;  but  violet,  rose-  or  peach- 
blossom-red  in  thin  splinters,  whence  the  name. 

4.  Loganite  of  Hunt  (=PseudopMte  of  Kenngott)  is  near  penninite  in  composition.     A  notice 
of  loganite,  from  Calumet  Falls,  Canada,  is  given  under  Altered  Hornblende  (p.  242),  as  it  has  the 
form,  angles,  and  cleavage  of  that  species ;  and  also  of  an  allied  material  under  Altered  Pyroxene 
(p.  221).    It  has  G.=2-60— 2-64;  color  clove-brown  to  chocolate-brown;  lustre  dull. 

Pseudophite  of  Kenngott  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xvi.  1855)  has  the  composition  of  loganite,  but  is 
compact  massive,  without  cleavage,  and  resembles  serpentine  (whence  the  name,  from  irari&fr, 
false,  and  ophite  or  serpentine);  H.  =  2-5;  G.=2*75  — 2-77 ;  lustre  weak;  color  grayish-green, 
olive-green,  pistachio-green ;  feel  unctuous.  It  forms  the  gangue  of  enstatite  (Mg  Si)  at  Zdjar  in 
Aloysthal,  Moravia.  In  the  occurrence  of  a  massive  form,  penninite  is  thus  like  talc,  pyrophyl- 
lite,  and  other  related  species. 

Descloizeaux  found  (Min.,  436)  R  A  P=65°  28'  in  penninite,  and  0  A  ^=103°  45';  and  the 
latter  in  the  Texas  kammererite.  The  above  angles,  and  figs.  414,  415,  are  from  Cooke's  paper  on 
the  latter  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.  201),  and  f.  416  is  from  Kokscharof  (Verh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Pet.,  1851). 

Oomp. — 0.  ratio  for  bases  and  silica  4  :  3,  corresponding  to  8  (l$Ig3,  A-l),  9  Si,  12  H,  but  vary- 
ing from  4  :  3  to  5  :  4.  Exact  deductions  from  the  analyses  cannot  be  made  until  the  state  ol 
oxydation  of  the  iron  in  all  cases  is  ascertained;  and,  further,  until  it  is  also  proved  that  there 
may  not  be  a  crystalline  mixture  such  as  is  mentioned  above  under  tabergite.  The  mineral  often 
contains  microscopic  grains  of  magnetite,  and  these  are  supposed  by  Kenngott  to  occasion  some 
of  the  discrepancies  in  the  analyses. 

Analyses:  (1)  Penninite.  1,  Schweizer  (Pogg.,  1.  526);  2,  3,  Marignac  (Ann.  Ch.  Phye.,  III.  x. 
428);  4,  Merz  (Kenngott's  Uebers.,  1858,  62);  5,  MacDonnell  (Proc.  E.  Acad.  Dublin,  5,  307);  6, 
Marignac  (1.  c.);  7,  Eammelsberg  (4th  Suppl.,  87).  (2)  Kammererite,  etc.  8,  Hartwall  (Jahresb., 
xxiii.  266);  9,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  liii.  1);  10,  T.  H.  Garrett  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  332);  11, 
Genth  (Proc.  Ac.  Sci.  Philad.,  1852,  121);  12,  Hermann  (1.  c.);  13,  14,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  xvi.  47);  15,  16,  Pearse  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxvii.  222);  17,  Hermann  (1.  c.).  (3)  Ma-ssive. 
18,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xvl  1855);  19,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Eep.  G-.  Can.,  1863,  491;: 


Si 

£l 

£r 

Fe 

Mg 

H 

1. 

Zermatt,  Penninite  33-07 

9-69 

Fe  11-36 

32-34 

12-58=99-08  Schweizer. 

2. 

" 

33-36 

13-24 

0-20 

5-93 

34-21 

12-80  =99-74  Marignac. 

3. 

" 

33-40 

13-41 

0-15 

5-73 

34-57 

12-74  =  100  Marignac. 

4. 

M 

33-26 

11-69 



Fo7-20 

35'18 

12-18=99  51  Merz. 

5. 

u 

33-64 

10-64 



8-83 

34-95 

12-40=100-46  MacDonnell. 

6. 

Binnen, 

33-95 

13-46 

0-24 

6-12 

33-71 

12-52=100  Marignac. 

7. 

Snarum 

34-88 

12-48 



5-81 

34-02 

13-68=100-87  Eammelsberg. 

8. 

Ural,        Kam. 

37-00 

14-20 

1-00 

Fel-50 

31-50 

13-00,  Ca  1-5=99-70  Hartwall. 

9. 

L.  Itkul,      " 

30-58 

15-94 

4-99 

Fe3-32 

33-45 

12-05  =  100-33  Hermann. 

10. 

Texas,  Pa.,  " 

37-66 

11-82 

3-60 

Fe2-50 

24-97 

13-58,  Ca  4-11,  Ni  0-67  =  98-92  Garr. 

11. 

'         " 

(|)  33-20 

11-11 

6-85 

1-43 

35-54 

12-95,  Li,  Na  0'28,  K  0-1  Genth. 

12. 

'         " 

31-82 

15-10 

0-90 

4-06 

35-24 

12-75,  Ni  0-25  =  100-12  Hermann. 

13. 

(                  U 

33-26 

10-69 

~4-78 

1-96 

35-93 

12-64,  K,  Na  0-35=99-61  Sm.  &  Br. 

14. 

f                 it 

33-30 

10-50 

4-67 

1-60 

36-08 

13-25,  K,  Na  0'35=99'75  Sm.  &  Br. 

15. 

ur*h- 

<7'w3T86 

13-75 

2-15 

Fe2-31 

34-90 

13-98,  Ca  1-27,  Ni  0-22=100-44  P. 

16. 
17. 

'         "  red 
Rhodochrome 

31-31 
34-64 

12-84 
10-50 

2-98 
5-50 

Fe2-46 
1-80 

35-02 
35-47 

13-20,  Ca  0-82,  Ni  0'45=99'08  P. 
12-03=99-94  Hermann. 

18. 

Pseudophite 

3342 

15-42 



Fe2-58 

34-04 

12-68=98-14  Hauer. 

19. 

Loganite 

33-28 

13-30 



1-92 

35-50 

16-00=100  Hunt. 

HTDKOUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAKOPHYLLITE   SECTION.  497 

In  anal.  15,  G.  — 2'63;  18,  G.=2'383;  20,  G.=2'35o. 

Tabergite  afforded  Svanberg  (Ak.  H.  Stockholm,  155,  1839):  Si  35*76,  £l  13-03,  Fe  6'34,  Mn 


the  analy- 
sis of  Svanberg  gives  6:3:9:5;  both  of  which  are  near  that  of  pyrosclerite.  G.  =  2-813.  Des- 
cloizeaux  refers  a  part  of  tabergite  to  ripidolite  (see  below). 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  exfoliates  somewhat  and  is  difficultly  fusible. 
With  the  fluxes  all  varieties  give  reactions  for  iron,  and  many  varieties  react  for  chromium. 
Partially  decomposed  by  muriatic  and  completely  by  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  serpentine  in  the  region  of  Zermatt,  Valais,  near  Mt.  Rosa,  especially  in  the 
moraines  of  the  Findelen  glacier;  crystals  from  Zermatt  are  sometimes  2  in.  long  and  1£  in.  thick; 
also  at  the  foot  of  the  Simplon ;  at  Ala,  Piedmont,  with  clinochlore ;  at  Schwarzenstein  in  the 
Tyrol;  at  Taberg  in  Wermland ;  at  Snarum,  greenish  and  foliated,  called  steatite  of  Snarum. 

Kammererite  is  found  at  the  localities  already  mentioned ;  also  near  Miask  in  the  Urals ;  at 
Haroldswick  in  Unst,  Shetland  Isles.  Abundant  at  Texas,  Lancaster  Co..  Pa,  along  with  clino- 
chlore, some  crystals  being  imbedded  in  clinochlore,  or  the  reverse. 

The  union  of  kammererite  and  penninite  is  made  by  Descloizeaux,  and  is  sustained  by  his 
optical  examinations,  as  well  as  by  chemical  composition. 

449.  DELESSITE.     Chlorite  ferrugineuse  Delesse,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IY.  xii.  195,  1847,  and  xvi.  520, 

1849.    Delessite  Naum.,  Min.,  1850.     Eisenchlorit. 

Massive,  with  a  short  fibrous  or  scaly  feathery  texture,  often  radiated. 

H.=2-5.     G.=2'89.    Color  oh" ve-green  to  blackish-green.    Powder  gray  or  green. 

Analyses  :  Delesse  (1.  c) : 

Si           £l            3Pe  $Q          Mg  Ca           & 

1.  Mielen        31'07  15-47         17-54  4-07  19*14  0'46  Il'55=r99-30. 

2.  Oberstein   29*08  42*00  12'23  3*70  12*99=100. 

3.  Zwickau     29'45  18-25           8'17  15-12  15-32  0'45  12'57=99'33. 

AnaL  1  affords  the  0.  ratio  for  &,  8,  Si,  fi=8-7  :  12-5  :  16-5  :  10-27 ;  and  anal.  3,  11-87  :  10'96 
:  15-70  :  11-18.  The  former  gives  for  the  0.  ratio  of  bases  and  silica  1 :  1"29,  and  the  latter  1 :  1-45 ; 
the  mean  of  which  is  about  3 :  4. 

In  a  matrass  yields  water  and  becomes  brown.  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges.  Easily 
soluble  in  acids,  affording  a  deposit  of  silica. 

Occurs  coating  or  filling  the  cavities  of  amygdaloid,  or  amygdaloidal  porphyry,  at  Oberstein, 
Zwickau,  La  Greve  near  Mielen. 

Named  after  Delesse,  of  Paris. 

450.  RIPIDOUTE.    Chlorite  pt.  early  authors  (for  Syn.,  see  p.  501).    Hexagonal  Chlorite  pt. 
Eipidolith  (fr.   Achmatovsk,   Schwarzenstein)  v.  Kob.,  J.   pr.    Ch.,  xvi.  1839.     ?  Tabergit  pt. 
Clinochlore  (fr.  Westchester)   W.  P.  Blake,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xii.  339,  1851.     Klinochlor  Germ. 
Kotschubeit  (fr.  S.  Ural)  Kokscharof,  Bull  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  v.  369,  1861. 

Monoclinic.  67=62°  51'=  0  A  i-i,  7  A  7=125°  37',  0  A  44=108°  14'; 
a  :  I :  c=l'47756  : 1 : 1/73195.  Observed  planes  :  O ;  vertical,  /,  i-i,  i4,  i-b ; 
clinodomes,  34,  44  ;  hemidomes,  f  4,  14,  44,  44,  -44  ;  hemioctahedral.  f , 
},  1,  -2,  -6  ;  |-3,  2-3,  -6-3,  Kokscharof. 

0  A  7=113°  57r  O  A  I,  adj.,=118°  32r      7A  ^-3=150°  W 

0  A  1,  adj.,=102  7  O  A  f-3=116  45  44  A  44,  ov.  ^4,=143  33 

0  A  -44=125  7  0  A  ^4=90  i-l  A  ^-3=147  1£ 

0  A  14,  back,  =  103  55  1  A  1=121  28  iA  A  t-3=114  3 

0Af4=93  18  7A  1=143  57  0  A  -£-3=104  23 

Cleavage :    0  eminent ;    crystals  often  tabular,  also   oblong ;    frequently 
rhombohedral  in  aspect,  as  in  f.  424,  the  plane  angles  of  the  base  60°  or 

82 


498 


OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 


120°.  Twins  :  composition-face  f ,  making  stellate  groups,  as  in  f.  420, 
421,  very  common ;  0  A  f =89°  43'  to  90°,  and  these  twins  therefore  having 
sm all  or  no  reentering  angles  on  the  face  of  cleavage.  Crystals  often  grouped 
in  rosettes.  Massive  coarse  scaly  granular  to  fine  granular  and  earthy. 


417 


418 


419 


H.=:2— 2-5.  G.=2-65— 2-78;  2'774,  fr.  Achmatovsk,  G.  Eose;  2'672, 
ib.,  Marignac ;  2'603,  ib.,  Hermann  ;  2'673,  fr.  Ala,  Marignac ;  2'714,  fr. 
Texas,  Blake ;  2'71,  fr.  Willimantic,  Burton.  Lustre  of  cleavage-face 
somewhat  pearly.  Color  deep  grass-green  to  olive-green ;  also  rose-red. 
Often  strongly  dichroic,  being  sometimes  brownish  or  hyacinth-red  trans- 
verse to  the  vertical  axis,  by  transmitted  light,  when  green  in  the  direction 
of  the  axis ;  at  other  times  green  in  both  directions.  Streak  greenish-white 
to  uncolored.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Flexible  and  somewhat  elastic. 
Optic-axial  divergence  10°  to  86°  ;  bisectrix  acute  positive,  inclined  12°  to 
16°  to  the  normal  to  0 ;  plane  in  a  direction  either  parallel  (f.  422),  or 
at  right  angles  (f.  423)  to  two  sides  of  the  hexagonal  base,  the  lines  in  f. 
422,  423,  and  the  lining  in  f.  420,  421  (of  the  twins),  showing  the  two 
directions. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  green  ripidolite,  passing  into  bluish-green  and  bluish  (tabergite);  (a)  foli- 
ated ;  (&)  massive.  2.  Kotschubeite ;  rose-red.  3.  Exfoliating,  much  like  vermiculite.  Descloizeaux 
found  the  optic-axial  angle  in  the  mineral  from  Texas  15°  — 60°  (a  crystal  having  a  hexagonal  nu- 
cleus of  kammererite) ;  others  from  Pennsylvania  70°  — 86° ;  from  Achmatovsk  and  Arendal,  Nor- 
way, 40°— 42° ;  fr.  Zermatt,  46° ;  fr.  Zillerthal,  48°— 50° ;  fr.  Plunders,  46°— 54° ;  fr.  St.  Gothard, 
25° ;  fr.  Cavalaire,  Dept.  of  Var,  26°,  44°,  72° ;  fr.  Pdtsch,  Tyrol,  15°  — 38° ;  fr.  Ala,  15°— 42° ;  fr. 
Traversella,  15°— 24° ;  fr.  Taberg  (tabergite),  bluish  to  green,  10°— 33°.  In  a  Pennsylvania  plate 
he  found  68°  at  20°  to  100°  C. ;  69°  at  150°  C. ;  72°  at  180°  C. ;  73|°  at  190°  C. ;  75°  at  205°  C 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAROPHYLLITE    SECTION. 


499 


Cooke  found  the  angle  for  plates  fr.  Texas  67°— 84°,  with  the  inclination  of  the  bisectrix  13£°  to 
151°. 

Oomp. — 0.  ratio  for  K,  32,  §i,  H=5  : 3  :  6 :  4  ;  corresponding  to  5  Mg,  3tl,  S  Si,  4  H=Silica  32-5, 
alumina  18-6,  magnesia  36'0,  water  12-9=100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  W.  J.  Craw  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiii. 
222);  3,  v.  Kobell  (Gel.  Anz.  Miinchen,  Ap.  10,  1854);  4,  Varrentrapp  (Pogg.,  xlviii.  185);  5-7, 
v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  xvi.  470);  8,  Briiel  (Pogg.,  xlviii.);  9,  Delesse  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  ix. 
396);  10,  11,  Marignac  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  x.  430);  12,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xl.  13);  13,  B.  S. 
Burton  (priv.  contrib.) : 

424 — Natural  size. 


1.  Chester  Co.,  Pa. 

2  u             <i        a 

3.  Bavaria 

4.  Achmatovsk 
5. 

6.  " 

7.  Schwarzenstein 

8.  Zillerthal 

9.  Pyrenees 

10.  Ala 

11.  Slatoust 

12.  "        white 

13.  WUlimantic,  Ct. 


"Westchester,  Pa. 

Si 

SI 

€r 

£e 

Fe 

ftg 

H 

31-34 

17-47 

1-69 

3-85 



33-44 

12  60=100-39  Craw. 

31-78 

22-71 



33-64 

12-60=100-73  Craw. 

33-49 

15-37 

0-55 

2-30 

4-25 

32-94 

11  -50  =100-40  Kobell. 

30*38 

16-97 





4-37 

33-97 

12-63=98-31  Varrentrapp:. 

31-25 

18-72 





5-10 

3208 

12-63=99-78  Kobell. 

31-14 

17-14 





3-85 

34-40 

12-20,  insoL  0-85  =  100-11  Kob. 

32-68 

14-57 





5-97 

33-11 

12-10,  insol.  1-02  =  99-73  Eotoelli 

31-47 

16-67 





5-97 

32-56 

12-42=99-11  Briiel. 

32-1 

18-5 





0-6 

36-7 

12-1  =  100  Delesse. 

30-01 

19-11 



4-81 



33-15 

12-52=99-60  Marignac. 

30-27 

19-89 



4-42 



33-13 

12-54=100-25  Marignac; 

30-80 

17-27 



1-37 

^__ 

37-07 

12-30=98-82  Hermann. 

31-86 

15-80 



4-77 



34-30 

12-72,  Cal  -30  =99-7&  Burton:. 

Rammelsberg  found  4'55  Fe  in  the  mineral  from  Achmatovsk.     In  anal  9,  G-.=2-61;5  ;  10,.Gk— - 
2-673;  11,  Gr.=2'672;  12,  G.=2'603.    Pearse  found  the  green  chlorite  of  Texas  to  contain  (Am> 


500  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxvii.  222)  Si  28-62,  Xl  18-37,  £r  1'97,  &i  0-37,  Fe  3'73,  ftg  32-13,  Ca  1-45,  fi  14-02 
=  100-66 ;  and  on  the  ground  of  the  low  silica  makes  it  a  new  species,  and  names  it  grastite,  from 
•ypaarts,  grass.  The  mineral  was  probably  the  true  ripidolite  of  Texas,  perhaps  impure. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  in  the  platinum  forceps  whitens  and  fuses  with  difficulty  on 
the  edges  to  a  grayish-black  glass.  With  borax,  a  clear  glass  colored  by  iron,  and  sometimes 
chromium.  In  sulphuric  acid  wholly  decomposed.  The  variety  from  Willimantic,  Ct,  exfoliates  in 
worm-like  forms,  like  vermiculite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  connection  with  chloritic  and  talcose  rocks  or  schist,  and  serpentine.  Found 
at  Achmatovsk  and  other  foreign  localities  mentioned  above ;  red  (kotschubeite)  in  the  district  of 
Ufaleisk,  Southern  Ural ;  at  Ala,  Piedmont,  with  prochlorite ;  at  Zermatt,  with  brown  garnet ;  at 
Markt  Leugast  in  Bavaria ;  Marienberg,  Saxony. 

In  the  U.  States,  in  large  crystals  and  plates  at  Westchester,  in  serpentine,  and  Unionville, 
Pa,  (f.  424);  at  Texas,  with  chromite,  and  intimately  associated,  and  sometimes  compounded, 
with  red  and  green  penninite. 

On  cryst.  see  Kokscharof,  Min.  Russl.,  ii.  7  (abstract  in  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xix.  176);  Descloi- 
zeaux, Min.,  L  412;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  No.  vii.  28;  J.  P.  Cooke,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.  203, 
from  whom  figs.  420-423  are  taken. 

Named  ripidolite  from  puns,  a  fan,  in  allusion  to  a  common  mode  of  grouping  of  the  crystals; 
and  clinochlore,  from  the  inclined  monoclinic  form  of  crystallization  ascertained  by  Blake's  optical 
investigation.  It  has  since  been  found,  and  first  through  examinations  by  Kokscharof,  that  the 
chlorite  of  Achmatovsk,  and  also  that  of  Schwarzenstein  and  Ala,  the  three  upon  which  von 
Kobell  based  his  description  of  ripidolite,  are  also  monoclinic,  and  identical  with  clinochlore. 
Ripidolite  has  nevertheless  been,  to  some  extent,  set  aside  for  clinochlore,  because  of  the  confusion 
in  the  science  connected  with  that  name  (see  p.  502) ;  but  the  latter  name  is  very  objectionable, 
since  there  is  now  a  second  monoclinic  chlorite  known  (p.  504).  The  former  name  is  a  register  of 
von  Kobell's  important  chemical  discovery  that  the  old  chlorite  included  two  distinct  species 
(p.  502),  and  ought  to  be  retained. 

TALC-CHLORITE  OP  TRAVERSELLA  occurs  in  large  hexagonal  plates  regularly  grouped,  and 
presents,  according  to  Descloizeaux,  the  optical  characters  of  clinochlore.  The  plates  are  twins, 
consisting  of  six  triangular  sections ;  at  centre  they  are  translucent  and  blackish-green,  and  have 
a  negative  bisectrix,  and  exteriorly  clear  green  and  transparent,  with  a  positive  bisectrix.  Marig- 
nac  regards  it  as  between  talc  and  chlorite.  He  obtained  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xiv.  60,  1845)  • 

Si  3tl  £e  Mg  H 

1.  38-45  11-75  12-82  28'19  8-49=99-70. 

2.  39-81  12-56  ll'lO  28'41  7-79=99"67. 

3.  41-34  11-42  10-09  29'67  7-66=100-18. 

..  Corresponds  nearly  with  the  0.  ratio  3:1:4:3,  and  therefore  the  general  formula  (£3,  $)a 
Si3  +  aq,  or  that  of  pyrosclerite.  But  it  is  possibly  ripidolite  impure  from  mixture  with  talc, 
which  view  would  account  for  the  high  percentage  of  silica.  Occurs  at  Traversella,  Piedmont, 
with  magnetite  and  ripidolite. 

_  At  Traversella  there  is  still  another  talc-chlorite,  soft  and  of  a  silvery-white  lustre,  having  a 
single  optical  axis,  or  two  very  slightly  divergent ;  the  hexagonal  plates  are  opaque  at  centre  and 
transparent  toward  the  borders.  It  affords  much  water  in  a  matrass,  and  fuses  with  difficulty 
on  the  edges  to  a  white  enamel. 

461.  LEUCHTBNBERGITE.    Leuchtenbergit  Komonen,  Yerh.   Min.   St.  Pet.,  1842,   64. 
Chlorite  blanche  de  Mauleon  Delesse,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  ix.  396,  1843. 

Hexagonal.     In  hexagonal  plates  or  crystals.    Cleavage  :  basal  eminent. 

H.=.2-5.  G.=2-61-2-71 ;  2-61-2-64,  v.  Leuchtenberg;  2-64-2-65, 
Kokscharof.  Lustre  of  cleavage  surface  pearly.  Colorless,  white,  yellow- 
ish-white, greenish-white ;  often  opaque  externally  (from  alteration)  and 
colorless  within.  Translucent  in  thin  laminae  when  unaltered.  Thin 
laminae  flexible,  very  slightly  elastic.  Optically  unaxial ;  Haid.,  Descl. 

Oomp.-0.  .ratio  for  ft,  S,  gi,  H=4i  :  8  :  6  :  3* ;  (f  &g3+£  £l)  Si+H  H=Silica  30-4,  alumina 
20-9,  magnesia  36-5,  water  12-2=100.  It  is  a  prochlorite  with  the  protoxyd  base  almost  wholly 
magnesia  Analyses:  1,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xL  13);  2,  v.  Leuchtenberg  (Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  ix. 


HYDROUS    SILICATES,    MAEGAKOPHYLLITE    SECTION.  501 

Si         3tl         £e       fig  Ca        H 

1.  Slatoust  32-35  18-00      4*37  32'29      12'50=99*51  Hermann. 

2          "                 (1)30-46  !9*74Fel-99  34-52  O'll  12-74=99*56  Leuchtenberg. 

3.  Mauleon          '     32-1  18-5         0*6  36'7       12-1  =  100  Delesse. 

Von  Leuchtenberg's  analysis  was  made  on  unaltered  material,  separated  with  great  care,  even 
microscopic,  from  impurities.  It  gives  the  0.  ratio  for  &,  &,  Si,  H=13'83  :  9'85 :  16-24:  1T32 ; 
and  Hermann's,  12'92  :  10-69:  17-26:  11-11.  The  "white  chlorite"  of  Mauleon  appears  to  be 
identical  with  leuchtenbergite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  exfoliates  and  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the 
thin  edges,  becoming  white  and  opaque. 

Obs. — Found  in  the  Schischimsk  Mts.,  near  Slatoust,  partly  in  large  crystals,  and  partly  quite 
small,  imbedded  in  steatite.  The  crystals  are  mostly  opaque  and  altered  externally,  and  contain 
in  this  outer  part  from  9*30  to  10*75  p.  c.  of  water.  The  mineral  contains  minute  garnets  and 
some  other  crystals  as  impurities. 

Named  after  Duke  K  v.  Leuchtenberg. 

452.  PROOHLORITE.  Mica  pt.,  Telgsten  pt.?,  Lapis  colubrinus  lamellosus  (fr.  Salberg), 
Wall.,  Min.,  130,  1747.  Talgsten  pt.,  Specksten  pt.,  Cronst.,  Min.,  89,  1758.  Chlorit  pt.  (fr.  St. 
Gothard,  Tolfa,  Altenberg)  Went.,  Bergrn.  J.,  L  376  and  391,  1789.  Blattriger  Chlorit  (fr.  St. 
Gothard)  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig  Min,  i.  118,  1803.  Chlorite  v.  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xvi.  1839., 
Hexagonal  Chlorite.  Ripidolite  G.  Rose,  and  this  Min.,  last  edit.  Lophoit,  Ogkoit,  Breith., 
Handb.,  i.  381,  383,  1841.  Helminthe  G.  0.  Volger,  Entw.  Min.,  142,  1854.  Grengesite  (fr. 
Dalarne)  Hisinger,  Suckow's  Erz.  u.  Gesteinlager  schwed.  Geb.,  50,  1831  =  Strahlige  Griineis- 
enerde  v.  Dalarne.  Prochlorite  Dana,  Am.  J.  Scl,  II.  xliv.  258,  1867. 

Hexagonal?     Cleavage:  basal,  eminent.     Crystals  often  implanted  by 
their  sides,  and  in  divergent  groups,  fan-shaped,  or 
spheroidal.    Also  in  large  folia.    Massive  granular. 

H.=l— 2.  G.  =  2-78— 2-96.  Translucent  to 
opaque  ;  transparent  only  in  very  thin  folia.  Lus- 
tre of  cleavage  surface  feebly  pearly.  Color  green, 
grass-green,  olive-green,  blackish-green  ;  across  the 
axis  by  transmitted  light  sometimes  red.  Streak 
uncolored  or  greenish.  Laminae  flexible,  not  elas- 
tic. Double  refraction  very  weak ;  one  optical 
negative  axis  (Dauphiny)  ;  or  two  very  slightly  diverging,  apparently  nor- 
mal to  plane  of  cleavage. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  &,  £,  gi,  H=12  :  9  :  14  :  9£ ;  for  bases  and  silica  3:2;  (HM&  Fe)3+ 
f5l)Si+fH=,  if  Mg  :Fe=l  :  1,  Silica  26-8,  alumina  19-7,  protoxyd  of  iron  27-5,  magnesia 
15-3,  water  10'7  — 100.  Analyses:  1,  Varrentrapp ;  2,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  538);  3,  4,  v. 
Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xvi.) ;  5,  Tschermak  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  liii.  26) ;  6,  v.  Kobell  (1.  c.) ;  7,  8,  Marignac 
(Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xiv.  59);  9,  Hermann;  10,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xi.  65);  11,  Genth 
(Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxviii.  250) ;  12,  Hisinger  (Suckow,  Erz.  u.  Gesteinlager  schwed,  Geb.,  1831,  50); 
13,  Erdmann  (Erdmann's  Larobok,  1853,  373) : 

Si        '&]          Fe         Mn    Mg      H 

1.  St.  Gothard  25-36  18-56       28-79       17-09     8'96=98-70  Varrentrapp. 

2.  "  25-12  22-26       23-11  Pel'09  17-41   10"7 0=99 '69  Rammelsberg. 

3.  Zillerthal  26"51  21-81       15-00        22-83   12'00=9S'15  Kobell. 

4.  "  27-3220-69       15*23       0'47  24-89  12-00=100-60  Kobell. 

5.  "  26-3     19-8         16-1          24'4     12'4,  Oa  1'0=99'0  Tschermak. 

6.  Rauris  26"0t5  18'47       26*87       0'62  14'69  10-45,  gangue  2*24=99-40  KobelL 

7.  Dauphiny  26'88  17-52       29-76        13*84  11-33  =  99-33  Marignac. 

8.  "        St.  Christophe  27'14  19-19       24'76        16'78  H'50^99'37  Marignac. 

9.  Miask  25-60  22-21    Pe5'00        30'96  13'43,  undec.  2-25=99-45  Henn. 

10.  Gumuch-dagh  27'20  18*62      23-21        17*64  10-61  =  97*28  Smith. 


502  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Si  £1  Fe  Mn  Mg  H 

11.  Steele's  M..  N.  C.           24-90  21-77  24*21  1-16  12-78  10-59,  Pe  4-60=100  Genth. 

12.  Grengesite                       27-81  14-31  25'63  2'18  14-3.1  12-55=96-79  Hisinger. 

13.  Dannemora                     27'89  14/30  21-21  5'43  14'42  10-80,  3Pe  5-96,  Ca  0-48,  Na  0*23, 

K  0-1 7  =  100-34  Erdmann. 

Analyses  3,  4,  are  of  the  lophoite  of  Breithaupt;  J?A  0=105°  14'  — 105°  25';  G.  =  2'78— 2'89. 
Analyses  1  and  6  are  of  his  ogcoite. 

The  helminthe  of  Volger  occurs  in  slender  vermiform  crystallizations  like  fig.  425  (whence  the 
name),  transversely  foliated,  penetrating  quartz  and  feldspar.  The  figure  is  from  a  New  Hamp- 
shire specimen  described  by  0.  P.  Hubbard,  and  may  be  one  of  the  other  species  of  chlorite. 

A  dark  green  mineral  from  the  Pfi  tschthal,  accompanying  (EUacher's  margarite,  afforded  Hetzer 
(Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  845,  ZS.  Nat  Ver.  Halle,  v.  3<>1)  Si  28-04,  il  23'19,  3Pe  25-7,  Mg  16-68,  Cal'43, 
U  2-30,  F  0-98=97-32.  It  is  stated  to  be  infusible. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  ripidolite. 

Obs. — Like  other  chlorites  in  modes  of  occurrence.  Sometimes  in  implanted  crystals,  as  at  St. 
Gothard,  enveloping  often  adularia,  etc. ;  at  Greiner  in  the  Zillerthal,  Tyrol ;  Rauris  in  Salz- 
burg ;  Traversella  in  Piedmont ;  at  Mtn.  Sept  Lacs  in  Dauphiny  (anal.  7) ;  in  Styria ;  Bohemia. 
Also  massive  in  Cornwall,  in  tin  veins  (where  it  is  called  peach] ;  at  Arendal  in  Norway ;  Salberg 
and  Dannemora,  Sweden ;  Dognacska,  Hungary ;  also  as  pseudomorphs,  at  Bergmannsgriin, 
Saxony,  after  garnet,  and  at  Greiner,  Tyrol,  after  hornblende. 

Grengesite  from  Grangesberg  in  Dalecarlia,  Sweden  (anal.  12),  occurs  partly  in  hexagonal  crystalli- 
zations, more  or  less  radiately  grouped,  and  probably  results,  Erdmann  observes  (Larobok  Min., 
1853,  374),  from  the  alteration  of  pyroxene.  Erdmann  spells  the  name  Grdngesite.  Specific 
gravity  3-1;  color  dark  green.  Reported  also  from  Fischbachthal,  as  altered  augite,  in  mela- 
phyre. 

Named  from  \**>p6s,  green. 

Werner's  species  chlorite  was  shown  to  include  more  than  one  species  by  von  Kobell  in  1838, 
and  the  name  chlorite  was  thereupon  given  by  him  to  the  St.  Gothard  and  other  chlorites  having 
25  to  27  p.  c.  silica,  and  ripidohte  to  that  of  Schwarzen stein  and  Achmatovsk  having  30  to  33 
p.  c.  of  silica. 

In  1839,  G.  Rose  reversed  the  names  of  v.  Kobell  (see  paper  on  chlorite  by  Varrentrapp,  Pogg.. 
xlviii.  19:->,  1839)  on  the  ground  that  v.  Kobell's  ripidolite  was  not  so  characteristically  fan-shaped 
in  aggregation  as  the  other  species.  But  the  change  was  unfortunate,  as  both  species  are  now 
known  to  differ  but  little  in  this  respect,  and  it  has  resulted  in  much  confusion  in  the  science. 
Moreover,  it  violated  an  older  claim  of  priority ;  for  Werner's  Uattriger  Chlorit  (or  Chlorites  lamel- 
losus),the  first  crystallized  chlorite  recognized  by  him  (in  1800  or  earlier,  Ludwig's  Min.,  i.  118, 
1803),  was  the  hexagonal  chlorite  of  St.  Gothard,  and  this  should  therefore,  in  the  division,  have 
retained  the  name  chlorite. 

As  the  term  chlorite  has  become  the  designation  of  a  family  of  minerals,  it  seems  necessary  that 
it  should  have  some  modified  form  for  this  species,  and  hence  the  application  of  prochlorite,  from 
jr^J,  before,  and  chlorite,  in  allusion  to  its  being  the  earliest  crystallized  kind  recognized. 

The  following  are  chlorite-like  minerals  of  doubtful  nature  : 

453.  A  CHLOEITE-LIKE  mineral  from  Webster,  N.  C.,  in  crystals,  micaceous  in  structure,  of  a 
dark  bluiah  to  brownish-green  color,  afforded  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxiii.  200) : 

Si  3tl  €r          Fe          Ni          &g          Ca  K  H 

31-45         13-08         4-16        4'88         0'16        43-10         0*17         0'06         3'29=100-35. 

The  ratio  between  the  oxygen  of  the  bases  and  silica  is  about  3:2.  It  is  remarkable  for  the 
small  amount  of  water  and  iron,  and  the  large  proportion  of  magnesia ;  a  constitution  which  may 
have  an  explanation  in  its  being  a  mixture  of  talc  and  chlorite.  It  is  associated  with  a  talc  which 
Genth  found  to  be  nearly  anhydrous  (p.  453). 

454.  APHROSIDERITE  Sandberger  (Ueb.  Geol.  Nassau,  97, 1847).    A  soft  ferruginous  chlorite,  of  a 
dark  olive-green  color,  scaly  massive  in  structure ;  the  scales  minute,  transparent,  and  hexagonal, 
and  having  G.=2'8  and  H.=l ;  from  Weilburg,  Duchy  of  Nassau,  at  the  Gelegenheit  mine.     A 
similar  mineral,  but  more  magnesian,  has  been  found  in  gneiss  at  Guistberg  in  Wermland ;  in 
hematite  at  Bonscheuer  near  Muttershausen,  Duchy  of  Nassau,  having  G.=2'991 ;  at  Balduinstein 
on  the  Lahr ;  and  in  mica  schist  with  hematite  at  several  .places  in  Upper  Styria,  consisting  of 
microscopic  scales  of  a  clear  greeii  color.     Analyses :  1,  Sandberger  (loc.  cit.) ;  2,  J.  Igelstrom 
(J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxiv.  480);  3,  Erlenmeyer  (Jahresb.,  1860,  773);  4,  v.  Hauer: 


HYDKOU8    SILICATES,    MAKGAEOPHYLLITE   SECTION.  503 

Si        £l        Fe  Fe  Mg  H 

1.  "Weilburg        26'45  21-25  44-24  1'06  7'74=100'74  Sandberger 

2.  Guistberg       25-0  20'6  32'0  14-3  7'6=99'5  Igelstrom. 

3.  Bonscheuer    25'72  20'69  4'01  27-79  11-70  10-05=99-96  Erlenmeyer. 

4.  Styria             26-08  20'27  32-91  10-00  10-06=99-32  Hauer. 

Anal.  1  corresponds  nearly  to  Fe3  Si+£l  Si+2  H.  The  others  have  part  of  the  iron 
replaced  by  magnesia,  and  approach  ordinary  prochlorite. 

455.  METACHLORITE  List  (ZS.  G.,  iv.  634,  1852).  Foliated  columnar,  like  chlorite,  vitreous  to 
pearly  in  lustre,  dull  leek-green  color.  H.=2*5.  Composition  according  to  K.  List  (1.  c.) : 

Si  XI  Fe  Mg          Ca          K  Na  H 

23-77         16-43        40-36        3'10         0'74         1'37         0'08         13-75=99-60. 

Whence  the  oxygen  ratio  for  R,  K,  gi,  H,  is  very  nearly  4-|  :  3  :  5  :  5,  which  gives  for  the  oxy- 
gen of  the  bases  and  silica  the  ratio  7|  :  5=3  :  2,  as  in  aphrosiderite. 

B.B.  fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  dark  enamel.  Gelatinizes  in  the  cold  with  muriatic  acid.  Forms 
small  veins  in  a  green  rock  at  Biichenberg  near  Elbingerode,  in  the  Harz. 

BALTTMORITE.  "Baltimorite,"  so  called  from  Baltimore,  afforded  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs., 
1853)  Si  27-15,  &1  18-54,  Ca  15-08,  Mg  26-00,  H  13-23  =  100.  Hermann  found  in  "Baltimorite  " 
of  a  bluish  color,  Si  33'26,  &1  7'23,  £r  4  34,  Fe  2-89.  Mg  38-56,  H  12*44,  C  1*30.  Thomson,  who 
instituted  the  species,  found  for  it  the  composition  essentially  of  serpentine  (see  p.  467).  It  is  a 
good  example  of  the  indefinite  mixtures  that  exist  among  the  serpentine  and  allied  minerals,  and 
of  the  uncertainty  as  to  the  value  of  a  species  that  is  based  on  only  one  or  two  analyses  of  the 
specimens  of  a  region,  and  especially  on  specimens  received  from  ordinary  collectors. 

PEASILITE  T.  Thomson  (PhiL  Mag.,  III.  xvii.  416,  1840).  A  leek-green  fibrous  mineral,  soft  as 
Venetian  talc,  from  Kilpatrick  Hills,  the  fibres  loosely  cohering,  with  G.  =  2'811.  Stated  to  con- 
sist of  silica,  magnesia,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  and  alumina,  with  probably  soda,  and  18  p.  c.  of  water. 
Analysis  not  given.  Probably  a  chlorite  of  some  kind. 

455A.  DUMA.SITE  Deksse  (Dufr.  Min.,  iii.  790,  1847,  iii.  286,  1859).  A  chlorite  lining  cavities 
or  fissures  in  certain  melaphyres  in  the  Yosges;  color  green;  soft,  and  somewhat  resembling 
ripidolite. 

456.  ORONSTEDTITE.    Cronstedtit  Steinmann,  Schw.  J.,  xxxii.  69,   1821.     Chloromelan 

JBreith.,  Char.,  33,  184,  1823. 

Khombohedral.     Occurs  in  hexagonal  prisms,  tapering  toward  the  sum- 
mit, or  adhering  laterally,  and  vertically  striated  ;  also  in  fibrous  diverging 
froups,  cylindroidal  and  reniform ;    also  amorphous.      Cleavage :   basal, 
ighly  perfect. 

H.=3'5.  G.=r3'348.  Lustre  brilliantly  vitreous.  Color  coal-black  to 
brownish-black.  Streak  dark  olive-green.  Opaque.  Not  brittle.  Thin 
laminae  elastic. 

Oomp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  fi,  gi,  H=3  :  3  :  4  :  3;  whence  (|  (Fe,  Mn)3+|  Fe)  gi+f  H,  from 
Damour's  analysis.  Analyses:  1,  Steinmann  (1.  c.);  1A,  same,  as  corrected  by  v.  Kobell,  after 
a  determination  of  the  degree  of  oxydation  of  the  iron  (Schw.  J.,  Ixii.  196);  2,  second  anal,  of 
Steinmann,  altered  to  correspond  with  the  Fe  in  Damour's  anal.  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxi.  359) ;  3, 
Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  Iviii.  99) : 

Si  Fe          Fe  Mn  Mg          H 

1.     Przibram       22-452  58-852  5'078  2-885  10-700=99-968  Steinmann. 

1A.  22-452  35-350  27*112  5'078  2'885  10-700=103-577  Steinmann,  altered. 

22-83  29-08  31 -44  3-43  3-25  10-70=100-73  Steinmann,  altered. 

3-  21-39  29-08  33*52  I'Ol  4'02         9'76=98'78  Damour.     G.=2'35. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  froths  and  fuses  on  the  edges,  yielding  in  R.F.  a  magnetic  gray  or  black 
globule.  With  borax  gives  reactions  for  iron  and  manganese.  Gelatinizes  in  concentrated 
muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Accompanies  limonite  and  calcite  in  veins  containing  silver  ores  at  Przibram  in  Bohemia. 
Occurs  also  at  Wheal  Maudlin  in  Cornwall,  in  diverging  groups. 

Named  after  the  Swedish  mineralogist  and  chemist,  A.  Fr.  Cronstedt. 


504:  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

456A.  SIDEROSCHISOLITE  Wernekink  (Fogg.,  i.  387,  1824).  Probably  cronstedtite.  Rhombohe- 
dral  affording  the  planes  0,  1,1',  crystals  minute  and  often  hemispherically  grouped;  cleavage, 
basal,  perfect;  also  massive.  H.  =  2'5;  G..— 3—3-4,  Lustre  splendent;  color  pure  velvet-black 
when  crystallized,  dark  greenish-gray  ;  streak  leek-green,  greenish-gray ;  opaque. 

Formula :  Fe4  Si+  H  fi,  Wernekink,  from  an  analysis  of  only  three  grains  of  the  mineral  (1.  c.) 
Si  16-3  £14-1  Fe£e75-5  S  7'3  =  103'2. 

B.B.  easily  fusible,  according  to  Wernekink  (infusible,  Berzelius) ;  gelatinizes  in  muriatic  acid. 
It  occurs  in  cavities  in  pyrrhotite  and  siderite,  at  Conghonas  do  Campo,  Brazil. 

457.  CORUNDOPHHJTE.    Shepard(ft.  N.  Car.),  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xii.  211,  1851 ;  (fr.  Chester, 
Mass.)  id.,  ib.,  xL  112,  1865.     Clinochlore  (fr.  Chester)  J.  P.   Cooke,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.  206, 
1867. 

Monoclinic,  Descl.  Form  double  hexagonal  pyramids.  Cleavage  emi- 
nent, as  in  clinochlore.  Twins  common,  like  those  of  clinochlore  (p.  498, 
f.  421). 

H.=2'5.  Gr.=2'90,  fr.  Chester,  Brush.  Lustre  of  cleavage  surface  some- 
what pearly.  Color  olive-green,  leek-green,  grayish-green.  Transparent  to 
nearly  opaque.  Laminae  flexible,  somewhat  elastic.  Optically  biaxial ;  angle 
between  the  axes  varies  from  a  very  small  angle  to  73£°,  mostly  30°  to  73^°  ; 
bisectrix  positive,  oblique  to  plane  of  cleavage ;  double  refraction  strong. 

Var. — Descloizeaux  found  the  optic-axial  angle  in  a  plate  from  Chester,  Mass,  (letter  to  the 
author  of  Jan.  1866),  65°,  with  an  increase  of  3°  in  the  angle  on  heating  to  200°  C.,  a  character 
which,  he  observes,  distinguishes  this  mineral  and  ripidolite  from  penninite.  Cooke  found  (1.  c.) 
for  the  same,  from  different  plates,  the  angles  32°,  45°,  71£°,  73£°.  The  plane  of  the  axes  per- 
pendicular to  two  sides  of  the  hexagon. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  ft,  $,  Si,  fi,  fr.  Pisani,  1  :  1  :  1  :  f ,  and  between  bases  and  silica  2:1; 
whence  (|  &3  +  i  £l)4  Si3+5  £.  Analyses:  1,  Pisani  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xli.  394);  2,  J.  L.  Smith, 
"on  material  not  absolutely  pure"  (ib.,  xlii.  92): 

Si          XI          Fe          Mg          S 

1.  Chester,  Mass.        24'0        25-9         14*8         22-7         11-9,  $n,  Ca,  Li  <r.=99'3  Pisani. 

2.  "  25-06      30-70       16'50       16'41       10  62=99*29  Smith. 

Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  found  in  the  Chester  chlorite  (Proc.  N.  H.  Soc.,  Boston,  x.  321)  Si  22-50,  £l 
23-50,  £e  41-50,  Mg  1-80,  fl  11-00=100-30.  It  contained,  he  observes,  some  mixed  magnetite. 
But  it  is  further  evident  that  nearly  all  the  magnesia  was  left  unseparated  from  the  iron. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  corundum  or  emery ;  its  low  percentage  of  silica  accords  with  this  associa- 
tion. The  species  was  instituted  on  a  chlorite  found  with  the  corundum  of  Asheville,  N.  C., 
whence  the  name,  from  corundum,  and  </><Ao?,  friend.  The  above  description  is  from  specimens 
occurring  abundantly,  and  sometimes  in  large  and  small  crystals,  at  the  emery  mine  of  Chester, 
Mass.,  which  Shepard  has  referred  to  corundophilite  ;  its  identity  with  the  Asheville  mineral  is 
not  yet  ascertained.  Shepard  describes  the  latter  (1.  c.)  as  occurring  in  monoclinic  crystals,  with 
/A  7=120°,  0  A  7=97°  30',  0  A  «-i=88°  to  89°;  sometimes  in  stellate  groups;  thin  laminaj 
flexible ;  and  he  obtained  in  a  very  unsatisfactory  chemical  examination  of  0*146  grain,  Si  34*75, 
&1  8-55,  Fe  31-25,  £  5-47,  with  a  loss  of  20  p.  c. 

458.  CHLORITOID.     Chloritspath  Fiedler,  Pogg.,  xxv.  329,  1832.     Chloritoid  G.  Eose,  Reis. 
Ural,  i.  252,  1837.     Barytophyllit  Glock.,  Grundr.,  570,  1839.     Masonite  C.  T.  Jacksm,  Kep.  Or. 
of  E.  Island,  88,  1840.     Sismondine  Delesse,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  ix.  385,  1843. 

Monoclinic,  or  triclinic.  /A  /'  about  100°;  0  (or  cleavage  surface)  on 
lateral  planes  93° -95°,  Descl.  Cleavage  :  basal  perfect  ;  parallel  to  a 
lateral  plane  imperfect.  Usually  coarsely  foliated  massive;  folia  often 
curved  or  bent,  and  brittle ;  also  in  thin  scales  or  small  plates  disseminated 
through  the  containing  rock. 

H.  =  5*5— 6.  G.=3'5— 3*6.  Color  dark  gray,  greenish-gray,  greenish- 
black,  grayish-black,  often  grass-green  in  very  thin  plates  ;  strongly 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MAEGAKOPHYLLITE   SECTION. 


505 


dichroic.  Streak  uncolored,  or  grayish,  or  very  slightly  greenish.  Lustre 
of  surface  of  cleavage  somewhat  pearly.  Brittle.  Double  refraction  feeble ; 
bisectrix  oblique  to  the  base  ;  axial  divergence  small. 


Var. — 1.  The  original  chloritoid  (or  chloritspath)  from  Kossoibrod,  near  Katharinenburg  in  the 
Ural,  is  in  large  curving  laminae  or  plates,  grayish  to  blackish-green  in  color,  often  spotted  with 
yellow  from  mixture  with  limonite;  G.=3'55,  Fiedler,  3'557,  Breith. 

2.  The  Sismondine  or  St.  Marcel  mineral  is  black ;  but,  according  to  Descloizeaux,  grass-green 
when  in  very  thin  laminae  parallel  to  0,  pale  green  and  black  in  two  different  directions  at  right 
angles  to  this ;  it  has  /A  /=about  100°,  0  A  /=93° ;  bisectrix  negative ;  G.  =  3'565,  Delesse. 

3.  Masonite,  from  Natic,  R.  I.,  is  in  very  broad  plates  of  a  dark  grayish-green  color,  but  bluish- 
green  in  very  thin  Iamina3  parallel  to  0,  and  grayish-green  at  right  angles  to  this ;  G.— 3-529, 
Keiingott;    0  A  I,  plane  of  cleavage,  =95°,  Descl.     It  is  evidently  impure,  and  this  must  have 
been  especially  true  of  the  material  analyzed  by  Jackson  (anal.  12). 

The  Canada  mineral  is  in  small  plates,  one-fourth  in.  wide  and  half  this  thick,  disseminated 
through  a  schist  (like  phyllite),  and  also  in  nodules  of  radiated  structure,  half  an  inch  through ; 
G.=3-513,  Hunt.  That  of  Gumuch-Dagh  resembles  sismondine,  is  dark  green  in  thick  folia  and 
grass-green  in  very  thin;  G.  =  3'52,  Smith. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  K,$,  Si, H=l  :  3  :  2  :  1,  for  most  analyses;  whence  the  formula  (i(Fe, 
Mg)3  +  f  A1!)4  Si3  +  3  H=Silica  24*0,  alumina  40'5,  protoxyd  of  iron  28*4,  water  7*1.  The  Bregratten 
mineral  contains  one-third  less  water  (2  H). 

Analyses:  1,  Bonsdorff  (G.  Rose,  Reis.  Ural,  i.  252);  2,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Iviii.  40);  3,  Her- 
mann (ib.,  liii.  13);  4,  5,  0.  L.  Erdmann  (ib,  iv.  127,  vi.  89);  6,  Gerathewohl  (ib.,  xxxiv.  454); 
7,  v.  Kobel]  (Gel.  Anz.  Miinchen,  Apr.,  1854);  8,  Delesse  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  ix.  385);  9,  Kobell 
(J.pr.  Ch.,  Iviii.  39);  10,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xi.  64);  11,  J.  D.  Whitney  (Proc.  N.  H.  Soc., 
Boston,  1849,  100);  12,  C.  T.  Jackson  (Rep.  G.  R.  I.,  88,  1840);  13,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II. 
xxxi.  442): 


1.  Kossoibrod,  Chlor. 
2. 

3. 

4. 
5. 
6. 

7.  Bregratten 

8.  Sismondine 
9. 

10.  Asia  Minor 

11.  R.  Island,  Masonite 

12.  "  " 

13.  Leeds,  Canada 


Si 
27'48 
23-01 
2454 
24-90 
24-96 
24-40 
26-19 
24-1 
25-75 
23-91 
28-27 
33-20 
26-30 

£1 
35-57 

40-26 
30-72 
46-20 
43-83 
45-17 
38-30 
43-2 
37-50 
39-52 
32-16 
29-00 
37-10 

£e 

17-28 

6-00 

Fe 
27-05 
27-40 
17-30 
28-89 
31-21 
30-29 
21-11 
23-8 
21-00 
28-05 
33-72 
25-93 
25-92 

Mg 
4-29 
3-97 
3-75 

3-30 
6-20 

0-13 
0-24 
3-66 

H 

6-95,  Mn  0-30= 101-64  Bonsd. 
6-34=100-98  Kobell. 
6-38=99-97  Hermann. 

=99-99  Erdmann. 

=100  Erdmann. 

=99-86  Gerathewohl. 

5-50=100-40  Kobell. 
7-6,  Ti  *r.=98-7  Delesse. 
7-80,  undec.  0-5=98-75  K. 
7  -08 «=  98-56  Smith. 
5-00=99-28  Whitney. 
4'00,Mn  6-00=99-37  Jackson. 
6-10,  Mn  0-93=101-01  Hunt. 


Erdmann,  who  made  the  earliest  analysis,  and  also  Gerathewohl  (who  made  his  examination  on 
the  same  specimen,  and  under  Erdmann's  direction),  obtained  no  water,  and  Hermann  observes 
that  the  specimen  had  probably  been  calcined,  as  it  is  the  custom  to  burn  the  emery  rock  at  the 
locality  in  the  Urals. 

A  green  chlorite-like  mineral,  in  fine  scales,  occurring  in  a  quartz  geode  in  the  Spirifer  sand- 
stone in  the  vicinity  of  Ems,  in  Nassau,  afforded  Herget  (Jahresb.,  1863,  820): 

Si  22-26        3tl  31-76        Fe  36'97         H  8'63=99'62. 

Giving  the  0.  ratio  for  R,8,  Si,  H=8  :  14  :  11  :  7£,  and  corresponding  to  (A  Fe3+  ft  £l)4Si3-f- 
4  H.  If  a  little  of  the  iron  is  sesquioxyd,  the  composition  may  be  the  same  as  for  chloritoid. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  matrass  yields  water.  B.B.  nearly  infusible  ;  becomes  darker  and  magnetic. 
Completely  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid.  The  masonite  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  dark  green 
enamel. 

Obs. — The  Kossoibrod  chloritoid  is  associated  with  mica  and  cyanite  ;  the  St.  Marcel  occurs  in 
a  dark  green  chlorite  schist,  with  garnets,  magnetite,  and  pyrites ;  the  Rhode  Island,  in  an  argil- 
laceous  schist;  the  Chester,  Mass,  in  talcose  schist,  with  emery,  diaspore,  etc.;  the  Canada,  at 
Brome,  in  micaceous  schist,  and  at  Leeds  in  argillaceous  schist.  Chloritoid  occurs  also  at  Bre- 
gratten, hi  Tyrol ;  at  Gumuch-Dagh,  Asia  Minor,  with  emery ;  in  Saasthal,  Yalais. 


506 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Named  Chloritoid  from  the  resemblance  to  chlorite.  The  name  Chloritspatfy  or  in  English  Chlo- 
rite Spar,  has  the  precedence  in  time.  But  it  is  objectionable  in  form  and  signification,  and  has 
rightly  been  superseded  by  chloritoid. 

458A.  PHYLLITE  Thomson  (Ann.  Lye.  N  Y.,  iii.  47,  1828.  Ottrelite  Descl  &  Damour,  Ann.  d. 
M.,  IV.  ii.  357,  1842.  Newportite  Totten,  Shepard's  Min.,  i.  161,  1857).  Phyllite  (and  ottrelite) 
closely  resembles  chloritoid,  as  observed  by  Hunt  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxi.),  and  also  by  Descloizeaux 
(Min.,  i.  466).  The  analyses  hitherto  made,  however,  show  a  wide  discrepancy.  Yet  it  should  be 
noted  on  this  point  that  we  have  only  one  of  each  variety,  and  the  mineral  is  so  involved  in  the 
containing  slate  rock  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  obtain  it  pure. 

Occurs  in  small,  oblong,  shining  scales  or  plates,  more  or  less  hexagonal,  in  argillaceous  schist. 
According  to  Descloizeaux,  ottrelite  is  probably  monoclinic,  and  the  optical  axes  are  very  diver- 
gent. H=5— 5-5;  G.  of  ottrelite  4*4.  Color  blackish-gray,  greenish-gray,  black;  streak  grayish, 
greenish. 

Analyses :  1,  Thomson  (L  c.) ;  2,  Damour  (L  c.,  357) : 

Si         £l        5>e        Fe       Mn       K        fi 


1.  Sterling,  PhyUite 

2.  Ottrez,  Ottrelite 


38-40     23-68     17'52      8*96 

43-34     24-63      16'72     8-18 


6-80    4-80=100-16  Thomson. 
5-66=r98'53  Damour. 


426 


Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube.  Difficultly  fusible  to  a  magnetic  globule.  Reactions  for  iron 
with  the  fluxes. 

Phyllite  occurs  in  the  schist  of  Sterling,  Goshen,  Chesterfield,  Plainfield,  etc.,  in  Massachusetts, 
and  Newport,  R.  L,  and  the  rock  in  consequence  of  it  is  called  by  Hitchcock  (Rep.  G.  Mass.,  4to, 
594,  1841)  "Spangled  Mica  Slate,"  the  phyllite  being  the  mica  of  the  schist.  The  scales  are 
from  |-£  in.  long,  and  half  to  one-third  this  broad.  Ottrelite  is  from  a  similar  rock  near  Ottrez, 
on  the  borders  of  Luxembourg,  and  from  Ardennes.  Phyllite  has  also  been  reported  from  Tus- 
cany. Descloizeaux  remarks  on  the  close  resemblance  of  the  -Ottrelite  of  Ardennes  to  the  New- 
port phyllite,  and  Hunt  on  the  same  to  the  Canada  chloritoid. 

459.  MARGARITE.  Perlglimmer  (fr.  Sterzing)  Mohs,  Char.,  1820,  Grundr.,  232,  1824.  Mar- 
garite  Tyrokse  min.  dealers.  Corunaellite  (fr.  Pa.),  Clingmanite  (fr.  N.  C.),  Silliman,  Jr.,  Am.  J. 
Sci.,  II.  viii.  380,  383,  1849.  Emerylite  (fr.  Asia  Minor)  Smith,  ib.,  viii.  378,  1849,  xi.  59,  1851. 

Orthorhombic ;  hemihedral,  with  a  monoclinic  aspect,  like  muscovite. 
/A  /=119°— 120°,  0  A  ^=152°-153°,  0  A  #=1M°— 145°,  0  A  «=*=129°- 
134°,  0  A  i-i=9Q°.  Lateral  planes  horizontally  stri- 
ated. Cleavage  :  basal,  eminent.  Twins  :  common, 
composition-face  7,  and  forming,  by  the  crossing  of 
3  crystals,  groups  of  6  sectors.  Usually  in  intersect- 
ing or  aggregated  laminae  ;  sometimes  massive,  with 
a  scaly  structure. 

H.=3'5— 4'5.  G.=2'99,  Hermann.  Lustre  of  base  pearly,  laterally 
vitreous.  Color  grayish,  reddish-white,  yellowish.  Translucent,  subtrans- 
lucent.  Laminae  rather  brittle.  Optic-axial  angle  very  obtuse,  109°  32' 
117°  30',  126°  24',  128°  48',  for  the  red  ray  in  different  plates ;  plane  of 
axes  parallel  to  the  longer  diagonal ;  dispersion  feeble. 

Oomp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  £  Si,  H=l  :  6  :  4  :  1 ;  whence,  if  the  water  be  basic,  for  bases  and 
silica^ 2  : 1 ;  formula  (£(R3,  H3)  +  f  A-l)4  gi3^ Silica  30'1,  alumina  51 -2,  lime  11-6,  soda  2 '6,  water  4'5. 

Analyses:  1-9,  J.  L  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xi.  59,  and  xv.  208);  10-13,  W.  J.  Craw  (ib.,  viii. 
379) ;  14,  B.  Silliman,  Jr.  (this  Min.,  1850,  362) ;  15,  W.  J.  Craw  (ibid.) ;  Ifl,  C.  Hartshorne  (ibid.) ; 
17,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  liii.  1);  18,  19,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  209);  20,  Faltin 
(ZS.  Nat.  Ver  Halle,  v.  301);  21,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  H.  xliL  90) : 

Si         Al  £e  Mg      Ca     Na,  &  & 

1.  Gumuch-Dagh                29'66  50-88  1-78  0-50     13-56     1'50  3'41  Smith. 

30  90  48-21  2*81  undei.    9'53   undet.  4'61  Smith. 

3-                                         31-93  48-80  1-50  "        9'41     2'31  8 -62,  Mn  tr.  Smith, 

4.  Island  of  Nicaria           30'22  49-67  T33  tr.      11-57     2-31  5-12  Smith. 

5-       "                                  2987  48-88  1'63  tr.      10-84     2'86  4'32  Smith. 


HYDKOTJS    SILICATES,    MARGAKOPHYLLITE   SECTION. 


507 


Si 

m 

3Pe 

&g 

Ca 

Na,  i 

C 

6. 

Island  of  Naxos 

30-02 

49-52 

1-65 

0-48 

10-82 

1-25 

7. 

M 

u 

28-90 

48-53 

0-87 

undet. 

11-92 

undei 

i 

8. 

(t 

M 

30-10 

50-08 

undet. 

" 

10-80 

n 

9. 

Siberia 

28-50 

51-02 

1-78 

u 

12-05 

n 

10. 

Village  Green,  Pa. 

32-31 

49-24 



0-30 

10-66 

2-21 

11. 

M 

M 

31-06 

51-20 



0-28 

9-24 

2-97 

12. 

U 

u 

31-26 

51-60 



0-50 

10-15 

1-22 

13. 

» 

u 

30-18 

5140 



0-72 

10-87 

2-77 

14. 

Buncombe 

Co  ,  N.  C. 

29-17 

48-40 



1-24 

9-87 

6-15 

15. 

Unionville 

,  Pa 

29-99 

50-57 



0-62 

11-31 

2-47 

16. 

u 

<• 

32-15 

54-28 

tr. 

0-05 

11-36 

unde\ 

L 

17. 

Sterzing 

32-46 

49-18 

1-34 

3-21 

7-42 

1-76 

a 

18. 

u 

28-47 

50-24 

1-65 

0-70 

11-50 

1-87" 

19. 

H 

28-64 

51-66 

0-68 

12-25 

[2-01b1 

20. 

U 

29-57 

52-63 

1-61 

0-64 

10-79 

0-18 

21. 

Chester,  Mass. 

32-21 

48-87 

2-50 

0-32 

10-02 

1-91 

ft  0-05  of  this  Is  KO. 


8 

5-55  Smith. 

5-08  Smith.      . 

4-52  Smith. 

6-04  Smith. 

5-27  Craw. 

5-27  Craw. 

4-27  Craw. 

4-52  Craw. 

3-99,  HF2-03,  Silliman,  Jr. 

5-14  Craw. 

0-50  Hartshorne. 

4-93=100-30  Hermann. 

5-00=99-2«  Smith  &  Brush. 

4-76=100  Smith  &  Brush. 

3-20=99-75  Faltin. 

4-61,  Li  0-32,  Mn  0'20= 

100-96  Smith. 
b Trace  of  KO. 


Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water  in  the  closed  tube.     B.B.  whitens  and  fuses  on  the  edges. 

Corundellite  and  dingmanite  were'  based  on  an  incorrect  determination  of  the  silica  in  the 
analyses. 

Diphanite  of  Nordenskiold  (Bull.  Ac  St.  Pet.,  v.  17)  is  only  margarite.  It  occurs  in  hexagonal 
prisms  with  perfect  basal  cleavage.  H.=5— 5-5.  G.=3'04— 3-97.  Color  white  to  bluish.  Analy- 
sis by  Jevreinof:  Si  34-02,  *1  43-33,  Ca  13-11,  Fe  3-02,  Mn  1-05,  H  5-34=99-87. 

Obs. — Margarite  occurs  in  chlorite  from  the  Greiner  mount,  near  Sterzing  in  the  Tyrol,  where 
first  found  (f.  426) ;  at  different  localities  of  emery  in  Asia  Minor  and  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  as 
discovered  by  Dr.  Smith ;  with  corundum  at  Village  Green,  Delaware  Co.,  Pa. ;  at  Unionville, 
Chester  Co.,  Pa  (corundellite) ;  at  the  corundum  locality  in  Buncombe  Co.,  North  Carolina  (cling- 
manite) ;  with  the  corundum  of  Katharinenburg,  Urals.  It  occurs  massive  in  Pennsylvania. 
Diphanite  is  from  the  emerald  mines  of  the  Ural,  with  chrysoberyl  and  phenacite. 

Named  Margarite  from  /mpyupi'r^,  pearl.  The  name  is  attributed  to  Fuchs,  but  he  nowhere  pub- 
lished it.  Von  Leonhard  (Handb.,  1826,  766)  gives  it  as  "the  current  name  among  the  Tyrolese 
dealers  in  minerals  " 

This  species,  according  to  Dr.  Krantz  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xliv.  256),  is  the  original  margarite.  The 
specimen  from  Sterzing  analyzed  by  Smith  &  Brush  was  one  received  so  labelled  from  Dr.  Krantz 
of  Bonn. 

EPHESITE  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  SeL,  II.  xl  59,  1851.    Lamellar,  and  resembles  white  cyanite. 
Cleavage  difficult.     Scratches  glass  easily.     G.=315— 3'20.     Color  pearly-white. 
Analysis  by  Smith  (1.  c.) : 

Si  £l  Ca  Fe    Na,  little  fe    H 

1.  31-54         57-89         1-89         T34         4'41         8-12=100-19. 

2.  30-04         56-45         2'11         TOO         4'41         3'09  =  97'07. 

The  oxygen  ratio  deduced  for  the  protoxyds,  sesquioxyds,  silica,  and  water,  is  1  :  15  :  9  :  2. 
From  the  emery  locality  of  Gumuch-Dagh,  near  Ephesus,  on  specimens  of  magnetite.  Probably 
related  to  margarite,  near  which  it  is  placed  by  Dr.  Smith. 


460.  THURINGITE. 


Thuringit  Breith.,  Char.,  95,  1832. 
1853. 


Owenite  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi. 


Massive  ;  an  aggregation  of  minute  scales ;  compact.  Cleavage  of  scales 
distinct  in  one  direction. 

H.=2-5.  G.=3-186,  fr.  Saalfeld,  Smith;  3-151— 3-157,  id.,  Breitli. ; 
3-197,  owenite,  Genth ;  3-191,  id.,  Smith.  Lustre  of  scales  pearly;  of 
mass  glistening  or  dull.  Color  olive-green  to  pistachio-green.  Streak 
paler.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Yery  tough.  Feel  of  powder  greasy. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  £,  S,  Si,  fi=2  :  8  :  3  :  2;  whence,  if  half  the  water  is  basic,  (|(R,  fl)'+ 
~ 


508 


OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 


Analyses:  1,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  851);  2,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xviii.  376);  3,  4, 
P.  Keyser  (ib.,  411);  5,  6,  J.  L.  Smith  (1.  c.): 


Si 

1.  Thuringite    22-35 

2.  "    *         22-05 

3.  "        (|)  23-55 

4.  Owenite         23-21 

5.  "  23-58 


6.  Arkansas     23'70 


Jl 

18-39 
16-40 
15-63 
15-59 
16-85 
16-54 


14-86 
17-66 
13-79 
13-89 
14-33 
12-13 


Fe 
34-34 
30-78 
34-20 
34-58 
33-20 
33-J4 


Mg 
1-25 
0-89 
1-47 
1-26 
1-52 
1-85 


ffa      K 
0-14 

0-41     0-08 

0-46      tr. 

0-32 


9-81  =  101  Eammelsberg. 
11-44=99-36  Smith. 
10-57  =  99-21  Keyser. 
10-59,  Ca  0-36=99-97  Keyser. 
10-45,  Mn  0-09=100-48  Smith. 
10-90=99-74  Smith. 


Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses^at  3  to  an  iron-black  magnetic  glob- 
ule. With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron.  Gelatinizes  with  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. Thuringite  is  from  Reichmannsdorf  (anal.  1,  2)  and  Schmiedeberg  (anal  3),  near  Saalfeld, 

hi  Thuringia;  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas  (anal  6);  owenite  from  the  metamorphic  rocks  on  the 
Potomac,  near  Harper's  Ferry. 

Owenite  was  named  after  the  geologist,  Dr.  D.  D.  Owen. 

461.  SEYBERTITE.  Bronzite  (fr.  Amity)  J.  Finch,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xvi.  185,  1829.  Clintonite 
(fr.  Amity)  Mather,  1828,  but  unpublished;  Mather's  Rep.  G.  of  K  Y.,  467,  1843.  Seybertite 
(fr.  Amity)  Clemson,  Ann.  d.  M.,  Ill  ii.  493,  1832,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxiv.  171,  1833.  Clintonit  im 
Handel  [=of  the  trade],  Chrysophan  (fr.  Amity)  Breith.,  Char.,  92,  1832.  Holmite  (fr.  Amity) 
Thomson,  Rec.  Gen.  Sci.,  iii.  335,  1836.  Xanthophyllit  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  L  654,  1840,  Reis.  Ural, 
ii.  120,  514,  527.  Brandisit  Liebener,  in  Haid.  Ber.,  i.  4,  1846.  Disterrit  Breith.,  in  v.  Kobell, 
J.  pr.  Ch,,  xli.  154,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.  1 1\  1=120°.  In  tabular  crystals,  sometimes  hexagonal ; 
also  foliated  massive  ;  sometimes  lamellar  radiate.  Cleavage :  basal  perfect. 
Structure  thin  foliated,  or  micaceous  parallel  to  the  base. 

H.=4— 5.  G.=3— 3-1.  Lustre  pearly  submetallic.  Color  reddish- 
brown,  yellowish,  copper-red.  Streak  uncolored,  or  slightly  yellowish  or 

•ayish.  Folia  brittle.  Double  refraction  strong;  axial  divergen.ee  15°  to 
0°  for  white  light ;  sometimes  apparently  uniaxial,  or  united  at  the  ordi- 
nary temperature ;  bisectrix  negative,  normal  to  the  base ;  axial  plane  par- 
allel to  i-i ;  Descl. 

Var. — 1.  The  Amity  seyoertite  (called  also  clintonite,  holmite,  and  chrysophari)  is  in  reddish-brown 
to  copper-red  brittle  foliated  masses ;  the  surfaces  of  the  folia  often  marked  with  equilateral  tri- 
angles like  some  mica  and  chlorite ;  optic-axial  divergence  very  small,  or  none  at  the  ordinary 
temperature.  G.  =  3*148,  Brush. 

2.  Xanthophyttite,  fr.  the  vSchischimskian  Mts.,  near  Slatoust,  is  in  crusts,  or  in  implanted  globu- 
lar forms,  1-J-  in.  through,  which  consist  of  tabular  crystals  about  a  centre  of  talcose  schist,  which 
is  also  the  enclosing  rock.     Optically  uniaxial ;  axis  negative,  or  two  axes  very  slightly  divergent, 
and  hardly  separating  with  increase  of  temperature  ;  Descl. 

3.  Brandisiie  (called  also  disterrite],  from  Fassa,  Tyrol,  is  in  hexagonal  prisms  of  a  yellowish- 
green  or  leek-green  color  to  reddish-gray ;  H.=5  of  base;  of  sides,  6— 6'5:  G.=3'042— 3*051,  v. 
Kobell;  3-013—3-062,  v.  Hauer;  3-01— 3'06,  Liebener;  optic-axial  divergence  15°  to  30°.     Some 
of  it  pseudomorphous,  after  fassaite. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,K,  Si,H,  from  Brush's  analysis,  =  6  :  9  :  5  :  \-  whence  for  R  +  fi,  Si= 
3:1,  and  formula  (£R3+J  £l)2gi+ill.  From  v.  Kobell's  (anal.  9),  0.  ratio  for  R+B  :  Si  the 
same,  or  3  :  1,  with  R3 :  R-=l  :  1.  From  Meitzendorff's,  0.  ratio  for  R,  8,  Si,  H=12  :  20  :  9  :  2£; 
and  for  R+3S,  §i=3| :  1.  The  state  of  oxydation  of  the  iron  was  not  examined  except  in  the 
analysis  by  Brush. 

Analyses:  1,  Clemson  (1.  c.);  2,  Richardson  (Rec.  Gen.  Sci.,  May,  1836);  3,  4,  G.  J.  Brush  (this 
Mm.,  1854,  505);  5,  Plattner  (Breith.  Handb.,  ii.  385);  6-8,  Meitzendorf  (Pogg.,  Iviii.  165);  9,  v. 


Kobell  (1.  c.): 

1.  Amity,  Seyo. 

2.  " 

3.  "  " 


Si       £l          Fe  Mg  Ca      H 

17-0     37-6         5-0  24-3  10'7     3-6=98-2  Clemson. 

19-35  44-7 5 3Pe 4-80  9'05  11-45  455,  Mn  1  -35,  HF     0'9,  2r2-05=98'25R. 

20-24  39-13  "  3-27  20'84  13-69  1-04,  Na,K  1*43,  Zr  0-75=100'39  Brush. 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,   MAKGAKOPHYLLITE    SECTION.  509 

Si      £1          Fe     Mg      Oa     Na     S 

4.  Amity,  Seyb.       2013  38-68  Pe3'48  21'65  13-35    1-05,  [Na,  &  1-43],  £r  0-68^100-45  B. 

5.  "  21-4     46-7     "  4'8       9'8     12*5      3-5=98'7  Plattner. 

6  Slatoust,  Xanth.  16-55  43*73       2-62  19'04  13'12  069  4-33  =  100-06  Meitzendorf. 

7.'         «  »  16-41  43-17       2-23  19-47   14'50  0'62  4-45  =  100-85  Meitzendorf. 

&         "  "  16-20  44-96       2'73  19-43  12-15  0'55  4-33=100-35  Meitzendorf. 

9.  Fassa,  Dister.  20'00  43'22  Pe3'60  25-01     4'00 3«60,  K  0'57  =  100  Kobell. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible  alone,  but  whitens.  In  powder  acted  on  by  concen- 
trated acids. 

Obs. —  Seybertite  occurs  in  limestone  with  serpentine,  associated  with  hornblende,  spinel,  pyrox- 
ene, graphite,  etc.;  xanthophyllite  in  talcose  schist;  brandtsite  in  white  limestone,  either  dissem- 
inated or  in  grouped  crystals,  in  geodes,  among  crystals  of  fassaite  and  black  spinel. 

The  seybertite  was  discovered  in  1828  by  Messrs.  Fitch,  Mather,  and  Horton,  and  named  din- 
tonite  by  them  on  the  spot,  after  De  Witt  Clinton,  as  stated  by  Mather  in  his  Rep.  Geol.  N.  Y., 
1 843.  But  the  name  was  not  published  at  the  time  by  either  of  the  discoverers ;  and  Finch,  the 
next  year,  1829  (1.  c.),  announced  the  mineral  under  the  name  of  bronzite.  Clemson's  name  sey- 
bertite, after  H.  Seybert  (1832,  1.  c.),  has  therefore  priority  of  publication,  and  must  be  accepted 
as  the  name  of  the  species. 


APPENDIX  TO  HYDROUS  SILICATES. 

462.  WOLCHONSKOITE.    Kammerer,  Jahrb.  Min.,  ii.  420,  1831. 

Amorphous.  Dull — shining.  Color  bluish-green,  passing  into  grass- 
green.  Streak  bluish-green  and  shining.  Feel  resinous.  Polished  by 
the  nail.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  Adheres  slightly  to  the  tongue.  Yery 
fragile. 

Comp. — 0.  ratio  for  bases,  silica,  and  water  (anal.  2,  4)  2  :  3  :  3,  as  in  deweylite  and  genthite. 
Analyses :  1,  Berthier  (Mem.,  ii.  263) ;  2,  Kersten  (Pogg.,  xlvil  489) ;  3,  Ilimoff  (Ann.  Jour.  Mines 
de  Russie,  1842,  366);  4,  Ivanof  (Koksch.  Min.  Russl.,  i.  145): 

Si         £1       £r        £e      Mn     Mg        fi 

1.  Ochansk      27'2       34'0       7-2       7'2       23-2=98-8  Berthier. 

2.  "  37*01     6-47     17-9310-43     1'66     1'91     21*84,  £b  I'Ol,  K  fr-.=98'26  Kersten. 

3.  "  36-06     3-09     81-24    9'39     6'50     12'40,  Ca  1'90,  Pb  0-16=100-74  Ilimofif. 

4.  36-84    3-50     18'85  17-85 22'46,  Ca  1'39=100'89  Ivanof. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  blackens,  but  is  infusible.  With  the.  fluxes 
gives  reactions  for  chromium  and  iron.  Gelatinizes  with  hot  concentrated  muriatic  acid,  in  which 
half  the  chromium  is  dissolved,  the  rest  remaining  in  union  with  silica. 

Obs. — From  Okhansk  in  Siberia. 

Named  after  M.  "Wolchonsky,  of  Russia. 

463.  SBLWYNTTE,  Ulrich  (Laboratory,  i.  237,  1867).     Massive.    H.=315.     0-.=2'53.    Emerald- 
green.     Subtranslucent.     Fracture  uneven  and  splintery.     Somewhat  brittle. 
Composition,  according  to  an  analysis  by  Mr.  Newberry : 

Si  47-15        £l  33-23        £r  7-62         Mg  4'36        ft  6-23=98-78. 

Corresponds  to  the  0.  ratio  for  ft,  ft,  Si,  ft,  1  :  10  :  16$- :  3 ;  or  for  bases  and  silica  about 
2:3;  but  probably  a  mixture.  Perhaps  containing  some  talc  as  impurity,  with  which  it  is 
traversed  in  thin  seams.  B.B.  becomes  white  and  fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  grayish-white  blebby 
glass.  Only  partially  soluble  in  strong  acids. 

Found  near  Heathcote,  Victoria  (Australia),  in  the  Upper  Silurian.  Named  after  A.  C.  Selwyn, 
director  of  the  geological  survey  of  Victoria. 


510  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

464.  Chrome  Ochre.  A  clayey  material,  containing  some  oxyd  of  chrome.  Occurs  earthy  of  a 
bright  green  shade  of  color. 

Analyses:  1,  Drappiez;  2,  Duflos  (Schw.  J.,  Ixii.  251);  3,  Zelliier  (Isis,  1834,  637): 

Si             £l  £r  3Pe  fl 

1    Creuzat  FT.    64-0  23-0  10'5  ,  Ca  and  Mg  2-5=100  Drappiez. 

2.  Halle               57'0  22'5             5'5  3'5  11-0=99-5  Duflos. 

3.  Silesia             58-50  30'00          2'00  3'00  6'25=99'75  Zellner. 

The  formula  (£l,  £r,  £e)2  Si3  corresponds  nearly  to  the  composition,  the  water  excepted. 

Chrome  ochre  occurs  at  the  localities  above  mentioned ;  also  on  Unst  in  Zetland,  Mortenberg 
in  Sweden,  and  elsewhere. 

The  chrome  ochre  of  HaUe,  analyzed  by  "Wolff  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  xxxiv.  202),  approaches  selwynite  in 
composition,  but  contains  much  more  water.  It  afforded  Si  46'11,  A-l  30-53,  €r  4-28,  dFe  3'15,  H. 
12'53,  NaO'46,  K  3'44=100'49;  G.=2'7,  giving  rather  closely  the  formula  of  kaolin,  and  may 
be  an  impure  kaolinite. 

465.  MILOSCHITE.    Miloschin  Herder,  Pogg.,  xlvii.  485,  1839.    Serbian  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xv. 

327,  1838. 

Compact    H.=T5— 2.    G.= 2*131,  Breith.    Color  indigo-blue  to  celandine-green. 

COMP. — Approaches  (3tl,  ^r)  Si  +  3  fi,  it  being  a  chromiferous  allophane  with  half  the  water  of 
aUophane.  Analyses :  1,  Kersten  (Pogg.,  xlvil  485);  2,  Bechi  (Am.  J.  Sci,  II.  xiv.  62): 

1.  Rudniak        Si  27-50    £1  45'01     £r  3'61     Ca  0'30     Mg  0'20    &  23'30=99'92  Kersten. 

2.  Tuscany  28-36          41'33          8-11  22'75=100'55  Bechi. 

In  a  matrass  yields  water.     B.B.  infusible.     Partly  dissolved  in  muriatic  acid. 

From  Eudniak  in  Servia,  associated  with  quartz  and  brown  iron  ore ;  Volterra,  Tuscany. 

Named  after  Prince  Miloschi. 

466.  PIMELITE.    Griiner  Chrysopraserde  (fr.  Kosemiitz)  Klapr.,  Schrift.,-Qes.  N.  Berh'u,  viii.  17, 

1788,  Beitr.,  ii.  134,  1797.     Pimelit  Karst.,  Tab.,  28,  72,  1800. 

Massive  or  earthy.  H.=2'5.  G.=2-23— 2-3;  2-71— 2-76,  Baer.  Lustre  weak,  greasy.  Color 
apple-green.  Streak  greenish- white.  Translucent  to  subtranslucent.  Feel  greasy.  Does  not 
adhere  to  the  tongue. 

COMP.— Analyses :  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  ii.  134) ;  2,  "W.  Baer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Iv.  49) : 

Si          3fcl         £e       Ni        Mg      Ca       fl 

1.  Chrysoprase  earth  35-00      5'00      4-58     15-63       1-25     0'42  38-12  Klaproth. 

2.  Hard  Pimelite  35'80     23*04 ¥e2'69       2'78     14-66     31-03=100  Baer. 

Pimelite  gives  water  in  the  closed  tube,  is  infusible  B.B.,  and  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  nickeL 
Decomposed  by  acids. 
From  Silesia  and  elsewhere.    Named  from  jri/wA^  fatness.    For  Glocker's  alipite  see  p.  404. 

467.  CHLOROPH^ITE.    Macculloch,  Western  Isles,  L  504,  1825. 

Granular  massive,  imbedded,  or  as  a  coating  in  geodes,  fissures,  or  amygdaloidal  cavities. 
Cleavage  in  two  directions. 

H.=  l-5— 2.  G.=2-02,  Macculloch;  1-809,  Forchhammer.  Lustre  subresinous,  rather  dull. 
Color  dark  green,  olive-green,  changing  to  dark  brown  or  black  on  exposure. 

Formula  perhaps  Fe  Si+6  3J  ?=Silica  33-3,  protoxyd  of  iron  26'7,  water  40-0=100. 

Analysis  by  Forchhammer  (J.  pr.  Chem.,  xxx.  399,  1843) :  From  Faroe,  Si  32-85,  Fe  21-56,  M.g 
3-44,  H  42-15  =  100,  the  iron  being  corrected  (Rammelsbeig)  for  the  true  atomic  weight.  B.B. 
fuses  to  a  black  glass. 

A  chlorite-like  mineral  from  the  "Western  Isles  of  Scotland,  at  Scuir  More  in  the  island 
of  Rum,  and  from  Fifeshire,  occurring  in  amygdaloid;  also  from  Qualboe  and  Suderoe,  Faroe 
Islands.  Reported  also  as  incrusting  chalcedony  in  Antrim,  and  in  small  botryoidal  groups  in 
amygdaloid  at  Down  Hill.  But  the  chemical  identity  of  the  original  chloropha3ite  of  Macculloch 
from  Scuir  More  with  that  of  Faroe  or  the  other  localities  has  not  yet  been  ascertained.  Named 
from  xAwf>rf?,  green,  and  ^airf?,  brown. 


HYDKOUS    SILICATES,    MAKGAROPHYLLITE   SECTION.  511 


468.  KLIPSTEINTTE.     Schwarz-Braunsteinerz  von  Klapperud  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iv.  137=0psimose 
Seud.,  Tr.,  187,  1832.     Vattenhaltigt  Manganoxidsilikat  Bohr,   (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1850,  242. 
Klipsteinite  v.  Kob.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcvii.  180. 

Amorphous.    Compact. 

H.=5— 5-5.  G.=3-5.  Lustre  dull  to  submetallic.  Color  dark  liver -brown  to  black.  Streak 
reddish-brown  or  yellowish-brown.  Opaque. 

COMP.— 0.  ratio  for  R+B,  Si,  IT,  doubtful ;  perhaps  for  klipsteinite  9:6:3,  whence  (&3,  S)a  Si3 
+  ft3  H3.  Perhaps  only  a  mixture. 

Analyses :  1,  Klaproth  (1.  c.) ;  2,  Bahr  (1.  c.) ;  3,  v.  Kobell  (1.  c.) : 

Si         £l        3Pe       Mn      Mn      Mg       Ca       fi 

1.  Klapperud,  Opsim.       25         60         13      =98  Klaproth. 

2.  "  23-69      0-61      9-14    56'21     0'39      0'50     9-51  =  100'05  Bahr. 

3.  DiUenburg,  Ktipst.      25'00      1'70     4'00     32'17    25'00      2'00,    9'00=98'87  KobelL 

PTR.,  ETC. — Yields  much  water.  Fuses  to  a  slag  which  is  black  in  the  oxydation  flame. 
Gives  reactions  for  manganese  and  iron.  Easily  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid,  the  klipsteinite 
and  Bahr' s  mineral  evolving  chlorine. 

OBS. — From  Klapperud  in  Dalecarlia  with  rhodonite ;  also  from  the  Bornberg  mine  at  Herborn, 
near  Dillenburg. 

Beudant's  name  opsimose  has  the  priority,  but  is  intolerable.  It  is  from  the  Greek  otytpj, 
doing  anything  late.  Klipsteinite  was  given  after  Prof.  v.  Klipstein  of  Giessen. 

469.  CHAMOISITE.    Mine  de  fer  oxyde  en  grains  agglutines  Gueymard,  J.  d.  M.,  xxxv.  29, 1814; 
Chamoisite  Berthier,  Ann.  d.  M.,  v.  393. 1820.     Mineral  de  fer  en  grains  Berthier,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys., 
xxxv.  258,  1827.     Berthierine  Beud.,  Tr.,  128,  1832.     Bavalite  Huot,  Min.,  290,  1841. 

Chamoisite  occurs  compact  or  oolitic,  with  H.  about  3;  G.=3— 3'4;  color  greenish-gray  to 
black  ;  streak  lighter ;  opaque  ;  feebly  attracted  by  a  magnet.  Berthierine  is  similar  in  structure, 
has  H.  =  2'5;  color  bluish-gray,  blackish,  or  greenish-black;  streak  dark  greenish-gray;  and 
strongly  attracted  by  the  magnet. 

Analyses:  1,  Berthier  (1.  c.);  2,  id.  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxxv.  258,  1827): 

Si      XI     Fe        H 

1.  Chamoisite        14'3     7-8     60'5     17 '4 =100  Berthier. 

2.  Berthierine        12-4     7  "8     74'7       5-1=100  Berthier. 

Chamoisite  fuses  easily,  and  also  gelatinizes.  Berthierine  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  black  mag- 
netic globule,  and  gelatinizes.  The  latter  is  mixed  with  50  p.  c.  or  more  of  siderite  and  calcite  ; 
Berthier  found  40'3  of  the  former  in  the  material  he  examined. 

Chamoisite  forms  thick  beds  of  rather  limited  extent  in  a  limestone  containing  ammonites,  at 
Chamoison,  near  St.  Maurice,  in  the  Valais  ;  and  a  similar  substance  is  reported  from  Mettenberg 
in  the  Bernese  Oberland,  and  Banwald  in  the  Vosges.  Berthierine  constitutes  a  valuable  bed  of 
iron  ore  at  Hayanges,  Dept.  of  Moselle,  and  also  occurs  in  the  ores  of  Champagne,  Bourgogne, 
Lorraine. 

470.  ALYITE.    D.  Forbes  &  T.  Dahll,  Nyt  Mag.,  xiii.      - 

Tetragonal.     Crystals  like  those  of  zircon. 

H.  =  5  5.  G.= 3-601  — 3-46.  Lustre  greasy.  Color  reddish-brown,  becoming  grayish-brown  by 
alteration.  Subtranslucent  to  opaque. 

COMP. — A  very  small  portion,  somewhat  altered,  afforded  (1.  c): 
Si 20-33  Xl,  Be  14-11  £e9'66  Zr3'92  Th(?)  15-13  £e 0-27  Y 22-01  CaO-40  Cu,Sn*r.  fi9'32=97'24. 

PYR.,  ETC. — Yields  water.    B.B.  infusible ;  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron  but  not  for  titanium. 
Insoluble  in  acids. 
OBS. — From  Helle  and  Naresto  in  Norway,  with  feldspar  and  black  mica. 


512  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

470A.  PICROFLUITE.    Jrppe,  Act.  Soa  Fenn.,  vi. ;  Yerh.  Min.  St.  Pet.,  1852,  148. 

Amorphous.  Lustre  greasy  to  dull.  Color  white,  inclining  to  yellow  and  blue.  H.=2'5. 
G.=2-74. 

COMP.—  Probably  a  mixture  of  fluorite  with  a  magnesian  silicate.  Analyses  :  1,  Galindo  (1.  c.) ; 
2,Arppe(l.c.): 

Si        Fe      Mn      Mg        Ca        £         F 

1.  Lupikko    29-00     1'54     0'78     28'79     22'72     8'97     1M6=102'96. 

2.  "          32-16     350    25-19     19!86     9*08    undet. 

PYR.,  ETC. — B.B.  fuses  easily  with  intumescence.  Completely  soluble  in  acids ;  evolves  fluorid 
of  silicon  with  sulphuric  acid. 

OBS.— Occurs  at  Lupikko  in  Finland,  some  versts  south  of  Pitkaranta,  with  chalcopyrite  and 
blende. 


2.  TANTALATES,   COLUMBATES. 


I.  PYROCHLORE  GROUP.    Isometric. 

471.  PYROCHLORE  ?R2Cb  Cb2 e,|e4|(Ra, ft)a 

47 2.  MICROLITE  ?(Ca,Mn)sfa 

II.  TANTALITE  GROUP.    Orthorhombic. 

473.  TANTALITE  (Fe,Mn)fa  (TaO2)2|je2|pe,Mn) 

474.  COLUMBITB  (Fe,  Mn)  (6b,  f  a)  ((Ta,  Cb)  O2)2||O2|((Fe,  Mn) 

475.  TAPIOLITB  Fe6fa4 

476.  HIELMITE  fa,Sn,Fe,U,Y,6a,fl 

477.  YTTROTANTALITE          (Y,Fe,<5a,U)10fa3 

478.  SAMARSKITE  Ob,  Zr,  Th,  ^,  Fe,  Y,  Ce 

479.  EUXENITE  Ob,  fa,  Ti,  U,  Y,  Ce,  fi 

480.  ^SCHYNITE  fa,  Ob,  Ti,  Zr,  Th,  Fe,  Ce,  La,  Y,  ft 

481.  POLYCRASE  Ob,  Ti,  ^,  Zr,  Fe,  Y,  Ce 

482.  POLYMIGNITE 

in.  FERGUSOXITE  GROUP.    Tetragonal. 

483.  FERGUSONITE  ?  (Ra,  2r)6  Ob3  Cba  e6| 
484  ADELPHOLITE 

Appendix. — 485.  MENGITB          486.  RUTHERFOBDITE. 


471.  PYROCHLORE.    Pyrochlor  (fr.  Friedericksvarn)  Wohler,  Pogg.,  vii.  417,  1826. 
Hydrochlor,  Fluochlor,  fferm.,  J.pr.  Ch.,  L  186,  187,  1850. 

Isometric.     Observed  planes :   1,  /,  2-2,  3-3,  0.     In  octahedrons ;  f.  2, 


TANTALATES,  COLUMBATES. 


513 


8,  20  +  8,  8  with  planes  2-2.     Cleavage:   octahedral,  sometimes  distinct, 
especially  in  the  smaller  crystals. 

H.  =  5-5'5.  G.=4-2— 4*35;  4'32,  from  Miask,  Kose;  4-203,  ib.,  Her- 
mann ;  4*203 — 4*221,  from  Friederichsvarn,  Hayes.  Lustre  vitreous  or 
resinous.  Color  brown,  dark  reddish  or  blackish-brown.  Streak  light 
brown,  yellowish-brown.  Subtranslucent — opaque.  Fracture  corichoidal. 

Var. — The  name  hydrochlor  was  given  by  Hermann  to  kinds  containing  water  (anal.  5,  7),  and 
fluochlor  to  those  containing  fluorine  (anal.  1,  2,  3);  both  bad  and  unnecessary  names. 

Comp. — A  columbate  of  lime,  cerium,  and  other  bases,  but  exact  constitution  not  ascertained; 
&2  Cb?  Analyses:  1,  Wohler  (Pogg.,  xlviii.  83);  2,  3,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxi.  94,  1.  188, 
192);  4,  id.  (Bull  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou,  xxxviii.  366);  5,  Wohler  (L  c.);  6,  Chydenius  (Pogg.,  cxix. 
43);  7,  Wohler  (1.  c.);  8,  9,  A.  A.  Hayes  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xlvl  164): 

F       H 
3-23  1-16,  Sn?=      • 

102-08  W 
3'72b      3-00  0-50,  £r  5 '57  = 

101-71  H. 

15-23      1-46     9-80  2-69aO'54a2-21    =  100'83H. 

6-20d     11-97  2-69*0-54  2*21    ,  Th  8'88= 

99-06  H. 

1-33  1-69   5'16d tr.     9'88     tr. 7 -06,  £  4-60= 

97-80  W. 

61-07        2-82e 5-00 16*02  4'60   und.  1-17,  Th  4-62,  Sn 

0-57=95-87  C. 

62-75  2-16f  2-75    6'80& 12-85     tr.      tr. 4'20,  U  518,  Sn 

0-61=97-25  W 

5310  20-20  2-35f 19'45 0'80,  g,  Stn,  Pb, 

Sn  1-20=9710  H. 
59-00  18-33  0'70f 16'73  5'63 0'80=10119  H. 


1.  Miask 

2.  " 

3.  " 

4.  " 

5.  Brevig 

6.  " 

7.  FredVn 

8.  " 

9.  " 


Ti 

tr. 


Fe    Mn    Y      Oe      La    Mg    Ca     Na 
1-29  0-15  0-81  1315   ?     10'98  3'93a 


67-38 

62-25     2-23  511    tr.     0'70     3'09    2-00  13-54 


60-83C   4-90  2-23    0'94 

61-80     3-23  1-54 


67-02      tr. 


a  Without  the  oxygen  b  Id.,  and  with  some  Li.  c  Later  made  to  consist  of  14'68  columbic  acid  and  4615 
hypocolumbic  acid.  d  With  thoria.  e  With  protox.  of  uranium.  f  Fe2O8.  g  CeaO3. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Pyrochlore  from  the  Miask  gives  but  traces  of  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B. 
infusible,  but  turns  yellow  and  colors  the  flame  reddish-yellow.  When  ignited  it  glows  momen- 
tarily as  if  taking  fire,  the  same  phenomenon  as  observed  with  gadolinite.  With  borax  and  salt 
of  phosphorus  in  both  flames  gives  a  light  green  bead,  becoming  colorless  on  cooling.  A  saturated 
bead  of  borax  gives  a  greenish-gray  enamel  in  R.F.,  while  that  with  salt  of  phosphorus  is  reddish- 
gray.  Decomposed  by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  with  evolution  of  fluorine  (G-.  Hose).  Pyro- 
chlore from  Norway  gives  water  in  the  closed  tube,  and  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  dark  brown, 
slaggy  mass.  With  borax  in  R.F.  gives  a  dark  red  bead,  which  by  flaming  turns  to  a  grayish- 
blue  to  pure  blue  enamel.  Dissolved  with  effervescence  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  giving  in  O.F.  a< 
yellow  bead  while  hot,  becoming  grass-green  on  cooling  (uranium).  In  R.F.  the  bead  is  made 
dark  red  to  violet  (titanic  acid).  Fused  with  soda  gives  a  green  color  (manganese).  All  varieties 
are  decomposed  by  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  potash.  Most  specimens  are  sufficiently  decomposed: 
by  muriatic  acid  to  give  a  blue  color  when  the  concentrated  solution  is  boiled  with  metallic  tin  ; 
this  color  disappears  after  a  time,  and  almost  immediately  if  diluted  with  water. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  imbedded  in  syenite  at  Friederichsvarn  and  Laurvig,  Norway,  with  zircon,  poly- 
mignite,  and  xenotime  ;  at  Brevig,  with  thorite  ;  and  near  Miask  in  the  Urals. 

Named  from  rip,  fire,  and  xAwpoj,  green,  because  B.B.  it  becomes  yellowish-green. 


472.  MICROLITE.     Microlite  C.   U.  Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxvii.  361,  1835,  xxxii.  338,  xliil. 
116.     Pyrochlore  Hayes,  ib.,  xliii.  33,  xlvi.  158,  338. 

Isometric.  Forms  octahedral.  Observed  planes:  1,  /,  2-2  (or  3-3).. 
Figs.  2,  8,  20  +  8.  Known  only  in  small  crystals. 

H.=5-5.  G.=5;485-5'562,  the  last  from  a  large  crystal,  Shepard  ;  5405,. 
Hayes.  Lustre  vitreous  or  resinous.  Color  pale  clear  yellow  to  brown. 
Streak  pale  yellowish  or  brownish.  Translucent  to  opaque. 

33 


514 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Comp.—  The  yellow  crystals  were  made  by  Hayes  essentially  columbate  of  lime.  From  blowpipe 
investigation  suggested"  by  Brush  to  be  probably  (priv.  contrib.)  a  pyrochlore,  in  which  tantalic 
acid  replaces  the  columbic,  this  corresponding  with  the  high  specific  gravity  and  larger  percentage 
of  the  metallic  acid. 

Analyses:  1,  Shepard  (L  c.,  xxxii.  338);  2,  Hayes  (ib.,  xlvi.  158): 

Cb(fa?)      Sn       £,Mn        Pb         Ca     W,  Y,  U       H 

1.  Chesterfield       75-70       -       -       -       14-84        7'42        2-04=100  Shepard. 

2.  "  79-60         0-70  f      2-21         1'60       10*87,     £e  0'99=95'97  Hayes. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  infusible.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  difficultly  soluble,  giving  in  O.F.  a  bead 
yellow  while  hot,  and  colorless  on  cooling.  In  K.F.  after  long  blowing  yields  a  pale  bluish-green 
bead.  Not  attacked  by  muriatic  acid,  but  decomposed  on  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  potash,  and 
the  solution  of  the  fused  mass  remains  uncolored  when  boiled  with  metallic  tin. 

Obs.—  Occurs  at  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  in  the  albite  vein,  along  with  red  and  green  tourmaline, 
columbite,  and  a  little  cassiterite. 

Named  from  /^*p6f,  small,  alluding  to  the  size  of  the  crystals. 

473.  TANTALTTE.  Tantalit  Ekeberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  xxiii.  80,  1802.  Tantalite  pt.  later  authors. 
Ferro-tantalite  Thorn.,  Rec.  Gen.  Sc.,  iv.  416,  1836;  =  Columbate  of  Iron;  =  Siderotantal  Hausm., 
Handb.,  ii.  960,  1847  ;=Tammela-Tantalit^  Nordenskiold,  Act  Soc.  Sc.  Fenn.,  i.  119  ;=Skogbo- 
lit  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Beskrifn.  Finl.  Min.,  1  855.  Kimito-Tantalit  N.  Nord.  ;  =Ixiolith  A.  E.  Nord., 
Pogg.,  ci  632,  1857.  Finbo-Tantalit  ;  Broddbo-Tantalit;=Kassiterotantal  Hausm.,  1.  c.  Ildefon- 
sit  Raid.,  Handb.,  1845,  548  ;=Harttantalerz  Breith.,  Char.,  230,  1832,  Handb.,  874,  1847. 


Orthorhombic. 
>O  A  1-^=122°  3£' 


Observed  planes  as  in  the  figure. 
a  :  I  :  c=l'5967  :  1  :  1-2247. 


/A  7=101°  32', 


0  A  £4=146°  54' 
0  A  f£=H7  2 

0  A  TV-£=173  49 
fa  A  1-2=143  6£ 
i-l  A  £=123  45 
fa  A  ff=135  ^ 

1  A  ^  adj.,  =  126 


i  A  i,  ov.  7,=91  44 
1-2  A  1-2,  adj., =141  48 
fa  A  ^f =118  33 
|-£  A  \-l,  top,=113  48 
f-2  A  f-2,  top, =54  4 
V*  A  ir^j  top, =167  38 


Twins  :  composition-face  i-i,  common.     Also  massive. 

H.=6 — 6*5.  G.=7 — 8.  Lustre  nearly  pure  metal- 
lic, somewhat  adamantine.  Color  iron-black.  Streak 
reddish-brown  to  black.  Opaque.  Brittle. 

Comp.,  Var. — (Fe,  Mn)  fa,  with  sometimes  stannic  acid  (S'n)  replacing  part  of  the  tantalic. 
.A  tantalate  either  (1)  of  iron  (anal.  1-11,  13-15,  19,  20),  or  (2)  of  iron  and  manganese  (anal.  12),  or 
'(3)  a  stanno-tantalate  of  these  two  bases,  part  of  the  tantalic  acid  being  replaced  by  oxyd  of  tin 
(anal.  16-18,  21-23).  Number  1  is  the  Ferrotantalite  of  Thomson  ;  1  and  2,  the  Siderotantalite  of 
Hausmann ;  3,  the  Cassiterotantalite  and  Ixiolite.  The  kinds  shade  into  one  another.  The  last  has 
the  lowest  specific  gravity,  G-.=7  —  7 -3.  The  mineral  varies  in  the  state  of  oxydation  of  the 
bases,  owing,  as  Rose  has  shown,  to  alteration  of  the  protoxyds  to  sesquioxyds ;  with  the  increase 
of  the  latter  the  streak  loses  its  black  color.  It  varies  also  in  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  acid 
between  1  : 4  and  1  :  5.  The  latter  corresponds  to  Tantalic  acid  86'05.  protoxyd  of  iron  13'95, 
and  the  former  to  83-1  and  16'9.  Rose  finds  that  prolonged  washing  of  the  powdered  mineral 
carries  off  the  iron. 

Analyses:  1,  Nordenskiold  (Jahresb.,  xii.  190);  2,  Jacobson  (Pogg.,  bciii.  317);  3,  Brooks  (ib.); 
4,  Weber  (Pogg.,  civ.  85);  5,  6,  Arppe  (Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Fenn.,  vi. ;  Verh.  Min.  St.  Pet,  1862,  155); 
7,  Biomstrand(Mem.  Univ.  Lund.,  1865,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcix.  43) ;  8,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xiii.  337); 
9,  10,  Jenzsch  (Pogg.,  xcvii.  1<>4— the  2d  anal  of  a  specimen  altered  by  exposure);  11,  Chandler 
(Inaug.  Dissert.);  12,  13,  Berzelius  (Schw.  J.,  xvi.  259,  447,  xxxi.  374);  14,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch., 
Ixx.  205);  15,  A.  Nordenskiold  (Pogg.,  ci.  630);  16,  Wornum  (Pogg.,  Ixiii.  317);  17,  18,  Weber 
;(Pogg.,  civ.  85);  19,  A.  Nordenskiold  (Pogg.,  cvii.  374);  20,  Blomstrand  (1.  c.):  21-23,  Berzelius 
(Afh.,  iv.  172,205,207): 


TANTALATES,  COLUMBATES. 


515 


Ta 

Sn 

1.  Tammela 

83-44 

tr. 

2. 

84-15 

0-32 

3.         " 

84-70 

0-50 

4.        " 

83-90 

0'«6 

5. 

83-66 

0-80 

6. 

82-71 

0-83 

7.        " 

84-05 

0-81 

8.  Chanteloube 

82-98 

1-21 

9.           " 

83-55 

1-02 

10.           " 

78-98 

2-36 

11.           " 

79-89 

1-51 

12.  Kimito 

83-2 

0-6 

13. 

85-85 

0-80 

14. 

84-09 

0-70 

15. 

84-44 

1-26 

16. 

77-83 

6-81 

17. 

75-71 

9-67 

18. 

76-81 

9-14 

19.  Bjorkboda 

83-79 

1-78 

20.           " 

81-46 

1-99 

21.  Broddbo 

68-22 

8-26 

22.       " 

66-35 

8-40 

23.  Fiubo 

66-99 

16-75 

Fe 
13-75 
14-68 
14-29 
13-81 
15-54 
15-99 
14-47 
14-62 
14-48 
13-62 
14-14 

7-2 

12-94 

3-38 

13-41 

8-47 

9-80 

9-49 

13-42 

13-03 


0-27 


tr. 


Si  0-42 
Zr  1-54 
"  5-72 
"  1-32 


1-82 

7-4          

1-60  Si  0-72 
1-32  -FelO'08 
0-96  Cu  0-14 


4-88 
4-32 
427 
1-63 
2-29 


024 
0-07 


9-58  Mn  7-15   W  6'19 

11-07     "   660     "  6-12 

7-67    "  7-98       


Ca 

=98-31  Nordenskiold;  G.=7'264 

0-07  =  101-93  Jacobson;  G.  =  7'197. 

=100-81  Brooks. 

=99-22  Weber;  G-.  =  7-414. 

- — =100Arppe;  G.  =  7'36. 

=99-53  Arppe. 

Mg  0-08=99-68  Blomstrand. 

=99-23  Damour;  G.=7'65. 

=100-59  Jenzsch;  G.=7'703. 

=100-68  Jenzsch;  G.=7'04. 

=98-67  Chandler;  G.=7'53. 

=98-4  Berz. 

0-56  =  102-47  Berz.;  G.=7-936. 
=99-70  Hera. 

0-15  =  100-36  Nord.;  G.  =  7'85. 

0-50=98-73  Wornum;  G.  =  7'155. 
=99-50  Weber. 

0-41=100-19  Weber;  G.=7'277. 
=100-62  Nord. 

0-35,  WO-27,  Zr  0'26,  Mg  0'19=99'84 
Blomstrand. 

1-19  =  100-59  Berz. 

1-50 =100  04  Berz. 

2-40=101-79  Berz. 


Tantalic  and  columbic  acids  were  formerly  supposed  to  contain  either  3  or  2  of  oxygen,  and  a 
hypotantalic  and  a  hypocoluinbic  were  recognized.  The  recent  results  of  Marignac,  confirmed  by 
those  of  Blomstrand,  have  led  to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  but  one  acid,  and  that  this  one  con- 
tains 5  of  oxygen,  as  represented  in  the  symbol  above  used.^ 

Klaproth  obtained  from  the  Kimito  tantalite  (Beitr.,  v.  5)  fa  88,  Fe  10,  Mn  2  =  100  ;  Vauquelin 
(Haiiy  Tab!.,  308)  Ta  83,  Pe  12,  Mn  8  =  103;  and  Wollaston  (Phil.  Trans.,  1809)  Ta  85,  Fe  10, 
Mn  4=99. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  unaltered.  With  borax  slowly  dissolved,  yielding  an  iron  glass,  which,  at  a 
certain  point  of  saturation,  gives,  when  treated  in  R.F.  and  subsequently  flamed,  a  grayish-white 
bead ;  if  completely  saturated  becomes  of  itself  cloudy  on  cooling.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  dis- 
solves slowly,  giving  an  iron  glass,  which  in  R.F.,  if  free  from  tungstic  acid,  is  pale  yellow  on  cooling ; 
treated  with  tin  on  charcoal  it  becomes  green.  If  tungstic  acid  is  present  the  bead  is  dark  red, 
and  is  unchanged  in  color  when  treated  with  tin  on  charcoal.  With  soda  and  nitre  gives  a  green- 
ish-blue manganese  reaction.  On  charcoal,  with  soda  and  sufficient  borax  to  dissolve  the  oxyd  of 
iron,  gives  in  R.F.  metallic  tin.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  potash  in  the  platinum 
spoon,  and  gives  on  treatment  with  dilute  muriatic  acid  a  yellow  solution  and  a  heavy  white  pow- 
der, which,  on  addition  of  metallic  zinc,  assumes  a  smalt-blue  color ;  on  dilution  with  water  the 
blue  color  soon  disappears  (v.  Kobell). 

Obs. — Tantalite  is  confined  mostly  to  albite  or  oligoclase  granite,  and  is  usually  associated  with 
beryl.  Near  Harkasaari,  tantalite  is  associated  with  rose  quartz  and  gigantolite,  in  albitic  granite. 
At  Katiala  it  is  associated  with  lepidolite,  black  tourmaline,  and  colorless  beryl. 

Occurs  in  Finland,  in  Tammela,  at  Harkasaari  near  Torro,  associated  with  gigantolite  and  rose 
quartz ;  in  Kimito  at  Skogbole,  in  Somero  at  Kaidasuo,  and  in  Kuortane  at  Katiala,  with  lepidolite, 
tourmaline,  and  beryl ;  in  Sweden,  in  Fahlun,  at  Broddbo  and  Finbo ;  iu  France,  at  Chanteloube 
near  Limoges,  in  pegmatite.  Ixioitie,  from  Kimito,  was  instituted  on  a  supposed  (not  real)  differ- 
ence of  crystalline  form.  Ildefonsiie  is  from  lldefonso,  Spain,  and  has  G.  =  7"416,  H.  =  6— 7. 

Named  Tantalite  by  Ekeberg,  from  the  mythic  Tantalus,  in  playful  allusion  to  the  difficulties 
(tantalizing)  he  encountered  in  his  attempts  to  make  a  solution  of  the  Finland  mineral  in  acids. 
The  name  was  afterward  extended  to  the  American  mineral  columbite,  and  to  the  same  from  other 
localities  ;  while  the  name  columbite,  the  metal  columbium  having  been  discovered  a  little  prior 
to  tantalum,  received  a  similar  extension,  so  as  to  include  all  tantalite.  The  subsequent  discovery 
that  tantalum  and  columbium  were  distinct  metals,  and  that  the  two  compounds  differed  also  in  the 
atomic  proportions  of  the  constituents,  finally  established  them  as  independent  species. 


474.  COLUMBITE.  Ore  of  Columbium  (fr.  Conn.)  Hatchett,  Phil.  Tr.,  1802.  Columbite  Jame- 
son, Min.,  li.  582,  1805.  Columbate  of  Iron.  Columbeiseu  Germ.  Baierine  (fr.  Bavaria)  Baud., 
Tr.,  ii.  655,  1832.  Ton-elite  Thorn.,  Rec.  Gen.  Sci.,  iv.  408,  1.836.  Niobite  ffaid.t  Handb.,  549, 


516 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


1845.    Greenlandite  BreUh.,  B.  H.  Ztg,  rviL  61,  1858.    Dianite  v.  Kob.,  Ber.  Ak.  Munchen, 
Mar.  10,  1860. 

Orthorhombic.     7A  7=101°  26' ;  0  A  1-*=134°  53*' 5  «  :  *  :  ?=1'0038  : 

1:1-2225.     Observed  planes:  0;  vertical,  *-*,  ^-^,  AH,  ^-2,^-5  ;  domes, 

^,K  K  Hi  H  WT;  octahedral,  i,  1 ;  J-S,  2-2  ;  1-f,  2-f  ;  2-^1-5,  2-5, 

1-5-2-6  4-il.     Of  these  planes,  zone  l-i  :  i-l  contains  1^,  1-5,  1-|,  1,  2-2  ; 

zone  *4  :  i-l  contains  24,  2-6,  2-5,  2-5,  2-| ;  zone  -H  :  «r*  contains  *,  1-5, 

2-6,  4-i2  ;  zone  f -I :  i-l  contains  f-5,  f-2,  1-},  2-5. 


428 


429 


Greenland. 


Middletown,  Conn. 

/^    A     1    ~ "1  £J"I  °    QA' 

C>  A  ^=lol     6(j 
0  A  ^=146  13 
0  A  14= 140  36 
0  A  24=121  20 
0  A  1=127  38 
6>  A  1-5=138  26 
0  A  2-5=119  25 
i-l  A  1=127  48 
i-l  A  1=120  6 
i-l  A  1-5  =  104  30 
fc'-t  A  ^-2=157  45 


430 


Bodenmais. 

i-i  A  7=140°  43' 
*-*  A  7=129  IT 
i-l  A  t-5=157  50 
i4  A  1-5=127  55 
i-l  A  24=148  40 
1-5  A  1-5,  adj.,  =  151 
^'-5  A  ^'-5,  ov.  ^*4, 
*-2  A  ^-2,ov.^, 
i-&  A  ^'-5=121  34 
i-&  A  2-5=150  35 


40 
30 


Twins  :  composition-face  2-i     Cleavage :  i-l  and  i-i,  the  former  most  dis- 
tinct.    Occurs  also  rarely  massive. 

H.=6.  G.=5-4— 6-5.  Lustre  submetallic ;  a  little  shining.  Color 
iron-black,  brownish-black,  grayish-black ;  often  iridescent.  Streak  dark 
red  to  black.  Opaque.  Fracture  subconchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp.,  Var. — Columbate  and  tantalate  of  iron  and  manganese,  of  the  general  formula  (Fe, 
Mn)  (Cb,  Ta),  with  at  least  twice  as  much  atomically  of  columbic  as  of  tantalic  acid,  and  with  the 
specific  gravity  increasing  as  the  proportion  of  tantalic  acid  increases  (Blomstrand,  1865  ;  Marig- 
nac,  1866).  The  following  are  some  of  the  ratios  from  Marignac's  determinations:  (1)  From 
Greenland,  fa  3'3  p.  c.;  Ob  :  fa=35  :  1.  (2)  Acworth,  N.  H.,  La  Vilate,  near  Limoges,  and  the 
dianite  of  Bodenmais,  fa  15'8— 13-4;  Ob  :  fa=7  or  8  :  1.  (3)  Another  fr.  Bodenmais,  fa  27'1 ; 
Ob  :  fa=3  :  1.  (4)  A  third  fr.  Bodenmais,  fa  35-4;  Cb  :  fa=about  2  :  1.  (5)  From  Haddana 
fa  30-4,  and  another  31'5 ;  Ob  :  fa=2'5  :  1.  (6)  In  another  from  Haddam  he  found  only  10 
p.  c.  of  tantalic  acid,  but  queries  the  result.  Blomstrand  obtained  for  a  Haddam  specimen  (anal. 


TANTALATES,  COLUMBATES. 


517 


8)  8b  :  f  a=3  :  1,  with  G.=6-151 ;  for  one  fr.  Bodenmais  (anal.  16),  Cb  :  f  a=4 :  1,  with  G= 
5-75;  another  fr.  B.  (anal.  17),  6b :  fa=2'5  :  1,  with  G.  =  6-26;  for  one  fr.  Greenland,  no  fa> 
with  G.  =  5-395.  His  results  all  give  for  the  Q.  ratio  of  bases  and  acids  1  :  5. 

No.  3,  above,  gives  the  formula  3  (Fe,  Mn)  Cb-H(Fe,  Mn)  fa;  and  No.  4,  2  (Fe,  Mn)  Cb+(Fe, 
Mn)  fa ;  while  1  gives  35  (Fe,  Mn)  Ob+(Fe,  Mn)  fa.  Fe  6b  corresponds  to  columbic  acid  7  8 -8  3, 
protoxyd  of  iron  21 -17  — 100. 

The  following  are  the  G.  of  the  specimens  employed  for  the  analyses  below : 

Connecticut,  anal.  2,  5 '469 — 5'495;  3,  5*708 ;  4,  5'8;  5,  5*58 — 5'59 ;  6,  6*028— 6'048;  7,5-85. 
Bavaria,  anal.  9,  6'39;  11,  5'7 ;  12,  6'02— 6'06 ;  13,5-976;  14,  5-971;  15,5-698.  Ilmen  Mis., 
aual.  19,  5-49—5-73;  20,  5'461 ;  21,  5-447.  Greenland,  anal.  22,  23,  5-375;  24,  5-40—5-42.  Chan- 
teloube,  anal.  27,  5-60—5-727.  Other  G.  are  as  follows: 

C.  fr.  Northfield,  Mass.,  6-5,  Shepard;  fr.  Monte  Video,  S.  A.,  5'660,  Maskelyne ;  fr.  Haddam,  5'967, 
Schrauf;  fr.  Middletown,  5-590  and  5'645,  id. ;  fr.  Greenland,  5'395,  id. ;  fr.  Bodenmais,  6-115,  id. 

The  Bodenmais  specimens,  having  the  highest  G.,  give  a  black  powder ;  and  others,  of  less,  a 
dark  reddish-brown,  but  as  a  result  of  partial  alteration,  Rose. 

The  angles  of  the  crystals  vary  considerably.  The  angles  above  given  are  those  calculated  by 
Schrauf  after  a  study  of  the  crystals  of  various  localities,  adopting  for  the  basis  i-l  A  1-5=104° 
30'  (obs.  on  Greenland  crystals),  and  i-l  A  i-3=112°  10'  (112°  20',  obs.  on  Gr.  cryst.).  The  author 
obtained  somewhat  different  results  from  a  Middletown  crystal,  f.  429  (this  Min.,  edit,  of  1837, 
et  seq.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxxii.  150,  1837) :  i-l  A  1-3=104°  52' ;  i-l  A  7=140°  40',  whence  /A  7=100° 
40';  i-l  A  4-3=158°  6',  whence  i-l  A  4-3=111°  54' ;  0  A  £4=160°  34',  whence  i-l  A  £-£=109°  26' ; 
0  A  1-3=136°  36';  0  A  24=119°  40';  1-3  A  1-3,  adj.,  =  150°  17'.  The  angles  7 A  7=100°  40', 
0  A  £-t=160°  34',  correspond  to  the  dimensions  a  :  b  :  c=l  -0584  :  1  :  T2059.  Schrauf 's  measure- 
ments gave  him  for  i-l  A  7=140°  30'.  fr.  Greenland  and  Bodenmais  ;  i-l  A  £4=108°,  fr.  B. 

The  crystals  from  Bavaria,  Miask,  Connecticut,  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  and  Monte  Video,  have  the 
general  form  shown  in  f.  429,  430,  though  sometimes  with  the  basal  plane  wanting ;  while  those 
of  Greenland  have  the  habit  generally  of  f.  431  (fr.  Schrauf 's  paper).  Occasionally  the  octahedral 
planes  are  very  much  elongated,  producing  crystals  with  long  pyramidal  summits,  as  a  kind 
from  Acworth,  N.  H.  (Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xvii.  358,  1830). 

Analyses:  1,  Wollaston  (Phil.  Trans.,  1809,  246);  2,  Schlieper  (Pogg.,  Ixiii.  317);  3,  H.  Rose 
(ib.);  4,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliv.  207);  5,  0.  F.  Chandler  (Inaug.  Dissert);  6,  Oesten  (Pogg., 
xcix.  617);  7,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  340);  8,  Blomstrand  (Mem.  Univ.  Lund.,  1865,  J. 
pr.  Ch.,  xcix.  44);  9-11,  H.  Rose  (1.  c.);  12,  Avdejef  (Pogg.,  Ixiii.  317);  13,  Jacobson  (ib.);  14, 
Chandler  (L  c.);  15,  Warren  (Pogg.,  Ixxxv.  438);  16,  17,  Blomstrand  (1.  c.);  18,  H.  Miiller  (J.  pr. 
Ch.,  Iviii.  183,  Ixxix,  27);  19,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxviii.  121);  20,  Bromeis  (Pogg.,  Ixxi.  157); 
21-23,  Oosten  (1.  c.);  24,  Hermann  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou,  xxxix.  67,  1866);  25,  Muller  (1.  c.); 
26,  Blomstrand  (1.  c.) ;  27,  Damour  (C.  R.,  xxviii.  353);  28,  A.  Nordenskiold  (Beskrifn.  Finl.  Min., 
1855,  40): 

Ca 

=100  Wollaston. 

0-45,  Mg  0-22=  101-23  Schlieper. 

tr.=  100-96  Rose. 

,  Mg  0-49=99-06  Hermann. 

0-48=99-24  Chandler. 

=99-86  Oesten. 

=99-92  Hunt. 

,  Zr  0-34,  Mg  0-42,  H  0'16= 

100-19  B. 

2r.= 98-80  Rose. 

fe\=99-29  Rose. 

fr.=99-67  Rose. 
0-21  =  10093  Avdejef. 

=100*89  Jacobson. 

0-22=96-91  Chandler. 

0*30,  Mg  1-57=99*96  Warren. 

Zr  0-28,  Mg  0-40,  H  0'35  = 

100-11  B. 

,  Mg  0*14,  H  0-40=99*55  BL 

=99-07  Muller. 

,  Y  2-0,  U  0-50=100  Herm. 

0-75,  U  0-56=100-17  Bromeis. 
0-54,  U  0-54=100  Oesten. 
0-54=98-22  Oesten. 
0-39=99-83  Oesten. 


Cb     fa 

Sn 

W 

Fe 

Mn 

Cu 

1. 

Connecticut 

80 





15 

5 



2. 

Middletown 

78-83 

0-29 



16-66 

4-71 

0-07 

3. 

a 

79-62 

0-47 



16-37 

4-44 

0-06 

4. 

U 

78-22 

0-4 

0-26 

14-06 

5-63 



5. 

it 

76-79 

0-60 



18-23 

3-14 



6. 

it 

79-80 

0-56 



15-00 

4-50 



7. 

Haddam 

80-60 

tr. 



15-57 

3-25 

0*50 

8. 

" 

51-53  28-55 

0-34 

0-76 

13-54 

4-55 



9. 

Bodenmais 

81-07 

0-45 

___ 

14-30 

3-85 

0*13 

10. 

81-34 

0-19 



13-89 

3-77 

o-io 

11. 

79-68 

0-12 



15-10 

4-65 

0-12 

12. 

80-64 

o-io 



15-33 

4-65 



13. 

79-73 

o-io 



14-77 

4-77 

1-51 

14. 

75-02 

0-47 

0-39 

17-22 

3-59 



15. 

78-51 

0-03 

1-47 

15-77 

2-31 



16. 

56-43  22-79 

0-58 

1-07 

15-82 

2-39 



17. 

« 

48-87  30-58 

0-91 

15-70 

2-95 

___ 

18. 

Tirschenreuth      78*6 

0-17 



15-1 

5-2 

___ 

19. 

Ihnen  Mts. 

80-47 



> 

8-50 

6'09Mg2-44 

20. 

U 

78-60 





12-76 

4-48  Mg3-01 

21. 

u 

76-66 

0-42 



14-29 

[7-55] 



22. 

Greenland 

76-04 

0-39 



16-91 

4-34 

___ 

23. 

» 

77-80 

0-17 



16-52 

4-95 



518  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

8b      fa  Sn  W       Fe  Mn  Cu  Ca 

24.  Greenland    52-76  25'64a    . —  16-41  4'50  ,  Mg  0-60=99-91  Hermann. 

25  "  Evigtok    78'74  0-16     16-40  5-12  =  100-42  Miiller. 

26  «                   77-97  0-73  0'13  17'33  3'28  1r.,  Zr  0'13,  Mg  0'23,  Pb  0-12  = 

99-92  B. 

27.  Chanteloube        78-74         14'50     7-17 =100-41  Damour. 

28.  Bjorkskar,  Finl.  82-5          TO       13*2       5-5          —     =  102-2  Nordenskiold. 

ft  Ilmenic  acid  of  Hermann. 

Wollaston's  analysis  was  made  on  four  grains  of  the  original  specimen  in  the  British  Museum, 
sent  out  from  Connecticut  by  Governor  Winthrop  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Like  tantalite.  Von  Kobell  states  that  when  decomposed  by  fusion  with  caustic 
potash,  and  treated  with  muriatic  and  sulphuric  acids,  it  gives,  on  the  addition  of  zinc,  a  blue 
color  much  more  lasting  than  with  tantalite;  and  the  variety  dianite,  when  similarly  treated,  gives. 
on  boiling  with  tin-foif  and  dilution  with  its  volume  of  water,  a  sapphire-blue  fluid,  while,  with 
tantalite  and  ordinary  columbite,  the  metallic  acid  remains  undissolved.  The  variety  from  Had- 
dam,  Ct.,  is  partially  decomposed  when  the  powdered  mineral  is  evaporated  to  dryness  with  con- 
centrated sulphuric  acid,  its  color  is  changed  to  white,  light  gray,  or  yellow,  and  when  boiled 
with  muriatic  acid  and  metallic  zinc  it  gives  a  beautiful  blue.  The  remarkably  pure  and  unaltered 
columbite  from  Arksut-fiord  in  Greenland  is  also  partially  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  and  the 
product  gives  the  reaction  test  with  zinc,  as  above. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Rabenstein,  Bavaria,  near  Zwiesel,  not  far  from  Bodenmais,  in  granite,  with 
iolite  and  magnetite ;  at  Tirschenreuth,  Bavaria ;  at  Tammela,  in  Finland ;  at  Chanteloube,  near 
Limoges,  in  pegmatite  with  tantalite ;  near  Miask,  in  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  with  samarskite ;  at  Her- 
manskar,  near  Bjorskar,  in  Finland ;  in  Greenland,  in  cryolite,  at  Evigtok,  in  brilliant  crystals ; 
disseminated  through  or  among  the  wolfram  of  Auvergne,  and  detected  by  acting  with  aqua-regia, 
which  dissolves  the  wolfram  and  leaves  untouched  the  columbite  (Phipson,  Chem.  News,  1867, 
160);  at  Monte  Video,  S.  A. 

In  the  United  States,  at  Haddam,  2  m.  from  the  village,  in  a  granite  vein,  some  of  the  crystals 
several  pounds  in  weight ;  also  at  the  chrysoberyl  locality,  but  not  now  accessible ;  also  at  the 
iolite  locality,  Haddam ;  near  Middletown,  in  the  "  feldspar  "  or  "china-stone  quarry,"  with  albite, 
abundant  in  fine  crystals  some  very  large ;  figure  429  represents  one  £  in.  long ;  another,  de- 
scribed by  Professor  Johnston  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxx.  387),  weighed,  before  it  was  broken,  14  pounds; 
and  the  part  figured  about  6  in.  in  length  and  breadth,  weighed  6  Ibs.  12  oz.;  it  exhibits  the  faces 
i-l,  i-i,  i-2,  I,  i-3,  £-5,  and  another  imperfect  plane,  which  appears  to  bo  1-3.  At  Chesterfield, 
Mass.,  some  fine  crystals,  associated  with  blue  and  green  tourmalines  and  beryl,  in  a  vein  of 
albitic  granite ;  Acworth,  N.  H. ;  also  Beverly,  Mass. ;  Northfield,  Mass.,  with  beryl ;  Plymouth, 
N.  H.,  with  beryl;  Greenfield,  N.  Y.,  with  chrysoberyl. 

The  Connecticut  crystals  are  usually  rather  fragile  from  partial  change ;  while  those  of  Green- 
land are  very  firm  and  hard. 

The  occurrence  of  columbite  in  America  was  first  made  known  by  Mr.  Hatchett's  examination 
.  of  a  specimen  sent  by  Governor  "Winthrop  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  then  President  of  the  Royal  Society, 
which  was  labelled  as  found  at  Neatneague.  Dr.  S.  L.  Mitchill  stated  (Med.  Repos.,  vol.  viiL)  that 
it  was  taken  at  a  spring  at  New  London,  Conn.  No  locality  has  since  been  detected  at  that  place. 
But  the  rediscovery  of  it  at  Haddam,  first  published  by  Dr.  Torrey  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  iv.  52),  and  since 
near  Middletown,  about  7  m.  distant,  has  led  to  the  belief  that  the  original  locality  was  at  one  of 
these  places,  which  are  about  30  m.  W.  of  New  London. 

For  recent  papers  on  cryst.  see  Descl,  Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  viii.  395 ;  Schrauf,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xliv. 
445,  1861;  Maskelyne,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxv.  41.  The  crystallographic  identity  of  the  American 
mineral  with  the  Bavarian  was  first  shown  by  Dr.  J.  Torrey  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  i.  89,  1824). 

The  metal  of  columbite  was  named  columbium  by  Hatchett  in  1802,  from  Columbia,  a  name  of 
America,  whence  his  specimen  was  received,  and  thus  came  the  name  columbite  given  by  Jameson 
and  Thomson  (see  further  under  tantalite).  Rose,  after  investigating  the  metal  and  its  compounds, 
named  it  anew,  calling  it  niobium,  and  this  gave  rise  to  the  name  niobite.  Baierite  is  from  the 
German  name  of  Bavaria.  Torrelite  Thomson,  named  after  Dr.  J.  Torrey,  is  the  ordinary  Middle- 
town  columbite;  and  Greenlandite  Breith.,  is  that  from  Greenland;  both  names  originated  partly 
'in  erroneous  views  of  the  crystals  of  the  minerals.  Dianite  is  the  Bodenmais  columbite,  in  which 
v.  Kobell  supposed  he  had  discovered  the  acid  of  a  new  metal,  which  he  called  dianium. 

No  good  reason  has  been  given  for  substituting  niobium  for  columbium;  and  yet  most  English 
chemists,  as  well  as  European,  have  thus  far  followed  Rose  in  rejecting  the  name  given  by  the 
English  discoverer.  The  rule  of  priority  demands  recognition. 

475.  TAPIOLITE.    Tapiolit  A.  E.  NordensJciold,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  443,  1863.    Tantalite  (fr 
Sukula)  Arppe,  Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Fenn.,  vi.  590,  1861. 


TANTALATES,  COLUMBATES. 


519 


Tetragonal.  0  A  1-£=1470  7' ;  a— 0*6464.  1  A  1  in  same  pyramid 
123°  1',  over  base  84°  52' ;  0  A  1=137°  34' ;  1  A  14=151°  30'.  Cleavage 
indistinct. 

H.  =  6.  G.=7'35— 7-37,  Nord. ;  7'17— 7'36,  Arppe.  Lustre  strong 
adamantine,  approaching  metallic.  Color  pure  black. 

Comp.— Fe8fa4=Tantalic  acid  83-1,  protoxyd  of  iron  16'9=100.  Analyses  :  1,  Arppe  (L  c.); 
2,  Nordenskiold  (L  c.) : 

Ta  Sn  Fe 

1.  Sukula        (|)83-18         0'82         15 -7 7  =  99 '7 7  Arppe. 

2.  "  (|)83-06        1-07        15-78=99-91  Nordenskiold.     Tr.  of  W  with  Sn. 


Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  behaves  like  tantalite,  but  gives  no  reaction  for  manganese. 
Obs. — Occurs  near  the  Kulmala  farm,  in  the  village  of  Sukula,  in  the  parish  of  Tammela,  Fin- 
land, in  white  pegmatyte  granite,  with  beryl,  tourmaline,  and  arsenopyrite. 
Named  from  an  ancient  Finnish  divinity. 

476.  HIELMITE.    Hjelmit  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  Pogg.,  cxi.  286,  1860. 

Crystallization  indistinct.     Massive,  without  apparent  cleavage. 
H.=5.     G.=5'82.     Lustre  metallic.     Color  pure  black.    Streak  grayish- 
black.     Fracture  granular. 

Comp. — A  stannp-tantalate  of  iron,  uranium,  and  yttria.    Analysis :  Nordenskiold  (1.  c.) : 

fa     gn,W   Cu       U       Fe      Mn      Ce        Y      Mg       Ca       £ 
62-42     6-56     O'lO     4"87     8'06     332     1'07     5'19     0'26     4'26     3-26=99'37. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  yields  water.  B.B.  infusible,  but  turns  brown 
in  O.F.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  easily  dissolved  to  a  bluish-green  glass.  With  borax  dissolves 
to  a  clear  glass,  which  remains  unchanged  on  flaming.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  metallic 
spangles  (Nordenskiold). 

Obs. — From  the  Kararfvet  mine,  near  Fahlun,  Sweden,  along  with  garnet,  pyrophysalite,  gado- 
linite,  asphaltum,  in  a  pegmatyte  granite. 

477.  YTTROTANTALITE.    Yttrotantal  Ekeberg,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  xxiii.  80,  1802.    Taiitale 
oxide  yttrifere  H.,  Tr.,  1822.     Yttroilmenit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxviii.  119,  1846. 

Orthorhornbic.  7  A  7=123°  10'  ;  0  A  2-fcl03°  26' ;  a :  I :  c= 2-0934  :  1  : 
1'8482.  Observed  planes  :  O  ;  vertical,  ?*-£,  7",  *-2,  i-2, 
i-5  ;  domes,  1-2,  2-i  0  A  l-fc!31°  26r,  i-l  A  1-^138° 
34',  i'-*  A  7=118°  257,  i-l  A  ^2=137°  16X,  i-i/\i-Z= 
105°  9r,  i-2A*-2,  oy.  £z,=94°  32r,  i-z  A  ^'-2,  adj.,= 
149°  42r,  i-l  A  -£-5=159°  43'.  Crystals  often  tabular 
parallel  to  i-i.  Also  massive  ;  amorphous. 

H.=5-5-5.  G.^5-4-5-9.  Lustre  submetallic 
to  vitreous  and  greasy.  Color  black,  brown,  brown- 
ish-yellow, straw-yellow.  Streak  gray  to  colorless. 
Opaque  to  subtranslucent.  Fracture  small  conchoi- 
dal  to  granular. 

Ytterby. 

Var. — 1.  The  black  yttrotantalite,  of  Ytterby,  is  iron-black,  sub- 
metallic  in  lustre,  and  has  G.  =  5-395,  Berz. ;  5'67,  Peretz;  after  ignition  6-40,  Peretz;  7'09,  Nor- 
denskiold.    Often  in  crystals. 

2.  The  yellow  of  Ytterby  is  amorphous  or  indistinctly  crystallized,  and  has  G-.= 5*882,  Ekeberg; 
5-458,  Chandler ;  after  ignition,  6-40,  Peretz ;  5-845,  Chandler.  3.  The  yellow  from  Kararfvet 
has  GT.  =  5-640,  Chydenius.  This  variety  contains  much  uranium. 


432 


/2 


520 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Hermann  calls  the  mineral  of  anal.  5,  6,  7,  yttrotantalite,  and  that  of  his  own  analysis  yttroilme- 
nite,  giving  G-.=4-88. 

Comp. — Tantalate  of  yttria  and  lime,  or  yttria,  lime,  and  iron,  with  some  protoxyd  of  uranium ; 
(Y,  Fe,  Ca,  U)10  f  as=,  if  Y  :  Ca  :  Fe  :  U=6  :  2  :  1  :  1,  Tantalic  acid  62-5,  yttria  22 -6,  lime  5'2,  prot- 
oxyd of  iron  3-4,  prot  uranium  6 -3  =  100.  Analyses:  1-4,  Berzelius  (Afhandl.,  iv.  268,  272, 
Schw.  J.,  xvi.  451);  5,  Peretz  (Pogg.,  Ixxii.  155);  5A,  same,  with  4'86  H,  the  mean  loss  by 
ignition  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  400) ;  6,  Chandler  (Inaug.  Dissert.) ;  7,  Potyka  (Inaug.  Dissert.) ;  8, 
Nordenskiold  (Pogg.,  cxi.  280);  9,  J.  J.  Chydenius  (ib.,  284);  10-12,  Hermann  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat. 
Mosc.,  xxxviii.  358) : 


fa 

W 

Sn 

U 

Y 

Fe 

Mg 

Ca 

Cu 

H 

1.  Ytterbv.  yellow 

60-12 

1-04 



^6-62 

29-78  F~e  1-16   

0-50 



=99-22  Berz. 

2. 

a 

69-50 

1-25 



"  3'23 

29-90 

"  2-72 



3-29 



=99-89  Berz. 

3. 

Hack 

57-00 

8-25 



"  0-50 

20-25 

"  3-50 



6-25 



=95-75  Berz. 

4. 

bnh.-bk. 

51-82 

2-59 



"  Ml 

38-52 

"  0-55 



3-26 



=97-85  Berz. 

5. 

black 

58-65 

0-60 



"  3-94 

21-25 

6-29 

1-40 

7-55 

0-40 

=100  08  Per. 

5A. 

« 

55-80 

0-57 



3-75 

20-22 

5-96 

1-3S 

7-18 

0-40 

4-86=100-07  Per. 

6. 

yellow 

57-27 

1-85 

0-10 

5-10 

18-64 

4-82 

0-75 

4-78 

0-69 

6-00  =  100  Chandl. 

7. 

ti 

55-60 

0-49 

o-io 

7-00 

25-52 

0-77 

0-19 

3-60 

0-43 

4-11=99  67  Pot. 

8. 

black 

56-56 

3-87 



0-82 

19-56 

8-90 



4-27 

ir. 

6-68=100-66  N. 

9.  Kararfvet,  brown 

66-44 



ZnO-42 

1-19 

30-43 

3-27 



2-27 

0-27 

4-83=99-12  Chyd. 

fa»    Cbb     f i     f h    U  Y    (Ce,La,Di)   Fe    Mn    Mg    Ca     H 

10   Ytterby         61-33        1-50   5-64  19-74        tr.          8-06  I'OO   2-08  1-66=101-01  H. 

11.  «  67-81        5-00    1-87  18-30       2'27       13'61  0'33 0'50    =100'59  H. 

12.  "         81-29  23-80  3'00  2'83  3'01  21'03       2'48       11'07  0'26  0'80 =99'57  H. 

a  Hermann's  ilmenic  acid.  b  Niobous  acid  of  Hermann. 

Blomstrand  has  found  16  p.  c.  of  columbic  acid  in  the  yellow  yttrotantalite ;  he  regards  Her- 
mann's ilmenic  acid  as  having  no  existence.  Marignac  confirms  this  statement,  and  has  shown 
ilmenic  acid  (G-.  3-8)  to  be  columbic  acid  mixed  with  titanic  acid,  while  his  "niobic  "  acid  (G-.=5) 
contained  tantalic  acid.  In  anal.  1,  2,  4-64  p.  c.  of  H  were  found,  and  in  3,  5-43. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  the  black  varieties  turn  yellow.  On  intense  igni- 
tion both  varieties  become  white  and  give  off  traces  of  fluorine.  B.B.  infusible.  With  salt  of 
phosphorus  dissolves  with  at  first  a  separation  of  a  white  skeleton  of  tantalic  acid,  whiph  with  a 
strong  heat  is  also  dissolved ;  the  black  variety  from  Ytterby  gives  a  glass  faintly  tinted  rose-red 
from  the  presence  of  tungstic  acid ;  the  dark  and  yellow  varieties  give  a  faint  green  bead  on 
cooling,  due  to  the  presence  of  uranium.  The  mineral  from  Finbo  and  Kararfvet  gives  an  iron 
glass.  With  soda  reacts  for  manganese.  With  soda  and  borax  on  charcoal  gives  traces  of  metal- 
lic tin  (Berzelius).  Not  decomposed  by  acids.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  bisulphate  of  potash, 
and  when  the  product  is  boiled  with  muriatic  acid  metallic  zinc  gives  a  pale  blue  color  to  the  solu- 
tion which  soon  fades. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  Sweden  at  Ytterby,  near  Vaxholm,  in  red  feldspar ;  at  the  Kararfvet  mine, 
and  at  Finbo  and  Broddbo,  near  Fahlun,  imbedded  in  quartz  and  albite,  associated  with  garnet, 
mica,  and  pyrophysalite. 

On  cryst.  see  A.  E.  Nordenskiold,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  I860,  28,  cited  in  Pogg.,  cxi.  280,  and  J. 
pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxi.  193. 

The  name  yttrolantalite  alludes  to  the  composition.  Tttroilmenite  was  given  to  a  variety  by 
Hermann  upon  the  discovery  in  it  of  his  supposed  new  metal  ilmenium. 

478.  SAMARSKITE.  Uranotantal  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xlviii.  555,  1839.  Samarskit  H.  Rose, 
Pogg.,  Ixxi  157,  1847.  Uranoniobit  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  Ixxi.  166,  1847.  Yttroilmenit  Herm., 
xlii.  129,  1847,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliv.  216,  1848. 

Orthorhombic.  Angle  of  prism  i-2,  135°  to  136°  (whence  /A  I— 100° 
40'  to  101°  40',  near  that  of  cblumbite).  Usually  in  flattened  grains. 

H.=:5-5-6.  G.=5-614-5-75 ;  5-45-5-69,  North  Carolina.  Lustre  of 
surface  of  fracture  shining  and  submetallic.  Color  velvet- black.  Streak 
dark  reddish-brown.  Opaque.  Fracture  subconchoidal. 

Comp.— Analyses :  1,  2,  3,  Peretz,  under  the  direction  of  Rose  (Pogg.,  Ixxi.  157);  4,  Chandler 
(Inaug.  Dissert.);  5,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  1.  178) ;  6,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xiv.  341) : 


TANTALATES,    COLUMBATES.  521 

<3b     W      U($?)    Fe         Y      Mg   Ca,  Mn 

1.  Miask  56-38         14-16     15*43       9-15     0-80     0-92=96-84  Peretz. 

2.  "  56-00         16-70  15-90  11  04  0'75     1-02=101-41  Peretz. 

3.  "  55-91         16-77  15-94  8'36  0'75     1-88=99-61  Peretz. 

4.  "  55-100-48     19-22  15-05  4'91  0'26     1  -00,  Sn  0'26,  Cu  0-07=96-85  Chandler. 

5.  "  56-36      $16-63  8-87  13-29  0'50,  Ce,  La2'85,  Mn  l'20,ign.  0'33=:100-03  H. 

6.  K  Carolina  54-81  "17-03     14'07     11-11,  Ce,  La  3-95,  ign.  0-24=101-21  Hunt. 

Later  Finkener  and  Stephans  have  obtained  from  the  Miask  mineral  (H.  Rose  in  Verh.  Min. 
St.  Pet.,  1863,  13): 

8b       W        &       Zr      Sn       Th       Fe      Mn      Ou      Ce        Y       Mg     Ca       H 
47-47    1-36    11-60    4'35    0'5       6'05    11'02    0'96     0'25     3'31     12-61    0'14    0'73    0'45=100-55. 
50-17         11-08    4-25    0-63     6'55    10-55    1'60     -        15-90          0*04    0-64    0-40=100-82. 

Giving  for  the  0.  ratio  between  the  <3b  [+W]  and  the  other  ingredients  9-49  :  9-65=1  :  1, 
whence  the  general  formula  (R3,  $,  R$  )6  Cb3. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  glows  like  gadolinite,  cracks  open,  and  turns 
black,  and  is  of  diminished  density.  B.B.  fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  black  glass.  With  borax  in 
O.F.  gives  a  yellowish-green  to  red  bead,  in  R.F.  a  yellow  to  greenish-black,  which  on  flaming 
becomes  opaque  and  yellowish-brown.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  both  flames  an  emerald- 
green  bead.  With  soda  yields  a  manganese  reaction.  Decomposed  on  fusion  with  bisulphate 
of  potash,  yielding  a  yellow  mass  which  on  treatment  with  dilute  muriatic  acid  separates  white 
tantalic  acid,  and  on  boiling  with  metallic  zinc  gives  a  fine  blue  color.  Samarskite  in  powder  is 
also  sufficiently  decomposed  on  boiling  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  to  give  the  blue  reduc- 
tion test  when  the  acid  fluid  is  treated  with  metallic  zinc  or  tin. 

Obs.  —  Uranotantalite  occurs  in  reddish-brown  feldspar,  with  crystallized  aeschynite,  in  the 
Ilmen  mountains,  near  Miask  in  the  Ural.  The  largest  pieces  met  with  were  of  the  size  of 
hazel-nuts. 

If  the  occurring  prism  of  Samarskite  is  i-3  instead  of  i-2  (as  in  mengite),  then  /A  /becomes 
100°  57'  to  102°  20'. 

Named  after  the  Russian,  v.  Samarski. 

479.  EUXENTTE.    Euxenit  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  L  149,  1840,  Ixxii.  566. 

Orthorhombic.     Form  a  rectangular  prism  (i-l,  i-i)  with  lateral  edges 

also  with  a  macrodome  m-i. 
120°?, 
141°, 
macrodome  of  59°  15',  Breith.     Cleavage  none.     Commonly  massive. 

H.=6-5.  G.=4-60,  Jolster,  Scheerer  ;  4'73—  4'76,  Tvedenstrand,  id.  ; 
4-94-4-99,  ib.,  Breith.  ;  4'89-4'99,  Alve,  Forbes  ;  4'96,  Chydenius. 
Lustre  brilliant,  metallic-vitreous,  or  somewhat  greasy.  Color  brownish- 
black  ;  in  thin  splinters  a  reddish-brown  translucence  lighter  than  the 
streak.  Streak-powder  yellowish  to  reddish-brown.  Fracture  subcon- 
choidal. 

..  Oomp.  —  A  columbo-tantalate,  containing  titanic  acid,  yttrium,  and  uranium.  0.  ratio  for  E,  Ti, 
Cb+Ta=  (from  mean  of  anal.  3,  4)  8  :  6  :  7  ;  and  if  the  titanic  is  basic,  the  ratio  for  the  bases  and 
Cb  +  Ta  is  2  :  1,  which  would  give  the  formula  (R2,Ti)6(Cb,  fa).  If  Ti  is  acid,  the  ratio  is  8  :  13. 
Hermann  makes  it  isomorphous  and  similar  in  formula  with  seschynite.  Analyses  :  1,  2,  Scheerer 
•1.  a);  3,  Forbes  &  Dahl  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  II.  i.  62);  4,  Strecker  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  bdv.  384);  5,  Chy- 
Jeriius  (Bull.  Soc.  Ch.,  vi.  434,  1866)  : 


Ti      £l     U      Fe     Ce    La     Y  Mg  Ca     £ 

1.  Jolster  49-66    7-94   -  6-34   -  2-18  0'96  25*09  0'29  2*47  3-97  Scheerer. 

2.  Tvedenstrand        53'64        -  7-58  2'60        2-91  28-97  -  -  4-04=99-74  Scheerer. 

3.  Alve  38-58  14'36  3'12  5-22  T98  3*31    --  29-36  0'19  1'37  2'88=100'37  F.  &  D. 


4.  Tromoen          37'16  16-26   8-45  3'03          26-46  5'25  2'68  =  100'39  Strecker. 

5.  Arendal  54-28 f  h  6-28       34-58 2'60=97'74  Chydenius. 


522 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


The  Jolster  euxenite  contains  the  most  titanic  acid ;  yet  Scheerer  does  not  doubt  the  Identity 
of  the  two  minerals. 

Cbydenius  has  shown  that  the  mineral  contains  thoria,  and  only  traces  of  oxyd  of  cerium. 
Marignac  (Bib.  Univ.,  xxv.  29,  1866)  found  52*23  of  metallic  acid,  consisting  of  about  32*5  p.  c.  of 
Ob  and  29-7  of  titanic,  the  ratio  of  the  two  being  stated  at  268  :  243. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.  Dissolves  in  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  giving  a  yellow  bead 
while  hot;  with  salt  of  phosphorus  shows  a  yellowish-green  (uranium  reaction)  on  cooling,  if  suf- 
ficiently saturated  (Scheerer).  When  decomposed  by  fusion  with  caustic  potash,  and  subsequently 
treated  with  water,  and  this  solution  neutralized  with  muriatic  acid,  it  gives  a  precipitate,  which, 
boiled  with  concentrated  muriatic  acid  and  tin-foil,  gives  a  clear  sapphire-blue  fluid,  which  changes 
to  an  olive-green,  and  finally  bleaches.  If  the  residue  of  the  fusion  after  leaching  is  treated  witli 
muriatic  acid  and  boiled  with  tin-foil,  it  yields  on  dilution  a  pale  rose-red  color  (v.  Kobell). 
The  mineral  is  sufficiently  attacked,  on  evaporation  with  sulphuric  acid,  to  give  a  whitish  residue, 
which,  treated  with  metallic  zinc  or  tin,  affords  the  characteristic  blue  reduction  test. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Jolster  in  Norway,  imbedded  in  feldspar  and  sometimes  in  scaly  mica,  the 
largest  crystals  2  in.  long  and  -J  in.  wide,  but  usually  much  smaller ;  also  near  Tvedenstrand ;  at 
Alve,  island  of  Tromoen,  near  Arendal;  at  Moretjar,  near  Naskilen. 

Named  by  Scheerer  from  evfevos,  a  stranger,  in  allusion  to  the  rarity  of  its  occurrence. 

480.  JESCHYNITE.    JEschynit  Berz.,  Jahresb.,  ix.  195,  1828. 

Orthorhombic.    /A  7=91°  34J',  0  A  1-^—145°  18',  Kokscharof ;  a, :  I :  c 
=0-69244:  :  1  :  1-0279.    Observed  planes :  0  (not  common) ;  vertical,  i-2,  /, 
i-i ;  brachydome,  24 ;  octahedral,  1-2.  Crystals  usually  long 
prismatic  and  striated.      Cleavage  :  i-l  in  traces,  or  none ; 
none  observable  according  to  Kokscharof. 


i-2  A  £2=128°  6' 
i-2  A  i-i=115  57 


4  A  2-?,  top,=73  10 


24  A  £5=143°  25' 

1-2  A  1-2,  adj., =136  56 £ 

£2  A  1-2=146  60 

24  A  1-2=128  16 


H.=5-6.  G.^4-9-5-14;  5-118,  Miask,  Kokscharof. 
Lustre  submetallic — resinous,  nearly  dull.  Color  nearly 
black,  inclining  to  brownish- yellow  when  translucent. 
Streak  gray,  or  yellowish-brown,  almost  black.  Subtrans- 
lucent — opaque.  Fracture  small  subconchoidal. 

Comp.— Doubtful.  The  mineral  described  by  Berzelius  and  analyzed  by 
Hartwall  differs  much  in  the  pyrognostic  and  other  characters  given  from 
that  from  the  same  locality  investigated  by  Hermann,  and  the  identity  of  the 

two  is  not  yet  certain.     Scheerer  found  no  zirconia.     Analyses:  1,  Hartwall  (Pogg.,  xvii.  483, 

Jahresb.,  ix.  195);  2-4,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxi.  89,  xxxvii.  116, 1. 170,  Ixviii.  97);  5,  id.  (BuU. 

Soc.  Nat.  Moscou,  xxxviii.  472,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcix.  288);  6,  id.  (BuU.  Soc.  Nat.  Moscou,  xxxix.  55, 

1866) : 

fa,0b     Ti         Zr      Sn     Th      £e     £e        Ce       La       Y       Oa        H 

1.     56-0       20-0    0-5 i5-o     3-8      £e2'6=97'9H. 

2.  33-39     11-94?  17-52 17'65    2'48      4'76      9'35     2'40      1-56=101-05  Herm. 

3.  35-05     10-56?  17'58 4'32    15-59    11 -13      4-62    1-66=100-51  Herm. 

4.  33-20     25-90 5-45  22-20     5'12      6'22      1'28    1-20=100'57  Herm. 

5.  32-30ft   15-05 22-91.6-00  15:96C  5'30     I'oO      1 '70=100-7 2  Herm. 

6.  33'59b    16-12 22'57     5'58  14'36C  4'30     2'16      1-60=100-18  Herm. 

a  Made  29'00  ilmenic  acid  (or,  later,  12-28  ilmenic,  and  16-72  ilmenous  acid)  plus  8-80  niobous  acid, 
b  Made  8016  ilmenic  acid  plus  8'48  niobous  acid.  c  Ce  O,  La  0,  Di  O. 

Hermann's  analyses  afford.for  the..  0.  ratio  of  bases,  Ti,  <3b+fa  7 -9  :  6  0  :  8-2,  as  deduced  by 
him,  or  13-9  :  8-2  for  bases +  Ti,  andCb  +  Ta.  His  ilmenic  acid  is  made  tantalic  and  columbic. 

Pyr.,  etc — In  the  open  tube  yields  water  and  traces  of  fluorine.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  sweUs 
up  and  changes  its  color  from  black  to  a  rusty  brown.  In  borax  dissolves  easUy  in  O.F.,  giving 


TANTALATES,  COLUMBATES. 


523 


a  yellow  bead  while  hot,  and  on  cooling  becomes  colorless ;  in  R.F.  with  tin  gives  a  blood-red 
bead.  More  difficultly  soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus ;  with  a  small  amount  of  the  assay  gives  a 
colorless  bead,  while  with  a  larger  quantity  there  separates  a  white  substance  which  clouds  the 
bead ;  in  R.F.,  with  tin  on  charcoal,  yields  an  amethystine  glass  (Berzelius).  Decomposed  on 
fusion  with  potash ;  yields  reactions  similar  to  those  mentioned  under  euxenite  (v.  Kobell).  It  is 
also  sufficiently  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid  to  show  the  reduction  test  with  zinc. 

Obs. — From  Miask  in  the  Ilmen  Mts.,  in  feldspar  with  mica  and  zircon ;  also  with  euclase  in 
the  gold  sands  of  "  Kaufmann's  Bakakin,"  in  the  Orenburg  District,  Southern  Ural. 

Named  from  ala^wfi,  shame,  by  Berzelius,  in  allusion  to  the  inability  of  chemical  science,  at  the 
time  of  its  discovery,  to  separate  the  two  unlike  substances,  titanic  acid  and  zirconia. 

On  cryst.  see  Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.,  x.  188  ;  Rose,  Reis.  Ural.,  ii.  70;  Descloizeaux,  Ann.  d.  M. 
IV.  ii.  349;  Kokscharof,  Min.  Russl.,  iii.  384,  iv.  53,  100.  Rose  made  t-2  A  2-2=  127°  19',  and 
'2-2  A  2-2=73°  44',  which  he  says  are  approximations  only,  the  faces  being  rough.  Fig.  433  is  by 
Rose. 


481.  POLYCRASE.    Polykras  Scheerer,  Pogg.,  Ixil  430,  1844. 

Orthorhombic.     /A  7=95°,  0  A  1-1=134:°  15' ;  a  :  I : 
c= 1-02655  :  1  :  1-0913.   Observed  planes  as  in  the  figure. 


434 


0  A  24=118°  0' 
6>Al=12541i 
0  A  1-3=139  59 
1-8  A  1-3,  mac.,  =  96  40 
1-3  A  1-3,  brach.,=152 


1  A  1,  mac.,=112°  32' 
1  A  1,  brach.,=106  24 

i-$>  A  ^-3,  ov.  ^4, =140 

i-l  A  ^-3=160 

2-?  A  ^'4=152 


Crystals  thin  linear.     Cleavage  none. 

H.=5-5.  G.=5-09-5-12.  Lustre  bright.  Color  black; 
in  splinters  brownish.  Streak  grayish-brown.  Fracture 
conchoidal. 

Comp. — According  to  Scheerer,  contains  columbic  acid,  oxyd  of  uranium,  titanic  acid,  zirconia, 
oxyd  of  iron,  yttria,  and  protoxyd  of  cerium,  with  a  little  alumina,  and  traces  of  lime  and  magnesia. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  and  gives  traces  of  water.  B.B.  in  the  forceps 
glows,  and  turns  to  a  light  grayish-brown  color,  but  is  infusible.  Soluble  hi  borax,  giving  in 
O.F.  a  clear  yellow  bead,  which  in  R.F.  with  tin  turns  brown.  In  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a 
clear  yellow  glass,  which  on  cooling  is  greenish  ;  in  R.F.  the  color  becomes  darker.  "With  soda  no 
reaction  for  manganese,  and  on  charcoal  no  metallic  particles.  Decomposed  by  evaporation  with 
concentrated  sulphuric  acid ;  the  product,  treated  with  muriatic  acid,  gives  on  boiling  with  me- 
tallic zinc  or  tin  a  deep  azure-blue  solution,  which  does  not  fade.  The  dilute  solution  gives  a 
deep  orange  to  turmeric  paper  (zirconia). 

Obs. — From  Hitteroe,  Norway,  in  granite  with  gadolinite  and  orthite ;  crystals  |  to  H  in.  long ; 
also  near  Dresden. 

Named  from  iro\vs,  many,  and  Kpao-i?,  mixture. 

N.  B.  Moller  makes  the  so-called  polycrase  of  Brevig  certainly,  and  that  of  Hitteroe  probably, 
identical  with  polymignite  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixix.  318).  Scheerer  mentions  a  prism  of  93°  32'  (B.  H. 
Ztg.,  xvii  22),  and  Breithaupt  one  of  59°  and  121°. 


Berzelius,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  338,  1824 

/A  7=91°  44',  0  A  1-1=144°  435 


482.  POLYMIGNITE. 

Orthorhombic. 

3' ;  a  :  I :  c=0'Y252  : 1 : 1-0308.  Observed  planes 
0 ;  14,  24,  44,  i-l ;  2-2. 

6>  A  14=  144°  53' 
0  A  24=125  15 
O  A  2-2=121  49 
it  A  44=160  26 
i-l  A  2-2=111  46 


2-2  A  2-2,  mac.,=136°  28' 
2-2  A  2-2,  brach.,=99  14 
2-2  A  2-2,  bas.,=116  22 
14  A  14,  ov.  O, =109  46 
i-i  A  14=125  7 


524 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Cleavage  :  w  and  0  in  traces.     Crystals  generally  slender  and  thin,  and 
striated  longitudinally. 

H.^6'5.  G.=4-77—  4-85.  Lustre  submetallic  but  brilliant.  Color 
black.  Streak  dark  brown.  Opaque.  Fracture  perfect  eonchoidal,  pre- 
senting, like  the  surface,  a  brilliancy  almost  metallic. 

Comp.  —  According  to  an  analysis  by  Berzelius  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  ii.  339,  1824),  imperfect  be- 
cause of  the  difficult  separation  of  the  titanic  acid  and  zirconia  : 


f  146-30    2r  14-14 


12-20 


4'20 


2'70    £e  5'00    Y  11-50=96-04, 


with  a  trace  of  potash,  magnesia,  silica,  and  oxyd  of  tin.  The  blowpipe  reactions  indicate  the 
probable  presence  also  of  columbic  or  tantalic  acid  as  an  essential  constituent  (Brush). 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  infusible,  and  unchanged  in  color.  With  borax  dissolves  readily,  giving  an 
iron  bead  ;  with  more  of  the  assay  becomes  brownish-yellow  on  flaming,  and  opaque  on  cooling  ; 
with  tin  in  R.F.  turns  reddish-yellow.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  not  easily  acted  upon,  gives  a 
reddish  tinge  in  R.F.,  which  is  unchanged  by  tin.  With  soda  shows  traces  of  manganese  (Ber- 
zelius). The  powdered  Fredericksvarn  mineral,  heated  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  gives 
a  whitish  residue,  which,  treated  with  muriatic  acid  and  tin-foil,  gives  a  beautiful  azure-blue  color, 
indicating,  as  under  polycrase,  the  presence  of  some  other  metallic  acid  in  addition  to  titanic, 
which  of  itself  gives  only  a  violet  color.  The  dilute  acid  solution  gives  with  turmeric  paper  the 
orange  color  characteristic  of  zirconia. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  at  Fredericksvarn  in  Norway,  imbedded  in  feldspar  and  zircon-syenite.  Its  crys- 
tals sometimes  exceed  an  inch  in  length.  Reported  by  Shepard  as  occurring  at  Beverly,  Mass. 


FERGUSONTTE.    Haidinger,  Ed.  Phil.  Trans.,  x.  274,  1826. 


Tetragonal,  hemihedral.  0  A  1-^124°  20  ;  a= 
1*464:.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure. 
0  A  1=115°  46', 1  A  1=100°  54',  and  128°  28',  3-f  A 
3-f=91°  59',  £f  A  3-f=1690  17' '.  Cleavage  :  1,  in 
distinct  traces. 

H.=5-5-6.  G.=5-838,  Allan;  5'800,  Turner. 
Lustre  externally  dull,  on  the  fracture  brilliantly 
vitreous  and  submetallic.  Color  brownish-black  ;  in 
thin  scales  pale  liver-brown.  Streak  pale  brown. 
Sub  translucent — opaque.  Fracture  imperfect  con- 
choidal. 


Comp.,  Var.— Varies  much  in  composition,  according  to  the  anal- 
yses, like  other  columbium  minerals,  and  probably  as  a  result  of  alter- 
ation.    The  description  above  given  is  from  (1)  the  Greenland  fergusonite. 

2.  A  mineral  from  Ytterly,  according  to  Nordenskiold,  is  very  similar  in  its  hemihedral  crystal- 
lization and  form,  but  contains  6  p.  c.  of  water  (anal.  3,  4) ;  as  pyrochlore  is  sometimes  hydrous, 
this  peculiarity  may  be  one  of  the  effects  of  alteration.     It  has  an  imperfect  basal  cleavage ;  a  vit- 
reous to  greasy  lustre  ;  a  dark  brown  color ;  H.=4'5;  G.=4'89;  and  is  feebly  subtranslucent. 

3.  Tyrite  Forbes  (Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  i.  67,  1855,  and  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xiii.  91)  occurs  in  square 
pyramidal  crystals  like  those  of  fergusonite,  and  sometimes  2  inches  long,  with  occasionally,  ac- 
cording to  Kenngott,  planes  corresponding  to  0,  1,  3,  f ,  and  hemihedral ;  but  with  the  faces 
too  uneven  for  exact  measurement.    It  has  one  cleavage  distinct,  and  traces  of  two  others  ;  color 
brownish-black;  H.- 6'5;  G.=5'13  — 5'56,  Forbes;    5'555,  Kenngott.     It   contains   water,    but 
approaches  fergusonite  in  composition  (anal.  5,   6).      It  is  from  Hampemyr  and  Helle,  near 
Arendal,  Norway,  and  the  crystals  often  stand  on  plates  of  black  mica. 

4.  A  mineral  from  the  Norwegian  locality  of  tyrite,  and  supposed  to  be  that  species  (the  speci- 
men having  been  sent  as  such  from  Krantz  to  H.  Rose),  has  been  analyzed  with  still  different 
results  by  J.  Potyka  (Pogg.,  cvii.  590),  he  finding  in  it  7  p.  c.  of  potash  (anal.  7).     It  was  an 
irregular  mass  imbedded  in  reddish  feldspar,  had  no  cleavage,  a  submetallic  lustre,  a  black  color, 
reddish-brown  at  the  edges  in  thin  splinters,  a  reddish-brown  streak,  and  H.=4,  G.=5'124. 

This  last  mineral,  the  tyrite,  the  Ytterby  mineral,  and  fergusonite,  maybe  four  distinct  species, 
but  it  does  not  appear  probable. 


TANTALATE8,    COLTJMBATES.  525 

5.  Bragite.  of  Forbes  and  Dahl,  from  Helle,  Naresto,  Alve,  and  Askero,  Norway,  has  been  re- 
ferred to  fergusonite  by  J.  A.  Michaelson  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xc.  108).  F.  &  D.  describe  the  mineral  as 
tetragonal,  with  H.  =  6  — 6-5;  G.  =  5-13— 5'36 ;  color  brown;  streak  yellowish-brown ;  lustre  sub- 
metallic  ;  thin  splinters  translucent ;  and  as  losing  water  when  heated ;  but  infusible  B.B.,  and 
becoming  yellow ;  and  as  affording,  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  a  skeleton  of  silica ;  characters  which 
suggest  a  relation  to  hydrous  or  altered  zircon,  where  it  is  placed  on  p.  276.  Michaelson's  min- 
eral is  grayish-brown,  has  H.=4-5,  G.  =  5'40,  and  contains  no  silica  (anal.  8). 

Analyses  :  1,  Hartwall  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1H7,  1828);  2,  Weber  (Pogg.,  cvii.  190);  3,  Nordens- 
kiold  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxi.  200);  4,  Berzelius  (Afh.  L  Fys.,  etc.,  iv.  281).  Tyrite:  5,  6,  D.  Forbes 
(L  c.);  7,  Potyka  (Pogg.,  evil  590);  8,  Michaelson  (1.  c.): 

Ob      W     Sn     Zr     £l      Y        Ce    La     U     Fe      Ca     H 

1.  Greenland  47-75    1-00  3'02   41*91     4-68 0'95  0'31 =99-62  H 

2.  48-84    0-35  6'93    38'6i     3'05 0'35  1-83 =99'46  W. 

3.  Ytterby  46"33        2-85        39'80 1-12  0'70  3-15  6-44=100-39  N 

4.  "  48-86        2-44 36-31 1-01  0'47  3'07  5'7l=97'87  B. 

5.  Hampemyr,  Tyr.  44'90         tr.    5-66  29'72     535 3'03  6'26  0'81  4'52  =  100'25  F. 

6.  HeUe,  "    44'48 tr.    2'78  3'55  27-83     5'63  1'47  5  99  2'11  1'68  4-66=100-18  F. 

7.  Norway,  "     43'49  1-35  0'09  0'80    31-90     3'68 4'12  1-12  1'95  3'7l,  &  7-23,  Pb 

0-41,  Cu  0-35=100-20  Pot. 

8.  Helle,  Bragite?    48-10 1-45 32-71  £7'43 4'95  1'37  1-82  1-03,  IVIn  O'll, 

Mg  0-39,  Pb  0-09,  Mich. 

Weber's  analysis  gives  for  the  0.  ratio  of  protoxyds,  zirconia  and  tin-oxyd,  and  columbic  acid, 
4-5:1:5;  and,  if  the  zirconia  is  basic,  for  bases  and  acid  nearly  1  :  1=(R2,  R)5  Ob2.  The 
Ytterby  mineral  also  affords  very  closely  the  ratio  1:1;  tyrite  about  9:11;  Potyka's  mineral 
9  :  9-J-,  or  very  nearly  1:1.  Whence  all,  the  water  disregarded,  may  perhaps  come  under  the 
above  general  formula. 

Blomstrand  finds  5  p.  c  tantalic  acid  in  the  Ytterby  mineral. 

Pyr,,  etc. — Fergusonite  from  Greenland  gives  in  the  closed  tube  a  little  water.  B.B.  infusible  ; 
on  charcoal  its  color  becomes  pale  yellow.  With  borax  dissolves  with  difficulty,  giving  a  yellow 
bead  while  hot,  the  insoluble  portion  being  white ;  the  saturated  bead  is  yellowish-red,  and  is 
made  opaque  by  flaming.  Slowly  dissolved  by  salt  of  phosphorus,  leaving  a  white  insoluble  resi- 
due ;  in  O.F.  the  bead  is  yellow,  while  in  R.F.  it  is  colorless,  or,  if  saturated,  slightly  reddish,  be- 
coming opaque  on  cooling ;  treated  with  tin  the  bead  remains  uncolored,  while  the  insoluble  residue 
is  made  flesh-red.  Decomposed  by  soda  without  dissolving,  leaving  a  reddish  slag ;  with  soda  on 
charcoal  affords  globules  of  metallic  tin  (Berzelius).  When  evaporated  with  sulphuric  acid  yields 
a  white  residue,  which,  treated  with  muriatic  acid  and  metallic  zinc,  gives  a  bluish-green  color. 
Tyrite  decrepitates  and  yields  much  water  in  the  closed  tube  (Forbes). 

Obs. — Fergusonite  was  discovered  by  Giesecke,  near  Cape  Farewell  in  Greenland,  disseminated 
in  quartz,  and  named  after  Robert  Ferguson  of  Raith.  Also  found  at  Ytterby,  Sweden,  as  men- 
tioned above. 

Tyrite  is  associated  with  euxenite  at  Hampemyr  on  the  island  of  Tromoe,  and  Helle  on  the  main- 
land ;  at  Na3skul,  about  ten  miles  east  of  Arendal. 


484.  ADELPHOLITE.    Adelfolit  N.  NordensUold,  Beskrifn.  Finl.  Min.,  1855,  Jahrb.  Min., 
313,  1858;  A.  E.  Nord.,  Pogg.,  cxxii.  615,  1864. 

Tetragonal.     Angles  undetermined. 

H.=3'5— 4-5.  G.=3-8.  Lustre  greasy.  Color  brownish-yellow  to  brown  and  black.  Streak 
white  or  yellowish-white.  Subtranslucent. 

A  columbate  of  iron  and  manganese,  containing  41-8  p.  c.  of  metallic  acids,  and  9'7  p.  c.  of 
water.  From  Laurinmaki  in  Tammela,  Finland,  with  columbite. 

485.  MENGITE.    Ilmenite  Brooke   Phil.  Mag.,  x.  187,  1831.    Mengit  G.  Rose,  Reis.  Ural,  ii. 

83,  1842. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=100°  28',  0  A  14=133°  42';  a  :  I  :  0=1-0463  : 
1  : 1-2071. 


526 


437 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

O  A  1-5=136°  50' 
I A  i-i=UQ  14 
-i  A  ^'-3=111  50 


i-S  A  £-3,  adj., =136°  20' 
1-3  A  1-3,  mac.,  =  151  26 
1-3  A  1-3,  brach.,=:101  10 


Occurs  in  short  prisms,  often  terminated  by  four- 
sided  pyramids.     No  distinct  cleavage. 

H.  =  5— 5-5.  G.=5-48.  Lustre  submetallic, 
splendent,  of  surface  of  fracture  subvitreous.  Color 
iron-black.  Streak  chestnut-brown.  Fracture  un- 


even. 


Comp.— Contains,  according  to  (r.  Rose  (1.  c.),  zirconia,  oxyd  of  iron,  and  titanic  acid. 

Pyr.,  etc. B.B  infusible,  but  becomes  magnetic.  With  salt  of  phosphorus,  in  the  outer  flame, 

gives  a  greenish-yellow  clear  glass ;  in  the  inner  a  yellowish-red,  which  is  made  deep  red  by  add- 
ing tin.  "With  soda  a  manganese  reaction. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  granite  veins  in  the  Ilmen  mountains.  The  crystals  are  imbedded  in  albite, 
and  the  largest  are  but  two  or  three  lines  long. 

Brooke's  name  Ilmenite  being  preoccupied,  Rose  changed  it  to  Mengite,  after  Menge,  the  discov- 
erer of  the  mineral  The  mengite  of  Brooke  is  monazite. 

486.  RUTHERFORDITB.    Shepard,  Am.  Assoc.,  iv.  312,  1851,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xii.  209. 

Monoclinic,  with  I A  7=93°,  according  to  Shepard.  In  crystals  and 
grains,  without  cleavage. 

H.=5'5,  Hunt.  G.=5'58— 5'69,  Shepard  ;  5-55,  Hunt.  Lustre  of  frac- 
ture shining  vitreo-resinous,  and  color  blackish-brown.  Opaque,  but  thin 
fragments  translucent  and  smoky  orange-brown  by  transmitted  light. 
Streak  and  powder  yellowish-brown,  near  fawn-color.  Fracture  conchoi- 
dal.  Brittle. 

Comp. — According  to  Shepard,  contains  titanic  acid,  oxyd  of  cerium,  and  possibly  oxyd  of 
uranium  and  yttria.  According  to  some  unfinished  trials  by  T.  S.  Hunt  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xiv.  344), 
it  contains  probably  58'5  p.  c.  or  more  of  titanic  acid,  with  10  p.  c.  of  lime,  with  other  ingredients 
undetermined. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  gold  names  of  Rutherford  Co.,  North  Carolina,  along  with  rutile,  brookite, 
zircon,  and  monazite. 


3.    PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ANTIMONATES,  NITRATES. 
A.    PHOSPHATES,   ARSENATES,   ANTIMONATES. 

In  the  anhydrous  Phosphates  and  Arsenates  the  hardness  is  from  3  to  6 ; 
colors  various,  comprising,  besides  white  or  colorless,  shades  of  green, 
yellow,  blue,  brown,  violet,  black,  several  of  them  bright ;  crystalline 
forms  of  each  of  the  systems,  except  the  isometric.  The  hydrous  species 
have  a  still  wider  range  of  crystallization  and  colors,  including  the  isometric 
system  in  the  former,  and  reddish  shades  among  the  latter ;  while  the 
limits  of  hardness  are  lower,  being  between  1  and  5  ;  a  much  larger  pro- 
portion of  the  species  are  clinohedral.  In  composition,  the  oxygen  ratio 
for  bases  and  acid  which  is  far  the  most  common,  is  3  :  5 ;  next  to  this, 


ANHYDKOU8  PHOSPHATES  AND  ARSENATE8.  527 

6:5;  the  ratios  2  :  3,  4  :  5,  3  :  2  are  rare ;  while  1  :  1  is  unknown,  except 
problematically  in  two  or  three  species  of  doubtful  composition. 

The  pyrognostic  reactions  for  phosphates  B.B.  are  the  following :  If  the  acid  is  combined  with 
a  base  which  of  itself  imparts  no  color  to  the  flame,  it  will  give  a  characteristic  bluish-green 
color,  and  this  may  be  made  more  intense  by  moistening  with  sulphuric  acid  before  ignition.  If 
the  phosphate  is  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  the  dilute  solution  will  give  with  acetate  of  lead  a  white 
precipitate,  which  after  washing  yields  B.B.  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  a  crystalline  polyhedral  bead  of 
phosphate  of  lead.  Further,  according  to  Bunsen,  if  a  phosphate,  or  a  substance  containing  but 
a  small  amount  of  phosphoric  acid,  be  heated  in  a  wide  closed  glass  tube,  with  three  parts  of  dry 
soda  and  a  small  fragment  of  sodium,  it  is  on  fusion  converted  into  a  phosphid,  which  after 
cooling  yields  phosphuretted  hydrogen  when  moistened  with  water.  Most  phosphates  in  the 
state  of  powder  are  reduced  to  phosphids  by  simple  fusion  with  sodium. 

Arsenates  are  easily  recognized  by  the  alliaceous  odor  given  when  treated  on  charcoal,  especially 
when  fused  with  soda. 


I.  ANHYDROUS. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 

I.  XENOTIME  GROUP.    0.  ratio  for  bases  and  acid  3  :  5.     Crystallization  tetragonal. 

490.  XENOTIME  Y3£  (PO)a|O6  J¥s 

491.  CRYPTOLITE  Ce8£ 


II.  APATITE  GROUP.  Oxygen  ratio  for  bases  and  acid  3  :  5,  but  with  the  addition  of  a 
fluorid  or  chlorid,  which,  if  included  with  the  bases,  makes  the  ratio  10  :  15=2  :  3. 
Crystallization  hexagonal.  Formula  A  on  the  ratio  3  :  5,  and  B  that  of  2  :  3. 


492.  APATITE  A               3Ca8£  +  Ca(Cl,F)  (PO)2|e6  Bea3+i€a(Cla,Fa) 

B                (19o6a+1J0Ca(Cl,F))10£8  P6O4(Cla,F2)BO2oB^a10 

493.  PYROMORpmTE  A     3Pb8£+PbCl  (PO)2BO6  BPb3  +  iPbCla 

B      (&Pb+i-0(PbCl))10P"3  P604Cl2B02oBPb10 

494.  MIMETITE  A              3Pb3Is+PbCl  (AsO)2|e6  ||Pb3-fiPbCl 

B              dao  Pb+  A,  (PbCl))10lss  As604  Cl2B020lPb10 

III.  WAGNERITE  GROUP.  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  acid  8  :  5,  but  with  the  addition,  in 
wagnerite,  of  a  fluorid,  which,  if  included  with  the  bases,  makes  the  ratio  4  :  5.  Crystal- 
lization orthorhombic,  with  /A/=91°— 95°. 

495.  WAGNERITE  A         &g3P>MgF  (PO)2BO6  BMgs+MgF2 

B          (f  fig  +  i  Mg  F)«  £  (P  F)  JO*  »Mga 

496.  MONAZITE                  (Ce,  La,  l)i,  Thi)8  £  (P  O)aBO6  B(€e,  ta  Bi,  yTh)8 

497.  TURNERITE 


IV.  TRIPLITE  GROUP.    0.  ratio  as  in  the  Wagnerite  group.    Crystallization  orthorhombic, 
with /A  7=9 7 °— 101°. 

498.  TRIPHTLITE  (Fe,  Stn,  Li)'  £  (P  e)a JO6  |(Fe,  Mn,  Lia), 


528  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

499.  TRIPLITE  A  (Fe,  fin)3  £  +  R  F  (P  e)2||e6  ||(Fe,  Mn)3  +  R  Fa 

B  (*  (Fe,  ttn)+i  R  F)4  £  (P  F)  fle4  |(Fe,  Mn), 

500.  HOPEITE 

Y.  BERZELIITE  GROUP.     0.  ratio  for  bases  and  acid  2  :  3. 

501.  BERZELIITE  (Ca,  Ag,  fin)10  Is3  As6  O6|je2o||(ea,  Mg,  Mn)10 

VI.  CARMINITE  GROUP.    Contains  sesquioxyds.     Crystals  orthorhombic. 

502.  CARMINITE  ls,£e,Pb 

VII.  AMBLYGONITE  GROUP.    Contains  alumina,  lithia,  and  fluorine.    Crystallization  tri- 
clinic;  /A /=73°— 74°. 

603.  AMBLYGONTTE          £,3tl,Li,F 
YIII.  HERDERITE  GROUP. 

504.  HERDERITE  £,  £l,  Ca,F 

IX.  MONIMOLITE  GROUP.    Antimonates.     Crystallization  tetragonal. 

505.  MONIMOLITE  (Pb,  Fe,  Mn,  Oa)4  §b  Sba  O|O8  l(Pb,  Fe,  Mn,  ^a)4 

506.  ROMEITE  Rs,Sb03,Sb05 

507.  AMMIOLITE  Sb,  fig,  Ou 

Appendix.— 508,  509.    ARSENATES  OF  NICKEL. 


490.  XENOTIME.  Phosphorsyrad  Ytterjord  Berz.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  ii.  334,  1824.  Phosphor- 
saure  Yttererde  Germ.  Phosphate  of  Yttria.  Xenotime  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii  552,  1832.  Ytterspath 
Glocker,  Handb.,  959,  1831.  Castelnaudite  Damour,  L'Institut,  78,  1853.  "Wiserin  Kenngott, 
Jahrb.  Min.  1864,  454. 

438  Tetragonal.     0  A  1=138°  45';  a=0-6201.     Ob- 

served planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure.  1  A  1, 
pyram.,=124:0  26r;  basal,=82°  30r;  I f\  1  =  1316 
15X.  Cleavage:  /,  perfect. 

H.=4-5.  G. =4-4:5 -4-56  ;  4-557,  Berz. ;  4'54, 
Georgia,  Smith.  Lustre  resinous.  Color  yellowish- 
brown,  reddish-brown,  hair-brown,  flesh-red,  grayish- 
white,  pale  yellow ;  streak  pale  brown,  yellowish,  or 
reddish.  Opaque.  Fracture  uneven  and  splintery. 

Oomp. — YSP*=  Phosphoric  acid  37'86,  yttria  62-14=100. 

Analyses:  1,  Berzelius  (1.  c.);  2,  E.  Zschau  (Jahrb.  Min.  1855,  513);  3,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J 
Set,  II.  xviii.  378);  4,  Damour  (Bull.  G.  Fr.,  II.  xiii.  542);  5,  Wartha  (Pogg.,  cxxviiL  166): 

P         Fe        Y        Ce 

1.  Hitteroe        33-49  a   62-58     ,  subphosph.  iron  3 '93  =100  Berzelius. 

2.  "  80-74      to-.      60-25    7'98,  Si  <r.=98'97  Zschau. 


ANHYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   ARSENATES. 


529 


P  £e  Y         00 

3.  Georgia         32-45  2-06  54-13  ll'03b,  Si  0;89  =  100'56  Smith. 

4.  «  31-64  1-20C    60-40    ,  Ti,  Zr  7-40  =  100-64  Damour. 

5.'  Wiserine       35-08 48'33   ,  specular  iron,  with  trace  Ti,  6'59==  100  Wartha. 


ft  With  tr.  of  H  F. 


Includes  a  little  La  0,  Di  0. 


Includes  some  U2  O3. 


439 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible.  When  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  colors  the  flame  bluish-green 
Difficultly  soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus.  Insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— From  a  granite  vein  at  Hitteroe,  with  polycrase,  malacon, 
and  orlhite,  where  the  crystals  are  sometimes  symmetrically  com- 
pounded with  crystals  of  zircon,  as  in  the  annexed  figure  (B.  Zschau. 
Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xx.  273),  which  is  zircon  above  and  xenotime  below, 
the  two  species  being  closely  isomorphous  ;  at  Ytterby,  Sweden  ; 
the  Fibir  Berge,  S.W.  from  St.  Gothard;  Binnenthal  in  Upper 
Valais,  Switzerland  (wiserine).  In  the  United  States,  in  the  gold 
washings  of  Glarksville,  Georgia  (f.  438),  associated  with  zircon, 
rutile,  and  cyanite ;  in  McDowell  Co.,  N.  C. ;  in  grayish-white  and 
pale  yellow  crystals  in  the  diamond  sands  of  Bahia,  Brazil  (castel- 
naudite ). 

Beudant  named  the  species  xenotime  (apparently  from  &v6$, 
stranger  to,  and  n^,  honor),  but  in  the  next  line  gives  the  deriva- 
tion "  KSVOS,  vain,  et  rt^/j,  honneur,"  as  if  the  word  were  kenotime, 
and  adds  afterward  that  his  name  is  intended  to  recall  the  fact  that 
the  mineral  was  erroneously  supposed  by  Berzelius  (in  1815)  to 
contain  a  new  metal  (the  metal  which  he  named  thorium,  before 
the  later  thorium  was  discovered).  There  is  a  sneer  at  the  great  Swedish  chemist  in  the  name, 
which  should  have  occasioned  its  immediate  rejection.  Fortunately  the  word  was  misspelt  from 
the  first ;  and  in  its  accepted  form  may  be  regarded  as  referring  to  the  fact  that  the  crystals  are 
small,  rare,  not  showy,  and  were  long  unnoticed. 

491.  CRYPTOLITE.     Kryptolith  Wohler,  Gel.  Anz.  Gott,  1846,  19,  Pogg.,  Ixvii.  424.    Phos- 
phocerite  H.  Watts,  Qu.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  ii.  131,  1849. 

In  acicular  prisms  and  minute  grains ;  those  of  cryptolite  perhaps  hex- 
agonal, Wohler  ;  those  of  phosphocerite  tetragonal  octahedrons  and  square 
prisms,  Watts  and  Chapman. 

G.=4:*6,  cryptolite  ;  4'78,  phosphocerite.  Color  wine-yellow ;  of  phos- 
phocerite, pale  sulphur -yellow  or  colorless.  Transparent — translucent. 

Comp. — Ce3  P  (like  monazite),  the  cerium  replaced  in  part  by  didymium.  The  analysis  of 
cryptolite  affords  better  Ce10  P" 3.  Analyses :  Wohler  and  Watts  (1.  c.) : 

£  Ce,  Di  Fe 

1.  Cryptolite  27 -37  73-70  1-51  =  102-58  Wohler. 

2.  Phosphocerite  29-66  67'38       3?e  2'95  =  100  Watts. 

The  excess  in  anal.  1  is  supposed  to  be  due  to  oxydation  of  the  protoxyd  of  cerium  in  the 
course  of  the  analysis. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Cryptolite  is  not  altered  by  moderate  heating.  Soluble  in  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid.  Phosphocerite,  according  to  Chapman,  vitrifies  partially  on  the  edges,  tinging  the  flame  at 
the  same  time  slightly  green.  Affords  the  reaction  of  phosphoric  acid  and  also  of  cerium,  pro- 
ducing, however,  with  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus,  a  glass  which  is  pale  violet-blue  when  cold, 
either  due  to  the  presence  of  didymium  or  a  minute  portion  of  cobalt  ore. 

Obs. — Cryptolite  occurs  in  the  green  and  red  apatite  of  Arendal,  Norway,  and  is  discovered  on 
putting  the  apatite  in  dilute  nitric  acid;  constitutes  2  or  3  p.  c.  of  the  mass ;  it  was  found  espe- 
cially in  the  red  apatite,  or  in  reddish  points  of  the  green,  and  associated  with  particles  of  mag- 
netic iron,  hornblende,  and  another  cerium  ore  of  a  hyacinth-red  color,  supposed  to  be  monazite. 
This  mineral  was  looked  for  in  the  yellowish  apatites  of  Suarum  without  success.  Occurs  also 
with  apatite  in  the  Tyrol  (?) ;  and  in  the  apatite  of  the  Sliidianka  in  Siberia.  Phosphocerite, 
according  to  Watts  and  Chapman,  may  be  the  grayish-yellow  powder  in  the  cobalt  ore  of  Tunaberg. 
The  crystalline  forms  most  common  in  the  powder  are  an  octahedron  and  a  square  or  rectangular 
prism,  terminating  in  a  four-sided  pyramid  parallel  with  the  lateral  planes,  resembling  fig.  248, 
under  zircon.  Genth  has  observed  a  mineral,  probably  cryptolite,  in  the  Hurdstown  apatite. 

Named  from  Kpwro'j,  concealed. 

34 


530 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


492.  APATITE.  Crystallized  from  Spain.  Chrysolite  ordinaire  de  Lisk  (with  figs.),  Crist.,  1772, 
ii.  271,  1783;=Spargelgrune  Steinkrystalle  aus  Spanien  nahern  Apatit  Wern.,  Bergm.  J., 
74,  1790;=Spargelstein  Wern. ;  Asparagus  Stone;  Pierre  d' Asperge  Fr.;  Asparagolithe  AUld* 
gaard,  Ann.  Ch.,  xxxii  195,  1800.  Chaux  phosphatee  Vduq.,  Ann.  Ch.,  xxvi.  123,  1798. 
Phosphate  of  Lime. 

Cryst.fr.  Saxony.  Aquamarin  (celandine-green,  fr.  Schneckenstein)  Brunnich,  his  Croiist.,  1770. 
Amethiste  basaltine  (mostly  violet,  fr.  Mines  d'etain  de  Saxe)  Sage,  Miu.  i,  231,  1777 ;  de  Lisle, 
Crist,  ii.  254.  1783  ;=Apatit  Wern.,  Gerhard's  Grundr.,  281,  1786,  Bergm.  J.,  576,  1788,  378, 
1789.  -  Phosphorsaurer-Kalk  Klapr.,  ib.,  294,  1788.  Sachsischer  Beryll,  Agustit  (with  an- 
nouncem.  of  supposed  new  earth,  Agusterde),  Trommsdorf,  Trommsd.  J.  d.  Pharm.,  1800. 

Cry st.  fr.  Norway,  etc.  Moroxit  (fr.  Arendal)  AWdgaard,  Moll's  Jahrb.  B.  H.,  ii.  432,  1798. 
Francolite  (fr.  Devonshire)  Brooke;  T.  H.  Henry,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxxvi.  1850.  Lazur- Apatit  N. 
Nordensk.,  Bull.  Nat.  Moscou,  xxx.  224,  1857. 

Massive.  La  Pierre  Phosphorique  (fr.  Lagrosan,  Estremadura)  Davila,  p.  60,  Madrid  ;  =  Phos- 
phate cslcaire  Proust,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxxii.  241,  1788;  Pelletier,  Ann.Ch.,  viL  1790  ;= Phosphorite 
Kirw.,  Min.,  i.  129,  1794;  id.  Karst.,  Tab.,  52,  1808.  Eupyrchroite  (fr.  N.  Y.)  Emmons,  Rep.  G. 
N.  T.,  1838.  Osteolith  Bromeis,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixxix.  1851=Bone-phosphate. 

Apatite  (incL  the  Saxon  and  the  Spanish  crystallized  (Spargelstein)  and  massive  Phosphorite, 
excl.  Moroxite)  Karst.,  Tab.,  36,  1800 ;  id.  (incL  the  same  and  also  Moroxite)  H.,  Tr.,  ii.  1801. 

Hexagonal ;  often  hemihedral.  0  A  1=139°  41'  38",  Kokscharof ;  a= 
'0-734603.  Observed  planes :  0 ;  prismatic,  7,  *-2,  i-f ,  i-\ ;  pyramidal,  4, 
1,  2  :  1-2,  2-2,  4-2  ;  3-},  4-f  ;  2-f  Figs.  440,  441,  442  ;  f.  441,  hemihedral 
in  the  planes,  3-f ,  4-f ;  f.  442,  actual  form  of  a  crystal  of  which  f.  441  is 
the  normal  form;  <?=3-f,  </=4-^. 

0  A  £=157°  lx 
O  A  2=120  31 
O  A  3=111  '27 
0  A  |=128  10 
0  A  4-|-=108  6 
O  A  3-|=114  1 
0  A  2-f=123  11 
0  A  1-2=143  42 

0  A  2-2     124 
I^  2-2=135  35 
/A  4-f=157  19 
/A  3-|=149  40 

1  A  1,  pyr.,  =  142  16 
1  A  1,  has., =80  36| 


442 


St  Gothard. 


7A  ^-2  =  150 


St.  Gothard. 


Cleavage :  O,  imperfect  •  /,  more  so.  Also 
globular  and  reniform,  with  a  fibrous  or  imper- 
fectly columnar  structure;  also  massive,  struc- 
ture granular. 

H.=5,  sometimes  4'5  when  massive.  G.= 
2*92 — 3*25.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  sub- 
resinous.  Streak  white.  Color  usually  sea- 
green,  bluish-green;  often  violet-blue;  'some- 
times white  ;  occasionally  yellow,  gray,  red,  flesh- 
red,  and  brown ;  none  bright.  Transparentr- 


ANHYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   ARSENATES.  531 

opaque.  A  bluish  opalescence  sometimes  in  the  direction  of  the  vertical 
axis,  especially  in  white  varieties.  Cross  fracture  conchoidal  and  uneven. 
Brittle. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  Crystallized,  or  cleavable  and  granular  massive,  (a)  The  asparagus  stone 
(originally  from  Murcia,  Spain)  and  moroxite  (from  Arendal)  are  ordinary  apatite.  The  former 
was  yellowish-green,  as  the  name  implies ;  the  latter  was  in  greenish-blue  and  bluish  crystals ; 
and  the  names  have  been  used  for  apatite  of  the  same  shades  from  other  places. 

G.  =  3-211,  fr.  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  in  Saxony,  G-.  Rose;  emerald  mine  on  the  Tokovaia  River, 
Urals,  3-212,  Koksch. ;  of  Pargas  (anal.  14)  3*19,  Arppe;  of  Tammela,  bluish-green  (anal.  15), 
3-18,  Arppe;  of  Miask,  yellow  (anal.  17),  3'234,  v.  Rath;  ib.,  3*215,  Alexejef;  of  Murcia,  Spain, 
3-235,  Rose;  of  Arendai,  Norway,  3-194,  Rose;  of  Snarum,  3*174,  Rose;  of  Greiner,  Tyrol,  3-175, 
Rose;  of  St.  Gothard,  3-197,  Rose. 

The  above  measurements  are  by  Kokscharof,  on  crystals  from  the  emerald  mine  on  the 
Tokovaia,  a  fluor-apatite  (anal.  27).  According  to  him,  apatite  from  Achmatovsk,  and  that  of  L. 
Laach,  affords  0  A  1  =  139°  54'  and  1  A  1  =  142°  25';  that  from  Blagodat,  139°  44'  and  142°  18V; 
that  from  Murcia,  139°  47'  and  142°  20';  that  of  St.  Gothard,  142°  19';  that  of  Ehrenfriedersdorf 
the  same  as  that  from  the  Tokovaia  emerald  mine. 

(6)  Lasurapatite  is  a  sky-blue  variety;  it  occurs  in  crystals  with  lapis-lazuli  at  Bucharei  in 
Siberia,  (c)  Francolite,  from  Wheal  Franco,  near  Tavistock,  Devonshire,  occurs  in  small  crystalline 
stalactitic  masses,  grayish-green  to  brown,  and  in  minute  curving  crystals. 

2.  Fibrous,  concretionary,  stalactitic.     The  name  Phosphorite  was  used  by  Kirwan  for  ah1  apatite, 
but  in  his  mind  it  especially  included  the  fibrous  concretionary  and  partly  scaly  mineral  from 
Estremadura,  Spain,  and  elsewhere.     It  has  H.=4'5;  G.  =  2*92— 3,  Forbes,  but  2-98—3-12  after 
ignition.     Eupyrchroite  (from  Crown  Point,  N.  Y.)  belongs  here ;  it  is  concentric  in  structure,  con- 
sisting of  convex  subfibrous  layers,  more  or  less  easily  separable;  H.=4£;  G.  =  3'053;  ash-gray 
and  bluish-gray  in  color,  and  gives  a  green  phosphorescence  when  heated  (whence  the  name,  from 
tv,  well,  itvo,  fire,  and  ~x^a,  a  color. 

3.  Earthy  apatite;  Osteolite.    Mostly  altered  apatite  (see  beyond).    Coprolites  are  mainly  impure 
phosphate  of  lime. 

4.  Fluor-apatite.     5.   Chlor-apatite.     Apatite  also  varies  as  to  the  proportion  of  fluorine  to  chlor- 
ine, one  of  these  elements  sometimes  replacing  nearly  or  wholly  the  other. 

Pseudoapatite  of  Breithaupt  is  pseudomorphous  apatite  from  Kurprinz,  near  Freiberg,  and 
Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia. 

Oomp. — Phosphate  of  lime,  with  chlorid  or  fluorid  of  lime,  or  both ;  Ca3  P" +£  Ca  (01,  F) ;  or  (,a0 
Ca-h  A,  Ca(Cl,  F))10P"8=,  for  chlor-apatite,  Phosphoric  acid  40'92,  lime  48-43  (  —  89-35  P",  Ca),  chlo- 
rine 6-81,  calcium  3*84  (=10*65  Cl,  Ca);  and  for  Huor-apaiite,  P  42'26,  Ca  50*00  (=92*26  P\  Ca),  F 
3-77,  Ca  3-97  (=7*74  F,  Ca) ;  and  the  analyses  should  give  for  the  former  P~  40*92,  Ca  53*81,  Cl  6-81 ; 
for  the  latter  P  42*26,  Ca  55*56,  F  3*77  (Rammelsberg).  In  most  kinds  both  fluorine  and  chlorine 
are  present.  The  amount  of  fluorine  has  not  been  determined  with  accuracy ;  in  the  larger  part 
of  the  analyses  it  has  been  deduced  from  the  loss ;  and  where  this  is  the  case,  the  amount  of 
fluorine  is  not  given  in  the  table  of  analyses  beyond.  G.  Rose  first  detected  the  fluorine  and  chlo- 
rine, and  published  the  following  as  the  composition  of  different  specimens  (Pogg.,  ix.  185): 


1.  Snarum, 

2.  Murcia, 

3.  Arendal, 

4.  Greiner, 

5.  St.  Gothard, 

Norway. 

Spain. 

Norway 

Tyrol. 

Tyrol. 

Phosphate  of  lime 

91*13 

92*066 

92-189 

92-16 

92-31 

Chlorid  of  calcium 

4*28 

0-885 

0-801 

0*15 

tr. 

Fluorid  of  calcium 

4*59 

7*049 

7-01 

7*69 

7*69 

G.  =  3*174 

G.=2*235 

G.  =  3*194 

G.=3175 

G.=3-197 

His  determinations  were,  in  1,  01  2*71,  Ca  54'75,  Pe  0*25;  in  2,  CIO'56,  Ca  55'30;  in  3,  Cl  0'51, 
Ca  55*89 ;  in  4,  Cl  0*09,  Ca  55*57 ;  in  5,  Cl  0*03,  Ca  55'66. 

Other  analyses:  6,  Weber  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  3o6):  7,  8,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixviii.  506,  Ixxxv. 
297);  9,  G.  Rose  (Pogg.,  Ixxxiv.  303);  10,  Joy  (Inaug.  Dissert.,  45);  11-13,  Volcker  (J.  pr.  Ch., 
Ixxv.  384);  14,  15,  Arppe  (An.  Finska  Mm.,  4);  16,  Henry  (Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxxvi.  1850);  17,  v. 
Rath  (Pogg,  xcvi.  331);  18,  v.  Alexejeff  (Verh.  Min.  St.  Pet,  59,  1862,  Kokscharof 's  Min.  Russl., 
iv.);  19,  Jackson  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xi.  402);  20,  J.  D.  Whitney  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvii.  209);  21, 
Daubeny  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Iv.  116):  22,  Garzo  &  Penuelas  (Bull.  Soc.  G.,  xvii.  157);  23,  Mayer 
(Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  ci.  281);  24,  Jackson  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xii.  73);  25,  Pelersen  (Jahrb.  Min.  1867, 
101);  26,  Foster  (ib.,  1866,  716);  27,  28,  P.  v.  Pusirevski  (Verh.  Min.  St.  Pet,  1862,  59,  and 
Kokscharof 's  Min.  Russl.,  iv.): 


532 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


£        £e    Mg    Ca      Cl      F 

6.  Snarum 

41-54     1-79    53-46  2'66    

7.  Schwarzonstein 

55-31  0-07    

8.  Schlackenwald 

0-27    53-97  0-05    

9.  Faldigl,  Tyrol 
10.         "          " 

55-87  0-06    
43-01     0  09    55-24  0'05    

11.  Krageroe,  white 
12.          "            " 

41-25     0-29    53-84  4'10    
42-28     0'92a  54-44  T38    

13.          "         red 

41-81     l'05a  54-59  T03    

14.  Pargas,  Hue 

40-76     0-81    54-74    tr.     

15.  Tammela,  Uh.-gn. 

41-39     1-72    55-40    

16.  Wheal  Franco 

41-57        3'09a       53-10     tr.     

17.  Miask,  yellow 

42-08     0-17    55-17     tr.     

18.       "          " 

42-99      55-00     tr.     

19.  Hurdstown,  cryst. 

42-34    0-04   55-08  0'34   

20. 

43-23      tr.      53-37  1'02    

21.  Estremadura,  Phosph. 

37-18     3-15    54-08  0'20    

22.            " 

40-12     0-61    53-50  0'06  2'16 

23.  Amberg, 

43-53     0-90  0-10  53'55    2'09 

24.  Eupyrchroite,       " 
25.  Diez,  Nassau,      " 

45-75  F2-00    49-94  0'13  0'60 
36-78  £0'61b  0-19  53'30    2'46 

26.  Staffel, 


34-48     6-42  0'16  45'79 


3-45 


27.  Tokovaia,  Ural  41*99 55-95 

28.  Sliidianka,  Morox.        41-98 55  -91 

a  With  some  Mg  0  and  Fe  O. 


0-01  4-20 
0-11  4-02 


Weber. 

-  Rarnm. 

-  Eamm. 
--  Rose. 
--  Joy. 

0-42,  3tl  0-38,  alk.  0'17.  insol.  0'82  V. 
0-49,  insol.  0-99  Volck.' 
0-83,  alk.  0-30,  insol.  1-10  Volck. 
,  P.  Pe,  3tl  0-99  Arppe. 
Arppe. 

-  Henry. 
0-16  v.  Rath 
--  Alexejeff. 

-  Jackson. 

-  "Whitney. 

,  Si  T70  Daubeny. 

-  ,  Si,  3tl  3-10,  loss  0-79  G.  &  P. 

-  ,  K,  Na  0'73  Mayer. 
0-50,  0  1-22  Jackson. 

1-65,  Cl  &  I  0-03,  K  0-14,  Na  0-31,  C 
4-25,  insol.  1  -05  =  100-77  Pet. 

2-45,  3tl  1-08,  Si  4'83,  C  1'51,  Na 
0-42,  K:  0-58=101-17  Foster. 

-  Pusirevski. 
—  Pusirevski. 


With  some  alumina. 


The  earliest  examination  of  apatite  was  that  of  Proust,  in  1788  (1.  c.),  on  the  phosphorite  of 
Estremadura,  which  led  him  to  call  it  a  calcareous  phosphate ;  and  that  of  Klaproth,  in  the  same 
year(l.  c.),  on  the  Saxon  apatite,  in  which  he  found  P  45,  Ca  55.  Pelletier  in  1790  (1.  c.)  made 
a  complete,  although  not  entirely  accurate,  analysis  of  the  phosphorite,  detecting  even  the  fluo- 
rine and  chlorine,  obtaining  P  34,  Ca  59,  fluoric  acid  2'5,  muriatic  acid  0*5,  Pe  1,  Si  2,  C  1= 
100.  The  asparagus  stone  of  Spain  was  not  analyzed  until  1798,  by  Vauquelin  (1.  c.);  he  found 
only  phosphoric  acid  and  lime,  respectively  45-72  and  54'28  p.  c.  His  results  proved  its  iden- 
tity with  the  Saxon  mineral,  and  from  this  time  they  were  united,  along  with  phosphorite,  under 
Werner's  name  of  apatite,  first  given  in  1786  to  the  Saxon  mineral. 

Forbes  found  in  the  eupyrchroite  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxix.  340)  P  44-12.  Phosphorite  of  different 
localities  has  afforded  a  trace  of  iodine,  and  that  from  Amberg  gave  H.  Reinsch  in  addition  a 
trace  of  bromine.  Apatite  from  Krageroe,  according  to  Volcker  (anal.  11),  contains  no  fluorine. 
That  of  Jumilla  afforded  de  Luna  1-75  p.  c.  of  cerium,  lanthanum,  and  didymium. 

Near  Coquimbo,  Chili,  at  the  mines  of  Tambillos,  occur  clear  turquois-blue  crystals,  containing, 
according  to  F.  Field  (Chem.  Gaz.,  No.  400,  1860,  p.  224),  P"  37'69,  Ca  36-64,  Cu  20-93  CaCl  2'33, 
H  2-32—99-91,  the  copper  being  present  as  phosphate. 

Lechartier  has  shown  (C.  R.,  Ixv.  172)  that  an  arsenic  acid  apatite  may  be  made  by  fusion 
together  of  arsenate  of  lime  and  chlorid  of  calcium ;  and  that  from  the  same  at  a  lower  tempera- 
ture an  arsenic  acid  wagnerite  is  obtained  in  crystals. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges  (F.=4'5  —  5),  coloring  the 
flame  reddish-yellow ;  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  and  heated  colors  the  flame  pale  bluish-green 
(phosphoric  acid) ;  some  varieties  react  for  chlorine  with  salt  of  phosphorus,  when  the  bead  has 
been  previously  saturated  with  oxyd  of  copper,  while  others  give  fluorine  when  fused  with  this 
salt  hi  an  open  glass  tube.  Gives  a  phosphid  with  the  sodium  test. 

Dissolves  in  muriatic  and  nitric  acid,  yielding  with  sulphuric  acid  a  copious  precipitate  of 
sulphate  of  lime ;  the  dilute  nitric  acid  solution  gives  with  acetate  of  lead  a  white  precipitate, 
which  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  giving  a  globule  with  crystalline  facets  on  cooling.  Some  varieties 
of  apatite  phosphoresce  on  heating. 

Obs. — Apatite  occurs  in  rocks  of  various  kinds  and  ages,  but  is  most  common  in  metamorphic 
crystalline  rocks,  especially  in  granular  limestone,  granitic  and  many  metalliferous  veins,  particu- 
larly those  of  tin,  in  gneiss,  syenite,  hornblendic  gneiss,  mica  schist,  beds  of  iron  ore  ;  occasion- 
ally in  serpentine,  and  in  igneous  or  volcanic  rocks ;  sometimes  in  ordinary  stratified  limestone, 
bods  of  sandstone  or  shale  of  the  Silurian,  Carboniferous,  Jurassic,  Cretaceous,  or  Tertiary  forma- 
tions. It  has  been  observed  as  the  petrifying  material  of  wood. 

Among  its  localities  are  Ehrenfriedersdorf  in  Saxony.  Schwarzen  stein  and  Pfitsch  in  the  Tyrol ; 
region  of  St.  Gothard  in  Switzerland;  Mussa-Alp  in  Piedmont,  white  or  colorless,  and  of  like 
form  and  color  on  the  Mittaghorn  in  Upper  Yalais ;  Rabenstein  and  Amberg  in  Bavaria ;  Zinn 


ANHYDROUS   PHOSPHATES    AND   ARSENATES.  533 

wald  and  Schlackenwald  in  Boliemia  ;  in  England,  in  Cornwall,  with  tin  ores  ;  in  Cumberland,  at 
Carrock  Fells,  in  celandine-green  crystals  in  gilbertite  ;  in  Devonshire,  cream-colored  at  Bovey 
Tracey,  and  at  Wheal  Franco  (francolite)  ;  in  Ireland,  in  a  basaltic  dike  near  Kilroot  in  Antrim, 
also  in  Down,  Dublin,  and  Killiney  Hill.  The  greenish-blue  variety,  called  moroxite,  occurs  at 
Arendal,  Snarum,  and  Krageroe  in  Norway,  at  the  latter  place  in  horublendic  gneiss,  in  part 
flesh-red,  and  looking  much  like  feldspar  ;  with  magnetic  iron  of  a  greenish-yellow  color  at  Mt. 
Blagodat  in  the  Ural  ;  with  black  tourmaline  on  the  Schaitanka  in  Katharinenburg  ;  on  the  Slii- 
dianka  (lasurapatite)  at  the  emerald  mine  of  the  Takovaia,  85  versts  N.  E.  of  Katharinenburg  ; 
on  the  Kiraba,  70  versts  S.  "W.  of  Miask,  containing  no  chlorine  (Pusirevsky),  with  G.  =  3-126;  in 
Pargas,  Finland.  The  asparagus  stone  or  spargelstein  of  Jumilla,  in  Murcia  (not  C.  de  Grata),  Spain, 
is  pale  yellowish-green  in  color  ;  and  a  variety  from  Zillerthal  is  wine-yellow.  The  phosphorite,  or 
massive  radiated  variety,  is  obtained  abundantly  near  the  junction  of  granite  and  argillite,  in  Estrema- 
dura,  Spain  ;  at  Schlackenwald  in  Bohemia  ;  at  Krageroe,  whence  it  has  been  largely  exported  to 
England  ;  at  Amberg,  in  Jurassic  limestone,  nodular  and  stalactitic. 

In  Maine,  on  Long  Islan.d.  Blue-hill  Bay,  in  veins  10  in.  wide,  intersecting  granite.  In  N.  Hamp., 
crystals,  often  large,  are  abundant,  4m.  S.  of  the  N.  village  meeting-house,  Westmoreland,  in  a  vein 
of  feldspar  and  quartz,  in  mica  slate,  along  with  molybdenite  ;  fine  crystals  at  Piermont,  in  white 
limestone,  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Thomas  Cross.  In  Mass.,  crystals  occasionally  6  in.  long,  at  Norwich 
(N.  E.  part),  in  gray  quartz  ;  at  Bolton  abundant,  the  forms  seldom  interesting  ;  sparingly  at 
Chesterfield,  Chester,  Sturbridge,  Hinsdale,  and  Williamsburgh.  In  New  York,  large  crystals  of 
apatite  are  found  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  in  granular  limestone,  with  scapolite,  sphene,  etc.  ;  one  crys- 
tal from  Robinson's  farm,  in  Hammond,  was  nearly  a  foot  in  length,  and  weighed  1  8  Ibs.  ;  in  crys- 
tals 1m,  S.  E.  of  Goverueur  and  2  m.  N.  ;  in  Rossie,  with  sphene  and  pyroxene,  2  m.  N.  of  the 
village  of  Oxbow  ;  also  on  the  bank  of  Vrooman  Lake,  Jefferson  Co.,  in  white  limestone,  green 
prisms  -£-5  in.  long  ;  Sanford  mine,  East  Moriah,  Essex  Co.,  in  magnetic  iron  ore,  which  is  often 
thickly  studded  with  six-sided  prisms  ;  also  at  Long  Pond,  Essex  Co.  ;  near  Edenville,  Orange 
Co.,  in  prisms  i-12  in.  long,  bright  asparagus-green,  in  white  limestone  ;  in  the  same  region,  blue, 
grayish-green,  and  grayish-white  crystals  ;  2  m.  S.  of  Amity,  emerald-  and  bluish-green  crystals  ; 
at  Long  Pond,  Essex  Co.,  with  garnet  and  idocrase  ;  at  Greenfield,  Saratoga  Co.,  St.  Anthony's 
Nose,  and  Corlaer's  Hook,  less  interesting  ;  fibrous  mammillated  (eupyrchroite)  at  Crown  Point, 
Essex  Co.,  about  a  mile  south  of  Hammondsville,  in  large  quantities,  quarried  for  agricultural 
purposes.  In  New  Jersey,  on  the  Morris  Canal,  near  Suckasunny,  of  a  brown  color,  in  massive 
pyrrhotite  ;  with  the  magnetite  of  Bryam  mine  ;  Mt.  Pleasant  mine  near  Mt.  Teabo.  in  a  low  hill 
near  the  junction  of-  Rockaway  R.  and  Burnt  Meadow  Cr.,  f  m.  from  the  canal,  in  masses  some- 
times 6  in.  through  ;  at  Hurdstown,  Sussex  Co.,  where  a  shaft  has  been  sunk  and  the  apatite 
mined  ;  masses  brought  out  weigh  occasionally  '200  Ibs.,  and  some  cleavage  prisms  have  the  planes 
8  in.  wide.  In  Penn.,  at  Leiperville,  Delaware  Co.  ;  in  Chester  Co..  at  New  Garden  ;  in  Bucks  Co., 
at  Southampton.  In  Maryland,  near  Baltimore.  In  Delaware,  at  Dixon's  quarry,  Wilmington,  of 
a  rich  blue  color. 

In  Canada,  in  North  Elmsley,  and  passing  into  South  Burgess,  in  an  extensive  bed  10  ft.  broad, 
3  ft.  of  which  are  pure  sea-green  apatite,  and  outside  of  this  mixed  with  limestone,  and  sometimes 
occurring  in  prisms  a  foot  long  and  4  in.  through,  with  pyroxene  and  phlogopite—  a  flwr-apatite 
containing  only  0'5  chlorine  (Hunt)  ;  similar  in  Ross  ;  at  the  foot  of  Calumet  Falls,  in  blue  crystals  ; 
also  near  Blaisdell's  mill  on  the  G-atineau  ;  in  crystals  in  doleryte  ;  at  St.  Roch,  on  the  Achigan, 
clear  rose-red,  amethystine,  and  colorless  crystals,  with  augite. 

Apatite  was  named  by  Werner  from  airaraw,  to  deceive,  older  mineralogists  having  referred  it  to 
aquamarine,  chrysolite,  amethyst,  fluor,  schorl,  etc. 

For  recent  articles  on  cryst.,  Kokscharof,  Miu.  RussL,  ii.  39,  189,  iii.  86;  v.  Rath,  Pogg.,  cviii. 
853;  Pfaff,  Pogg.,  cxi.  276;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  Nos.  ii.  andiv. 

Alt.  —  490A.  OSTEOUTE  is  massive  impure  altered  apatite,  as  stated  by  A.  H.  Church  (Ch. 
News,  xvi.  150,  1867),  after  analyses  of  specimens  from  various  localities.  The  ordinary  compact 
variety  looks  like  lithographic  stone  of  white  to  gray  color.  It  also  occurs  earthy.  H.  =  l  —  2; 
G.  =  2-8—  3-1,  fr.  Hanau,  Bromeis;  2'86,  fr.  Hanau,  Church;  lustre  feeble  or  wanting.  Excepting 
impurities,  it  has  the  composition  of  apatite,  although  most  analyses,  excepting  those  of  Church, 
have  not  detected  the  fluorine  or  chlorine. 

Analyses:  1-3,  Bromeis,  Riitz,  and  Ewald  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixxix.  1);  4,  Schroder  (ib.,  Ixxxix. 
221,  ci.  283);  5,  Durre  (Pogg.,  cv.  155): 

P"         Ca        Si       £l      £e      %      Na      K        0         H 

1.  Hanau        36-88     49-41     4*50     0-93     1'85     0'47     0'62     0'76     1'81     2'28=99'51  Bromeis. 

2.  "  37-41     49-24     2'75     1-25     2'78     0'79     0'46     0'81     2'34     3'45  =  101-28  Riitz. 

3.  "  37-16     48-20     2-03       tr.      2-31     1-85     0'43     0'73     2'55     3'63=98-80  Ewald. 

4.  Redwitz?    42'00     48*16     4*97      -     1-56     0'75     0'02     0'04     2'21     1-31  =  101-02  Schroder. 

5.  Schonwald  34'64     44'76     8'89     6'14     0'50     0'79      --     -     -     2'97,  Cl  *r.=98'69  D. 


No.  1  was  of  the  compact  part  ;  2,  of  the  earthy  ;  3,  of  the  intermediate.    Klaproth  found  in 


534: 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


an  earthy  apatite  from  Siegeth,  Hungary  (Beitr.,  iv.  373),  2-5  p.  c.  of  fluoric  acid.  A  kind  from  a 
bed  in  the  Tertiary  formation  of  the  Fichtelgebirge,  white  and  earthy,  with  G.=2'82,  gave  Schmidt 
(B.  H.  Ztg.,  xx.  390)  76  p.  c.  <V  P\  Church  found  the  white,  hard  osteolite  of  Eichen,  Hanau,  to 
afford  much  fluorine,  and  more  lime  than  would  saturate  the  phosphoric  and  carbonic  acids ; 
whence  he  deduces  from  his  analysis  <V  P"  87'25,  Ca  C  5-70,  Ca  F  4-92,  H  2-34=100-21,  making 
it  true  apatite. 

Found  in  fissures  or  cavities  in  doleryte  or  related  rocks,  as  if  a  secondary  product ;  also  in  beds 
among  stratified  rocks. 

Occurs  at  Ostheim,  near  Hanau  (G.  =  2'89— 3-08),  and  near  Schonwald  in  Bohemia  (G.  =  2-828), 
in  doleryte;  at  Redwitz?  in  the  Fichtelgebirge  (G.  =  2-89,  2-82).  It  is  named  from  darlov,  bone, 
and  Aiflos,  bones  consisting  largely  of  the  same  phosphate. 

490B.  PHOSPHATIO  NODULES.  COPROLITES.  Phosphatic  nodules  occur  in  many  fossiliferous  rocks, 
which  are  probably  in  all  cases  of  organic  origin.  They  sometimes  present  a  spiral  or  other 
interior  structure,  derived  from  the  animal  organization  that  afforded  them,  and  in  such  cases 
their  coprolitic  origin  is  unquestionable.  In  other  cases  there  is  no  structure  to  aid  in  deciding 
whether  they  are  true  coprolites  or  not.  The  following  are  analyses  of  some  coprolites : 


Phosphate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  magnesia 

Sesquioxyd  of  iron 

Alumina 

Silica 

Organic  material 

Water 

Lime  of  organic  part 

Chlorid  of  sodium 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

Burdie- 

Fife- 

Burdie- 

Burdie- 

Kosch- 

Oberlau- 

house. 

shire. 

house. 

house. 

titz. 

genau. 

9-58 

63-60 

85-08 

83-31 

50-89 

15-25 

61-00 

24-25 

10-78 

15-11 

32-22 

4-57 

13-57 

2-89 







2-75 

6-40 

tr. 





2-08 



-13 
5-33 


3-38 
3-33 


0-34 
3-95 


0-29 
1-47 


6-42 
0-14 
7'38 


74-03 

1-44 
1-96 


100-01 


97-45       100-15       100-18         99'03       lOO'OO 


Nos.  1  and  2,  by  Gregory  and  Walker ;  3  and  4,  by  Connell ;  5,  by  Quadrat ;  6,  Rochledor. 

See  other  analyses  by  R.  Hoffmann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xc.  469. 

Phosphatic  nodules,  from  the  Lower  Silurian  rocks  of  Canada,  contain  sometimes  fragments  of 
shells  of  Lingula  and  Orbicula,  which  shells,  unlike  most  others,  consist  largely  of  phosphates. 
They  are  found  in  the  Chazy  formation  at  Allumette  Id.  (G.=2'875),  Hawkesbury,  R.  Ouelle 
(G.=3-15),  and  elsewhere.  They  have  afforded  T.  S.  Hunt  (Logan's  Rep.  Can.,  1851-52,  1863, 
and  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvil  235,  1854)  the  following  results: 


Phosphate  lime 

Garb,  lime,  with  some  fluorid 

Garb,  magnesia 

Sesquiox.  iron  and  little 

Magnesia 

InsoL 

Volatile 


Allumette  I.      Hawkesbury. 


36-38 
5-00 


44-70 
6-60 
4-76 
8-60 


R.  Ouelle. 

40-34 
5-14 
9-70 

12-62 


[7-02J  "_ 

49-90  27-90  25'44 

1-70  5-00  2-13 

100-00  97-56  95-37 


They  are  blackish  externally,  and  yellowish-brown  to  blackish-brown  or  bluish-brown  within. 
A  phosphatic  nodule,  in  brown  coal  beds  near  Roth,  afforded  Hassencamp  (Jahrb.  Min.  1856, 
422)  Phosph.  lime  45*57,  ph.  magn.  2:04,  ph.  iron  27 '71,  magnesia  T34,  lime  4'20,  alumina  0'63, 
organic  acid  3*33,  water  7*50,  C  and  loss  7-68=100.  H.=2'5;  G.=2'313.  Color  externally 
pitch-black ;  within,  honey-yellow. 

4900.  Sta/elite  of  Stein  (Jahrb.  Min.  1866,  716)  occurs  incrusting  the  phosphorite  of  Staffel,  in 
botryoidal,  reniform,  or  stalactitic  masses,  fibrous  and  radiating.  H.=4.  G.=3-1284.  Color 
leek  to  dark  green,  greenish-yellow.  Analysis  afforded  Forster  (1.  c.)  £  39-05,  C  3-19,  £l  0-026, 
Fe  0-037,  Ca  54'67,  F  3-05,  H  1 -40=101-423.  Stem  regards  it  as  a  result  of  the  action  of  carbon- 
ated  waters  on  phosphorite. 


ANHYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   AKSENATES.  535 

490D.  GUANO.  Guano  is  bone-phosphate  of  lime,  or  osteolite,  mixed  with  the  hydrous  phos- 
phate, brushite,  and  generally  with  some  carbonate  of  lime,  and  often  a  little  magnesia,  alumina, 
iron,  silica,  gypsum,  and  other  impurities.  It  often  contains  9  or  10  p.  c.  of  water.  It  is  often 
granular  or  oolitic ;  also  compact  through  consolidation  produced  by  infiltrating  waters,  in  which 
case  it  is  frequently  lameUar  in  structure,  and  also  occasionally  stalagmitic  and  stalactitic.  Its 
colors  are  usually  grayish-white,  yellowish  and  dark  brown,  and  sometimes  reddish,  and  the  lustre 
of  a  surface  of  fracture  earthy  to  resinous.  Shepard's  Pyrodasite  ( Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxii.  97)  is 
nothing  but  the  hard  guano  from  Monk's  Island,  Caribbean  sea,  the  mass  of  which  he  named  Pyro- 
guanite,  under  the  wrong  idea  of  its  having  undergone  the  action  of  heat ;  and  Phipson's  Sombre- 
rite  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  xv.  277,  1862)  is  the  same  thing  from  Sombrero,  as  shown  by  A.  A.  Juiien  (Am. 
J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxvi.  423).  The  waters  which  have  nitrated  through  the  guano  at  Sombrero  have 
altered  the  coral  rock  adjoining,  turning  it  more  or  less  completely  into  phosphate  of  lime  of  a 
yellowish  or  brownish  color;  and  phosphatic  stalagmites  and  stalactites  resinous  in  fracture  are 
common. 

Shepard's  massive  Glaubapatite,  yellowish-brown  to  chocolate-brown  in  color,  and  in  fibrous  sta- 
lactites, from  Monk's  Island  (1.  c.),  is  also  in  all  probability  merely  the  guano  rock  above  described. 
He  says  the  mineral  contains  15'1  p.  c.  of  sulphate  of  soda,  with  74'0  of  phosphate  of  lime,  and 
10*3  of  water;  but  such  a  compound  is  hardly  a  possibility,  and  the  fact  of  its  existence  needs 
confirmation.  The  name,  from  glauber  and  apatite,  alludes  to  the  composition.  The  mineral 
includes  also  "tabular  crystals,"  which  may  possibly  be  brushite,  although  the  composition  is 
against  it. 

490E.  EPIPHOSPHORITE  Breith.  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  194).  Occurs  reniform,  of  scaly-granular  struc- 
ture, inclining  to  fibrous,  vitreous  lustre,  leek-  to  celandine-green  color,  with  IL=4-5— 5,  G.=3'125. 
According  to  Kichter  it  fuses  with  much  difficulty,  and  affords  indications  of  phosphoric  acid,  lime, 
protoxyd  of  iron,  alumina,  and  a  very  little  silica ;  not  tested  for  fluorine  or  chlorine,  because  of 
too  little  material.  Occurs  with  garnets  and  graphite  in  a  crystalline  rock,  but  locality  unknown. 

490F.  TALC-APATITE  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxi.  101).  An  apatite  from  chlorite  slate  in  the 
Schischimskian  mountains,  near  Slatoust,  containing  a  large  percentage  of  magnesia  in  place  of  part 
of  the  lime,  and  low  in  specific  gravity.  It  occurs  in  6-sided  prisms,  grouped  or  single :  H.=5 ; 
G.  =  2*7  — 2-75  ;  lustre  dull  to  earthy  ;  color  milk-white,  yellowish  externally ;  feebly  translucent. 

Composition,  according  to  Hermann  (1.  c.),  excluding  9-50  of  insoluble  material  as  impurities  : 
P  43-11,  Ca  41-44,  Mg  8'55,  3Pe  I'lO,  Cl  0*92,  S  2-32,  fluorine  undetermined;  whence  the  formula 
3  Ca8  £  +  Mg3P\  with  chlorid  and  fluorid.  Berzelius  suggests  that  the  magnesia  may  have  come 
from  the  gangue.  According  to  Yolger  it  is  an  altered  impure  apatite.  Some  magnesia  is  present 
in  many  apatites  (Bischof.). 

490G.  HTDROAPATITE  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  Y.  x.  65).  In  mammillary  concretions,  looking  a 
little  like  chalcedony.  H.=5'5  G.=3'10.  Color  milk-white.  Subtransparent.  Composition 
that  of  a  hydrous  apatite ;  3  Ca8  P  +  Ca  F  +  H.  Analysis  by  Damour  (1.  c.) : 

£40-00        Oa  47-31         F3-36         Ca  3'60        H  5'30. 

Heated  in  a  tube  it  decrepitates  and  gives  out  ammoniacal  water. 

Found  near  St.  Girons  in  the  Pyrenees,  in  the  fissures  of  a  brownish,  ferruginous,  argillaceous 
schist,  a  rock  which  not  far  distant  affords  wavellite. 

493.  FYROMORPHTTE.  Gron  Blyspat,  Minera  plumbi  viridis  pt,  Wall.,  Min.,  296,  1748. 
Mine  de  Plomb  verte  Fr.  Trl  Wall.,  i.  536,  1853.  Griinbleierz,  Braunbleierz,  Schiiltze,  Dresden 
Mag.,  ii.  70,  1761,  ii.  467,  1765  (with  obs.  on  identity).  Grim  Bleyerz,  PHOSPHORS  A  UREHALTIG- 
(fr.  Zschopau),  Klapr.,  CrelPs  Ann.,  i  394,  1784.  Green  Lead  Ore,  Brown  Lead  Ore;  Phos- 
phate of  Lead.  Phosphorsaures  Blei,  Phosphorblei,  Buntbleierz,  Germ.  Plomb  phosphate  Fr. 
Polychrom,  Pyromorphit,  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1089,  1090,  1813.  Traubenblei  id.,  ib.,  1093. 
Polysphajrit  Breith.,  Char.,  54,  1832.  Nussierite  Danhauser,  Barruel,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  Ixii.  217, 
1836.  Miesit  Breith.,  Handb.,  285,  1841.  Cherokine  Shep.,  Rep.  Canton  Mine,  1856,  Min., 
407,  1857,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxiv.  38,  1857. 

Hexagonal.  0  A  1=139°  38' ;  #=0'7362.  Observed  planes  :  0,  /,  i-2, 
1,2,4,2-2. 

O  A  4=106°  23'  0  A  2-2=124°  II7  1  A  1,  pyr.,=142°  12' 

0  A  2=120  28  1 A  ^-2=150  /A  2-2=135  46 


536 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Cleavage  :  I  and  1  in  traces.  /  commonly  striated  horizontally.  Often 
globular,  reniform,  and  botryoidal  or  verruciform,  with  usually  a  subco- 
lumnar  structure  ;  also  fibrous,  and  granular. 

H.=3'5— 4.  G.— 6-5— 7'1,  mostly  when  without  lime;  5  —  6*5,  when 
containing  lime.  Lustre  resinous.  Color  green,  yellow,  and  brown,  of 
different  shades ;  sometimes  wax-yellow  and  fine  orange-yellow ;  also 
grayish-white  to  milk-white.  Streak  white,  sometimes  yellowish.  Sub- 
transparent — subtranslucent.  Fracture  subconchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  In  crystals.  J.  Schabus  found  the  angles  1  A  1,  in  green  crystals  from 
Zschopau,  =  142°  26'  and  80°  11';  and  in  brown  from  Bleistadt,  142°  14'  and  80°  40'  (Pogg.,  c. 
300).  (6)  In  acicular  and  moss-like  aggregations,  (c)  Concretionary  groups  or  masses  of  crystals, 
having  the  surface  angular,  (d)  Fibrous,  (e)  Granular  massive.  (/)  Earthy ;  incrusting. 

2.  Polysphcerite.  Containing  lime ;  color  brown  of  different  shades,  yellowish-gray,  pale  yellow 
to  nearly  white ;  streak  white  ;  G.=  5 -8 9— 6 -44.  Rarely  in  separate  crystals ;  usually  in  groups, 
globular,  mammillary,  verruciform.  Miesite,  from  Mies  in  Bohemia,  is  a  brown  variety.  Nussierita 
is  similar  and  impure,  from  Nussiere,  near  Beaujeu,  France ;  color  yellow,  greenish,  or  grayish ; 
G.=5  0415.  Cherokine  is  milk-white  or  pinkish- white  in  color,  and  occurs  in  slightly  acuminated 
prisms,  and  also  botryoidal  and  massive;  G.=4'8(?);  from  the  Canton  mine,  Cherokee  Co., 
Georgia.  3.  Chromiferous;  color  brilliant  red  and  orange.  4.  Arseniferous ;  color  green  to 
white;  G.=5'5  — 6-6.  5.  Pseudomorphous ;  (a)  after  galenite ;  (6)  cerussite. 

Both  the  green  and  brown  colors  occur  among  the  pure  phosphates  of  lead,  as  well  as  those 
containing  lime. 

Comp.— 3  Pb8P+Pb  Cl,  or  (-,%  Pb  +  foPb  C1)10P3,  with  lime  often  replacing  part  of  the  lead, 
fluorid  of  calcium  part  of  the  chlorid  of  lead,  and  arsenic  acid  sometimes  part  of  the  phosphoric 
acid,  =  Phosphoric  acid  15-7,  oxyd  of  lead  74-1,  chlorine  2'6,  lead  7 '6= Phosphate  of  lead  89'8, 
chlorid  of  lead  10-2=100.  Analyses:  1-3,  Kersten  (Schw.  J.,  Ixi.  1,  Pogg.,  xxvi.  489);  4,  5, 
Lerch  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xlv.  328);  6,  7,  Sandberger  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  xlvii.  462);  8,  Struve  (Koksch. 
Min.  Russl.,  iii.  42);  9,  Wohler  (Pogg.,  iv.  161);  10,  11,  Kersten  (1.  c.);  12,  G.  Barruel  (1.  c.) ;  13, 
Wohler  (1.  c.);  14,  Struve  (1.  c.);  15,  16,  Seidel  (Jahrb.  Min.  1864,  222): 


1.   With  little  or  no  phosphate  of  lime  (Ca3  £). 
Crf 


1.  Mies,       brown  cryst. 

2.  Bleistadt,         ** 

3.  Poullaouen,  cryst. 

4.  Bleistadt,  brown  cryst. 

5.  "  " 

6.  Ems,  yellow  cryst. 

7.  Krausberg,  green 

8.  Beresovsk,  ywh.-gn. 

9.  Leadhills,  orange-red 


89-27 
89-17 
89-91 
87-38 
88-42 
89-07 
89-16 
89-18 
90-09 

PbCl 
9-66 
9-92 
10-09 
10-23 
9-57 
11-33 
10-47 
9-94 
9-91 

CaF 
0-22 
0-14 

0-07 
0-20 

0-85=100  Kersten.     G.=< 

0-7  7  =  1 00  Kersten.     G.  =  7  '009. 
=100  Kersten.     G.  =  7'050. 

0-86,  Fe3P"  0-77  =  99-31  Lerch.     G.=6'843. 

1-58,  Fe3P"  0-50=100-27  Lerch. 

=100-40  Sandberger. 

=99-63  Sandberger. 

,  3Pe,  £r  0  59,  V  *r.=99'71  Struve.  G.=  6-715. 

=100  Wohler. 


2.   With  much  phosphate  of  lime  (Polysphcerite). 

10.  Freiberg,  brown  77-02  10'84  1-09  11-05=100  Kersten.  G.=6'092. 
11-  Mies>  81-65  10-64  0-25  7'46  =  100  Kersten.  G.  =  6'444. 
12.  Nussierite  56-40  7 -65  22-20,  Si  7 '20,  £s,  Fe  6'50=99'95  Barruel. 

3.  Containing  arsenic  acid. 
$         Is      Pb 


13.  Zschopau,  white              [15-17]  2'30 

14.  Altai,  yellow                       12'90  2-61 

15.  Badenweiler,  wax-yellow  16-11  0-66 

16.  dark  orange  15-88  0'69 


PbCl 

72-44    10-09=100  Wohler. 
73-40     10-13=99-04  Struve.     G.=5'537. 

77-46 ,  Ca  2-40,  Cl  2'64=99'27  Seidel. 

77-45 ,  Ca  2-45,  Cl  undet.  Seidel. 


Hunt  found  the  cherokine  (a  specimen  received  from  Shepard)  to  consist  of  lead  and  phosphoric 
acid,  with  less  than  1  p.  c.  of  other  material  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxiv.  275). 

Specimens  of  pyromorphite  from  Huelgoet  are  often  mixed  with  plumbogummite  and  contain 
alumina  up  to  16  p.  c.  (Damour,  Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xvii.,191,  1840). 


ANHYDKOTJS   PHOSPHATES   AND   AESENATES.  537 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  a  white  sublimate  (chlorid  of  lead).  B.B.  in  the  forceps 
fuses  easily  (F.  =  T5),  coloring  the  flame  bluish-green;  on  charcoal  fuses  without  reduction  to  a 
globule,  which  on  cooling  assumes  a  crystalline  polyhedral  form,  while  the  coal  is  coated  white 
from  chlorid,  and,  nearer  the  assay,  yellow  from  oxyd  of  lead.  "With  soda  on  charcoal  yields 
metallic  lead ;  some  varieties  contain  arsenic,  and  give  the  odor  of  garlic  in  R.F.  on  charcoal. 
With  salt  of  phosphorus,  previously  saturated  with  oxyd  of  copper,  gives  an  azure-blue  color  to 
the  flame  when  treated  in  O.F.  (chlorine).  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Pyromorphite  occurs  principally  in  veins,  and  accompanies  other  ores  of  lead. 

Occurs  at  Poullaouen  and  Huelgoet  in  Brittany:  at  Zschopau  and  other  places  in  Saxony;  at 
Przibram,  Mies,  and  Bleistadt,  in  Bohemia;  at  Sonnenwirbel  near  Freiberg;  Clausthal  in  the 
Harz ;  in  fine  crystals  at  Nassau ;  Beresof  in  Siberia ;  Cornwall  (green  and  brown),  Devon  (gray), 
Derbyshire  (green  and  yellow),  Cumberland  (golden-yellow),  in  England ;  Leadhills  (red  and 
orange  formerly),  in  Scotland;  Wicklow  (clove-brown  and  yellowish- green)  and  elsewhere,  Ire- 
laud. 

Pyromorphite  has  been  found  in  good  specimens  at  the  Perkiomen  lead  mine  near  Philadelphia, 
and  very  fine  at  Phenixville ;  also  in  Maine,  at  Lubec  and  Lenox ;  in  New  York,  a  mile  south  of 
Sing  Sing ;  sparingly  at  Southampton,  Massachusetts,  and  Bristol,  Conn. ;  in  good  crystallizations 
of  bright  green  and  gray  colors,  in  Davidson  Co.,  N.  C. 

Named  from  nvp,  fire,  p>f><^,  form,  alluding  to  the  crystalline  form  the  globule  assumes  on  cool- 
ing. This  species  passes  into  the  following. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  galenite  (Pb  S),  cerusite  (Pb  C),  calamine  (2n2  Si+fi),  calcite,  and 
limonite ;  to  galenite,  probably  through  the  action  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 


494.  MIM3E3TITE.  Minera  plumbi  Viridis  pt.,  Plumbum  arsenico  mineralisatum,  Watt.,  Min., 
296,  1748.  Plomb  vert  arsenical  (fr.  Andalusia)  Proust.,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxx.  394,  1787.  Idem 
(fr.  Roziers,  with  anal)  Fourcroy,  Mem.  Ac.  Sci.  Paris,  1789.  Arsenikalisches  Bleyerz  Lenz, 
Min.,  ii.  224,  1794.  Grlinbleierz  pt.,  Buntbleierz  pt.,  Flockenerz,  Traubenblei  pt.,  Arsensaurea 
Blei.  Germ.  Arsenate  of  Lead,  Green  Lead  Ore  pt.  Plomb  arseniate  Fr.  Pyromorphite  pt. 
MoJis.  Mimetese  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  594,  1832 ;  Mimetene  Shep.,  Min.,  1835 ;  Mimetesit  Breith., 
Handb.,  289,  1841 ;  Mimetit  Haid.,  Handb.,  1845,  Glocker,  Syn.,  1847.  Hedyphane  Breith., 
Schw.  J.,  iii.  11,  1830.  Kampylit  Breith.,  Handb.,  ii.  291,  1841. 

443 

Hexagonal.  0  A  1=139°  58' ;  a=0'7276.  Observed 
planes  as  in  pyromorphite.  0  A  2—120°  46',  0  A  2-2 
=124:°  30',  1  A  1,  pyr.,=14:20  29',  bas.,=80°  4/  (mean 
of  measurements  by  Schabus).  Cleavage  :  1,  imperfect. 

H.  =  3-5.  G.  —  T'O  —  7-25,  mimetite;  5 -4  —  5-5, 
hedyphane.  Lustre  resinous.  Color  pale  yellow, 

Eassing  into  brown ;  orange-yellow ;  white  or  color- 
3ss.     Streak  white  or  nearly  so.     Subtransparent — 
translucent. 

Var. — 1.   Ordinary,   (a)  In  crystals.    Schabus  found  1  A  lin  crystals 

from  Johanngeorgenstadt  142°  37',  79°  44',  142°  32',  79°  56',  142°  29',  80°  4',  142°  13',  80°  43' ; 
from  England,  142°  45',  79°  24; ;  from  Phenixville,  Pa.,  142°  18',  80°  30'  (Pogg.,  c.  297).  (6)  Cap- 
illary or  filamentous,  especially  marked  in  a  variety  from  St.  Prix-sous-Beuvray,  France ;  somewhat 
like  asbestus,  and  straw-yellow  in  color,  (c)  Concretionary. 

2.  Calciferous.     Hedyphane,  which  belongs  here,  is  colorless  and  translucent,  in  crystals  and 
massive;    lustre  between  adamantine  and  greasy;    H.:=3-5— 4;    G.= 5*4— 5'5,  Kersten;    from 
Longban  in  Wermland,  Sweden. 

3.  Containing  much  phosphoric  acid.     Campylite,  from  Drygill  in  Cumberland,  has  G.  =  7  -2 1 8,  and 
is  in  barrel-shaped  crystals  (whence  the  name,  from  Ka/airiAof,  curved),  yellowish  to  brown  and 
brownish-red. 

Comp.— 3Pb3As  +  PbCl,  or  (,a0  Pb+-,VPb  C1)10P~8= Arsenate  of  lead  90-66,  chlorid  of  lead 
9'34 ;  but  with  phosphoric  usually  replacing  part  of  the  arsenic  acid,  and  sometimes,  also,  lime 
part  of  the  oxyd  of  lead.  Analyses :  1,  Bergemann  (Pogg.,  Ixxx.  401) ;  2,  J,  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  ScL, 
II.  xx.  248);  3,  Wohler  (Pogg.,  iv.  167);  4,  5,  Dufrenoy  (Tr.,  iii.  46);  6,  Ram melsberg  (Pogg., 
xei.  316);  7,  Struve  (Verh.  Min.  GTes.  St.  Petersb.,  1857) ;  8,  Kersten  (Schw.  J.,  Ixii.  1)  : 


538 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Pb3ls 

1.  Zacatecas,  yellow,  cr.  90'07 

2.  Phenixville,  ywh.  89'52 

3.  Johanngeorgenstadt,     "  82*74 

4.  Horhausen  86-70 

5.  Cornwall  84'55 

6.  Cumberland,  Campylite  71'70 

7.  Siberia  G.= 6-653  76*73 

8.  Longban,  Hedyphane  60*10 


Pb'P"      Ca'Is      Ca3£ 


0-84 

7-50 

2-15 

4-50 

19-00 

13-94 


12-98 


15-51 


PbCl 

9-92=99-99  Bergemann. 

9-38=99-73  Smith. 

9-60=99-84  Wohler. 
10-40=98-25  Dufrenoy. 

9-05=98-10  Dufrenoy. 

9-45  =  100-15  Ramm. 

9-33  =  100  Struve. 
10-29=98-88  Kersten. 


Michaelson  found  for  the  Longban  hedyphane  P  3-19,  £s  28-51,  £b  57-45,  Ca  10-50,  Cl  3-06— 
2'93,  corresponding  to  Pb  Cl  11 '70  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xc.  108).  Eatio  of  P  to  As  in  campylite,  anal.  6, 
1  :  3|  (0-50  Ca  above  removed) ;  in  anal.  7,  1  :  5 ;  in  hedyphane  1:2;  and  of  Ca  to  Pb  in  tha 
last  4:3.' 

Domeyko  obtained  for  an  impure,  earthy,  yellow  mimetite,  from  Mina  Grande,  near  Arqueros 
in  Chili  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  xiv.  145),  Is  11'55,  P  5'13,  V  1-86,  Pb  58-31,  Ca  7'96,  Cu  0-92,  Pb  Cl 
9-05,  &1,  Pe  1-1,  clay  2,  S  1-12  =  99-00.  Domeyko  does  not  cite  this  analysis  in  the  last  edition 
of  his  mineralogy  (1860).  It  is  associated  with  a  vanadate  of  lead  and  copper. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  like  pyromorphite.  B.B.  fuses  at  1,  and  on  charcoal  gives  in 
R.F.  an  arsenical  odor,  and  is  easily  reduced  to  metallic  lead,  coating  the  coal  at  first  with  chlorid 
of  lead,  and  later  with  arsenous  acid  and  oxyd  of  lead.  Gives  the  chlorine  reaction  as  under 
pyromorphite.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Wheal  Unity,  near  Redruth  in  Cornwall,  and  at  several  other  of  the  Cornish 
mines ;  also  at  Beeralston  in  Devonshire ;  Roughten  Gill,  Drygill,  etc.,  in  Cumberland ;  formerly 
at  Leadhills  and  Wanloch  Head  in  Scotland.  At  St.  Prix  in  the  Department  of  the  Saone,  in 
France,  in  capillary  crystals ;  at  Johanngeorgenstadt,  in  fine  yellow  crystals ;  at  Nertschinsk, 
Siberia,  in  reniform  masses,  brownish-red ;  also  at  Zinnwald,  and  Baden weiler.  The  crystals  from 
Preobragansk  Bergwerk,  Siberia,  were  black  externally,  having  a  coating  of  pyrolusite,  but  yellow 
within.  At  the  Brook  dale  mine,  Phenixville,  Pa.,  crystals  of  pyromorphite  capped  with  mimetite. 

Named  from  /n/x»?7%,  imitator,  it  closely  resembling  pyromorphite.  Beudant's  word  mimetese  is 
inadmissible,  because  wrongly  formed.  Shepard's  modification  of  it,  mimetene,  he  has  rejected  for 
mimetite  in  his  last  edition.  Mimetite  is  the  correct  form  in  view  of  the  derivation.  Mohs  united 
this  species  with  pyromorphite. 

Artif. — Formed  by  fusing  together  arsenate  and  chlorid  of  lead,  and  dissolving  out  afterward 
the  excess  of  chlorid  (Lechartier,  C.  R.,  Ixv.  172). 

495.  WAGNERITE.    Wagnerit,  Phosphorsaurer  Talk,  Fuchs,  Schw.  J.,  xxxiii.  269,  1821. 
Magnesie  phosphatee  Fr.    Pleuroklas  Breith.,  Char.,  50,  193,  1823. 

Monoclinic.  C  =71°  53',  /A/ =95° 
25',  0  A  14=144°  25',  B.  &  M. ;  a  :  I :  c= 
0-78654  :  1  :  1-045. 


0 

* 

^ 

f-3 

1-i 

1-i 

1-2 

1 

1-2 

H 

2-i 

i-i 



i-2 

H 

KKBO 

/ 

-2 

i-2 



-1 

-1-2 

Observed  Planes. 


0  A  £4=160°  19' 
0  A  14=135  18 

0  A  i-i=lOS  7 

14  A  14,  top, =108  50 
i-i  A  14=116  35 

1  A  1,  front,=112  6 
-1  A  -1,    "     =127  32 
1-2  A  1-2,  "     =142  48 

•J-Ai,      «     =138  54 

1-2  A  1-2,   "     =106  4 

-1-2  A  -1-2,"     =119  0 

i-2  A  *'-2,    "     =131  4 
^'-2  A  £-2,  side,  =122  25 


Most  of  the  prismatic  planes  deeply  striated.     Cleavage  :  Z  and  the  ortho- 
diagonal,  imperfect ;  0  in  traces. 


ANHYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   ARSENATES. 


539 


Ii.=5  —  5-5.  G.  =  3'068,  transparent  crystal;  2*985,  untransparent, 
Kammelsberg.  Lustre  vitreous.  Streak  white.  Color  yellow,  of  differ- 
ent shades ;  often  grayish.  Translucent.  Fracture  uneven  and  splintery 
across  the  prism. 

Oomp.— Mg3P"+MgF,  or  (f  Mg+iMgF)4^ Phosphoric  acid  43-8,  magnesia  37-1,  fluorine 
11*7,  magnesium  7-4=100.  Analyses  :  1,  Fuchs  (1.  c.,  revised  by  Eammelsberg) ;  2-4,  Rammels- 
berg  (Pogg.,  Ixiv.  251,  405,  Min.  Ch.,  349) : 

$        Mg  Fe  Ca        F 

1.  41-73  46-66  4-50  6'17,  Mn  0'45=99'51  Fuchs. 

2.  40'61  46-27  4'59  2'38  9-36=103-21  Ramm. 

3.  41-89  42-04  2'72  1'65  und.,   3tl  0'55  Ramm. 

4.  40-23  38-49  3'31  4'40  und.,    "    0'96  Ramm. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  at  4  to  a  greenish-gray  glass ;  moistened  with  sulphuric 
acid  colors  the  flame  bluish-green.  With  borax  reacts  for  iron.  On  fusion  with  soda  effervesces, 
but  is  not  completely  dissolved ;  gives  a  faint  manganese  reaction.  Fused  with  salt  of  phosphorus 
in  an  open  glass  tube  reacts  for  fluorine.  Soluble  in  nitric  and  muriatic  acids.  "With  sulphuric 
acid  evolves  fumes  of  fluohydric  acid. 

Obs. — This  rare  species  occurs  in  the  valley  of  Hollgraben,  near  Werfen,  in  Salzburg,  Austria, 
in  irregular  veins  of  quartz,  traversing  clay  slate. 

Named  after  the  Oberbergrath  WAGNER. 

Alt. — In  a  specimen  of  apparently  altered  wagnerite,  Rammelsberg  found  Si  93-81,  P"  1-87,  Mg 
1-49,  Ca  2-58,  Xl,  £e  1'41. 

496.  MONAZITE.  Monazit  Breith,,  Schw.  J.,  Iv.  301,  1829.  Monacite  bad  orthogr.  Mengite 
Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.,  II.  x.  139,  1831.  Edwardsite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sea.,  xxxii.  162,  1837.  Eremite 
Shep.,  ib.,  341,  1837.  Monazitoid  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xL  21,  1847.  Urdit  Forbes  &  Dahll,  Nyt. 
Mag.  f.  Nat,  xiii.  1855. 


Monoclinic.     6Y=76°  14',  /A  7=93°  10',  0  A  14=138°  8' ;  ail 


c= 


0-94715  :  1  :  1-0265.  Observed  planes :  <9,  rare ;  vertical,  i-i,  i-l,  I,  i 
i-% ;  clinodomes,  14,  24 ;  hemidomes,  !-•£,  -1-i ;  hemioctahedral,  1,  -1, 
1-2,  2-2,  3-3,  -2-2. 


446 


Norwich,  Ct. 

0  A  14=130°  6' 
0  A  -14=143  6 
0  A  <£4=103  46 
0  A  -1=133  39 
0  A  1=121  6 


448 


Watertown,  Ct. 

O  A  -2-2=121°  18' 
0  A  24=119  10 

0  A  ^4=90 

1  A  1,  front, =106  36 
-1A-1,   «     =11922 


Watertown,  Ct. 


-2-2  A  -2-2,  front, =81° 
i-i  A  -14=140  40 
i-i/\  14=126  8 
14  A  14=100  13 
i-i  A  24=93  6 


54:0  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

14  A  -1-?;  top,=93°  12'       i-i  A  1=118°  13'  1  A  7=138°  58' 

l-i  A  1=143  18  i-i  A  -2-2=120  10  ^4  A  24=150  50 

irb  A  i-2,  front, =55  42       -2-2  A  24=152  56  i4  A  14=131  52 

i-i  A  7=136  40  -1  A  7=146  17  £1  A  £$=152  9 

i-i  A  -1=131  53 

Crystals  usually  flattened  parallel  to  i-i.     Cleavage :   0  very  perfect,  and 

brilliant.     Twins:  composition-face  0. 

H.=5-5'5.      G.=4-9— 5-26;  5'203,  1ST.  C.,  Genth;  5-11,  Ural,  Koks- 

charof ;  5'19— 5'26,  urdite,  Forbes.     Lustre  inclining  to  resinous.     Color 

brownisli-hyacinth-red,  clove-brown,  or  yellowish-brown.     Subtransparent 

— subtransiucent.     Rather  brittle. 

Comp. — (Ce,  La,  Di,  Thi)8  $.  The  later  analysis  of  Hermann  (1864)  gives  the  0.  ratio  for  Ce. 
La,  Di  to  Th  to  £=9  :  6  :  25.  Analyses :  1,  Kersten  (Pogg.,  xlvii.  385) ;  2,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch., 
xxxiii.  90);  3,  id.  (ib.,  xciii.  112).;  4,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  li.  445): 

$         Th       Sn        Ce         La      Mn  Ca 

1.  Slatoust         28-50     17-95     2'10     26'00     23'40     T86  1  -68,  &  and  Ti  tr.= 101  -49  Kersten. 

2*         "  28-05     1-75     37-36     27'41       tr.  1  -46,  Mg  0'80,  Fe  tr.= 99 '59  Hermann. 

3.         «  28-15         tr.       35-85*   32'42     1-55  .  H  1'50=99'47  Hermann. 

4!  R.  Chico        28-6       45'7       24-1       \  insoL  1'6=100  Damour. 

a  Includes  also  Di  0. 

Thoria  was  detected  in  monazite  both  by  Berzelius  and  Wohler,  though  not  by  Hermann.  Tin 
was  detected,  with  the  blowpipe,  by  Rose  in  the  American  monazite. 

Shepard  found  in  his  edwardsite  (L  c.)  7'77  p.  c.  zirconia,  4'44  £l,  3-33  Si,  with  56-53  Ce,  La, 
and  26'66  ^ ;  but  rejects  his  results  in  the  last  edition  of  his  Mineralogy,  referring  both  edwardsite 
and  eremite  to  monazite. 

Var. — The  crystal  affording  the  author  the  above  angles  (f.  447)  was  a  fine  one  with  polished 
faces,  well  calculated  for  accurate  measurements.*  Hermann  gives  the  angle  7  A  7=92°  30' ;  Breit- 
haupt,  94°  35'. 

Descloizeaux  obtained  for  crystals  from  the  auriferous  sands  of  R.  Chico,  hi  Antioquia  (Ann. 
Ch.  Phys..  IIL  li.  445),  7  A  7=93°  20',  /Ai-t=136°  30',  76°  15',  i-i  A  -1^=127°,  0  A  -l-i= 
129°  30',  -1  A -1  =  107°  (nearly),  -1  A  1-^=143°  40'.  Kokscharof  has  measured  crystals  from 
Mt.  Lmen  and  the  river  Sauarka,  and  found  /A  7=93°  22'.  (7=76°  14',  0  A  2-2  =  119°  10',  0  A  l-i 
=138°  9',  1  A  1  =  119°  28',  -1  A -1  =  106°  44',  0Al-fc=l43e  2',  0A-l-i=129°  59';  the  faces 
were  not  very  even,  and  his  results,  he  states,  were  therefore  not  very  exact. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible,  turns  gray,  and  when  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  colors  the 
flame  bluish-green.  "With  borax  gives  a  bead  yellow  while  hot  and  colorless  on  cooling;  a 
saturated  bead  becomes  enamel-white  on  flaming.  Difficultly  soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Monazite  was  first  brought  by  Fiedler  from  the  Ural.  It  occurs  near  Slatoust  in  the 
Ilmen  Mtn.,  in  granite,  along  with  flesh-red  feldspar ;  also  near  the  river  Sanarka,  in  the  Ural ; 
near  Notero  in  Norway  (urdite},  in  crystals  sometimes  1  in.  across ;  at  Schreiberhau,  with  gado- 
linite  (G-.=4'9).  In  the  United  States  it  is  found  in  small  crystals  from  -,Js  to  f  in.  long,  with  the 
sillimanite  of  Norwich,  and  sparingly  with  the  same  mineral  at  Chester,  Ct.  A  few  minute  crystals 
(eremite  of  Shepard)  were  found  in  a  boulder  of  albitic  granite,  containing  also  a  few  minute  zircons 
and  tourmalines,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Watertown,  Ct.  Good  crystals  are  obtained  with 
the  sillimanite  of  Yorktown.  "Westchester  Co.,  N".  Y. ;  near  Crowder's  Mountain,  N.  C. ;  and  in 
gold  washings  on  Todd's  branch,  Mecklenburg  Co.,  N.  C.,  with  garnet,  zircon,  and  diamond. 
Found  also  in  the  gold  washings  of  Rio  Chico,  in  Antioquia. 

Named  from  //oi/u^w,  to  be  solitary,  in  allusion  to  its  rare  occurrence. 

Monazitoid  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xl.  21).      This  mineral  is  monazite  in  crystallization  and 
external  characters.     H.=5.     G-.=5-281.      Hermann  states  that  the  brown  color  is  distinct. 
Hermann  obtained  in  his  analysis : 
$  17-94      Ce  49-35      La  21'80      Ca  1-50      H  1-36,  subst.  like  tantalum  6-27,  Mg,  Pe  ^.=97-72. 

B.B.  infusible.    With  the  fluxes  like  monazite. 

497.  TUENEBITE  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  xviii.  241,  1823.    Turnerite  is  isomorphous  with  monazite; 
*  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxxiii,  70,  1838.    Fig.  3  in  that  article  is  zircon,  and  not  monazite. 


ANHYDROUS    PHOSPHATES   AND   AKSENATES. 


and  like  it  in  cleavage  and  color,  and  may  be  the  same  species, 
crystals  ;  the  original,  from  Mt  Sorel  in  Dauphiny 
(measured  by  Levy,  Marignac,  Phillips,  and  Des- 
cloizeaux);  later,  from  Santa  Brigritta,  near  Ruaras 
in  the  Tavetsch  valley,  Alps  (measured  by  vom 
Rath).  The  accompanying  profile  figure  is  from 
vom  Rath  (Pogg.,  cxix.  247),  but  reversed  in  posi- 
tion so  as  to  make  it  correspond  with  the  above ; 
moreover,  the  plane  of  perfect  cleavage  is  made 
the  basal,  as  in  monazite,  instead  of  i-i,  that  so 
made  by  v.  Rath.  Some  of  the  angles  are  as 
follows :  those  unaccredited,  v.  Rath's  calculated 
results,  from  l-i  A  1  =  141°  23',  l-i  A  1  =  143°  44', 
i-i  A  1-2  =  131°  58';  those  with  Dx.  affixed,  Des- 
cloizeaux's  ditto,  froni  i-i  A  1-£=100,  i-i  A  l-i=126° 
31',  l-i  A  l-i  =96°  20';  those  with  M.,  P.,  L.,  af- 
fixed, measurements  by,  respectively,  Marignac, 
Phillips,  Levy: 


It  is  known  only   n  rare 
449 


-1* 


ii 


I/ 


/A  7=93°  50' 
0  A  l-i=  180  3 
0A-U=142  15 
0  A  i-i=102  42 
0  A  -1  =  133  0 
0  A  1  =  121  15 
i-i  A  -l-i=140  27 

"  140  40  Dx. 

i-i  A  l-i:=127  15 

126  31  Dx. 
"    126  31  M. 
i-i  A  3-3  =  153  25 

153  17  Dx. 
"     153  52  P. 
"     152  55  M. 
i-i  A  2-2 =142  6 
"     141  15  M. 


i-i  A  7=136°  55' 

"   136  48  Dx. 

"   137  22  L. 

"  136  43  M. 
i-i  Ai-2=154°  58' 
l-i  A  1  =  143  44 

"   143  30  Dx.,  P. 
-l-i  A -1  =  149  36 

"    149  44  Dx. 

"    149  38  P. 
i-i  A  l-i=  99  24i 

"     100  0  Dx. 

"     99  40  L. 

"    100  25  M. 
i-iA2-t=96  8 
i-i  A -1  =  131  41 

131  55  Dx. 


i-i  A  1=191°  12V 

"    119  8  R. 
i-i  A  1  =  126  16  R. 

"    126  30  Dx. 

"    126  25  M. 
i-i  A  2-1=150  56 

"    150  49  Dx. 

"    150  55  P.,  M. 

"     150  58  R. 
i-i  A  1-4=  131  58 

"     131  50  M. 

"     131  55  P. 
i-i  A  2-2  =  14543| 

"    145  57  Dx. 

"     146  10  P. 

"     145  53  M. 
1-»A1-*,  top, =86  4 


Turnerite  is  described  as  having  H.  above  4 ;  lustre  adamantine ;  color  yellow  or  brown ;  streak 
white  or  grayish ;  transparent  to  translucent.  Children,  after  some  imperfect  trials,  made  out 
that  it  contained  alumina,  lime,  magnesia,  a  little  iron,  with  no  titanic  acid,  and  very  little  silica. 
At  Mt.  Sorel  it  occurs  with  quartz,  albite,  orthoclase,  crichtonite,  and  octahedrite ;  and  in  the 
Tavetsch  valley,  with  quartz  crystal  and  octahedrite  in  talcose  schist. 

498.  TRIPHYLITE.    Triphylin  Fuchs,  J.  pr.  Oh.,   iii.  98,  1834,  v.  319,  1835.    Tetraphylin 
Berz.,  Arsb.,  xv.  1835.    Perowskyn  N.  Nordenskiold. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=98°  ;  O  A  1-£=129°  33',  Tsehermak  ;  a:~b:c= 
1-211  :  1  :  1-1504:.  Observed  planes  :  0  ;  vertical,  i-i,  7,  i-2 ;  domes,  £-2, 
!•*,  f -I ;  1-2,  f-2. 

7  A  7,  ov.  ^,=82°  O  A  1-2=133°  32'  450 


/A*-2  =  162  30 
/A  l-z=135  8 
i-Z  A  *-2=133 


0  A  f  4=  130  54 
'i  A  l-i,  ov.  0,=  87  4 


Faces  of  crystals  usually  uneven. 
Cleavage  :  O  nearly  perfect  in  unal- 
tered crystals.  Massive. 

CH.=5.      G.=3-54r  —  3-6;     3-545— 
3*561,   Bodenmais,   Oesten.     Subresin- 


Norwich. 


Bodenmais. 


542 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


£ 

Fe       Mn 

1.  Bodenmais    41-47 

48-57     4-70 

2. 

»    39-35 

41-42     9-43 

3. 

40-72 

39-97     9-80 

4. 

36-36 

44-52     5-76 

5. 

41-09 

35-61  11-40 

6. 

40-32 

36-54     9-05 

7. 

44-19 

38-21     5-63 

8.  Finland         42'6 

38-6       12-1 

0-68  =  99-35  Fuchs. 

1-28=99-98  Ramm. 

=100-05  Ramm. 

=  100-59  Baer. 

1-03 =99 -03  Wittst 

=98-16  Gerl. 

-100-05  Oesten. 

=103-2  Berz. 


ous.     Color  greenish-gray  ;  also  bluish ;  often  brownish-black  externally ; 
Streak  grayish-white.     Translucent  in  thin  fragments. 

Comp.— (Fe,  Mn,  Li)3P\  Fuchs.  Oesten's  analysis,  which  was  made  on  the  pure  mineral 
wholly  unaltered,  sustains  Fuchs's  formula.  0.  ratio  for  Fe+Mn,  Li  +  Na+Mg=2  :  1. 

Analyses:  1,  Fuchs  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  iii.  98,  v.  319);  2,  3,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxxv.  489);  4, 
Baer  (Arch.  Pharm.,  II.  Mi.  374);  5,  G.  0.  Wittstein  (Viert.  pr.  Pharm.,  i.  506);  6,  Gerlach  (ZS. 
nat.  Ver.  Halle,  Ix.  149);  7,  Oesten  (Pogg.,  cvii.  438);  8,  imperfect  anal,  by  Berzelius  and  N. 
Nordenskiold  (Jahresb.,  xv.  211): 

Mg     Ca      Li       $a      £          Si        H 

3-40   0-53 

7-08     1-07     0-35      

7-28     1-45     0-58       0-25 

0-73    I'OO     5-09     5-16     1-19       178 

0-48    5-47     0-87     0-07¥>e3-31 

1-97    0-58     6-84     2'51     0'35      

2-39    0-76     7-69     0-74     0'04       0'40 

1-7      8-2 

The  excess  in  the  analysis  of  the  Finland  mineral  (tetraphyline)  is  supposed  to  be  owing  to  an 
incorrect  determination  of  the  lithia. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  sometimes  decrepitates,  turns  to  a  dark  color,  and  gives  off 
traces  of  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  1*5,  coloring  the  flame  beautiful  lithia-red  in  streaks,  with  a  pale 
bluish-green  on  the  exterior  of  the  cone  of  flame.  The  coloration  of  the  flame  is  best  seen  when 
the  pulverized  mineral  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  is  treated  on  a  loop  of  platinum  wire.  "With 
borax  gives  an  iron  bead ;  with  soda  a  reaction  for  manganese.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Triphylite  occurs  at  Rabenstein,  near  Zwiesel,  in  Bavaria ;  and  f.  451  is  from  a  large 
somewhat  distorted  Bavarian  crystal  in  the  cabinet  of  R.  P.  Greg,  Jr.,  having  the  appearance  of 
being  altered ;  also  at  Keityo,  in  Finland  (perowskine  or  tetraphyline) ;  Norwich,  Mass. 

On  cryst,  Tschermak,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xlvii.  282 ;  R.  P.  Greg,  this  Min.,  406,  1854 ;  Dana,  ib. 

Named  from  rpij,  three-fold,  and  <j>v\fi,  family,  in  allusion  to  its  containing  three  phosphates. 

Alt. — Triphylite  and  triplite,  like  other  minerals  containing  protoxyd  of  manganese,  undergo 
easy  alteration  by  oxydation  and  hydration ;  and  the  former  also  by  losing  its  alkalies.  The  ses- 
quioxyd  of  iron  in  Wittstein's  analysis  (anal.  5)  is  thus  accounted  for.  The  following  have  come 
from  the  alteration  of  one  or  the  other  of  these  minerals. 

A.  HETEROSITE.     Heteposite  Alluaud,  in  an  Art.  by  Vauquelin,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxx.  294,  1825. 
Heterosite,  Heterozite,  Alluaud,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  viii.  346,  1826. 

Cleavable  massive  and  lamellar;  cleavage  stated  to  be  in  three  directions,  unequal,  affording 
an  oblique  prism  of  100°-101°.  H.  =  5'5— 6 ;  G.=3*52,  or  3-39  after  further  alteration,  Dufrenoy; 
lustre  resinous,  or  like  that  of  apatite ;  color  greenish-  and  bluish-gray,  becoming  violet  and  sub- 
metallic  on  exposure.  Soluble  in  acids,  with  a  slight  residue  of  silica.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  deep  brown 
submetallic  enamel.  Found  in  pegmatyte  near  Limoges,  Dept.  of  Haute  Vienne,  France,  and  espe- 
cially at  the  quarries  of  Bureaux.  Named  heterosite  from  trcpos,  other  or  different,  but  misspelt  by 
Vauquelin. 

B.  PSEUDOTRIPLITE  Blum,  Orykt.,  2  Aufl.,  537,  with  anal,  by  Delffs.     Resembles  triplite;  but 
occurs  incrusting  triphylite  at  Rabenstein,  Bavaria,  to  the  alteration  of  which  its  formation  is 
owing. 

C.  ALLUAUDITE  Damour,  Ann.  d.   M.,  IV.  xiii.  341,  1848   [not  Alluaudite  Bernhardi].    In 
nodules,  or  massive,  with  three  rectangular  cleavages  as  in  triplite,  two  rather  easy,  the  other 
less  so.     H.=4— 5;  G.=3'468,  Damour.     Color  brown,  brownish-red  at  the  edges  by  transmitted 
light;   powder  brownish-yellow.     B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  magnetic  globule.     Dissolves  in 
muriatic  acid  with  evolution  of  chlorine.     Supposed  to  be  altered  triplite,  and  comes  from  Chan- 
teloube,  near  Limoges. 

D.  Altered  Triphylite  from  Norwich,  Mass.    The  Norwich  mineral  is  found  only  in  crystals,  some 
an  inch  long  and  wide,  associated  with  spodumene  in  quartz.     The  crystals  vary  much  in  their 
angles ;  the  faces  are  smooth  but  hardly  polished.     The  following  angles  were  obtained  by  the 
author  from  8  crystals  (the  right-hand  i-2  is  here  accented) : 


t-2  A  i-2' 


£2  Ai-t 
0A14 


II. 


III. 


IY. 


128°     131°-132°     127°-130|° 

113       113 
121^-122 


V.   VI.  VII.  VIII. 

126°  134°  128°  130° 

108  108 

120  115  118-119 


131 
101i-102 


129-132 


ANHYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   AKSENATES.  543 

I.         II.  III.  IV.  Y.        VI.      VII.     VIII. 

i-2'Al-S  llSf  110°         110°-112° 

i-2  (or  t-2')  A  /  159°     162 

0  A  obtuse  edge  of  /  j    86_87  86  86o  go        go 

IM  93 

Many  of  the  crystals  have  a  monoclinic  form,  while  others  are  orthorhombic ;  but  the  latter  is 
the  normal  form ;  the  obliquity  having  resulted  from  some  movement  in  the  enclosing  rock  after 
the  crystals  were  made.  They  closely  resemble  in  form  the  crystals  from  Bavaria.  Cleavage  not 
distinct.  Color  black;  streak  brownish-red;  opaque;  brittle;  H.=5'5;  Gr.=2'876,  Craw.  In 
composition,  quite  near  alluaudite,  as  observed  by  Mallet.  Brush  found  the  interior  of  a  crystal 
true  triphylite,  with  color  grayish-green;  H.=5,  and  Gr. =3*534  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxxiv.  402). 

Analyses:  1,  Dufrenoy  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xli.  342);  2,  Rammelsberg  (Fogg.,  Ixxxv.  439);  3,  Fuchs 
(J.  pr.  Ch.,  iii.  98,  v.  319);  4,  Delffs  (1.  c.);  5,  Damour  (1.  c.);  6,  7,  W.  J.  Craw  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II. 
xi.  99);  8,  J.  W.  Mallet  (ib.,  xviii.  33): 

P"        3Pe      Mn      Fe      Mn    Ca     Li     fl      Si 

1.  Limoges,  Heterosite         41-77    34*89  17'58    4'40  0'22=98-85  Dufrenoy. 

2.  "  "  32-18  31-46  80-01    6'35    =100  Ramm. 

3.  Rabenstein,  Pseudotr.      35-70  48-17     8'94 5'30  1-40=99-51  Fuchs. 

4.  "  "  35-71  51-00     8-07 4'52 ,  ins.  0'70=100  D. 

5.  Alluaudite  41'25  25'62     1-06    23'08    2"65  0'60,  Na5'47  =99-73  D. 

6.  Norwich,  Mass.  41-85  27'36  24-70 1'97  2'27  2'07    ,  Mg  tr.,  insol.  0'29 

=  100-01  Craw. 

7.  "  "  44-64  26-02  23-30 1'61  2'20  2'07    ,  Mg  tr.,  insol.  0-30 

=  100-14  Craw. 

8.  "  "  (f)43-04  29-50  22'59 0'09  1-79  2-05   ,MgO-73  =  99'79M. 

Heterosite,  by  Rammelsberg's  analysis,  gives  the  O.  ratio  for  bases,  acid,  and  water  18-67  : 
18*13  :  5-64,  and  was  made  on  a  brownish-violet  specimen  having  Gr.  =  3'41 ;  by  Dufrenoy's,  3  : 
6  :  1.  Pseudotriplite  corresponds  nearly  to  9  :  10  :  2.  Alluaudite  gives  approximately,  suppos- 
ing the  manganese  to  be  protoxyd,  as  stated  in  the  analysis,  for  the  0.  ratio  for  R.  $,  P",  fl= 
5  :  6  :  18  :  2 ;  and  the  Norwich  mineral  1  :  9  :  15  :  1.  It  is  useless  to  write  formulas  for  these 
compounds  until  the  state  of  oxydation  of  the  iron  and  manganese  has  been  more  precisely  ascer- 
tained ;  and  even  then  they  are  of  little  value,  as  the  mineral  in  the  altered  state  is  probably  a 
mere  mixture. 

MELANCHLOR  Fuchs  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xvii.  171)  is  altered  triphylite  according  to  Saemann  (this  Min., 
4th  ed.,  513)  It  is  a  phosphate  of  iron  from  Rabenstein,  containing,  in  100  parts,  38'9  sesquioxyd 
and  3-87  protoxyd  of  iron,  besides  protoxyd  of  manganese,  and  9  to  10  p.  c.  of  water;  it  occurs  on 
triphylite.  The  name  alludes  to  its  blackish-green  color. 

499.  TRIPLITE.  Phosphate  natif  de  fer  melange  de  manganese  (fr.  Limoges)  Vauq.,  J.  de  M., 
xi.  295,  1802,  Ann.  Ch.,  xli.  242,  1802.  Eisenpecherz  pt.  Wern.,  1808.  Manganese  phosphate 
Lucas,  TabL,  i.  169,  1806.  Phosphormangan  Karst.,  Tabl.,  72,  1808.  Manganese  phosphate 
ferrifere,  H.,  Tabl.,  1809.  Triplit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1079,  1813.  Eisenapatit  Fuchs,  J.  pr.  Ch., 
xviil  499,  1839.  Zwiselit  Breith.,  Handb.,  ii.  299,  1841.  Phosphate  of  Iron  and  Manganese. 
Zwieselit  Gtock,  Syn.,  244,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.  Imperfectly  crystalline.  Cleavage:  unequal  in  three 
directions  perpendicular  to  each  other,  one  much  the  most  distinct. 

H.  =4-5-5.  G. =3-4:4— 3-8  ;  3-61T,  fr.  Peilau,  Berg.  Lustre  resinous, 
inclining  to  adamantine.  Color  brown  or  blackish-brown  to  almost  black. 
Streak  yellowish-gray  or  brown.  Subtranslucent — opaque.  Fracture  small 
conchoidal. 

Comp.— R3P+RF,  v.  Kobell,  with  R  in  anal.  3  =|Fe  +  fMn,  and  R=l  Ca+2Mg  +  3Fe, 
which  gives  for  the  percentage  composition,  Phosphoric  acid  32-7,  protox.  iron  16-6,  protox.  man- 
ganese 32-2,  iron  6*4,  magnesium  T8,  calcium  1*5,  fluorine  8*8  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Berzelius 
(Schw.  J.,  xxvii.  70);  2,  Bergemann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxix.  414);  3,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcii.  390);  4, 
Fuchs  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xviii.  499);  5,  Rammelsberg  (4th  Suppl.,  247): 


544 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


1.  Limoges 

2.  Peilau 

3.  Schlackenwald 

4.  Zwieselite 

5.  " 


£  Fe      Mn     Mg    Ca       &a 

32-8  31-9     32-6      3'2a 

32-76  31-72  30-83  0'32  M9     0'41b 

33-85  26-98  SO'OO  3'05  2'20  K  tr. 


Si     F 


[35-60]  35-44  20'34 
30-33    41-42  23-25    - 
*       a  Phosphate  of  lime. 


-   -   ---  =100-5  Berzelius. 

1-55  0-23    -  1-28=100-29  Bergem. 

---  8-10   -  =104-18  KobelL 
--     --  Fe4-76  0-68  3-18   -  =100  Fuchs. 
--     -         --  6-00   -  =100  Ramm. 
b  With  some  Li  0. 


Von  Kobell's  analysis  becomes,  on  combining  the  fluorine  with  Fe,  Ca,  Mg,  $  33'85,  Fe  19-86, 
Mn  80-00,  Fe  5-54,  Mg  1'83,  Ca  1'57,  F  8-10=100-75. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  easily  at  1  -5  to  a  black  magnetic  globule ;  moistened  with  sulphuric 
acid  colors  the  flame  bluish-green.  With  borax  in  O.F.  gives  an  amethystine  colored  glass  (man- 
ganese); in  R  F.  a  strong  reaction  for  iron.  With  soda  reacts  for  manganese.  With  sulphuric 
acid  evolves  fluohydric  acid.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.— Found  by  Alluaud  at  Limoges  in  France,  in  a  vein  of  quartz  in  granite,  accompanied 
by  apatite ;  occurs  also  at  Peilau  in  Silesia. 

Zwieselite,  a  clove-brown  variety,  was  found  by  Fuchs  near  Rabenstein.  1  league  from  Zwiesel, 
in  Bavaria,  in  quartz  (Gr.=3'97  Fuchs).  Fuchs  in  his  Mineralogy  suggests  its  relation  to  triplite. 
It  is  stated  to  have  a  rather  perfect  basal  cleavage ;  a  brachydiagonal  little  distinct ;  and  a  pris- 
matic parallel  to  a  prism  of  1 29°  very  imperfect. 

Alt. — Often  occurs  coated  with  oxyd  of  manganese  as  a  result  of  its  alteration. 

500.  HOPBITE.    Brewster,  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  x.  107,  1825.     Prismatoidischer  Zinkphyllit 

JBretth.,  Char.,  38,  1832. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=101°,  0  A  14=133°  19',  Levy  ;  a  :  I :  c=l-0607  : 
1  :  1'2131.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure,  with  also  24,  34, 
and  i-B. 


0  A  1-5=138°  50' 
14  A  14,  ov.  0,=97 
0  A  24=119  47 


2  A  2,  brach.,=87°  3' 
40          2  A  2,  macr.,=106  36 
2  A  2,  bas.,=140 


Cleavage :  i-i  highly  perfect.     Plane  0  striated.  '  Also  in 
reniform  masses,  and  amorphous. 

H.=2-5-3.  G.=2-76— 2-85.  Lustre  vitreous;  i4 
somewhat  pearly.  Color  grayish- white ;  reddish-brown 
when  compact.  Streak  white.  Transparent — translu- 
cent. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Dissolves  without  effervescence  in  muriatic  or  nitric  acid, 
and  is  slowly  affected  by  sulphuric  acid.  B.B.  gives  out  water,  and  then 
melts  with  difficulty  to  a  clear  colorless  globule,  tinging  the  flame  green. 
The  globule  obtained  with  borax  remains  clear  on  cooling.  With  soda  it  affords  a  scoria  which 
is  yellow  when  hot,  and  gives  out  copious  fumes  of  zinc  and  some  of  cadmium.  The  fused  min- 
eral forms  a  fine  blue  glass  with  a  solution  of  cobalt.  Hopeite  is  supposed,  therefore,  to  be  a 
hydrous  compound  of  phosphoric  acid  and  oxyd  of  zinc,  with  a  small  portion  of  cadmium.  N. 
Nordenskiold,  Jahresb.,  v.  198,  1825. 

Obs.— Found  in  the  calamine  mines  of  Altenberg,  near  Aix  la  Chapelle. 

Named  in  honor  of  Prof.  Hope  of  Edinburgh. 

The  angle  of  i-i  A  -H  in  hopeite  is  near  i-2  A  i-2  in  fischerite. 

601.  BERZELIITE.  Berzeliit  Kiihn,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xxxiv.  211,  1840.  Magnesian  Phar- 
macolite  Dana,  Min.,  239,  1844.  Chaux  arseniatee  anhydre  Dufr.  Berzelit  Haid.,  Handb.,  495, 
1845.  Kuhnite  B.  &  H.,  Min.,  481,  1852. 

Massive,  with  cleavage  in  one  direction. 

H.=5— 6.     Gr.=2*52.    Lustre  waxy.     Color  dirty-white  or  honey-yel- 
low.    Brittle. 


ANHYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   ARSENATES. 

Comp.— (Ca,  Mg,  Mn)10  IV.    0.  ratio  for  K,  ls=l  :  if    Analyses  :  Kuhn  (1.  c.) : 

ign. 
2- 


545 


58-51 
56-46 


Ca 
23-22 
20-96 


Mg 
15'68 
35'61 


Mn 
2'13 
4"26 


Kiihn. 
,  insol.  0'23  =  100'47  Kiihn. 


Another  partial  analysis  gave  Ca  21-31,  Mg,  Mn  17-07. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  infusible,  but  turns  gray.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  an  arsenical  odor; 
with  soda  on  platinum  foil  fuses  with  effervescence,  and  gives  a  manganese  reaction.  Soluble  in 
nitric  acid. 

Obs.—  Occurs  at  Longban  in  Sweden,  with  iron  ore  and  granular  dolomite. 

502.  CARMINITE.    Carminapath  Sandberger,  Pogg.,  Ixxx.  391,  1859.     Carmine  Spar.    Car- 

minite  Dana,  Min.,  410,  1854. 

Orthorhombic.  In  clusters  of  fine  needles.  Also  in  spheroidal  forms 
with  a  columnar  structure.  Cleavage  parallel  to  the  faces  of  a  rhombic 
prism. 

H.=2'5.  G.=:4'105.  Lustre  vitreous,  but  cleavage  pearly.  Color 
carmine  to  tile-red  ;  powder  reddish-yellow.  Translucent.  Brittle. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  Pb,  3Pe,  £s=l£  :  9  :  17  ;  or  for  bases  and  acid  2  :  3,  or^less  nearly,  3  :  5. 
Sandberger  and  Muller  adopt  the  latter,  and  write  the  formula  Pb3  A  s  +  5  Fe  As.  Analysis  by 
R.  Muller  (Pogg.,  ciii.  345): 

Is  49-11  £e  30-29  Pb  24-55=103-95. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily  to  a  steel-gray  globule,  giving  out  arsenical  vapors  ; 
with  soda  a  globule  of  lead,  and  with  borax  an  iron  reaction.  Heated  in  a  glass  tube  no  change. 
Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.  —  From  Horhausen  in  Prussia,  12-16  m.  N.B.  of  the  town  of  Neuwred  on  the  Rhine,  with 
beudantite  and  quartz  in  a  mine  of  limonite. 

503.  AMBLYGONTTE.    Amblygonit  Breith.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iv.  b,  159,  1817,  Handb.,  483. 


Triclinic.     Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure,  Dana. 


/A  7=73°  20' 

O  A  ™=105 

0  A  7,  back, =87  40 

0  A  r=lll  30? 

O  A  edge  7/7=78  30 

0  A  2-2=105  20 


It\  ^=135°  30' 

/A  i-S=155  30 

T  A  £s=97  50 

/A  24=107  30 
i-l  A  24,  ov.  7,=142  30 
i-l  A  14,  adj.,=131  50 


453 


Cleavage :  0  perfect ;  i-l  nearly  perfect,  angle  between 
these  cleavages  104J°  ;  also  /imperfect.  Usually  massive, 
cleavable ;  sometimes  columnar. 

H.=6.  G.=3-3-ll ;  3-046,  Hebron,  Brush.  Lustre 
pearly  on  face  of  perfect  cleavage  (O) ;  vitreous  on  i-l,  less 
perfect  cleavage-face ;  on  cross-fracture  a  little  greasy. 
Color  pale  mountain  or  sea-green,  white,  grayish, brownish-  Hebron,  Me. 

white.     Subtransparent — translucent.     Fracture  uneven. 
Optical  axes  very  divergent ;  plane  of  axes  nearly  at  right  angles  to  i-l ;; 
bisectrix  of  the  acute  angle  negative,  and  parallel  to  the  edge   0/i-l\ 
Descl. 

Comp. — Perhaps  (£  (Li,  &a)3  +  £  Xl)4  P",  with  one-ninth  of  the  oxygen  replaced  by  fluorine. 
Analyses:  1,  Berzelius  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Lsv.  321);  2,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  bciv.  2H5,  Min.  Chi,  359): 

35 


546 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


P  XI          Li         tfa        &          F 

1.  Chursdorf  56'69      3o-69       9-11      Berz. 

2.  Arnsdorf;  G.=3'll   (f)47-58       36'88       6'68        3'29       0'43       8'll  =  102-97  Ramm. 

In  three  trials  the  alumina  was  found  to  be  86*26,  36'62,  and  36'89  p.  c.     Rammelsberg  deduces 
the  formula  (£l5P"3-f  R5P~8)  +  (A13F3+RF),  R  standing  for  lithium  and  sodium  ;  Rose  writes  (2  Rs 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  which  at  a  high  heat  is  acid  and  corrodes  the 
glass.  B.B.  fuses  easily  (at  2)  with  intumescence,  and  becomes  opaque  white  on  cooling.  Colors  the 
flame  yellowish-red  with  traces  of  green;  the  Hebron  variety  gives  an  intense  lithia-red  ;  mois- 
tened with  sulphuric  acid  gives  a  bluish-green  to  the  flame.  "With  cobalt  solution  assumes  a  deep 
blue  color  (alumina).  "With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  forms  a  transparent  colorless  glass. 
In  fine  powder  dissolves  easily  in  sulphuric  acid,  more  slowly  in  muriatic. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  at  Chursdorf  and  Arnsdorf,  near  Penig  in  Saxony,  where  it  is  associated  with 
tourmaline  and  garnet  in  granite  ;  also  at  Arendal,  Norway.  In  the  IT.  States,  in  Maine,  at  Hebron, 
imbedded  in  a  coarse  granite  in  masses,  sometimes  well  crystallized,  with  lepidolite,  albite,  quartz,  red, 
green,  and  black  tourmaline,  apatite,  and  rarely  cassiterite  ;  also  at  Mt.  Mica  in  Paris,  8  m.  from 
Hebron,  with  tourmaline.  The  Hebron  crystals  have  rather  rough  faces,  admitting  only  of  approxi- 
mative measurement,  and  are  occasionally  1  in.  thick  and  2  in.  long  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  IT.  xxxiv.  243). 
The  angles  above  are  from  measurements  by  the  author  of  Hebron  crystals.  Descloizeaux  ob- 
tained from  the  cleavages  of  the  Hebron  mineral  0  (p)  A  i-i  (w)=105°  ;  0  (p)  A  J(i!)=880  30' 
I(t)  A  ir%  (m)=135°  (C.  R.,  Ivii.  357,  Pogg.,  cxxiii.  183). 

The  name  is  from  d^SXvs,  blunt,  and  ydi/v,  angle. 


504.  HERDERITE.    Herderite  Edid.,  Phil.  Mag.,  iv.  1,  1828.    Allogonit  Breith.,  Uib.,  23, 

1830,  Char.,  78,  1832. 

Orthorhombic.  7A  7=115°  53',  0  A  14=145°  51';  ail:  c=0'6783  : 
1  :  1*5971.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure, 
with  also  3,  4,  and  6-2. 


454 


0  A  1=141°  19' 
0  A  3=112  35 
O  A    -2=147  30 


1  A  1,  mac., =141°  17' 
1  A  1,  brach.,=116  3 
0  A  7=90 

Cleavage :  7interrupted.  Surfaces  7 and  1  very  smooth, 
and  delicately  lined  parallel  to  their  edge  of  intersec- 
tion. 

H.=5.     G.= 2-985.     Lustre  vitreous,   inclining  to 
subresinous.     Streak  white.     Color  various  shades  of 

yellowish-  and  greenish-white.     Translucent.     Fracture  small  conchoidal. 

Very  brittle.     Index  of  refraction  1'47. 

Oomp.— Probably,  according  to  trials  by  Turner  and  Plattner,  an  anhydrous  phosphate  of 
alumina  and  lime  with  fluorine. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  to  a  white  enamel;  becomes  blue  with  cobalt  solution. 
Dissolves  when  finely  powdered  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Yery  rare  at  the  tin  mines  of  Ehrenfriedersdorf  in  Saxony.  Resembles  the  asparagus 
variety  of  apatite. 

Named  after  Baron  von  Herder,  director  of  the  Saxon  mines. 


505.  MONIMOLITE.    Monimolit  L.  J.  Igelstrom,  <Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1865,  227. 

Tetragonal.    In  octahedrons.    Also  massive  and  incrusting. 


ANHYDROUS   ASTTIMONATES.  547 

H.=4'5— 5.  G.=5'9tl:.  Lustre  submetallic,  greasy.  Color  yellow. 
Powder  citron-yellow.  Fracture  granular. 

Comp. — (£b,  Fe,  Mn,  6a,  Mg)*  Sb,  but  mainly  antimonato  of  lead.     Analysis:  Igelstrom  (L  c.)  : 
§b  40-29  £b  42-40  Fe  Mn  6'20  Ca  7'59  Mg  3  25=99-73. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  a  malleable  lead-colored  globule,  which  in  O.F.  gives  a 
white  coating  of  antimony,  and  nearer  the  assay  the  yellow  of  oxyd  of  lead.  Insoluble  in  strong 
acids,  or  with  carbonated  or  caustic  alkalies,  even  on  fusion.  Keduced  by  hydrogen  gas  at  a  red 
heat ;  becomes  soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  tephroite  at  the  manganese  mine  of  Paisberg,  in  "Wermland,  Sweden. 

506.  ROMEITE.    Romeine  Damour,  Ann.  d.  M.,  Ill  xx.  247,  1841 ;  Y.  iil  179,  1853 

Tetragonal.  In  octahedrons,  near  the  regular  octahedron  in  form  ;  1  A  1, 
basal,  110°  50'— 111°  20' ;  over  the  summit,  68°  10'— 69°  10'.  Occurs  in 
groups  of  minute  crystals.  Cleavage  none. 

H.  above  5 '5.  G.  in  grains,  4-714 ;  in  powder,  4*675.  Color  hyacinth 
or  honey-yellow. 

Comp.— R3,  SbO3,  SbO5  Damour = Antimony  62-24,  oxygen  16-32,  lime  21-44=100.  Analysis 
by  Damour  (1.  c.,  1853) : 

0  15-82          Sb  62-18     Fe  1-31     Mn  1-21     Ca  16'29  Si  sol.  0*96     insol.  1-90=99-67. 
or  Sb  O5  40-79     Sb  O3  36-82     Fe  1-70  1'21  16-29  0-96  1-90=99-67. 

In  his  earlier  analysis  (1841)  Damour  obtained  Sb  O3  79-31,  Fe  1'20,  Mn  2-16,  Ca  16-67,  Si  sol. 
0-64=99-98. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  to  a  blackish  slag.  With  borax  affords  a  colorless  glass  in  the  inner 
flame,  a  violet  in  the  outer  (manganese).  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  white  antimonial  fumes 
and  globules  of  metallic  antimony ;  fused  on  platinum  foil  with  soda  gives  a  bluish-green  man- 
ganate.  Insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Romeite  was  found  by  B.  de  Lorn  at  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont,  in  small  nests  or  veins  in 
the  gangue  which  accompanies  manganese,  consisting  in  part  of  feldspar,  epidote,  quartz,  limonite, 
and  greenovite. 

Named  by  Damour  (not  by  Dufrenoy)  after  the  crystallographer  Rome  de  1'Isle. 

507.  AMMIOLITE.  Antimonite  de  Mercure  Domeyko,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  vi.  183,  1844  Cina- 
brio  subido  Domeyko,  Min.,  168.  1845.  Ammiolite  Dana,  Min.,  534,  1850.  Antimoniato  de 
cobre  con  cinabrio  terroso  Domeyko,  Min.,  129,  1860. 

Earthy  powder.     Color  deep  red,  scarlet. 

Comp. — Results  variable ;  but  regarded  as  antimonate  of  copper  mixed  with  cinnabar  and  with 
other  impurities.  Analyses  by  Domeyko  (Min.,  129,  1860)  of  the  material  obtained  in  the  earliest 
part  of  a  process  of  levigation : 

Sb  Cu  Hg  S  Pe  quartz  H  and  loss. 

24-1  16-9  19-9  3-3  2'2  24'8             8'8 

29-5  15-6  23-6  3'3  3'1  8'1           16'9 

23*1  18-1  19-8  3-1  1-1 

Rivot  has  found  in  a  similar  substance  from  Chili  (Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  vi.  556),  Sb  36-5,  Cu  12-2, 
Hg  22 '2,  Te  14-8,  Fe,  S  tr.,  quartz  2-5,  0  and  loss  12 '6,  and  observes  that  his  result  indicates 
the  presence  of  tellurid  of  mercury  and  antimonic  acid  along  with  antimonate  of  copper. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Effervesces  with  nitric  acid,  without  loss  of  color ;  but  loss  of  color  by  action 
of  muriatic  acid,  and  an  abundant  deposit  of  white  antimonic  acid.  Heated  in  a  matrass,  a 
sublimate  of  mercury. 

Obs. — Found  in  many  of  the  Chilian  mines,  filling  cavities  in  the  quartzose  or  argillo-ferrugi- 


54:8  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

nous  gangue  of  the  mercurial  tetrahedrite,  and  in  the  pores  of  the  imperfectly  compact  tetrahedrite 
itself,  and  has  proceeded  from  the  decomposition  of  this  mercurial  ore. 

Named  from  fy/Hoi/,  vermilion. 

F.  Field  has  analyzed  a  red  earthy  substance  from  Tambillos,  near  Coquimbo,  Chili,  and  made 
it  a  compound  of  antimonite  of  mercury  and  sulphantimonite  of  mercury ;  but  there  is  much 
uncertainty  over  his  results.  He  obtained  (Q.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  xii.  27) : 

Sb  S  Hg  £e  H  quartz 

14-21  5-43  34-42  2'68  4'46  35-50=96-70. 

15-26  5-98  37-94  2'94  4'98  29-78=96-88. 

He  takes  the  loss  as  partly  oxygen,  and  thus  makes  Sb  63,  Sb  S3,  Hg  0,  Hg  S  as  the  constitu- 
ents. The  material  is  probably  a  mixture  of  cinnabar,  etc. 


APPENDIX. 

508.  ARSENATE  OP  NICKEL  (Nickelerz,  Ni5  A\  C.  Bergemann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxv.  239,  1858). 
Crystalline  massive  or  amorphous.  H.=4.  G.=4'838.  Color  dark  grass-green  to  brownish  in 
spots  where  amorphous  ;  streak  lighter.  e 

Formula  given  by  Bergemaun  (1.  c.)  Ni5  As=  Arsenic  acid  38'0,  oxyd  of  nickel  62-0=100. 
His  analysis  afforded  : 

Is  36-57        £  0-14        Ni  62-07         60  0'54        Cu  0'34        Bi  0-24        3Pe  <r.  =99-90. 

Unaltered  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  on  charcoal  affords  arsenical  fumes  ;  with  borax  in  R.F. 
gives  a  gray  bead  (nickel)  ;  with  soda  on  charcoal  gives  off  arsenical  fumes  and  yields  a  magnetic 
mass.  From  Johanngeorgenstadt,  along  with  the  following,  nickel  oxyd,  and  native  bismuth. 


509.  ARSENATE  OF  NICKEL  (Nickelerz,  Ni8  A'S,  C.  Bergemann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxv.  239,  1858). 
Amorphous.  H.=4.  G.  =4*982.  Color  sulphur-yellow.  Formula  Ni3A^s,  Bergemann,  =  Arsenic 
acid  50-5,  Ni  49'5=100.  Analysis  by  Bergemaun  (L  c.)  : 

Is  50-53  £  fr.  Ni  48-24  Co  0'21  Cu  0'57  Bi  0-62=100-17. 

Like  the  preceding  in  pyrognostic  characters.  Occurs  at  Johanngeorgenstadt,  with  the  pre- 
ceding. 


II.  HYDROUS  PHOSPHATES,  ARSENATES,  ANTIMONATES. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 

A.   PHOSPHATES  AND  ARSENATES  OF  BASES  IN  THE  PBOTOXTD  STATE. 

I.  STRUVITE  GROUP.    Contain  ammonia.    0.  ratio  for  bases  and  acid  3  :  5. 

515.  STERCORITE  (*Na+£NH40  +  iH)8P  +  8H        Pej|O3||(iNa+iAm  +  i 

516.  STRUVITE  (f.  Mg+£NH40)3£+12H  (Pe)3|e8|(iAma+f  Mg)8+12aq 

II.  HAIDINGERITE  GROUP.    Contain  lime.    0.  ratio  3  :  5.    Orthorhombic,  with  a  pearly 

diagonal  cleavage. 

517.  HAIDINGEBITK          (f  Ca+^  H)3  ls+3  H  (As  e)2||06!|(f  6a  +  ^  Ha)3  +  3  aq 


HYDKOU8   PHOSPHATES   AND   AESENATES.  549 

III.  PHARMACOLITE  GROUP.    Contain  lime  or  magnesia.    0.  ratio  3  :  5.    Monoclinic,  with 
a  pearly  dinodiagonal  cleavage. 


518.  BRUSHITE 

519.  METABRUSHITB 

520.  PHARMACOLITE  (fCa+ifl)8^s  +  5li  (^  0)2|J0 

521.  CHUHCHITE  (Ca,  Ce)8  £  +  4  fi  (P0)2||06||(ea,ee)3+4aq 

522.  HCERNESITE  Mg3A's  +  8:&  (As0)2|06|Mg3  +  8aq 

523.  RffiSSLERiTE  (£Mg+£fl)3ls  +  12fi  (As0)2||06||(£Mg+£H2)3 


IV.  VIVIAN1TE  GROUP.     Contain  iron,  manganese,  nickel,  cobalt,  or  zinc.    0.  ratio  3  :  5. 
Monoclinic,  with  a  pearly  dinodiagonal  cleavage. 


524.  VIVIANITE 

525.  SYMPLESITE              Fe8A's+«aq  (As0)2f06fFe3  +  waq 

526.  ERYTHBITE               Co3A"s  +  8il  (As0)2|06fl6o3-i-8aq 

527.  ANNABERGITE          Ni33ts  +  8fl  (As0)2||06||M3+8aq 

529.  CABRERITE               (fti,  Co,  Mg)3  £s  +  8  fl  (As  e)2|O6l(Ni,  €o,  Mg)3  +  8  aq 

530.  KoiTiGrrE                (2n,  Co,  Ni)3  ls+  8  £[  (As  e)a|e6B(Zn,  Oo,  Ni),  +  8  aq 

531.  HUREAULITE             (Mn,  Fe,  fi)3^+2  fl  (P  O)8|O6J(Mn,  Fe,H2)3+2aq 

Y.  CHONDRARSENITE  GROUP.  Contain  manganese.  0.  ratio  1:1?  No  cleavage  ob- 
served. 

532.  CHONDRARSENITE 

VI.  OLIVENITE  GROUP.  Contain  Cu,  2n  as  the  protoxyd  bases.  General  formula  R8  (P, 
A's)  +  w  aq,  with  sometimes  Cu  fl,  or  Zu.  S,  accessory.  Orthorhombic,  without  pearly 
cleavage;  I  f\  I  near  90°. 


533.  TRIOHALCITE 

534.  ?  THROMBOLITE  £,  Cu,  it 

535.  LIBETHENITE  Cu3^  +  CuB[  (P  O)2 

536.  OLTYENITE  Cu8  (Is,  £)  +  Cu  fi  ((As,P)0)2fl06Heu3+0uH202 

537.  ADAMITE  2n3ls+2nfi  (As,0)2||06lZn3+ZnH20a 

538.  CONICHALCITE  (Cu,Ca)3  (1^,ls)  +  Cu  fi+i  fi  ((As  P)0)2||06||(0u,  0a)3  +  0u  H2  03  +  \  aq 

539.  BATLDONITE  (Cu, 

540.  EUCHROITE  Cu3 


VII.  LIROCONITE  GROUP.     Contain  Cu.    General  formula  R3  (P,  ls)  +  n  aq,  with  mostly 
2  Cu  fi  or  3  Cu  fi  accessory.    Monoclinic,  without  a  very  distinct  basal  cleavage. 


541.  TAGILITE 

542.  LIROCONITE  C 

543.  PsEDDOMALACmTE  Cu^+sCuS  (P0)2|06I0u3+3  €uH2  0a 
543A.  EHLITE  Cu8^+2Cufi:+fi                      (P0)2i06I6u8+20uHa0a 
543B.  DIHYDRITE  Cu3  ^  +  2  Cu  fl                              (P  0)2106fleu,  +  2  6u  Ha  0a 


550  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

544.  EEINITE  <V  Is  +  2  fri  fl  (As  O)2||e6  ||€u3  +  2  6u  H2  Oa 

545.  CORNWALLITE  Ou3Is  +  2  Cu£+3  fi  (As  e)2I06  |€Hi3  +  2  6u  H2  0a  +  3  aq 


VIII.  CHALCOPHYLUTE  GROUP.    Contain  Cu.  A  perfect  basal  cleavage. 

646.  TYBOLITE  Cu3  Is+  2  Cu  £+  7  fi  (As  0)a||e»  |6u,  +  2  €u  H2  O2  +  7  aq 

547.  CLINOCLASITB  Cu3  Is  +  3  Cu  fl  (As  O)31O6  I^u3  +  3  €u  H2  O2 

548.  CHALCOPHYLLITB  a  Cu3  Is  +  5  Cu  fl  +  7  fl  (As  0)2||06  I6u3  +  5  €u  H2  O2  +  7  aq 

b  C 


B.  PHOSPHATES  Am>  AESENATES  OF  BASES  WHOLLY,  OR  IN  PART,  IN  THE  SESQUIOXYD  STATE. 

(1)  Oxygen  ratio  for  (&3,  R),  (^,  A"s)=:3  :  5,  with  water  and  sometimes  other  accessory  con- 
stituents.   Plumbogummite  is  of  uncertain  relations. 


549.  BEBLmiTE                Xl  P  +i  A  (P  0)2||O6  ||^A13  +  *  aq 

550.  CALLAINITE 

551.  LAZULITE 

552.  BARRANDITE             (Si,  3Pe)  ^4-4  f[  (P  O)21O6  |/?(A1,  Fe)3  +  4  aq 

553.  SCORODITE                3PeIs+4fl  (Pe)2l|08 

554.  WAVELLTTE              Sl^+|Slfi34r5f[  (PO)2|O8 

555.  TROLLEITE                Sl^  +  iSlfi'  (PO)21O6  J/?Al3+/?AlH2e2 

556.  PLUMBOGUMMITE  (?)  Pb3£  +  6  Slfi3  (P  O)2106  |Pb3  +  18  /?A1  H202 

557.  CALOIOFEBBITE         (£e,  Ca3)  ^  +  i38fi3  +  4S  (P  O)2|O6  fl(6a,/?Fe)3  +  f  /?BH202  +  4  aq 

558.  PHARMACOSIDEBITE  3Pels+i?5efi:8  +  4fl:  (AsO)2|O6 

(2)  0.  ratio  for  (£3,  fi),  £=4  :  5. 

559.  CIRBOLITE                (iCas+i*l)4^3+3S  P2eflO8 


Trolleite  (555),  cakioferrite  (557),  and  pharmacosiderite  (558),  have  the  0.  ratio  4  :  5,  and  if  part 
of  the  alumina  or  iron  is  not  present  as  an  accessory  hydrate,  they  should  be  included  in  this 
group.  Wavellite  (554)  is  also  near  it. 

(3)  0.  ratio  for  (&3,  $),  (£,  ls)=l  :  1  ;  but  doubtful. 


560.  CHTLDRENITE  (|(Fe,Mn)3  +  f  £l)6P"8+15fl  P2|010||(t(Fe,Mn)  +  f  /?A1)6+  5aq 

561.  ?  ATTACOLTTE  ^,  Si,  Oa,  Mn,  Fe,  fl 

(4)  0.  ratio  for  (£3,  K),  (P,  Is)=6  :  5. 


562.  AUGELITE 

563.  TUBQUOIS 

564.  PEGANITE 

565.  FISCHERITE 
666.  TAVISTOCKITE 

567.  CHENEVEOTE  (3Pe,  Cu^Is  +  3  fi  (^u,  /?Fe)6  0ie10BAsa+3  aq 

668.  DUFRENITE 
569.  CAOOXENITE 


HYDKOUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   ARSENATES.  551 


570.  ARSENIOSIDERITE      (^Oa^s  +  eC  (€a,/?Fe)6O|je1o||As2+6aq 

571.  EVANSITE 

572.  TORBERNITB  ga     +    u+7  0&9  e||e10||P2+euH2e2  +  7  aq 

573.  AUTUNITB 


(5)  0.  ratio  for  (S8,  E),  (P,  Is)=3  :  2. 


574.  AMPHITHALITE 

575.  SPHJSRITE  Xp-H-lSfi  /?A-l15e&ie2o||P4+16aq 

576.  BORICKITE 


C.  PHOSPHATES  OR  ARSENATES  COMBINED  WITH  SULPHATES. 

580.  DIADOCHITE  P",  S,  £e,  fi 

581.  PITTICITE  Is,  S,  Pe,  £ 

582.  BEUDANTITE  ^,  Is,  S,  S'e,  Pb,  fl 

583.  LlNDACKERITE  ^8,  S,  Cu,  Ni,  fl 

584.  SVANBERGITE  ^,  S,  3tl,  Ca,  Na,  fl 

585.  FICIXITE  ^,  S,  Fe,  Mn,  fl 

D.  ANTIMONATES. 

• 

586.  BlNDHEIMITE  §,  P,  fl 

In  the  preceding  formulas  the  value  of  Q  may  be  learned  from  the  corresponding  formula  in 
the  other  column.  In  many  of  the  phosphates  of  copper  the  member  n  Cu  fi  is  made  an  acces- 
sory, as  done  by  Eammelsberg  and  others. 


515.  STERCORITB.    Stercorite  Hempath,  Q.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  1849.   Microcosmic  Salt.    Native  Salt 

of  Phosphorus. 

In  crystalline  masses  and  nodules.  G.=1'6151.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color 
white,  stained  yellowish-brown.  Transparent.  Fragile.  Not  efflorescent. 
Easily  soluble  in  hot  and  cold  water. 

Oomp.— Na  NH40  £+9  H=Phosphoric  acid  34-05,  ammonia  12*40,  soda  14*92,  water  38'63= 
100.  Analysis  by  T.  J.  Herapath  (L  c.) : 

$  34-325  Am.  7 '680  ISTa  15-752  fi  42-243=100. 

Mixed  with  about  9  p.  c.  of  impurities,  consisting  of  organic  matters  along  with  chlorid  of 
sodium,  carbonate  of  lime,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  phosphate  of  lime,  sand,  etc. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  intumesces,  blackens,  and  gives  off  water  and  ammonia,  colors  the  flame  mo- 
mentarily a  famt  green,  and  fuses  to  a  transparent  colorless  glass,  soluble  in  boiling  water. 

Obs. — Found  in  guano  at  the  island  of  Ichaboe  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  and  named  from 
the  Latin  sterciis,  dung. 

This  species  is  identical  with  the  £a&  of  Phosphorus,  used  as  a  flux  in  blowpipe  analysis. 

516.  STRUVTTE.    Struvit  Ulex,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1845,  iii.  32,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixvi  41. 

Guanite  K  F.  Tcschemacher,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxviii.  546,  1846. 


552 


OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 


Orthorhombic.     Hemihedral,  two  opposite  sides  having  unlike  planes. 
I A  7=101°  42',  0/\  1-1=132°  32';  a  :  I  :  0=1-0900:  1  :  1-2283.     Ob- 
served planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure. 


458 


0  A  14=138°  25' 
0  A  -H=151  25 


Afc-2,  ov.  £5, =63°  8' 
A  14,  ov.  <9,=96  50 
A  %-i,  ov.  ™,=57  10 


Cleavage :    0,  perfect.     Twins :    composition-face 
i-i. 

H.=2.     G. =1-65— 1-7.     Color  slightly  yellow- 
ish to  brown ;  white.     Lustre  vitreous.     Translu- 
cent ;  sometimes  opaque.   Brittle.    Tasteless,  being 
but  slightly  soluble. 

Comp. — NH4OlJlga^+12fi=Pliospiioric  acid  29-0,  magnesia  16-3,  ammonia  10-6,  water  44-1 
=100.     Ulex  obtained  (Jahrb.  Min.  1851,  51): 


t 

28-56 


Mg 
13-46 


Fe 
3-06 


Mn 
1-12 


Am.fi 
53-76 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  ammonia  and  becomes  opaque.  B.B.  colors 
the  flame  green,  and  fuses  easily  to  an  enamel,  which,  heated  with  cobalt  solution,  assumes  a 
beautiful  purple  color.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Found  in  guano  from  Saldanha  Bay,  coast  of  Africa,  imbedded  in  patches  of  crystals ; 
also  under  an  old  church  in  Hamburg,  where  quantities  of  cattle  dung  existed  iii  the  soil  above 
a  bed  of  peat  which  contained  the  crystals.  This  salt  forms  when  a  tribasic  phosphate  and  a 
salt  of  ammonia  are  dissolved  together,  and  a  salt  of  magnesia  is  added  to  the  mixture. 

The  dimensions  of  the  crystals  are  nearly  those  of  barytes  if  l-i  be  taken  as  f-i 

Named  after  the  Eussian  statesman  v.  Struve. 


517.  HAIDINGERITE.     Turner,  Edinb.  J.  Sci.,  iii.  303,  1825. 

Orthorhombic.     /A  7=100°  (80°  over  i-i\  O  A  14=148°  16' ;  a  :  I :  c 
=0*595  :  1  :  1-1918.    Observed  planes:  vertical,  7,  i-l,  i-i\  domes,  |-4,  24, 
459  H>  !-*;  octahedral,  4-5,  |--f.     £4  A  £4,  top, =146°  53', 

14  A  14=126°  58',  7  A  ^4=140°,  7  A  a=1300.  Cleav- 
age :  i-i  highly  perfect.  Mostly  in  minute  crystals  aggre- 
gated into  botryoidal  forms  and  drusy  crusts. 

H.=l-5-2-5.  G.  =  2-848.  Lustre  vitreous.  Streak 
white.  Color  white.  Transparent — translucent.  Sec- 
tile  ;  thin  laminae  slightly  flexible. 

Comp.— (i-Ca+^fi)3  Is  +  3  ~&= Arsenic  acid  58-1,  lime  28-3,  water 
13-6=100.     Turner  (L  c.)  obtained,  arsenate  of  lime  85-681,  and  water 
14-319.     Dissolves  easily  in  nitric  acid. 
Pyr.— B.B.  like  pharmacolite. 

Obs. — Supposed  to  be  from  Baden  or  Joachim sthal,  according  to  R.  P.  Greg,  Jr.,  whose  cabi- 
net contained  the  only  specimen  that  has  been  observed ;  probably  the  latter  place,  according  to 
Vogl  (Min.  Joach.,  186).    It  is  associated  with  pharmacolite. 
Named  after  W.  Haidinger. 


518.  BRUSHITE.     G.  E.  Moore,  Proc.  Acad.  Cal.,  iii.  167,  1864,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxbc.  1865. 

Monoclinic.     C=62°  45X,  /A  7=142°  26X;  a  :  I :  e=0«5396  :  1  :  2-614. 


HYDROUS   PHOSPHATES    AND   AESENATES. 


558 


1  A  a=108°  4:7',  1  A  a=101°  40',  1  A  1=156°  46'  (156°  20' 
by  approximate  measurement),  —  1  A  -1  (unobserved  planes)  = 
164°  22',  angle  between  edge  ///and  lines  of  cross  cleavage 
cl  (=O  on  orthodiagonal  section  or  plane  i-i}  117°—  117-J-0, 
and  between  same  edge  ///and  edge  1/1  (=i-i  on  1-^)  = 
95°—  95£°  ;  whence  0  A  1-fcabout  147°  30',  Dana.  Cleavage  : 
clinodiagonal,  perfect  and  pearly;  0  (parallel  to  cl)  perfect, 
crystals  often  breaking  transversely  along  this  plane.  Crys- 
tals small  and  slender.  Also  concretionary  massive,  consisting 
of  lamellar  individuals,  and  having  pearly  cleavages. 

H.=2—  2-5.  G.  =2-208.  Lustre  of  i-l  pearly,  elsewhere 
vitreous,  and  in  part  splendent  ;  when  massive,  earthy,  or  more 
or  less  resinous.  Colorless  to  pale  yellowish.  Transparent— 
translucent. 


460 


Comp.—  (£  C 
(La);  3,  Julien  (ib.,  xl.  379): 


or,  of  the  general  formula, 


.    Analyses:  1,  2,  Moore 


1.  Aves  I.         41-50 

2.  "  41-32 

3.  Sombrero      39'95 


Ca 
32-65 
32-73 
32-11 


26-33  =  100-48  Moore. 
26-40=100-45  Moore. 
25-95,  &1,  £e  0-33,  S  0'78,  hygrosc.  1-23  =  100-35  Julien. 


Fyr.,  etc. — Heated  in  a  closed  tube  whitens,  and  at  an  incipient  red  heat  gives  off  water.  B.B. 
in  the  platinum  forceps  fuses  easily  with  intumescence,  tinging  the  flame  green ;  the  button 
crystalline  with  brilliant  facets  on  cooling.  Dissolves  readily  in  dilute  nitric  and  muriatic 
acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  on  the  rock  guano  of  Aves  Island  and  Sombrero  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  in  groups 
and  crusts  consisting  of  delicate  and  mostly  transparent  crystals.  Named  after  G-.  J.  Brush. 

The  species  may  be  regarded  as  isomorphous  with  vivianite ;  2  a  :  b  :  -£  c  of  brushite  equalling 
1-0792  :  1  :  1*307,  which  is  very  near  the  ratio  in  vivianite  given  on  page  557.  The  two  agree  in 
formula,  except  that  one  has  4  &  and  the  other  8  H.  It  is  isomorphous  also  with  pharmacolite 
if  the  prism  /(142°  26')  be  regarded  as  corresponding  to  i-2  of  the  latter,  the  angle  of  which  is 
141°  8'. 


519.  MET ABRU SHITE. 


A.  A.  Julien,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xl.  371,  1865. 
p.  373.     Ornithite  Julien,  ib.,  p.  377. 


Zeugite  Julien,  ib., 


461 


Monoclinic,  with  pearly  clinodiagonal  cleavage,  as  in  brushite. 
ring  planes,  the  clinodiagonal  i\  with  the 
two  orthodiagonal  i-i  and  -1-^*,  giving  the 
section  in  the  annexed  figure.  Crystals  usu- 
ally having  i-i  broad  and  even,  but  not  shin- 
ing, and  the  other  planes  deeply  furrowed 
and  rounding  into  one  another,  as  in  fig.  462 ; 
sometimes  thin  and  flattened  parallel  to  i-l. 
Angle  i-i  A  -\-i.  varying,  38°— 46°,  mostly 
38°— 42°;  and  38°  in  the  best  crystals 
(Dana).  Cleavage :  clinodiagonal  perfect. 

H.  =  2-5-3.  G.  =  2-288,  2-356,  2'362. 
Lustre  feeble,  except  on  the  cleavage-face, 
which  is  pearly,  somewhat  resinous  in  frac- 
ture. Color  pale  yellow,  buff,  to  nearly 
white ;  streak  uncolored.  Translucent  to 
transparent.  Brittle. 


Occur- 


462 


554:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Oomp.—  (£Ca+lfi)3  £+3  fi=  Phosphoric  acid  41  '90,  lime  35*42,  water  20'68=100;  or  same 
as  brushite,  excepting  one  less  of  water.  Analyses  :  1,  Julien  (1.  c.)  : 

£         6a  Mg       £l,Pe     fi         S 

1.  (£)  42*72    32-98        0-52        0'79     21*83     0!05,  hygrosc.  1-50=:100'39  Julien. 

The  water  included  some  organic  matter. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Same  as  for  brushite. 

Obs.  —  From  Sombrero,  coating  cavities  in  guano  and  the  coral  rock  altered  by  nitrations  from 
the  overlying  guano.  Crystals  sometimes  1  inch  long  and  f  inch  broad. 

This  compound,  as  Julien  states,  has  been  recognized  as  an  artificial  salt  by  Raewsky  and  Berzelius. 

Alt.  —  The  crystals  of  metabrushite  from  Sombrero  are  often  hollow  from  the  removal  of  the 
interior,  and  otherwise  altered.  Julien  describes  the  foUowing  varieties  : 

1.  H.  =  3-25.  G.=2'971.  The  crust  of  the  hollow  crystals  thin,  and  surfaces  within  and  with- 
out often  coated  by  minute  rhombs  of  calcite  ;  the  zeugite  of  Julien.  2.  Crust  rather  thicker, 
without  a  glittering  surface  of  calcite  rhombs.  3.  G-.  =  2-988—  3*030  ;  in  narrow  blades  sometimes 
an  inch  long  ;  the  crust  thick,  the  crystals  being  nearly  or  quite  solid. 

4.  Ornithite  of  Julien,  from  Sombrero  (1-  c.,  p.  377),  appears  also  to  be  altered  metabrushite,  its 
crystals  presenting  the  same  forms  and  habit,  but  usually  quite  small  and  very  thin  parallel  to  the 
orthodiagonal  ;  also  sometimes  thin  parallel  to  the  clinodiagonal,  and  acute  rhombic  in  section  ; 
angle  i-i  A  -}-i=  about  38°  ;  H.=2'6.  The  analysis  given  was  made  on  only  one-tenth  of  a  gram, 
and  the  results  are  hence  unavoidably  doubtful 

Analyses  of  1,  3,  4,  afforded  Julien  (the  water  including  some  organic  matter)  : 


$         Ca  fi  Mg  £e,£l    S        C  F  NaCl 

Var.  1.  Zeugite  (f)46'55  44'21  3'02  3-59  0-66    0'19  0-24  tr.  1  '08=99-54  Julien. 

Var.  3.       "              43-24  48'87  3'98  0'56  1'02     0'18  1'74  tr.  ?    =99'59  Julien. 

Var.  4.   Ornithite     40-14  46-77  9'45  -  4-62      —  -  -  -  =99'98  Julien. 

In  1,  0.  ratio  for  £,  Ca  (impurities  excluded)  =2*95  :  1-56  ;  ornithite  corresponds  nearly  to  the 
formula  Ca3  £  -f  2  aq. 

There  occur  also  hemispherical  stellated  groups  of  white  crystals,  as  altered  ornithite,  which 
Mr.  Julieu  has  not  analyzed,  but  supposed  to  be  the  same  compound  minus  the  water.  One 
crystal  of  the  so-called  ornithite  examined  by  the  author  had  on  its  edges  and  surface  microscopic 
tufts  of  acicular  crystals.  , 

Epiglaubite  and  crystallized  Glaubapatite  of  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxii.  96,  1856).  One  or  the 
other  of  these  may  be  metabrushite  or  brushite.  Glaubapatite  has  already  been  remarked  upon 
on  page  535.  It  may  be  added  that  there  is  further  proof  that  no  such  guano  compound  exists 
(combination  of  sulphate  of  soda  and  phosphate  of  lime)  in  that  A.  A.  Julien  has  found  no  evidence 
of  it  in  his  investigations.  His  results  suggest  that  Shepard's  soda  may  have  come  from  common 
salt  present,  and  his  sulphuric  acid  from  sulphate  of  lime. 

Epiglaubite  is  described  as  occurring  in  "  small  aggregates  or  interlaced  masses  of  minute  semi- 
transparent  crystals  of  a  shining  vitreous  lustre,  which  are  always  implanted  on  druses  of  glaub- 
apatite,  with  H.=  about  2-5,"  and  as  being  "  a  largely  hydrate  phosphate,  chiefly  of  lime,  and  may 
also  contain  magnesia  and  soda."  It  is  not  impossible  that  the  mineral  is  metabrushite,  although 
some  characters  are  inconsistent  with  such  a  conclusion.  If  so,  the  name  epiglaubite  (meaning 
occurring  implanted  on  glaubapatite)  is  inapplicable,  and  should  be  rejected. 

520.  PHARMACOUTE.  Arseniksaurer  Kalk  (von  Wittichen)  Seto,  Scherer's  J.,  iv.  537, 
1800.  Pharmakolit  Karsten,  Tab.,  75,  1800.  Arsenikbliithe  Wern.,  pt.  Arseniate  of  Lime. 
Chaux  arseniatee  Fr.  Picropharmacolit  Stromeyer,  Gilb.  Ann.,  IxL  185,  1819.  Arsenicite 
Send.,  Min.,  ii.  593,  1832. 


463  Monoclinic.     /A  7=111°  6',  £2  A  i-^- 

i-i  A  £2=109°  26',  i-i  A  £1=90°,  1  A  1=117°  24', 
i-l  A  1=121°  28',  i-i  A  1=95°  46',  i-i,  on  edge 
1/1,  =83°  14/.  Cleavage:  i-l  eminent.  One  of 
the  faces  1  often  obliterated  by  the  extension  of 
the  other.  Surfaces  i-i  and  t-2  usually  striated 
parallel  to  their  mutual  intersection.  Barely  in 
crystals  ;  commonly  in  delicate  silky  fibres  or  acicu- 


HYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND  AESENATES.  555 

lar  crystallizations,  in  stellated  groups.     Also  botryoidal  and  stalactitic 
and  sometimes  massive. 

H.=2—  2*5.  G.=2*64—  2'73.  Lustre  vitreous  ;  on  i-i  inclining  to  pearly. 
Color  white  or  grayish  ;  frequently  tinged  red  by  arsenate  of  cobalt.  Streak 
white.  Translucent  —  opaque.  Fracture  uneven.  Thin  laminae  flexible. 

Comp.  —  (§•  Ca+i  fi)3  A*s+5  fi=  Arsenic  acid  51-1,  lime  24-9,  water  24-0=100.  Analyses:  1, 
Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iii.  277);  2,  John  (Ch.  Unters.,  ii.  221);  3,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  150): 

Is  Ca  S 

1.  Wittichen  50-54  25-00  24*46  =  100  Klaproth. 

2.  Andreasberg  45'68  27'28  23'86=96'82  John. 

3.  Glucksbrunn  51'58  23'59  23-40,  Co,  3Pe  1-43  =  100  Ramm. 

The  cobalt  in  the  last  is  attributed  to  a  mixture  with  cobalt  bloom.  Turner  obtained  for  a 
specimen  of  unknown!  locality  (Brewst.  J.,  iii.  306)  Arsenate  of  lime  79'01,  water  20-99=100. 
The  name  arsenictie  is  applied  by  Beudant  to  the  mineral  analyzed  by  John  on  the  ground  of  the 
analysis  alone. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  becomes  opaque.  B.B.  in  O.F.  fuses  with 
intumescence  to  a  white  enamel,  and  colors  the  name  light  blue  (arsenic).  On  charcoal  in  R.F. 
gives  arsenical  fumes,  and  fuses  to  a  semi-transparent  globule,  sometimes  tinged  blue  from  traces 
of  cobalt.  The  ignited  mineral  reacts  alkaline  to  test  paper.  Insoluble  hi  water,  but  readily 
soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.  —  Found  with  arsenical  ores  of  cobalt  and  silver.  Has  been  found  at  Wittichen,  Baden,  in 
crystals  ;  at  St.  Marie  aux  Mines  in  the  Vosges,  in  botryoidal  or  globular  groups  ;  at  Andreas- 
berg  in  the  Harz,  and  at  Riechelsdorf  and  Bieber  in  Hessia  ;  at  Glucksbrunn  in  Thuringia  ;  at 
Joachim  sthal  in  Bohemia. 

This  species  was  named,  in  allusion  to  its  containing  arsenic,  from  <j>apna<nv,  poison. 

Viewing  the  form  as  above,  it  is  remotely  homcsomorphous  with  cobalt  bloom  and  vivianite. 

520A.  Picropharmacolite  of  Stromeyer,  from  Riechelsdorf  (1.  c.),  contains  Arsenic  acid  46'97, 
lime  24-65.^  magnesia  3-22,  oxyd  of  cobalt  I'OO,  water  23-98=99-82,  affording  the  formula 
(Ca,  Mg)5  AV+12  H,  Ramm.  ;  but  it  is  probably  impure  pharmacolite.  The  prefix  picro,  from 
j,  bitter,  alludes  to  the  magnesia  present. 


521.  OHUROHITE.  A  new  British  mineral  containing  cerium  A.  H.  Church,  Ch.  News,  xii. 
121,  1865.  Churchite  0.  G.  Williams,  ib.  183.  Hydrated  Cerous  Phosphate  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc., 
II.  iii.  259,  1865. 

Monoclinic  ?  In  fan-like  aggregations  of  minute  crystals.  Cleavage 
perfect  in  one  direction  (the  clinodiagonal  ?)  ;  also  radiated  columnar. 

H.=r3.  G.—  3*14?  Lustre  vitreous;  pearly  on  cleavage  plane;  color 
pale  smoke-gray,  tinged  with  flesh-red.  Streak  white.  Transparent  to 
translucent.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Doubly  refracting. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  fc,P\H=3  :  5  :  4;  (fCe+^Ca)8  £  +  411=  Phosphoric  acid  27'73,  ceria 
52-73,  lime  5'47,  water  14-07=100.  Analysis  :  Church  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  H.  iii.  262): 

P"  Ce  Ca  ft 

28-48  51-87  5'42  14'93=100'70  Church. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  in  tube  yields  acid  water,  becoming  opaque.  In  outer  flame  becomes  reddish, 
and  difficultly  soluble.  With  borax  in  outer  flame  gives  a  bead  which  is  orange-yellow  and  opaline 
while  hot,  and  colorless  or  slightly  amethystine  when  cold. 

Obs.—  Occurs  at  Cornwall,  in  a  copper  lode,  as  a  coating  iV  of  an  incn  tnick  on  quartz  and 
argillaceous  schist.  C.  G.  "Williams  (1.  c.)  has  proved  churchite  to  contain  didymium.  Church 
obtained  a  trace  of  fluorine.  Cleavage  takes  place  parallel  to  a  rhombic  plane,  which  Maskelyne 
calls  the  basal  plane. 

Named  after  Prof.  A.  H.  Church,  of  Cirencester,  Eng. 


556  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 


522.  HCERNESITE.    Hornesit  Said.,  Verh.  G.  Reichs.,  41,  1860,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xl.  1$ 

1860. 

Monoclinic.  Cleavage  eminent  in  one  direction,  like  talc.  Also  colum- 
nar ;  stellar-foliated. 

H. =0-5—1.  G.= 2-474.  Cleavage  pearly.  Color  snow-white.  Folia 
transparent,  flexible. 

Comp.— Mg3A's+ 8  ii= Arsenic  acid  46'6,  magnesia  24-3,  water  29'1= 100,  analogous  tovivian- 
ite.  Analysis:  v.  Hauer  (I.  c.): 

"As  46-33  Mg  24-54  fi  29-07 =99'94. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  glass  tube  gives  much  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  and  on  charcoal  affords  the 
odor  of  arsenic.  Insoluble  in  water  and  easily  soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— First  distinguished  by  Kenngott  in  minerals  from  the  Bannat  (vicinity  either  of  Cziklowa 
or  Orawitza)  in  the  Imperial  Mineral  Cabinet  at  Vienna.  Occurs  in  a  coarsely  granular  cal- 
cite,  containing  also  some  garnets. 

Named  after  Dr.  Homes. 

523.  RCESSLERITE.    R  Blum,  Jahresb.  Wett.  Ges.  Hanau,  32,  1861. 

In  thin  crystalline  plates,  with  columnar  or  fibrous  structure.  Cleav- 
age apparent  in  one  direction.  Also  in  vermiform  efflorescences. 

H.=2— 3.  G.=  ?  Lustre  vitreous  to  dull.  Colorless  or  white. 
Transparent  to  translucent.  Becomes  opaque  and  dull  on  exposure. 

Comp.— (f  Mg  +  £  fi)3  A"s+ 12  fi= Arsenic  acid  39*65,  magnesia  13-80,  water  46-55.  Analysis 
by  Delffs  (La): 

Is  40-16  Mg  14-22  Ce  tr.  £  45'62 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  to  a  white  enamel,  and  in  a  closed  tube  gives  water.  On  charcoal  gives 
arsenical  fumes.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  the  Kupferschiefer,  at  Bieber,  with  pharmacolite  and  erythrite. 

Named  after  Dr.  C.  Bossier  of  Hanau. 

A  mineral  in  monoclinic  crystals  occurs  at  Joachimsthal  and  Kremnitz,  which,  according  to 
Tschermak  (Anzeig.  Ak.  Wien,  1867,  218),  has  the  composition  (£  Mg  +  £  H)3ls+8  H,  and  which 
is  probably  roesslerite. 

524.  VIVIANITE.  Bloa  Jarnjord,  Naturligit  Berlinerblatt,  Calx  Martis  phlogisto  juncta,  etc., 
Oronst.,  182,  1758.  Casruleum  Berolinense  nativum  Born.,  Lithoph.,  i.  136,  1772.  Ocre  martiale 
bleue,  Bleu  de  Prusse  natif,  de  Lisle,  iii.  295,  1783.  Naturliche  Berlinerblau,  Phosphorsaurer 
Eisen,  Klapr.,  CreU's  Ann.,  i.  390,  1784.  Eisenblau,  Blaueisenerde,  Germ.  Yivianit  (fr.  Corn- 
wall) Wern.,  Leztes  Miu.  Syst.,  7817,  41;  Breith.,  Hoffm.  Mia,  iv.  b,  146,  1817.  Phosphate 
of  Iron,  Blue  Iron  Earth.  Fer  phosphate",  Fer  azure,  Fr.  Eisenglimmer  Mohs,  Min.,  212,  1824. 
Eisen-Phyllit  Breith.,  Char.,  26,  1823.  Glaukosiderit  Glocker,  Handb.,  857,  1831.  Mullicite 
Thorns.,  Min.,  i.  452,  1836.  Anglarite  Berthier,  Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xii.  303,  1837. 

Monoclinic.  (7=71°  25',  /A  7=111°  12r,  0  A  14=145°  33',  a  :  I  :  c= 
1*002  :  1  :  1-3843.  Observed  planes :  0;  vertical,  w,  I,  i\  ^-3;  clino- 
domes,  £4,  14;  hemidomes,  ±4,  14,  24,  -14;  hemioctahedral,  •£,!,-£,  -1. 

i-i  A  14=125°  47'  1  A  1,  front, =119°  10'  ^4  A  14=90°  0' 

M  A  -14=144  20  1  A  14=149  35  i-3  A  ^'-3=154  14 

i4  A  7=145  36  1  A  £1=120  25  J  A  i,  front,=140  52 

t*  A  ^3=167  7  14  A  14,  top, =111  6  O  A  ^'4=108  35 


HYDKOUS   PHOSPHATES    AND   ARSENATES. 


557 


464 


Surface  i-l  smooth,  others  striated.     Cleavage :  i4, 
perfect ;  i-i  and  %-i  in  traces.     Often  reniform  and  glob- 
ular.    Structure  divergent,  fibrous,  or   earthy;   also   in- 
crusting. 

H.=1'5— 2.  G.— 2-58— 2-68.  Lustre,  i-l  pearly  or 
metallic  pearly;  other  faces  vitreous.  Color  white  or 
colorless,  or  nearly  so,  when  unaltered;  often  blue  to 
green,  deepening  on  exposure ;  usually  green  when  seen 
perpendicularly  to  the  cleavage  -  face,  and  blue  trans- 
versely ;  the  two  colors  mingled,  producing  the  ordinary 
dirty  blue  color.  Streak  colorless  to  bluish-white,  soon 
changing  to  indigo-blue ;  color  of  the  dry  powder  often 
liver-brown.  Transparent — translucent ;  becoming  opaque 
on  exposure.  Fracture  not  observable.  Thin  laminae 
flexible.  Sectile. 

Oomp. — Fe3£+ 8 11= Phosphoric  acid  28-3,  protoxyd  of  iron  43'0,  water  28-7  =  100,  when 
colorless,  being  isomorphous  with  erythrite;  but  changes  readily,  owing  to  oxydation  of  the 
iron ;  analysis  afforded  Rammelsberg  6  (Fe3  P+ 8  H)  +  F~e3  P2+ 8  £). 

Analyses:  1,  Yogel  (G-ilb.  Ann.,  lix.  174);  2,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixiv.  411);  3,  Stromeyer 
(Unters.,  274);  4,  5,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixiv.  411);  6,  Brandes  (Schw.  J.,  xxxi.  77);  7,  Thomson 
(Min.,  i.  452) ;  8,  W.  Fisher  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  ix.  84);  9,  Rammelsberg  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxvi.  344): 

fl 

31-0=98-4  VogeL 
und.  Rammelsberg. 
27-48=99-89  Stromeyer. 

2^-49  [  Rammelsberg-     G-.=2'58. 
25-00,  &1  0-7,  Si  0-02=99-82  Brandes. 
27-14=99-51  Thomson. 
27-95,  Silica  0-10=99-32  Fisher. 
28-67  =  100  Rammelsberg.     G-..-2-68. 

Other  analyses,  probably  of  this  species  more  or  less  impure  or  altered,  have  afforded:  10. 
Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  xii.  303);  11,  Segeth(J.  pr.  Ch.,  xx.  256);  12,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv.  120);  13, 
Berthier  (1.  c.);  14,  15,  Struve  (Bull,  phys.-math.  Ac.  St.  Petersb.,  xiv.  171,  1856);  16,  C.  A.  Kurl- 
baum  (Am.  J.  Sci,  II.  xxiii.  422): 

fi 

32-4,  £l  0-6,  Mn  0'3  =  99'4  Berthier. 
26-26=100  Segeth. 
20-0=99-5  Klaproth. 
16-5=99-8  Berthier. 
27-50=99-55  Struve.     Gk=2'72. 
26-10,  Mg  7-37  =  100-12  Struve. 
25-60,  Mg  0-03  =  101-35  Kurlbaum. 

The  anglarite  corresponds  to  the  formula  Fe4^+4fi;  it  is  probably  massive  vivianite. 
A  vivianite  from  New  Zealand  afforded  R.  Pattison  (Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxv.  495): 

Phos.  iron  62-8,  water  28*4,  organic  matter  2'8,  silica  5*2 =99-2. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  neutral  water,  whitens,  and  exfoliates.  B.B.  fuses  at 
1*5,  coloring  the  flame  bluish-green,  to  a  grayish-black  magnetic  globule.  "With  the  fluxes  reacts 
for  iron.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  associated  with  pyrrhotite  and  pyrite  in  copper  and  tin  veins;  sometimes  in 
narrow  veins  with  gold,  traversing  gray-wacke ;  both  friable  and  crystallized  in  beds  of  clay,  and 
sometimes  associated  with  limonite,  or  bog  iron  ore ;  often  in  cavities  of  fossils  or  buried  bones. 

At  St.  Agnes  in  Cornwall  transparent  indigo  crystals  have  been  found,  1  in.  in  diameter  and  2  long, 
on  pyrrhotite ;  at  Wheal  Falmouth,  and  near  St.  Just ;  in  Devonshire,  near  Tavistock ;  at  Boden- 


£ 

3Pe 

Fe 

1. 

Bodenmais 

26-4 



41-0 

2. 

<« 

29-01 

11-60 

35-65 

3. 

St.  Agnes, 

Cornwall 

31-18 



41-23 

4. 

N.  Jersey, 

Mullicite 

28-40 

12-06 

33-91 

5. 

it 

a 



12-06 

33-98 

6. 

Hillentrup 

30-32 



43-78 

t 

Mullicite 

26-06 



46-31 

8. 

Delaware 

27-17 



44-10 

9. 

Allentown, 

N.  J. 

28-81 

4-26 

38-26 

£ 

3Pe 

Fe 

10. 

Alleyras,  Blue  Iron  Earth 

23-1 



43-0 

11. 

Kertsch,          "            " 

24-95 



48-79 

12. 

Eckartsberg,  "            " 

32-0 



47-5 

13. 

Anglar,  Anglarite 

27-3 



56-0 

14. 

Kertsch 

29-17 

21-34 

21-54 

15. 

Barguis,  earthy,  blue 

19-79 

33-11 

13-75 

16. 

Allentown.  N.  J.,  " 

29-65 

18-45 

27-62 

558  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

mais,  and  the  gold  mines  of  Vorospatak  in  Transylvania,  in  crystals ;  on  the  promontory  of  Kertsch 
in  the  Black  Sea,  in  large  indistinct  crystals  in  the  interior  of  shells.  The  earthy  variety,  some- 
•  times  called  Uue  iron  earth  or  native  Prussian  blue  (Fer  azure),  occurs  in  Greenland,  Syria,  Carin- 
thia,  Cornwall,  etc.  The  friable  varieties  in  bog  iron  ore  in  several  peat  swamps  in  the  Shetland 
Isles  at  Ballagh  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  accompanying  sometimes  the  horns  of  the  elk  and  deer,  and 
near  an  old  slaughter-house  in  Edinburgh.  At  Cransac,  Prance,  in  crystals  formed  after  the 
burning  of  a  coal  mine. 

In  N.  America,  it  occurs  hi  N.  York,  at  Harlem,  in  crystals  accompanying  stilbite  and  feldspar  in 
fissures  in  gneiss.  In  New  Jersey,  at  Imleytown,  in  dark  blue  crystals ;  at  Allentown,  Monmouth 
Co.,  in  considerable  abundance,  both  crystallized,  in  nodules,  and  earthy,  imbedded  in  bog  iron  ore, 
and  associated  with  clays;  at  Mullica  Hill,  Gloucester  Co.  (Mullicite),  in  cylindrical  masses,  con- 
sisting of  divergent  fibres  or  acicular  crystals;  at  Franklin,  occasionally;  it  often  fills  the  interior 
of  belemnites  and  other  fossils  in  the  Ferruginous  sand  formation.  Also  in  Delaware  (see  anal.  8 
above),  4  m.  W.  of  Cantwell's  Bridge,  and  near  Middletown,  in  Green  sand,  in  fine  large  crystals 
which  are  colorless  when  first  obtained,  evidently,  as  Fisher  observed,  containing  only  protoxyd 
of  iron ;  near  Cape  Henlopen,  in  Sussex  Co.  In  Maryland,  in  the  north  part  of  Somerset  and 
Worcester  Cos.  In  Virginia,  with  bog  ore  in  Stafford  Co.,  and  8  or  10  m.  from  Falmouth,  with 
gold  and  galenite.  In  Canada,  with  limonite  at  Vandreuil,  abundant. 

Named  by  "Werner  after  J.  G.  Vivian,  an  English  mineralogist  who  discovered  the  specimens  in 
Cornwall.  Werner  was  not  aware  of  their  identity  with  the  Blaueisenerde  when  he  gave  the 
name. 

Alt. — Becomes  altered,  as  above  stated,  through  the  oxydation  of  the  iron,  which  the  analyses 
given  illustrate.  Tschermak  obtained  (Ber.  Ak.  Wieu,  xlix.  342)  for  an  altered  vivianite  in  crystals 
from  a  cabinet  in  Vienna^  £  30-5,  ffe  55-0,  Na  1'5,  H  14-0  —  101.  G.  =  2'95 ;  lustre  metallic-pearly ; 
color  on  face  of  cleavage  pinchbeck-brown,  elsewhere  blackish-brown ;  streak  ochre-yellow. 

Beraunite  Breithaupt  (Handb.,  156,  1841,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  1853,  402)  is  of  similar  origin  and  char- 
acter. It  occurs  in  small  foliated  and  columnar  aggregations,  with  one  perfect  metallic-pearly 
cleavage,  having  H.=2;  G.  =  2'878;  color  hyacinth-red  to  reddish -brown ;  streak  dirty  yellow. 
Plattner  found  it  to  be  a  hydrous  phosphate  of  sesquioxyd  of  iron.  From  St.  Benigua,  near 
Beraun,  in  Bohemia ;  and  reported  also  from  Wheal  Jane,  near  Truro,  England,  by  Greg,  associ- 
ated with  pure  and  altered  vivianite. 

525.  SYMPLESITE.    Symplesit  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  x.  501,  1837. 

Monoclinic.  In  form  resembling  erythrite.  Cleavage  perfect  parallel 
with  the  clinodiagonal  face.  In  minute  prismatic  crystals;  also  aggre- 
gated. 

H.= 2*5,  nearly.  G.= 2*957.  Lustre  of  cleavage-face  pearly ;  elsewhere 
vitreous.  Color  pale  indigo,  inclined  to  celandine-green;  sometimes 
between  leek-  and  mountain-green.  Streak  bluish-white.  Subtransparent 
to  translucent. 

Comp. — Supposed  to  be  an  arsenate  of  the  protoxyd  of  iron. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  much  water ;  at  a  high  temperature  some  arsenous  acid 
sublimes,  imparting  an  acid  reaction  to  the  water,  and  giving  a  black  magnetic  residue.  B.B.  in 
the  forceps  infusible,  but  colors  the  outer  flame  light  blue  (arsenic),  and  becomes  black  and 
magnetic.  On  charcoal  gives  a  strong  arsenical  odor.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron,  and  gives 
also  traces  of  manganese  and  sulphuric  acid  (Plattner). 

According  to  Breithaupt,  when  heated  in  a  glass  tube,  it  turns  brown,  and  loses  26|  p.  c.  of 
water.  Plattner  found  24£  p.  c. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Lobenstein  in  Voigtland,  with  spathic  iron. 

526.  ERYTHRITE.  Kobold-Bliithe  Briickmann,  Magnalia,  161,  etc.,  1727.  Kobolt  Blomma, 
Flos  Cobalti  [the  cryst.],  Koboltbeslag  [impure  earthy],  Cobalti  minera  colore  rubro.  etc., 
Wall,  Min.,  234,  1747.  Koboltbliite,  Koboltbeschlag,  Ochra  Cobalti  rubra,  Cronstedt,  212,  1758. 
Kobaltbliithe  Germ.  Cobalt  Bloom,  Red  Cobalt,  Cobalt  Ochre.  Cobaltum  acido  arsenico 
mineralisatum  Bergmann,  Sciagr.,  134,  1782,  Opusc.,  ii.  446,  1780  (first  anal).  Arseniate  of 
Cobalt.  Cobalt  arseniate  Fr.  Erythrine  Beud.,  Min.,  ii.  596,  1832.  Rhodoise  Huot,  i.  313, 
1841. 

Monoclinic.     (7=70°  54',  /A  7=111°  16',  0  A  14=146°  19';  a  :  I :  c 


HYDROUS    PHOSPHATES   AND   AESENATES. 


559 


=0-974:7  :  1  :  1*3818.     Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure,  together 
with  34  and  $4  between  i4  and  14. 


i4  A  a=90°  0' 
i-i  A  1-1=124:  51 
14  A  1  =  149  12 


i4  A  £}=155°  5' 
i4  A  £-f=137  6 
^-    A  £  =130  10 


A  ^-|=940 12' 
A  1  =  120  48 
1  A  1=118  24 


465 


Surfaces  i-i  and  14  vertically  striated.  Cleavage:  i-l 
highly  perfect,  i-i  and  14  indistinct.  Also  in  globular 
and  reniform  shapes,  having  a  drusy  surface  and  a  colum- 
nar structure ;  sometimes  stellate.  '  Also  pulverulent  and 
earthy,  incrusting. 

H.=l-5— 2-5;  the  lowest  on  i-l.  G.=2'948.  Lustre 
of  i-l  pearly ;  other  faces  adamantine,  inclining  to  vitre- 
ous ;  also  dull  and  earthy.  Color  crimson  and  peach-red, 
sometimes  pearl  or  greenish-gray;  red  tints  incline  to 
blue,  perpendicular  to  cleavage-face.  Streak  a  little  paler  than  the  color  ; 
the  dry  powder  deep  lavender-blue.  Transparent — subtranslucent.  Frac- 
ture not  observable.  Thin  laminae  flexible  in  one  direction.  Sectile. 


Sclmeeberg. 


Var. — 1.  Crystallized  aud  foliated.  2.  Earthy.  The  latter  is  the  earthy  cobalt  bloom  (Kobalt- 
beschlag  Germ.,  ^Rhodoise  ffuof). 

Comp.— Co3  As  +  8  fl= Arsenic  acid  38'43,  oxyd  of  cobalt  3T55,  water  24-02;  Co  often  partly 
replaced  by  Fe,  Ca,  or  Ni.  Analyses :  1,  Bucholz  (Gehlen's  J.,  II.  ix.  308) ;  2,  Laugier  (Mem.  d. 
Mus.  d'hist.,  ix.  233);  3,  4,  5,  Kersten  (Pogg.,  Ix.  251);  6,  Lindaker  (Yogi's  Joach.): 


1.  Riechelsdorf 

2.  Allemont 

3.  Schneeberg 

4.  " 

5.  " 

6.  Joachimsthal 


Is 

37 

40-0 
38-43 
38-30 
38-10 


Co 
39 
20-5 
36-52 
33-42 
29-19 


Ni      Fe 


9-2 


5-5 

1-01 

4-01 


8-00 


H 

22=98  Bucholz. 
24-5=99-7  Laugier. 
24-10=100-06  Kersten. 
24-08=99-81  Kersten. 
23-90  =  99-19  Kersten. 


36-42     23-75     11-26     3'51     0'42     23-52,  S  0-86=99-74  Lindaker. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  at  a  gentle  heat  and  turns  bluish ;  at  a  higher 
heat  gives  off  arsenous  acid,  which  condenses  in  crystals  on  the  cool  glass,  and  the  residue  has  a 
dark  gray  or  black  color.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  at  2  to  a  gray  bead,  and  colors  the  flame 
light  blue  (arsenic).  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  an  arsenical  odor,  and  fuses  to  a  dark  gray  arsenid, 
which  with  borax  gives  the  deep  blue  color  characteristic  of  cobalt.  Soluble  hi  muriatic  acid, 
giving  a  rose-red  solution. 

The  earthy  cobalt  bloom,  of  a  peach-blossom  color  (kobaltbeschlag),  is  shown  by  Kersten  to  be 
cobalt  bloom,  with  some  free  arsenous  acid.  He  obtained: 


1.  Schneeberg 

2.  Annaberg 


Is 

51-00 
48-10 


Is 

19-10 
20-00 


Co 
16-60 
18-30 


Fe 
2-10 


H 

11-90=100-70. 
12-13=98-53, 


with  a  trace  of  nickel,  lime,  and  sulphuric  acid  (Pogg.,  Ix.  262). 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  in  micaceous  scales,  stellularly  aggregated;  in  bril- 
liant specimens,  consisting  of  minute  aggregated  crystals,  at  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia;  also  at 
Riechelsdorf  in  Hessia;  Wolfach  and  Wittichen  in  Baden;  Modum  in  Norway.  The  earthy 
peach-blossom  varieties  have  been  observed  at  Allemont  in  Dauphiny;  iu  Cornwall,  at  the 
Botallack  mine,  St.  Just,  etc. ;  near  Alston  in  Cumberland ;  near  Killarney  in  Ireland.  A  per- 
fectly green  variety  occurs  at  Flatten  in  Bohemia,  and  sometimes  red  and  green  tinges  have  been 
observed  on  the  same  crystals. 

Erylhrite,  when  abundant,  is  valuable  for  the  manufacture  of  smalt.     Named  from 
red. 


560 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


526 A.  EOSELITE.  The  roselite  of  Levy  (Ann.  Phil.,  II.  viii. 
439,  1824,  and  Ed.  J.  Sci.,  ii.  177)  is  probably  a  variety  of  cobalt 
bloom  ;  and  Kersten  suggests  that  it  may  be  identical  with  the 
variety  in  the  third  of  his  analyses  above,  which  contains  lime 
an  element  detected  by  Children  in  roselite.  The  form  here 
given  is  from  Levy.  Haidinger  makes  it  a  twin  with  composi- 
tion parallel  to  i-l. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=132°  48'.  0  A  14=158°  2'.  Cleavage 
distinct  and  brilliant,  parallel  to  VL  It  is  deep  rose-red,  with  the 
lustre  vitreous,  and  H.=3. 

Its  only  known  locality  is  at  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  where  it 
has  been  found  in  small  quantities  on  quartz.  Named  after  G.  Eose,  of  Berlin. 

526B  LAVENDULAN  (Breithaupt,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  x.  505,  1837).  Amorphous,  with  a  greasy  lustre, 
inclining  to  vitreous.  H.  =  2'5-3.  G.= 3'0 14,  Breithaupt.  Color  lavender-blue.  Streak  paler 
blue.  Translucent.  Fracture  conchoidal.  m 

Contains  according  to  Plattner,  arsenic,  and  the  oxyds  of  cobalt,  nickel,  and  copper,  with 
water  J  Lindaker  (Jahrb.  G.  Eeichs.,  iv.  555)  found  oxyd  of  copper  as  a  prominent  ingredient 
with  the  others  mentioned.  Fuses  easily  before  the  blowpipe,  coloring  the  flame  deep  blue,  and 
yielding  a  globule  which  becomes  crystalline  on  cooling.  On  charcoal  yields  an  arsenical  odor. 
With  the  fluxes  gives  the  reaction  of  cobalt.  Occurs  at  Annaberg  in  Saxony,  with  cobalt  and 
other  ores,  and  is  a  result  of  their  alteration. 

527.  ANNABERGITE.  Ochra  Niccoli,  Niccolum  calciforme,  Cronst,  Min.,  218, 1758.  Nickel- 
ocker.  Nickelbliithe.  Nickel  Ochre ;  Nickel  Green ;  Arseniate  of  Nickel  Nickel  Arseniate". 
Annabergite  B  &  M.,  503,  1852. 

Monoclinic.     In  capillary  crystals  ;  also  massive  and  disseminated. 
Soft.     Color  fine  apple-green.     Streak  greenish- white.    Fracture  uneven, 
or  earthy. 

Oomp.— Ni3  ls+8  fi=Arsenic  acid  38-6,  oxyd  of  nickel  37-2,  water  24-2  =  100.  Analyses  :  1, 
Berthier  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xiii.  52);  2,  Stromeyer  (Schw.  J.,  xxv.  220);  3-5,  Kersten  (Pogg.,  Ix. 
251): 

a 

25-5=100  Berthier. 

24-32,  fe  1-13,  S  0-23  =  100  Strom. ;  some  Co  with  Ni. 

23-91,  Fe  *r.  =  99-94  Kersten. 

24-02,  "  2-21  =  100-13  Kersten. 

23-92,  "  1-10,  A's  0-62=98-85  Kersten. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  darkens  in  color.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  and  on 
charcoal  gives  an  arsenical  odor  and  yields  a  metallic  button,  which  with  borax  glass  gives  at 
first  a  cobalt-blue  glass,  and  later  the  violet  to  reddish-brown  color  characteristic  of  nickel ;  in 
E.F.  it  becomes  gray  from  reduced  nickel.  Soluble  in  acids. 

This  species  is  probably  isomorphous  with  erythrite. 

Obs. — Occurs  on  smaltite  at  Allemont  in  Dauphiny,  and  is  supposed  to  result  from  the 
decomposition  of  this  ore;  also  at  Kamsdorf,  near  Saalfeld;  at  Annaberg;  at  Eiechelsdorf,  and 
other  mines  of  nickel  ores.  It  has  been  occasionally  observed  associated  with  copper  nickel  in 
the  cobalt  mine  at  Chatham,  Connecticut. 

528.  Hydrous  Bibasic  Arseniate  of  Nickel  and  Cobalt.  Under  this  name  D.  Forbes  describes  (Phil. 
Mag.,  IV.  xxv.  103)  a  mineral  occurring  in  the  desert  of  Atacama  in  veins  in  a  decomposed  dioryte. 
A  few  yards  below  the  surface  it  passes  into  chloanthite,  from  which  mineral  it  appears  to  have 
been  derived.  H.  =  2 -5.  G. = 3  '086.  Structure  fibro-crystalline.  Lustre  dull  to  silky  or  resinous. 
Color  grayish-white.  Analysis  afforded  Is  44-05,  Ni  19-71,  Co  9;24,  fi  26-98=99-98  ;  from  which 
Forbes  deduces  the  formula  (Ni,  Co)3A's+8  £,  which  requires  .A's  43*89,  Co,  Ni  28'63,  ]!  27'48 
=  100,  making  it  allied  to  pharmacolite.  B.B.  in  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  becoming  darker; 
on  charcoal  fuses  imperfectly,  evolves  arsenic  fumes,  leaving  metallic  globules  of  an  arsenid  of 
nickel  and  cobalt.  With  fluxes  gives  reactions  for  nickel  and  cobalt. 

By  regarding  a  portion  of  the  water  basic,  the  mineral  becomes  a  tribasic  arsenate,  and  then 
approaches  annabergite.  Kenngott  names  it  Forbesite  (Ueb.,  1862-'65,  46,  1868). 


Is 

Ni 

Co 

1.  Allemont 

36-8 

36-2 

2-5 

2.  Eiechelsdorf 

36-97 

37-35 



3.  Schneeberg 

38-30 

36-20 

1-53 

4.           " 

38-90 

35-00 



5.          " 

37-21 

36-10 

tr. 

HYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   AKSENATES.  561 


529.  CABRERITE.    Wasserhaltige  Nickeloxyd-Magnesia  J.  H.  ferber,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiL  306, 

1863.     Cabrerite  Dana. 

Monoclinic.  Like  erythrite  in  habit.  Cleavage  :  clinodiagonal  perfect. 
Also  fibrous,  concentric.  Reniform  and  granular. 

H.=  2.  G.r=2'96.  Lustre  pearly  on  face  of  cleavage;  silky  when 
fibrous.  Color  apple-green.  Translucent  to  transparent. 


Comp.  —  0.  ratio  for  R,  A'S,  11=3  :  5  :  8.  R^s  +  Sfi,  in  which  R  corresponds  to  Ni,  Co,  Mg 
in  the  ratio  1:5:  4£.  Analysis  :  Ferber  (1.  c.),  having  only  a  small  quantity  at  his  disposal: 

Is  42-31         &i  20-01         Co  4-06        Mg  9'29        fi  25-80=101-53. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  becomes  grayish-yellow.  B.B.  in  R.F.  infus- 
ible :  on  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes. 

Obs.  —  From  the  Sierra  Cabrera,  Spain,  in  a  gangue  of  brown  spar,  which  is  connected  with 
the  mountain  limestone  and  argillaceous  schist.  Results  from  the  alteration  of  arsenids  of  nickel 
and  cobalt. 

530.  KOTTIGITB.    Zinkarseniat  Otto  Kottig,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlviii.  183,  1849  ;  Naumann,  ib.,  256. 

Kottigite  Dana,  Min.,  487,  1850. 

Monoclinic,  and  isomorphous  with  erythrite,  Naumann.  Massive,  or  in 
crusts,  with  crystalline  surface  and  fibrous  structure.  Cleavage  :  clino- 
diagonal perfect. 

H.=2*5—  3.  G.—  3*1.  Lustre  of  surface  of  fracture  silky.  Color  light 
carmine-  and  peach-blossom-red,  of  different  shades.  Streak  reddish-white. 
Translucent  to  subtranslucent. 

Comp.  —  (2n,  Co,  Ni)8  A"s-|-8  fi,  or  analogous  to  erythrite.    Analysis  by  Kottig  (1.  c.)  : 
Is  [37-17]         2n  30-52        Co  6-91        M  2'00        Ca  tr.        fl  23'40=100. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  gives  much  water,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  a  faint  crystal- 
line sublimate  of  arsenous  acid.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  coloring  the  flame  blue  ;  on  charcoal  in  R.F. 
gives  copious  fumes  of  arsenic  and  coats  the  coal  with  oxyd  of  zinc  ;  with  soda  the  coating  is 
much  more  marked,  and  is  yellow  while  hot  and  white  on  cooling;  this  moistened  with  cobalt 
solution  and  heated  in  O.F.  assumes  a  green  color.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a 
cobalt-blue  glass. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  with  smaltite  at  the  cobalt  mine  Daniel,  near  Schneeberg.  The  color  is  owing 
partly  to  the  arsenate  of  cobalt  in  the  mineral. 

531,  HUREAULITE.    Alluaud,  Yauquelin,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxx.  302,  1825;  Alluaud,  Ann.  d. 
Sci.  Nat,  viii.  349,  1826.    Dufrenoy,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xli.  338,  1829  ;  Desdoizeaux  and  Damour, 
ibid.,  III.  liii.  293. 

Monoclinic.  /A  /(planes  unobs.)^99°  21'  ;  £2  A  £2=61°  ;  0  A  7=90° 
IT7,  0  A  i-i  (=C)=W°  33',  0  A  14=138°  22',  0  A  3^=122°  53X,  0  A  ±i 
=174°  2r.  In  small  crystals,  isolated  or  grouped,  the  groups  sometimes 
mammillary,  or  fascicled  as  in  stilbite.  Cleavage  not  observed.  Also  to  a 
limited  extent  massive,  compact,  scaly,  or  imperfectly  fibrous. 

H.=5.  G.=  3-185,  yellow,  and  3:198,  reddish,  Damour.  Lustre  vitre- 
ous, somewhat  greasy,  bright.  Color  brownish-orange,  rose-violet,  and 
pale  rose,  nearly  colorless.  Streak  similar.  Transparent  —  translucent. 
Optically  biaxial  ;  axes  very  divergent,  the  plane  orthodiagonal  ;  bisectrix, 
positive. 

36 


562  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Var. — The  (a)  brownish-orange  or  yellowish,  (&)  the  rose-violet,  and  (c)  the  pale  rose,  are  three 
varieties,  differing  somewhat  in  their  crystalline  planes.  The  orange  is  the  most  common.  The 
crystals  approach  in  habit  those  of  crocoisite,  though  of  very  different  angles. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  £,  &=I  :  2  :  1;  whence  (Mn,  Fe)6P2  +  5  S,  with  Mn  :  Fe=5  :  1,  or 
better  (Mn,  Fe,  II)3£-J-2  ft— Phosphoric  acid  39*1,  protoxyd  of  manganese  40'2,  protoxyd  of  iron 
8-3,  water  12-4=100.  Analyses:  1,  Dufrenoy  (1.  c.);  2,  3,  4,  Damour  (1.  c.): 

P  Mn  Fe             H 

I.Limoges                      38*00  32'85  1MO  18-00= 99-95  Dufrenoy. 

2.  "        yeUow           37'96  4M5  810  12*35,  quartz  0-35  =  99-91  Damour. 

3.  "            "                38-20  42-04  6'75  12-00      "       0'50=99'49  Damour. 

4.  "        reddish         37'83  41-80  8'73  11'60      "       0'30= 100-26  Damour. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  fuses  to  a  reddish-yellow  crystalline  pearl, 
brown  in  the  outer  flame,  then  becomes  black,  and  the  flame  is  colored  green.  Eeactions  of  man- 
ganese and  iron.  Easily  soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Found  in  cavities  of  triphyline  or  its  altered  form  heterosite,  in  granite,  at  Limoges,  com- 
mune  of  Bureaux,  France. 

The  crystals  were  first  examined  by  Dufrenoy  (1.  c.),  and  afterward  more  completely  by  Des- 
cloizeaux  (1.  c.). 

532.  OHONDRARSENITE.    Kondroarsenit  Igelstrom,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  xxii.  3,  1865. 

In  small  grains. 

H.=3.  Color  yellow  to  reddish-yellow.  Translucent.  Brittle.  Frac- 
ture conchoidal. 

Oomp.— An  arsenate  of  manganese.    0.  ratio  for  B,  A"s,  fi=2  :  2  :  1  •  whence  Mn6  A"s-f  2|fl 
Analysis :  Igelstrom  (1.  c.) : 

Is  Mn  Mg  Oa  H. 

38-50  51-59  2-05  4'86  T'OO,       C  ^.=99-00  Igelstrom. 

„  FT*-?  etc.— B.B.  in  tube  decrepitates,  blackens,  and  gives  neutral  water.  On  charcoal  easily 
:fusible  to  a  black  bead,  not  magnetic ;  in  the  inner  flame  gives  arsenical  fumes.  With  borax 
gives  manganese  reaction.  Easily  and  completely  soluble  in  dilute  muriatic  and  nitric  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  the  Paisberg  mines,  Wermland,  in  veins  of  barite  intersecting  hausmannite. 

Named  from  its  similarity  in  occurrence,  color,  and  transparency  to  chondrodite,  while  differing 
from  it  in  being  an  arsenate. 


533.  TRIOHALOITB.    Trichalcit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  bmii.  212, 1858. 

In  radiated  groups,  columnar ;  also  in  dendritic  forms. 
H.=2*5.     Lustre  silky.     Color  verdigris-green. 

Oomp.— Cu3  Is + 5  &    Analysis  by  Hermann  (L  c.) : 

^s  £  Cu  fl 

38'73  0-67  44-19  16-41  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc.-Heated  decrepitates,  yields  much  water,  and  becomes  dark  brown.     B.B.  on  char 
^coMm^fadT6  t0  a  Pear1'  a"d  *  the  ^  ^ields  a  bead  of  C°PP-    Disso 
Obs.— From  the  Turjinsk  copper  mine,  or  Beresovsk,  on  tetrahedrite.    Eesembles  tyrolite. 

534.  THROMBOLTTB.    Thrombolith  Bretih.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xv.  321,  1838. 
Amorphous. 


HYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   AKSENATES. 


563 


H.:=3— 4      G.=3-38— 3-40.     Lustre  vitreous.     Color  emerald-,  leek-, 
or  dark  green.    Streak  emerald-green.    Opaque.    Fracture  conchoidal. 

Comp. — According  to  an  imperfect  analysis  by  Plattner  (1.  c.)  it  contains : 

£  41-0        Cu  39-2        H  16-8,  besides  a  small  amount  of  silica  and  alumina. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  much  water  and  turns  black.  B.B.  fuses  easily  and  first 
colors  the  flame  blue,  like  chlorid  of  copper,  and  later  gives  a  dark  emerald-green.  On  charcoal 
fuses  to  a  black  globule,  which,  after  long  blowing,  yields  globules  of  copper.  "With  the  fluxes 
reacts  for  copper.  With  boric  acid  and  iron  gives  a  fusible  phosphid  (Plattner). 

O\>s. — Found  with  malachite  in  a  fine-grained  limestone  at  Retzbanya,  Hungary. 

535.  LIBBTHENTTE.  Olivenerz  pt.  Phosphorkupfererz  pt.  Phosphate  of  Copper  pt. 
Cuivre  phosphate  pt.  Octaedrisches  Phosphorkupfer  Leonh.,  Leonh.  u.  Selb's  Min.  Stud.,  1812. 
Blattricher  Pseudomalachite  pt.  Uausm.,  Handb.,  1036,  1813.  Libethenit  JBreith.,  Char.,  267, 
1823.  Apherese  Beud.,  ii.  569,  1832.  Pseudo-libethenit  Kamm.,  Min.  Ch.,  344,  1860. 


O  A  l-i= 143°  50' ; 
in 


Orthorhombic.      /A  7=92°    20', 
a  :  I  :  c=0-7311  :  1  :  1-0416.      Observed  planes  as 
the  annexed  figure,  with  also  the  prismatic  planes  *-2. 
1-i  A  !-»,  top,=109°  52',  1  A  1,  ov.  l-t,=118°  12',  adj.,= 
120°  56',  ov.  /,=90°  46',  /A  1=135°  23'.     Cleavage  : 
diagonal,  i-l,  £•?,  very  indistinct.     Also  globular  or  reni- 
form,  and  compact. 

H.=4r.  G.=3'6— 3'8.  Lustre  resinous.  Color  olive- 
green,  generally  dark.  Streak  olive-green.  Translucent 
to  sub  translucent.  Fracture  subconchoidal — uneven. 
Brittle. 

Comp. — Cu4£+H,  or  Cu3P"+CuH  (Ramm.)= Phosphoric  acid  29*7,  oxyd  of  copper  66'5, 
water  3-8  =  100.  Analyses  ;  1,  Kiihn  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  11  154) ;  2,  Bergemann  (Pogg.,  civ.  190) ; 
3,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii.  175);  4,  Chydenius  (Acta  Soc.  Sc.  Fenn.,  v.  340);  5,  F.  Field 
(Chem.  Gaz.,  June,  1859) ;  6,  H.  Muller  (Qu.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  xi.  202) ;  7,  Berthier  (Ann,  d.  M.,  viil 
334);  8,  Rhodius  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixii.  371) : 


4-05  =  100-43  Kiihn. 
4-04,  As  2-30=99-09  Bergemann. 
5-50=100  Hermann. 

3-68,  Is  tr.,  Fe  1-77,  C  0-82=100-22  Chydenius. 
3-74=99-47  Field. 
[4-13] =100  Muller. 
7 -4  =100  Berthier. 
7-3=99-3  Rhodius. 

G.  of  anal  3=3'6-3'8;  8,  4-27. 

The  analysis  by  Berthier  is  identical  with  Rhodius's  analysis  of  ehlite=Cu4P4-2H,  an(j  the 
mineral  is  called  Pseudo-libethenite  by  Rammelsberg,  who  writes  the  formula  Cu3JP  +  CuH+H. 
Beudant  cites  the  same  analysis  in  connection  with  his  name  Aphert-se. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  turns  black.  B.B.  fuses  at  2  and  colors  the 
flame  emerald-green.  On  charcoal  with  soda  gives  metallic  copper,  sometimes  also  an  arsenical 
odor.  Fused  with  metallic  lead  on  charcoal  is  reduced  to  metallic  copper,  with  the  formation  of 
phosphate  of  lead,  which  treated  in  R.F.  gives  a  crystalline  polyhedral  bead  on  cooling.  With 
the  fluxes  reacts  for  copper.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  cavities  in  quartz,  associated  with  chalcopyrite,  at  Libethen,  near  Neusohl,  in 
Hungary ;  at  Rheinbreitenbach  and  Ehl  on  the  Rhine ;  at  Nischne  Tagilsk  in  the  Ural ;  in  Bolivia, 
S.  A.,  with  malachite ;  at  the  Mercedes  mine,  near  Coquimbo,  Chili,  with  tagilite  and  limonite ; 
also  in  small  quantities  near  Gunnis  Lake  in  Cornwall,  and  near  Redruth ;  in  the  Ural 


1.  Libethen,  crysL        29-44 
2.         "                           26-46 
3.  N.  Tagilsk                28'61 
4.                                     29-48 
5.  Coquimbo                  29-31 
6.  Congo,  Africa      (f)  28-89 
7.  Libethen                  28'7 
8.  Ehl                           28-9 

Ou 

66-94 
66-29 
65-89 
64-47 
66-42 
66-98 
63-9 
63-1 

564 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


468 


it 


536  OLIVENITE.  Arseniksaures  Kupfererz  (fr.  Cornwall)  Klapr.,  Schrft.  Ges.  Nat.  FT.  Berl., 
vii  160  1786-  Olivenerz  (fr.  Cornwall)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  382,  395,  1789.  Olive  Copper  Ore 
Kvrwan  ii.  151,  1796.  Olive-green  Copper  Ore  Kashleigh^rit  Min.,  L  pL  11,  f.  2,  1797,  ii.  pi.  6, 
1802  Cuivre  arseniate  en  octaedre  aigus  Bourn.,  PhiL  Tr.,  177,  1801.  Pharmakochalzit  pt. 
Hausm.,  iii.  1042,  1813;  Olivenknpfer,  id.,  1045;  Pharmacolzit  id.,  1025,  1847.  Olivenite  pt. 
Jameson,  Syst.,  ii.  335,  1820;  Leonh.,  Orykt,  283,  1821. 

Ortliorhombic.  /A  7=92°  30',  0  A  1-?=144°  14'  ;  a:l:  c=0-72  :  1  : 
1-04:4:6  Observed  planes  as  in  the  figure,  l-i  A  1-1,  top, 
=110°"  50'  (HO0  47',  Descl.),  ^  A  14=124:°  35',  **  A  /= 
136°  15'.  Cleavage  :  /  and  l-£  in  traces.  Sometimes 
acicular.  '  Also  globular  and  reniform,  indistinctly  fibrous, 
fibres  straight  and  divergent,  rarely  promiscuous;  also 
curved  lamellar  and  granular. 

j£_3  G.=4:'l-—  4*4.  Lustre  adamantine  —  vitreous; 
of  some  fibrous  varieties  pearly;  Color  various  shades  of 
olive-green,  passing  into  leek-,  siskin-,  pistachio-,  and  black- 
ish-green; also  liver-  and  wood-brown;  sometimes  straw- 
yellow  and  grayish-  white.  Streak  olive-green  —  brown. 
Subtransparent—  opaque.  Fracture,  when  observable,  con- 
choidal  —  uneven.  Brittle.  Optically  like  libethenite,  Descl. 

Var.—  1.   Ordinary,    (a)  Crystallized;  G.=4'378,  Cornwall,  Damour;  4-135,  ib.,  Hermann. 

(b)  Fibrous  ;  finely  and  divergently  fibrous,  of  green,  yellow,  brown,  and  gray,  to  white  colors, 
with  the  surface  sometimes  velvety  or  acicular;  G.=3'913,  Hermann;  found  investing  the  com- 
mon variety  or  passing  into  it  ;  called  wood-copper  or  wood-arseniaie  (HolzJcupfererz). 

(c)  Earthy  ;  nodular  or  massive  ;  sometimes  soft  enough  to  soil  the  fingers. 

Comp.  —  Ou4(^s,1?)+H,  or  On*  (As,  P")+CuH=,  the  arsenic  being  to  the  phosphoric  acid  as 
6  :  1,  Arsenic  acid  35*7,  phosphoric  acid  3*7,  oxyd  of  copper  57*4,  water  3-2—100,  and  isomor- 
phous  with  libethenite.  Analyses:  1,  v.  Kobell  (Pogg.,  xviii.  249)  ;  2,  3,  Richardson  (Thorn.  Min., 
i.  614)  ;  4,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiii.  291);  5,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xiii.  404);  6,  Thom- 
son (Min.,  i.  615);  7,  Hermann  (1.  c.): 

Is  P"  Cu  H 


1.  Cornwall,  cryst. 

2.  "  " 

3.  " 

4.  " 

5.  "  " 
6. 

7. 


fibrous 


36-71  3-36  56-43  3-50=100  Kobell. 

39-9  -  56-2  3  -9  =100  Richardson. 

39-80  -  56-65  3*55  =  100  Richardson. 

33-50  5'96  56'38  4*1  6=  100  Hermann. 

34-87  3-43  56'86  3'72=98'88  Damour. 

40-61  -  54'98  4-41  =  100  Thomson. 

40-50  1-00  51-03  8'83,  Fe  3'64=  100  Hermann. 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  2,  coloring  the  flame  bluish-green, 
and  on  cooling  the  fused  mass  appears  crystalline.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  with  deflagration,  gives 
off  arsenical  fumes,  and  yields  a  metallic  arsenid,  which  with  soda  yields  a  globule  of  copper. 
With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  copper.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.  —  The  crystallized  varieties  occur  disposed  on,  or  coating,  cavities  of  quartz  in  Cornwall, 
at  Wheal  Gorland,  Ting  Tang,  Wheal  Unity,  and  other  mines  near  St.  Day  ;  also  near  Redruth  ; 
near  Tavistock,  in  Devonshire;  also  in  inferior  specimens  at  Alston  Moor,  in  Cumberland;  at 
Camsdorf  and  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia  ;  the  Tyrol  ;  the  Bannat  ;  Siberia  ;  Chili  ;  and  other  places. 

The  name  olivenite  alludes  to  the  olive-green  color. 

None  of  the  mineral  phosphates  or  arsenates  were  distinctively  recognized  in  ancient  miner- 
alogy. The  species  containing  copper,  if  observed,  were  left  to  pass  under  the  general  names  of 
chrysocolla  and  malachites.  In  1747,  Wallerius  has,  besides  Koppar-Lazur  or  azurite,  the  two 
species  Copper  Green  (malachite)  and  Copper  Blue  (chrysocolla  and  azurite  in  part),  but  without 
well-defined  limits.  Cronstedt,  in  1758,  describes  the  Mountain  Blue  as  sometimes  impure  (terra 
calcarea  mixta),  and  hence  effervescing  with  aqua-fortis.  Fontana,  in  1778,  announced  the  green 
carbonate  after  an  analysis;  and  Bergmann  in  his  Sciagraphia,  1782,  recognizes  only  carbonate 
of  copper,  and  calls  wrongly  the  green  mica  of  Werner  (1780,  and  later  torbernite)  a  chlorid.  ID 


HYDROUS   PHOSPHATES    AND   AKSENATES.  565 


1786  Klaproth  analyzed  an  arsenate,  and  Werner  soon  after  gave  it  the  name  of  Olivenerz;  an 
"Werner's  system  of  1789  (Bergm.  J.,  382,  1789),  Azurite,  Malachite,  Copper  green  of  compact 


and  in 

ture  not  effervescing  with  acids  (chrysocolla),  and  Olivenerz,  together  with  a  so-called  Eisenschussig 
Kupfergriln  (mostly  earthy  green  carbonate),  were  the  only  species.  Karsten's  Tabellen  of  1800 
contains  no  addition  to  the  list.  But  in  1801  Bournon  announced,  from  an  analysis  by  Chenevix 
a  second  arsenate,  afterward  called  Liroconite;  Yauquelin  a  third,  afterward  named  Chalco- 
phyttite-,  Klaproth  a  fourth,  the  Sirahliges  Olivenerz,  or  Clinoclase.  Klaproth  also  published  at 
the  same  time  an  analysis  of  the  first  phospJtate,  now  called  Pseudomalachite]  besides  one  of  the 
oxychlorid  Atacamite,  which  mineral  had  been  brought  from  Chili  as  copper  sand  between  1780 
and  1790,  and  was  pronounced  an  oxyd  by  Vauquelin,  and  a  chlorid  by  Karsten  in  his  Tabellen 
of  1800. 

537.  ADAMITE.    Adamine  C.  Friedel,  C.  R.,  Ixii.  692,  1866. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=91°  33',  O  A  1-1=14:3°  40' ;  a  :  1 :  0=0-73547  : 
1  :  1-0271 ;  isomorphous  with  olivenite.  /A  ^-3=161°  43£',  /A  ^3=161° 
25',  l-l  A  14=107°  20',  /A  1=135°  45',  1  A  1,  over  1-2,  =120°  4'.  Cleav- 
age :  1-1  very  distinct. 

H.=3*5.  G.=4'338.  Lustre  vitreous,  strong.  Color  honey-yellow, 
violet,  the  latter  often  external  only.  Streak  white.  Transparent.  Plane 
of  optical  axes  parallel  to  the  base,  and  normal  to  i-i ;  angle  in  oil  for  a 
plate  of  violet  variety,  normal  to  the  obtuse  bisectrix,  115°  50'  for  the  red 
rays :  Descl. 

Oomp.— 0.  ratio  forll,  Is,  fi=4  :  5  :  1 ;  2n3  Is  +  2n  £ = Arsenic  acid  40-2,  oxyd  of  zinc  56'7, 
water  3-1=100.  But  the  analysis  gives  1-J  H  instead  of  1  fi.  Analysis:  Friedel  (1.  c.): 

Is  39-95         2n  54'32        Fe  1-48         Mn  tr.        fi  4-55=100-30. 

It  is  a  zinc  olivenite. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Heated  in  a  closed  tube  decrepitates  feebly,  and  yields  a  little  water,  becoming 
white  and  porcelanous.  On  charcoal  fuses,  producing  a  coating  of  oxyd  of  zinc,  and  a  feeble  odor 
of  arsenic.  In  a  closed  tube  with  soda  and  charcoal  gives  a  ring  of  arsenic.  With  borax  in  0. 
F.  pearl-yellow  while  hot,  colorless  on  cooling.  Easily  soluble  in  dilute  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — From  Chanarcillo,  Chili,  with  limonite  and  native  silver.    Named  after  Mr.  Adam  of  Paris. 

538.  CONICHALOITE.    Konichalcit  Breith.  &  Fritzsche,  Pogg.,  Ixxvii.  139,  1849. 

Keniform  and  massive,  resembling  malachite. 

H.=4'5.  G.  =4*123.  Color  pistachio-green,  inclining  to  emerald-green ; 
streak  the  same.  Subtranslucent.  Brittle.  Fracture  splintery. 

Comp.-(Cu,  Ca)»(ls,  P~)+Cu  H+|H,  with  some  vanadic  acid  replacing  (?)  part  of  the  phos- 
phoric, the  copper  and  lime  in  equal  proportions,  the  arsenic  to  the  other  acids  as  2  :  1.  Closely 
allied  to  olivenite  and  volborthite.  Analysis  by  Fritzsche  (L  c.) : 

Is  30-68        P"  8-81         V  1-78        Ou  31«76        Ca  21'36        H  5-61. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  gives  water,  and  turns  black.  In  the  forceps  fuses, 
and  colors  the  flame  at  first  emerald-green,  but  after  a  time  light  blue  adjacent  to  the  assay.  On 
charcoal  fuses  with  deflagration  to  a  red  slag-like  mass,  which  gives  an  alkaline  reaction  to  test 
paper,  and  with  soda  gives  a  globule  of  copper.  On  charcoal,  with  salt  of  phosphorus  and 
metallic  lead,  yields  a  glass  which  is  dark  yellow  while  hot  and  chrome-green  on  cooling  (vana- 
dium). 

Obs.— From  Hiuajosa  de  Cordova,  in  Andalusia,  Spain.    Named  from  Kovia,  lime,  and  ^aX/cds. 

539.  BAYLDONITB.    A.  H.  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  II.  iii.  265,  1865. 

In  minute  mammillary  concretions,  with  a  drusy  surface.  Structure 
often  somewhat  reticulated. 


566 


OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 


H  ==4'5  Gr  =5'35  Lustre  strong  resinous.  Color  grass-green  tc 
blackish-green.'  Streak  siskin- to  apple-green.  Subtranslucent.  Fracture 
subconchoidal,  uneven. 

Oomp.-0.  ratio  for  K,  Is,  ft=4  :  5  :  2  nearly;  whence  (Pb,  Cu)4Is+2fl,  with  Pb  :  Cu= 
1  :  3%r>b,Si)3l8+^ifl+.fl,  Churchy  Arsenic  acid  31-6,  oxyd  of  copper  32'8,  oxyd  of 
lead  30-7,  water  4-9=100.  Analysis:  Church  (1.  c.): 


(1)31-76 


Ca 
30-88 


Pb 
30-13 


4-58,  3Pe,  Ca,  and  loss  2*65=100  Church. 


Pvr  etc— BB  gives  off  water  and  becomes  black,  which  latter  reaction  Church  regards  as 
indicating  that  part  of  the  copper  exists  in  the  mineral  as  hydrate.  On  charcoal  fuses  to  a  black 
bead  deflagrates  giving  off  arsenical  fumes,  and  leaves  a  white  metallic  bead  of  lead  and  copper. 
With  borax  in  outer  flame  gives  a  blue  bead.  Difficultly  soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  Cornwall    Named  after  Dr.  John  Bayldon. 

640.  EUOHROITE.    Euchroit  Breiih.,  Char.,  172,  266,  1823. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=92°  8',  0  A  1-1=148°  40'; 
a  :  1 :  0=0-6088  :  1  :  1-038.  Observed  planes  as  in  the 
annexed  figure.  14  A  14=117°  20',  i-l  A  14=121°  20', 
i-i  A  |4=i32°  24',  it  A  24=140°  36£',  24  A  24,  ov.  it, 
=101°  13'.  Cleavage:  /  and  14.  Faces  14  vertically 
striated. 

H.=3'5— 4.  G.=3-389.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color 
bright  emerald-  or  leek-green.  Transparent — translu- 
cent. Fracture  small  conchoidal — uneven.  Rather 
brittle. 


469 


Comp. — Cu4  A"s  +  7  H,  or  Ou3  A"  s  +  Cu  B  +  6  fl  (Ramm.)= Arsenic  acid  34gl,  oxyd  of, copper 
47-2,  water  18-7  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Turner  (Edinb.  Phil.  J.,  iv.  301);  2,  3,  Kiihn  (Ann.  Ch. 
Phann.,  li.  128);  4,  Wohler  (ib.,  285): 

Is  Cu 

1.  Libethen     33-02   47 -85 

2.  "        34-42    46-97 

3.  "        32-42    46-99 

4.  "        33-22    48-09 


fi 

18-80=99-67  Turner. 
19-31=100-70  Kiihn. 
19-31,  Ca  1-12=99-84  Kiihn. 
18-39=99-70  Wohler. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  more  water,  but  has  otherwise  the  same  reactions  as 
olivenite. 

Obs. — Occurs  hi  quartzose  mica  slate  at  Libethen  in  Hungary,  in  crystals  of  considerable  size, 
having  much  resemblance  to  dioptase. 

Named  from  rfxPoai  beautiful  color. 

If  the  prism  '2-1  were  made  the  fundamental  vertical  prism  in  euchroite,  then  /A  /would  equal 
101°  13',  and  \-l  A  1-t,  top, =87°  52',  nearly  as  in  wolfram  and  hopeite.  The  cleavage  is  not  in 
accordance  with  this  view. 

Alt. — Tschermak  suggests  that  olivenite  may  be  euchroite  altered  by  the  loss  of  water,  he 
finding  crystals  of  olivenite  projecting  from  the  holes  of  cavernous  euchroite  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  li. 
129). 

541.  TAGILITE.    Tagilith  (fr.  N.  Tagilsk)  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii.  184,  1846;  (fr.  Ullers- 
reuth)  JBreiih.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  309. 

Monoclinic,  but  like  liroconite  in  habit  of  crystals,  Breith.  Cleavage  : 
brachydiagonal,  distinct.  Also  in  reniform  or  spheroidal  concretions. 
Structure  fibrous  ;  also  earthy. 

H.=3— 4.     G.=about  3*5,  Hermann;  4*076,  Breith.     Lustre  vitreous. 


HYDEOUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   ARSENATES.  567 

Color  verdigris-  to  emerald-green.     Streak  verdigris-green.     Subtranslu- 
cent.     Brittle. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  £,  H=4  :  5  :  3  ;   whence  Cu4  £  +  3  H ;   or,  Cu»  £  +  Cu  H  +  2  H 

(Ramm.)— Phosphoric  acid  2 7 -7,  oxyd  of  copper  61 -8,  water  10'5 =100.    Analyses :  1,  2,  Hermann 
(1.  3.);  3,  Field  (Oh.  Gaz.,  June  15,  1859): 

£  Cu  H 

1.  Ural  26-44        61-29        10*77,  3Pe  l'50r=100  Hermann. 

2.  "  26-91         6-2-58         10-71  =  100  Hermann. 

3.  Coquimbo         27'42         61'70         10'25=99'37  Field. 

Pyr.,  etc. — No  blowpipe  characters  are  given  by  Hermann. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Nischne  Tagilsk  on  limonite ;  at  the  Arme  Hilfe  mine,  Ullersreuth,  in  minute 
crystals  and  reniform  groups  or  masses,  on  limonite,  with  quartz ;  in  S.  America,  at  the  Mercedes 
min3,  Coquimbo,  fibrous,  on  limonite. 

Hermann's  tagttite  was  in  reniform  concretions,  with  H.=3,  GT.=3'5,  and  color  emerald-  to 
mountain-green ;  and  had  the  composition  mentioned.  The  other  characters  in  the  above  descrip- 
tion (excepting  the  anal,  by  Field)  are  from  Breithaupt,  in  an  account  of  the  Ullersreuth  ore, 
which  he  refers  to  tagilite,  but  which  has  not  been  analyzed,  and  may  or  may  not  be  that  species. 

542.  LIROOONITB.  Octahedral  Arseniate  of  Copper  (fr.  Cornwall)  Bourn.,  Phil.  Trans.,  1801 
174,  Rashleigh's  Brit.  Min.,  ii.,  pi.  2,  5,  11,  1802.  Linsenerz  Wern.,  1803,  Ludwig's  Min.,  iL 
215,  1804;  Karsten,  Tab.,  64,  1808.  Linsenkupfer  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1051,  1813.  Lirokon 
nalachit  pt.  Mohs,  G-rundr.,  180,  1822.  Chalcophacit  Glocker,  Handb.,  859,  1831. 

Monoclinic,  Breith.,  Descl.  /A  7=74°  21',  Descl. ;  470 

72°  22',  B.  &  M. ;  71°  59',  Breith.  14  A  14=61°  31', 
Descl.;  60°  40',  B.  &  M.  C=SS°  33'.  Observed 
planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure.  Cleavage  lateral, 
tut  obtained  with  difficulty.  Rarely  granular. 

H.=:2-2-5.  G.=2-882,  Bournon;  2*926,  Haid.; 
2*985,  Hermann  ;  2*964,  Damour.  Lustre  vitreous, 
inclining  to  resinous.  Color  and  streak  sky-blue — 
verdigris-green.  Fracture  imperfectly  conchoidal, 
uneven.  Imperfectly  sectile. 

Comp.— O.  ratio  fr.  anal.  1,  3,  4,  for  £,  Si,  (Is,  £),  H-4  :  2  :  5  :  12;  whence  Cu8  (Is,  £)+ 
(i  Cu3+f  A-l)  H3+9  H,  if  the  alumina  and  a  fourth  of  the  copper  may  be  in  the  state  of  hydrate. 
It  is  closely  parallel  _with  that  of  pseudomalachite,  the  second  member  corresponding  in  oxygen 
to  Cu3  IF,  or  3  Cu  H.  As  the  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  acid  is  6  :  5,  the  formula  might  be  written 
(f  Cus  +  £  &l)2(ls,  3?) +  12  H.  Analyses:  1,  T.  Wachtmeister  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  80,  1832);  2, 
Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiii.  296);  3,  4,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xiii.  404): 

Is       £         Si        Cu         H 

1.  Cornwall  20-79     3-61       8'03     35'19     22-24,  £e  3'41,  Si  4-04,  gangue  2'95=100'26  W. 

2.  "  23-05     3-73     10'85     36*38     25-01,  3Pe  0-98=100  Hermann. 

3.  "  22-22     3-49       9'68     37'18     25-49= 98'06  Damour. 

4.  "  23-40     3-24     10-09     37'40     25'44=98'47  Damour. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  much  water  and  turns  olive-green.  B.B.  cracks  open, 
but  does  not  decrepitate;  fuses  less  readily  than  olivenite  to  a  dark  gray  slag;  on  charcoal  cracks 
open,  deflagrates,  and  gives  reactions  like  olivenite.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Crystals  occasionally  an  inch  in  diameter ;  usually  quite  small.  "With  various  ores  of 
copper,  pyrite,  and  quartz,  at  Wheal  Gorland,  Wheal  Muttrell,  and  Wheal  Unity,  in  Cornwall ; 
also  in  minute  crystals  at  Herrengrund  in  Hungary;  and  in  Voigtland. 

The  prism  i-2  (which  maybe  taken  as  /)  has  the  front  angle  111°  17',  if  calculated  from  /A  / 
=72°  22',  and  this  is  near  the  angle  /A  /of  pseudomalachite.  Moreover,  the  formulas  of  the  two 
are  similar,  as  shown  above. 

Named  from  \eip6s,  pale,  and  /co»/fa,  powder. 


li 


568 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


543.  PSEUDOMALACHITE.  Phosphorsaures  Kupfer  pt.  Karst.,  Klapr.,  N.  Schrift.  Berl. 
Ges.  Nat.  FT.,  iiL  304,  1801.  Phosphorkupfer  id.,  Tab.,  64,  97,  1808.  Phosphorkupfererz  Wem. 
Cuivre  phosphate  ff.t  TabL,  92,  1809.  Phosphate  of  Copper.  Pseudomalachit  ffausm.,  Hancb., 
1035,  1813.  Phosphorochalcit  Glocker,  Handb.,  847,  1831.  Ypoleime  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  570,  1832. 
Ehlit,  Prasin-chalzit,  BreUh.,  Char.,  45,  49,  1832.  Lunuit  Bernhardi.  Kupferdiaspore  KiiM,  J. 
Ch.  Phann.,  li.  125,  1844.  Dihydrit  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii.  178,  1846. 

Orthorhombic,  hemihedral  (monoclinic  ?).  /A  7=109°  28',  0  A  1-1= 
1460  184'  •  a  '  I  '  c=  4/2  :  1  :  0-6667.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed 
Lure.  ir&  A  i-2=Ul°  4'  and  38°  56',  1 A  1=117°  49', 
<r?Af*=166°  34',  1-*  A  1-2=168°  46'.  Cleavage: 
i-I  imperfect.  Also  reniforni  or  massive  ;  indistinctly 
fibrous,  and  having  a  drusy  surface. 

H.=4'5— 5.  G.=4— 4'4.  Lustre  adamantine,  in- 
clining to  vitreous.  Color  dark  emerald-,  verdigris-, 
or  blackish-green,  often  darker  at  the  surface.  Streak 
green,  a  little  paler  than  the  color.  Translucent — 
subtranslucent.  Fracture  small  conchoidal — uneven. 
Brittle. 


Var.,  Comp. — The  analyses  vary  much,  and  have  been  regarded  by  Hermann  and  others  as  in- 
dicating that  two  or  three  species  are  here  included ;  but  the  differences  may  be  only  a  cons3- 
quence  of  mixture.  The  supposed  species  distinguished  are  as  follows  : 

A.  Ehlite  (and  Prasin)  of  Breithaupt.     Formula  Cu5P+3  H,  or  Cu3P+2  Cu  H+H  (Ramm),= 
Phosphoric  acid  23-9,  oxyd  of  copper1  67'0,  water  9-1  =  100.     Occurs  crystallized;  also  reniforn 
and  botryoidal,  with  a  radiating  fibrous  structure;  also  massive.     G.=3'8— 4*4.    Includes  anal- 
yses 1 — 7,  and  perhaps  others. 

The  name  Prasin  is  used  by  Breithaupt  for  pseudomalachite  in  general ;  he  cites  Berthiers 
analysis  (No.  3)  of  a  Libethen  ore.  and  one  by  Lunn  (p.  56y)  of  a  Rheinbreitenbach  specimen, 
and  mentions  other  localities  in  Bavaria,  Voigtland,  and  Siberia.  For  his  ehlite  he  gives  Berge- 
mann's  analysis  of  an  Ehl  specimen  (No.  5)  which  does  not  differ  essentially  from  Berthier's. 
According  to  a  recent  analysis  of  the  Ehl  mineral  by  Bergemaun  (No.  6),  it  contains  7  p.  c.  of 
vanadic  acid  replacing  part  of  the  phosphoric. 

B.  Dihydrite.    Formula  Cu5  P-f- 2  H,  or  Cu3  P+ 2  Cu  H  (Ramm),  =  Phosphoric  acid  24'7,  oxyd  of 
copper  69-0,  water  6'3=100.     Includes  the  analyses  having  6  t9  6*5  p.  c.  of  water. 

C.  Pseudomalachite.   Formula  Cu6  P" +  3  IJ,  or  Cu3  P" +3  Cu  H  (Ramm),  =  Phosphoric  acid  21-], 
oxyd  of  copper  70-9,  water  8-0=100.     Includes  analyses  16-19. 

Nordenskiold  unites  Dihydrite  and  Ehlite. 

Analyses :  1,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii) ;  2,  Eoihn  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xxxiv.  218) ;  3,  Berthier 
(Ann.  d.  M.,  viii.);  4,  Nordenskiold  (1.  c.);  5,  Bergemann  (Schw.  J.,  liv.  305);  6,  Bergemann 
(Jahrb.  Min.  1858,  195);  7,  Heddle  (Phil  Mag.,  IV.  x.  39);  8,  9,  Hermann  (1.  c.) ;  10-13,  Nor- 
denskiold (1.  c.) ;  14,  Arfvedson  (Jahresb.,  iv.  143) ;  15,  Kiihn  (1.  c.,  Iv.  124) ;  16,  17,  Kiihn  (L  c.) ; 
18,  Rhodius  (Pogg.,  Ixii.  369);  19,  Church  (Ch.  News,  x.  217);  20,  Bergemann  (Pogg.,  civ. 

6 

8-20=100  Hermann. 
10-00=100  Kiihn. 
9-0  =100  Berthier. 
9-03,  £e  2-11,  C  /r.=100  Nordensk. 
9-06=99-98  Bergemann. 
8-90,  V  7-34=99-22  Bergemann. 
8-51,  quartz  0'48=99'85  Heddle. 
7-50  =  100  Hermann. 
6 -49 =100  Hermann. 
7-50,  malachite  4-34  Nord. 
6-84,         "         5-24  Nord. 
6-82,         "         5-76  Nord. 
6-59,         "        6-52  Nord. 


/  - 

1. 

2. 

Libethen 

"        massive 

G.=4-4 

t 

24-55 
23-14 

Cu 
67-25 
66-86 

3. 

" 

24-7 

66-3 

4. 

Ehl 

G.=4-198 

22-51 

66-55 

5. 

(i 

24-93 

65-99 

6. 

" 

17-89 

64-09 

7. 

Cornwall 

G.=4-25 

22-73 

68-13 

8. 

N. 

Tagilsk 

G.=4-25 

23-75 

68-75 

9. 

14 

Dihydrite 

G.=4-4 

25-30 

68-21 

10. 

M 

fibrous 

G.=4-131 

23-00 

65-22 

11. 

" 

mass. 

G.=4'07 

23-15 

64-63 

12. 

M 

" 

22-72 

6446 

13. 

it 

G.=4-24 

22-39 

64-72 

HYDKOTJS   PHOSPHATES   AND   AKSENATES.  569 

£  <3u  fl 

14.  Rheinbreitenbach  24-70  68-20  5-97=98-87  Arfvedson. 

15.  Hirschberg,  Kupferdiaspore  24-13  69-61  [6'26]  =  100  Kiihn. 

16.  Hirschberg  20-87  7l'73  7-40  =  100  Kiihn. 

17.  Rheinbreitenbach  21-52  68'74  8'64=98'90  Kiihn. 

18.  Libethen  20'4  70-8  8-4=99-6  Rhodius. 

19.  "  19-63  71-16  8-82=99-61  Church. 

20.  Linz  19-89  69'97  8-21,  As  1'78=99'85  Bergemann. 

Rev.  F.  Lunn  obtained  for  an  ore  from  Rheinbreitenbach  (Ed.  Phil.  J.,  v.  211,  1821)  £  21-687, 
Cu  62-847,  ft  16-454=99-988,  giving  the  formula  Cu5JP2  +  5fi".  But  no  later  analyst  has  found 
as  much  water.  Beudant  cites  this  analysis  under  his  ypoleime. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Like  libethenite ;  some  varieties  decrepitate  remarkably  and  yield  a  black  powder 
in  the  closed  tube. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  veins  traversing  slate  at  Yirneberg,  near  Rheinbreitenbach,  and  at  Ehl,  near 
Linz,  on  the  Rhine,  along  with  other  copper  ores  ;  at  Hirschberg  in  Yoi?tland ;  Libethen  in  Hun- 
gary ;  Nischne  Tagilsk  in  Siberia.  A  single  specimen  has  been  found  in  Cornwall,  consisting  of 
minute  globular  concretions.  Also  met  with  in  the  Perkiomen  mine,  Pa. ;  in  Cabarras  Co.,  N.  C. 

The  phosphates  of  copper  were  included  in  the  olivenerz  and  malachite  of  the  mineralogists  of 
last  century. 

Pseudomalachite  of  Hausmann  is  the  earliest  of  the  names  of  this  species,  and  is  as  short  and 
as  good  as  the  later  PhospJwrochalcite  of  Glocker.  Lunnite  was  substituted  by  Bernhardi,  and  has 
been  used  in  some  recent  works.  But  Lunn's  one  analysis  was  not  made  until  1821,  and  gives  a 
different  composition  from  that  since  obtained.  It  will  certainly  be  soon  enough  to  use  his  name  in 
mineralogy  when  a  mineral  having  the  composition  he  arrived  at,  and  thus  befitting  it,  has  been 
identified. 

544.  ERINITE.    Haid.,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  iv.  154,  1828. 

In  mammillated  crystalline  groups,  concentric  in  structure  and  fibrous, 
and  rough  from  the  terminations  of  very  minute  crystals ;  the  concentric 
layers  compact,  and  often  easily  separable.  Traces  of  cleavage  in  one 
direction. 

H.=4:'5— 5.  G.— 4*04:3.  Lustre  almost  dull,  slightly  resinous.  Color 
fine  emerald-green,  slightly  inclining  to  grass-green.  Streak  green,  paler 
than  the  color.  S  lib  translucent — nearly  opaque.  Brittle. 

Oomp.— Cu6  A"s  +  2  H,  or  Cu3A's  +  2  Cufi  (Ramm.),=  Arsenic  acid  34*7,  oxyd  of  copper  59-9, 
water  5 '4= 100.  Analysis  (approximative)  by  Turner  (1.  c.) : 

Is  33-78        Cu  59-44        fi  5'01         £1  1-77  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  yields  water.  B.B.  on  charcoal  emits  arsenical 
fumes  and  fuses,  giving  an  arsenid,  which  in  O.P.  yields  a  globule  of  copper.  Soluble  in  nitric 
acid. 

Obs. — Stated  by  Haidinger  to  come  from  the  County  of  Limerick,  Ireland ;  but  shown  by 
Church  to  be  a  Cornish  species. 

545.  OORNWALLITB.    Cornwallit  Zippe,  Abh.  d.  Bohm.  Ges.  Prag,  1846. 

Amorphous. 

H.=4:'5.  G.r=4'160.  Oblor  emerald-green  to  dark  verdigris-green. 
Fracture  conchoidal. 

Comp. — Cu5  A' s  +  5  H",  or  Cu3  A"s  +  2  Cu  S+3  fi  (Ramm.).  According  to  Lerch,  who  obtained, 
as  a  mean  of  two  analyses  (1.  c.,  Ratnm.  Min.  Ch.,  377) : 

Is  30-22         £  2-15         Cu  54-55         H*  13'02=99'94. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  matrass  yields  water.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes,  and  a  bead 
of  copper  enveloped  in  a  brittle  crust. 


570 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Obs. — From  Cornwall,  occurring  in  small  botryoidal  or  disseminated  individuals  on  olivenite. 
Resembles  malachite,  but  differs  from  it  in  not  effervescing  with  acids. 

546.  TYROLITB.    Kupferschaum  Warn.,  Hoffm.  Min.,  iii.  180,  1816,  Letzt.  Min.  Syst,  19,  50, 

1817.     Kupaphrite  Shep,  Min.,  i.  294,  1835.     Tirolit  ffaid.,  Handb.,  609,  1845. 

Orthorhombic.  Observed  planes  :  0,  i-i,  I.  Cleavage  :  0,  perfect.  Usu- 
ally reniform,  massive  ;  structure  radiate  foliaceous,  surface  drusy. 

H.  — 1— 2.  G.=3'02— 3-098.  Lustre:  0  pearly  ;  other  faces  vitreous. 
Color  pale  apple-green  and  verdigris-green,  inclining  to  sky-blue,  Streak 
a  little  paler.  Translucent — subtranslucent.  Fracture  not  observable. 
Yery  sectile.  Thin  laminae  flexible. 

Comp. — CuBA"s-f-9H,  or  Cu8A"s+2CuH+7H  (Eamm.),  =  Arsenic  acid  29-2,  oxyd  of  copper 
50-3,  water  20'5=100,  with  carbonate  of  lime  as  impurity.  Analysis:  v.  Kobell  (Pogg.,  xviii. 
253): 

Falkenstein,  Tyrol        Is  25-01     Ou  43-88    H  17'46     CaC  13-65  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  yields  much  water.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses 
to  a  steel-gray  globule.  On  charcoal  gives  off  arsenical  fumes,  and  fuses  quietly  without  deflagra- 
tion to  a  slaggy  mass,  which  in  R.F.  yields  globules  of  copper.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid  with  effer- 
vescence. Soluble  in  ammonia,  yielding  a  blue  solution  and  a  white  residue  of  carbonate  of  lime. 

Obs. — Usually  occurs  in  the  cavities  of  calamine,  calcite,  or  quartz,  accompanied  by  other  ores 
of  copper,  appearing  in  small  aggregated  and  diverging  fibrous  groups  of  a  pale  green  color,  and 
possessing  a  delicate  silky  lustre.  Has  been  observed  in  the  Bannat ;  at  Posing  and  Libethen  in 
Hungary ;  Nertschinsk  in  Siberia ;  Falkenstein  and  Schwatz  in  the  Tyrol ;  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia ; 
Riechelsdorf  in  Hessia ;  Schneeberg  in  the  Erzgebirge  ;  in  zechstein-dolomite  near  Bieber. 

547.  CLINOCLASITE.    Strahliges  Olivenerz  Karst.,  Klapr.,  N.  Schrift.  Berl.  G-es.  Fr.,  iii.  298, 
1801.     Cupreous  Arsenate  of  Iron  Bourn.,  Phil.  Trans.,  1801  (with  anal,  by  Chenevix).     Strah- 
lenerz  Karsten,  Tab.,  64,  97, 1808.    Cuivre  arseniate  ferrifere  H.,  Tabl,  91, 1809.     Strahlenkupfer 
Hausm.,  Handb.,  1050,  1813.     Strahlerz  W&rn.     Klinoklas  Breith.,  Uib.,  1830.     Siderochalcit 
Glocker,  Grundr.,  840,  1831.     Aphanese  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  602,  1832.     Aphanesite  Shep.,  Min.,  1835. 
Abichit  Bernhardi,  Glocker's  G-rundr.,  579,  1839. 


472 


473 


Monoclinic.  O=SO°  30',  /A  /, 
front, =56°,  side,  124°.  Observed 
planes  as  in  the  annexed  figures. 
6>A-jH="°  30/>  0  A  1-^123°  4:8'. 
Cleavage:  basal,  highly  perfect. 
Also  massive,  hemispherical,  or  reni- 
form ;  structure  radiated  fibrous. 

H.  =  2-5  -  3.  G.  =  4-19  -  4;36. 
Lustre :  0  pearly ;  elsewhere  vitre- 
ous to  resinous.  Color  internally 
dark  verdigris  -  green  ;  externally 
blackish-blue  green.  Streak  bluish- 
green.  Subtranslucent.  Not  very  brittle. 

Comp. — Cu8A's  +  3H,  or  Cus^s+ 3  CuH  (Eamm.),  =  Arsenic  acid  30'2,  oxyd  of  copper  62-7, 
water  7'1  =  100.  Analyses  :  1,  Rammelsberg  (2d  Suppl.,  78);  2,  Damour  (Ann,  Ch.  Phys.,  III. 
xiii.): 

Is        P"        Cu        H        3Pe 

1.  Cornwall    G-.r=4'258— 4'359     29-71    0'64     60-00    7'64    0'39,  Ca  0'50,  Si  1'12=100  Ramm. 

2.  "  G.=4-312  27-09     1'50     62'80     7'57     0'49=99'44  Damour. 


HYDKOUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   AESENATES. 


571 


Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  olivenite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  Cornwall,  with  other  ores  of  copper,  at  Ting  Tang  mine,  Wheal  Unity,  and 
Wheal  Gorland,  and  at  Bedford  United  Mines,  near  Tavistock.  The  crystals  usually  present  a 
very  dark  blue  color  and  brilliant  lustre,  but  are  rarely  recognizable,  being  aggregated  in  diverg- 
ing groups,  or  disposed  in  extremely  minute  individuals,  in  cavites  of  quartz;  whence  the  name 
aphanesite,  from  'a^aj/fo,  unmanifest.  Also  found  in  the  Erzgebirge. 

Named  Clinoclasite  in  allusion  to  the  basal  cleavage  being  oblique  to  the  sides  of  the  prism. 

548.  OHALOOPHYLLITB.  Cuivre  arseniate  lamelliforme  J5T.,  Tr.,  1801 ;  Vauquelin,  J.  d,  M., 
x.  562,  1801.  Blattriges  Olivenerz,  Kupferglimmer,  Karst.,  Hoff'3  Mag.,  i.  543,  1801 ;  Ludwig's 
Werner,  180,  1803.  Copper  Mica  Jameson,  Min.,  1820.  Kupferphyllit  JBreith.,  Char.,  42,  1832. 
ChalkophyUit  Bretth.,  Handb.,  149,  1847.  Tamarite  B.  &  M.,  Min.,  1852. 

Khombohedral.     E  A  72=69°  48'    0  A  72=108°  44/  :  a=2'5536.     Ob- 

°46', 


474 


served  planes:  J?,  2,    0,  — J,  I. 
0  A  -J=124:0  9'.    Usually  in  six-sided  tabular  crys- 
tals ;    plane    0  sometimes   triangularly   striated. 
Cleavage  :  0  highly  perfect.     Also  foliated  mas- 
sive, and  in  druses. 

H.=:2.     G.=2-4— 2-66;  2-435,  Cornwall,  Her- 
mann ;  2 '659,  ib.,  D  amour.     Lustre  :  of  0  pearly  ;  of  other  faces  vitreous  or 
subadamantine.     Color  emerald-  or  grass-green  to  verdigris-green.    Streak 
somewhat  paler  than   the   color.      Transparent — translucent.      Fracture 
scarcely  observable. 

Comp. — Cu8  A*s+12  H,  or  Cu3  A*s+5  Cu  H+7  H,  from  Chenevix's  analysis,  =  Arsenic  acid  21 '3, 
oxyd  of  copper  68'7,  water  20-0=100.  From  Hermann's  analysis,  Cu8A's  +  23  H= Arsenic  acid 
18-0,  oxyd  of  copper  49'6,  water  32'4=100.  Analyses:  1,  Chenevix  (PhiL  Trans.,  1801);  2,  Her- 
mann (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiii.  294) ;  3,  4,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.,  Phys.,  III.  xiii.  404) : 

Is          Cu        H 


1.  Cornwall 

2. 

3. 

4. 


G.=2'435 
G.=2-659 


21 

17-51 
19-35 
21-27 


58 

44-45 
52-92 
52-30 


21  =  100  Chenevix. 

31-19,  Fe  2-92,  &1  and  P  3-93=100  Hermann. 
£l  1-80,  $  1-29=99-30  Damour. 


23-94, 
22-58, 


. 
2-13,  P  1-56=99-84  Damour. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  yields  much  water,  and  gives  a  residue  of  ohve- 
green  scales.  In  other  respects  like  olivenite.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  and  in  ammonia. 

Obs. — The  copper  mines  of  Tingtang,  Wheal  Gorland,  and  Wheal  Unity,  near  Redruth,  are  ita 
principal  localities  in  Cornwall.  Occurs  also  crystallized  in  iron  ore  at  Sayda  in  Saxony ;  in 
minute  crystals  at  Herrengrund  in  Hungary ;  Moldawa  in  the  Bannat. 

Taking  $R  as  the  fundamental  rhombohedron,  then  R  A  7?=88°  46',  and  a=l'7768. 

Alt. — Found  altered  to  chrysocolla. 


549.  BERLINITE.    Berlinit  C.  W.  Blomstrand,  Priv.  contrib.,  dated  Lund,  Dec.  9,  1867. 

Compact  massive,  without  a  trace  of  cleavage. 

H.  =  6.     G.—  2-64.     Lustre  vitreous.     Colorless  to  grayish  or  pale  rose- 
red.     Streak  uncolored.     Translucent.     Fracture  uneven. 

Oomp.  —  Xl  P"  +  \  H,  Blomstrand,  =  Phosphoric  acid  55'9,  alumina  40'5,  water  3*6  =  100. 
Analysis  :  C.  W.  Blomstrand  (1.  c.)  : 


(f)  54-84 


40-27 


£e  0-26 


H  4-14=99-51. 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  whitens  without  fusing.  A  deep  blue  color  with  cobalt.  Hardly  attacked  by 
acids.  Easily  decomposed  on  fusion  with  alkalies,  and  the  resulting  mass  soluble  in  water  with 
evolution  of  much  heat. 


572  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

Obs. — Resembles  quartz.    From  the  iron  mine  of  Westana  in  Scania,  Sweden,  where  it  occur'a 
sparingly  in  quartz,  from  which  it  is  ordinarily  separated  by  a  thin  layer  of  lazulite. 
Named  after  Prof.  N.  H.  Berlin,  of  the  University  of  Lund. 

550.  CALLAINITE.     ?Callaina  Plin.,  xxxvii.  33.     Turquois  pt.    Callais  Damour,  C.  E.,  lix. 

936,  1864.    Callainite  Dana. 

Massive.     Texture  wax-like. 

H.=3-5— 4.  G.= 2-50— 2-52.  Color  apple-green  to  emerald-green, 
spotted  or  lined  with  whitish  and  bluish.  Translucent. 

Oomp.— 3tl  £+5  fl=Phosphoric  acid  42*39,  alumina  30-75,  water  26*86=100.  Analysis :  A. 
Damour  (L  c.) : 

£  £l  £e  Mn  Ca  £  Sand 

42-58  29-57  1-82  tr.  0'70  23'62  2-10=100-39. 

Pyr.,  etc. — When  heated  yields  water,  and  becomes  opaque,  chocolate-brown,  and  friable. 
B.B.  infusible. 

Obs.— From  a  Celtic  grave,  near  Mane-er  H'roek  in  Lockmariaquer,  in  rounded  pieces  from  the 
size  of  a  flax-seed  to  that  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  and  found  in  the  collections  of  the  Polymathic  Society 
of  Morbihan,  in  western  France. 

Damour  makes  this  mineral  the  calla.'is  of  Pliny,  and  especially  in  view  of  its  green  color.  But 
the  callais  was  blue,  and  the  green  stone  really  related  to  it  was  probably  the  callaina  (see  p. 
581).  Yet,  as  this  identity  is  not  established,  the  name  callainite  is  better  than  Pliny's  name 
unmodified. 

551.  LAZULITE.    Hirnmelblau  Fossil  von  Steiermark  [Styria]   Widenmann,  Bergm.  J.,  346, 
Ap.  1791 ;  Smalteblaue  F.  von  Vorau,  Schrift.  Ges.  N.  Berlin,  be  352,  1791;  Naturliche  Smalt; 
Berlinerblau,  Eisenblau  [— Yiviauite] ;  Bergblau  [=Chiysocolla] ;  Unachter  Lasurstein  [= False 
Lapis-Lazuli],  Stutz,  Einricht.  Nat.  Wien,  49,  1793;  Lazulit=Kieselerde  +  Thonerde  +  Eisenerde, 
Klapr.,  Schrift.  Ges.  N.  Berl.,  x.  90,  1792,  Beitr.,  i.  197,  1795.     Dichter  blauer  Feldspath  (fr. 
Krieglach,  Styria)  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  i.  14,  1795;  Lazulith  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iv.  279,  1807.'  Blue  Spar, 
Blue  Feldspar.    "Wahrscheinlich  n.  Foss.  aus  d.  Salzburgischen,  Siderit,  v.  Moll,  Jahrb.  B.  H.,  iv. 
71, 1799  (with  bad  anal  by  Heim);  Mollit  Haberle,  Handb.,  1804;=  Lazulith  Mote,  Null  Kab.,  L 
427,  1804.    Blauspath  Wern.    Voraulite  Delameth.,  Min.,  1812.     Azurite  Jameson,  Min.,  i.  341, 
1816.    Phosphorsaure  Thonerde,  etc.,  Fucks,  Schw.  J.,  xxiv.  373,  1818.    Klaprothite  Beud.,  Tr., 
464,  1824;  Klaprothine  id.,  ii.  576,  1832. 

Monoclinic.  (7=88°  15',  /A  7=91°  30',  0  A  14=139°  45',  Priifer; 
a  :  1)  :  <?= 0-86904 :  1  :  1-0260.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figures. 

O  A  -2=111°  37'  0  A  f*= 150°  15'  O  A  -f =141°  3' 

0  A  24=120  42^  0  A  |=140  20  2  A  2,  front, =100  20 

1  A  1,  front,=115  30  O  A  1=129  10  -2  A  -2,  "     =9940 
0  A  2-a=121  15  0  A  7=90  23  2-i  A  f =141  38 

Twins:   composition-face  i4;  also  0,  as  in  f.  481.      Cleavage:   lateral, 
indistinct.     Also  massive. 

H.=5-6.  G.=3-057,  Fuchs;  3-067-3-121,  Priifer;  3-122,  Smith  & 
Brush.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  azure-blue;  commonly  a  fine  deep  blue 
viewed  along  one  axis,  and  a  pale  greenish-blue  along  another.  Streak 
white.  Subtranslucent — opaque.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle.  Plane  of 
optical  axes  clinodiagonal ;  bisectrix  negative  and  inclined  50°  39'  to  a 
normal  to  the  edge  -2/-2,  and  70°  to  a  normal  to  2-a':  angle  large,  for 
the  red  ray  in  oil  77°  16' ;  Descl. 


HYDROUS   PHOSPHATES    A1STD    ARSENATES. 


573 


Oomp.— 0.  ratio  for  ft,  Si,  £,  ft=l  :  3  :  5  :  1 ;  whence  Xl  P" -f-Mg  S ;  or  £l  £+(%,  Fe)  S 
Dana,  =  Phosphoric  acid  46'8,  alumina  34'0,  magnesia  13-2,  water  6-0  =  100. 

Analyses:   1,  Puchs  (Schweig.  J.,  xxiv.  373);  2,  R.  Brandes  (ib.,  xxx.  385);  3-8,  Rammelsberg 
(Pogg.,  Ixiv.  260);  9,  10,  Smith  &  Brush  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  370);  11,  Igelstrom  (J.  pr  Oh 
Ixiv.  252,  fr.  OSfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1854);  12,  C.  W.  Blomstrand  (priv.  contrib.,  Dec.  9,  1867):  ' 


476 


477 


478 


479 


480 


481 


Ca      fl 

Si  2-1=87-68  Fuchs. 

Si  6-5=99-6  Brandes. 

=  100  Rammelsberg. 

=  100  Rammelsberg. 

=  100  Rammelsberg. 

=  100  Rammelsberg. 

=  100  Rammelsberg. 

=  100  Ramraelsberg. 

Si  1-07  =  99-70  Smith  &  Br. 

Si  1-07  =  100-96  Smith  &  Br. 

Mn  ^.=99-81  Igelstrom. 

Mn  0-18,  Cu  O'l  =  100-36  BL 

Rammelsberg  found  some  silica,  as  impurity,  in  his  analyses,  which  is  excluded  in  the  results 
above  given. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  whitens  and  yields  water.  B.B.  with  cobalt  solution  the  blue 
color  of  the  mineral  is  restored.  In  the  forceps  whitens,  cracks  open,  swells  up,  and  without 
fusion  falls  to  pieces,  coloring  the  flame  bluish-green.  The  green  color  is  made  more  intense  by 
moistening  the  assay  with  sulphuric  acid.  With  the  fluxes  gives  an  iron  glass ;  with  soda  on 
charcoal  an  infusible  mass.  Unacted  upon  by  acids,  retaining  perfectly  its  blue  color. 

Obs. — Occurs  both  massive  and  crystallized  in  narrow  veins,  traversing  clay  slate,  in  the 
torrent  beds  of  Schladming  and  Radelgraben,  near  Werfen  in  Salzburg,  with  spathic  iron ;  in 
Gratz,  near  Yorau  -f  in  Krieglach,  in  Styria ;  at  Hochthaligrat,  at  the  Gorner  glacier,  Rympfisch- 
wang,  Upper  Yalais,  in  Switzerland,  H.= about  4;  also  in  veins  or  pockets  in  quartzite,  in  Horrs- 


1. 

Radelgraben 

41-81 

35-73 

2-64 

9-34 



6-06, 

2. 

Krieglach 

43-32 

34-50 

0-80 

13-56 

0-42 

0-50, 

3. 

Gratz.     G.=3-ll 

42-41 

29-58 

10-60 

10-67 

1-12 

5-62: 

4. 

it                    a 

43-84 

33-09 

6-69 

9-00 

1-44 

5-94: 

5. 

«                    « 

46-99 

27-62 

6-47 

11-19 

2-12 

5-61: 

6. 

Krieglach.    G.=2'02 

40-95 

36-22 

1-64 

12-85 

1-42 

6-92: 

7. 

u                      u 

47-36 

30-05 

1-89 

12-20 

1-65 

6-85: 

8. 

U                                   (( 

47-73 

27-48 

1-91 

12-16 

4-32 

6-40: 

9. 

North  Carolina 

43-38 

31-22 

8-29 

10-06 



5-68, 

10. 

" 

44-15 

32-17 

8-05 

10-02 



5-50, 

11. 

"Wermland 

47-52 

32-86 

10-55 

8-58 

tr. 

5-30, 

12. 

"Westana 

43-83 

32-82 

7-82 

9-05 

0-84 

5-92, 

574:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

joberg,  "Wermland,  massive  and  granular,  sometimes  in  8-sided  crystals  6  inches  long  and  2  inches 
in  diameter  ;  in  the  iron  mine  of  Westana,  in  Scania,  Sweden,  massive,  of  a  dark  azure  color  ; 
also  at  Tijuco  in  Minas  G-eraes,  Brazil.  Abundant  at  Crowder's  Mt,  Lincoln  Co.,  N.  C.  ;  and  in 
fine  sky-blue  crystals,  often  1—  1£  inch  long  and  broad,  on  Graves  Mt.,  Lincoln  Co.,  Ga.,  50  m. 
above  Augusta,  with  cyanite,  rutile,  pyrophyllite,  etc. 

The  name  lazulite  is  derived  from  an  Arabic  word,  azul,  meaning  Tieaven,  and  alludes  to  the 
color  of  the  mineral. 

On  cryst,  Priifer,  Nat.  AbhandL  Wien,  i.  169;  Dana,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxvii.  38. 

552.  BARRANDITE.    Barrandit  v.  Zepharovich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  Ivi  1867. 

In  spheroidal  concretions,  indistinctly  radiated  fibrous,  with  the  surface 
crystalline  angular  ;  concentric  in  structure. 

H.=4*5.  &.=  2*576.  Lustre  between  vitreous  and  greasy.  Color  pale- 
bluish,  reddish,  greenish  or  yellowish-gray.  Streak  yellowish  to  bluish- 
white.  Translucent  to  opaque. 


Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  fi,  £,11=3  :  5  :  4,  with  &=*  £e+f  Xl;  whence  (t$e 
Phosphoric  acid  40-63,  alumina  12'61,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  26-16,  water  20-60=100.    Analysis:  & 
Boricky  (L  c.)  : 

P  XI  Pe  fi 

89-68  12-74  26'58  21-00=100. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  Yields  water  with  an  acid  reaction.  B.B.  sph'ts  open  and  becomes  darker  in 
color  ;  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  colors  the  flame  bluish-green.  Soluble  in  hot  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.—  Occurs  at  Cerhovic,  N.N.  W.  of  Przibram,  in  Bohemia,  in  clefts  in  a  Lower  Silurian  sand- 
stone, with  cacoxene  and  stilpnosiderite  ;  the  translucent  globules  •$•  to  !•£•  mm.  in  diameter, 
and  having  within  some  resemblance  to  opal;  the  opaque  variety  without  lustre;  sometimes 
a  grain  of  limonite  at  centre,  and  particles  of  the  same  as  impurity. 

Alt.—  Stated  to  give  origin  by  alteration  to  dufrenite,  similar  globules  and  fibrous  crusts  at  the 
locality  having  the  composition  of  the  latter  mineral 

—  ~;  -  '  — 

553.  SCORODITB.  Cupreous  Arseniate  of  Iron.  Cupro-martial  Arsenate  Bourn.,  Phil.  Trans., 
1801,  191.  Martial  Arseniafe  of  Copper.  Cuivre  arseniate  ferrifere  H.,  Tabl.,  91,  1809.  Skoro- 
dit  Breith.,  Hoffm.  Handb.,  iv.  2,  182,  1817.  Scorodite  and  Neoctese  Beud.,  ii.  605,  607,  1832  ; 
DescL,  Ann.  .Ch^Phys,,  III.  x.  403.  Arseniksinter,  Eisen-sinter,  Hermann,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat. 
Moscou,  L  254,  1845.  Kobalt-scorodit  Lippmann,  v.  Hornberg,  Zool.  Min.  Ver.  Regensb.,  xi. 
172. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=98°  2',  0  A  14=132°  20'  ;  a  :  I  :  0=1-0977  :  1  : 
1-1511.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure,  with  also  /,  24,  £,  2-2. 

482  fa  A  £-3=120°  10'  1  A  1.  bas.,=110°  58' 

i-l  A  ^-5=150   5  £  A  £,  pyr.,=134  38,  12718 

1  A  1,  pyr.,=114:34:  and  103  5  \  A  J,  bas.,=  72  2 

Cleavage  :  i-2  imperfect,  i-i  and  i-l  in  traces. 

H.=3'5—  4.  G.=3'l—  3'3.  Lustre  vitreous—  subadaman- 
tine  and  subresinous.  Color  pale  leek-green  or  liver-brown. 
Streak  white.  Subtransparent  —  translucent.  Fracture 
uneven. 

Oomp.  —  Fe  A"s+4  fi=Arsenic  acid  49-8,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  34'7,  water  15'5=100.  Analyses  : 
1,  Berzelius  (Ak.  H.  Stockh..  350,  1824,  Jahresb.,  v.  205);  2,  Boussingault  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xli. 
837);  3-6,  Damour  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  x.  412): 


HYDKOUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   ARSENATES. 


575 


1.  Brazil,  Neoctese  50-78  34-85 

2.  Popayan  49'6  34-3 

3.  Vaulry,  gn.  cryst.  50'95  31 '89 

4.  Cornwall,  blue  cryst.  61*06  32'74 

5.  Saxony,  bluish    *  52-16  33-00 

6.  Brazil,  Neoctese  50-96  33-20 


a 

15-55 

16-9 

15-64 

15-68 

15-58 

15-70 


0-67,  Cu  *r.=:  101-85  Berzelius. 

,  Pb  0-4=101-2  Boussingault. 

=98-48  Damour.     G.  =  3'll. 

=99-48  DanKHir. 

=100-74  Damour. 

=98-86  Damour.     G.=3'18. 


An  Iron-sinter  (Eisensinter,  Arsenik -sinter),  from  Nertschinsk,  ^analyzed  by  Hermann,  is  an 
amorphous  scorodite.  Hermann  obtained  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiii.  95)  As  48-05,  3Pe  36-41,  H  15*54= 
100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  neutral  water  and  turns  yellow.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  color- 
ing the  flame  blue.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes,  and  with  soda  a  black  magnetic 
scoria.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Found  of  brown  color  in  the  granitic  mountains  of  Schwarzenberg  in  Saxony,  associated 
with  arsenopyrite ;  at  Loling,  .near  Hutfcenberg  in  Carinthia,  with  leucopyrite;  at  Chanteloube, 
near  Limoges  ;  at  Nertschinsk,  Siberia,  in  fine  crystals  ;  also  as  an  amorphous  crust  or  iron-sinter 
on  beryl,  topaz,  and  quartz;  leek-green,  in  the  Cornish  mines,  coating  cavities  of  ferruginous 
quartz ;  at  the  Minas  Geraes,  in  Brazil ;  in  Popayan ;  at  the  gold  mines  of  Victoria  in  Australia,  hi 
quartz  with  arsenopyrite  and  gold. 

Occurs  in  minute  crystals  and  druses  of  leek-green  and  greenish- white  colors,  near  Edenville, 
N.  Y.,  with  arsenopyrite,  iron-sinter,  etc.,  in  white  limestone ;  in  Cabarras  Co.,  N.  C.,  on  G-. 
Luderick's  farm,  in  aggregations  of  greenish-white,  brownish-  and  leek -green  crystals  ;  coating 
cavities  of  quartz  and  limonite  with  copper  ores  and  pyrite. 

The  cobalt-scorodite  of  Lippmann  (1.  c.)  occurs  in  bluish  crystals  with  quartz  and  hypochlorite, 
at  Schneeberg ;  it  has  not  been  analyzed. 

Named  from  ff*fyo<W,  garlic,  alluding  to  the  odor  before  the  blowpipe. 

Alt. — Scorodite  occurs  altered  to  limonite. 


554.  WAVELLITB.  Wavellite  Babbington,  Davy's  Mem.  in  Phil.  Tr.,  162,  1805.  Hydrargil- 
lite  Davy,  ib.,  155,  162.  Devonite  Thomson.  Strahliger  Hydrargillit  (= columnar  var.  of  Dias- 
pore)  ffausm.,  Handb.,  443,  1813.  Lasionit  Fuchs,  Schw.  J.,  xviii.  288,  1816,  xxiv.  121.  Strie- 
gisan  Breiih.,  Schw.  J.,  Ixii.  379,  1831.  Thonerdephosphat  G&rm.  Alumine  phosphatee  Fr. 
Subphosphate  of  Alumine. 


Orthorhombic.     1  "A  7=126°  25'    0  A  1-2=143°  23'    a  :  1  :  0= 


1  :  1  '4:943.    Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure,  with 


also 


1,  2-2, 


and 


483 


2-2  A  2-2,  mac.,=117°  23' 
2-2  A  2-2,  brach.,  =  118  33 
2-2  A  2-2,  bas.,=93  7 
57 


1  A  7=129°  47' 
1  A  1,  mac.,=146  28 
1  A  1,  brach.,=110  20 
1  A  1,  bas.,=79  34 

Cleavage:  7  rather  perfect;  also  brachydiagonal.    Usually 
in  hemispherical  or  globular  concretions,  having  a  radiated 

structure.  " *" 

H.=3-25-4.    G.= 2-337,  Barnstaple, Haidinger;  2*316, 
Irish  variety,.  Richardson.     Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  pearly  and  resin- 
ous.    Color   white,  passing  into  yellow,  green,  gray,  brown,  and  black. 
Streak  white.     Translucent.     Index  of  refraction  1*52. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  3cl,  P\  H=9  :  10  :  12 ;  whence  &13£2+  12H,  or  perhaps  £l  P+i  £lH3+ 
5H=Phosphoric  acid  34-4,  alumina  37-3,  water  28'3=:100;  or  the  same  with  4^ H= Phosphoric 
acid  35-1,  alumina  38'1,  water  26*8=100. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Fuchs  (Schw.  J.,  xxiv.  121);  3,  Berzelius  (Schw.  J.,  xxvii.  63);  4-7,  Erdmann 
(Schw.  J.,  Ixix.  154);  8,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiii.  288);  9,  Sonnenschein  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  liii.  344); 
10,  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxiii.  423) : 


576 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


P 

XI 

£e 

H 

1. 

Devonshire 

35-12 

37-20 

— 

28-00 

2. 

u 

34-84 

37-16 

— 

28-00 

3. 

u 

33-40 

35-35 

1-25* 

26-80 

4. 

Striegis,  blue 

34-06 

36-60 

1-00 

27-40 

5. 

"       green,  yellow 

33-28 

36-39 

2-69 

27-10 

6. 

"        brovm 

31-55 

34-90 

2-21 

24-01 

7. 

"        black 

32-46 

35-39 

1-5 

24-00 

8. 

Zbirow 

34-29 

36-39 

1-20 

26-34 

9. 

Allendorff 

32-16 

35-76 



28-32 

10. 

Chester  Co.,  Pa. 

34-68 

36-67 



28-29 

=100-32  Fuchs. 

=100  Fuchs. 

2-06,  Ca  0-50=99-39  Berzelius. 

fr.=99-06  Erdmann. 

£r.=99-46  Erdmann. 

tr.,  Si  7-30=99-97  Erdmann. 

tr.,  Si  6-65  =  100  Erdmann. 
1-69=98-91  Hermann. 

tr.,  Ca  0-86,  Si  2*70=98 -80  Sonn. 

tr.,  limonite  0-22  =  99*86  G-enth. 

a  "With  peroxyd  of  manganese. 

Hermann  obtained  much  less  fluorine  than  Berzelius,  and  gives  a  different  formula.  But  Ber- 
zelius remarks  that  this  ingredient  may  easily  fall  short. 

The  cement  of  a  conglomerate  near  Loughhill,  Co.  of  Limerick,  Ireland,  consisting  of  emerald- 
green,  with  some  white,  crystals,  approaches  wavellite  in  composition,  affording  A.  Gages  (J.  G-. 
Soc.  Dubl.,  viii.  73)  P"  30'88,  2tl  36-16,  Pe  1'81,  Ni  0'33,  H  23'56,  F  tr.,  Si  3'61,  apatite  1'58,  quartz 
1-00=98-94.  A  wavellite  containing  oxyd  of  lead  occurs  at  Rosieres  in  stalactites,  as  detected 
by  Berthier. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  much  water,  the  last  portions  of  which  react  acid  and 
color  Brazil-wood  paper  yellow  (fluorine),  and  also  etch  the  tube.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  swells  up 
and  splits  frequentl}*  into  fine  acicular  particles,  which  are  infusible,  but  color  the  flame  pale  green  ; 
moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  the  green  becomes  more  intense.  Gives  a  blue  with  cobalt  solu- 
tion. Some  varieties  react  for  iron  and  manganese  with  the  fluxes.  Heated  with  sulphuric  acid 
gives  off  fumes  of  fluohydric  acid,  which  etch  glass.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid,  and  also  in  caustic 
potash. 

Obs. — Wavellite  was  first  discovered  in  a  tender  clay  slate  near  Barnstaple,  in  Devonshire,  by 
Dr.  Wavel.  It  has  since  been  found  at  Clonmel  and  Cork,  Ireland ;  in  the  Shaint  Isles  of  Scot- 
land ;  at  Zbirow  in  Bohemia ;  Zajecov  in  Bohemia ;  at  Frankenberg  and  Langenstriegis,  Saxony ; 
Diensberg  near  Giessen,  Hesse  Darmstadt ;  on  brown  iron  ore  in  the  Jura  limestone  at  Amberg 
in  Bavaria  (the  lasionite  of  Fuchs) ;  in  a  manganese  mine  at  Weinbach  near  Weilburg  in  Nassau 
(Genth) ;  at  Villa  Rica,  Minas  G-eraes,  Brazil. 

In  the  United  States  reported  as  found  near  Saxton's  River,  Bellows  Falls,  N.  H. ;  also  at  the 
slate  quarries  of  York  Co.,  Pa.,  near  the  Susquehanna;  at  Washington  mine,  Davidson  Co.,  N.  C., 
with  actinolite,  pyrite,  and  native  silver;  at  Steamboat,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  in  a  bed  of'limouite, 
abundant  in  stalactitic  forms,  part  looking  like  gibbsite,  part  drusy  with  rhombic  crystals,  and 
often  coated  with  a  pearly  scaly  mineral  yet  undetermined. 

Named  after  Dr.  Wavel,  the  discoverer.  The  species  was  considered  a  variety  of  diaspore  by 
D'Aubuisson,  Bournon,  Hausmann,  and  some  other  early  mineralogists,  and  placed  next  to  dias- 
pore by  Werner  in  1817 ;  while  Jameson  arranged  it  in  1816  among  the  zeolites. 

Calculating  from  the  angle  /A  7=126°  25',  the  prism  i-%  has  the  angle,  over  z'-i,=90°  34',  very 
near  the  angle  /A  /of  lazulite. 

554A.  KAPNICITE  Kenng.,  Ueb.,  1855,  and  1856-57.  Probably  wavellite.  Occurs  in  fibrous 
radiated  rounded  concretions,  the  fibres  rhombic  prisms  pyramidally  terminated,  with  vitreous 
lustre ;  H.=3'5-4;  G.=2'356  (Stadeler).  Stadeler  obtained  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  cix.  305)  P"  35'49, 
£1  39-59,  with  water  24'92  (from  the  loss)=100,  and  remarks  on  the  close  approximation  to 
wavellite.  From  Kapnik  in  Hungary. 

554B.  PLANERITE.  Under  this  name  Hermann  has  described  (Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.,  xxxv.  240, 
1862)  a  mineral  from  the  copper  mines  of  Gumeschefsk,  in  the  Ural.  It  occurs  in  thin,  sub- 
crystalline,  botryoidal  layers  in  the  cavities  of  a  quartz  rock.  H.=5;  G.=2'65.  Color  on  fresh 
surface  verdigris-green,  passing  to  olive-green  on  exposure  to  the  air.  Lustre  duU.  Translucent 
on  the  edges.  Analysis  afforded : 

£33-94        3tl  37-48  ~      Ou3-72        Fe  3-52        H  20-93=99'59. 

From  which  Hermann  deduces  the  formula  ( A1!3  P"  2-f  9  H)  +  £  (Cu,  Fe)  H.  He  regards  the  hydrated 
oxyds  of  iron  and  copper  as  unessential,  and  as  occurring  hi  many  other  aluminous  phosphates, 
as  turquois,  peganite,  and  fischerite. 

B.B.  in  tube  decrepitates,  yielding  much  neutral  water.  Easily  soluble  in  borax,  giving  copper 
reaction.  Only  slightly  attacked  by  acids,  but  easily  decomposed  by  boiling  with  caustic  soda 
Named  after  Planer,  director  of  the  mines.  Possibly  impure  wavellite. 


HYDROUS   PHOSPHATES    AND   ARSENATES.  577 

555.  TROLLEITE.    Trolleit  0.  W.  Blomstrand,  Priv.  contrib.,  dated  Dec.  9,  1867. 

Compact,  with  indistinct  cleavage. 

H.  a  little  below  6.  G.=3'10.  Lustre  more  or  less  vitreous.  Color 
pale  green.  Fracture  even,  to  conchoidal. 

Comp.— XlPVi^lH^Phosphoric  acid  47'8,  alumina  46%  water  6-0=100.  Analysis:  C.  W. 
Blomstrand  (1.  c.): 

$  XI  3Pe  Ca  H 

(1)46-72  43-26  2'75  0'97  6-23=99-93. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  same  as  for  berlinite.     Scarcely  attacked  by  acids. 

Obs. — Constitutes  small  detached  masses  and  veins  in  other  phosphates,  at  the  iron  mine  of 
Westana,  in  Scania,  Sweden. 
Named  after  the  chemist  H.  G-.  Trolle  Wachtmeister. 

556.  PLUMBOGUMMITE.  Plomb  rouge  en  stalactites — tantot  en  globules,  de  Lisle,  Demeste 
Lettres  Min.,  ii.  399,  1779 ;  Crist.,  iii.  399,  1783.  Sel  acide-phosphorique-martial  G.  de  Lau- 
mont,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxviii.  385,  1786.  Plomb-gomme  de  Laumont.  Aluminiate  de  Plomb  avec  eau 
de  combinaisou  Berz.,  in  his  Nouv.  Min.,  283,  1819.  Bleigummi,  Blei-aluminat,  etc.,  Berz.,  Schw. 
J.,  xxvii.  65,  1819  (trl.  fr.  Nouv.  Min).  Native  Alumiuiate  of  Lead  Smithson,  Ann.  Phil.,  xiv. 
31,  1819  (citing  Berz.,  and  also  a  letter  by  de  Laumont,  hi  which  S.  Tennant  (who  died  in 
1815)  is  said  to  have  first  analyzed  plombgomme  and  made  it  a  combination  of  oxyd  of  lead, 
alumina,  and  water).  Plomb  hydro-alumineux  H.,  Tr.,  iii.  410,  1822.  G-ummispath  Breith.,  Char., 
56,  1832.  Plomgomme  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  1832.  Plumbo-gummite  Shep.,  Min.,  ii.  113,  1835. 
Plumbo-resinite  Dana,  Min.,  230.  1837.  Gummibleispath,  Bleihydroaluminat,  Germ.  Hitch- 
cockite  Shep.,  Rep.  Canton  Mine,  Ga.,  1856,  Min.,  401,  1857. 

Eeniform,  globular,  botryoidal,  with  sometimes  a  concentric  structure ; 
in  thin  crusts ;  compact  massive. 

H.=4-5.  G.=4-6-4: ;  6-421,  Breith. ;  4-88,  fr.  Nuissiere,  Dufrenoy  ; 
4*014:,  hitchcockite,  Genth.  Lustre  resinous  or  gum-like.  Color  yel- 
lowish-gray, reddish-brown,  greenish ;  also  yellowish-white ;  sometimes 
grayish-white,  bluish.  Streak  uncolored.  Translucent;  subtransparent. 
Fragile. 

Comp. — Analyses :  1,  Berzolius  (Schw.  J.,  xxvii.  65) ;  2,  Dufrenoy  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  lix.  440) : 
3-5,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xvii.  191) ;  6,  Genth  (Am.  J.  Set,  II.  xxiii.  424) : 

P"        S      £l  Pb       H      £e    Ca     Si 

1.  Huelgoet       0-20  37'00  40'14  18-80       l'80a      0'60=98'54  Berzelius. 

2.  Nuissiere 34-23  37'51  16-13 211,  Pb3£  7'79=97'77  Dufre'noy. 

3.  Huelgoet        8'06  0"30  34'32  35-10  18'70  0'20  0'80    ,  Pb  Cl  2'27=99'75  Damour. 

4.  12-05  0-25  11-05  62'15     6'18 "     8'24=99'92  Damour. 

5.  15-180-40     2-8870-85     1-24 "      9'18=99'73  Damour. 

6.  Hitchcockite  18-74   25-54  29'04  20'86  0'90  1'44   ,  0  fc98,  Cl  0'04,insol.  0'48=99-02  G. 

"With  some  Mn2O3. 

Berzelius  made  the  mineral  a  hydrous  aluminate  of  lead,  Pb  &P+6H.  Damour  concluded 
from  his  results  that  in  Berzelius's  investigation  the  phosphoric  acid  was  precipitated  with  the 
alumina  and  oxyd  of  lead,  and  so  lost  sight  of.  He  observes  that  his  own  analyses,  though  so  • 
widely  different,  agree  in  affording  1  :  1  for  the  0.  ratio  of  water  and  alumina,  and  regards  the 
alumina  as  present  in  the  state  of  a  hydrate.  He  writes  for  the  formula  of  anal.  3,  Pb3P+6  £li 
IP.  Dufrenoy  inclines  to  adopt  Damour's  view  (Min.,  iii.  294,  1856). 

In  Genth's  analysis  of  hitchcockite,  the  0.  ratio  for  the  water  and  alumina  is  3 :  2  ;  for  the  whole 
Pb,  £l,  P,  H,  2-1  :  12-2  :  10'5  :  18-5,  which  corresponds  to2£lP~ +Pb3P>4A:l  fi3+10H. 

An  earthy  mineral  from  Rosieres  afforded  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xix.  669)P  (witk  tr.  of  As). 
25-5,  £l  23-0,  Pb  10-0,  Cu  3'0,  H  and  organic  matters  38-0=99-5. 

37 


578  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  yields  water.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  swells  up 
like  a  zeolite,  colors  the  flame  azure-blue,  but  is  imperfectly  fused.  On  charcoal  gives  in  addition 
a  faint  white  coating  of  chlorid  of  lead  (Plattner).  With  soda  gives  metallic  lead.  With  cobalt 
solution  gives  a  blue  color.  With  the  sodium  test  yields  a  phosphid.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  clay  slate  at  Huelgoet  in  Brittany,  associated  with  galenite,  blende,  pyrite, 
and  pyromorphite  ;  also  in  a  lead  mine  at  Nuissiere,  near  Beaujeu  ;  at  Roughten  Gill,  Cumberland  ; 
at  Mine  La  Motte,  Missouri  ;  at  Canton  mine,  Ga.,  with  galenite,  etc.  (hitchcockite}. 

Named  from  the  Latin  plumbum,  lead,  and  gummi,  gum.  The  identity  of  de  Lisle's  mineral 
(which  was  carnelian-like  in  color)  with  plombgomme,  though  questioned  by  de  Laumont  in  his 
early  paper,  is  admitted  in  his  letter  cited  in  Ann.  Phil,  xiv.  31,  1819. 

The  mineral  looks  usually  like  drops  or  coatings  of  gum,  also  at  times  somewhat  like  chalcedony 
or  allophane.  It  differs  from  globular  pyromorphite  or  blende  in  not  being  fibrous  within.  The 
hitchcockite  occurs  in  botryoidal  crusts  and  thin  coatings,  white,  bluish,  yellowish,  or  greenish, 
allophane-like,  sometimes  concentric  in  structure;  Shepard  gives  H.=2-75  —  3,  and  says  that  it 
loses  29  p.  c.  on  ignition. 

557.  CALCIOFERRITE.    Calcoferrit  J.  R  Blum,  Jahrb.  Min.  1858,  287. 

Monoclmic  ?  Foliated  massive.  Cleavage  :  very  perfect,  or  foliated,  in  one  direction  ;  traces  in 
another  at  right  angles  to  the  perfect  one  ;  also  in  another  oblique  to  the  same.  In  nodules. 

H.=2'6.  G.=2-523—  2-529,  Eeissig.  Lustre  of  cleavage-face  pearly.  Color  sulphur-yellow, 
greenish-yellow  to  siskin-green,  yellowish,  white.  Streak  sulphur-yellow.  Thin  laminae  translu- 

Analysis  by  Eeissig  (L  c.),  giving  nearly  4  £,  3  fi,  6  E,  19  £;  2  R8P"  +2  K  £+&  fis+16  fi  : 
P"  34-01    Pe  24-34    £l  2'90     Mg  2'65     Oa  14'81     £  20'56=99'27. 

B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  shining  black  magnetic  globule.     Easily  decomposed  by  muriatic  acid. 
In  nodules  in  a  bed  of  clay  at  Battenberg  in  Rhenish  Bavaria.     The  exterior  of  the  nodules  is 
yellowish-  or  reddish-brown  impure  calcioferrite. 

.558.  PHARMACOSIDERITE.  ?Fer  mineralise  par  1'acide  arsenique  Proust,  Ann.  Chem., 
i.  195,  1790;  Arsenicated  Iron  Ore  Kirwan,  ii.  189,  1796.  Olivenerz,  Arseniksaures  Eisen  in 
Wiirfem  kryst.  (fr.  Carharrack)  Klapr.,  Schrift.  Ges.  nat.  Fr.  Berl.,  1,  161,  1786,  Beitr.,  iii.  194, 
1802  ;  Wiirfelerz,  var  of  Olivenerz,  Lenz,  ii.  18,  151,  1794.  Wiirfelerz  Karsten,  Tab.,  66,  1808. 
'Cube  Ore.  Pharmakosiderit  Hausm.,  Haudb.,  1065,  1813. 

Isometric  ;  tetrahedral.  Observed  planes  :  0,  1,  2,  /;  f.  1,  29,  etc. 
•Crystals  modified  cubes  and  tetrahedrons.  Cleavage  :  cubic  ;  imperfect. 
0  sometimes  striated  parallel  to  its  edge  of  intersection  with  plane  1  (f.  29); 
planes  often  curved.  Rarely  granular. 

H.=2'5.  G.—  2'9—  3.  Lustre  adamantine  to  greasy,  not  very  distinct. 
Color  olive-green,  passing  into  yellowish-brown,  bordering  sometimes  upon 
liyacinth-red  and  blackish-brown;  also  passing  into  grass-green,  emerald- 
green,  and  honey-yellow.  Streak  green  —  brown,  yellow,  pale.  Subtrans- 
parent  —  subtranslucent.  Eather  sectile.  Pyroelectric. 


Comp.—0.  ratio  for  6,  Is,  fi=4  :  5  :  5;  whence  3#e  Is+^efiM-^ft,  with  one-eleventh 
•of  the  As  replaced  by  P=  Arsenic  acid  39-8,  phosphoric  acid  2'5,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  40-6,  water 
17-1=100.  Analysis:  Berzelius  (Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  354,  1824)  : 

Is  P"  £e  Cu  & 

40-20        2-53        39-20        0'65        18-81,  gangue  T76-102-95. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Same  as  for  scorodite. 

Obs.-^Formerly  obtained  at  the  mines  of  Wheal  Gorland,  Wheal  Unity,  and  Carharrack,  in 
Cornwall,  coating  cavities  in  quartz,  with  ores  of  copper  ;  now  found  in  quartz  at  Burdle  Gill  in 
Cumberland,  in  small  brilliant  crystals  ;  in  minute  tetrahedral  crystals  at  Wheal  Jane  ;  also  in 
Australia  ;  at  St.  Leonard  in  France  ;  and  at  Schneeberg  and  Schwarzenberg  hi  Saxony. 

Named  from  0%<uroi',  poison  (in  aUusion  to  the  arsenic  present),  and  athpos,  iron.  Wurfelerz. 
<of  the  Germans,  means  cube-ore. 


HTDEOU8   PHOSPHATES   AND   AESENATES.  579 

Proust  first  announced  the  existence  of  an  arsenate  of  iron,  from  greenish-white  concretionary 
specimens  found  in  Spain ;  but  from  his  meagre  description  its  identity  with  this  species  cannot 
be  made  certain. 

Alt. — Has  been  observed  altered  to  psilomelane,  limonite  (Pea  Hs),  red  iron  ore  (3Pe). 

559.  CIRROLITE.    Kirrolith  C.  W.  Blomstrand,  Priv.  contrib.,  dated  Dec.  9,  186*7. 

Compact,  without  a  trace  of  cleavage. 
H.  =  5— 6.     G.=3-08.     Color  pale  yellow. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  &,  P\  H=2  :  2  :  5  :  1.  Formula^  £PPk  +  2Ca8£  +  3H,  Blomstrand,= 
Phosphoric  acid  41'7,  alumina  20-1,  lime  32'9,  water  5 '3  =  100.  Analysis  :  Blomstrand  (1.  c.) : 

£  £l  Fe         Mn          Pb         Mg         Ca  H 

(1)41-17         20-54        0-91         2'24        (Ml         0'21         29'37         5'06=99'61, 

after  removal  of  4'60  not  dissolved  in  the  acid  solution,  of  which  3'17  was  silica. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  very  easily  to  a  white  enamel.  With  soda  a  manganese  reaction.  Decom- 
posed on  digestion  in  fine  powder  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  iron  mine  of  Westana,  in  Scania,  Sweden. 

Named  from  Ktpp6S,  pale  yellow. 

560.  CHILDRENITE.    Levy,  Brande's  J.,  xvi.  274, 1823. 

Orthorhombic.  1 A  7=111°  54',  0  A  1-1=136°  26';  a  :  I :  c=0'9512  : 
1  :  1-4798.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figures,  with  also  f-f. 
6>  A  24=127°  53',  0  A  1=131°  4',  <9  A  f=142°  35',  0  A  ^=90°,  1  A  1, 
mac.,  130°  4',  brach.,  or  over  24,  102°  417,  bas.,  97°  52X,  24  A  24,  ov.  0,= 
75°  46r,  B.  &  M.  Plane  0  sometimes  wanting,  and  the  form  a  double  six- 
sided  pyramid,  made  up  of  the  planes  1,  24,  with  i-i  small.  Cleavage  :  ^'4, 
imperfect. 

484  485 


H.=4'5-5.  G.=3-18—  3-24;  3184,  Kenngott.  Lustre  vitreous, 
inclining  to  resinous.  Color  yellowish-white  and  pale  yellowish-brown, 
also  brownish-black.  Streak  white,  yellowish.  Translucent.  Fracture 
uneven. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  S,  S,  £,  flr=4  :  3  :  7  :  7  ;  or  less  nearly  4  :  3  :  7|  :  7-J,  Kammelsberg, 
who  writes  the  formula  2&4  P+3tP^+l  5  fi=  Phosphoric  acid  28'9,  alumina  14-0,  protoxyd  of 
iron  29*3,  protoxyd  of  manganese  9*5.  water  18'3  =  100.  Perhaps  (|K,3+f  £l)5J?3+15  fl.  But 
a  new  analysis  is  needed.  Analysis  :  'Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxxv.  435)  : 

£  28-92     &1  14-44     Fe  30'68     Mn  9-07     Mg  0'14    fi  16-98  =  100'23  Ramm. 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  neutral  water.  B.B.  swells  up  into  ramifications,  and 
fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  black  mass,  coloring  the  flame  pale  green.  Heated  on  charcoal  turns 
black  and  becomes  magnetic.  With  soda  gives  a  reaction  for  manganese.  With  borax  and  salt 
of  phosphorus  reacts  for  iron  and  manganese.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  crystals  and  crystalline  coats,  on  spathic  iron,  pyrite,  or  quartz,  and  sometimes 
with  apatite,  near  Tavi  stock,  and  at  the  George  and  Charlotte  mine,  and  also  at  Wheal  Crebor,  in 


580  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Devonshire;  on  slate  at  Crinnis  mine  in  Cornwall.  Crystals  1  in.  long  have  been  observed.  They 
look  a  little  like  siderite,  but  are  more  lustrous  and  of  greater  hardness. 

In  U  States,  at  Hebron,  Me.,  in  minute  hair-brown  prismatic  crystals,  with  amblygomte  (f.  48o, 
by  Cooke,  and  an  octahedral  form,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxvi.  258).  _  _ 

If  the  dome  2-?  be  made  the  fundamental  vertical  prism,  then  /A  J=104  14,  l-»  A  K  top,= 
13°,  1-2  A  1-!,  ib.,=87°  14' ;  the  cleavage  macrodiagonal ;  a  :  o  :  c=rd514  :  1  :  r2«5d. 

Named  after  Mr.  Children. 

561.  ATTACOLITE.    Attakolith  0.  W.  Blomstrand,  Priv.  contrib.,  dated  Dec.  9,  1867. 

Massive,  indistinctly  crystalline. 
H.=:5.     a.  =  3 -09.     Color  pale  red. 

COMP-O.  ratio  for  R,  fi,  P,  fi,  after  separating  8-60  gi  as  free  silica=6  :  15  :  20  :  6.  The 
uncertainty  as  to  whether  the  silica  is  free  or  combined  renders  the  composition  and  formula 
doubtful.  Analysis  :  C.  W.  Blomstrand  (1.  c.) : 

£  £l          3Pe          Mn        Mg          Oa          Na          fi 

(|)  36-06        29-75         3'98         8'02         0'33         13'19         0'45         6'90=98'68. 

PYR.,  ETC. — B.B.  fuses  easily,  and,  when  more  heated,  with  intumescence,  to  a  brownish-yellow 
glass.  '  With  soda  a  strong  manganese  reaction.    Very  incompletely  decomposed  by  acids. 
OBS. — From  the  iron  mine  of  Westana,  in  Scania,  Sweden. 
Named  from  arrantis,  salmon,  alluding  to  the  color. 

562.  AUGELITB.    Augelith  C.  W.  Blomstrand,  Priv.  contrib.,  dated  Dec.  9,  1867. 

Massive.  Cleavage :  distinct  in  three  directions,  and  generally  easily 
obtained. 

Gr.=2'77.  Lustre  of  cleavage  surface  strongly  pearly.  Colorless,  but 
generally  pale  red. 

Comp.— Xl2^+3fl=Phosphoric  acid  35-3,  alumina  61'3,  water  13'4=100.  Analysis:  C. 
W.  Blomstrand  (1.  c.) : 

P  XI  £e  fin  Ca  fl 

(f)  35-61  48-80  0-75  0-31  T09  13-04=99-60. 

The  mineral  is  often  intimately  mixed  with  silica,  and  not  easily  separated  from  it. 
Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  much  water  in  the  glass  tube.     B.B.  infusible.     Scarcely  affected  by  acids. 
Obs. — Occurs  imbedded  in  other  phosphates  at  the  iron  mine  of  Westana,  in  Scania,  Sweden. 
Named  from  aiiyfi,  lustre. 

563.  TURQUOIS.  ?Callais,  ?Callaina,  Plin.,  xxxvii.  56,  33.  Firuzegi  Pers.  Turques,  Tur- 
quois  pt,  of  the  16th  century  and  later  (Turques,  Fabyan's  Chronicle).  Tiirkis  pt.  Germ.,  Tur- 
chesaTM,  Turquoise  Fr.  Turquoise  J".  B.  Tavernier,Voy.  en  Turquie,  enPersie,  etc.,  Paris,  1678. 
Turchine  Bocconi,  Museo  di  Fisica,  etc.,  278,  1697.  Orientalischer  Tiirkis  Demetrius  Agaphi 
N.  Nord.  Beytr.,  v.  261,  Pallas,  ib.,  265.  Turquois  orientale,  Calaite,  Agaphite,  Johnite,  G. 
Fischer,  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  N.  Moscou,  i.  1806 ;  also  his  Onomasticon  Min.  Mus.  Imp.  Moscou, 
1811,  and  Essai  sur  la  Turquoise,  Moscou,  1816,  of  which  Abstr.  in  Ann.  Phil.,  xiv.  406,  1819; 
John,  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  N.  Moscou,  i.  1806,  Schw.  J.,  iii.  93,  1807  (with  analyses  and  assertion 
that  it  is  no  Odontolite).  Hydrargillite  pt.  Hausm.,  Handb.,  444,  1813.  Turquoise  de  vieille 
roche  (in  distinction  from  Odontolite,  or  T.  de  nouvelle  roche,  called  also  Occidental  Turquois). 
Eallait,  Kalait,  Germ. 

Reniform,  stalactitic  or  incrusting.     Cleavage  none. 
^  H.==6.     G.=2-6— 2-83;    2*621,   Hermann.      Lustre   somewhat   waxy, 
feeble.    Color  sky-blue,  bluish-green  to  apple-green.    Streak  white  or  green- 
ish.   Feebly  subtranslucent — opaque.     Fracture  small  conchoidal. 


HYDKOTJB   PHOSPHATES   AND  ARSENATES.  581 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  fr.  anal.  1  and  3,  for  -&1,  P\  H=6  :  5  :  5  ;  whence  £l2P~ +5  H= Phosphoric  acid 
32-6,  alumina  46-9,  water  20'5  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  John  (Ann.  d.  M.,  II.  iii.  231) ;  2,  Zellner  (Isis, 
1834,  637);  3,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiii.  282);  4,  Church  (Ch,  News,  x.  290): 

£          £1         H        Cu 

1.  Silesia  SO'90    44'50     19-00     3'75      Fe  1-80=99-95  John. 

2.  "  38-90     54-50       I'OO     1'50      3Pe  2-8=98-70  Zellner. 

3.  Slue  Oriental         27'34    47-45     18-18     2'02       "     1 -10,  Mn  0-50,  Ca3P"  3-41  =  100  H. 

4.  Nichabour,  Persia  32-86    40-19     19'34    6'27      Fe  2-21,MnO-36=100'23aC.;  Gr.=2'75. 

a  After  subtracting  0'74  Si  O2  and  0-49  hygroscopic  water. 

The  green  oriental  turquois  afforded  Hermann  only  5-64  p.  c.  of  phosphoric  acid,  and  is  evidently 
a  mechanical  mixture,  containing  but  little  turquois.  Specific  gravity  of  the  last  2-621.  John  in 
his  early  analysis  did  not  detect  the  phosphoric  acid ;  he  obtained  A1!  73-0,  Cu  4*5, 3Pe  4-0,  H  (or 
loss)  18=99-5. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  yields  water,  and  turns  brown  or  black.  B.B.  in 
the  forceps  becomes  brown  and  assumes  a  glassy  appearance,  but  does  not  fuse ;  colors  the  flame 
green ;  moistened  with  muriatic  acid  the  color  is  at  first  blue  (chlorid  of  copper).  With  the  sodi- 
um test  gives  phosphuretted  hydrogen.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  beads  in  O.F. 
which  are  yellowish-green  while  hot  and  pure  green  on  cooling.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  and 
tin  on  charcoal  gives  an  opaque  red  bead  (copper).  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  clay  slate,  in  a  mountainous  district  in  Persia,  not  far  from  Nichabour.  Ac- 
cording to  Agaphi,  the  only  naturalist  who  has  visited  the  locality,  turquois  occurs  only  in  veins, 
which  traverse  the  mountain  in  all  directions.  Fischer,  in  1816,  named  the  different  varieties 
Calaite,  Agaphite  (or  conchoidal  T.),  and  Johnite  (or  quartzy  T.).  Pieces  of  the  size  of  a  hazel- 
nut  are  considered  very  large.  An  impure  variety  is  found  in  Silesia,  and  at  Oelsnitz  in  Saxony ; 
near  the  well  of  Nasaiph  between  Suez  and  Sinai.  W.  P.  Blake  refers  here  a  hard,  yellowish- 
to  bluish-green  stone  (which  he  identifies  with  the  chalchihuitl  of  the  Mexicans)  from  the  mountains 
Los  Cerillas,  20  m.  S.E.  of  Santa  Fe;  H.  =  6;  G-.  =  2'426— 2-651  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxv.  227).  A 
pale  green  turquois  occurs  in  the  Columbus  district,  Nevada. 

Turquois  receives  a  good  polish,  and  is  highly  esteemed  as  a  gem.  The  Persian  king  is  said  to 
retain  for  his  own  use  all  the  larger  and  finely  tinted  specimens. 

The  Callais  of  Pliny  is  generaUy  regarded  as  turquois,  and  probably  rightly  so.  But  all  he  says 
of  it  is,  "Callais  sapphirum  imitatur,  candidior  et  litoroso  mari  similis,"  resembling  sapphire  (that 
is,  lapis-lazuli)  'm  color,  but  paler,  and  like  the  sea  toward  the  shore ;  indicating  a  greenish-blue 
tint  and  degree  of  opacity  corresponding  well  enough  with  much  turquois. 

The  Callaina  also  of  Pliny  (to  which  he  devotes  a  long  chapter)  is  referred  to  this  species,  and 
with  even  better  reason.  It  was  a  stone  of  a  pale  green  color,  and  was  obtained,  according  to 
him,  amid  inaccessible  rocks  in  the  countries  that  lie  at  the  back  of  India,  near  Mt.  Caucasus,  etc. 
He  also  states  that  it  was  remarkable  for  its  size,  and  was  full  of  holes  and  foreign  substances, 
which  it  is  difficult  to  reconcile  with  the  true  turquois.  But  he  speaks  in  the  next  sentence  of  a 
kind  from  Carmania  (a  district  of  Persia)  as  of  better  quality  and  clearer,  and  this  may  have  been 
real  turquois.  He  says  that  no  stones  were  more  easily  imitated,  which  is  very  true  of  turquois. 
He  also  remarks  that  the  beauty  of  the  Callaina  is  greatly  heightened  by  a  setting  of  gold,  the 
contrast  peculiarly  befitting  it. 

Pliny  also  speaks  of  another  stone  called  Callaica  (xxxvii.  56),  and  says  of  it:  "  Callaicam  vocant 
e  turbido  callaino;  ferunt  pluris  conjunctis  semper  in veniri ;  "  it  is  so  called  because  it  is  a  turbid 
callaina,  and  they  are  found  together.  He  also  remarks  that  the  stone  called  "  Augetis  (xxxvii.  54) 
multis  non  alia  videtur  quam  callaina,"  by  many  is  thought  to  be  nothing  but  callaina,  (See 
further  CALLAINITE,  p.  572). 

The  Persian  smaragdus,  or  emerald,  alluded  to  by  Pliny  (xxxvii.  18,  citing  from  Democritus),  as 
"  without  transparency,  agreeable  and  uniform  in  color,  satisfying  the  vision  without  allowing  it 
to  penetrate  it,"  may  have  been  turquois;  yet,  as  with  most  of  Pliny's  descriptions  (owing  to  his 
mixing  different  things  of  similar  aspect),  when  all  the  other  characters  given  are  weighed  they 
leave  doubt. 

It  is  probable  that  the  turquois— oriental  and  occidental — was  as  commonly  used  in  Persia  as 
a  gem  in  ancient  times  as  now.  The  name  turquois  is  French  in  form,  and  means  Turkish,  a 
Turkish  gem,  the  gem  having  come  into  Europe  through  Turkey. 

Most  of  the  turquois  (not  artificial)  used  in  jewelry  in  former  centuries,  as  well  as  the  present, 
and  that  described  in  the  early  works  on  minerals,  was  lone-turquois  (called  also  odontolite,  from 
o<5ovj,  tooth),  which  is  fossil-bone,  or  tooth,  colored  by  a  phosphate  of  iron.  Its  organic  origin 
becomes  manifest  under  a  microscope.  Moreover,  true  turquois,  when  decomposed  by  muriatic 
acid,  gives  a  fine  blue  color  with  ammonia,  which  is  not  true  of  the  odontolite. 


582  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

564.  PEGANITE.    Peganit  BreUh.,  Schw.  J.,  lx.  308,  1830. 

Orthorhombic  In  rhombic  prisms,  with  the  acute  lateral  edge  truncated  ; 
angle  of  the  prism  about  127°  and  53°.  Cleavage  :  basal,  and  brachydi- 
agonal,  imperfect. 

H.=3—  3'5.  G.=2'492—  2-501.  Lustre  greasy  to  vitreous.  Color  deep 
green,  greenish-gray,  greenish-white.  Streak  white. 

Comp.—  £l2P+6  H,  Hermann,  =Phosphoric  acid  81-1,  alumina  45-2,  water  23'7  =  100.  Analysis 
by  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  xxxiii.  287)  : 

£  30-49        £l  44-49        H  22'82        Cu,  3Pe,  gangue  2'20—  100  Hermann. 

Pyr.  etc.  _  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  and  assumes  a  violet  or  rose  color.  B.B.  cracks 
open,  becomes  violet,  but  does  not  fuse.  Gives  but  a  faint  copper  reaction,  but  in  other  respects 
like  turquois.  The  powdered  mineral  gives  a  fine  blue  with  cobalt  solution. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  crusts,  consisting  of  small  prismatic  crystals,  at  Striegis,  near  Freiberg, 
Saxony. 

Erdmann  analyzed  a  Striegis  mineral  (Striegisan  of  Breithaupt)  with  a  very  different  result,  as 
seen  from  the  analyses  under  WAVELLITE,  to  which  species  the  specimens  evidently  pertain. 
Peganite  has  till  recently  been  placed  under  wavellite. 

Named  from  jntyawi',  an  herb,  in  allusion  to  the  color. 

565.  FISCHERITB.     SchtschurovsJci,  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiii.  285,  1844. 

Orthorhombic,  Kokscharof.  /A  7=118°  32';  ail:  c=x  :  1  :  1-189. 
/A  i-2,  bevelling  plane,=160°  48',  i*  A  ^2=99°  52J'  and  80°  TJ',  i-S  A  i-i 
=  139°  56'.  Mostly  in  small  six-sided  prisms.  Also  crystalline,  massive. 

H.=5.  G.—  2*4:6.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  grass-green  to  olive-green, 
and  verdigris-green.  Translucent. 


Comp.—  &12£+  8  H=  Alumina  41-8,  phosphoric  acid  28'9,  water  29'3=100.  Analysis: 
Hermann  (1.  c.)  : 

£  29-03        £l  38-41        £e  and  Mn  1-20        Ou  0-80        H  27'50=100. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  becomes  white,  and  clouded  ;  yields  much  water,  but  no  fluorine.  Soluble 
in  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.  —  From  Nischne  Tagilsk,  where  it  occurs  in  veins  in  a  ferruginous  sandstone  and  clay 
slate. 

565A.  VARISCITE  Bretth.  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  x.  506,  1837).  Contains  the  same  ingredients  as  the  above, 
but  is  not  yet  accurately  analyzed.  Reniform;  apple-green;  with  white  shining  streak,  weak 
greasy  lustre,  and  translucent.  Yields  water  in  a  matrass.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  infusible,  but 
becomes  white  ;  in  the  outer  flame,  colors  the  flame  deep  bluish-green  ;  with  borax  and  salt  of 
phosphorus  forms  a  pale  yellowish-green  glass  ;  with  soda  fuses  with  effervescence,  but  imper- 
fectly ;  with  cobalt  solution  becomes  blue.  Occurs  in  quartz  and  siliceous  slate  at  Messbach  in 
Saxon  Voigtland.  Named  from  Yariscia  (Voigtland). 

566.  TAVISTOCKITB.    Hydrated  Calcium-aluminic  Phosphate  (?)  A.  H.  Church,  J.  Ch.  Soc., 
IL  iii.  263,  1865.    Tavistockite  Dana. 

In  microscopic  acicular  crystals,  sometimes  aggregated  in  irregular  stel- 
late groups,  constituting  a  white  pearly  powder. 

Lustre  pearly.     Color  white.     Transparent  to  translucent.     Fragile. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  R+K,  £,  H=6  :  5  :  3;  whence  (iCa8+i&l)2P  +  3  H=  Phosphoric  acid 
30-41,  alumina  22-06,  lime  35'97,  water  11-56=100.  Analyses:  Church  (L  c.): 


HYDKOUS   PHOSPHATES    AND    AESENATES. 


583 


30-36        22-40 


Ca 
36-27 


12-00=101-03  Church. 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  "  incandesces ''  and  becomes  opaque.  With  nitrate  of  cobalt  gives  a  blue  color. 
Colorless  bead  with  borax.  Difficultly  soluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Tavistock,  Devonshire,  in  cavities  in  quartz  crystals,  with  pyrite,  chalcopy- 
rite,  and  childrenite. 

567.  CHENEVIXITE.    Chenevixite  Adam,  F.  Pisani,  C.  B.,  Ixii.  690,  1866. 

Massive — compact. 

H.=4'5.  G.=3'93?  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  dark  green.  Streak  yel- 
lowish-green. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  R+B,  Is,  fi=6  :  5  :  3  nearly,  with  0.  ratio  of  3Pe,  Cu=7i  :  6£.  Formula 
($6,  Cu3)2 A' s  +  3 fi ;  or  perhaps  F"eAs+3CuH;  As  :  J?=9  :  1.  Analyses:  1,  Chenevix  (L  c.); 
2,  Pisani  (1.  c.) : 


1.  Cornwall        33'5 

2.  "  32-20 


£  £e  Cu  Ca  H 

27-5  22-5  12,  sand  3  =  98'5  Chenevix. 

2-30         25-10         31-70        0'34          8'66= 100-30  Pisani. 


Pisani  refers  here  the  analysis  by  Chenevix.     10-3  p.  c.  of  sand  are  removed  from  anal.  2. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  yields  water ;  becomes  brown  after  calcina- 
tion. B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily,  giving  out.  arsenical  fumes,  and  leaving  a  black  magnetic 
scoria  with  grains  of  copper.  Easily  soluble  in  the  acids. 

Obs.— From  Cornwall,  involved  in  a  quartz  rock  in  small  compact  masses,  from  which  gangue 
it  is  difficult  to  separate  it  entirely. 

568.  DUFRENITE.  Strahlstein  (var.)  Jordan,  Min.,  etc.,  Eeisebem.,  243,  1803.  Griineisen- 
stein  (strahlichter)  Ullmann,  Syst.  Tab.  Uebers.,  152,  319,  1814.  Chalkosiderit  Ullmann,  ib., 
323.  Fasriche  Griin-Eisenerde  W.  Dufrenite  Brongn.,  Tabl.,  20,  1833.  Green  Iron  Ore. 
Kraurit  Breitfi.,  Handb.,  152,  1841. 

Delvauxene  Dumonl,  L'Institut,  121,  1839,  Delvaux,  Bull.  Ac.  Brux.,  147,  1838.    Delvauxit 
Haid.,  Haiidb.,  512,  1845. 

Orthorhombic.  1 1\  I  about  123°.  Cleavage  :  braehydiagonal.  Also 
massive,  in  nodules ;  radiated  fibrous,  with  a  drusy  surface. 

IL=:3-5-4.  G.:=3-2— 3-4;  3-227,  Dufr.  Lustre  silky,  weak.  Color 
dull  leek-green,  olive,  or  blackish-green ;  alters  on  exposure  to  yellow  and 
brown.  Streak  siskin-green.  Subtranslucent. 

Comp,,  Var.— 5Pe2^+ 3 fl= Phosphoric  acid  27*5,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  62-0,  water  10*5=100. 
(3Pe,  A1!)2  P  +  S^fl,  Pisani.  Schnabel's  analysis  makes  part  of  the  iron  protoxyd. 

Analyses:  1,  Vauquelin  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xxx.  202);  2,  Karsten  (Arch.  f.  Bergb.  u.  Hiitt.,  xv. 
243);  3,  Schnabel  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  329);  4,  Pisani  (C.  R,  liii.  1020);  5,  Kurlbaum  (Am.  J.  Sci., 
II.  xxiii.  423);  6,  7,  Dumont  (L'Institut,  No.  276);  8,  Delvaux  (Bull.  Acad.  Brux.,  1838,  147);  9, 
10,  Diesterweg  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxii.  257): 


1.  Haute  Vienne  27-85 

2.  Siegen,          dark  green    27*72 

3.  "  28-39 

4.  Morbehan,  "  28-53 

5.  Allentown,  N.  J.  "  32-61 

6.  Delvauxite  16-04 

7.  "  16-57 

8.  18-20 

9.  Siegen,  dark  green  27-71 
10.        "     red  25-20 


4-50 


56-20 
63-45 
53-66 
54-40 
53-74 
34-20 
36-62 
40-44 
62-02 
59-14 


Mn 
6-76 


Fe         H 


9-29=100  Vauquelin. 

8-56=99-73  Karsten. 

9-97       8-97=100-99  SchnabeL 

12-40=99-83  Pisani. 

3-77  10-49,  Si  0-72  =  100-95  Kurlb. 

.  49-76=100  Dumont. 

48-81=100  Dumont. 

41-13  =  99-77  Delvaux. 

0-25  10  90=100-88  Diesterweg. 

2-33     13-98=100-65  Diesterweg. 


584:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Church  (Ch.  News,  x.  157)  shows  that  dufrenite  contains  10-55  p.  c.  of  water,  corresponding  tc 
the  above  formula;  it  loses  no  water  at  100°  C.  He  observes  also  that  the  mineral  is  usually 
so  mixed  with  hematite  that  it  is  difficult  to  separate  it  for  analysis. 

Church  also  demonstrates  (1.  c.,  145)  that  the  delvauxite  of  Liege  is  only  a  wet  dufrenite.  It  lost 
in  his  trial  20*33  p.  c.  over  sulphuric  acid,  and  nearly  6  p.  c.  more  on  heating  to  100°  C. ;  the  total 
percentage  of  water  having  been  found  to  be  37 '23,  whence  the  essential  water  is  only  10-11 
p.  c.,  as  in  dufrenite.  He  detected  a  trace  of  lime.  The  color  of  delvauxite  given  is  yellowish- 
brown  to  brownish-black  or  reddish,  or  that  of  altered  dufrenite;  and  G.  =  1'85.  An  altered 
dufrenite  gave  Diesterweg  (L  c.)  P  6-26,  3Pe  80'03,  H  14-03= 100-34. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  vivianite,  but  less  water  is  given  out  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  fuses 
easily  to  a  slag. 

Obs. — Occurs  near  Anglar,  Dept.  of  Haute  Vienne,  and  at  Hirschberg  in  Westphalia  (the  locali- 
ties of  the  specimens,  according  to  Dufrenoy,  originally  named  dufrenite) ;  at  Kocheforten-Terre, 
Morbihan,  France;  Eisenfeld  near  Siegen.  Also  at  Allentown,  N.  J.,  as  a  fibrous  leek-green 
coating,  sometimes  half  an  inch  thick,  in  the  Green  Sand  formation ;  it  changes  to  brown  in  alter- 
ing to  limonite. 

The  delvauxene  is  from  Besnau,  near  Vise,  in  Belgium. 

Named  after  the  French  mineralogist  Dufrenoy. 

GLOBOSITE.  This  name  is  given  by  Breithaupt  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  321,  1865)  to  a  mineral  occur- 
ring at  the  Anne  Hilfe  mine  near  Hirschberg,  in  small  globular  concretions.  H.=5— 5-5.  G.= 
2-825  —  2-827.  Lustre  greasy  to  adamantine.  Color  wax-yellow  to  yellowish-gray.  Streak  white. 
Brittle.  Analysis  on  a  small  quantity  of  the  mineral  afforded  Fritzsche  (1.  c.)  $  28'89,  A"s  tr.,  Si 
0-24,  3Pe  40-86,  Cu  0'48,  Mg  2'40,  Ca  2'40,  H  and  F  23-94=100-05.  B.B.  in  tube  yields  water; 
by  stronger  heat  gives  the  fluorine  reaction,  depositing  a  ring  of  silica,  and  leaving  a  red  residue 
not  magnetic,  but  giving  with  fluxes  the  reaction  for  iron.  Slowly  soluble  in  muriatic  acid.  It 
occurs  as  above  with  massive  and  pulverulent  limonite ;  also  in  the  cobalt  mine  of  Schneeberg 
in  Saxony,  with  quartz  and  hypochlorite. 

569.  CACOXENITE.    Kakoxen  J.  Steinmann,  Yortr.  B6hm.  Ges.,  Prag,  1825.     Cacoxene. 

Occurs  in  radiated  tufts  of  a  yellow  or  brownish-yellow  color. 
H.=3— 4.     G.=3'38.     Becomes  brown  on  exposure. 

Comp.— Supposed  to  be  an  iron-wavellite.  0.  ratio,  fr.  anal.  3,  4,  for  S,  £,  fl=6  :  5  :  12, 
whence  Fe2P  +  12H,  from  Richardson's  analysis.  Analysis  5  corresponds  to  3Pe3£2  +  20H. 
Analyses:  1,  Steinmann  (Leonh.  Orykt,  750);  2,  Holger  (Baumg.  ZS.,  yiii.  129);  3,  Richardson 
(Thomson's  Min.,  i.  476);  4,  5,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.  1854,  67): 

£  3Pe  £1        Ca       Si        H,F 

1.  Zbirow  17-86     36'32  lO'Ol     0-15     8'90     25-95=99-19  Steinmann. 

9-20     36-83  11-29      3-30     18'98,  Mg  7'58,  2n  1-23,  S  11-29  H. 

20-5      43-1       1-1       2-1       30%  Mg  0-9=97  9  Richardson. 

"    fibrous  yw.      19'63     47-64      32'73  =  100  Hauer. 

5.        ;'    globular          25*71    41-46 32-83  =  100  Hauer. 

The  alumina  of  the  earlier  analyses  was  from  impurities. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water,  with  trace  of  fluorine.  Fuses  on  the  edges  to  a  black  shining  slag, 
and  colors  the  outer  flame  bluish-green.  Reactions  for  iron.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  the  Hrbeck  mine,  near  Zbirow  in  Bohemia,  along  with  earthy  limonite. 
Stated  by  Zepharovich  to  be  sometimes  derived  from  the  alteration  of  barrandite. 

570.  ARSENIOSIDERITE.    Arsenics iderite  Dufr.,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  ii.  343,  1842.    Arseno- 
krokit,  Arsenocrocites,  Glocker,  Syn.,  226,  1847. 

In  fibrous  concretions  of  a  ^yellowish-brown  and  somewhat  golden  color, 
resembling  cacoxenite ;  the  fibres  large  and  easily  separable  between  the 
fingers. 

H.=l-2.  G.=3-520,  Dufr.;  3-88,  Eamm.  Lustre  silky.  Powder 
yellowish-brown,  rather  deeper  in  color  than  that  of  yellow  ochre.  When 
rubbed  in  a  mortar  the  powder  adheres  to  the  pestle.' 


HYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND  AESENATES.  585 

Oomp.—  Is5,  £e8,  Ca8,  H18,  or  Ca6  Is  +  4  £e2  Is  +15  H=  Arsenic  acid  37-9,  sesquioxyd  of  iron 
42-1,  lime  ll'l,  water  8-9=100.  Analyses:  1,  Dufrenoy  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  ii.  343,  182);  2,  3, 
Rammelsberg  (2d  Suppl.,  20,  Fogg.,  Ixviii.  508)  : 

Is  Pe          Mn  Ca  £  H 

1.  34-26          41-31         1-29  8'43         0'76         8'75,  Si4'04=98-84  Dufrenoy. 

2.  [39-16]        40-00          tr.          12-18         -        8'66=100  Rainmelsberg. 

3.  [37-36]         38-31  tr.          12-08          -         8'68,  Si  3-57  =  100  Ramm. 

According  to  Fournet,  arseniosiderite  is  essentially  cacoxene..with  the  phosphoric  acid  replaced 
by  arsenic  acid,  and  having  the  corresponding  formula  $e4  As3+18  H;  but  this  exceeds  tho 
proportion  of  water  by  nearly  one-half,  and  does  not  take  into  account  the  lime. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Like  scorodite. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  a  manganese  bed  at  Komaneche,  Department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  France. 

Named  from  arsenic  and  o-iJ/?poj,  iron.  Changed  to  arsenocrocite  (fr.  /rpo/oj,  fibre)  by  Gflocker, 
because  of  a  previous  use  of  arsenosiderite  (see  p.  76). 

571.  EVANSITE.    D.  Forbes,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxviii.  341,  1864. 

Massive  ;  reniform  or  botryoidal. 

H.=3*5—  4.  Gr.=l'939.  Lustre  vitreous  or  resinous  ;  internally  waxy. 
Colorless,  or  milk-white  ;  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow  or  blue.  Streak 
white.  Translucent,  subtranslucent.  Fracture  subconchoidal.  ' 


Oomp.—  0.  ratio  for  33,  P",  H=9  :  5:  18,  whence  3cl3  £+£l  H3+15  H,  Dana,  =  Phosphoric 
acid  18-4,  alumina  39-7,  water  41-9=100.  Analysis:  Forbes  (L  c.): 

£          xi         H 

(f)  19-05  39-31  39-95,  insol.  1'41=99'72  Forbes. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  in  tube  yields  neutral  water,  decrepitates,  leaving  milk-white  powder.  In- 
fusible. Moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  colors  the  flame  green.  On  charcoal  with  cobalt  solution 
gives  intense  blue.  With  fluxes  trace  of  iron.  Soluble  in  sulphuric,  nitric,  and  muriatic  acids. 
Fluorine  not  detected. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  at  Zsetcznik,  Hungary,  as  reniform  or  globular  concretions  on  brown  hematite. 

Brought  in  1855  from  Hungary,  by  Brooke  Evans,  of  Birmingham,  England,  after  whom  it  was 
named.  It  was  labelled  allophane. 

572.  TORBERNITE.  Mica  viridis  cryst.  (fr.  Joh.)  v.  Born,  Lithoph.,  i.  42,  1772.  Griiner 
Glimmer  (fr.  Saxony)  Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronst,  217,  1780;  Torberit  W&rn.  (earliest  name);  Karst, 
Ueb.  Wern.  Yerbess.,  43,  1793  [later  spelt  Torbernit,  as  in  Ludwig's  Wern.,  i.  308,  1803)  ;  Chalko- 
lith  [put  near  Chlorite]  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  376,  1789  ;  Urankalk  durch  Kupfer  gefarbt,  Uranites 
spathosus  pt.,  Klapr.,  Schrift.  Ges.  N.  Berl.,  ix.  273,  1789  ;  Beitr.,  ii.  217,  1797.  Uranglimmer 
Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig,  i.  55,  1803.  Urane  oxyde  N.,  Tr.,  1801.  Uranite  Aikin,  Min.,  1814. 
Uran-Mica  Jameson,  Syst.,  1820.  Uranphyllit  JBreith.,  Char.,  1820.  Phosphate  of  Uranium 
containing  Phos.  Copper  R  Phillips,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  v.  57,  1823.  Phosphate  of  Uranium  and 
Copper  Berz.,  Jahresb.,  1823.  Kupfer-Uranit  Germ.  Copper-Uranite.  Torberite  B.  &  M.,  517, 
1852.  Cuprouranit  JBreith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  302,  1865. 

Tetragonal.  0  A  :U=134r°  8';  0=1-03069.  Observed  planes:  0  ; 
prism,  i4\  octahedral,  -|,  f,  12,  %-i.  Forms  square  tables,  with  often  re- 
placed edges  ;  rarely  suboctahedral.  486 

0  A  2=108°  56'  1  A  1,  basal,=lll°  6 

O  A  1=124  27  2  A  2,  basal,  =142  8 

0  A  f=135  49  2  A  2,  pyr.,=96  3 

O  A  f=138  50  f  A  f,  basal,=8 

0  A  2-^=115  53  2-i  A  2-^',  basal,  =128  15  Cornwall 

Cleavage  :  basal  highly  perfect,  micaceous.     Unknown  massive  or  earthy. 


586  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

H.=2—  2-5.     G.—  34—  3-6.     Lustre  of  0  pearly,  of  other  faces  subada 
mantine.     Color  emerald-  and  grass-green,  and  sometimes  leek-,  apple-,  and 
siskin-green.     Streak  somewhat  paler  than  the  color.   ^  Transparent  —  sub- 
translucent.     Fracture  not  observable.     Sectile.     Laminse  brittle  and  not 
flexible.     Optically  uniaxial  ;  double  refraction  negative. 

Comp.  —  0.  ratio  for  R,  $,  P\  &=1  :  6  :  5  :  8  ;  whence  J?2  ^+pu  fl-f  7  &,  Dana.  Analyses  :  1, 
R.  Phillips  (1.  c.);  2,  Berzelius  (1.  c.);  3,  Werther(J.  pr.  Ch.,  xliii.  334);  4,  Pisani  (C.  R.,  lii.  81*7); 
5,  Church  (Ch.  News,  xiL  183)  : 

£  £  Cu  & 

1.  Cornwall  16'0  60'0  9'0  14'5=99-5  Phillips. 

2.  "  15-57         61-29         8'44         15*05  =  100*45  Berzelius. 

3'         «  14-34        59-03         8*27         15'39,  Si  0'49,  earthy  substance  0'41  Werther. 

4.         «  14-0  59-67         8-50         15'00,  sand  0'40=97'57  Pisani. 

5]         "  13-94         61-00         8-56         14'16,  Is  1*96,  Ca  0'62=100-24  Church. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  In  the  forceps  fuses  at  2'5  to  a  blackish  mass,  and 
colors  the  flame  green.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  green  bead,  which  with  tin  on  charcoal 
becomes  on  cooling  opaque  red  (copper).  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  a  globule  of  copper. 
Affords  a  phosphid  with  the  sodium  test.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid. 

Obs.  —  Gunnis  Lake  formerly  afforded  splendid  crystallizations  of  this  species,  and  also  Tincroft 
and  Wheal  Buller,  near  Redruth,  and  elsewhere  in  Cornwall.  Found  also  at  Johanngeorgenstadt, 
and  Eibenstock  and  Schnedberg,  in  Saxony  ;  in  Bohemia,  at  Joachimsthal  and  Zinnwald  ;  in  Bel- 
gium, at  Vielsalm.  A  variety  from  Providence  in  Cornwall  is  hi  8-sided  tables  with  a  low  pyra- 
mid, and  has  a  leek-green  color,  with  G.=3'329—  3'372  (Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  303). 

The  angle  0  A  2  is  given  by  Mohs,  Haidinger,  and  Naumann  =108°  29'  ;  by  Hessenberg  (Min. 
Not.,  vi.  41)  108°  38';  Kokscharof  (Min.  Russl.,  v.  35)  108°  56';  the  mean  of  his  measurements 
of  Cornwall  and  Schlackenwald  crystals  being  108°  53'  23"  and  71°  5'  21".  Similar  figures  are 
given  by  G-reg  &  Lettsom,  Min.,  384.  The  angles  of  B.  &  M.  do  not  agree  with  any  of  the  meas- 
urements. 

First  named  torberite  (torbernite)  by  Werner,  after  the  chemist  Torber  Bergmann  \Lai.  Torbernus, 
as  written  by  Bergmann  himself].  Then,  this  naming  after  persons  having  been  denounced  as  an 
innovation  (see  Karsten's  Werner's  Verbess.,  43,  1793),  Werner  substituted  Chakolite  (fr.  %a\K6^ 
copper,  signifying,  as  he  says,  "  ein  Kupfer  haltender  Stein  ")  in  allusion  to  Bergmann'^s  deter- 
mination in  1780  that  the  mineral  was  muriate  of  copper.  When,  finally,  it  was  shown  b*y  Klap- 
roth  to  be  an  ore  of  uranium  instead  of  copper,  Werner,  with  Karsten  and  others,  threw  aside 
chalcolite,  because  false  in  signification,  and  used  Uranglimmer  (uran-mica).  Chalcolite  has  since 
crept  back  again,  but  is  no  more  appropriate  now  than  it  was  sixty  years  ago.  The  name  tor- 
berite  was  written  as  it  should  be,  torbernite,  by  some  mineralogists  of  last  century. 

Both  this  species  and  the  autunite  have  gone  under  the  common  name  of  uranite  ;  the  former 
also  as  Copper-uranite,  the  latter  Lime-uranite. 

573.  AUTUNITE.  Yar.  of  Uranglimmer,  Urankalk,  or  Chalcolite,  of  authors  prior  to  1819. 
Sel  a  base  de  chaux,  6u  1'oxide  d'urane  joue  le  role  d'acide,  Berz.,  N.  Syst.  Min.,  295,  1819. 
Uranit  Berz.,  Jahresb.,  iv.  46,  1823.  Kalk-Uranit  Germ.  Lime-Urauite.  Autunite  B.  &  M., 
519,  1852.  Calcouranit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  302,  1865. 

Orthorhombic  ;  but  form  very  nearly  square,  and  crystals  resembling 
closely  those  of  torbernite.  Cleavage  :  basal  eminent,  as  in  torbernite. 
0  A  2-fcl09°  6',  O  A  2-fcl09°  IT,  2-1  A  2-5=95°  52',  2-5  A  1  (plane  on 
edge  2-£/2-*}=138°  30',  Descl.  Planes  24,  2-2  correspond  to  2  of  torbernite. 

H.—  2—  2-5.  G.—  3-05—  3*19.  Lustre  of  0  pearly;  elsewhere  subada- 
mantine.  Color  citron-  to  sulphur-yellow.  Streak  yellowish.  Translu- 
cent. Optically  biaxial,  Descl. 


Comp  —  0.  ratio  for  R,  g,  ,  fi=l  :  6  :  5  :  8  ;  whence  £2£  +  Ca  £  +  7  fl,  Dana,:=  Phosphoric 
acid  15-7,  oxyd  of  uranium  62*7.  lime  6'1.  water  15-5=100.  Analvses-  1  Berzelius  (\  cV  2 
Pisani  (C.  R.,  lii.  817)  : 

£  S  Ca      Mg,  Mn      3a        .Sn  fi 

1.  Autun   15-20        61'73        5'88        0'20        1-57        0'06        15-48=100-12  Berzelius. 

2.  13-40        56-47         5'60         -         -         -        20-00=98-67  Pisani. 


HYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   AESENATES.  587 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  torbernite,  but  no  reaction  for  copper. 

Obs. — Autunite  is  found  usually  with  other  ores  of  uranium,  associated  with  silver,  tin,  and 
iron  ores.  Occurs  in  the  Siebeugebirge,  in  the  hornstone  of  a  trachytic  range ;  at  Johanngeorgen- 
stadt  and  Eibenstock ;  at  Lake  Onega,  Wolf  Island,  Russia ;  near  Limoges,  and  at  St.  Symphorien 
near  Autun ;  formerly  at  South  Basset,  Wheal  Edwards,  and  near  St.  Day,  England.  Occurs 
sparingly  at  the  Middletown  (Ct.)  feldspar  quarry,  associated  with  columbite  and  albite,  in 
minute  tabular  crystals  and  thin  scales,  of  light  green  and  lemon-yellow  colors ;  also  in  minute 
crystals  at  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  on  the  quartz  or  albite,  and  sometimes  in  the  red  centres  of  tour- 
malines, and  at  Acworth,  N.  H.,  straw-yellow  and  light  green ;  also  in  a  gneiss  quarry  on  the 
Schuylkill,  near  Philadelphia,  about  ^  m.  above  the  suspension  bridge. 

Descloizeaux  makes  autunite  to  differ  from  torbernite  (Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  xiv.  1857)  in  being  optically 
biaxial,  and  therefore  orthorhombic ;  and  the  planes  2  of  the  latter  thus  become  2-1  and  2-?,  as 
they  incline  unequally  to  the  base.  The  angles  are  still  very  closely  the  same,  the  pyramidal 
95°  52',  being  in  torbernite  96°  6',  Kokscharof;  95°  52',  Hessenberg;  95°  46',  Haidinger.  The 
species  are  at  least  closely  isomorphous. 

Berzelius  calls  the  uranite  of  Cornwall  and  that  of  Autun,  respectively,  chalcolite  and  uranite,  in 
his  article  announcing  the  composition,  in  Jahresb.,  iv.  146,  147,  1823  ;  and  the  special  application 
of  uranite  to  this  species  dates  from  that  time.  Yet,  in  order  to  avoid  confusion  from  the  double 
use  of  the  name,  it  is  better  to  adopt  for  the  species  the  name  of  autunite,  from  one  of  its  noted 
localities. 

FRITZSCHEITE  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  302,  1865.  A  mineral  much  resembling  uranite  in  its 
four-sided  quadratic  (or  nearly  so)  tables,  with  a  perfect  basal  cleavage  ;  with  H.  =  2— 2'5  ;  G-.= 
3*504?;  vitreous  to  pearly  in  lustre  ;  reddish-brown  to  hyacinth-red  in  color  and  streak ;  trans- 
lucent ;  affording  Fritzsche  (1.  c.)  reactions  for  oxyd  of  uranium,  protoxyd  of  manganese,  vanadic 
acid,  phosphoric  acid,  and  water.  The  red  color  is  attributed  to  the  manganese,  and  it  is  consid- 
ered a  mangan-uranite  containing  some  vanadic  acid.  It  occurs  with  crystals  of  autunite  and 
torbernite  at  Neuhammer,  near  Neudeck  in  Bohemia,  in  a  hematite  mine ;  at  Johanngeorgen- 
stadt,  of  fine  red  color,  with  torbernite.  Bed  crystals  in  groups,  supposed  to  be  this  mineral, 
have  been  observed  on  specimens  of  uranite  from  Autun,  and  from  Steinig,  near  Elsterberg,  in 
Saxon  Voigtland.  May  it  be  an  altered  uranite  ? 

574.  AMPHITHALITE.     Amfithalit  Igelstrom,  CEfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1866,  93,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  309, 

1866. 

Massive.     H.— 6.     Color  milk-white.     Subtranslucent. 

0.  ratio  for  &,  S,  £,  S=l  :  10-25  :  7-5  :  5.    Analysis :  Igelstrom  (L  c.)  : 

P"  £l  Mg         Ca  fl 

30-06        48-50         1-55         5'76        12'47=98'34  Igelstrom. 

B.B.  infusible.  Insoluble  in  acids.  Occurs  in  the  quartzite  of  Horrsjoberg,  Wermland,  with 
lazulite,  rutile,  and  cyanite.  Named  from  ap^aAfo,  becrowned,  since  it  usually  occurs  surrounded 
by  other  beautiful  minerals,  though  unattractive  itself. 

574A.  Hydrous  Phosphate  of  Alumina  and  Lime  Damour  (L'Institut,  1853,  78).  Compact,  of  a 
pale  or  dark  brick-red  color.  Scratches  glass  feebly.  G.=3'194.  Supposed  by  Damour  to  be  a 
hydrophosphate  of  alumina  and  lime.  B.B.  in  a  tube  gives  considerable  water ;  and  in  a  platinum 
crucible  at  a  red  heat  loses  12-70  p.  c.  of  water.  Found  in  rolled  pebbles  with  the  diamond  sand 
of  Bahia. 

574B.  Cupreous  Phosphate  of  Alumina.  Domeyko  (Min.,  2d  ed.  425)  describes  a  mineral  from 
San  L9renzo  de  la  Ligna,  Chili,  occurring  in  a  decomposed  feldspathic  rock,  giving  on  analysis  $ 
17-7,  Si  7-6,  £l  46-3,  Cu  6'3,  Fe  3'3,  fl  18-8=100.  Its  color  is  a  pale  turquois-blue ;  structure 
compact,  homogeneous,  and  so  soft  as  to  be  scratched  by  the  nail 

575.  SPHJERITE.    Sphserit  v.  Zepharovich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  Ivi.  1867. 

In  globular  concretions  with  a  drusy  faceted  surface,  without  a  distinct 
fibrous  or  concentric  structure.  Cleavage  distinct  in  one  direction. 

H.=4.  G.= 2*536.  Lustre  greasy- vitreous,  glimmering.  Color  light 
gray,  more  or  less  reddish  or  bluish,  the  red  color  from  mixture  with  hema- 
tite. Translucent. 


588  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Comp.-0.  ratio  for  ffl,  £,  fl=3  :  2  :  3* ;  A-l5  £2+16  H=Phosphpric  acid  26-1  alumina  47'4, 
water  26'5=100.  Analyses:  A,  Boricky  (1.  c.);  B,  same,  with  Si,  Ca,  Mg,  and  some  P  (for 
these  bases)  excluded : 

p  XI  Mg  Ca  H  Si 

A.  (1)28-58  42-36  2'60  1'41  24«03  0-87=99-85. 

B.  26-80  46-71  26'49  —=100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.  B.B.  is  infusible,  and  colors  the  flame  bluish-green.  With  cobalt 
solution  a  fine  blue. 

Obs.— Occurs  lining  cavities  or  seams  hi  hematite,  at  Zajecov,  Bohemia,  m  Lower  Silurian 
schists,  along  with  wavellite. 

Alt. — Becomes  opaque  white,  dull,  and  earthy  by  alteration. 

576,  BORICKTTE.    Delvauxene  (fr.  Leoben)  v.  Hauer,  Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs.  1854,  68  ;  (fr.  Nena- 
covic)  Boricky,  Nat.  ZS.  Lotos,  March,  1867.    Borickite  Dana. 

Eeniform  massive.     Compact,  without  cleavage. 

H.=3-5.  G.=2-696— 2-707.  Lustre  weak  waxy.  Color  reddish-brown. 
Streak  the  same  as  color.  Opaque. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  fi+K,  £,  H=3  :  2  :  3,  with  &  :  8=1 :  7 ;  £=Ca,  B=£e ;  (3Pe,  Ca3)5  P"8 
+  15H. 
Analyses:  1,  v.  Hauer  (1.  «.);  2,  Boricky  (L  c.): 

P"  3Pe          Mg         Ca  H 

1.  Leoben  (|)  20'49        52*29         8-16         19-06=100  Hauer. 

2.  Nenacovic  19-35         52'99        0'41         7'29         19'96=100  Boricky. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.    B.B.  fuses  easily  to  a  black  mass.     Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 
Obs.— From  Leoben  hi  Styria,  and  hi  a  Lower  Silurian  schist  at  Nenacovic  hi  Bohemia. 


PHOSPHATES  OR  ARSENATES,  COMBINED  WITH  SULPHATES. 

t 

580.  DIADOCHITE.    Diadochit  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  x.  503, 1837.    Phosphoreisensinter  Eamm. 

Reniform  or  stalactitic ;  structure  curved  lamellar. 

H.=3.  G.= 2-035.  Lustre  resinous,  inclining  to  vitreous.  Color 
yellow  or  yellowish-brown.  Streak  uncolored.  Fragile ;  fracture  con- 
choidal. 

Comp.— £e8£a+2  Pe  S3+32  H=Phosphoric  acid  14-3,  sulphuric  acid  16-2,  sesquioxyd  of 
iron  40-4,  water  29-1  =  100.  Analysis  by  Plattner  (Ramm.  1st  Suppl,  45) : 

$  14-811  S  15-145  £e  39-690  H  30-344=100. 

Near  iron  sinter  (pitticite),  with  phosphoric  acid  in  place  of  arsenic  acid. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  much  water  hi  the  closed  tube,  and  swells  up,  becoming  lustreless  and 
opaque  yellow ;  when  ignited  gives  off  sulphuric  acid.  B.B.  in  the  forceps  swells  up  and  falls  to 
powder,  but  carefully  ignited  fuses  easily  to  a  grayish-black  slag,  and  colors  the  flame  bluish- 
green.  On  charcoal  affords  a  steel-gray  magnetic  globule.  With  soda  affords  metallic  particles, 
and  gives  a  sulphid  which  blackens  silver.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  reacts  for  iron. 
Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — From  alum-slate  near  Grafenthal  and  Saalfeld  in  Thuringia. 

Named  from  ^deJo^oj,  a  successor,  on  the  supposition  that  it  is  an  iron  sinter,  in  which  phosphoric 
acid  has  replaced  the  arsenic  acid. 


HYDROUS   PHOSPHATES   AND   AESENATES.  589 

581.  PITTIOITE.  Eisenpecherz  Karsten  [not  Wem],  Tab.,  66,  98,  1808.  Fer  oxyde  resinite 
ffa&y,  Tab!.,  98,  1809.  Pittizit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  285,  1813.  Eisensinter  Wern.,  Hoffm.  Min., 
iii.  b,  302,  1816;  iv.  b,  141,  181*7 ;  fr.  Freiesleben  G-.  Arb.,  v.  74,  261.  Arseneisensinter  Germ. 
Pitchy  Iron  Ore.  Diarsenate  of  Iron.  Sideretine  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  609,  1832  [not  Pittizite  Beud., 
p.  484].  Pitticit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1022,  1847. 

Reniform  and  massive. 

H.  =  2— 3.  G.— 2*2— 2'5.  Lustre  vitreous,  sometimes  greasy.  Color 
yellowish  and  reddish-brown,  blood-red  and  white.  Streak  yellow — white. 
Translucent — opaque. 

Comp. — Analyses  afford  varying  results.  0.  ratio  for  $,  S,  A*s,  H,  from  Stromeyer's  analysis, 
approximately  6:3:5:15,  whence  Pe  A's+3Pe  S+15  H= Arsenic  acid  25*6,  sulphuric  acid  8*9, 
oxyd  of  iron  35*6,  water  29-9=100;  from  the  Schwarzenberg  ore  (No.  6)  12  :  9  :  10  :  24;  whence 
Rammelsberg  deduces  £e3  Is2+£e  S3+24fi;  perhaps  2  £e  Is +  3  (£e,  H3)  S+21  H;  or  2  £e 
A"s+3Pe  S3+21  H+J?e  H3— Arsenic  acid  26*0,  sulphuric  acid  13*6,  oxyd  of  iron  86*1,  water  24*3 
=100.  1,  Stromeyer  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixi.  181);  2,  Laugier  (Ann.  Ch.,  xxx.  325);  3,  Kersten  (Schw. 
J.,  liii.  176);  4,  5,  Rammelsberg  (Fogg.,  Ixii.  139);  6,  id.  (5th  Suppl.,  102): 

Is  S  Fe  Mn          H 

1.  Freiberg  26*06        19-14        33-10        0-64        29-26=99-09  Stromeyer. 

2.  "  20  14  35  tr.          30=99  Laugier. 

3.  "  30-25         40-45         28-50=99*20  Kersten. 

4.  Seiglitzstollen       24-67  5*20        54*66         15'47  =  100  Rammelsberg. 

5.  "  28-45          4-36        58-00         12*59=100  Rammelsberg. 

6.  Schwarzenberg     26'70         13'91         34*85         24*54=100  Rammelsberg. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  and  at  a  high  heat  gives  off  sulphurous  acid.  In 
the  forceps  and  on  charcoal  like  scorodite.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  arsenical  fumes  and  a 
sulphid  which  blackens  silver. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  old  mines  near  Freiberg  and  Schneeberg  in  Saxony,  and  elsewhere.  An  ore 
on  Hopkins's  farm  near  Edenville,  N.  Y.,  is  referred  by  Beck  to  this  species. 

For  an  iron-sinter  without  the  sulphate,  see  under  SCORODITE. 

582.  BEUDANTITE.    Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  xi.  194,  1826. 

Rhombohedral.  R  A  72=91°  187  (mean),  Dauber.  Occurring  planes  : 
0,  5,  10,  j??,  -1.  -2,  -f,  -4,  -5 ;  crystals  modified  acute  rhombohedrons. 
Cleavage  :  basal,  easy.  Basal  plane  (0)  flat,  dull ;  R  bright,  curved. 

II.=3'5— 4*5.  G.=4— 4'3.  Lustre  vitreous.  Subadam  an  tine,  resinous. 
Color  dark  to  clear  olive-green,  yellowish-green,  black,  brown.  Streak 
greenish-gray  to  yellow,  usually  opaque,  rarely  transparent. 

Var.— 1.  A  mineral  containing  phosphoric  acid,  with  little  or  no  arsenic;  the  mineral  from 
Cork  and  Dernbach.  2.  Containing  arsenic  acid,  with  little  phosphoric  acid ;  mineral  from  Hor- 
hausen. 

E  A  J?,  in  crystals  from  Cork,  91°  18',  Dauber;  from  Dernbach,  91°  9',  Dauber;  from  Horhausen, 
92°  30',  Levy;  91°  48',  Dauber.  The  Cork  crystals  are  black,  brown,  or  green  and  opaque;  G-. 
=4"295,  green,  Ramm. ;  those  of  Dernbach,  olive-green  to  yellowish-green,  sometimes  trans- 
parent, with  H.=3-5,  G-. =4-00 18,  Sandberger.  The  Horhausen  mineral  was  the  original 
beudantite. 

Comp. — Results  varying  much.  Analyses:  1,  Sandberger  (Pogg.,  c.  611);  2,  Rammelsberg 
(ib.,  581);  3,  4,  Percy  (Phil.  Mag.,  II.  xxxvii.  161);  5,  Sandberger  (L  c.): 

A.  Phosphatic  variety. 

$         la         S         Pe        Pb      Ou        H 

1.  Dernbach    (f)  13*22        tr.       4-61    44*11     26-92      tr.      11 -44  Sandberger. 

2.  Cork,  green  (f)    8'97      0'24    13-76    40*69     24*05    2-45      9*77  Rammelsberg. 


590  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

£          Is          S          £e        Pb         H 

3.  Horhausen         1'46      9-68     12-31    42'46    24-47       8-49=98-87  Percy. 

4.  «  ttncZ.     13-60     12-35     37'65     29'52       8'49=101-61  Percy. 

5-          <i  2-79     12-51       1-70    47'28     23'43   [12-29]=:100  Sandberger. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Heated  yields  water.  B.B.,  alone,  the  Cork  crystals  are  infusible,  but  yield  on 
charcoal  fumes  of  sulphurous  acid  and  afford  a  yellow  slag,  and  with  soda  a  kernel  of  lead ;  the 
Dernbach  fuse  easily  on  charcoal  with  intumescence  to  a  globule  of  lead,  mixed  with  a  black 
hepatic  slag;  the  Horhausen  also  fuse  easily,  affording  a  gray  slaggy  globule,  and  after  long 
blowing  the  odor  of  arsenic. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  the  Glendone  iron  mine,  near  Cork,  with  quartz  and  limonite;  at  Dernbach, 
near  Montabaur,  in  Nassau ;  at  Horhausen,  in  Nassau,  on  limonite. 

583.  LINDACKERITE.    Lindackerit  J.  F.  Vogl,  Jahrb.  G.  Eeichs.,  iv.  552,  1853. 

Orthorhombic.  In  oblong  rhombohedral  tables,  grouped  in  rosettes, 
and  in  reniform  masses. 

H.=2— 2'5.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  verdigris-  to  apple-green.  Streak 
paler  to  white. 

Comp. — 2Cu3  A"s+Ni3S+7  H,  Lindacker,  who  obtained  (1.  c.)  : 

Is  28-58        S  6-44        Cu  36'34        Ni  16'15        #e  2-90        H  9'32=99'73. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  alliaceous  fumes,  and  fuses  to  a  black  bead.  With  borax  and 
salt  of  phosphorus  a  copper  reaction.  Soluble  after  long  heating  in  muriatic  acid,  the  solution 
giving  a  yellowish-brown  precipitate  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Obs. — From  JoachimsthaL 

584.  SVANBBRGITB.    Svanbergit  Igelstrom,  OSfv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1854,  156. 

Khombohedral.  R  A  72=90°  35' ;  Rl\±R  (occurring  planes)=154°  30', 
Dauber;  R f\R=%ty°  to  88°,  Breith.,  with  other  rhombohedrons  of  95° 
16'  and  82°  26'. 

H.=5.  G.=3-30 ;  2-571,  Breith. ;  3'29,  Blomstrand.  Lustre  vitreous  to 
adamantine.  Color  honey-yellow  to  yellowish-brown,  reddish-brown,  and 
rose-red.  Streak  reddish  or  colorless.  Subtransparent. 

Comp. — Analyses :  1,  Igelstrom  (L  c.,  and  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixiv.  252) ;  2,  C.  W.  Blomstrand  (priv. 
contrib.,  Dec.  8,  1867) : 

£          S          XI        £e     Mn     Pb     Mg       Oa      Na        H      Cl 

1.  Wermland    17'80     17*32    37-84    1*40   6'00  12*84    6'80    tr.  Igelstr. 

2.  Westana       15'70     15'97     34'95    0'73      tr.      3'82    0'24    16-59    12-21    — =100-21 BL 

Blomstrand's  analysis  gives  the  0.  ratio  for  &,  8,  S,  £,  H=3  :  9  :  5| :  5  :  6 ;  taking  it  at 
3:9:6:5:6,  it  affords  the  formula  ($  Ca3  +  |  3tl)2  P+2  £l  S-f-8  H=Phosphoric  acid  16'0, 
sulphuric  acid  18*0,  alumina  34'9,  lime  18*9,  water  12'2=:100.  Taking  the  ratio  at  3  :  9  :  5  :  5  :  6, 
it  corresponds  to  the  formula  3  (-J-  Ca3  +  $  ^tl)2  3^+5  3tl  S  +  Xl  H3  + 15  H. 

Igelstrom's  analysis  affords  approximately  3:9:5:5:3,  and  the  same  formula  as  the  last, 
excepting  6  H  in  place  of  15  H.  But  it  differs  widely  in  the  protoxyds,  it  containing  much  soda 
(determined  by  the  loss  ?),  and  comparatively  little  lime. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  tube  acid  water.  B^B.  on  coal  fuses  only  on  the  thinnest  edges  ;  with  soda 
in  reducing  flame  a  red  hepatic  mass,  which  becomes  green  with  water  and  yields  sulphuretted 
hydrogen  with  dilute  acid.  With  borax,  an  iron-colored  glass.  With  cobalt  solution  a  tine  blue. 
But  little  acted  upon  by  acids. 

Obs.— From  Horrsjoberg  in  Wermland,  occurring  with  lazulite,  cyanite,  pyrophyllite,  damour« 
ite,  hematite,  etc.  It  is  near  beudantite  in  crystallization. 

585.  FICINITE  Bernhardi,  Worterb.  d.  Nat  gesch.,  iv.  574,  Weimar.  1827,  Glocker's  Mm.,  556, 
1831;  Kenngott,  Min.  Not.,  No.  xi.,  and  Ueb.  1854,  441,  1859,  32. 


NITRATES. 


591 


Monoclinic,  with  one  perfect  cleavage,  and  a  second  inclined  129°  to  the  other,  both  parallel  to 
the  orthodiagonal. 

H.  =  5— 5"5.     G.=3-4— 3 '5  3.     Lustre i  waxy  or  pearly,  weak-     Color  black.    Sub  translucent. 

Analysis  by  Ficinus  (1.  c.) :  £  12-82,  S  4-07,  Fe  58'85,  Mn  6-82,  Ca  0'17,  Si  0'17,  H  16'87.  B.B. 
fuses  to  a  semimetallic  slag,  which  is  magnetic.  In  acids  hardly  attacked. 

Found  at  Bodenmais,  with  garnet,  iolite,  etc.  Also  reported  as  occurring  at  the  Gottesgab  mine, 
near  Bodenmais,  in  crystals. 


HYDEOUS  ANTIMONATES. 

586.  BINDHEIMITE.  Blei-Niere  (fr.  Nertschinsk)  Karst.,  Tab.,  50,  77,  78, 1800  (citing  anal, 
by  Bindheim,  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  x.  374,  1792).  Antimonate  of  Lead.  Antimonblei- 
spath,  Antimonsaures  Bleioxyd,  Germ.  Stibiogalenit  Glock.,  Syn.,267,  1847.  Bleinerite  Nicol, 
Mia,  383,  1849. 

Amorphous,  reniform,  or  spheroidal ;  also  earthy  or  incrusting.  Struc- 
ture sometimes  curved  lamellar. 

H.=4.  G.— 4:-60— 4-76,  Siberia,  Hermann  ;  5*05,  white,  Cornwall, 
Heddle ;  4'TOT',  brown,  ib.,  Heddle.  Lustre  resinous,  dull,  or  earthy. 
Color  white,  gray,  brownish,  yellowish.  Streak  white  to  grayish  or  yel- 
lowish. Opaque  to  translucent. 

..  Comp. — Pb3  Sb+ 4 H,  Siberian  mineral,  Hermann;  Pb2Sb  +  2£H,  Horhausen,  Ramm.;   Pb3 
Sba+10H,  Cornwall,  Heddle,  anal.  4,  6;  the  true  nature  not  fully  understood. 

Analyses:  1,  Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxiv.  179);  2,  C.  Stamm  (Pogg.,  c.  618);  3-5,  Heddle 
(PhiL  Mag.,  IV.  xii.  126,  Greg  &  Letts.  Min.,  373);  6,  Percy  (ib.): 

Sb  Pb  H  £e  Ca  Is 

1.  Nertschinsk  31-71  61 '38  6'46  —  =100  Hermann. 

2.  Horhausen  4M3  48-84  5'43  3*35  tr.        tr.,  Cu  0'84=:99-59  Stamm. 

3.  Cornwall,  white  42-22  47'04  11'50  =100-76  Heddle. 

4.  "  "  42-44  46-68  11*98  =10MO  Heddle. 

5.  "         Irown  46-70  43'94  6'46  1'44  1'34      <r.=99'88  Heddle. 

6.  47-36  4u-73  11-91  =100  Percy. 

Pfaff  early  found  in  the  Nertschinsk  mineral  (Schw.  J.,  xxvii.  1)  Sb  43-96,  Is  16-42,  Pb  33-10, 
Pe  0-24,  Cu  3-24,  Si  2-34,  S  0'62,  Fe,  Mu,  etc.,  3-32  =  103-23.  Bindheim  (L  c.)  made  it  to  contain 
As  25,  Pb  35,  3Pe  14,  H  10,  Si,  3tl  9,  Ag  1-15  =  95'15. 

Pyr,,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water.  B.B.  on  charcoal  reduced  to  a  metallic  globule 
of  antimony  and  lead,  coating  the  charcoal  white  at  some  distance  from  the  assay,  and  yellow 
nearer  to  it.  % 

Obs. — A  result  of  the  decomposition  of  other  antimonial  ores. 

From  Nertschinsk  in  Siberia;  Horhausen;  near  Endellion  in  Cornwall,  with  jamesonite,  from 
which  it  is  derived. 

Bleinierite  is  German  for  Lead-Jcidney-tie  I  and  Stibiogalenite  implies  the  presence  of  galena  or 
sulphid  of  lead ;  henco  the  substitute  above  after  the  earliest  analyst  of  the  species. 


B.  OTTEATES. 


590.  NITRE 
691.  SODA  NITRE 

592.  NlTROCALCITE 

593.  NlTROMAQNESITE 


Naft 
Caft+H 


No2|]o  UK 

N02fiO  jN 


592  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 


590.  NITRE,    Nitrate  of  Potash.    Saltpetre.    Salpeter  Germ.    Kalisalpeter  Hausm.,  Handb., 

849,  1813.     Potasse  nitratee. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=118°  50',  0  A  1-1=130°  8' ;  a\l\  e=M861  : 
1  :  1-692.  14  A  14,  top, =109°  57',  24  A  24,  ib.,=71°  at  19°  C.,  and  71° 
44'  at  100°  C.,  B.  and  M.  Generally  in  thin  crusts,  silky  tufts,  and  deli- 
cate acicular  crystallizations. 

H.=2.  G. =1-937.  '  Lustre  vitreous.  Streak  and  color  white.  Sub- 
transparent.  Brittle.  Taste  saline  and  cooling. 

Comp. — &$=Nitric  acid  53-4,  potash  46-6=100.  Klaproth  obtained  for  an  African  specimen 
(Beitr.,  i.  317)  Nitrate  of  potash  42*55,  sulphate  of  lime  25'54,  chlorid  of  calcium  0-20,  carbonate 
of  lime  30-40=98-60. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Deflagrates  vividly  on  burning  coals,  and  detonates  with  combustible  substances. 
Colors  the  flame  violet  (potash).  Dissolves  easily  in  water ;  not  altered  by  exposure. 

Obs. — Found  generally  in  minute  needle-form  crystals,  and  crusts  on  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
on  walls,  rocks,  etc.  It  forms  abundantly  in  certain  soils  in  Spain,  Egypt,  and  Persia,  especially 
during  hot  weather  succeeding  rains.  Also  manufactured  from  soils  where  other  nitrates  (nitrate 
of  lime  or  soda)  form  in  a  similar  manner,  and  beds  called  nitriaries  are  arranged  for  this  purpose  in 
France,  Germany,  Sweden,  Hungary,  and  other  countries.  Refuse  animal  matter,  also,  putrified 
in  calcareous  soils,  gives  rise  to  the  nitrate  of  lime.  Old  plaster,  lixiviated,  affords  about  5  p.  c. 
of  nitre.  In  India  it  is  obtained  in  large  quantities  for  the  arts. 

Nitre  requires  for  its  formation  dry  air  and  long  periods  without  rain ;  the  potash  comes  mainly 
from  the  debris  of  feldspathic  rocks  in  the  soil.  The  oxydation  of  the  nitrogen  of  the  air  is  pro- 
moted by  organic  matters;  hence  the  nitre  is  generally  associated  with  azotized  decomposed 
organic  substances.  A  nitre  crust  from  the  vicinity  of  Constantino,  Algeria,  afforded  K  $"  86*00, 
CaN  and  MgST  3'00,  NaCl  6-00,  H  3-50,  insol.,  etc.,  1-50=100,  Boussingault. 

In  Madison  Co.,  Kentucky,  it  is  found  scattered  through  the  loose  earth  covering  the  bottom 
of  a  large  cave.  Also  in  other  caverns  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  Those  of  Tennessee,  along  the 
limestone  slopes  and  in  the  gorges  of  the  Cumberland  table-land,  afford  it  abundantly. 

Nitre,  according  to  Frankenheim,  is  dimorphous,  like  carbonate  of  lime ;  one  form  prismatic 
(aragonite-like),  the  other  rhombohedral  (calcite-like).  The  prismatic  is  the  normal  one  between 
-10°  C.  and  300°  C. ;  and  between  these  temperatures  the  rhombohedral  is  easily  transformed 
into  the  prismatic  through  the  presence  of  some  foreign  substance.  Above  300°  the  rhombo- 
hedral is  the  normal  one,  the  prismatic  here  changing  to  it,  and  retaking  again  its  form  on  a 
diminution  of  temperature  (Pogg.,  xcii.  354). 

591.  SODA  NITRE,    Soude  nitratee  native  M.  de  Rivero,  Ann.  d.  M.,  vi.  596,  1821.    Nitrate 
of  Soda.    Soda  Nitre.    Nitre  cubique.    Natron-Salpeter  Leorih.,  Handb.,  246,  1826.    Nitratin 
Said.,  Handb.,  1835. 

Ehombohedral.  E  A  J?=106°  33' ;  «=0-8276.  Cleavage:  rhombohe- 
dral, perfect.  In  efflorescences  ;  also  massive,  granular. 

H.=l-5-2.  G.=2-09-2-29;  2'290,  Tarapaca,  Hayes.  Lustre  vitreous. 
Color  white  ;  also  reddish-brown,  gray,  and  lemon-yellow.  Transparent. 
Kather  sectile.  Fracture  indistinctly  conchoidal.  Taste  cooling.  Crystals 
strongly  doubly  refracting. 

Comp.— NaN=Nitric  acid  63-5,  soda  36-5=100.  Hochstetter  obtained  from  the  Chilian 
mineral  (v.  Leonh.,  1846,  235)  Na  N  94-291,  Na  Cl  1-990,  Kg  0'239,  KN  0-426,  MgN  0'858, 
insol.  0*203,  H  1*993. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Deflagrates  on  charcoal  with  less  violence  than  nitre,  causing  a  yellow  light,  and 
also  deliquesces.  Colors  the  flame  intensely  yellow.  Dissolves  in  three  parts  of  water  at  60°  P. 
o  oAnSr~Jn  £he  dis1trict  of  Tarapaca,  northern  Chili,  the  dry  pampa  for  40  leagues,  at  a  height  of 
3,30'  feet  above  the  sea,  is  covered  with  beds  of  this  salt  several  feet  in  thickness  along  with 
gypsum,  common  salt,  glauber  salt,  and  remains  of  recent -shells,  the  last  indicating  the  former 
presence  of  the  sea.  De  Eivero,  L  c. ;  J.  H.  Blake,  Am.  J.  ScL,  xxxix.  375,  1840. 


BORATES.  593 

A.  A.  Hayes  obtained  from  masses  collected  by  Mr.  Blake,  Nitrate  of  soda  64-98,  sulphate  of 
soda  3-00,  common  salt  28*69,  iodids  0-63,  shells  and  marl  2-60=99-90. 

In  1837,  150,900  quintals  of  this  salt  refined  were  shipped  from  Yquique;  in  1866,  1,000,000 
quintals.  It  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  nitric  acid  and  nitre. 

0  A  # -2  in  soda  nitre  equals  nearly  0  A  $-  in  apatite. 

592.  NITROCALCITE.    Kalksalpeter  Haus.,  Handb.,  1813.    Nitrate  of  lime.     Chaux  nitra- 
tee.    Nitrocalcite  Shop-,  Min.,  ii.  84,  1835.    Calcinitre  Huot,  Min.,  ii.  430,  1841. 

In  efflorescent  silken  tufts  and  masses.  Color  white  or  gray.  Taste 
sharp  and  bitter. 

Comp.— Ca  ft+H=Nitric  acid  59'4,  lime  30-7,  water  9'9=100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — On  burning  coals  it  slowly  fuses  with  a  slight  detonation,  and  dries.  Very  deli- 
quescent before,  but  not  after,  being  desiccated  by  heat. 

Obs. — It  occurs  in  silky  efflorescences,  in  many  limestone  caverns,  as  those  of  Kentucky. 
The  salt  forms  in  covered  spots  of  earth,  where  the  soil  is  calcareous,  and  is  extensively  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  saltpetre.  According  to  Hausmann,  a  large  part  of  the  so-called  nitre  in 
nature  is  this  salt. 

693.  NITROMAGNESITE.  Nitrate  of  Magnesia  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  384,  1832.  Nitromagnesite 
Shep.,  Min.,  ii.  85,  1835.  Magnesinitre  Huot,  Min.,  ii.  431,  1841.  Magne'sie  nitratee.  Mag- 
nesiasalpeter. 

In  efflorescences.     White.     Taste  bitter. 

Comp. — The  salt  contains,  when  pure  and  anhydrous,  nitric  acid  72-3,  magnesia  27*7. 

Obs. — From  limestone  caves,  along  with  nitrocalcite. 

The  existence  of  this  species  as  a  natural  product  has  not  yet  been  clearly  made  out. 


4.  BOEATES. 

Boric  acid  occurs  in  but  few  minerals  ;  viz.,  Datolite,  Danburite,  Axi- 
nite, and  Tourmaline,  with  the  following.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  im 
all  of  them,  as  far  as  known,  the  crystallization  is  either  hemihedral  or 
oblique.  Boracite  and  Rhodizite  are  hemihedral  isometric  ;  Tourmaline- 
hemihedral  rhombohedral  ;  Datolite  is  monoclinic  ;  while  Danburite  and 
Axinite  are  triclinic.  In  Tourmaline  and  Axinite  boric  acid  acts  the  part 
of  a  base. 

AERANaEMENT    OF    THE    SPECIES. 

1.  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  acid  1:1. 

594.  SASSOLITE  fi8B  BJO3||H3 

595.  SZAIBELYITE  (f  Mg  +  i  fi)»B+ifi  B2||e6||a  H3+f  Mg)8 

596.  HYDROBOBACITE  (J  (Ca,  Mg)8+£  ft8)  B  Ba|e«|(f  Ha+i  (6a,  Mg)), 

2.  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  acid  1  :  4. 


597.  BORACITE 

598.  RHODIZITB 

38 


594:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

3.  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  acid  1:6  or  1:12;  part  or  all  of  the  water  probably  basic,  and 
thus,  rationally,  1  :  8. 


599.  BOEAX 

600.  BECHILITB 

601.  HOWLITB 

iB)2Si3]  +Q 


602.  ULEXITE 

603.  CEYPTOMORPHTTB      (iNa+fCa+fH)B+H  (BO) 

604.  LAEDERELLITB 
C05.  LAGONITE 

.  WABWICKITE          B,Ti,fig,  ^e 

594.  SASSOLITE.  Sale  sedativo  naturale  U.  F.  Hoefer,  Memoria,  Firenze,  1778;  Mascagni, 
Mem.  Soc.  ItaL,  viii.  487.  Native  Sedative  Salt.  Acidum  boracis,  vulgo  Sal  sedativum,  Bergm., 
Sciagr.,  1782.  Native  Boracic  Acid  Kirw.,  1796.  Sassolin  Karst.,  Tab.,  40,  75,  1800.  Acide 
boracique  Fr.  Boric  Acid. 

Triclinic.  /A  7'=118°  30',  0  A  7=95°  3',  0  A  7=80°  33',  B.  &  M. 
Twins :  composition-face  0.  Cleavage :  basal  very  perfect.  Usually  in 
.small  scales,  apparently  six-sided  tables,  and  also  in  stalactitic  forms,  com- 
posed of  small  scales. 

H.=l.  G.— 1-48.  Lustre  pearly.  Color  white,  except  when  tinged 
yellow  by  sulphur ;  sometimes  gray.'  Feel  smooth  and  unctuous.  Taste 
acidulous,  and  slightly  saline  and  bitter. 

Comp. — H3B=:Boric  acid  56*4,  water  43'6=100.  The  native  stalactitic  salt,  according  to 
Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iii.  97),  contains,  mechanically  mixed,  sulphate  of  magnesia  and  iron,  sulphate  of 
lime,  silica,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  alumina. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  on  platinum  wire  fuses  to  a  clear  glass  and 
-tinges  the  flame  yellowish-green.  Some  specimens  react  for  sulphur  or  ammonia  in  the  closed 
tube.  Soluble  in  water  and  alcohol.  Dissolves  in  2'97  parts  of  water  at  100°  C.,  and  10'7  parts 
at  50°  C. 

Obs. — This  long  known  compound,  the  Sal  sedativum  ffombergii,  was  first  detected  in  nature 
by  Hoefer  in  the  waters  of  the  Tuscan  lagoons  of  Monte  Rotondo  and  Castelnuovo,  and  afterward 
in  the  solid  state  at  Sasso  by  Mascagni.  The  hot  vapors  of  the  lagoons  consist  largely  of  boric 
.acid.  To  collect  it  the  vapors  are  made  to  pass  through  water,  which  absorbs  the  boric  acid ;  the 
waters  are  then  evaporated  by  means  of  the  steam  from  the  springs.  They  yield  seven  to  eight 
thousand  pounds  troy  per  day.  These  lagoons  spread  over  a  surface  of  about  30  miles  ;  and  in 
the  distance,  clouds  of  vapor  are  seen  rising  in  large  volumes  among  the  mountains.  The  crude 
borax  contains  20  p.  c.  or  more  of  impurities,  among  which  Wittstein  and  Payen  found  13'7 
p.  c.  of  sulphates  (the  most  abundant,  sulph.  ammonia  8'5  p.  c.,  sulph.  magnesia  2'6  p.  c.). 

Exists  also  in  other  natural  waters,  as  at  Wiesbaden ;  Aachen  ;  Krankenheil  near  Folz ;  Clear 
Lake,  in  Lake  Co.,  California;  and  it  has  been  detected  in  the  waters  of  the  ocean. 

Occurs  also  abundantly  in  the  crater  of  Vulcano,  one  of  the  Lipari  isles,  forming  a  layer  on 
sulphur,  and  about  the  fumaroles,  where  it  was  discovered  by  Dr.  Holland  in  1813. 

Kenngott  states  that  artificial  crystals  are  monoclinic;  with  I A  1=118°  4',  /A  t-i=120°  50'; 
and  twinned  parallel  to  i-l  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xii.  26). 

595.     SZAIBELYITE.    Szaibelyit  K  F.  Peters,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xliv.  143,  June,  1861. 

In  small  nodules  bristled  with  acicular  crystals. 

H.=3— 4.    G.=3.     Color  white  outside,  yellow  within.     Streak  white. 
Translucent.     Optically  biaxial. 


EQUATES. 


595 


Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  Mg,  B\  fi=15  :  18  :  4;  formula  3  Mg5B2+4:ft,  Stromeyer;  or,  if  part  of 
this  water  be  basic,  (f  Mg  +  i  H)3  B  +  £  EL 
Analyses:  1,  2,  Stromeyer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xlvii.  347);  3,  Sommaruga  (ib.,  xlviii.  548): 

B          Mg  fl  Cl  £e  Si 

36-66  52'49  6'99  0'49  T6G  0-20=98-49  Strom. 

34'60  49'44  12'37  0'20  3'20  -  =99-81  Strom. 

37'38  53'25  6'77  0-51  l'78a  0'3  1  =  100  Sommaruga. 

a2Fe'03,3HO. 
Anal.  1  and  3  afford,  after  separating  impurities,  the  iron  as  Pe2  S3  : 


1. 

2. 

3.  Needles 


B  38-35 
38-38 


Mg  54-65 

54-67 


7-00 
6-95 


Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  splits  open,  glows,  and  fuses  to  a  pale,  hornlike,  browmsh-gray 
mass,  coloring  the  flame  yellowish-red. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  kernels  imbedded  in  a  gray  granular  limestone  at  "Werksthal  in  southeastern 
Hungary. 

Named  after  Szajbelyi,  who  collected  the  limestone  containing  it. 


596.  HYDROBORAOITE. 


G.  Hess,  Pogg.,  xxxi.  49,  1834. 
Magnesia. 


Hydrous  Borate  of  Lime  and 


Thin 


Resembles  fibrous  and  foliated  gypsum. 

H.=2.     G.=1'9—  2.     Color  white,  with  spots  of  red  from  iron. 
plates  translucent. 

Comp.—  Oa3  B4+Mg8B4+18  fi=(|  Oa  +  |  Mg)3B44-9  fi;  or,  making  the  water  basic, 
(Oa,  Mg))3  B  ;  =Boric  acid  47  '8,  lime  14-3,  magnesia  10-2,  water  27-7  =  100.     Analyses  by  Hess 
(Pogg.,  xxxi.  49)  :  . 

B  Oa  Mg  fi 

1.  49-92  13-30  10-43  26-33=100. 

2.  49-22          13-74  10-71  2633=100. 

I 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  fuses  to  a  clear  glass,  tinging  the  flame  slightly  green,  and  not  becoming 
opaque.  In  a  matrass  affords  water.  Somewhat  soluble  in  water,  and  yielding  a  slightly  alka- 
line reaction.  Dissolves  easily  in  muriatic  and  nitric  acids. 

Obs.  —  Hydroboracite  was  first  observed  by  Hess,  in  a  collection  of  Caucasian  minerals.  The 
specimen  was  full  of  holes  filled  with  clay,  containing  different  salts.  It  may  be  mistaken  for 
gypsum,  but  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  fusibility. 

597.  BORAOITE.  Kubische  Quarz-Krystalle  (fr.  Liineburg)  Lasius,  CrelTs  Ann.,  ii.  333,  1787. 
Liineburger  Sedativ-Spath  Westrumb,  Kl.  phys.-ch.  Abh.,  iii.  167,  1789.  Borazit  W&rn.,  Bergm. 
J.,  1789,  393,  1790,  234.  Borate  of  Magnesia.  Magnesie  boratee  Fr.  Parasit  0.  Volger,  Pogg., 
xcii.  77,  1854.  Massive  Boracite  of  Stassfurt=Stasfurtit  G.  Hose,  Pogg.,  xcvii.  632,  1856. 

Isometric  ;  tetrahedral.  Figs.  1,  29,  30,  and  the  annexed.  Observed  planes 
as  in  the  figures,  with  also  491 

2-2,  5-|,  on  alternate  angles 
only.  Cleavage  :  octahedral,  490 

in  traces.  Cubic  faces  some- 
times striated  parallel  to  al- 
ternate pairs  of  edges,  as  in 
pyrite. 

H.=7,  in  crystals;  4'5, 
massive.  G.=2'974,  Haid- 
inger  ;  2*9134:,  massive,  Kar- 
sten.  Lustre  vitreous,  in- 


596 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


dining  to  adamantine.  Color  white,  inclining  to  gray,  yellow  and  green. 
Streak  white.  Subtransparent— translucent.  Fracture  conchoidal,  uneven. 
Pyroelectric,  and  polar  along  the  four  octahedral  axes. 

Var.-l  Ordinary.  In  crystals.  2.  Massive,  with  sometimes  a  subcolumnar  structure ;  Stass- 
furtite  of  Rose.  It  resembles  a  fine-grained  white  marble  or  granular  limestone.  Parasite  of 
Volger  is  the  plumose  interior  of  some  crystals  of  boracite. 

Comp.-Mg3B<  +  iMgC]=Boric  acid  62 -6,  magnesia  26  "8,  chlorid  of  magnesium  10;6=100. 
Anal  ev  A  of  crvstals-  1,  Stromever  (Gilbert's  Ann.,  xlviii.  215);  2,  Arfvedson  (Ak.  H. 
Slockh  1822,'  92):  sVmmelsberg  (Pogg,  xlix.  445);  4,  Weber  (Pogg,  Ixxx.  282);  5,  6,  Potyka 
(Pogg.,  cvii.  433);  '7,  8,  Siewert  and  Geist  (J.  pr.  Ch,  Ixxvn.  338). 

1  B  Of  Massive  Boracite  or  Stassfurtite:  1,  Karsten  (Pogg,  Ixx.  557,  1847) ;  2  C.  F.  Chandler 
(Inaug.Diss.);  3,  Siewert  &  Drenkham  (ZS.  Nat.  Ver.  Halle  xi.  365);  4  H  Ludwig  (Arch, 
i^,  3  TT  .  ;™\  e  TT_:_^._ /T  „„  nv.  iv-B-m-  9Az\'  fi  PntvVn /Pno-D--.  cvii.  433) ;  7,  Kromayer 


Pharm.,II.  xcvi.  129);  5,  Heintz  (J.  pr. 
(Arch.  Pharm,  II.  xcviii.  139): 

A.  1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 


B.  1.  Massivt 
2. 


L,  lxxvi.243);  6,  Potyka 


VJ-il*    J.<-»*/; 

B         Mg 

3Pe 

MgCl 

trp.  cryst.      [67]         33             

u 

[69-7]       30-3 





<' 

[69-77 

30-23 





opaque 
trp. 
clouded 

(1)  [64-48 
62-91 
61-19 

31-39 
25-24 
26-19 

0-61 
Fe  1-59 
"    1-66 

10-90 
10-41 

(1) 

61-82]     25-43 

"   1-33 

11-42 

(1) 

61-80]     25-44 

"    1-44 

11-32 

69-49 

29-48 

1-03 



69-18 

29-93 

FeO-89 



69-05'     30-83 

0-32 



58-45 

23-80 



11-75 

:61'22 

25-74 

0-43 

10-98 

60-77 

26-15 

Fe  0-40 

10-73 

58-90 

24-93 



9-97 

H 

-  —100  Strom. 

-  =100  Arfv. 

-  =100  Ramm. 
3-52  =  100  Weber. 
0-55=101-19  Potyka. 
0-94=100-39  Potyka. 

-  =100  Siewert. 

-  =100  Geist. 

-  =100  Karsten. 

-  =100  Chandler. 
--  =  100-20  S&D. 

6-00  =100  Ludwig. 
1-63  =  100  Heintz. 
1-95  =  100  Potyka. 
6-20=100  Kromayer. 


An  iron-loracite  (Eisenstassfurtit)  from  Stassfurt  is  described  by  Huyssen  (Jahrb.  Min.  1865, 
329),  having  half  the  Mg  replaced  by  Fe. 

Westrumb,  who  was  the  first  to  detect  in*  boracite  the  boric  acid  (Sedativsalz=Sedative  salt  of 
old  authors),  found  (1.  c.,  and  also  Schrift.  Ges.  N.  Fr.  Berlin,  ix.)  Boric  acid  68'0,  magnesia  13  '5, 
lime  11-0,  alumina  1-0,  oxyd  of  iron  0'75,  silica  2'0=96'25.  In  another  trial  he  obtained  B  65'0, 
Mg  20-5,  Oa  7-0,  Fe  1'25,  £l  2'25,  Si  TO,  with  2  of  water  or  loss  on  ignition  =  99  '0.  Several  of  the 
subsequent  analysts  failed  to  detect  the  chlorine. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  The  massive  variety  gives  water  in  the  closed  tube.  B.B.  both  varieties  fuse  at 
2  with  intumescence  to  a  white  crystalline  pearl,  coloring  the  flame  green  ;  heated  after  moisten- 
ing with  cobalt  solution  assumes  a  deep  pink  color.  Mixed  with  oxyd  of  copper  and  heated  on 
charcoal  colors  the  flame  deep  azure-blue  (chlorid  of  copper).  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

Soluble  in  powder  in  dilute  muriatic,  nitric,  or  sulphuric  acids,  and  the  massive  kind  most 
readily  so.  Alters  very  slowly  on  exposure,  owing  to  the  chlorid  of  magnesium  present,  which 
takes  up  water. 

It  is  the  frequent  presence  of  this  deliquescent  chlorid  in  the  massive  mineral,  thus  originat- 
ing, that  led  to  the  view  that  there  was  a  hydrous  boracite  (stassfurtite).  See  on  this  point 
Bischof  's  Steinsalzwerke  bei  Stassfurt,  p.  36,  and  Steinbeck  in  Pogg.,  cxxv.  68.  Parasite  of 
Volger  is  a  result  of  the  same  kind  of  alteration  in  the  interior  of  crystals  of  boracite,  which 
gives  the  somewhat  plumose  character  it  has,  and  the  water.  Weber's  analysis  above  was  prob- 
ably made  on  such  an  altered  crystal. 

Obs.—  Observed  in  beds  of  anhydrite,  gypsum,  or  salt.  In  crystals  at  Kalkberg  and  Schildstein 
in  Luneburg,  Hanover;  at  Segeberg,  near  Kiel,  in  Holstein;  at  Luneville,  La  Meurthe,  France; 
massive,  or  as  part  of  the  rock  of  the  Salt  Mine  at  Stassfurt,  Prussia. 

Boracite  was  first  shown  to  be  pyrbelectric  by  Haiiy  in  1791. 

598.  RHODIZITE.    Rhodizit  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xxxiii.  253,  1834,  xxxix.  321.     Rhodicit  Hausm. 

Isometric  and  tetrahedral,  like  boracite.  Planes  1  smooth  and  shining, 
i  often  uneven. 

H.=z8.  G.=3'3—  3-4:2.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclined  to  adamantine.  Color 
white.  Translucent.  Pyroelectric. 


BORATES. 


597 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  in  the  platinum  forceps  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges  to  a  white  opaque 
glass,  tinging  the  flame  at  first  green,  then  green  below  and  red  above,  and  finally  red  throughout. 
With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  fuses  to  a  transparent  glass.  Supposed  to  be  lime-boracite. 

Obs. — Found  by  G-.  Rose  in  minute  crystals  on  red  tourmalines  from  near  Sarapulsk  and  Schai- 
tansk  in  the  vicinity  of  Katharinenburg,  and  named  from  podtfriv,  in  allusion  to  its  tinging  flame 
red.  The  largest  crystals  seen  were  two  lines  in  diameter. 


599.  BORAX.    Tinkal  of  India.    Chrysocolla  (ex  nitro  confecta),  Borras,  Agric.,  1546.    Borax 
Watt.,  Min.,  1748.    Borate  of  Soda.    Boraxsaures  Natron  Germ.    Soude  boratee  Fr. 


Monoclinic.  <7=T3°  25',  I A  7=87°,  0  A  24=132°  49' ; 
a  :  I :  c=0'4906  :  1  :  0-9095.  Observed  planes  as  in  the 
annexed  figure,  with  also  44.  0  A  7=78°  40'  and  101° 
20',  (9  A  1=139°  30',  0  A  2=115°  53',  0  A  44=114°  51*', 
0Ai-*=900,  i-i  A  7=  133°  30'.  Cleavage:  i-i  perfect; 
/less  so  ;  i-l  in  traces.  Plane  of  composition  i4\  0  A  O 
=146°  50'. 

H.=2— 2'5.  G.=1'716.  Lustre  vitreous — resinous  ; 
sometimes  earthy.  Color  white  ;  sometimes  grayish,  bluish 
or  greenish.  Streak  white.  Translucent — opaque.  Frac- 
ture conchoidal.  Eather  brittle.  Taste  sweetish-akaline, 
feeble. 


492 


Comp.— Na  B2-|-10  H;  or  (iNa  +  3-H)B+4£H=Boric  acid  36-6,  soda  16-2,  water  47-2. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  puffs  up,  and  afterward  fuses  to  a  transparent  globule,  called  the  glass  of 
borax.  Fused  with  fluor  spar  and  bisulphate  of  potash  it  colors  the  flame  around  the  assay  a  clear 
green.  Soluble  in  water,  yielding  a  faintly  alkaline  solution.  Boiling  water  dissolves  double  its 
weight  of  this  salt. 

Obs. — Borax  was  originally  brought  from  a  salt  lake  in  Thibet.  The  borax  is  dug  in  masses 
from  the  edges  and  shallow  parts  of  the  lake,  and  in  the  course  of  a  short  time  the  holes  thus 
made  are  again  filled.  This  crude  borax  was  formerly  sent  to  Europe  under  the  name  of  tincal, 
and  there  purified.  It  is  announced  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Yeatch  as  existing  in  the  waters  of  the  sea  along 
the  California  coast,  and  in  those  of  many  of  the  mineral  springs  of  California  (J.  FrankL  Inst., 
1860).  Crystals,  2  or  3  inches  across,  occur  in  the  mud  of  Borax  Lake,  near  Clear  Lake,  Cal., 
65  m.  N.W.  of  Suisun  Bay  and  36  m.  from  the  Pacific.  It  has  also  been  found  at  Viquintizoa 
and  Escapa  hi  Peru ;  at  Halberstadt  in  Transylvania ;  in  Ceylon.  It  occurs  in  solution  in  the 
mineral  springs  of  Chambly,  St.  Ours,  etc.,  Canada  East  (Hunt,  Logan's  G-.  Rep.,  1853). 

The  waters  of  Borax  Lake,  California,  contain,  according  to  G-.  E.  Moore,  535*08  grains  of  crys- 
tallized borax  to  the  gallon  (Am.  J.  ScL,  xli.  257). 

Borax  is  now  extensively  made  from  the  boric  acid  of  the  Tuscan  lagoons,  by  the  reaction  of 
this  acid  on  carbonate  of  soda.  This  salt  is  employed  in  several  metallurgical  operations  as  a 
flux,  is  sometimes  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass  and  gems,  and  extensively  in  the  process  of 
soldering. 

Named  borax  from  the  Arabic  buraq,  which  included  also  the  nitre  (carbonate  of  soda)  of  ancient 
writers,  the  natron  of  the  Egyptians. 

Prof.  Bechi  has  analyzed  a  borate  occurring  as  an  incrustation  at  the  Tuscan  lagoons,  which 
afforded  B  43'56,  Na  19-25,  H  37'19=100,  giving  the  formula  Na  B2+6  H  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  H.  xvii. 
128). 

600.  BECHILITE.   Hayesine?  Bechi,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xvii.  129,  1854.  Bechilite  Dana.  Hydrous 

Borate  of  Lime. 

In  crusts,  as  a  deposit  from  springs. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  Ca,  B,  H=l  :  6  :  4;  (|  Ca+^H)  B+l|H=Boric  acid  52%  lime  20'9; 
water  26-9=100.  Analysis:  Bechi  (1.  c.): 


B  51-13 


Oa  20-85 


26-25 


Si,  3cl,  Jig  1-75=99-98. 


598  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  coloring  the  flame  reddish-yellow;  moistened 
with  sulphuric  acid  the  flame  is  colored  green. 

Obs.  —  Found  by  Bechi  as  an  incrustation  at  the  baths  of  the  boric  acid  lagoons  of  Tuscany. 

Artif.  —  A  hot-water  solution  of  ulexite,  after  concentration  and  cooling,  yielded  Lecanu  (J. 
Phann.,  III.  xxiv.  22)  scales  of  a  salt  having  the  above  ratio,  as  determined  by  him.  Kraut 
obtained,  under  similar  circumstances,  the  compound  Ca2B3  +  6H,  or  5  &  after  drying  over 
sulphuric  acid,  and  3  H  after  heating  to  120°  C. 

The  Hayesine  of  D.  Forbes  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxv.  113),  from  the  waters  of  the  hot  springs, 
Baiios  del  Toro,  in  the  Cordilleras  of  Coquimbo,  may  be  of  the  above  species.  It  occurs  in  the 
waters  in  the  form  of  snow-white  silky  or  feathery  flakes,  and  also  as  a  flaky  sediment  at  the 
bottom. 

Forbes  suggests  that  the  mineral  is  formed  by  the  action  of  hot  vapors,  volcanic  in  source,  on 
the  lime  of  the  waters  through  which  they  pass. 

601.  HOWLITB.    Silicoborocalcite  H.  How,  Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  xxxv.  1868.    Howlite  Dana. 

In  small  rounded  imbedded  nodules.  Texture  compact,  without  cleav- 
age ;  also  chalk-like  or  earthy. 

1I.=3'5;  often  less.  G.=2'55.  Lustre  subvitreous,  glimmering.  Color 
white.  Subtranslucent,  or  translucent  in  thin  splinters.  Fracture  nearly 
even  and  smooth. 

Comp.  —  A  hydrous  borate  of  lime,  similar  to  lechilite,  combined  with  one-sixth  of  a  silicate, 
analogous  to  danburite.  0.  ratio  for  6,  B,  Si,  H=^4  :  14  :  4  :  5;  corresponding  to  [(iCa  +  -^H) 
B-t-f  H]+£[(|Ca3+iB)2Si3]=Boric  acid  43'0,  silica  15'8,  lime  29*4,  water  11-8=100.  How 
deduces  the  0.  ratio  4  :  15  :  4  :  5  ;  but  as  the  boric  acid  was  not  directly  determined,  its  prefer- 
ence to  the  preceding  is  not  certain.  How  writes  the  formula  2  CaSi+2  (Ca  B2  +  H)+H8B. 
Analyses  :  1-3,  How  ;  4,  the  mean  after  excluding  the  lime  as  gypsum  : 

Si  B          S     Mg     6a        H 

1.  Compact  15*19     [43-33]     1-03     tr.     28-90     1T65 

2.  "  15-44     [44-10]     0-80     tr.     28'04     11  -62 

3.  Chalky  14-64     [42-45]     T86     tr.     28'85     12-20 

4.  Mean,  gypsum  excL     15-25     [44-22]     -    —    28-69     11-84 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  Nova  Scotia,  in  nodules,  of  the  size  mostly  of  filberts,  or  \  in.  to  i  in.,  and 
rarely  1  to  2  in.  through,  imbedded  in  anhydrite  or  gypsum,  at  Brookville,  about  3  m.  S.  of 
Windsor,  and  associated  with  ulexite.  The  harder  kind  (anal  1,  2)  occurs  in  anhydrite  and  the 
softer  (anal.  3)  in  gypsum. 

602,  ULEXITE.  Boronatrocalcit  Ukx,  Ann.  Ch.  Phann.,  Ixx.  49,  1849.  Natron-Kalk-Borat. 
Ulexite  Dana,  Min.,  695,  1850.  Natronborocalcite.  Tinkalzit  (fr.  Africa)  KletzinsJcy,  Polyt. 
Centr.,  1384,  1859. 

In  rounded  masses,  loose  in  texture,  consisting  of  fine  fibres,  which  are 
acicular  or  capillary  crystals. 

H.=l.  G.=:l-65,  JS".  Scotia,  How.  Lustre  silky  within.  Color  white. 
Tasteless. 

Comp.-0   ratio  for  tfa,  Ca,  B,  H=l  :  2  :  18  :  18,  Ramm.,=(|R  +  lH)  B  +  f  H=Boric  acid 
3-6   lime  12-3    soda  6-8,  water  35-3=100.    How  deduces  for  the  N.  Scotia  mineral  the  ratio 
I  :t5J  I™?0??  acidT44'0'  lime  14-1'  soda  7-8,  water  34-1=100.    Analyses:  1,  Ulex  (1.  c.); 
2,  A.  Dick  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  vi.  50);  3,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xcvii.  301):  4,  Helbig  (Dingler's 
PoL  J.,  cxlvn.  319);    5-8,   Kraut  (Arch.  Pharm.,  II.  \>xii   25,  Jahresb!,'  1862,   759,  Am?  Oh. 
Pharm.,  cxxxix.  252);    9,  Lunge  (ib.,  cxxxviii.  51);    10,  Kletzinski  (Polyfc.  Centr.,  1859,  1384, 

12>  saivetat     " 


S         Ca       Na     g      H    NaCl 
1.  Iquique     [49'5]     15'9      8'8     -  25'8     -  =100  Ulex 

[46-46]  14-32    8'22  0*51  27'22  2«65,  §  MO,  sand  0'32=100  Dick. 


BOKATES.  599 

S          Ca       Na     &      H    NaCl 

3.  Iquique     [43-70]  13-13     6*67  0'83  35-67 =100  Ramm. 

4.  "  [46-30]  14-03  6'17  32*61  1-89=100  Helbig. 

5.  "  42-48  14-39  7 '72  36-51 =100  Kraut. 

6.  "  [47-20]  16-24  6'38  30-18  =100  Kraut. 

7.  "  [48-22]  17-68  5'42  28*68  =100  Kraut. 

S.Africa  45-74  13-45  7-03 33'78  =100  Kraut. 

9.  Iquique       44-38    12-69     5'58 36'85   ,  Mg  0*50=100  Lunge. 

10.  W.  Africa  36-91    14-02     8'59 37*40  2-19,  Na  S  0-89=100  Kletzinski. 

11.  Iquique       34'71     14-45  11'95    34-00   ,  01  1'34,  §  MO,  Si  0'60,  sand  2'00=100'15  P. 

12.  "  34-74    15-78     8'33   35-00  0'81,  S  0'34,  earthy  2'90=  100  Salvetat. 

13.  N.  Scotia  [41-97]  13'95     8-36   34'39    ,  S  1'29,  Mg  0*04=100  How. 

14.  "          [44-10]  14-20     7-21    34'49 =100  How. 

G.  of  anal.  10=1-912. 

In  analysis  3,  3'17  chlorid  of  sodium,  0'41  sulphate  of  soda,  and  0'39  sulphate  of  lime  are 
excluded. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  1  with  intumescence  to  a  clear  blebby  glass,  coloring 
the  flame  deep  yellow.  Moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  the  color  of  the  flame  is  momentarily 
change  1  to  deep  green.  Not  soluble  in  cold  water,  and  but  little  so  hi  hot;  the  solution  alkaline 
in  its  reactions. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  dry  plains  of  Iquique,  Southern  Peru ;  in  the  province  of  Tarapaca*  (where 
it  is  called  tiza\  in  whitish  rounded  masses,  from  a  hazelnut  to  a  potato  in  size,  which  consist  of 
interwoven  fibres  of  the  ulexite,  with  pickeringite,  glauberite,  halite,  gypsum,  and  other  impuri- 
ties ;  on  the  West  Africa  coast ;  in  Nova  Scotia,  at  Windsor,  Brookville,  and  Newport  (H.  How), 
filling  narrow  cavities,  or  constituting  distinct  nodules  or  mammillated  masses  imbedded  in  white 
gypsum,  and  associated  at  Windsor  with  glauber  salt,  the  lustre  internally  silky  and  the  color 
very  white ;  in  Nevada,  in  the  salt  marsh  of  the  Columbus  Mining  District,  forming  layers  2-5  in. 
thick  alternating  with  layers  of  salt,  and  in  balls  3-4  in.  through  in  the  salt. 

Named  after  Ulex,  who  gave  the  first  correct  analysis  of  the  mineral. 

Alt. — Occurs  altered  to  gypsum. 

Hayesine  Dana  (Hydrous  Borate  of  Lime  A.  A.  Hayes,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xlvi.  377,  xlvii.  215,  1844; 
Borocalcite;  Hydroborocalcite  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1429,  1847)  from  southern  Peru,  is  the  above.  It 
comes  from  the  same  locality,  and  has  the  same  appearance ;  and  all  analyses  of  the  Peruvian 
mineral  since  that  by  Hayes  have  found  soda  to  be  an  essential  constituent.  Hayes  obtained 
B  46-11,  Ca  18-89,  H  35'00=100,  with  the  formula  CaB2+6H ;  and  he  attributed  the  soda  found 
by  Ulex  to  the  mixed  glauberite. 

603.  ORYPTOMORPHITE.    H.  How,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxii.  9,  1861. 

In  kernels  apparently  uncrystalline,  but  under  a  high  magnifying  power 
shown  to  consist  of  thin  tables  or  plates,  rhombic  in  outline,  and  about  80° 
in  angle. 

Without  lustre.     Color  white. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  Na,  Ca,  B,  H,  according  to  How,  from  an  imperfect  analysis,  1  :  3  :  27  :  12 
=Boric  acid  58-5,  lime  15*6,  soda  5'8,  water  20'1  =  100,  and  no  satisfactory  formula.  1  :  3  :  24 : 
12  would  give  the  more  probable  composition  (i(Na,  Ca)  +  £H)B  +  H=Boric  acid  55'6,  lime  16'7, 
soda  6-2,  water  21-5=100.  Analysis:  How  (1.  c.): 

B  Ca          Na  H          Mg          S 

A.  53-98         14-21         7-25         19'76        0'62         3'98=100. 

B.  59-10        15-55        5-61         19-72         

B  is  the  result  after  removing  the  magnesia  and  part  of  the  soda  in  the  state  of  sulphates  aa 
impurities. 

Pyr,,  etc. — Same  as  under  ulexite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  white  lustreless  kernels  of  the  size  of  a  pea  or  bean  lying  between  crystals  of 

*  The  province  of  Tarapaca  is  between  19°  and  21i°  S.  lat,  and  3000  to  3500  feet  above  the 


600  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

glauber  salt.    The  tabular  character  of  the  material  is  supposed  to  be  evidence  of  distinction  from 
ulexite,  which  is  capillary  in  its  forms.    Breadth  of  tables  about  '0048  of  an  inch,  Robb. 

Named  from  /cpwro?,  concealed,  and  po^r,,  form,  in  allusion  to  the  invisibility  of  the  structure 
except  under  a  microscope. 

604.  LARDERELLITE.    Bechi,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xvii.  130. 

Yery  light,  white,  and  tasteless.  Appearing  under  the  microscope  to 
be  made  up  of  minute  oblique  rectangular  tables;  M  A  T=110°,  Amici. 

Comp.— N  H4  0  B4  +  4  H ;  or,  more  probably,  making  the  water  partly  basic,  (J  N  H4  0 + f 3)  B 
+  li  H.  Analysis  by  E.  Bechi  (L  c.) : 

B  68-556        NH40  12'734        fi  18'325 

Dissolves  in  hot  water,  and  is  transformed  into  a  new  salt,  represented  by  the  formula  N  H4  O 
B«+9H,  or(iNH40  +  £H)B2+2|H. 
Obs.— Occurs  at  the  Tuscan  lagoons. 

605.  LAGONITE.    Borate  de  Fer  Omalius  d'Halloy,  1833.     Lagonite  Huot,  Min.,  i.  290,  1841. 

Sideroborine  Huot,  I  273,  1841.    Lagunit  Kenng. 

An  earthy  mineral  of  an  ochreous  yellow  color. 

Comp.— 3PeB3+3^[=:Boric  acid  49-5,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  37-8,  water  12-7=100.  Analysis 
by  Prof.  Bechi  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xvii.  129): 

B  47-95        3Pe  36-26        fi  14'02        Mg,  Ca,  and  loss  l-ff 
Occurs  as  an  incrustation  at  the  Tuscan  lagoons.    First  mentioned  by  Beudant. 

606.  WARWIOKITE.    Shepard,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxxiv.  313,  1838,  xxxvi.  85,  1839.    Enceladite 

T.  S.  Hunt,  ib.,  II.  ii.  30,  1846,  xi.  352. 

Monoclinic?  /A  7=93°— 94°.  Usual  in  rhombic  prisms  with  obtuse 
edges  truncated,  and  the  acute  bevelled,  summits  generally  rounded ;  sur- 
faces of  larger  crystals  not  polished.  Cleavage :  macrodiagonal  perfect, 
affording  surface  with  vertical  striae  and  traces  of  oblique  cross  cleavage. 

H.^3-4.  G.=3'19-3'43  ;  3-351,  small  crystals,  and  3'423,  large  id., 
Brush.  Lustre  of  cleavage  surface  submetallic-pearly  to  sub  vitreous ;  often 
nearly  dull.  Color  dark  hair-brown  to  dull  black,  sometimes  a  copper-red 
tinge  on  cleavage  surface.  Streak  bluish-black.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp. — Essentially  a  borotitanate  of  magnesia  and  iron,  with  15  to  20  p.  c.  of  boric  acid, 
Smith  and  Brush  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xvi.  293).  T.  S.  Hunt  found  in  small  lustrous  unaltered  crys- 
tals (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xi.  352): 

Ti31-5        Mg43-5        Fe  8'1        ign.  2-0 

with  a  loss  of  14*99  p.  c.,  which  Smith  and  Brush  show  to  be  boric  acid. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.  B.B.  infusible,  but  becomes  lighter  in  water ;  moistened  with  sul- 
phuric acid  gives  a  pale  green  color  to  the  flame.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  O.F.  a  clear  bead, 
yellow  while  hot  and  colorless  on  cooling;  in  R.F.  on  charcoal  with  tin  a  violet  color  (titanic  acid). 
With  soda  a  slight  manganese  reaction.  Decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid;  the  product,  treated 
with  alcohol  and  ignited,  gives  a  green  flame,  and  boiled  with  muriatic  acid  and  metallic  tin  gives 
on  evaporation  a  violet-colored  solution. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  granular  limestone  2-£  m.  S.W.  of  Edenville,  N.  Y.,  with  spinel,  chondrodite, 
serpentine,  etc.  Crystals  usually  small  and  slender ;  sometimes  over  2  in.  long  and  f  in.  broad. 
The  ktter  are  the  enceladite  of  Hunt. 


TUNGSTATES,    MOLYBDATES,   VANADATES. 


601 


5.  TUNGSTATES,  MOLYBDATES,  VANADATES. 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 


I.  TUNGSTATES  AND  MOLYBDATES. 

610.  WOLFRAMITE  A       (£Fe  +  £Mn)W 

B        (|Fe  +  fMn)W 

0 

D 

611.  HiJBNERITE 

612.  FERBERITE 

613.  MEGABASITE 

614.  SCHEELITE 

615.  CUPROSCHEELITE 

616.  STOLZITE 

617.  WULFENITE 

618.  PATERAITE 


Fe  :  Mn=2  :  1,  3  :  1,  5  :  1 
MnW 


CaW 


PbW 
PbSlo 


W02||02||(tFe+fMn) 
W02|j02||aF- 

W02|02||Mn 


W  02||02||6a 


W02||02||Pb 
Mo  02||02|Pb 


II.  VANADATES. 

619.  DECHENITE 

620.  DESCLOIZITE 

621.  VANADINITE 

622.  YOLBORTHITE 

623.  CHILEITE 


3j»b3V+PbCl 
Cu,Y,H 


¥02||02fl(Pb,  Zn) 


C12 


610.  WOLFRAMITE.  Lupi  Spuma,  Lapis  niger  ex  quo  conflatur  candidum  plumbum  [=Tin], 
Agric.,  Foss.,  255,  1546.  Yolfram,  Ferrum  arsenico  mineraliaatum,  Spuma  Lupi  (fr.  tin  veins), 
WaK.,  Min.,  268,  1747.  Magnesia  [=Manganese]  parva  cum  portione  martis  et  jovis  mixta, 
Wolfram  (fr.  Altenberg),  Cronst.,  Min.,  107,  1758.  Wolfram =TUNGSTIC  Aero,  Iron,  and  Mang., 
tfElhuyar,  Chem.  Zergl.  Wolframs.,  1785.  Tungstate  of  Iron  and  Manganese.  Scheelin  ferru- 
gine  H.,  Tr.,  iv.  1801.  Wolframit  Bretih.,  Char.,  227,  1832. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=101°  5',  Eose  (101°  45 ',  Kerndt;  101°,  Descloi- 
zeaux);  I 'A  fz=140°  32r;  i-i  A  •§•-£= 117°  20r;  l-i  A  14,  over  the  summit, 
=99°  12' ;  i-i  A  ^'-5=15Y°  38'.  Crystals  often  monoclinic  in  habit,  half  of 
the  planes  ^  1,  \-l,  and  2-5,  being  absent  or  much  smaller  than  the  other 
half.  Cleavage :  i-i  perfect,  i-i  imperfect.  Twins :  planes  of  composition 
i-i,  f-2,  and  rarely  -J-l.  Also  irregular  lamellar;  coarse  divergent  columnar ; 
massive  granular,  the  particles  strongly  coherent. 

H.=5— 5*5.  G.=T'l— 7*55.  Lustre  submetallic.  Color  dark  grayish 
or  brownish-black.  Streak  dark  reddish-brown  to  black.  Opaque.  Some- 
times weak  magnetic. 


602 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Var.— The  most  important  varieties  depend  on  the  proportions  of  the  iron  and  manganese. 
Those  rich  in  manganese  have  G-.=7-19— 7 '54,  but  generally  below  7 '2 5,  and  the  streak  is  mostly 
black.  Those  rich  in  iron  have  Gr.=7*2— 7 '54,  and  a  dark  reddish-brown  streak,  and  they  are 
sometimes  feebly  attractable  by  the  magnet. 


0 

* 

H 

H 

H 

1 

14 

2-2 

« 

t-2 

J 

t-2 

« 

494 


495 


Observed  Planes. 


Comp.— (Fe,  Mn)  W;  mostly  either  2  Fe  W+3  Mn  W,  or  4  Fe  W+Mn  W;  but  also  ratios 
2  :  1,  3  :  1,  5  :  1,  and  1 :  4. 

Analyses :  1,  G-.  J.  Popplein  (Mining  Mag.,  II.  i.  359) ;  2,  C.  S.  Rodman  (priv.  contrib.) ;  3,  Ber- 
nouilli  (Fogg.,  cxL  603) ;  4,  5,  Schaflfgotsch  (Pogg.,  lii.  475) ;  6,  Ebelmen  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  viii. 
505);  7,  Kussin  (Eamm.  3d  SuppL,  127);  8,  Bernoulli  (1.  c.);  9,  Weidinger  (ZS.  Pharm.,  1855, 
71);  10,  R.  Schneider  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlix.  322);  11-16,  Kerndt  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlii.  81);  17,  BernouiUi 
(1.  c.);  18,  19,  Schaffgotsch  (La);  20,  Kerndt  (1.  c.);  2 1-24, •Bernouilli  (1.  c.);  25,  R.  Petzold 
(Pogg.,  xciii.  474);  26,  Ebelmen  (L  c.);  27,  Rammelsberg  (2d  SuppL,  175);  28-30,  Kerndt  (1.  c.); 
31-33,  R.  Schneider  (1.  c.) ;  34,  F.  A.  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxviii.  253) ;  35,  Berzelius  (Schw.  J., 
xvi.  476): 


1.  St.  Francis  R.,  Mo. 

2.  Madison  Co.,      " 

3.  Zinnwald 


L  Ratio  of  FeW  to  Mn  W=l :  4. 

G.  W  Fe  Mn       Ca 

6-67  (1)75-40  5-69  19'38     1-13=100-60  Popplein. 

74-65  4-96  20-25    =99'81  Rodman. 

76-20  5-60  17-94   =99'74  BernouillL 

II.  Ratio  of  Fe  W  to  Mn  W"=2  :  3. 


4.  Zinnwald 

5.  " 

6.  " 

7.  « 

8.  " 

9.  " 

10.  " 

11.  " 

12.  " 

13.  Monroe,  Ct. 
14. 

15.  Schlackenwald 

16.  Altenberg 


17.  Traversella 


-100  Schaffgotsch. 

=100  Schaflfgotsch. 

0'48=:  100-05  Ebelmen. 
=99-34  Kussin. 

tr.,  Ob  1-10=99-96  Bernouilli. 

2-27,  Ti  1-89,  fi  0-31  =  100-99  W 

1-19=100-91  R.  Schneider. 

=100-16  Kerndt. 

=100-02  Kerndt. 

=99-26  Kerndt. 

=100-00  Kerndt. 

=99-54  Kerndt. 

=99-98  Kerndt 

III.  Ratio  of  Fe  W  to  Mn  W=2  :  1  nearly. 

75-99  16-29      3'45    4'03=99'76  BernouillL 
IV.  Ratio  of  Fe  W  to  Mn  W=3  :  1,  4  :  1,  or  5  :  1. 


7-191 

75-33 

9-55 

15-12 

7-191 

75-66 

9-49 

14-85 

(I)  75-99 

9-62 

13-96 

75-92 

9-38 

14-04 

75-15 

9-72 

13-99 

75-62 

8-73 

12-17 

76-01 

9-81 

13-90 

7-223 

76-34 

9-61 

14-21 

7-231—7-22 

75-62 

9-55 

14-85 

7-411—7-486 

75-47 

9-53 

14-26 

7-208—7-269 

75-96 

9-74 

14-50 

7-482—7-535 

75-68 

9-56 

14-30 

7-198—  7-189 

75-44 

9-64 

14-90 

18.  Ehrenfriedersdorf 

19.  Chanteloup 


7-437 


76-10  19-16     4-74  =100  Schaffgotsch. 

76-00  18-33      5-67   =100  Schaffgotsch. 


TUNGSTATES,   MOLYBDATES,   VANADATE8. 


603 


20.  Chanteloup 

21.  " 

22.  " 

23.  Zinnwald 

24.  " 

25.  Stolberg 

26.  Limoges 

27.  Harzegerode 

28.  " 

29.  Montevideo 

30.  Nertschiusk 

31.  Harz,  Glasebach 

32.  "      Pfaffenberg 

33.  "       Meiseberg 

34.  Flowe  M.,  N.  C. 

35.  Cumberland 


G. 

7-48— 7-51 


7-143 
7-23 

7-5—7-513 
7'5 


7-496 


w 

Fe 

Mn 

75-83 

19-32 

4-84 

75-68 

18-77 

5-01 

75-75 

18-08 

5-75 

75-98 

18-51 

5-02 

76-13 

18-49 

5-10 

76-57 

1898 

4-90 

(£)  76-20 

19-19 

4-48 

75-56 

20-17 

3-54 

75-90 

19-25 

4-80 

76-02 

19-21 

4-75 

75-64 

19-55 

4-81 

76-04 

19-61 

4-98 

76-21 

18-54 

5-23 

76-25 

20-27 

3-96 

75-79 

19-80 

5-35 

74-67 

17-59 

5-64 

=99-99  Kerndt. 

0-22  =  99-68  Bernoulli!. 

,  Ob  0-31=99-89  Bernouilli. 

,  Cb  0'52  =  100-03  Bernouilli 

=99-72  Beniouilli. 

0-70=100-95  Petzold. 

,  Mg  0-80=  100-67  Ebelm. 

=99-27  Rammelsberg. 

=99-95  Kemdt. 

=99-98  Kerndt. 

=100-00  Kerndt. 

,  Mgtr.  =  100-92  Sch. 

"  0-36=100-74  Sch. 

"  0-15  =  100-91  Sch. 

0-32,  Sn  <r.  =  101-26  Genth. 

,  Si  2-10=100  BerzeHus. 


Vauquelin  gives  for  the  composition  of  a  wolfram  from  the  Department  of  Haute  "Vienne,  "W 
73-60,  Fe  14-46,  Mn  11-95=100  (Ann.  Oh.  Phys.,  xxx.  261);  and  Richardson  found  for  one  from 
Bohemia,  W  73'60,  Fe  11-20,  Mn  15-75=100-55  (Thorn.  Min.,  i.  487).  The  former  analysis  cor- 
responds  nearly  to  the  ratio  5  :  4  for  the  two  tungstates ;  and  the  latter  to  3  :  4  nearly. 

Hoppe-Seyler  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  cxl.  247)  found  indium  in  two  specimens  of  wolfram ;  one 
contained  0"228  p.  c. 

The  metal  tungsten  was  first  recognized  in  this  mineral  by  the  brothers  J.  Joseph  and  F. 
d'Elhuyar,  in  1785  (Ch.  Anal,  of  "Wolfram,  etc.,  translated  from  the  Spanish  by  Ch.  Cullen,  London, 
1755,  a  work  of  which  a  German  translation  by  Gren  was  published  at  Halle  in  1786).  They 
obtained  from  the  Zinnwald  mineral  Tuugstic  acid  65'0,  oxyd  of  manganese  22-0,  of  iron  13'5= 
100-5. 

Fyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily  (P. =2-5— 3)  to  a  globule,  which  has  a  crystalline  surface  and  is 
magnetic.  "With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  a  clear  reddish-yellow  glass  while  hot,  which  is  paler 
on  cooling ;  in  R.F.  becomes  dark  red ;  on  charcoal  with  tin,  if  not  too  saturated,  the  bead  assumes 
on  cooling  a  green  color,  which  continued  treatment  in  R.F.  changes  to  reddish-yellow.  With 
soda  and  nitre  on  platinum  foil  fuses  to  a  bluish-green  manganate.  Decomposed  by  aqua  regia 
with  separation  of  tungstic  acid  as  a  yellow  powder,  which,  when  treated  B.B.,  reacts  as  under 
tungstite  (p.  186).  Wolfram  is  sufficiently  decomposed  by  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  or  even 
muriatic  acid,  to  give  a  colorless  solution,  which,  treated  with  metallic  zinc,  becomes  intensely 
blue,  but  soon  bleaches  on  dilution. 

Obs. — "Wolfram  is  often  associated  with  tin  ores ;  also  in  quartz,  with  native  bismuth,  tungstate 
of  lime,  pyrite,  galenite,  blende,  etc.  It  occurs  at  Cornwall,  much  to  the  detriment  of  the  tin  ores. 
Found  in  fine  crystals  at  Schlackenwald,  Schneeberg,  Geyer,  Freiberg,  Altenberg,  Ehrenfriedersdorf, 
Zinnwald,  and  Nertschinsk,  and  other  places  mentioned  above ;  at  Chanteloup,  near  Limoges,  in 
France ;  near  Redruth  and  elsewhere  in  Cornwall ;  in  Cumberland  (the  ratio  2  :  3  at  Lochfells, 
that  of  4  :  1  at  Godolphin's  Ball) ;  on  the  Island  of  Rona,  one  of  the  Hebrides ;  in  the  auriferous 
sand  of  the  Wicklow  rivers,  Ireland,  with  tin.  Also  in  S.  America,  at  Oruro  in  Bolivia.  The 
crystals  of  Zinnwald  are  remarkable  as  hemitropes. 

In  the  U.  States  it  occurs  at  Lane's  mine,  Monroe,  Conn.,  in  quartz,  associated  with  native  bis- 
muth and  the  other  minerals  above  mentioned,  often  pseudomorphous  after  tungstate  of  lime  ;  in 
small  quantities  at  Trumbull,  Conn.,  at  the  topaz  vein ;  massive  and  in  crystals  on  Camdage  farm, 
near  Blue  Hill  Bay,  Me. ;  at  the  Flowe  mine,  Mecklenburg  Co.,  IT.  C.,  with  scheelite,  crystals 
with  planes  /,  i4,  -H,  1-1 ;  in  Missouri,  near  Mine  la  Motte,  and  in  St.  Francis  Co.,  1|  m.  from 
St.  Francis  River ;  in  a  gneiss  boulder  on  the  W.  shore  of  Chief  Island,  L.  Couchiching,  Canada 
West ;  at  Mammoth  mining  district,  Nevada. 

This  species  is  shown  to  be  isomorphous  with  columbite  by  G.  Rose  (Pogg.,  Ixiv.  171).  Des- 
cloizeaux  found  in  the  angles  of  wolfram  some  evidence  that  the  crystals  were  monoclinic.  But 
G.  Rose  shows  from  the  twins  that  the  form  is  orthorhombic  and  not  oblique. 

Alt. — Wolfram  occurs  altered  to  scheelite  by  a  substitution  of  lime  for  iron. 


611.  HUBNERITE.    K  Riotte,  Reese  River  (Cal.)  Reveille,  1865;  H.  Credner,  in  B.  H.  Ztg., 

xxiv.  370,  1865. 

Orthorhombic.    1 A  7==  105°.     Cleavage :  w  very  perfect.     Commonly 
in  columnar  masses  or  foliated. 


604:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

H.— 4-5.  G.=7'14:,  Breith.  Lustre  adamantine  on  face  of  cleavage; 
elsewhere  greasy.  Color  brownish-red  to  brownish-black.  Streak  yellow- 
ish-brown. Opaque.  Fracture  uneven. 

Oomp.— Mn  W=Tungstic  acid  76-6,  protoxyd  of  manganese  23-4=100.  Analyses  :  1,  Biotte 
&  Hubner  (1.  c.) ;  2,  C.  S.  Eodman  (priv.  contrib.) : 

W  Mn  Fe 

1.  Nevada        16-4  23'4  =99'8  R.  &  H. 

2.  «  [75-45]         24-31         0-24=100  Bodman. 

Pyr.  etc. B.B.  in  the  forceps  less  fusible  than  wolfram ;  with  the  fluxes  gives  manganese 

and  tungstic  acid  reactions.    Partially  soluble  in  muriatic  acid,  leaving  a  yellow  residue,  soluble 

Obs. From  the  Erie  and  Enterprise  veins,  in  Mammoth  dist.,  Nevada,  in  a  vein  3— 4  feet  wide 

in  argillite,  with  scheelite,  fluor,  and  apatite. 

612.  FERBERITE.    Ferberit  K.  L.  T.  Liele,  Jahrb.  Min.  1863,  641,  attributing  the  name  to 

Breithaupt. 

Massive,  granular,  with  some  imperfect  planes  of  crystallization.  Cleav- 
age :  i-i  very  distinct. 

H.=4— 4£.  G.= 6-801,  Breith. ;  Y'109,  Eamm.  Lustre  imperfectly 
vitreous,  a  little  submetallic-adamantine.  Color  black.  Streak  brownish- 
black  to  blackish-brown.  Opaque. 

Comp.— Tungstate  of  iron  with  a  little  manganese  ;  0.  ratio  for  B,,  W=l  :  2-14  to  1  :  2-23,  or 
nearly  1  :  2£  (instead  of  1  :  3,  as  in  wolfram) ;  giving  the  formula  B,4  W3,  with  Fe  :  Mn=8  :  1. 
Analyses :  1,  Liebe  (L  c.) ;  2-4,  Bammelsberg  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  xcii  263) : 

W        Sn       Fe       Mn     Mg      Ca 

1.  Spain,  Ferb&rite    70-11    0'14    23'29    3-02    0'42     1'75,  £l  1'17=99'90  Liebe. 

2.  "  "  69-83         26-68  3-09  r=99'60  Bamm. 

3.  "  "  70-65         25-97     2'17      1 -52  =  100  Bamm. 

4.  "  "          69-88     0-16     25-34    3'00     1-62=100  Bamm. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily  to  a  magnetic  globule. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  the  Sierra  Almagrera  in  southern  Spain,  in  argillaceous  schist,  with  quarts. 

Named  after  B.  Ferber  of  Gera. 


613.  MEGABASITE.    Megabasit  Breifa,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xi.  189,  1852.    Blumit  K.  L.  T.  Liebe, 
Jahrb.  Min.  1863,  652,  attributing  name  to  Breithaupt. 

Orthorhombic,  with  the  angles  of  wolfram,  Blum.  Cleavage :  i-i  dis- 
tinct ;  /in  traces.  Occurs  in  fine  needles. 

H.=3-5-4.  G.=6-45,  fr.  Schlackenwald,  Kamm. ;  6'96T,  ib.,  Breith. ; 
6'969,  fr.  Sadisdorf,  id. ;  6*939,  fr.  Morococha,  id.  Lustre  vitreous,  a  little 
adamantine.  Color  brownish-red,  clove-brown  to  yellowish-brown,  with 
a  reddish-brown  to  hyacinth-red  translucency.  Streak  pale  yellowish- 
brown  to  ochre-yellow. 

Comp, — Tungstate  of  manganese  with  a  little  iron ;  0.  ratio  for  K,  W=l  :  2J,  as  in  ferberite  j 
formula  B4  Wa,  with  Fe  :  Mn=l  :  4. 

Bammelsberg  gives  the  0.  ratio  1:3;  but  his  anal  3,  which  he  says  was  made  on  the  purest 
material,  sustains  1  :  2f. 

Analyses  :  1-3,  Bammelsberg  (3d  SuppL,  127,  Min.  Oh.,  309): 


TUNGSTATES,    MOLYBDATES.    VANADATES. 


605 


W  Fe  Mn  Ca  Si       -&1  P\  F  ign. 

1.  Schlackenwald      [67-05]  6-72  19-73  3'02  1-08  1-01  0'6l  0-78=100. 

2.  "  71-71  7-19  21-10  =100. 

3  u  7!-5  5-4  23-1  =100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  wolframite. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Schlackenwald,  where  it  is  sometimes  altered,  as  shown  by  Blum,  to  litho- 
marge ;  also  at  Sadisdorf ;  at  Morococha,  Peru. 

614.  SCHEELITE.  Tennspat,  Lapides  stanniferi  spathacei  "lik  en  huit  spat"  (fr.  Bohemia), 
Wall,  Min.,  303,  1747.  Not  Tungsten  von  Bastnaes  [=Cerite]  Cronst.,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1751, 
Min.,  183,  1758.  Stannum  spathosum  subdiaphanum  album  Linn.,  Syst.,  1768.  Tungsten  (= 
TUNGSTIC  ACID  and  Lime)  Scheele,  Ak.  H.  Stockh.,  1781.  Schwerstein  Wern.,  Bergm.  J., 
386,  1789;  Karst.,  Tab.,  26,  1791.  Scheelerz  Karst.,  Tab.,  56,  1800,  74,  1808.  Tungstate  of 
Lime.  Scheelin  calcaire  H.,  Tr..  iv.  1801.  Scheelspath  Ereith.,  Char.,  23,  1820.  Scheelit  Leonh., 
Handb.,  594,  1821. 

Tetragonal;   hemihedral.     O  A  l-i  =  123°    3';   a  =  1/5369.     Observed 


planes:  0\  vertical  /,  i-i,  but  not  common;  pyra- 
mids, i,  £,  1,  -J-^,  -J-*>  l-i,  3-3,  1-2 ;  hemihedral  in 
the  planes  3-3  and  1-2. 


496 


0  A  1=114°  44' 
0  A  3-3=101  38 

0  A  1-2= 120  21 

1  A  1,  pyr.,=100  4 
1  A  1,  bas.,=130  33 


l-i  A  l-i,  pyr.,=107°  18' 
l-i  A  l-i,  has., =113  54 

1  A  1-^=140  2 
1-2  A  1=156  59 
3-3  A  1=151  16 


Cleavage  :  1  most  distinct,  l-i  interrupted,  0  traces. 
Twins  :  composition-face  2  ;  also  i-i.  Crystals  usually 
octahedral  in  form,  resembling  f.  496.  Also  reniform 
with  columnar  structure  ;  and  massive  granular. 

H.=4-5  —  5.     G.=5-9—  6-076.     Lustre  vitreous,  in- 
clining to  adamantine.    Color  white,  yellowish-white,          Schlackenwald. 
pale  yellow,  brownish,  greenish,  reddish  ;  sometimes 
almost  orange-yellow.      Streak  white.      Transparent  —  translucent.     Frac- 
ture uneven.     Brittle. 

Comp.  —  Ca  W=Lime  19*4,  tungstic  acid  80'6=100. 

Analyses  :  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  in.  44)  ;  2,  Berzelius  (Af  h.  i  Fys.,  iv.  305)  ;  3,  4,  Brandes  & 
Bucholz  (Schweig.  J.,  xx.  285);  5,  Himmelbach  (ZS.  G-.,  xv.  607);  6,  Bernouilli  (Pogg.,  cxi.  607); 
7,  Choubine  (Ann.  d.  M.  Russ.,  317,  1841);  8,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxviii.  514);  9,  Bowen  (Am. 
J.  ScL,  v.  118);  10,  F.  A.  Genth  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxviii.  252);  11,  Domeyko  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV.  iii. 
15);  12,  Delesse  (Bull.  G-.  Soc.,  II.  x.  17): 


1.  Cornwall 

2.  Westmannland,  Sweden 

3.  Schlackenwald 

4.  Zinnwald 

5.  Riesengebirge 

6.  Traversella 

7.  Katherinenburg 

8.  Neudorf 

9.  Monroe,  Ct. 

10.  Bangle  M.,  K  C. 

11.  Llamuco,  Chili 

12.  Framont 


w 

Ca 

Si 

75-25 

18-70 

1-50 

80-42 

19-40 



78-00 

19-06 

2-00 

76-50 

16-60 

2-94 

80-10* 

19-30 



80-70 

19-25 



78-41 

18-88 

_^__ 

78-64 

21-56 



76-05 

19-36 

2-54 

79-52 

19-31 



75-75 

18-05 

0-75 

80-35 

19-40 



1-25,  Mn  0-75=97-45  Klaproth. 

-  =99-82  Berzelius. 

-  =99-06  Brandes  &  Bucholz. 

1-50,  Ca  and  £l  1  -1=98-54  Brandes  &  B. 
tr.,  &1,  Mg  tr.,  ign.  0'50  Himmelbach. 
--  =99-95  Bernouilli. 

-  ,  Mg  0-65  =  97-94  Ch.     G.=6'071. 

-  =1UO-20  Rammelsberg.    G-.=6'03. 
1-03,  Mn  0-31=99-29  Bowen. 

0-18,  Sn  0-13,  Cu  0-08=99-22  Gtenth, 

-  ,  Cu  3-30=97-85  Domeyko. 
—  =99-75  Delesse. 


"Trace  of  silica. 


606  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

The  brothers  Elhuyart  obtained  (see  for  ref.  under  WOLFRAM)  W  68,  Ca  30,  ign.  2=100. 

Fyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  in  the  forceps  fuses  at  5  to  a  serai-transparent  glass.  ^Soluble  with  borax  to 
a  transparent  glass,  which  afterward  becomes  opaque  and  crystalline.  "With  salt  of  phosphorus 
forms  a  glass,  colorless  in  outer  flame,  in  inner  green  when  hot,  and  fine  blue  cold  ;  varieties  con- 
taining iron  require  to  be  treated  on  charcoal  with  tin  before  the  blue  color  appears.  In  muriatic 
or  nitric  acid  decomposed,  leaving  a  yellow  powder  soluble  in  ammonia. 

Obs.  —  Tungstate  of  lime  is  usually  associated  with  crystalline  rocks,  and  is  commonly  found  in 
connection  with  tin  ore,  topaz,  fluorite,  apatite,  molybdenite,  or  wolfram,  in  quartz. 

Occurs  at  Schlackenwald  and  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia  ;  in  the  Riesengebirge  ;  in  fine  crystals  at 
Caldbeck  Fell,  near  Keswick,  with  apatite,  molybdenite,  and  wolfram.  Also  at  Schellgaden  in 
Salzberg;  Neudorf  in  the  Harz  ;  Ehrenfriedersdorf  in  Saxony;  Posing  in  Hungary;  Traversella 
in  Piedmont,  in  fine  crystals,  sometimes  transparent  ;  Dalecarlia  and  Bitsberg  in  Sweden  ;  Fra- 
mont  in  the  Vosges,  with  pyrite  in  polished  crystals,  giving  Delesse  for  the  angles  of  octahedron 
1,  100°  5'  and  130°  31',  G.=6'05;  at  the  copper  mines  of  Llamuco,  near  Chuapa  in  Chili,  of  a 
reddish-gray  color,  mixed  with  green,  due  to  chrysocolla. 

In  the  United  States,  crystallized  and  massive  at  Lane's  Mine,  Monroe,  and  at  Huntington, 
Conn.,  with  wolfram,  pyrite,  rutile,  and  native  bismuth,  in  quartz;  at  Chesterfield,  Mass.,  in 
albite,  with  tourmaline;  in  the  Mammoth  mining  district,  Nevada;  at  Bangle  mine,  in  Cabanas 
Co.,  N.  C.  ;  and  Flowe  mine,  Mecklenburg  Co.,  some  crystals  at  the  latter  locality  having  a  nucleus 
of  wolfram. 

Tungstic  acid  was  discovered  in  this  species  by  the  Swedish  chemist  Scheele,  in  1781.  The 
word  tungsten,  first  used  by  Cronstedt,  is  Swedish  for  heavy  stone. 

Alt.  —  Occurs  altered  to  wolfram,  a  tungstate  of  iron  and  manganese,  by  the  action  of  a  solution 
of  bicarbonate  of  iron  and  manganese,  or  perhaps  mainly  through  sulphate  of  iron  arising  from 
the  decomposition  of  pyrite.  Also  to  kaolinite  (at  Ehrenfriedersdorf). 

615.  CUPROSCHEELITE.    J.  D.  Whitney,  Proc.  Gal.  Acad.,  iii.  287,  1866. 

Crystalline-granular.     Cleavage  distinct  in  one  direction. 
H.=4'5—  5.     Lustre  highly  vitreous.     Color  pistachio-green,  passing  to 
olive-  and  leek-green.     Streak  light  greenish-gray. 

Comp.—  0.  ratio  for  S,  W=l  :  3;  Ou  W  +  2  Ca  W=Tungstic  acid  78*43,  oxyd  of  copper  8'95, 
lime  12-62=100.  Analysis:  Whitney  (L  c.): 

W  79-69        Ou  6-77        Fe  0'31        Ca  10'95         &  1-40=99-12. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  blackens,  and  gives  off  water.  B.B.  fuses  on  the  edges  to  a 
black  glass,  and  colors  the  flame  an  intense  green.  On  charcoal  blackens,  fuses  with  a  little 
intumescence,  forming  finally  a  slag  containing  minute  particles  of  metallic  copper.  With  fluxes 
gives  tungstic  acid  and  copper  reactions.  Easily  soluble  in  muriatic  acid,  tungstic  acid  bein* 
separated. 


.,  in  the  vicinitv  of  La  Paz>  Lower  California,  in  a  red  metamorphic  rock,  associated 

with  black  tourmaline. 

Domeyko  has  analyzed  a  mineral  from  Chili  containing  3'3  p.  c.  of  oxyd  of  copper.    See  under 
SCHEELITE,  anal.  11. 

616.  STOLZITE.  Scheel-Bleispath  Breith.,  Char.,  14,  1820.  Tungstate  of  Lead.  Bleischeelat, 
Wolframbleierz,  Scheelsaures  Blei,  Germ.  Scheelitine  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  662,  1832.  Stolzit  Haid., 
Handb.,  604,  1845. 

Tetragonal.      0  A  1-^=122°  33';   0=1-567.     Usual  forms  octahedral. 
Jbserved  planes  :  7,  1,  £,  2,  l-i  ;  sometimes  hemihedral. 

0  A  £=132°  4'      1  A  1,  pyr.,=99°  44'      l-i  A  l-L  pyr.,=106°  50' 
O  A  1  =  114  17       1  A  1,  bas.,=131  25        l-i  A  H  bas.,  =  114  54 
0  A  2=102  42       2  A  2,  pyr.,=92  46  2  A  2,  bas.,=154  36 

Crystals  often  indistinctly  aggregated.     Cleavage  :    0  imperfect  ;   1  still 
more  so. 

H.=2-75—  3.     G.=7'87-8-13.    Lustre  resinous,  subadamantine.    Color 


TUNGSTATES,   MOLYBDATES,   VAKADATE8. 


607 


green,  yellowish-gray,  brown,  and  red.     Streak  uncolored.     Faintly  trans- 
lucent. 


Comp.  —  Pb  W=Tungstic  acid  51,  oxyd  of  lead  49=100.    Analyses:  1,  Lampadius  (Schw.  J., 
xxxi.  254);  2,  Kerndt  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlii.  116): 

W  Pb  Ca 

1.  Zinnwald  51'75          48-25 

2.  "  |   51-736        45-993         1'397         0'47  1  Kerndt. 


,  Mn 
-  =100  Lampadius. 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  decrepitates  and  fuses  at  2  to  a  crystalline,  lustrous,  metallic  pearl.  "With 
soda  on  charcoal  yields  metallic  lead.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  in  O.P.  a  colorless  glass, 
which  in  R.F.  becomes  blue  on  cooling.  Decomposed  by  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  yellow  residue  of 
tungstic  acid. 

Obs.  —  Stolzite  occurs  at  Zinnwald  in  Bohemia,  with  quartz  and  mica  ;  at  Bleiberg  in  Carinthia, 
with  molybdate  of  lead  ;  in  Chili,  province  of  Coquimbo  ;  at  Southampton,  Mass. 

This  species  was  first  made  known,  according  to  Breithaupt,  by  Dr.  Stolz,  of  Teplitz. 

617.  WULFENITB.  Plumbum  spatosum  flavo-rubrum,  ex  Annaberg  Austr.  v.  r>orn, 
Lithoph.,  i.  90,  1772.  Karntherischer  Bleispath  v.  Jacquin,  MiscelL  Austr.,  ii.  1781,  Vienna; 
Wulfen,  AbhandL  K.  Bleisp.,  Wien,  1785,  foL  Plomb  jaune  de  Lisle,  iii.  387,  1783.  Gtelbbleierz 
Wem.t  Bergm.  J.,  384,  1789.  Yellow  Lead-spar,  Molybdenated  Lead  Ore,  Kirwan,u.  212,  1796. 
Plomb  molybdate  JK,  iii.  353,  1801.  Molybdate  of  Lead.  Molybdanbleispath,  Bleimolybdat, 
Germ.  Melinose  S&ud.,  ii.  664,  1832.  Wulfenit  Raid.,  Handb.,  504,  1841. 


Tetragonal.  Sometimes  hemihedral.  0  A  1-^=122°  26'  ;  a= 
Observed  planes  :  0  ;  square  prismatic,  /,  i-i  ;  octagonal  prismatic,  ^-3, 
i-$,  ^4,  *-f  ;  octahedral,  TV,  -f,  -J,  1,  f  ;  %  -i,  \-i,  f-^',  1-^,  f-£  In  modified 
square  tables  and  octahedrons. 


0  A  1=114°  12' 

1  A  1,  pyr.,=99  40 

497 


1  A  1,  baa.,=131°  35' 
14*  A 1-*,  pyr.,=106  44 

498 


4  A  \-i,  bas.,=92°  43' 
-i/\l-i,  bas.,=T623 


499 


Phenixville. 


Phenixville. 


Cleavage :  1  very  smooth ;  0  and  %  much  less  distinct.     Also  granularly 
massive,  coarse  or  fine,  firmly  cohesive.   Often  hemi- 
hedral in  the  octagonal  prisms,  producing  thus  tables 
like  f.  500,  and  octahedral  forms  having  the  pris- 
matic planes  similarly  oblique. 

H.=275— 3.  G.=6-03— T'Ol.  Lustre  resinous  or 
adamantine.  Color  wax-yellow,  passing  into  orange- 
yellow  ;  also  siskin-  and  olive-green,  yellowish-gray, 
grayish- white,  brown;  also  orange  to  bright  red. 


Przibram. 


608  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Streak  white.     Subtransparent — subtranslucent.     Fracture  subconchoidal. 
Brittle. 

Var.— 1.  Ordinary.  Color  yellow.  2.  Vanadiferous.  Color  orange  to  bright  red,  a  variety 
occurring  at  Phenixville,  Pa. 

Dauber  found  for  the  angle  1  A  1,  in  crystals  from  Bleiberg,  131°  42' ;  fr.  Berggieshiibel,  131°  47' ; 
fr.  Phenixville,  131°  50';  fr.  Zinnwald,  131°  57';  and  v.  Zepharovich,  for  crystals  fr.  Przibram, 
131°  43'  38".  The  last  corresponds  to  114°  8'  for  0  A  1.  Descloizeaux  found  for  0  A  1  on  Anti- 
oquia  crystals=114°  20',  and  1  A  1  =  131°  40'. 

Comp.— PbMo=Molybdic  acid  38-5,  oxyd  of  lead  61-5  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Gobel  (Schw.  J., 
xxxvii.  71);  2,  Melling  (Rammelsberg  1st  SuppL,  59);  3,  4,  Parry  and  J.  Brown  (Proc.  PhiL  Soc. 
Glasgow,  April,  1847);  5;  C.  Bergemann  (Pogg.,  Ixxx.  400);  6,  7,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xx. 
245): 

Mo  Pb 

1.  Carinthia  40'5  59-0=99-5  G-obel. 

2.  "  40-29          61-90=102-19  Melling. 

3.  "  89-30  60-35=99-65  Parry. 

4.  «  39-19  60-23=99-42  Brown. 

5.  Zacatecas  37 '65          62-35=100  Bergemann. 

6.  Phenixville,  yellow        38*68          60-48=99-16  Smith.     G.=6'95. 

7.  "         red  37'47  60-30,  V  1-28=99-05  Smith. 

A  molybdate  of  lead  from  Pamplona,  S.  A.,  afforded  Boussingault  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xlv.  325) 
Pb  73-8,  Mo  10-0,  C  2-9,  HC1  1'3,  PJ'3,  Cr  T2,  £e  1-7,  £1  2-2,  quartz  3-7=98-1.  He  considers 
it  a  basic  salt,  with  the  formula  Pb3Mo.  Klaproth,  who  made  the  first  complete  analysis,  obtained 
Mo  34-25,  Pb  64-02  (Beitr.,  ii.  275).  A  crystallized  wulfenite  from  Chili  gave  Domeyko  (Ann.  d. 
M.,  IV.  iii.  15)  Mo  46-12,  Pb  47'00,  Ca  0'88;  corresponding  to  2  PbMo  +  CaMo.  The  red  color 
of  the  Phenixville  mineral  was  shown  to  be  due  to  vanadic  acid  by  Smith.  The  massive  wulfenite 
of  Garmisch  is  a  mixture  of  the  mineral  with  quartz,  carbonate  of  lead,  etc.  (Wittstein  in  Viertel- 
jahrsschr.  pr.  Pharm.,  vii.  70). 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  decrepitates  and  fuses  below  2 ;  with  borax  in  O.F.  gives  a  colorless  glass,  in 
K.F.  it  becomes  opaque  black  or  dirty  green  with  black  flocks.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  O.F. 
gives  a  yellowish-green  glass,  which  in  R.F.  becomes  dark  green.  With  soda  on  charcoal  yields 
metallic  lead.  Decomposed  on  evaporation  with  muriatic  acid,  with  the  formation  of  chlorid  of 
lead  and  molybdic  acid  ;  on  moistening  the  residue  with  water  and  adding  metallic  zinc,  it  gives 
an  intense  blue  color,  which  does  not  fade  on  dilution  of  the  liquid. 

Obs. — This  species  occurs  in  veins  with  other  ores  of  lead.  Found  first  at  Bleiberg,  Schwar- 
zenbach,  and  Windisch-Kappel,  in  Carinthia;  also  at  Euskitza  in  Austria;  at  Retzbanya  and 
Szaska  in  Hungary;  at  Przibram;  at  Moldawa  in  the  Bannat,  where  its  crystals  are  red.  and 
have  considerable  resemblance  to  chromate  of  lead ;  in  the  Kirghis  Steppes  in  Russia ;  at  Anna- 
berg,  Schneeberg,  and  Johanngeorgenstadt  in  Saxony;  at  Badenweiler  in  Baden;  sparingly  at 
Chalanches,  Dept.  of  Isere,  in  France ;  in  the  gold  sands  of  Rio  Chico  in  Antioquia,  Columbia, 
S.  A. ;  in  Lackentyre,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Scotland. 

It  is  found  in  small  quantities  at  the  Southampton  lead  mine,  Mass. ;  in  fine  yellow  and  reddish 
orange  to  red  crystals  (fig.  499,  and  also  in  thin  tables)  at  Wheatley's  mine,  near  Phenixville,  Pa. ; 
at  the  Comstock  lode  in  Nevada;  at  Empire  mine,  Inyo  Co.,  Cal. ;  in  the  Weaver  dist,  Arizona. 

For  recent  papers  on  cryst.  see  Dauber,  Pogg.,  cvii.  267 ;  Descl.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  li.  448 ; 
v.  Zepharovich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  liv.  278,  1866;  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xx.  245. 

618.  PATERAITE.    Paterait  Haid.,  C.  v.  Hauer,  Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  vii.  196,  1856,  xiv.  303. 
Amorphous.    Color  black. 
Composition  Co  Mo.    Analysis  by  Laube  (1.  c.,  xiv.  303) : 

Mo  30-0    Bi  2-0    3Pe  16-6    Co  27'0    H  8-6    S  12*0,  insoL  3'8n  100. 

The  first  examination  of  this  mineral  was  by  Patera,  and  was  only  qualitative.  He  found 
molybdic  acid,  silica,  bismuth,  iron,  cobalt,  and  sulphur.  Jokely  states  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  viii.  35) 
that  it  consists  principally  of  vanadic  and  molybdic  acids  and  cobalt.  Laube's  analysis  confirms 
Patera's  result.  The  mineral  is  so  intimately  mixed  with  pyrite  and  bismuthinite  that,  even  with 
the  greatest  care,  it  could  not  be  completely  separated.  Subtracting  the  bismuth,  iron,  and  sul- 
phur in  the  above  analysis,  molybdate  of  cobalt  remains,  which,  according  to  Laube,  is  the  true 
mineral. 


TUNGSTATES,    MOLYBDATES,    VANADATES.  609 

B.B.  in  the  closed  tube  gives  water,  a  sublimate  of  molybdic  acid,  and  vapors  of  sulphurous 
acid.  On  charcoal  melts  easily  to  a  black  bead,  giving  a  white  coating.  With  borax,  bead  green 
when  hot  (iron),  blue  when  cold  (cobalt).  Easily  soluble  in  acids. 

Discovered  by  Vogl,  in  the  Elias  mine,  Joachimsthal,  with  uranium  ores. 

Named  from  A.  Patera,  who  first  examined  it. 


619.  DECHENITB.  C.  Bergemann,  Pogg.,  Ixxx.  393,  1850.  Arseoxen  v.  Kob.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  1. 
496,  1850.  Eusynchit  Fischer  &  Nessler,  Ber.  G-es.  Freiburg,  1854,  Jahrb.  Min.  1855,  570. 
?  Khombischer  Vanadit  Zippe,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xliv.  1861  (see  under  DESCLOIZITE). 

Massive,  botryoidal,  nodular,  stalactitic  ;  sometimes  traces  of  a  columnar 
structure. 

H.:=:3— 4.  G.=:5'6— 5*81.  Lustre  of  fresh  fracture  greasy.  Color  fine 
deep  red  to  yellowish-red  and  brownish-red ;  also  leather-yellow.  Streak 
orange-yellow  to  ochre-  and  pale  yellow. 

Var. — The  original  dechenite  was  from  Dahn,  near  Nieder  Schlettenbach,  in  the  Lauter  Yalley, 
Rhenish  Bavaria,  and  was  dull  red  to  yellowish-red  in  color,  botryoidal  in  surface,  with  G.=5'81. 
Arceoxene  is  from  the  same  locality,  and  is  like  dechenite  hi  all  its  characters,  except,  accord- 
ing to  Bergemanu,  a  duller  reddish-brown  color,  which,  however,  is  not  distinctive. 

The  Eusynchite  is  from  Freiburg  in  Brisgau,  yellowish-red  to  leather-yellow  in  color,  with  Gr.= 
5-596,  Ramm.,  and  H.=3'5  ;  it  occurs  in  nodular  and  stalactitic  forms. 

Comp. — Pb  V,  or  vauadate  of  lead,  according  to  the  older  analyses  ;  but  probably  in  all  cases 
vanadate  of  lead  and  zinc,  with  the  formula  (Pb,  2n)  V. 

Analyses:  1-3,  C.  Bergemann  (L  c.);  4,  id.  (Jahrb.  Min.  1857,  397);  5,  v.  Kobell(Lc.);  6, 
Fischer  &  Nessler  (1.  c.) ;  7,  8,  C.  Czudnowicz  (Pogg.,  cxx.  17) ;  9,  Ramm.  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xci.  413) : 

V        Pb        2n 

1.  Dahn,  Dechenite,  red    4716     52*92 =100-08  Bergemann. 

2.  "             "           "  46-10  53-72  =99'82  Bergemann. 

3.  "             "         ywh.  49-27  50'57  =99 -84  Bergemann. 

4.  "  Arceoxene  16-81  52-55  18-11,  Is  10-52,  £l,  £e  1'34,  P  Zr.=99'33  Berg. 

5.  "  "  48-7  16-32  KobelL 

6.  Freiburg,  Eusynchite   22'69     55-70     ,  Si  0'94,  V  20-49=99-82  F.  &  N. 

7.  "  "  [23-55]   56-47     16'78,  Si  3'20,  £  <r.  =  100  Czudn. 

8.  "  [19-171   53-91     21-41,  Si  5'51,  P"  fr.=  100  Czudn. 

9.  "  "  [24-22]  57-66     15-80,  Cu  0'68,  $  114,  Is  0'50=100  Ramm. 

The  fact  that  both  dechenite  and  eusynchite  contain  a  considerable  amount  of  oxyd  of  zinc  was 
shown  by  G-.  J.  Brush  in  1857  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxiv.  116),  and  the  identity  of  eusynchite  and. 
araeoxene  with  dechenite  suggested.  Fischer  &  Nessler's  method  of  determining  the  vanadic  acid, 
was  incorrect  (Czudnowicz). 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  fuses  easily  without  decrepitation  to  a  yellow  glass.  On  charcoal  in  R.F. 
gives  lead  globules  and  a  white  coating,  which,  treated  with  cobalt  solution,  becomes  green  (zinc). 
"With  salt  of  phosphorus  and  borax  gives  an  emerald-green  bead  in  R.F. ,  becoming  yellowish-green 
to  yellow  in  O.F.  Decomposed  by  hot  muriatic  acid,  yielding  an  emerald-green  solution.  This 
treated  with  alcohol,  boiled  and  decanted  from  the  separated  chlorid  of  lead,  yields,  after  evapora- 
tion, a  solution  which,  diluted  with  water,  has  an  azure-blue  color  (v.  Kobell). 

Obs. — Occurs  with  other  ores  of  lead. 

Discovered  at  Dahn  by  Dr.  Krantz. 

Named  after  the  German  geologist,  von  Dechen. 


620.  DESCLOIZITE.  A.  Damour,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xh".  72, 78, 1854.  Rhombischer  Yanadit 
Zippe,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xliv.  L  197,  1861,  Tschermak,  ib.,  ii.  157. 

Orthorhombic.     /A  7=100°  28';  O  A  1-1=143°  14' ;  a  :  &  :  c=0-747  :. 
1  :  1-2052.    Angles,  Descloizeaux : 

39 


610  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

501  i-'l  A  <£-}=122°  6'  1-2  A  1-2,  ov.  base,=91°42/ 

14  A  14,  top, =116  25     1-2  A  14=147  35 
1-5  A  1-5,  adj.,=127  10       O  A  14=148  12J 
1-5  A  1-5,  ov.  14, =115  10 

Cleavage  none.    Plane  1-2  brightest,  14  undulated  ; 

^-}  vertically  striated. 

H.=3-5.      G-.=5-839.     Lustre   bright.      Color 

black  to  olive-brown  ;  smallest  crystals  olive-green, 

with  a  chatoyant  bronze  lustre ;  by  transmitted 
light  along  the  edges  light  brown  inclining  to  red  ;  on  a  surface  of  fracture, 
colors  zoned  with  straw-yellow,  reddish-brown,  and  black  ;  nearly  clear  at 
middle  and  darkest  at  extremities  of  crystals. 

Oomp.— Pb2 V= Yanadic  acid  29'3,  oxyd  of  lead  7  0*7=100.    Analyses:  Damour  (1.  e.) : 

V          Pb       2n      Cu      Fe       Mn      fl        Cl      Mn     Sand 
(|)22-46     54-70     2'04     0'90     T50     5'32     2'20     0'32     G'OO     3'44=98-88. 

The  oxyds  of  manganese,  iron,  copper,  and  zinc  are  regarded  as  impurities. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses,  and  is  partially  reduced 
to  a  globule  of  metallic  lead  enveloped  in  a  black  scoria.  With  borax  in  R.F.  a  green  glass,  and 
with  nitre  in  O.F.  a  violet  color  due  to  manganese.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  in  R.F.  a  glass  of 
a  chrome-green  color,  which  is  orange-yellow  in  the  O.F.  Dissolves  in  cold  dilute  nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  small  crystals,  1  to  2  mm.  thick,  clustered  on  a  siliceous  and  ferruginous  gangue 
from  South  America,  and  associated  with  acicular  green  pyromorphite. 

Zippe's  vanadite  (I.  c.)  is  referred  to  descloizite  by  A.  Schrauf  (Pogg.,  cxvi.  355,  1862).  The 
mineral  occurs  at  Kappel  in  Carinthia,  in  small  clove-brown  rhombic  octahedrons,  with  GL  =  5-83. 
'Tschermak  obtained  in  his  analysis  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xliv.  ii.  158)  V45-7,  Pb  54*3  =  100  (with  no 
zinc,  although  looked  for),  and  referred  the  species  to  dechenite.  Grailich  &  Weiss  (Pogg.,  1.  c.) 
make  the  form  orthorhombic,  and  the  angles  1-5  A  1-5=125°  28'  — 125°  56',  113°  15'  — 113°  35', 
and  90°  8'— 91°  30'.  But  A.  Schrauf  finds  for  the  same  angles  126°  — 128°,  114|°  — 115^°,  91°  — 
92°,  agreeing  closely  with  the  above  of  descloizite.  Schrauf  suggests  that  both  descloizite  and 
vanadite  are  dechenite;  and  Tschermak  (Pogg  ,  cxvii.  349)  that  vanadite  and  dechenite  are  one 
species,  and  descloizite  an  altered  vanadite. 

Named  after  the  French  mineralogist  Descloizeaux. 

620 A.  Vanadate  of  Lead,  from  Phenixville,  Pa.  A  thin  crystalline  crust  of  a  dark  purple, 
almost  black  color,  but  dark  hyacinth-red  by  transmitted  light,  and  of  a  dark  yellow  streak, 
occurs  covering  quartz,  ferruginous  clay,  and  wulfenite,  at  Phenixville.  With  a  magnifying  glass 
it  appears  to  consist  of  minute  lenticular  crystals.  It  could  not  be  wholly  separated  from  the 
associated  wulfenite  and  other  impurities  for  analysis,  and  the  result  obtained  is  therefore  not 
wholly  satisfactory  J.  L.  Smith  found  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xx.  247,  1855):  V  11-70,  Mo  20-14,  Pb 
55-01,  Mn,  &1  5-90,  Ou  M3,  sand  2*21,  aq  2'94=99'03.  Subtracting  the  lead  required  by  the  molyb- 
dic  acid  to  make  wulfenite,  it  leaves  22-82  p.  c.  for  the  11'70  of  vanadic  acid ;  which  is  nearer  the 
composition  of  descloizite  than  that  of  dechenite. 

'621.  VANADINITB.  Plomb  brun,  Braunbleierz  of  Zimapan,  early  authors.  Chromate  de 
Plomb  brun  (from  Descotil's  anal.)  Brongn.,  Min.,  ii.  204,  1807.  Vanadinbleierz  G.  Hose,  Pogg., 
xxix.  455,  1833.  Vanadinit  v.  Kob.,  Grundz.,  283,  1838.  Vanadate  of  Lead.  Yanadinspath, 
Vanadinbleispath,  Vanadinsaures  Blei,  Germ.  Plomo  pardo  Domeyko. 

Hexagonal.  In  simple  hexagonal  prisms,  and  prisms  terminating  in 
^planes  of  the  pyramids  1,  f ,  1-2,  and  2-2  ;  1  A  1,  over  terminal  edge,  142° 
•58',  0  A  1=140°  34',  /A  1=130°.  Usually  in  implanted  globules  or  incrus- 
tations. 

H.=2-75-3.  G.=6-6623-7-23;  6*886,  Carinthia, Kamm. ;  6'863,Bere- 
^sof,  Struve.  Lustre  of  surface  of  fracture  resinous.  Color  light  brownish- 


TUNGSTATE8,    MOLTED ATES,    VAN  ABATES.  611 

yellow,  straw-yellow,  reddish-brown.      Streak  white  or  yellowish.     Sub- 
translucent — opaque.     Fracture  uneven,  or  flat  conchoidal.     Brittle. 

Oomp — Pb8  V  +  i  Pb  Cl= Vanadate  of  lead  90-3,  chlorid  of  lead  9-7=100.  Analyses :  1,  Ber- 
zelius  (Schw.  J.,  Ixiii.  119);  2,  R.  D.  Thomson  (Thorns.  Min.,  i.  574);  3,  Damour  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III. 
xi.  161) ;  4,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  316) ;  5,  6,  Struve  (Verh.  Min.  Ges.  St.  Petersb.,  1857) : 

V        Pb        Pb        Cl        P" 

1.  Zimapan  74'00  25*33         ,  Pe2fl8  0-67  =  100  Berz. 

2.  Scotland  23-44    66'33     7'06     2'45 ,  Pe  and  Si  0-16=99-43  Thomson. 

3.  ?  15-86     63-73     6'62     2'26     ,  2n6'35.Cu  2-96,fi  3-80=101-60  D. 

4.  Oarinthia  17-41     69'68     6'52     2'23      0'95=96'79  Ramra. 
6.  Beresof  16'98     71'73     7'18     2'46      3-08=101-43  Struve. 
6.        "                   14-54    71-14    7'18     2'46      2-79=98-11  Struve. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  yields  a  faint  white  sublimate.  B.B.  fuses 
easily,  and  on  charcoal  to  a  black  lustrous  mass,  which  in  R.F.  yields  metallic  lead  and  a  coating 
of  chlorid  of  lead ;  after  completely  oxydizing  the  lead  in  O.F.  the  black  residue  gives  with  salt 
of  phosphorus  an  emerald-green  bead  in  R.F.,  which  becomes  light  yellow  in  O.F.  Gives  the 
chlorine  reaction  with  the  copper  test.  Fused  with  3  parts  of  bisulphate  of  potash  forms  a  clear 
yellow  mass,  which  on  cooling  reddens,  becoming  finally  of  a  pomegranate-yellow  color.  Decom- 
posed by  muriatic  acid. 

If  nitric  acid  be  dropped  on  the  crystals  they  become  first  deep  red  from  the  separation  of 
vanadic  acid,  and  then  yellow  upon  its  solution. 

Obs.— This  mineral  was  first  discovered  at  Zimapan  in  Mexico,  by  Del  Rio.  It  has  since  been 
obtained  among  some  of  the  old  workings  at  Wanlockhead  in  Dumfriesshire,  where  it  occurs  in 
small  globular  masses,  sprinkled  over  calamine,  or  forming  thin  coatings  on  the  surface  of  that 
mineral,  and  also  in  hexagonal  crystals,  the  largest  not  more  than  £  in.  across ;  also  at  Beresof  in 
the  Ural,  with  pyromorphite ;  and  near  Windisch  Kappel  in  Carinthia,  in  crystals,  the  angles 
as  above  given.  This  mineral  has  never  been  found  at  Wicklow,  Ireland,  although  so  reported  by 
Thomson  (Greg  and  Lettsom). 

Schabus  gives  for  the  forms  from  Windisch  Kappel  I,  1 ;  I,  1,  |;  I,  1,  2-2  ;  0,  I,  1,  f ;  0, 1,  1, 
1-2.  The  basal  angle  of  pyramid  1  in  different  crystals  was  78°  46'— 78°  54'.  The  angles  are 
very  near  those  of  mimetite  and  pyromorphite,  the  basal  angle  in  the  former  being  79°  24'  — 80° 
43' ;  and  in  pyromorphite  of  Bleistadt,  80°  40'  (Pogg.,  c.  297). 

Kokscharof  regards  the  crystals  from  Beresof  as  pseudomorphs  after  pyromorphite;  and 
Struve  observes  that  the  crystals  contain  at  centre  a  portion  of  unaltered  pyromorphite  (Min. 
Russl.,  iii.  44).  Del  Rio  discovered  this  species  at  Zimapan,  and  obtained  from  it,  in  1801,  80-72 
of  oxyd  of  lead,  and  14-8  of  a  new  metallic  acid,  the  basis  of  which  he  called  Erythronium.  This 
result  was  set  aside  by  himself  in  the  Ann.  des  Sci.  Nat.  de  Madrid,  Feb.  1804  (Ann.  d.  M.,  iv. 
1819),  and  also  by  Descotils  in  the  Ann.  Ch.,  liii.  1805,  both  of  whom  made  the  acid  the  chromic, 
and  the  mineral  a  brown  chromate  of  lead.  The  metal  vanadium  was  not  discovered  by  Sefstrom 
until  1830,  and  then  in  iron  made  of  ore  from  Taberg.  Sweden ;  and  in  the  same  year  Wohler 
showed  that  Del  Rio's  lead  ore  was  a  vanadate. 

622.  VOLBORTHITE.    Hess,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet,  iv.  1838,  and  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xiv.  52.     Knauffite. 
Yanadate  of  Copper.     Vanadinsaures  Kupfer. 

Hexagonal.  In  small  six-sided  tables,  often  aggregated  in  globular  forms. 
Cleavage :  in  one  direction  very  perfect. 

H.=:3— 3'5.  G.=3'55,  Credner.  Lustre  pearly  to  vitreous.  Color 
olive-green,  citron-yellow.  Streak  clear  yellowish-green,  nearly  yellow. 
Thin  splinters  translucent. 

Oomp. — According  to  Hess  (1.  c.)  a  hydrous  vanadate  of  copper. 

Fyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  easily  to  a  black  bead,  which  in  the  inner  flame  becomes 
blackish-gray.  "With  soda  on  charcoal  yields  copper ;  with  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  reac- 
tions for  copper.  Fused  with  soda  in  the  platinum  spoon,  the  mass  yields  on  treatment  with 
water  a  solution  which,  acidulated  with  muriatic  acid  and  boiled,  gives  an  emerald-green  solu- 
tion, and  this  diluted  with  water  becomes  blue ;  v.  KobelL 

Obs. — From  Syssersk  and  Nischne  Tagilsk  in  the  Urals,  where  it  was  found  by  Dr.  A.  Volborth ; 
and  from  several  mines  of  the  Permian  formation  in  the  government  of  Perm,  especially  at  the 
Alexandroff  mine  in  the  Motowilich  District. 


612  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

622A.  VANADATB  OP  LIME  AND  COPPER  (Kalk-Volborthit).  Near  volborthite,  but  containing 
lime  and  found  at  Friederichsrode  in  Thuringia.  There  are  two  varieties,  according  to  Credner 
(Pogg  Ixxiv.  546,  1848);  (1)  a  green,  in  thin  tables,  cleaving  easily  in  one  direction,  greenish- 
vellow  in  streak,  pearly  in  lustre,  with  Gr.=3-495;  (2)  a  gray,  fine  crystalline  granular,  brown- 
ish-yellow in  streak,  with  H.=3'5,  and  G.  =  3'860. 

Analyses  by  Credner  (1.  c.): 

V          Cu        Ca        Mg     Mn      fl 

1  Green  (f)  36-58      44-15     12-28     0'50    0-40    4'62,  gangue  0-10=98-63. 

2  Liqht-qreen         [36-91]     38-90     17-40     0'87     0'53     4-62,  0-77  =  100. 

3.  Gray  39'02      38-27     16*65     0-92     0'52     5'05,       "       0'76=101-18. 

The  results  correspond  most  nearly  with  the  formula  (Cu,  Ca)4  T+aq.  The  ratio  of  Cu  to  Ca 
in  No.  1  is  about  5  :  2;  and  in  2  and  3,  3  :  2. 

623.  CHILEITE  Kenng.,  Mohs'sche  Min.,  28,  1853  (Yanadate  of  Lead  &  Copper  Dom&yko,  Ann. 
d.  M.,  IV.  xix.  150,  1848  ;  Vanadinkupferbleierz).  This  ore  has  a  dark  brown  or  brownish-black 
color,' and  has  been  observed  only  in  an  earthy  state,  looking  much  like  a  ferruginous  clay  or 
earth.  It  occurs  in  cavities  in  an  arseno-phosphate  of  lead  along  with  amorphous  carbonates  of 
lead  and  copper.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  and  affords  a  black  pearl,  a  little  blebby ;  gives  a  clear  green 
pearl  with  salt  of  phosphorus  or  borax,  and  a  globule  of  lead  containing  copper  on  charcoal.  In 
nitric  acid  easily  soluble. 

COMP. — Pb6  V  +  Cu8  V.    Analyses  by  Domeyko  (1.  c.) : 

V       Is       £        Cu        Pb     PbCl    Ca    3Pe,3tl    Si        £ 

1.  13-5      4-6      0-6      14-6      54-9       0'3       0'5       3-5       I'O      2'70,  clay  1-0=97-2. 

2.  13-33     4-68     0'68     16-97     51 '97     0'3f     0'58     3'42     1'33     2'70,     "     l-52=97'55. 

Considering  the  arsenic  and  phosphoric  acids  as  combined  with  lead,  constituting  the  arseno- 
phosphate  with  which  the  mineral  is  associated,  the  analysis  affords  very  closely  the  above 
formula. 

This  ore  occurs  at  the  silver  mine  called  Mina  Grande,  or  Mina  de  la  Marqueza,  in  Chili,  till 
recently  worked  for  copper  and  silver. 

623A.  Vanadate  from  the  Lake  Superior  Copper  Region.  An  ore  similar  in  color  and  clayey 
appearance  to  Domeyko's  mineral,  has  been  announced  by  J.  E.  Teschemacher  among  specimens 
from  the  Cliff  Mine,  in  the  Lake  Superior  Copper  Eegion.  The  presence  of  vanadium  was  ascer- 
tained by  both  blowpipe  and  acid  tests.  The  color  is  a  dark  chocolate,  and  also  a  bright  yellow. 
The  exact  state  of  composition  of  the  vanadic  acid  is  doubtful.  There  is  no  oxyd  of  lead  in  the 
ore,  and  the  brown  variety  is  mixed  with  an  earthy  oxyd  of  iron ;  when  carefully  separated  from 
the  gangue  it  was  found  to  contain  no  copper.  This  Min.,  531,  1850. 


6.  SULPHATES,  CHROMATES,  TELLUEATES. 

In  crystalline  form,  specific  gravity,  and  color,  the  Sulphates  vary  almost 
indefinitely.  The  hardness  is  not  above  4.  The  Chromates  have  bright, 
deep  red,  and  green  to  brown  colors,  with  the  hardness  2'5— 3'5.  No 
native  hydrous  chromates  are  known. 

The  compounds  of  sulphates  and  carbonates,  or  sulphato-carbonates, 
have  the  crystallization  of  the  sulphates,  the  carbonic  acid  being  wholly 
subordinated,  as  regards  the  form  produced,  to  the  sulphuric,  the  more 
powerful  acid.  Thus  leadhillite  is  homoeomorphous  with  anglesite,  celes- 
tine,  etc.,  susannite  with  dreelite,  and  lancvrkite  with  glauberite ;  and  these 
species  are  accordingly  here  included. 

General  Pyrognostic  Characters  of  the  Sulphates.  The  sulphates  of  the  alkalies,  the  alkaline  earths, 


SULPHATES,    CHROMATES,    TELLTTRATES.  613 

and  oxyd  of  lead,  are  not  decomposed  by  heating  in  the  matrass  or  closed  tube ;  other  sulphates, 
such  as  those  of  protoxyd  of  iron,  manganese,  etc.,  are  partially  decomposed  with  the  evolution 
of  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  acids.  On  charcoal  the  sulphates  of  the  alkalies  and  alkaline  earths 
are  in  R.F.  reduced  to  sulphids,  which,  moistened  with  dilute  muriatic  acid,  evolve  sulphuretted 
hydrogen ;  the  other  sulphates  thus  treated  give  off  sulphurous  acid,  and  leave  earths  or  metallic 
oxyds,  or  metals  or  metallic  sulphids,  and  sometimes,  where  the  metal  is  volatile,  coat  the  coal 
with  oxyd.  All  non-volatile  sulphates  when  fused  with  soda  or  neutral  oxalate  of  potash  on 
charcoal  yield  a  hepatic  mass,  which  is  more  or  less  absorbed  by  the  coal ;  when  this  is  removed, 
and  placed  on  a  bright  clean  surface  of  silver  with  a  drop  or  two  of  water,  it  stains  the  metal  yel- 
lowish-brown to  black  from  the  formation  of  sulphid  of  silver ;  treated  with  muriatic  acid  the 
fused  mass  evolves  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  In  soluble  minerals  the  sulphuric  acid  may  be  readily 
detected  on  adding  to  the  solution  a  few  drops  of  soluble  baryta  salt,  which  produces  a  white 
precipitate,  insoluble  in  acids  and  in  ammonia. 

•  •  I.  ANHYDROUS. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 
1.  Oxygen  ratio  between  bases  and  acid  I  :  3. 

I.  SULPHATITE  GROUP. 

625.  SULPHATITE  HS  S0a||02|lHa 

II.  CELESTITE  GROUP.     Orthorhombic;  /A 7=100° -105°. 


626.  ?TAYLORITE 

627.  APHTHITALITE  SCS  S02|02|Ka 

628.  MISENITE  (£K+|H)S  S02||02||(iKa+!H2) 

629.  THENARDITE  NaS 

630.  BARITE  BaS 

631.  CELESTITE  SrS 

632.  ANHYDRITE  CaS  S02||02J6a 

633.  ANGLESITE  PbS  SO2||e2||Pb 

634.  ?ZINKOSITE  2n*S 

635.  LEADHILLITE  PbS+3PbO  € 

IIL  CALEDONITE  GROUP.    Orthorhombic;  7 A  7=about  95°. 

636.  CALEDONITE.  ?PbS+(Pb,  Cu)C 

IV.  DREELITE  GROUP.    Rhombohedral  j  R  A  E=  92°— 94°. 


637.  DREELITE 

638.  SUSANNITE  PbS  +  3PbO 

639.  CONNELLTTE  ?  S,  Ou,  Cl 

Y.  GLAUBERITE  GROUP.     Monoclinic;  7 A  7=83°— 86°. 


640.  GLAUBERITE 

641.  LANARKTTE  PbS+PbC 


614:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

VI.  CROCOITE  GROUP.    Contain  chromic  acid.     Monoclinic. 

642.  CEOCOITB  PbCr  £fre,|e,|Pb 

2.  Oxygen  ratio  between  bases  and  acid  I  :  2. 

I.  Contain  chromic  acid  and  protoxyd  bases. 

643.  PHCENICOCHBOITE  Pb'Or3  era0sJO6lPb3 

644.  VAUQUELINITE  (f  Pb+£Cu)8Cr'  ^raO8fiO6I(fPb+i6u), 

645.  JOSSAITE 

II.  Contain  sesquioxyd  bases. 

646.  PETTKOITB  (i#e3+$3Pe)Sa 

647.  ALUMIAN  £lSa 

625.  SULPHATITB.    Sulphuric  Acid.    Schwefelsaure  Germ.    Sulphatite  Dana. 
Liquid.     G.=l*85.     Colorless.     Odor  pungent.     Taste  intensely  acid. 

Comp.  —  H  S=  Sulphuric  acid  81  '6,  and  water  18-4=100. 

Obs.  —  This  acid,  in  a  dilute  state,  has  been  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  several  volcanoes. 
It  occurs  near  Sienna,  in  the  cavities  of  the  small  volcanic  mountain  named  Zocolino,  and  in  a 
cavern  near  Aix,  in  Savoy.  Water  strong  with  sulphuric  acid  occurs  at  Alabama,  Genesee  Co., 
N".  Y.  ;  also  at  Tuscarora,  near  Brantford  ;  at  Chippewa,  Niagara,  and  at  St.  David's,  Canada 
West.  The  first  afforded  W.  J.  Craw  and  H.  Erni  for  1000  parts  of  water  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  ix. 
449),  and  the  Tuscarora  water,  T.  S.  Hunt  (Rep.  G.  Can.,  150,  1847,  545,  1863): 


FreeS      £eS      £lS3       6aS       ilgS       ±S  NaS         Si  NaCl 

1.  2-0122     0-4356     0'3702     1-1065     0'4592     0'1061  0'1196     0'0656  -  =4-6750  Erni. 

2.  2-0070     0-4266    0'3232     M161     0'5305     0'0822  0'0945     0'0363  0'0684=4-6848  Craw. 

3.  4-2895*0-3638     0'4681     0'7752     0'1539     0'0608  0'0502  -  P  ^.=6'1615  Hunt. 

a  SO3  HO. 

The  water  for  Hunt's  analysis  was  taken  in  October,  ]  847  ;  another  portion  taken  in  April, 
1846,  afforded  Croft  2-9069  of  sulphuric  acid,  with  the  bases  in  quite  different  proportions. 

The  specific  gravity  of  the  Alabama  water  is  1-00482  at  15°  C.,  Erni;  of  that  of  Tuscarora 
1-00558. 

Sulphuric  acid  results  from  the  oxydation  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Paramo  de  Ruiz  in  New  Granada,  and  Rio  Vinagre,  are  volcanic  localities. 

626.  TAYLORTTE.    Sulphate  of  Potash  and  Ammonia  W.  J.  Taylor,  Proc.  Ac.  N.  ScL  Philad.t 

309,  1859. 

In  small  compact  lumps  or  concretions  ;  structure  crystalline. 
H.=2.     Color  yellowish-white.     Taste  pungent  and  bitter.     Unalterable 
in  the  air. 

Comp.—  (£  K  0  +  £  N  H4  0)  S  03=  Sulphuric  acid  47  -8,  potash  47  -0.  ammonia  5-2=100.  Anal 
lyses:  W.  J.  Taylor  (1.  c.)  : 

S  Na  &       NH40 

1.  48-40        1*68        43-45        5-37,  org.  matter  <r.=98'90. 

2.  48-30  46-49  5-10,    "        "       *r.=99'89. 


ANHYDROUS  SULPHATES,  CHKOMATES.  615 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  platinum  foil  blackens  and  fuses  with  difficulty,  leaving  a  white  bead, 
which  is  soluble  hi  water  and  tastes  a  little  saline  and  bitter.  Heated  hi  a  platinum  crucible 
becomes  first  black  and  then  snow-white,  not  fusing  at  a  high  heat  (Taylor). 

Obs, — From  the  guano  beds  of  the  Chincha  Islands. 

An  artificial  sulphate  of  potash  and  alumina  is  described  by  Link  as  early  as  1796,  in  Orell's 
Annalen,  i.  29. 

627.  APHTHITALITE.  Yesuvian  Salt  Smifhson,  PhiL  Trans.  R.  Soc.,  1813.  Aphthalose 
Send.,  Tr.,  ii.  477,  1832.  Aphthitalite,  Shepard,  Min.,  i.  36,  1835.  Arcanite  Raid.,  Handb., 
492,  1845.  Glaserite  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1847.  Sulphate  of  Potash.  Schwefelsaures  Kali, 
Kah'sulphat,  Germ.  Potasse  sulfatee  Fr. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=104°  52',  O  A  1-*=119°  46';  a  ill  c=l'749  : 
1  :  1*3.  Observed  planes :  0,  1-5,  -J-2,  i-i,  l-£,  j-£,  i-Z,  1,  2-2.  O  A  %-i= 
149°  46',  0  A  £-2=146°  4',  l-l  A  1-z,  basal,=120°  29',  14  A  1-2,  id.,=106° 
46',  |-2  A  -J-2,  id.,=60°  28',  £-2  A  £-2=67°  52'.  Occurs  in  thin  tables,  and  in 
blades  made  up  of  aggregated  crystals ;  also  massive,  or  imperfectly  mam- 
millary,  and  in  crusts. 

H.=3— 3'5.  Gr.  =  l'731.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclined  to  resinous.  Color 
white,  sometimes  tinged  with  blue  or  green.  Transparent  to  translucent, 
or  opaque.  Taste  saline  and  bitter,  disagreeable.  Unalterable  in  the  air. 

Comp. — K  S= Potash  54*1,  sulphuric  acid  45*9=:  100.  A  specimen  from  Vesuvius  contained 
Sulphate  of  potash  71*4,  sulphate  of  soda  18*6,  chlorid  of  sodium  4'6,  chlorid  of  ammonium,  copper, 
and  iron  5-4—100  (Phil.  Trans.,  1813). 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  before  the  blowpipe  without  intumescence.     Soluble  hi  water. 

Obs. — Found  at  Vesuvius,  upon  lava,  in  delicate  crystallizations,  and  also  in  masses  an  inch  or 
more  in  thickness. 

Named  aphthalose  by  Beudant,  in  1832,  from  a^Qiros,  unalterable,  and  3A?,  salt;  and  changed,  by 
Shepard,  to  the  less  incorrect  form  from  these  Greek  words,  aphthitalite.  Glaserite  was  used  in  the 
last  edition  of  this  work,  a  name  given  by  Hausmann  in  1847,  after  the  chemist  Christoph  G-laser 
(1664),  the  salt  having  been  early  called  Sal  polychrestum  Glaseri.  But  if  aphthitalite  is  rejected, 
Arcanite  of  Haidinger  (derived  from  one  of  its  alchemistic  names,  Arcanum  duplicatum)  comes  next 
in  order  of  priority. 

628.  MISENITE.    A.  Scacchi,  Mem.  G.  sulla  Campania,  98,  1849. 
In  silky  fibres  of  a  white  color.     Soluble ;  taste  acid  and  bitter. 
Comp.— K  S+H  S.    Analysis  by  Scacchi  (1.  c.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Iv.  54): 

S  56-93  K  36-57  £l  0'38  fl  6-12  =  100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  easily  in  the  flame  of  a  spirit  lamp,  imparting  a  violet  color  to  it.    Soluble 
hi  water. 
Obs. — Occurs  in  a  hot  tufa  cavern,  near  Misene. 

629.  THENARDITE.    J.  L.  Casaseca,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxxii.  308,  1826.    Anhydrous  Sulphate 
of  Soda.    Pyrotechnite  Scacchi,  Mem.  Incend.  Vesuv.  Napoli,  1855. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=103°  26',  0  A  1-2=120°  36',  Hausmann;  a  :  b  :  c 
=1-6905  :  1  :  1'267,  0  A  1-2=126°  517,  l-i  A  1-2,  top,=73°  42',  basal=106° 
18',  1  A  1=135°  41X,  123°  43r,  74°  187.  Cleavage:  basal,  nearly  perfect. 

H.=2— 3.  Gr.=2'55,  Streng;  2'73,  Casaseca.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color 
white  to  brown.  Translucent. 

Comp.— ISTa  S=Soda  56-3,  sulphuric  acid  43-7=100  Analyses :  1,  Casaseca  (L  c.) ;  2,  A.  Dick 
(PhiL  Mag.,  IV.  v.  373);  3,  Streng  (Jahrb.  Min.  1863,  566) : 


616 


OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 


1.  Espartinas 

2.  Tarapaca 

3.  Bolivia 


S             tfa  K  H           Cl 

99-18  ,  Na  C  0-22— 100  Casaseca. 

55-11         42-37  ,  insol.  2'19=99'67  Dick. 

54-31         41'52  0'46  0'60  O'Ol,  insol.  3'39=  100*29  Streng. 


Pyr.,  etc. — Colors  the  blowpipe  flame  deep  yellow.     Wholly  soluble  in  water. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  Spain,  at  Espartinas,  5  leagues  from  Madrid  and  2£  from  Aranjuez.  The 
water  exudes  during  winter  from  the  bottom  of  a  basin,  and  becoming  concentrated  in  the  sum- 
mer season,  deposits  crystals  of  thenardite.  Also  in  iiitre  plains  of  Bolivia;  at  Tarapaca,  with 
glauberite  and  ulexite,  the  crystals  of  which  locality  give  some  of  the  angles  nearly  of  trona, 
according  to  H.  J.  Brooke  (L  c.).  Also  on  the  scoria  of  Vesuvius  (pyrotechnite)  of  the  eruption  of 
1855 ;  on  solution  and  evaporation,  octahedral  crystals  were  obtained  by  Scacchi  having  the 
planes  I,  1-i,  1,  3-3,  with  /A  7=118°  37',  1-*  A  14,  over  base,  =  128°  58',  1  A  1,  basal,  =  13  5°  21', 
pyramidal,  =  123°  39',  74°  36',  3-3  A  3-3,  basal,=:153°  41',  pyramidal,  63°  48',  123°  2'. 

Kayser  has  analyzed  an  acicular  sajine  efflorescence  from  a  mine  near  Clausthal,  and  obtained 
(B.  H.  Ztg.,  xviii.  1859,  No.  18)  Na  S  91-95-3,  Mg  S  1'6-4'0,  Fe  S  0-2,  Ca  S  I'G-l'S,  with  H 
1-1-8. 


630.  BARITE.  Lapis  Bononiensis,  Litheosphonis,  F.  Licetus,  Utini,  1640;  Mentzel,  in  Misc. 
Ac.  N.  Cur.,  1673,  1674,  and  Lap.  Bon.  in  obscuro  lucens,  1675.  (1)  Lysesten,  Bononiensisksten, 
Gypsum  irregulare,  lameUosum,  etc..  Wall.,  Min.,  56,  1747 ;  (2)  Marmor  metallicum,  Spatum 
tessulare  (G-.  =4-266),  id.,  58,  1747.  (1)  G-ypsum  spatosum  pt.,  Marmor  metallicum,  Spatum 
Bononiense  (G.=4-5),  Tungspat,  Cronst.,  Min.,  21,  1758;  (2)  Terra  calcarea  phlogisto  et  acido 
vitrioli  mixta,  Leswersten,  Lapis  hepaticus,  id.,  25,  1758.  Gypsum  ponderosum  v.  Born, 
Lithoph.,  i.  14,  1772.  Spath  pesant  ou  seleniteux  de  Lisle,  Crist.,  1772,  with  figs. ;  ib.,  1783. 
Heavy  Spar;  Bolognian  Spar;  Cauk,  Calk,  Cawk,  Derby sh.  Miners,  Withering,  Phil.  Tr.,  1784. 
Schwerspath  Wern.,  etc.  Spathum  ponderosum = Terra  ponderosa  vitriolata  Bergm.,  Sciagr., 
1782.  Sulphate  of  Baryta.  Baryte  sulfatee  Fr.  Schwefelsaures  Baryte  Germ.  Stangenspath 
Wern.  Strahlbaryt.  Baroselenite  Kirw.,  Min.,  i.  136,  1794.  Barytite  Delameth.,  T.  T.,  ii.  8, 
1797.  Baryt  Kcurst.,  Tab.,  38,  75,  1800.  Baryte  H.,  Tr.,  ii.  1801.  Barytine  Beud.,  Tr.,  441. 
1824.  Barytes. 

Hepatit  Karst,  Tab.,  38,  75,  1800;=Lapis  hepaticus  Cronst.,  v.  supra  ;=Terr.  pond.  vit. 
petroleo  imbuta  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  1782;=Leberstein  pt.  Germ.  ;=Fetid  Heavy  Spar.  Allomor- 
phit  Breith.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xv.  322,  1838.  Calstronbarite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  ScL,  xxxiv.  161,  1838. 
Barytocolestin  v.  WaUersh.,  Pogg.,  xciv.  137,  1855. 

a 


605 


Orthorhombic.  7A  7=101°  40',  0  A  14=121°  50' ;  a:l\  c=l'6107  : 
1  :  1*2276.  Observed  planes :  0 ;  vertical,  7,  ^'4,  i4,  £-},  *-2,  i-\  *-| ,  ^-2, 
'i-3 ;  macrodomes,  -J-4,  -J-4,  -|4,  J4,  -J-4,  ^4,  14,  J-^  ;  brachy domes,  -|4,  j--?-, 
H  14 ;  octahedrons,  -*-,  \,  J,  4,  J,  f ,  1 ;  1-2,  |-3  ;  H  1-2,  |-3. 

1  A  1,  mac.,=lll°  38r 
1  A  1,  brae., =91  22 
1  A  1,  bas.,=128  36 
^'-2  A  ^-2=135  40 
i-l  A  ^-2=116  55 
•|-^  A  4-*,  top,  =  102  17 
14  A  14,    "    =63  40 

44  AH    " 

14  A  14,    " 

a  A  7=129 


0  A  %-i=  Ul  8 
0  A  14=121  50 
0  A  |-3=111  36 
O  A    =152  33 


0  -A  4=145  IT 
O  A  1=115  42 
O  A  £4=146  43 
O  A  14=127  18 
0  A  i-l  or  ^4=90 


=113  2 

=74  36 
10 

27 


Crystals  usually  tabular,  as  in  figures  ;  sometimes 


ANHYDROUS    SULPHATES,    CHEOMATES. 


617 


prismatic  in  the  direction  of  the  vertical  axis  (f.  507).  Cleavage  :  basal  rather 
perfect ;  I  somewhat  less  so  ;  i-'i  imperfect.  Twins :  plane  of  composition 
irl,  the  compound  character  being  apparent  in  the  striae  of  the  plane  O. 
Also  in  globular  forms,  fibrous  or  lamellar,  crested ;  coarsely  laminated, 
laminae  convergent  and  often  curved ;  also  granular ;  colors  sometimes 
banded  as  in  stalagmite. 

507 

506 


Cheshire. 


Virginia. 


IL-^2-5-3-5.  G.=4-3— 4-72  ;  4-4864,  G.  Kose,  a  pure  colorless  crystal. 
Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous ;  sometimes  pearly.  Streak  white. 
Color  white ;  also  inclining  to  yellow,  gray,  blue,  red,  or  brown,  dark 
brown.  Transparent  to  translucent — opaque.  Sometimes  fetid,  when 
rubbed.  Optic-axial  plane  brachydiagonal. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  Crystals  usually  broad  or  stout;  sometimes  very  large,  weighing  100 
Ibs. ;  sometimes  in  slender  needles.  Dauber,  after  careful  measurements,  made  /  A  1=  101°  40',  and 
0  A  £-i=141°  6',  varying  but  two  minutes  in  the  latter  from  former  measurements  (Pogg.,  cviii. 
440).  (6)  Crested;  massive  aggregations  of  tabular  crystals,  the  crystals  projecting  at  surface  into 
crest-like  forms,  (c)  Columnar ;  the  columns  often  coarse  (Siangenspath)  and  loosely  aggregated, 
and  either  radiated  (strahlbaryt)  or  parallel ;  rarely  fine  fibrous.  Werner's  stangenspath  was  from 
Freiberg,  (d)  In  globular  or  nodular  concretions,  subfibrous  or  columnar  within.  Bologna  Stone 
is  here  included,  being  radiated,  globular,  often  reddish-gray  in  color.  It  is  from  a  bed  of  clay  in 
Mt.  Paterno,  near  Bologna,  and  was  early  a  source  of  wonder  because  of  the  phosphorescence  it 
exhibited  after  heating  with  charcoal.  "  Bologna  phosphorus  "  was  made  from  it  in  the  form  of 
sticks,  by  powdering  the  mineral  and  uniting  it  again  with  gum.  (e)  Lamellar,  either  (a)  straight 
or  (/?)  curved ;  the  latter  sometimes  as  aggregations  of  curved  scale- like  plates  (the  krumschaliger 
Schwerspath  of  "Werner).  (/)  Granular,  (g)  Compact  or  cryptocrystalline.  (h)  Earthy,  (i)  Sta- 
lactitic  and  stalagmitic ;  similar  in  structure  and  origin  to  calcareous  stalactites  and  stalagmites. 

2.  Fetid;  so  called  from  the  odor  given  off  when  struck,  which  odor  is  due  to  carbonaceous 
matters  present.     (Anal.  6-8.) 

3.  Altomorphite  Breith. ;  a  kind  having  the  form  and  cleavage  of  anhydrite,  and  found  at  Unter- 
wirbach,  near  Budolstadt,  in  Schwarzenburg ;  Gr.=4'36— 4'4=8.   Probably  pseudomorphous ;  Breit- 
haupt  regards  it  as  a  case  of  dimorphism. 

4.  CaLcareobarite  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  105)  is  a  white  barite  from  Strontian  in  Argyllshire,  con- 
taining, probably  as  mixture,  6'6  p.  c.  of  lime,  and  some  silica  and  alumina.     He  found  S  35'23,  Ba 
48-95,  Sr  0-79,  Ca  6'60,  Fe  0-45,  Si  4'14,  A1!  3'46,  moisture  0'57  =  100'19;  £.=4-1907.     A  part 
of  the  krumschaliger  Schwerspath  of  Werner — specimens   from  Freiberg — is  referred  here  by 
Breithaupt,  who  gives  for  /A  7101°  53',  and  Gr.=4'02— 4'29. 

5.  Celestobarite ;  the  spar  containing  much  sulphate  of  strontian,  as  that  of  Binnen  valley, 
Switzerland  (anal.  2),  to  which  von  Waltershausen  applied  the  name  baryto-celestine,  and  also  that 
of  anal.  3,  4.    The  angles  of  the  Binneii  spar,  according  to  Hugard,  are  intermediate  between  those 
of  barite  and  celestite. 

6.  Calstronbarite,  from  Schoharie,  N.  T.,  has  the  aspect  of  a  mere  mixture.     Shepard  made  it  a 
compound  (1.  c.)  of  carbonates  of  strontia  (22*30)  and  lime  (12'15),  with  65-55  p.  c.  of  sulphate  of 
baryta,  and  says  it  is  partly  soluble  in  muriatic-acid  with  effervescence.    Von  Hauer  found  a  specimen 
from  Schoharie  labelled  calstronbarite  to  consist  of  sulphates  alone. 

Gawk  is  the  ordinary  barite  of  the  Derbyshire  lead  mines.  Withering,  who  first  analyzed  it 
(Phil.  Trans.,  Ixxiv.  293,  1784),  describes  it  as  occurring  in  roundish  forms,  consisting  of  rhom- 
boidal  laminae  confusedly  aggregated  and  white  or  reddish  hi  color,  with  G.— 4*330;  and  a  second 


618 


OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 


BaS 

SrS 

CaS 

Fe 

Si,  Xl 

C,  Bit. 

H 

99-37 





0-12 





=99-49  Stromeyer. 

87-79 

9-07 





2-83 



=98-15  Waltershausen. 

83-48 

15-12 



0-25 

0-89 



=99-74  Rammelsberg. 

86-00 

6-75 





5-75 



0-37=98-87  Jordan. 

83-10 

710 

6-12 

1-83 





=99-74  Heidingsfeld. 

93-55 

3-58 

0-87 

2-00 

John. 

92-75 



2-00 

1-50 



2-00 

1-25  John. 

85-25 



6-00 

5-00  £1  1-00 

0-50 

2-25  (loss  incl.)  Klaproth. 

variety  as  radiated  fibrous,  somewhat  silky  in  lustre,  and  at  times  concentric  in  structure,  yellow- 
ish-white, and  opaque,  with  G.=4'00.  Greg  &  Lettsom  (1858)  confine  the  term  to  an  opaque 
earthy  variety  of  the  Derbyshire  lead  mines. 

The  barite  of  Muszar,  Hungary,  and  of  Better,  near  Kosenau,  was  early  called  Wolnyn.  It  is 
common  barite,  in  crystals,  usually  oblong  in  the  direction  of  the  vertical  axis,  and  generally  with 
i-l  and  0  large  and  also  i-2  large.  A.  Schrauf  mentions  the  following  as  other  occurring  planes  : 
0,  44,  1-i,  -K  44,  84,  2-?,  1-?,  1,  2,  1-2,  2-2,  3-3,  4-4  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  XYYIT.  286).  Leonhard 
says  that  at  Muszar  it  occurs  in  the  cavities  of  alumstone. 

Comp.— Ba  S=Sulphuric  acid  34'3,  baryta  65'7.  Sulphate  of  strontian  and  silica  are  often  pres- 
ent, and  sometimes  sulphate  of  lime,  clay,  bituminous  or  carbonaceous  substances.  Analyses:  1, 
Stromeyer  (Unters.,  222);  2,  Waltershausen  (Pogg.,  xciv.  133);  3,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  259); 
4,  Jordan  (Schw.  J.,  Ivii.  358);  5,  Heidingsfeld  (Ramm.  5th  Suppl.,  207);  6,  7,  John  (Unters.,  ii. 
73,  69);  8,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  v.  121): 

1.  Nutfield,  cryst. 

2.  Binneu,      " 

3.  Gorzig,       "    Irih. 

4.  Clausthal,  fol 

5.  Calstronbarytef 

6.  Kongsberg,  Hepatite 

7.  Andrarum,         " 

8.  "  " 

G.  of  anal.  2=3-977  ;  4,  4*4888. 

In  pure  colorless  crystals  from  Silbach,  of  G.=4-4864  (Rose),  Rammelsberg  found  no  impurities 
except  a  trace  of  strontian  (Min.  Ch.,  259).  Freiesleben  found  8  p.  c.  of  silica  in  a  variety  from 
.Nassau. 

AllomorpMte,  according  to  Gerngross,  contains  1'9  p.  c.  of  sulphate  of  lime  as  impurity,  but  von 
Hauer  found  none  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  1853,  152). 

Fyr.,  etc. — B.B.  decrepitates  and  fuses  at  8,  coloring  the  flame  yellowish-green ;  the  fused 
mass  reacts  alkaline  with  test  paper.  On  charcoal  reduced  to  a  sulphid.  With  soda  gives  at 
first  a  clear  pearl,  but  on  continued  blowing  yields  a  hepatic  mass,  which  spreads  out  and  soaks 
into  the  coal.  If  a  portion  of  this  mass  be  removed,  placed  on  a  clean  silver  surface,  and  mois- 
tened, it  gives  a  black  spot  of  sulphid  of  silver.  Should  the  barite  contain  sulphate  of  lime,  this 
will  not  be  absorbed  by  the  coal  when  treated  in  powder  with  soda.  Insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs.— Occurs  commonly  in  connection  with  beds  or  veins  of  metallic  ores,  as  part  of  the  gangue 
of  the  ore.  It  is  met  with  in  secondary  limestones,  sometimes  forming  distinct  veins,  and  often 
in  crystals  along  with  calcite  and  celestite. 

At  Duftoii,  in  "Westmoreland,  England,  large  transparent  crystals  occur,  sometimes  of  gigantic 
dimensions;  some  were  found  lying  in  the  mud  at  the  bottom  of  a  cavern,  and  one  weighed  100 
Ibs.  Other  English  localities  exist  in  Cornwall,  near  Liskeard,  etc.,  in  Cumberland  and  Lanca- 
shire, in  Derbyshire,  Staffordshire,  etc. ;  fine  stalactitic  at  Newhaven  in  Derbyshire ;  in  Scotland, 
in  Argyleshire,  at  Strontian ;  in  Perthshire,  of  a  bright  yellow  color  at  Ballindean ;  at  the  Cumber- 
land lead  mine ;  in  Ireland,  in  thick  veins  in  old  red  sandstone,  at  Ballynasoreen  in  Londonderry. 

The  septaria  of  Durham,  England,  which  are  cut  and  polished  for  tables,  etc.,  have  the  veinings 
lined  with  brown  heavy  spar,  adding  much  to  their  beauty.  Some  of  the  most  important  European 
localities  are  at  Felsobanya  and  Kremnitz,  at  Freiberg,  Marienberg,  Clausthal,  Przibram,  and  at 
Roya  and  Roure  in  Auvergne. 

In  the  United  States,  in  N.  Hamp.,  at  Piermont.  In  Mass.,  at  Hatfield  and  Leverett.  In  Conn., 
at  Cheshire,  large  crystals,  sometimes  transparent  (f.  506,  and  simpler  forms),  intersecting  in  veins 
red  sandstone  with  vitreous  copper  and  green  malachite  5  at  Berlin,  Farmington,  and  Southiugton. 
In  N.  York,  at  Pillar  Point,  opposite  Sackett's  Harbor,  massive.  2-3  ft.  thick,  in  compact  lime- 
stone, affording  large  slabs,  beautiful  when  polished ;  at  Scoharie,  a  fibrous  variety  with  calcite, 
the  two  often  mechanically  mingled;  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  fine  tabular  crystals  in  De  Kalb,  at 
Fowler  with  specular  iron,  at  the  Parish  ore  bed,  and  on  the  farm  of  J.  Morse,  in  Gouverneur, 
with  calcite  and  hematite,  and  on  the  banks  of  Laidlaw  lake  in  Rossie ;  the  crested  variety  at 
Hammond,  with  crystals  of  pyrite ;  at  Wolcott,  "Wayne  Co.,  near  the  stratum  of  lenticular  iron 
ore,  and  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Mohawk,  opposite  Little  Falls.  In  Penn.,  in  crystals  at  Perkiomen 
lead  mine.  In  Virginia,  at  Eldridge's  gold  mine  'in  Buckingham  Co.  (fig.  507);  3  m.  S.W.  from 
Lexington,  in  Rockbridge  Co.;  a  beautiful  white  variety  on  the  plantation  of  J.  Hord,  Esq., 
Fauquier  Co.  In  Kentucky,  near  Paris,  in  a  large  vein.  In  Term.,  on  Brown's  Creek ;  at  Haysboro', 
near  Nashville;  in  large  veins  in  sandstone  on  the  W.  end  of  I.  Royale,  L.  Superior,  and  on  Spar 
Id.,  N.  shore,  one  vein  (containing  also  calcite)  14  ft.  wide,  sometimes  in  crystals;  in  trap  of  N. 


ANHYDEOUS    SULPHATES,    CHKOMATES. 


619 


shore,  veins  numerous.  In  Canada,  a  vein  27  in.  wide  at  Landsdown,  affording  fine  crystals. 
In  fine  crystals  near  Fort  Wallace,  New  Mexico. 

The  white  varieties  of  barite  are  ground  up  and  employed  as  a  white  paint,  either  alone  or 
mixed  with  white  lead. 

For  recent  papers  on  cryst.,  see  Dauber,  1.  c. ;  Pfaff,  Pogg.,  cii.  464 ;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  iii, 
and  iv.  Above,  the  cleavage  prism  is  made  the  vertical  I,  as  done  by  Phillips.  Brooke  and  Miller, 
and  many  other  authors,  this  position  giving  the  simplest  symbols.  Naumaun  makes  this  prism 
the  dome  \-l,  and  i-l  the  basal  plane  0,  while  0  above  is  his  i-l.  The  planes  following  the  order 
on  page  616,  are,  in  Naumann's  position,  as  follows:  i-l]  "vertical,"  l-i,  i-l,  0,  f-i,  24,  4-£,  f-i,  ^-l, 
Hi  " macrodomes,"  i-8,  i-6,  i-\  t4,  4-3,  ^,J,  t-f;  "brachy domes,"  84,  24,  f-2,  14;  "octahe- 
drons," 8-^8,  6-6,  5-5,  4-4,  3-3,  2-2,  |-^  1;  2,  3-f ;  2-4,  1-2,  f-2. 

Named  from  fiaoos,  weight,  or  fiapvs,  heavy. 

Alt. — Heavy  Spar  occurs  altered  to  calcite,  spathic  iron,  cerussite,  quartz,  limonite,  red  iron 
ore,  pyrite,  psilomelane,  gothite. 


631.  OELESTITB.  Fasriger  Schwerspath  [=Fibrous  Heavy  Spar]  (fr.  Frankstown,  Pa.) 
Schutz,  Beschr.  Nordamer.  Foss.,  12,  Leipz.,  1791.  Schwefelsaurer  Strontianit  aus  Pennsyl- 
vanien  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  ii.  92,  1797.  Strontiane  sulfatee  (fr.  Sicily)  (after  Vauquelin's  anal.)  Dok- 
mieu,  J.  de  Phys,,  xlvi.  203,  1798  (disc,  by  D.  in  S.  in  1781).  Ccelestin  Wern.,  Min.  Syst.,  1798; 
Lenz,  Min.,  233,  1800 ;  Karst.,  Tab.,  54,  95,  1808.  Sicilianite  Lenz,  Min.,  233,  1800.  Schiitzit 
Gerhard,  G.  Karst.,  Tab.,  36,  75,  1800.  Zolestin  other  Germ.  Orthogr. 
Barytosulphate  of  Strontian  Thorn.,  Min.,  i.  Ill,  1836. 

Orthorhombic.  7  A  7=104°  2'  (103°  30'-104°  30'),  0  A  14=121°  19i' ; 
a  :  I  :  <?=1'6432  :  1  :  1-2807.  Observed  planes  :  0 ;  vertical,  i4,  7,  i-l,  i-2, 
i-$  ;  domes,  J-i,  -J4,  £4,  |-i,  14 ;  -£%4,  J4,  J4,  \\  |4,  14,  24 ;  octahedral, 
J,  ^,  1 ;  in  the  zone  1 : 14, 1-S,  1-3,  1-4,  1-6,  1-16 ;  in  the  zone  1: 14,  -f-f, 
f ~5>  f  "i  f"8,  f f-24 ;  in  the  same  horizontal  zone  with  |4,  f-Te,  f-6,  f-4 ;  also 

4-1,  Hs  f«,  2-4. 


0  A  J-S=157°  38' 
6^  A  $4=140  35 
6>  A  £4=129  3 
O  A  J=152  29 
6^  A  1=115  38 

508 


(9  A  14=127°  56' 
6^  A  1-2=123  17 
O  A  1-3=125  38 

0  A  1-4=126  35 

1  A  1,  mac.,=112  35 


1  A  1,  brach.,=89°  26' 
1  A  1,  basal, =128  44 
fc-2  A  ^5=114  44 
J4  A  -H,  top, =101  11 
14  A  14,  top,=75  52. 


509 


L.  Erie. 


Cleavage :  0  perfect ;  7  distinct ;  i-l  less  distinct.     Also  fibrous  and  radi- 
ated ;  sometimes  globular ;  occasionally  granular. 

H.=3-3-5.  G.=3-92-3-975;  3'9593,  crystals,  Beudant;  3'973,  fr. 
Tharand,  Breith. ;  3'96,  fr.  Kingston,  Hunt.  Lustre  vitreous,  sometimes 
inclining  to  pearly.  Streak  white.  Color  white,  often  faint  bluish,  and 
sometimes  reddish.  Transparent— sub  translucent.  Fracture  imperfectly 
conchoidal — uneven.  Yery  brittle.  Trichroism  sometimes  very  distinct. 


620 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Van— 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  In  crystals.  The  angle  /  A  /  varies  much,  and  probably  in  part 
in  consequence  of  the  presence  of  some  baryta  or  lime.  It  was  made  by  Haiiy  104°  48'  but 
with  the  common  goniometer;  by  Kupffer,  104°  20';  by  Phillips  104  ;  by  Mohs  103  5 ;  by 
Websky,  in  an  elaborate  paper  on  crystals  from  Pschow  in  Upper^  Silesia  (ZS.^G.^ix.  303),  lo3  32  , 
and 
measurements 


mean 

crystals,  ___   _   —  ,  - 

(6)  Fibrous,  either  paraUel  or  radiated,     (c)  Lamellar  ;  of  rare  occurrence. 
Concretionary.     (/)  Earthy;  impure  usually  with  carbonate  of  lime  or  clay. 

2.   Ccdciocelestite.     Containing  much  lime, 

3  Barytocelestite,  or  Baryto-sulphate  of  strontia  of  Thomson,  from  Drummond  L,  L.  Erie,  con- 
tain's  much  baryta.  Hugard  gives  for  /A  /  in  this  Drummond  I.  variety  103|°,  an  angle  inter- 
mediate between  that  of  barite  and  celestite  (see  below). 

Comp.—  Sr  S=Sulphuric  acid  43-6,  strontia  56'4=100.  Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (L  c.);  2,  Vauque- 
c.)-  3  4,  6  7,  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  203);  5,  Maddrell  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  260);  8,  R.  Brandes 


S 

Sr 

1.  Frankstown,  Pa. 

42 

58 

2.  Sicily 

46 

54 

3.      " 

43-07 

56-35 

4.  Dornburg 
5.          " 

42-95 
43-75 

56-26 
54-73 

6.  Siintel,  Hanover 

42-74 

55-18 

7.  Dehrself,     " 

42-94 

55-01 

8.  Fassa 

40-85 

51-93 

9.  Ischl 

43-82 

55-96 

10.  Erfurt 

43-68 

53-39 

.  ,        , 

(Schw.  J.,  ad  177);  9,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Eeichs.,  iv.  397);  10,  Schmid  (Pogg.,  cxx.  637): 

Ba  Ca  £e 

-  -  -  =100  Klaproth. 

-  -  -  =100  Vauquelin. 

-  -  0-03,  CaC  0-09,  H  0'18=99'72  Stromeyer. 

-  -  0-03,  3tl  0-05,  CaC  O'lO,  H,  Bit.  0-10=99'49  S. 

-  1-41  —  =99-90  Maddrell. 

0-86  0-31  0-04,  CaC  0-02,  ft  0-05  =  99-20  Stromeyer. 

0-64  --  0-65,  Si  0-11,  H  0;25  =  99'58  Stromeyer. 

1-23  -  0'50,  Si  I'OO,  Ca,  S,  C  1*83=97-34  Brandes. 

-  -  -  ,  H  0-41=100-19  Hauer. 
0-51  1-26  0'28  =  99'12  Schmid. 

Wicke  found  in  celestite  from  a  stratum  pf  clay  near  Wassel  —  the  calciocelestine  (Arch.  d. 
Pharm.,  cUi.  32>—  Sr  S  91'464,  Ca  S  8'313,  Fe  0-003=99-780  ;  G.=4'020.  It  may  be  only  a 
mixture. 

Thomson  gives  for  the  composition  of  the  Drummond  I.  celestite  —  barytocelestite  (1.  c.)  —  S  40-20, 
Sr  35-72,  Ba  23-06,  Fe  0-59,  H  0-72=100-29,  and  G.  =  3'921.  But  his  analysis  needs  confirma- 
tion. The  celestite  of  Kingston,  C.  W.,  which  Thomson  ranks  with  that  of  Drummond  L,  is  pure 
celestite  according  to  T.  S.  Hunt;  it  has  G.  =  3'96.  In  the  radiated  mineral  from  Norten,  Han- 
over, Turner  found  (Ed  PhD.  J.,  ii.  329)  Sr  S  78-21,  BaS  20-41  =98-62;  and  Gruner  (Gilb.  Ann., 
Ix.  72)  SrS  73'00,  BaS  26-17,  who  analyzed  crystals  of  a  bluish  milk-white  color,  having  G.= 
3-9506. 

Wittstein  finds  that  the  blue  color  of  the  celestite  of  Jena  is  due  to  a  trace  of  a  phosphate  of 
iron. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  frequently  decrepitates,  fuses  at  3  to  a  white  pearl,  coloring  the  flame  stron- 
tia-red;  the  fused  mass  reacts  alkaline.  On  charcoal  fuses,  and  in  R.F.  is  converted  into  a  diffi- 
cultly fusible  hepatic  mass;  this  treated  with  muriatic  acid  and  alcohol  gives  an  intensely  red 
flame.  With  soda  on  charcoal  reacts  like  barite.  Insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs.  —  Celestite  is  usually  associated  with  limestone,  or  sandstone  of  Silurian,  Devonian,  Juras- 
sic, and  other  geological  formations.  Occurs  also  in  beds  of  gypsum,  rock  salt,  and  clay;  and 
with  sulphur  in  some  volcanic  regions. 

Sicily,  at  Girgenti  and  elsewhere,  affords  splendid  groups  of  crystals  along  with  sulphur  and 
gypsum.  Fine  specimens  are  met  with  at  Bex  in  Switzerland,  and  Conil  in  Spain  ;  at  Dornburg, 
near  Jena,  fibrous  and  bluish  ;  in  the  department  of  the  Garonne,  France  ;  in  the  Tyrol  ;  Retz- 
banya,  Hungary;  at  Norten,  in  Hanover;  in  rock  salt,  at  Ischl,  Austria.  Also  found  at  Aust 
Ferry,  near  Bristol;  in  trap  rocks  near  Tantallan,  in  East  Lothian  ;  at  the  Calton  Hill,  Edinburgh; 
near  Knaresborough,  in  Yorkshire  ;  at  Popayan,  New  Grenada. 

Specimens,  finely  crystallized,  of  a  bluish  tint,  are  found  in  the  Trenton  limestone  about  Lake 
Huron,  particularly  on  Strontian  Island,  and  at  Kingston  in  Canada;  Chaumont  Bay,  Schoharie, 
and  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  have  afforded  good  specimens  ;  also  the  Rossie  lead  mine  ;  DepauviUe  and 
Stark  (farm  of  James  Coill),  N.  Y.  A  blue  fibrous  celestite  occurs  near  Frankstown,  Logan's  Val- 
ley, Huntiugton  Co.,  Penn.,  associated  with  pearl  spar  and  anhydrite,  and  this  was  the  celestite 
taken  to  Europe  by  Schiitz,  and  named  by  Werner  after  an  analysis  by  Klaproth. 

The  dark  blue  fibrous  celestite  of  Jena  is  peculiarly  trichroic  ;  and  its  color  also  varies  with 
the  angle  between  the  principal  cleavage  and  the  direction  of  the  fibres  ;  the  color  with  the  angle 
86°,  dark  blue;  67°,  sky  blue;  46°,  pale  blue  (Schmid,  Pogg.,  cxx.  637). 

Named  from  ccelestis,  celestial,  in  allusion  to  the  faint  shade  of  blue  often  presented  by  the 
mineral. 


ANHYDROUS    SULPHATES.    CHKOMATES. 


621 


Artif. — Obtained  in  crystals  at  a  temperature  of  300°  C.  from  solution  in  water  (Dr.  Sullivan) ; 
in  lamellar  crystals  by  fusing  a  mixture  of  gypsum  and  common  salt,  and  treating  with  water ; 
A.  Gages. 

632.  ANHYDRITE.  Muriazit,  Salzsaurer  Kalk  (fr.  Hall,  Tyrol),  Abbe  Poda,  Fichtel's  Min.  Auf- 
siitze,  Wien,  1794,  228.  "Wiirfelspath  Wern.,  1800,  Ludwig's  Min.,  i.  51,  166,  1803=Cube  Spar. 
Soude  muriatee  gypsif^re  (of  Hall)  (from  Klapr.  anal  in  Beitr.,  i.  307,  1795)  H.,  Tr.,  ii.  1801.  Chaux 
sulfatee  anhydre  (fr.  Bex)  Vauq.,  H.,  Tr.,  iv.  1801.  Anhydrit  Wern.,  1803,  Ludw.,  ii.  212,  1804. 
Wurfelgyps  Ludwig,  ii.  169.  Anhydrous  Sulphate  of  Lime,  Anhydrous  Gypsum.  Karstenit 
Hausm.,  Handb.,  880,  1813. 

Gekrosstein  (fr.  Bochnia  and  Wieliczka)  Wern. ;  Tripe  Stone  Engl. ;  Pierre  de  tripes  Fr.  ;= 
Anhydrit  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iv.  231,  1807.  Pierre  de  Vulpino ;  Manner  Bardiglio  di  Bergamo ;  Bar- 
diglione ;  Chaux  sulfatee  quartzifere  Vauq.,  H.,  Tr.,  iv.  251,  1801 ;  Siliceous  Anhydrous  Gyp- 
sum. Kieselgyps,  Vulpinit,  Ludwig,  ii  170,  1804. 

Orthorhombic.     /A  7=100°  30',  0  A  l-z=127°  19';  a  :  I :  c=l*3122  : 


1  :  1-2024.    Observed  planes 
14,  £4  ;  octahedral,  o,  n,f. 

(9  A  14=132°  30' 
0  A  f  2=110  8 
14  A  14,  top,  =85 

16 
A      ov.  *4,=122 

12 
26 
|  A  i-f,  ov.  £4,  =102  34 

8  A  ££=135  35 


0 ;  vertical,  /, 

510 


domes, 


A/=153  50 


A  n=UZ 


Aussee. 
A  o=124°  10' 


Fig.  511  view  of  front  side  of  a  thick,  rectangular,  somewhat  tabular 
crystal,  having  a  zone  of  planes  between  i-i  and  each  14,  or  the  correspond- 
ing edge.  Cleavage  :  i-i  very  perfect ;  i4  also  perfect ;  0  somewhat  less 
so.  Also  fibrous,  lamellar,  granular,  and  sometimes  impalpable.  The 
lamellar  and  columnar  varieties  often  curved  or  contorted. 

H.  =  3  -  3-5.  G.  =  2-899—2-985  ;  2*956,  Aussee  ;  2-985,  Stassfurt. 
Lustre :  i-l  and  i-l  somewhat  pearly ;  0  vitreous ;  in  massive  varieties, 
vitreous  inclining  to  pearly.  Color  white,  sometimes  a  grayish,  bluish,  or 
reddish  tinge  ;  also  brick-red.  Streak  grayish- white.  Fracture  uneven ; 
of  finely  lamellar  and  fibrous  varieties,  splintery.  Optic-axial  plane  paral- 
lel to  i-lj  or  plane  of  most  perfect  cleavage  ;  bisectrix  normal  to  0\ 
Grailich. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  Crystallized;  cleavable  in  its  three  rectangular  directions.  (6)  Fibrous  ; 
either  parallel,  or  radiated  or  plumose,  (c)  Fine  granular,  (d)  Scaly  granular.  Vulpinite  is  a  scaly 
granular  kind  from  Vulpino  in  Lombardy ;  it  is  cut  and  polished  for  ornamental  purposes.  It 
does  not  ordinarily  contain  more  silica  than  common  anhydrite.  A  kind  in  contorted  concretionary 
forms  is  the  tripestone  ( Gekrosstein). 

2.  Pseudomorphous ;  in  cubes  after  rock  salt. 

Comp. — Ca  S=Lime  41-2,  sulphuric  acid  58'8=100.  Analyses:  1,  Klaproth (Beitr.,  iv.  224); 
2-4,  Stromeyer  (Schw.  J.,  xiv.  375);  5,  C.  W.  C.  Fuchs  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxi.  198): 

S         Si        C       Fe       Ca        S      Bit. 

1.  Sulz,  cryst.  59'78     0'25     0-10    43-06     =103-19  Klaproth. 

2.  Himmelsberg,  cryst.    55-80    0'23    0'09    0-25    40-68    2'91     0'04= 100  Stromeyer. 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

S         Si       Pe        Ca        H 

3.  Vulpinite,  coarse          56'77     0-26    0-03    41 '40    0*94=99-40  Stromeyer. 

4.  "        fine  58-01     0-09     41-70    0'07 =99-86  Stromeyer. 

5.  Stassfurt,  cryst.  58-86     40-21     0-65=99'72  Fucha. 

Vauquelin  made  the  vulpinite  to  contain  8  p.  c.  of  silica  (and  hence  the  name  siliceous  anhydrite), 
which  the  later  analyses  do  not  sustain. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  at  3,  coloring  the  flame  reddish-yellow,  and  yielding  an  enamel-like  bead 
which  reacts  alkaline.  On  charcoal  in  RP.  reduced  to  a  sulphid;  with  soda  does  not  fuse  to  a 
clear  globule,  and  is  not  absorbed  by  the  coal  like  barite ;  is,  however,  decomposed,  and  yields  a 
mass  which  blackens  silver ;  with  fluorite  fuses  to  a  clear  pearl,  which  is  enamel- white  on  cooling, 
and  by  long  blowing  swells  up  and  becomes  infusible.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid. 

One  hundred  parts  of  water,  at  18*75°  C.,  dissolve  0'2  part  of  anhydrite. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  rocks  of  various  ages,  especially  in  limestone  strata,  and  often  the  same  that 
contain  ordinary  gypsum,  and  also  very  commonly  in  beds  of  rock  salt.  It  was  first  discovered 
at  the  salt  mine  near  Hall  in  Tyrol,  by  Abbe  Poda ;  and  next  that  of  Bex,  Switzerland.  Other 
localities  are  at  Aussee,  both  crystallized  and  massive,  the  former  sometimes  in  splendid  geodes 
(f.  511),  the  latter  brick-red;  at  Sulz  on  the  Neckar,  in  Wiirtemberg;  Himmelsberg,  near  Jlfeld; 
Bleiberg  in  Carinthia ;  Liineburg,  Hanover ;  Lauterberg  in  the  Harz ;  Kapnik  in  Hungary ;  Ischl 
in  Upper  Austria;  Aussee  in  Styria;  Berchtesgaden  in  Bavaria;  at  Rienthal  and  elsewhere  in 
the  Alps,  crystals,  or  their  cavities,  within  quartz  crystals  ;  Stassfurt,  in  fine  crystals. 

In  the  U.  States,  at  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  fine  blue,  in  geodes  of  black  limestone,  accompanied  with 
crystals  of  calcite  and  gypsum.  In  Nova  Scotia  it  forms  extensive  beds  at  the  estuary  of  the 
Avon  and  the  St.  Croix  rivers,  also  near  the  Five  Islands  and  elsewhere,  associated  with  gypsum, 
in  the  Carboniferous  formation. 

A  crystal  from  Hall,  figured  by  Haiiy,  was  a  stout  rectangular  prism,  with  planes  /  on  the 
lateral  edges,  giving  i-i  A  7=140°  4',  whence  /A  7=100°  8'.  The  Stassfurt  crystals  (f.  510, 
Blum,  Jahrb.  Min.  1865,  601)  have  nearly  the  ordinary  forms  of  barite,  and  approximate  to  them 
in  angles.  Schrauf  makes  the  angle  over  i-i  of  an  occurring  vertical  prism  (Pogg.,  cxvii.  650,  1862) 
120°,  and  v.  Rath  (Ber.  nied.  Ges.  Bonn.  201,  1862)  121°  24'.  Blum  states  that  the  prism  7  is 
the  most  common;  it  is  vertically  striated,  and  these  striations  are  formed  of  planes  of  the  other 
vertical  prisms  measured  by  him ;  measurements  only  approximations.  Schrauf  and  Blum  make 
the  angle  14  A  1-2=85°;  Fuchs  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxi.  198),  84£°;  and  v.  Rath,  84°  34'.  In  fig.  511 
the  plane  o  is  in  the  same  vertical  zone  with  s  •  and  if  o  is  made  the  plane  1  (as  done  by  Brooke 
and  Miller),  n  is  2-2,  and/ 3-3.  B.  and  M.  obtained  in  their  measurements  for  i-i  on/,  n,  o,  153° 
14',  143°  41',  and  123°  31'  (Phil.  Mag.,  III.  19,  178);  and  G-railich  and  Lang,  for  the  same  (Ber. 
Ak.  Wien,  xxvii.  25),  153°  60',  143°  37',  124°  10'.  The  latter  give  for  their  calculated  results, 
153°  18|',  142°  59^',  123°  32|'.  The  prism  *-?,  which  has  the  angle  102°  34',  may  be  that  homo- 
logous with  7 of  barite;  in  this  case  the  brachy diagonal  above  would  be  the  macrodiagonal. 

Alt. — Absorbs  moisture  and  changes  to  gypsum.  Extensive  beds  are  sometimes  thus  altered 
in  part  or  throughout,  as  at  Bex,  in  Switzerland,  where,  by  digging  down  60  to  100  ft.,  the 
unaltered  anhydrite  may  be  found.  Sometimes  specimens  of  anhydrite  are  altered  between  the 
folia  or  over  the  exterior.  Also  altered  to  quartz  and  siderite. 

633.  ANGLESITB.  Vitriol  de  Plomb  Monnet,  Syst.  Min.,  371,  1779.  Plumbum  acido  vitriolico 
mineralisatum  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  116,  1782.  Lead  mineralized  by  vitriolic  acid  Withering,  Trl. 
Bergm.  Sciagr.,  1783.  Lead  mineralized  by  vitriolic  acid  and  iron  (on  I.  Anglesea  "in  immense 
quantities ")  Withering,  ib.  Vitriol  de  Plomb  (fr.  Andalusia)  Proust,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxx.  394, 
1787.  Bleiglas  (fr.  the  Harz)  Lasius,  Beob.  Harzgeb.,  ii.  355,  1789.  Nat.  Bleivitriol  Karsten, 
Tab.,  24,  1791.  Lead  Vitriol,  Sulphate  of  Lead.  Vitriolbleierz  Germ.  Plomb  sulfate  Fr. 
Anglesite  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  459,  1832.  Sardinian  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  320,  1865,  xxv.  194, 
1866. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=103°  43|' ;  0  A  14=121°  20J',  Kokscharof; 
a  :  I :  <J=1'64:223  :  Ij  1-273634.  Observed  planes :  0 ;  vertical,  7,  i-l,  i-i, 
fc-2,  t-A,  t-|,  £2,  t-3,  i-f , ;  domes,  £4,  \-l ;  \-\,  £-{,  1-2,  3-1 ;  octahedral,  £,  £, 
t>  *,  1,  2;  H,  1-2;  2-J, ;  f  2,  f  2,  1-2,  2-2,  1-3,  f-3  ;  14,  2-4. 

0  A  £4=140°  37'  0  A  f  2=147°  1-1'  0  A  1=115 

0  A  14=127  48  0  A  34=104  30  <?  A  £=133  46 


ANHYDROUS    SULPHATES,    CHKOMATES. 


623 


0  A  2= 

i-i  A  7= 

£IA*-2 

^4  A  £4 

U  A  7= 

7A  ^-2 

7A  ^-2 


103°  28' 

14:1  52 
158  34 

=139  23 

138  8 
163  18 
160  38 


7A  ^-3=141°  8' 

7Al=15424£ 

7A  2=166  32 

14  A  1-2=153  17 

14  A  2-4=156  44 

1  A  1-2=151  32 

1  A 


1  A  £4=147°  25' 
14  A  14,  top,=75 
14  A  14,  ov.  ^4, =104  244 
£4  A  £4,  top,  =  101  14    ' 
£-2  A^'-2,front,=137  8 
^-2  A  i-2,  ov.  *4,=115  1 
fc-3  A  ^-3,  ov.  ^4, =134  0 


513 


514 


612 


Siegen. 


Anglesea. 


Siegen. 


Crystals  sometimes  tabular ;  often  oblong  prismatic,  and  in  the  direction 
of  either  of  the  axes ;  as  the  vertical  axis  in  f.  515  ;  the  macrodiagonal  in 
f.  512,  516 ;  the  brachydiagonal  in  f.  513  ;  also  thick  and  short,  as  in  f.  514 ; 
also  sometimes  in  octahedral  forms,  mofe  or  less  modified,  made  principally 
of  planes  1-2,  as  in  f.  517 ;  or  of  planes  1 ;  or  1-3,  or  14.  Cleavage :  7,  0, 
but  interrupted.  The  planes  7  and  ^4  often  vertically  striated,  and  -J-4 
horizontally.  Also  massive,  granular,  or  hardly  so.  Sometimes  stalactitic. 
H.=2'75-3.  G.=6-12-6'39;  6*35,  Phenixville,  Smith.  Lustre  highly 
adamantine  in  some  specimens,  in  others  inclining  to  resinous  and  vitreous. 
Color  white,  tinged  yellow,  gray,  green,  and  sometimes  blue.  Streak 
uncolored.  Transparent — opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Very  brittle. 

Oomp. — f»bS= Sulphuric  acid  26-4,  oxyd  of  lead  73-6=100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Klaproth  (Beitr., 
iii.  162);  8,  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  226);  4,  Thomson  (Min,  i.  559);  5,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  ScL,  IL 
xx.  244): 


624:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

5  Pb  £e         ft 

1.  Wanlockhead  25'75  70-50  2-25=98-50  Klaproth. 

2.  Anglesea  24-8  7 I'D  I'D  2-0=98-8  Klaproth. 

3.  Zellerfeld  26'09  72-47  £efisO '09  0'51,  Mn  0-07  =  99-23  Strom. 

4.  LeadhiUs  25'65  74'05  0-80=100  Thomson. 

5.  Phenixville          (f)  26'69  73'26  ,  Si  0-20=99-95  Smith. 

Fyr.,  etc. — B.B.  decrepitates,  fuses  in  the  flame  of  a  candle  (F.  =  1'5).  On  charcoal  in  O.F. 
fuses  to  a  clear  pearl,  which  on  cooling  becomes  milk-white ;  in  E.F.  is  reduced  with  effervescence 
to  metallic  lead.  With  soda  on  charcoal  in  R.F.  gives  metallic  lead,  and  the  soda  is  absorbed  by 
the  coal :  when  the  surface  of  the  coal  is  removed  and  placed  on  bright  silver  and  moistened  with 
water  it  tarnishes  the  metal  black.  Difficultly  soluble  in  nitric  acid.  Soluble  in  citrate  of  ammo- 
nia (J.  L  Smith).  Soluble  in  22,816  parts  of  water  of  11°  C  (Fresenius).  Soluble  1  part  in  30,062 
of  water  (Rodwell). 

Obs.— This  ore  of  lead  was  first  observed  by  Monnet  as  a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  gale- 
nite,  and  it  is  often  found  in  its  cavities.  At  Leadhills  it  occurred,  occupying  the  cubical  cavities 
of  galenite,  or  disposed  on  the  surface  of  the  ore ;  and  this  locality,  and  also  that  of  Wanlock- 
head, formerly  afforded  large  and  beautiful  crystals,  some  transparent  and  several  inches  in 
diameter.  First  found  in  England  at  Parrs  mine  in  Anglesea.  Occurs  also  at  Melanoweth  in 
Cornwall ;  hi  Derbyshire  and  in  Cumberland  in  crystals  ;  Clausthal,  Zellerfeld,  and  Giepenbach,  in 
the  Harz ;  near  Siegen  in  Prussia ;  Schapbach  in  the  Black  Forest,  Badenweiler  in  Breisgau  ; 
and  in  Sardinia  in  small  but  perfect  transparent  crystals ;  Fondon  in  Granada ;  massive  in 
Siberia,  Andalusia,  Alston  Moor  in  Cumberland ;  in  Australia,  whence  it  is  exported  by  the  ton 
to  England. 

In  the  United  States  it  occurs  in  large  crystals  at  Wheatley's  mine,  Phenixville,  Pa.  (f.  512,  513, 
514);  less  well  crystallized  in  Missouri  lead  mines;  at  the  lead  mine  of  Southampton,  Mass. ;  at 
Rossie,  ST.  T. ;  with  galenite  at  the  Walton  gold  mine,  Louisia  Co.,  Va. 

Named  from  the  locality,  Anglesea,  where  it  was  first  found  by  Dr.  Withering. 

For  recent  papers  on  cryst.,  Kokscharof,  Min.  Russl.,  i.  34,  ii.  167,  iii.  243,  elaborate ;  v.  Lang, 
Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  very  elaborate ;  Zepharovich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  v.  i.  369. 

Sardinian  is  distorted  anglesite  from  Monteponi  in  Sardinia,  with  which  Richter  found  it  to 
agree  in  composition;  Gr.=6-380— 6-392  ;  H.=3— 3'5  ;  white  and  like  anglesite  in  lustre.  Breit- 
haupt  makes  it  hemidomatic  (monoclinic  or  hemihedral) ;  and  found  for  the  fundamental  prism  the 
angle  101°  52' ;  and  says  that  the  bisectrix  of  the  optical  angle  is  normal  to  a  plane  truncating 
an  edge  of  the  fundamental  prism,  and  not  to  the  base  as  in  anglesite.  The  optical  fact  stated 
shows  that  the  prism  is  normally  orthometric ;  and  if  the  plane  referred  to  be  made,  the  base 
(or  plane  0)  then  the  mineral  agrees  with  anglesite,  both  crystallographically  and  optically.  The 
so-called  fundamental  prism  is  prism  -H  of  anglesite,  which  has  the  angle,  as  above  given,  101° 
14'.  The  form  approaches  fig.  516  above. 

Alt — Anglesite  occurs  altered  to  cerussite  (Pb  C) :  also  to  a  hydrous  anglesite,  according  to 
Breith. 


634.  ZINKOSITE.    Zinkosit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xi.  100,  1852.    Anhydrous  Sulphate  of  Zinc. 

According  to  Breithaupt,  this  sulphate  occurs  at  the  mine  of  Barranco  Jaroso  in  the  Sierra 
llmagrera,  Spain,  in  crystals  isomorphous  with  anglesite  and  barite.  Doubtful.  G-. =4-331. 

535.  LEADHILLITE.  Plomb  carbonate  rkomboidal  Bourn.,  Cat.,  p.  343,  1817.  Sulphato- 
tricarbonate  of  Lead  Brooke,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  iii.  117,  1820.  Leadhillite  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  366,  1832. 
Bleisulphotricarbonat,  Ternarbleierz,  Weiss.  Psimythit  Glocker,  Syn.,  256,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=103°  16',  0  A  14=120°  10';  a,  :  I  :  0=1-7205  : 
1  :  1-2632.  Observed  planes  as  in  f.  518,  with  also  i-2  replacing  edge 
between  /and  i-l.  Hemihedral  in  /and  some  other  planes  ;  hence  mon- 
oclinic in  aspect,  or  rhombohedral  when  in  compound  crystals. 

0  A  £4=150°  10'  i-l  A  -§-4=156°  27'        i4  A  7=128°  22' 

0  A  £=126  11  a  A  f  5=128  14  i4  A  ^'-2=111  36 

&4  A  |4=119  50  i4  A  £=111  30  i4  A  ^4=90 


ANHYDROUS    SULPHATES,    CHROMATES. 

518  519  520 

It 


625 


521 


522 

Cleavage  :  w  very  perfect ;  i-i  traces.  Twins,  f.  520, 
521  (drawn  with  i4  as  top  plane),  consisting  of  3 
crystals ;  composition-face,  14  (see  f.  522)  ;  also  par- 
allel with  /. 

H.=2-5.  G.=6'26— 6-44.  Lustre  of  i4  pearly, 
other  parts  resinous,  somewhat  adamantine.  Color 
white,  passing  into  yellow,  green,  or  gray.  Streak 
uncolored.  Transparent  —  translucent.  Conchoidal 
fracture  scarcely  observable.  Rather  sectile. 

Oomp.— PbS+3  PbC= Sulphate  of  lead  27-45,  carbonate  of  lead  72-55=100. 
1,  Berzelius  (Jahresb.,  ill  134);  2,  Stromeyer  (Gel.  Anz.  Gott,  113,  1825): 


Analyses : 


1.  Leadhills      PbS  28-7 

2.  "  28-3 


Pb  C  71-0=99-7  Berzelius. 
72-7  =  100  Stromeyer. 


Pyr,,  etc. — B.B.  intumesces,  fuses  at  1-5,  and  turns  yellow;  but  white  on  cooling.  Easily 
reduced  on  charcoal.  With  soda  affords  the  reaction  for  sulphuric  acid.  Effervesces  briskly  in 
nitric  acid,  and  leaves  white  sulphate  of  lead  undissolved. 

Obs. — This  ore  has  been  found  at  Leadhills,  with  other  ores  of  lead ;  also  in  crystals  at  Red 
Gill,  Cumberland,  and  near  Taunton  in  Somersetshire.  Grenada  is  also  stated  to  be  a  locality  of 
it,  and  the  island  of  Serpho,  Grecian  Archipelago.  The  crystals  seldom  exceed  an  inch  in  length, 
and  are  commonly  smaller.  Reported  by  C.  U.  Shepard  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  446)  from  Newbergt 
District,  S.  C.,  but  there  is  some  doubt  as  to  the  locality ;  also  from  the  Morgan  silver  mine,  Spar- 
tanburg  District,  S.  C. 

Brooke  and  Miller,  who  show  that  the  form  of  leadhillite  is  orthorhombic,  make  the  prism  $-i  (of 
120"  20')  the  fundamental  vertical  prism,  and  appear  to  regard  the  species  as  related  to  aragonite. 
The  fact  that  the  twins  are  not  formed  parallel  to  the  faces  of  this  prism  (as  they  should  be  if 
the  prism  %-i  were  homologous  with  the  aragonite  prism),  and  the  close  approximation  in  angle 
to  auglesite,  shown  above,  besides  other  reasons,  have  led  the  author  to  adopt  the  position  of  the 
crystals  here  given,  which  exhibits  the  anglesite  relation.  Susannite  (rhombohedral)  and  leadhil- 
lite (orthorhombic)  are  mutually  dimorphs,  and  so  also  are  dreelite  and  anglesite.  Now  susannite 
and  dreelite  are  nearly  identical  in  angle ;  and  therefore  leadhillite  and  anglesite  must  be  equally 
related.  Since  in  susannite  the  sulphuric  acid  dominates  over  the  carbonic  acid,  and  impresses  on 
the  lead  salt  its  character  (or  the  form  of  the  sulphate),  the  same  should  be  the  case  with  its  cor- 
relate leadhillite — this  species  being  the  very  same  chemical  compound.  (See  on  this  subject, 
Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xviii.).  The  hemihedrism  of  the  species  gives  origin  to  the  peculiar  rhombohe- 
dral aspect  of  the  twins.  The  angles  of  these  twins  are  near  those  of  susannite.  Pig.  1  is 
partly  from  Mohs,  with  other  occurring  planes,  and  is  introduced  to  show  the  relations  of  the 
planes  hi  the  position  of  the  crystal  adopted. 

On  crystallization,  Haidinger,  Ed.  Phil.  Trans.,  x.  217 ;  B.  &  M.,  Min.,  563. 

636.  CALEDONITE.     Cupreous  Sulphato-Carbonate  of  Lead  Brooke,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  iii.  117, 
1820.    Caledonite  Beud.,  Tr.,  iL  367,  1832. 
40 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Orthorhombic.    /A  7=95°,  0  A  14=123°  9' ;  a :  I :  <?=1'5314 :  1 : 1-0913. 

Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure. 
623  Q  A  14=125°  29',  0  A  24=108°  5',  0  A  •£= 

125°  50',  tf  A  1=115°  43',  /A  i4=132°  30', 
1  A  1,  pyr.,=105°  and  96°  45'.  Cleavage :  7 
and  0  indistinct,  i4  more  obvious.  Crystals 
sometimes  large;  usually  minute;  occasion- 
ally in  divergent  groups. 

H.=2'5— 3.  Gr.=6'4.  Lustre  resinous. 
Color  deep  verdigris-  or  bluish-green  ;  inclin- 
ing to  mountain-green  if  the  crystals  are  deli- 
cate. Streak  greenish-white.  Translucent. 
Fracture  uneven.  Rather  brittle. 

Comp. — Sulphate  of  lead  combined  with  carbonate  of  copper  and  lead.    Analysis  by  Brooke 

Pb  S  55-8  Pb  C  32-8  Ou  C  11-4=100  Brooke, 

corresponding  nearly  to  3  Pb  S  +  2  Pb  C+Cu  C,  or  H  Cu  & 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  easily  reduced.  Partially  soluble,  with  a  slight  effervescence,  in 
nitric  acid,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphate  of  lead  (Brooke). 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Leadhills,  Scotland,  accompanying  other  ores  of  lead,  hi  crystals  with  linarite ; 
at  Bed  Gill  in  Cumberland ;  also  at  Retzbanya  in  Hungary ;  Tanne  in  the  Harz.  Said  to  occur 
at  Mine  la  Motte,  Missouri.  The  above  figure  is  by  Brooke  of  a  Leadhills  crystal 

$37.  DREELITE.    Dreelite  Dufrenoy,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  Ix.  102,  1835.    Dreeit  Glocker,  Syn., 

261,  1847. 

Ehombohedral.  R  A  72=93°  or  94°.  Cleavage:  rhombohedral,  in 
traces. 

H.=3'5.  G.=3*2— 3'4.  Lustre  pearly  ;  splendent  on  a  surface  of  frac- 
ture. Streak  and  color  white. 

Comp.— Ca  S  +  3  Ba  S.    Analysis  by  Dufre'noy  (1.  c.) : 

BaS  61-73    CaS  14-275    CaCs-05     Si  9'7l    £l  2'405     Ca  1-52    fi  2-31=100. 

Obs. — In  small  unmodified  crystals,  disseminated  on  the  surface  and  in  the  cavities  of  a 
quartzose  rock,  at  Beaujeu,  France,  Dept.  of  the  Rhone ;  also  at  Badenweiler  (Baden). 

Named  by  Dufrenoy  after  Mr.  de  Dree,  a  liberal  patron  of  science. 

Thomson  has  analyzed  another  compound  of  the  sulphates  of  baryta  and  lime  (Min.,  i.  106), 
•consisting  of  71'9  of  the  former  to  28*1  of  the  latter ;  it  was  from  Harrowgate  in  Yorkshire. 

-638.  SUSANNTTE.    Sulphato-tricarbonate  of  Lead  pt.  (fr.  Susanna  mine,  Leadhills)  Brooke, 
Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  iil  117,  138,  1827.    Suzannit  Haid.,  Handb.,  505,  1845. 

625  Ehombohedral.    E  A  #=94°,  0  A  72=128°  3r ; 

0=1-1062.  Observed  planes :  -2,  O,  i,  2,  4,  -1-4. 
O  A  2=111°  137,  O  A  4=101°  30r,  2  A  2=72°  30r. 
Cleavage  :  0  easily  obtained. 

H.=2'5.  Gr.=6'5— 6'55.  Lustre  resinous — 
adamantine.  Color  white,  green,  yellow,  brown- 
ish-black. Streak  uncolored. 

Comp.— Same  as  for  leadhillite.    Analysis  by  Brooke  (1.  c.): 
Sulphate  of  lead  27'5,  carbonate  of  lead  72-5. 
Crystals  from  Nertschinsk,  analyzed  by  Kotschubey,  having  G. 


524 


A^HYDKOTJS   SULPHATES,    CHROMATES. 


627 


=6'526 — 6'55,  and  therefore  probably  susannite  rather  than  leadhillite,  afforded  him  (Koksch. 
Min.  RussL,  76,  1853)  PbS  27-05,  Pb  0  74'26=101-31 ;  and  PbS  26'91,  PbC  72-87=99-78. 

Obs. — In  attached  crystals  at  the  Susanna  mine,  Leadhills  in  Scotland  ;  at  Moldawa  in  Hun- 
gary ;  Nertschinsk  hi  Siberia.  Formerly  referred  to  leadhillite,  the  compound  crystals  of  which 
it  resembles. 

The  rhombohedron  R  of  susaunite.  as  it  is  assumed  by  Haidinger,  equals  very  nearly  -2  of  dree- 
lite,  which  it  is  here  made. 

639.  CONNELLITE.  Copper  Ore  of  an  azure-blue  color,  composed  of  needle  crystals  (fr. 
Wheal  Providence)  RasUeigh,  Brit.  Min,,  ii.  13,  pi.  12,  f.  1,  6, 1802.  Sulphato-chloride  of  Copper 
Connel,  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  1847.  Connellite  Dana,  Min.,  523,  1850. 

Hexagonal.  0  A  1=126°  50' ;  a=l'1562.  Observed  planes 
as  in  the  annexed  figure.  From  the  measurements  of  Maske- 
lyne,  w=if-^ .  Crystals  slender,  or  acicular ;  like  f.  526  ;  and 
also  hexagonal  prisms  (i-2),  with  the  pyramid  1. 

1  A  1,  ov.  summit,=73°  40' 

1  A  7=143  10 

1  A  1,  adj.,=132  50 

1  A  ^-2=133  53 

w  A  w'=163  50 


w  A  w"=l$r  10' 
w  A -£-2=156  2 
w  A  7=166  54 
w  A  1=152  37 
/A  ^-2=150 


Lustre  vitreous.     Color  fine  blue.     Translucent. 


Wheal  Unity? 


Oomp. — From  trials  by  ConneU,  contains  oxyd  of  copper,  sulphuric  acid,  and  chlorid  of  copper, 
and  supposed  to  be  a  compound  of  a  sulphate  and  chlorid  of  copper. 

Easily  soluble  in  nitric  or  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.— In  Cornwall,  at  Wheal  Unity  and  Wheal  Damsel,  in  slender  crystals,  not  over  ^  in. 
in  diameter  and  -fa  in.  thick ;  Maskelyne,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  ixv.  39,  whence  the  above  figure. 


640.  GLAUBERITE.    Glauberite  Brongniart,  J.  d.  M.,  xxiii.  5,  1808.    Brongniartin  v.  Leorih. 

Handb.,  270,  1826. 


Monoclinic. 


(7=68°  16'  /A  7=83°  20',  0  A  14=136° 


528 


30'  ;  a  :  b  :  c=0'8454  :  1  :  0-8267. 
vertical.  7,  i4\  hemidomes.  2-i,  &- 
1,3,-1;  3-3. 


Observed  planes  :  0  ; 
hemioctahedral,  -I,  i, 


0  A  ^=111°  44' 
0  A  1=136  49 
0  A  3=88  57 
0  A  7=104  15 


-1  A -1=116°  20' 

1  A  1=95  22 
3-3  A  3-3=136  8 


Cleavage :  0  perfect. 

H.=2-5— 3.  G.=2-64— 2-85.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color 
pale  yellow  or  gray ;  sometimes  brick-red.  Streak  white. 
Fracture  conchoidal ;  brittle.  Taste  slightly  saline. 

Var. — The  above  angles  are  from  Brooke  &  Miller.  Senannont  found  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III. 
xxxvl  157)  /A  7=82°  86'— 83°  15',  0  A  1=137°  37',  0  A  3=89°  6',  0  A  7=104°  52'  — 105°  17', 
-1  A  -1=116°  18'  — 116°  52',  3-3  A  3-3=135°  20'. 


628  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


)  S=Sulphate  of  soda  51-1,  sulphate  of  lime  48-9=100  ;  or,  Sulphuric  acid 
57-5,  lime  20'1,  soda  22*4.  Analyses:  1,  Brongniart  (1.  c.);  2,  v.  Kobell  (GeL  Anz.  Miinchen, 
Jahrb.  Min.  1846,  840);  8,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ac.  Wien);  4,  Hayes  (J.  Nat.  H.  Soc.  Bost,  iv.  498); 
5,  Ulex  (Ann.  Ch,  Pharm.,  ]px.  51);  6,  Pisani  (C.  R,  li.  731): 

S  Ca  Na          Cl  £e 

1.  Villa  Rubia  56'5  20-2  23'3  -  -  =100  Brongniart. 

2.  Berchtesgaden        57'29  21-04  21'27  -  -  =99'60  Kobell. 
8.  Ischl                         57-52  20-37  21*87         0  31  -  =100'07  Hauer. 

4.  Tarapaca  57'22        20-68        21-32       -        0-14=99'36  Hayes. 

5.  "  55-0  19-6  21-9    _    -       -  ,  B  3'5  =  100  Ulex. 

6.  Yarengeville  NaS  50-50        CaS  48-78        clay  0-40=99-68  Pisani. 

No.  5  was  mixed  with  some  ulexite  ;  No.  6  was  brick-red,  friable,  and  resin-like. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  decrepitates,  turns  white,  and  fuses  at  1'5  to  a  white  enamel,  coloring  the 
flame  intensely  yellow.  On  charcoal  fuses  in  O.P.  to  a  clear  bead  ;  in  E.P.  a  portion  is  absorbed 
by  the  charcoal,  leaving  an  infusible  hepatic  residue.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  the  reaction  for 
sulphuric  acid.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid.  In  water  it  loses  its  transparency,  is  partially  dissolved, 
leaving  a  residue  of  sulphate  of  lime,  and  in  a  large  excess  this  is  completely  dissolved.  On  long 
exposure  absorbs  moisture  and  falls  to  pieces. 

Obs.  —  In  crystals  in  rock  salt  at  Villa  Rubia,  near  Ocana,  in  New  Castile  ;  also  at  Aussee,  in 
Upper  Austria;  in  Bavaria;  at  the  salt  mines  of  Vic,  in  France  (0  A  7=104°  11',  Dufr.);  at 
Varengeville,  near  Nancy,  a  red  variety  in  salt  with  polyhalite  and  anhydrite  ;  and  at  Borax 
Lake,  California,  in  blue  clay,  at  a  depth  of  40  ft.,  having  been  obtained  in  an  Artesian  boring. 
Province  of  Tarapaca,  Peru  (affording  the  above  figure  and  Senarmont's  angles),  with  ulexite. 

Artif.  —  On  the  artificial  preparation  of  glauberite,  J.  Fritzsche,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxii.  291.  On  cryst., 
Senarmont,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xxxvL  157. 

641.  IiANARETTR  Sulphato-Carbonate  of  Lead  Brooke,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  iii.  117,  1820.  Lanarkite 
Bend.,  Tr.,  ii  366,  1832.  Dioxylith  Breith.,  Char.,  1832.  Kohlenvitriolbleispath,  Halbvitriol- 
blei,  Germ. 

Monoclinic.    /A  7=85°  48';  i-$/\i-$,  front,=49°  50',  Greg;  #,A  -1-i 
=120°  45'.     Plane  £2  usually  rounded,  and  the 
629  crystals  aggregated  lengthwise,  and  seldom  dis- 

tinct.     Cleavage  :  O  perfect  ;  -~L-i  less  perfect. 
Laminae  flexible  as  in  gypsum. 

H.=2-2-5.  G.=6-3-7;  6-3-6-4,  Thom- 
son. Lustre  of  the  cleavage-face  pearly  ;  other 
parts  adamantine,  inclining  to  resinous.  Streak 
white.  Color  greenish-white,  pale  yellow,  or 
gray.  Transparent  —  translucent. 


n  °?m?T,I>b  §  +  **b  ^S^Pfcate  of  lead  53-15,  carbonate  of  lead  46'85.    Analyses  :  1,  Brooke 
(L  c.)  ;  2,  Thomson  (Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xv.  402)  : 

1.  Carbonate  of  lead  46  9          Sulphate  of  lead  53-1=100. 

'    46-04  «     43-96=100;  G.r=6'3197. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  B.B.  on  charcoal  easily  reduced.  Partially  dissolved  in  nitric  acid  with  efferves- 
cence, leaving  a  residue  of  sulphate  of  lead  (Brooke). 

Obs.—  At  Leadhills,  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  with  caledonite  and  susannite  •  of  very  rare  occur- 
rence. Massive  in  Siberia,  and  at  Tanne,  in  the  Harz;  at  Biberweier,  Tyrol 

642.  OROOOITB.  Nova  minera  Plumbi  J.  G.  Lehman,  Acad.  Petrop.,  1766;  PaUas,  Voyages. 
1770,  ii.  235.  Minera  Plumbi  rubra  Wall,  Min.,  1778.  Eothes-Bleierz  Warn.,  Auss.  Kennz., 
296,  1774.  Plomb  rouge  Macquart,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxxiv.  1789  ;  Vauquelin,  BuU.  Soc.  Philomath., 
and  J.  de  Phys.,  adv.  393,  1794,  advL  152,  311,  1798.  Plomb  chromate  K,  Tr.,  iii.  1801.  Chro- 


ANHYDROUS  SULPHATES,  CHROMATES. 


629 


530 


531 


532 


mate  of  Lead.  Chromsaures  Blei,  Bleichromat,  Chrombleispath,  Germ.  Kallochrom  ffausm., 
Handb.,  1086,  1813.  Crocoise  Send.,  Tr.,  ii.  669,  1832.  Crocoisit  v.  Kob.,  Grundz.,  282,  1838?. 
Krokoit  Breitii.,  Handb.,  ii.  262,  1841. 

Monoclinic.  (7=77°  27',  If\  7=93°  42',  0  A  14=138°  10' ;  a  :  5  :  c- 
0-95507  :  1 : 1-0414,  Dauber.  Ob- 
served planes  :  0,  not  common  ; 
vertical,  I  (common),  i-i,  i-i  (not 
common),  ^-3,  t-2,  ^--f ,  i-\ ,  ?  i-\ ,  i-%, 
?  i-l ;  clinodomes,  £4,  14,  ?  f  4,  24 ; 
hemidomes,  64,  54,  44,  ?  f  4,  34, 
?  |4,  14,  -84,  -64,  ?-54,  -44,  -f  4, 
-14  ;  orthodiagonal  hemipyra- 
mids,  i,  t,  1,  -1,  -|,  ?  -J,  -I,  ?  -|,  -2, 
-3,  -4 :  U44-, 


-3-|;  «H;  2-2,  -8-2,  4-2,  3-v- 

(=»8-2);   8-V;  5-f ;   V'¥  5  f3, 
f  3,  3-3,  |-3,  6-3,  9-3,  -12-3  ; 

(=?  4-3)  ;    -H/  ;    H  5 

?|-4,  4-4,  -2-4;  |-|,  18-f ;  f-5,  5-5;  3-6;   ?f7,   -7-7;   -8-8;   9-9,  -9-9; 

-11-11 ;  ^M£ ;  17-34 ;  clinodiagonal  hemipyramids,  ?  3-2,  |-2,  |-2,  -|-2 ; 


Urals. 


Urals. 


Brazil. 


7A  ^'4=133°  9r         0  A  24=118°  1'         -1  A  -1=119°  12' 
6>  A  ^4=102  33        fa  A  ^-2 =56  10  1  A  1=107  38 

Cleavage  :  /  tolerably  distinct ;  O  and  i-i  less  so.  Surface  /  streaked  lon- 
gitudinally ;  the  faces  mostly  smooth  and  shining.  Also  imperfectly  colum- 
nar and  granular. 

H.=2'5— 3.  Gr.=5'9— 6-1.  Lustre  adamantine — vitreous.  Color  vari- 
ous shades  of  bright  hyacinth-red..  Streak  orange-yellow.  Translucent. 
Sectile. 

Var. — Dauber  gives  the  following  observed  angles  for  a  large  number  of  crystals  from  Brazil, 
Urals,  and  the  Philippines  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xlii.  17,  1860) : 


7(m)  A  I(m) 
/(m)A-l(0 
-1(0  A  -1(<) 
0(c)Al-i(2) 

0(c)A3-t'(aj) 
0(c)A/(m) 

Brazil 
93°  17'—  93°  43' 
146  36-145  46 
119  29  —  118   53 

Urals. 
93°  22'—  93°  45' 
146  4-145  51 
119  20-118  56 
138  14—138  9 
97  44-97  35 

Philippines. 
93°  30'—  93°  57' 
146  27  —  145  40 
119  20-118  52 

99  11—99 

From  his  numerous  exact  measurements  he  deduces  for  the  angle  (7,  or  the  inclination  of  the 
axis,  in  the  Brazilian,  77°  14'  23"  ;  the  Uralian,  77°  31'  20"  ;  the  Philippine,  77°  23'  27".  Kupffer 
made  this  angle  78°  1';  Brooke  &  Miller,  77°  55';  Haidinger  obtained  from  one  crystal  77°  10' ; 
and  by  deductions  from  other  measurements  of  4  crystals  77°  29'  — 77°  67'. 

Dauber  gives  figures  of  fifty-four  different  crystals.  The  Brazilian  have  usually  the  plane  4-«, 
and  an  extreme  variety  of  this  form  is  shown  in  f.  532.  One  form  from  the  Philippines  is  the 
fundamental  octahedron  1,  -1 ;  another  /,  -1,  or  I,  -1,  *-2,  in  slender  prisms ;  while  others  approach 
the  Uralian  in  form. 

Comp.— -Pb <3r=0xyd  of  lead  68-9,  chromic  acid  311=100.  Analyses:  1,  Pfaff  (Schw.  J., 
xriii.  72);  2,  Berzelius  (ib.,  xxii.  54): 


Or  31-735 
31-50 


Pb  67-912=99-647  Pfaff. 
68-50=100  Berzelius. 


630  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Vauquelin  discovered  the  metal  chromium  in  this  mineral  in  1794  (L  c.,  1794,  1798,  and  J.  d, 
M.,  ii.  737). 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  blackens,  but  recovers  its  original  color  on  cooling. 
B.B.  fuses  at  1'5,  and  on  charcoal  is  reduced  to  metallic  lead  with  deflagration,  leaving  a  residue 
of  chrome-oxyd,  and  giving  a  lead  coating.  "With  salt  of  phosphorus  gives  an  emerald-green  bead 
in  both  flames.  Fused  with  bisulphate  of  potash  in  the  platinum  spoon  forms  a  dark  violet  mass, 
which  on  solidifying  becomes  reddish,  and  when  cold  greenish-white,  thus  differing  from  vanadi- 
nite,  which  on  similar  treatment  gives  a  yellow  mass  (Plattner). 

Obs.— First  found  at  Beresof  in  Siberia,  in  crystals  in  quartz  veins,  or  intersecting  gneiss  or 
granite ;  also  occurs  at  Mursinsk  and  near  Nlschne  Tagilsk  in  the  Ural,  in  narrow  veins,  traversing 
decomposed  gneiss,  and  associated  with  gold,  pyrite,  galenite,  quartz,  and  vauquelinite ;  in  Brazil, 
at  Congonhas  do  Campo,  in  fine  crystals  in  decomposed  granite;  at  Ketzbanya  in  Hungary, 
at  the  mine  of  St.  Anthony ;  Moldawa  in  Hungary ;  on  Luzon,  one  of  the  Philippines,  whence 
crystals  were  received  by  the  author  in  1842,  from  El  Senor  Koxas  of  Manila,  and  understood  to 
be  from  the  northern  peninsula  of  Luzon ;  according  to  Dr.  Hochstetter,  at  the  mines  of  Labo, 
in  the  Province  of  North  Camarines,  on  the  southeastern  peninsula  of  Luzon  (Dauber). 

This  species  was  first  noticed  by  Lehman  (1.  c.).  The  name  Crocoite  is  from  KPOKOS,  saffron. 
Berthier,  in  1832,  gave  the  word  the  bad  form  Crocoise,  which  von  Kobell  altered  (to  make  it  con- 
formable to  ordinary  mineralogical  nomenclature)  in  1838,  to  Crocoisiie,  and  Breithaupt,  in  1841, 
to  Crocoite  (Krokoit),  and  v.  Kobell  also  to  this  last  mentioned  form  in  his  later  works.  Haus- 
mann's  Callochrome  has  the  priority ;  but  as  the  name  is  a  poorer  one,  not  mineralogical  in  form, 
and  the  species  was  not  one  instituted  by  Hausmann,  we  allow  Crocoite  to  stand. 

643.  PHO3NICOOHROITE.    Melanochroit  Hermann,  Pogg.,  xxviii.  162,  1833.    Phceniko- 
chroit  Glocker,  Gruadr.,  612,  1839.     Subsesquichromate  of  Lead  Thorn.     Phcenicit  Haid., 
Handb.,  604,  1845. 

Orthorhombic  ?.  Crystals  usually  tabular,  and  reticularly  interwoven. 
Cleavage  in  one  direction  perfect.  Also  massive. 

H.:=3— 3'5.  G.=5'75.  Lustre  resinous  or  adamantine,  glimmering. 
Color  between  cochineal-  and  hyacinth-red ;  becomes  lemon-yellow  on 
exposure.  Streak  brick-red.  Subtranslucent — opaque. 

Comp. — Pbs  Or2=  Chromic  acid  23-1,  protoxyd  of  lead  76-9=100.  Analysis  :  Hermann  (Pogg., 
xxviii.  162) : 

Chromic  acid  23-31  Protoxyd  of  lead  76-69= 100. 

The  same  result  was  obtained  by  G-.  Rose  (Jahrb.  Min.  1839,  575). 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  readily  to  a  dark  mass,  which  is  crystalline  when  cold.  In 
E.F.  on  charcoal  gives  a  coating  of  oxyd  of  lead,  with  globules  of  lead  and  a  residue  of  chrome- 
oxyd.  Gives  the  reaction  of  chrome  with  fluxes. 

Obs. — Occurs  hi  limestone  at  Beresof  in  the  Ural,  with  crocoite,  vauquelinite,  pyromorphite, 
and  galenite. 

Named  Melanochroite  by  Hermann,  from  juAa?,  black,  and  x.P6a,  coZor.  But,  as  the  color  is  red, 
and  not  black,  and  the  name  is  therefore  false  to  the  species,  Glocker  changed  it  to  Phosnicochro- 
ite,  from  <f>oivtKof,  deep  red,  and  xpoa  •  and  in  this  he  is  followed  by  Hausmann.  The  abbreviated 
form  plvKnicite  is  bad,  because  it  is  too  much  like  the  name  of  another  mineral,  phenacite. 

644.  VAUQUELINITE.    Yauqueline  Berz.,  Afh.,  vi.  100,  1818.    Vauquelinite  Berz.,  N.  Syst. 

Min.  Paris,  202,  1819.    Chromate  of  Lead  and  Copper. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals  usually  minute,  irregularly  aggregated.  Twins  : 
annexed  figure ;  composition-face  a  plane  on  the 
acute  solid  angle  :  O  A  0  (of  the  two  individuals) 
=134°  30'  ;  O  A  a=149°  nearly.  Also  reniform 
or  botryoidal,  and  granular ;  amorphous. 

H.=2-5-3.  G.:=5-5-5-78.  Lustre  adaman- 
tine to  resinous,  often  faint.  Color  green  to  brown, 
apple-green,  siskin-green,  olive-green,  ochre-brown, 


ANHYDROUS  SULPHATES,  CHEOMATES.  631 

liver-brown  ;  sometimes  nearly  black.    Streak  greenish  or  brownish.   Faintly 
translucent — opaque.     Fracture  uneven.     Rather  brittle. 

Comp.— Cu3  Or2+2  Pb8  Or2=(Cu,  Pb)s  <>3=0xyd  of  lead  61-4,  oxyd  of  copper  10-9,  chromic 
acid  27-7=100.  Analysis  by  Berzelius  (L  c.): 

Cr  28-33  Pb  60'87  Cu  10'80=100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  on  charcoal  slightly  intumesces  and  fuses  to  a  gray  submetallic  globule,  yielding 
at  the  same  time  small  globules  of  metal.  With  borax  or  salt  of  phosphorus  affords  a  green 
transparent  glass  in  the  outer  flame,  which  in  the  inner  after  cooling  is  red  to  black,  according  to 
the  amount  of  mineral  in  the  assay;  the  red  color  is  more  distinct  with  tin.  Partly  soluble  in 
nitric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  crocoite  at  Beresof  in  Siberia,  generally  in  mammillated  or  amorphous 
masses,  or  thin  crusts ;  also  at  Pont  Gibaud  in  the  Puy  de  Dome ;  and  with  the  crocoite  of 
Brazil. 

At  the  lead  mine  near  Sing  Sing  it  .has  been  found  by  Dr.  Torrey  hi  green  and  brownish-green 
mammillary  concretions,  and  also  nearly  pulverulent;  and  at  the  Pequa  lead  mine  in  Lancaster 
Co.,  Pa.,  in  minute  crystals  and  radiated  aggregations  on  quartz  and  galenite,  of  siskin-  to  apple- 
green  color,  with  cerussite. 

Named  after  Vauqueliu,  the  discoverer  of  the  metal  chromium,  and  also  the  first  one  to  notice 
the  crystals  of  this  species  (J.  d.  M.,  No.  VI.  i  760). 

John  describes  a  greenish  or  brownish  chromo-phosphate  of  lead  and  copper  (chromphosphorkup- 
ferbleispath)  from  Beresof,  Siberia,  as  occurring  in  small  crystalline  concretions,  having  the  surface 
covered  with  capillary  prisms ;  H.  =  2— 3;  opaque  to  subtranslucent;  fracture  uneven;  powder 
dull  greenish.  Analysis  afforded  (Jahrb.  Mm.  1845,  67)  Pb  Or  45-0,  Pb  19*0,  Cu  11-20,  P  4'10, 
Cr  7-50,  manganese  tr.,  £[1-78,  impurities  11-42.  To  a  large  extent  soluble  in  nitric  or  muriatic 
acid.  It  is  probably  only  an  impure  vauquelinite. 

645.  JOSSAITB  Breith.  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xvii.  54.  1858).  From  Beresof,  occurring  in  small  orange- 
yellow  crystals  with  vauquelinite.  Described  as  orthorhombic,  with  /A  7=110°  — 118°,  and  traces 
of  prismatic  cleavage ;  the  lustre  between  vitreous  and  waxy ;  streak  dull  yellowish- white ;  H.= 
3'0;  G-. =5 '2.  According  to  Plattner,  it  gives  the  reactions  of  chromic  acid  and  oxyds  of  lead 
and  zinc. 

646.  PETTKOITE.    Pettkoit  A.  Paulmyi,  Jahrb.  Min.  1867,  457. 

Isometric.  Common  form  the  cube ;  also  f.  6,  and  f.  6  with  planes  of 
the  dodecahedron.  Cleavage  :  none  distinct. 

H.=2'5.  Lustre  bright.  Color  pure  black.  Streak  dirty  greenish. 
Fracture  uneven.  Taste  sweetish. 

Oomp. — An  acid  sulphate  of  iron;  0.  ratio  for  Fe  :  Pe  :  S  :  S=l*5  :  13-5  :  27  :  1-5.  Allowing 
for  some  hydrated  oxyd  of  iron  as  impurity  (about  10'5  p.  c.,  as  1-51  of  water  would  require  9'1 
of  Fe  for  limonite),  the  formula  may  be  (Fe8,  Pe)  Sa,  with  Fe3  :  £e=l  :  7.  Analysis:  A, 
Paulinyi(l.  c.): 

S  45-32  Fe  44*92  Fe  6-66  &  1-51=98'41. 

Fyr.,  etc. — In  a  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  on  charcoal  yields  a  magnetic  mass ;  with 
soda  gives  the  sulphuric  acid  reaction.  Wholly  soluble  in  hot  water,  with  a  deposit  of  a  floccu- 
lent  reddish-brown  precipitate.  Soluble  in  dilute  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — From  Kremnitz,  in  a  breccia,  along  with  iron-vitriol  (rnelanterite),  in  crystals  from  the 
size  of  peas  to  millets,  and  in  grains.  Named  after  Bergrath  v.  Pettko. 

647.  ALUMIAN.    Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xvii.  53,  1858. 

Ehombohedral  ?    Crystals  microscopic.    Cleavage,  traces.    Also  massive. 
H.=2— 3.     G.=2-702— 2-781.      Lustre  of  small  crystals  vitreous;  of 
masses  weak.     Color  white.    Subtranslucent. 


632  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

Oomp. — 3tl  S3  (?)=r  Sulphuric  acid  60'9,  alumina  39'1.  According  to  Utendorffer's  determina- 
tions (1.  c.),  contains  37-38  p.  c.  of  alumina,  with  sulphuric  acid,  and  no  water. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  unaltered ;  only  hygroscopic  water  given  off,  but  at  a  high  temperature  sul- 
phuric acid,  which  may  be  detected  by  litmus  paper.  With  cobalt  solution  a  fine  blue. 

Obs. — From  mines  in  the  Sierra  Almagrera,  southern  Spain. 


HYDKOUS  SULPHATES. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 

I.  Oxygen  ratio  for  bases  and  acid  1:3;  the  species  coming  under  the  gen- 
eral formula  RS+rc  aq,  &S8+rc  aq,  or  (R3,K)S3+rc  aq. 

A.  Sulphates  of  Elements  in  the  Protoxyd  state. 
1.  Contain  ammonium.    Orthorhombic,  with  7  A  7=100°  —  108°. 

650.  MASCAGNITE  NH4OS+H  SOa||e2]|(NH4)a+aq 

651.  BOUSSINGAULTITE       (?)  N  H4  0,  Mg,  S,  H 

652.  LECONTTTE  (Na,£,NH40)S+2H  Se2l 


2.  Contain  sodium,  without  magnesium,  calcium,  or  iron. 

653.  MIEABILITB  NaS+lOH  SOa||e2JNa2  +  10aq 

3.  Contain  calcium  or  magnesium,  with  or  without  the  alkaline'  metals  ;  less  than  4  of  H  to  1 

of  S.    Monoclinic  or  orthorhombic. 

654.  GYPSUM  OaS  +  2H  SO2||e2|ea+2aq 

655.  KiESERrfE  MgS+a  SOa|ie2||Mg+aq 

656.  POLTHALITB  (f  Ca+i  Mg-f  i±) 

657.  MAMANTTE  (|Ca+|Mg  +  ^±) 

658.  PICROMEEITE  (i  &g+i  £)  §  +  8  fl 

659.  BLCEDITE 


4.  Bases  and  water  as  in  section  3.    Crystals  tetragonal. 
660.  LCEWEITE 


5.  EPSOMTTE  (5-ROUP.    Contain  magnesium,  iron,  manganese,  etc.;   4-7  of  fi  to  1  of  §. 
Orthorhombic;  /A  7=90°—  93°. 

661.  EPSOMTTE  MgS+7fl  SO2JO2||Mg+7aq 

662.  TAUEISOITE  FeS+7fl  S02|O2|Fe+7aq 

663.  FAUSEEITE  (|  Mn  +  i  Mg)  S  +  5  fl  S  O2  JO2|lft  Mg  +  f  Mn)  +  5  aq 


HYDROUS   SULPHATES.  638 

6.  COPPERAS  GEOUP.    Basic  elements  and  water  as  in  section  5.    Monoclinic,  with  I  A  1= 

82°-92°;  ortrielinic, 

664.  MELANTERITE  FeS+7fl  S02|O2lFe  +  7aq 

665.  PISANITE  (Fe,  Cu)  S  +  7  £  S  ea|ea|(Fe,  Ou)+  7  aq 

666.  GOSLARITE  2nS  +  7fi  S02||es|]Zn+7aq 

667.  BrEBEMTE  CoS+7fi  SO2fle2||eo+7aq 

668.  MOBENOSITE  NiS+7£  SO2I02|M+7aq 

669.  CHALCANTHTTE  CuS+Sfi  S0a|j02jeu+5aq 

7.  CYANOCHROITE  GROUP.    Contain  copper  and  potassium. 

670.  CYANOCHBOITE. 


B.  Sulphates  of  Elements  in  the  Sesquioxyd  state,  or  Sesquioxyd  and  Protoxyd. 
8.  ALUNOGEN  GROUP.    0.  ratio  for  S,  Si,  fi=l  :  3  :  9  to  1  :  3  :  18. 


671.  ALUNOGEN 

672.  COQDIMBITE  PeS3+9fl 

9.  ALUM  GROUP.    0.  ratio  for  R,  fi,  S,  fi=l  :  3  :  12  :  24;  for  bases,  acid,  and  water,  1  : 

3  :  6.     Crystals  isometric. 


673.  TSCHEBMIGITB  (±(NH4  0)8+f  Xl)  S3+  18  fl  S 

674.  KALINITE  (iK»+f  Xl)S3+18fl  S02|O2l(iKa  +  f  /?Al)+6aq 


10.  YOLTAITE  GROUP.    0.  ratio  for  B,  S  not  1:8;  for  bases,  acid,  and  water,  1:3:4, 
Crystals  isometric. 

675.  YOLTAITE  (Fe3,  Fe)  S3+12  fl  SOaIOa|(Fe,  /?Fe)+4aq 

676.  BLAKEITE 

11.  HALOTRICHITE  GROUP.     0.  ratio  for  R,  £,  S,  fi=l  :  3  :  12  :  22;-  for  bases,  acid,  and 
water,  1  :  3  :  5|.     Crystallization  orthorhombic  or  monoclinic,  usually  fine  fibrous   or 
acicular. 

This  group  is  related  in  ratio  to  the  Alum  group,  it  differing  only  in  22  instead  of  24  of 
water.  But  the  real  difference  may  be  much  greater,  and  this  is  rather  to  be  inferred 
from  the  unusual  ratio  for  the  water.  If  2  of  the  22  of  water  are  basic,  the  0.  ratio  for 
bases  and  acid  is  then  1  :  2,  and  for  bases,  acid,  and  water,  1  :  2  :  3£.  The  formulas  of  the 
species  below,  based  on  this  ratio,  would  have  the  general  form  (i(R,  3)3-f  i  3tl)  S2+10 
fi  ;  or,  in  the  new  system,  S  OjOaj  (£  (Ha,  R)  +  £  /?  Al)+3i  aq. 


677.  MENDOZITE 

678.  PICKERINGITE  (i  %3  +  £  Xl)  S3  +  16*  fi  S  O,|e,|(i  Mg+f  0*1)  +  6i  aq 

679.  APJOHNITE  (iMna  +  f  Si)  S3 

680.  BOSJEMA»OTTE          (i  (Mn3,  3VTg)  +  f  Xl)  S8 

681.  HALOTRIOHITB 


634:  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

12.  RCEMERITE  GROUP. 
682.  ROSMERITE  (iFe3+f3Pe)S3+12fl:  Se9|ea|(iFe+f  /?Fe)+3aq 


II.  Sulphates,  with  oxygen  ratio  of  bases  and  acid  1  to  less  than  3  ;  not  con- 
taining Copper  or  Uranium. 

The  copper  and  uranium  hydrous  sulphates  are  of  uncertain  formulas,  and  are  therefore  placed 
by  themselves.  There  is  also  much  uncertainty  with  regard  to  the  true  formulas  of  the  species 
here  included,  on  account  of  the  doubtful  relations  of  the  water. 

1.  0.  ratio  for  bases  (no  water  included)  and  acid  2  :  5,  2  :  3,  3  :  5. 

683.  COPIAPITE  3Pe2S6  +  12fl(orl8fi)  S509||e12||/?Fe6  +  12aq 

684  RAIMONDITB  3Pe3  S8  +  H  fl  S  OfO*  ||/?Fea  +  2$  aq 

685.  FIBBOFERBITB  3Pe8S5+27fl  S5O6||018l/?Fe8  +  27  aq 

686.  APATELITB  3Pe8 


2.  0.  ratio  for  bases  (no  water  included)  and  acid  1  :  2. 

687.  BOTRYOGEN  (i  Fe3+£  £e)  S3+9  fl  Sa  OaJOeKFe,  /?Fe)8+9  aq 

3.  0.  ratio  of  bases  (water  excluded)  and  acid  1  :  1}  to  1  :  1;  but  if  some  water  be  made  basic, 

1  :  1  for  all,  as  in  the  formulas  below. 

688.  ALUMINITE  £l  S  +  9  fi  6|e6||/?A:l3+9  aq 

689.  ALUNITE 

690.  LOWIGITE 

691.  JAROSITE  (i  (&,  ^Ta,  fi)3 

692.  CARPHOsroEBiTE  (i  fi8+|  :fe)  S+2  E[ 


The  species  Copiapite,  Raimondite,  Fibroferrite,  Botryogen,  may  be  here  included,  if  part  of  the 
water  ist  basic. 

4.  0.  ratio  of  bases  and  acid  1  to  less  than  1. 

693.  PARALUMINITB  3tlaS+15fi[ 

694.  PISSOPHANITE  ?(3tl,Pe)2S+]5a 
696.  FELSOBANTTTE 

696.  G-LOCKERITE 

697.  LAMPBOPHANITB 

III.  Sulphates,  with  oxygen  ratio  of  Teases  and  acid  1  to  less  than  3.  Contain- 
ing Copper,  Lead,  or  Uranium. 

By  making  part  of  the  bases  accessory  hydrates,  instead  of  basic  to  the  acid,  the  formulas 
may  be  varied  ad  libitum.  Only  one  of  the  possible  forms  is  here  given. 

1.  Containing  lead  or  copper. 

700.  LINABITB 

701.  BROCHANTITB 

702.  LANGITK 

703.  CTANOTBicmra  Cu  S  +  (Cu9,  3tl)  fl»+!2  fl 


HYDKOUS   SULPHATES.  635 

2.  Sulphates  of  Uranium. 
1.  Unisulphates. 

705.  JOHANNITE  (f  (U3,  ^)4-iCu8)S  +  ljfl 

706.  URANOCHALCITE   (£  (U3,  £)  +  i  Ca3)  S + i  Cu  S  +  9  fl 

707.  MEDJIDITE 


2.  Subsulphates. 

708.  ZIPPEITE  (£,  Cu8)3  Sa+ 8  fl  (or  6  fl)  (6u,  /JF)»  03||O13|jSa+8  (or  6)  aq 

709.  VOGLIANITE          (U1,  g)a  S  +  2  fl 

710.  URACONITE 


IV.  TELLURATES. 

711.  MONTANITB  BiTe  +  2fl  Te|Ofl|l£Bi3+2  aq 

Appendix.— SELENATES  ? 

712.  KERSTENITE 


650.  MASOAGNITB.  Mascagni,  Dei  Lagoni,  etc.,  in  Siena,  1779.  Sel  ammoniac  vitriolique, 
Sel  ammoniac  secret  de  Glauber  (fr.  Solfatara  near  Naples),  Sage,  Min.,  i.  62, 1777.  Ammoniaque 
sulfatee  Fr.  Sulphate  of  Ammonia.  Maskagnin  Karst.,  Tab.,  40,  75, 1800. 

Orthorhombic.    /A  7=107°  40r,  0  A  14=122°  56',  a  :  ~b  :  c=l«543T  : 
1  :  1-3680.     Cleavage  :  i4  perfect ;  0  imperfect. 


34'        \4  A  $4,  bas.,=58°  52'       i-2  A  ^-2=111°  15' 
0  A  f-£-125  34:          }4  A  J4=118  52  J  A  J,  over  7,=87  26 

Usually  in  mealy  crusts  and  stalactitic  forms. 

H.=2— 2-5.  G.=1'T2— 1'73.  Lustre  when  crystallized,  vitreous.  Color 
yellowish-gray,  lemon-yellow.  Translucent.  Taste  pungent  and  bitter. 

Oomp.— NH4OS+fl=Sulphuric  acid  53'3,  ammonia  34'7,  water  12-0=100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  is  sublimed ;  with  lime  gives  off  ammonia 
vapors.  Dissolves  readily  hi  water,  and  gives  with  baryta  salts  a  precipitate  insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  about  volcanoes,  in  the  fissures  of  the  lava,  as  at  Etna,  Vesuvius,  and  the  Lipari 
Isles,  and  is  also  one  of  the  products  of  the  combustion  of  mineral  coal. 

Named  after  Professor  Mascagni. 

651.  BOUSSINGAULTITE.    K  Bechi,  C.  R,  Iviii.  583,  1864. 

A  sulphate  of  ammonia  with  part  of  this  alkali  replaced  by  magnesia.    Crystals  resemble  those 
of  mascagnine,  but  isomorphism  with  that  species  has  not  yet  been  established. 
Occurs  about  the  boric  acid  fumaroles  of  Tuscany. 

652.  LBOONTITB.     W.  J.  Taylor,  Am.  J.  Scl,  II.  xxvL  273,  1858. 
Orthorhombic.    In  prismatic  crystals,  long  or  short.    ZA/Xcalc.  from 


636 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


t-S  A  ^2)=103°  12',  0  A  l-i=lir  T  ;  If\  ^-2=160°,  i-S  A  i-S=115°, 
=127°  30'—  128°,  or  over  £*,  52°—  52°  30',  Dana. 

H.=2—  2*5.     Lustre  vitreous.     Colorless,  when  pure,  and  transparent. 
Taste  saline  and  rather  bitter.     Permanent  in  the  air. 

Comp.—  RS+2Hor((£a,fc),NH40)S+2H.    Analysis  by  Taylor  (L  c.): 
S  NH40          ISTa  K  H 


44-97 


12-94 


17-56        2'67 


19'45 


With  2-30  organic  residue,  O'll  inorganic  id.,  and  £  trace. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Only  partially  sublimed  in  the  closed  tube,  but  otherwise  reacts  like  mascagnite. 

Obs.  —  From  the  cave  of  Las  Piedras,  near  Comayagua,  Central  America,  imbedded  in  a  black 
mass  made  up  of  the  excrement  of  bats.  The  crystals  often  have  a  coating  of  organic  matter. 
The  cave  is  worked  for  the  nitre,  which  the  earth  of  the  floor  near  its  mouth  affords  by  lixivia- 
tion. 

Named  after  Dr.  John  L.  Le  Conte. 

An  artificial  salt  of  similar  general  formula,  but  having  ammonia  and  potash  as  its  bases,  is 
well  known  (Gmelin's  Ch.,  Hi.  119). 


653.  MIRABILITE.  Glauber  Salt.  Sal  mirabile  Glauber  (the  artificial  salt  at  the  tune  of  its 
first  formation).  Naturliches  Wundersalz,  Glaubersalz,  Germ.  Glauber  Salt.  Sulphate  of 
Soda.  Soude  sulfatee  Fr.  Mirabilite  Said.,  Handb.,  488,  1845. 

Gediegen  Glaubersalz  (fr.  Saidschitz  and  Sedlitz)  Reuss,  Crell's  Ann.,  1791,  ii.  18;=Natur- 
liches  Bittersalz  pt.  Lenss,  Min.,  i.  489,  1794;r=Reussin  Karst.,  Tab.,  40,  1800. 

Monoclinic.  fc72°  15',  /A  7=86°  31,  0  A 14 
=130°  19';  a  ill  c=l'1089  :  1  :  G'8962.  Ob- 
served planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure. 


O  A  i-i=10r  45' 
O  A  J-*=14:7  34 
O  A  1-^=122  5 
O  A  -i-i=  155  41 
0  A  24=113  0 


1  A  1,  front,  =93°  4.2' 
-1  A  -1,  front,  =110  42 
i-i  A  1-^130  10 
i-i  A  ^'=104  41 


Cleavage:  i-i  perfect.     Usually  in  efflorescent 
crusts. 

H.=1'5— 2.     G.=r481.     Lustre  vitreous.     Color  white.     Transparent 
— opaque.     Taste  cool,  then  feebly  saline  and  bitter. 

Comp.— NaS  +  10H=Soda  19-3,  sulphuric  acid  24'8,  water  55-9=100. 
J    H  vLS54)-lj  (Ann'  ^  M''  V'  ^  558)l  2>  Moissenet  (ib«'  xvil  16)5  3»  How  (Ed-  N-  PhU- 


1.  Guipuzcoa  Spain        S  24«8        %*  19-5 

2.  StRambert,  France      26-0  20*0 

3.  Windsor,  N.  Scotia  44-54 


Mg  0'5 
0'7 


Oa  0-3 
HOI*-. 


fl  54-5  Rivot. 
53-3  Moissenet 
55.4,3  HOW. 


Pyr.,  etc  —  In  the  closed  tube  nmch  water;  gives  an  intense  yellow  to  the  flame.  Very 
soluble  in  water;  the  solution  gives  with  baryta  salts  the  reaction  for  sulphuric  acid.  Falls  to 
powder  on  exposure  to  the  air,  and  becomes  anhydrous. 

Obs.—  Occurs  at  Ischl  and  Hallstadt  in  Austria;   also  in  Hungary,  Switzerland,  Italy;    at 

ruipuzcoa  m  Spain,  etc  !.;   abundantly  at  the  hot  springs  at  Carlsbad;    at  Kailua,  on  Hawaii, 

Sandwich  Islands  abundant  m  a  cavern,  and  forming  from  the  action  of  volcanic  heat  and  gases 

on  salt  water.     Effloresces  with  other  salts  on  the  limestone  below  the  Genesee  Falls,  Rochester, 

mu  '  at.ymdsor»  Nova  Scotia;  also  near  the  Sweetwater  River,  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  artificial  salt  was  discovered  by  Glauber,  a  German  chemist,  about  the  middle  of  the 


HYDROUS    SULPHATES. 


637 


seventeenth  century,  while  he  was  operating  with  sulphuric  acid  and  common  salt ;  and  the  name 
sal  ndrabile  was  his  own  expression  of  surprise  at  its  formation. 

Taking  the  plane  l-i  as  2-i,  the  azes  are  nearly  those  of  pyroxene,  becoming  a  :  b  :  c=0*55445  • 
1  :  0-8962. 

The  so-called  Eeussin  is  impure  glauber  salt,  as  pronounced  by  Reuss  in  1791,  after  his  early 
study  of  it.  It  occurred  as  a  deposit  of  crystals  and  efflorescent  crusts  in  or  about  the  mineral 
springs  of  Saidschitz  and  Sedlitz,  and  according  to  Reuss  was  most  abundant  near  the  end  of  the 
spring.  The  crystals  (some  of  which  were  i  to  2  in.  long)  had  the  form  of  stout  6-sided  prisms, 
with  two  sides  smaller  than  the  others,  terminating  in  two  rhomboidal  planes — the  form  of 
glauber  salt.  It  is  stated  to  have  become  a  white  powder  on  the  expulsion  by  heat  of  the  crys- 
tallization-water. The  analysis  was  made  first  on  a  solution  of  the  salt,  and  afterward  on  the 
effloresced  salt,  which  contained  as  a  result  of  efflorescence  (the  usual  result)  no  water ;  and 
hence  the  amount  of  water  was  not  ascertained.  Crystals  reproduced  from  the  solution  lost  more 
than  hah0  their  weight  when  heated  to  redness ;  corresponding  with  the  fact  that  both  glauber 
salt  and  epsomite  contain  more  than  50  p.  c.  of  water.  The  analysis  afforded  Reuss  Na  S  66' 04, 
Mg  S  31-55,  Mg  Cl  2-19,  Oa  S  0*42 ;  which,  adding  the  water  and  excluding  the  Mg  01,  corresponds 
to  68'0  of  glauber  salt,  31'7  of  epsomite,  and  0'3  of  gypsum=100. 

EXANTHALOSE  B&ud.  (Tr.,  ii.  475,  1832)  is  a  white  efflorescence,  such  m  as  results  from  the  expo- 
sure to  the  air  of  glauber  salt.  Beudant  obtained  the  composition  Na  S  +  2  H  from  the  analyses : 


1.  Vesuvius 

2.  Hildesheim 


S44-8 
42'5 


35-0 
33-4 


20-2 
18-8 


It  was  named  from 


The  Vesuvian  mineral  was  from  the  lavas  of  1813,  according  to  Beudant. 
ef  «<0£u,  to  effloresce,  and  fiAj,  salt. 

654.  GYPSUM.  rt^os  [—mostly  burnt  Gypsum]  Herodotus,  Plato,  Theophrastus. 
'A0poo-£>>7j/or,  Dioscorides,  v.  152,  159.  Lapis  specularis  (principal  part),  Gypsum  (=burnt  gyp- 
sum only),  Plin.  Lapis  specularis,  Gypsum,  nkjivtrw,  Germ.  Gips  and  Fraueneis,  Ital  Lumen 
de  Scaiola  [Scagliola],  Agricola,  Foss.,  251,  Interpr.,  465,  1546.  Glacies  Marise,  Marienglas 
[=Selenite],  Gips,  Gypsum,  Alabastrum  (fine  grained  G.),  Selenites  (cryst.  G.),  Wall,  Min., 
50,  1747.  Marmor  fugax  Linn.,  Syst.,  1736.  Gypsum,  Terra  calcarea  acido  vitrioli  saturata, 
Alabaster,  Selenites,  Cronst.,  Min.,  18,  1758.  Gips,  Gyps,  Fraueneis,  W&rn.  Gesso  Ital 
Yeso  Span.  Sulphate  of  Lime,  Alabaster,  Plaster  Stone.  Chaux  sulfatee,  Albdtre,  Fr.  Satin 
Spar.  Montmartrite  Delameth.,  Legons,  ii.  380,  1812. 
Perhaps  in  part  'AAa/?a<rrptr>K,  Theophr.,  Plin. 

Monoclinic.     C=66°  14',  if  the  vertical  prism  /  (see  f.  537)  correspond 
to  the  cleavage  prism  (second  cleavage),  and  the  basal  plane  0  to  the  direc- 


535 


538 


536 


537 


tion  of  the  third  cleavage.    /A  7=138°  28',  14  A  14=128°  31' ;  a  :  I :  c 
=0-9  :  1  :  2-4135.     Observed  planes  :  0  (truncates  the  edge  2-1/24)  (a) ; 


638  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

vertical,  i-l  (b\  i-i  (t),  I  (n\  i-$  (a?),  i-$  (s);  clinodomes,  24  (m,  or/),  34, 
J4,  44  (A),  £4,  54,  64  (&),  74,  84,  94 ;  hemidomes,  l-i  (d\  24,  34  («), 
octahedral,  1  (Q,  2  (0),  3  (w),  3-3  (w\  3-S  (y,  or  &). 


0  A  ^4=66°  14'               O  A  34=88°  8'  1  A  7=122°  IT 

O  A  14=127  44               0  A  24=145  41  14  A  -£4=113  30 

0  A  34=87  58                 O  A  4-1=126  12  ^4  A  7=110  46 

O  A  1=125  35                   1  A  1=143  42  i-l  A  1=108  9 

0  A  /=67  52  24  A  24=111  42  i-l  A  24=124  19 
6>  A  2=98  46 

Cleavage :  (1)  i\  or  clinodiagonal,  eminent,  affording  easily  smooth  pol- 
ished folia ;  (2)  /,  imperfect,  hbrous,  and  often  apparent  in  internal  rifts  or 
linings,  making  with  0  (or  the  edge  24/24)  the  angles  ^  66°  14'  and  113° 
46',  corresponding  to  the  obliquity  of  the  fundamental  prism ;  (3)  0,  or  the 
base,  imperfect,  but  affording  a  nearly  smooth  surface.  Twins  :  1.  Composi- 
tion-face O  (f.  538),  occurring  (A)  in  the  form  repre- 
539  sented  in  f.  535,  having  then  the  reentering  angle  104° 

32',  and  the  cross-lining  of  the  second  cleavage  (or 
that  parallel  to  /)  in  the  directions  cv,  vg,  meeting 
in  the  angle  ^=132°  28',  or  twice  66°  14';  also 
occurring  (B)  in  a  form  made  up  of  planes  24  and  / 
(instead  of  24,  1),  and  having  a  reentering  angle  of 
132°  28',  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  crystal,  the  cleav- 
age lines  being  parallel  to  the  sides  of  the  reentering 
angle.  2.  Composition-face  14,  or  edge  1/1  (=Z/Z), 
reentering  angle  made  between  edge  I/I(=nJ-ri^  of 
each  part, =123°,  or  double  the  supplement  of1 14  on 
edge  ///(which  equals  61°  30') ;  twins  of  this  second 
kind  often  lenticular ;  also  like  f.  539  (compare  with  f.  537)  the  reentering 
edges  made  of  the  planes  /  (n\  and  the  outer  convex  edges  either  01 
planes  1  (1)  and  34  (e)  blended  together,  and  meeting  at  extremity  in  an 
angle  of  25-J-0,  or  of  planes  1  and  24,  and  having  the  angle  at  extremity 
55  ;  the  interior  cleavage  lines  parallel  to  /,  having  the  Directions  cv,  vg, 
meeting  the  axis  at  61-J-0,  or  one  another  in  the  angle  123°.  Simple  crys- 
tals often  with  warped  as  well  as  curved  surfaces.  Also  foliated  massive ; 
lamellar-stellate ;  often  granular  massive  ;  and  sometimes  nearly  impalpable. 
H.=1'5— 2.  G.=2-314— 2'328,  when  pure  crystals.  Lustre  of  i-l 
pearly  and  shining,  other  faces  subvitreous.  Massive  varieties  often  glis- 
tening, sometimes  dull  earthy.  Color  usually  white;  sometimes  gray, 
flesh-red,  honey-yellow,  ochre-yellow,  blue ;  impure  varieties  often  black, 
brown,  red,  or  reddish-brown.  Streak  white.  Transparent— opaque. 

Var. — 1.  Crystallized,  or  Selenite ;  either  in  distinct  crystals,  or  in  broad  folia,  the  folia  some- 
tunes  a  yard  across  and  transparent  throughout. 

(6)  An  arenaceous  variety  occurs  in  Sussex,  N".  Brunswick,  the  crystals  containing  much  sand, 
which  is  often  regularly  arranged  within  them  (0.  C.  Marsh). 

2.  Fibrous;  coarse  or  fine,  (a)  Satin  spar,  when  fine-fibrous  a  variety  which  has  the  pearly 
opalescence  of  moonstone ;  (b)  plumose,  when  radiately  arranged. 

8.  Massive;  Alabaster,  a  fine-grained  variety,  either  white  or  delicately  shaded;  scaly-granu- 
lar; earthy  or  rock-gypsum,  a  dull-colored  rock,  often  impure  with  clay  or  carbonate  of  lime,  and 
sometimes  with  anhydrite.  The  Monttnartre  gypsum  contains  carbonate  of  lime,  and  Delame- 


HYDROUS   SULPHATES.  639 

therie  called  it  Montmartrite.     A  variety  from  Bovenden,  near  Gottingen,  contains  anhydrite 
(Jahrb.  Min.  1856,  664). 

Comp. — CaS 4- 2  H= Sulphuric  acid  46'5,  lime  32-6,  water  20'9=100.  Analyses:  1,  Bucholz 
(Gehlen's  J.,  v.  159);  2,  v.  Rose  (Karst.  Min.  Tab.,  53,  1808);  3,  De  la  Trobe  (Ramm.  4th  SuppL. 
89);  4,  5,  Jungst  (ZS.  nat  Yer.  HaUe,  viil  482);  6,  7,  W.  Hampe  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xx.  267): 

S  Ca  H  Si  £1       £e 

1.  Orysi.  44-8  33-0  21'0       —98 '8  Bucholz. 

2.  Granular  44-16  33'88  21-00     =99'04  Rose. 

3.  Al\)&y,  fibrous               44-19  29-41  20-18  6'43          0'64      =  100'85  Trobe. 

4.  Wienrode,  compact       45-76  31'87  19-90  2'80          0-60      =  100-93  Jungst. 

5.  Osterode,          "            45-95  32-62  20-70  0'42          0'50      =100-19  Jiingst. 

6.  "        white  46-61     32'44    20'74    0'15     =  99'94  Hampe. 

7.  "        red  46'50     31-99     21-56     0'45      =100-80  Hampe. 

The  siliceous  variety  from  Albay,  Luzon  (Philippine  islands),  was  of  volcanic  origin. 

The  gypsum  of  East  River,  Pictou,  Nova  Scotia,  according  to  Prof.  W.  R.  Johnson,  and  that  of 
Southern  Virginia,  according  to  Prof.  W.  B.^  Rogers  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  v.  113,  1848),  contain  1  atom 
of  water  to  2  of  sulphate  of  lime  (2  Ca  S+H),  the  former  affording  S  54-7,  lime  39-4,  H  5'90.  The 
passage  of  anhydrite  into  gypsum  is  exemplified  on  a  large  scale  in  many  places,  as  at  the 
Canaria  valley  and  at  Bex  in  Switzerland  (Blum.  Pseud.,  p.  24 ;  Am.  J.  Sci,  xlviii.  69).  and  the 
compound  here  described  may  have  been  formed  in  the  course  of  the  transition ;  or,  more  proba- 
bly, it  is  a  mixture  of  gypsum  and  anhydrite.  This  compound  is  formed  artificially  only  at  a  high 
temperature,  or  above  120°  C.  The  incrustations  in  steam-boilers  on  the  ocean  consist  largely  of 
it,  as  shown  by  J.  F.  W.  Johnston,  and  later  by  R.  "W".  Johnson,  who  gave  for  the  composition  of 
one  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  v.  112,  1848),  having  G.=2'69,  and  a  fibrous  structure,  Sulphuric  acid  54-25, 
lime  39'67.  water  6-07,  equivalent  to  2  of  CaS  to  1  of  H.  T.  L.  Phipson  found  in  one  (Inventor's 
Institute,  Dec.,  1867)  Sulphate  of  lime  65*0,  magnesia  19'0,  water  13-5,  3Pe,  £l  0'85,  Na  Cl  0-70, 
sand  0-45  =  99-50;  corresponding  to  1  of  Ca  S+H  and  1  of  Mg  H  (brucite). 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  becomes  opaque.  Fuses  at  2*5—3,  coloring 
the  flame  reddish-yellow.  For  other  reactions,  see  ANHYDRITE,  p.  621.  Ignited  at  a  temperature 
not  exceeding  260°  C.,  it  again  combines  with  water  when  moistened,  and  becomes  firmly  solid. 
Soluble  in  muriatic  acid,  and  also  in  400  to  500  parts  of  water. 

Obs. — Gypsum  often  forms  extensive  beds  in  connection  with  various  stratified  rocks,  especially 
limestones,  and  marlytes  or  clay  beds.  It  occurs  occasionally  in  crystalline  rocks.  It  is  also  a 
product  of  volcanoes,  occurring  about  fumaroles,  or  where  sulphur  gases  are  escaping,  being 
formed  from  the  sulphuric  acid  generated,  and  the  lime  afforded  by  the  decomposing  lavas — lime 
being  contained  in  augite  and  labradorite.  It  is  also  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  pyrite 
when  lime  is  present;  and  often  about  sulphur  springs  where  sulphuretted  hydrogen  is  emitted, 
this  gas  changing,  through  reaction  with  vegetable  matter,  into  sulphuric  acid.  Gypsum  is  also 
deposited  on  the  evaporation  of  sea-water  and  brines,  in  which  it  exists  in  solution.  Crystals 
may  be  seen  to  form  on  evaporating  a  drop  of  sea-water  in  the  field  of  a  microscope. 

Fine  specimens  are  found  in  the  salt  mines  of  Bex  in  Switzerland ;  at  Hall  in  the  Tyrol ;  in  the 
sulphur  mines  of  Sicily ;  in  the  gypsum  formation  near  Ocana  in  Spain ;  in  the  clay  of  Shotover 
Hill,  near  Oxford ;  and  large  lenticular  crystals  have  been  met  with  at  Montmartre,  near  Paris. 
A  noted  locality  of  alabaster  occurs  at  Castelino,  35  m.  from  Leghorn,  whence  it  is  taken  to 
Florence  for  the  manufacture  of  vases,  figures,  etc. 

This  species  occurs  in  extensive  beds  in  several  of  the  United  States,  and  more  particularly 
K  York,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  and  Arkansas,  and  is  usually  associated  with  salt 
springs.  Also  in  Nova  Scotia,  Peru,  etc. 

Handsome  selenite  and  snowy  gypsum  occur  in  N.  York,  near  Lockport  (occasionally  f.  532)  in 
limestone  along  with  pearl  spar  and  anhydrite ;  also  near  Camillus,  Onondaga  Co. ;  occasionally 
crystals  are  met  with  in  the  vicinity  of  Manlius.  In  Maryland,  large  grouped  crystals  on  the  St. 
Mary's,  in  clay ;  also  near  the  mouth  of  the  Patuxent.  In  Virginia,  large  beds  of  gypsum  with  rock 
salt,  in  Washington  Co.,  18  m.  from  Abingdon;  also  near  Lynchburg.  In  Ohio,  large  transparent 
crystals  have  been  found  at  Poland  and  Canfield,  Trumbull  Co.  In  Tenn.,  selenite  and  alabaster 
in  Davidson  Co.  In  Kentucky,  in  Mammoth  Cave,  it  has  the  forms  of  rosettes,  or  flowers,  vines, 
and  shrubbery.  Abundant  also  W.  of  the  Mississippi  in  many  places,  and  in  California. 

In  N.  Scotia,  in  Sussex,  King's  Co.,  on  Capt.  McCready's  farm,  large  single  and  grouped  crystals, 
which  mostly  contain  much  symmetrically  disseminated  sand. 

Plaster  of  Paris  (or  gypsum  which  has  been  heated  and  ground  up)  is  used  for  making  moulds, 
taking  casts  of  statues,  medals,  etc. ;  for  producing  a  hard  finish  on  walls ;  also  in  the  manufacture 
of  artificial  marble,  as  the  scagliola  tables  of  Leghorn,  and  in  the  glazing  of  porcelain. 

The  fibrous  variety,  when  cut  en  cabochon  and  polished,  resembles  cat's-eye. 


64:0  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Gypsum  is  related  in  form  to  heulandite,  a  fact  brought  out  in  the  view  above  taken  of  the 
crystallization  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xvii.  85).  To  the  table  of  observed  planes  the  lettering  of  Brooke 
and  Miller  for  the  planes  is  added.  Plane  /of  f.  537  would  be  situated  on  f.  536,  between  2-i  and 
3-*  below,  or  the  back  2-i  and  3-*  above.  Kenngott  obtained  from  an  English  crystal  2-i  A  2-t== 
111°  14'  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xi.). 

Recent  articles  on  cryst.,  B.  &  M..  Min.,  536  ;  Quenstedt,  Min.,  1855,  1863 ;  Dufrenoy,  Min.,  1856  ; 
Hessenberg,  Min.  Not,  No.  ii.  iv.  There  seems  to  be  good  reason  for  accepting  as  the  true 
fundamental  form  that  above  adopted,  since  the  planes  of  the  fundamental  prism  /,  and  0,  cor- 
respond in  this  case  to  directions  of  cleavage.  Most  authors  make  2-i  the  prism  I,  and  2-i  (of  rare 
occurrence)  the  plane  0.  The  symbols,  on  this  basis,  with  the  lettering  of  Miller,  are  as  follows, 
following  the  above  order  (Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  No.  iv.) :  «-» (a) ;  i-i  (&),  1-4  (t\  1  (n),  2-2  (x), 
3-3  (s);  I(m,  or /of  Neumann),  i-\,  i-\,  i-2(h\  a-£,  *-|,  *'-3  (&),  *4i  *-i  *•$  J  -1-*  (d),  0(q  of  Quen- 
stedt), H-00,  f  *  (0  of  Hessenberg) ;  -1  (1),  l-i  (v),  1-3  (u),  i  (w)\  -3-3  (y,  or  k  of  Neumann) ;  f-2 
(6  of  Hessenberg). 

Named  from  y« !//»?,  the  Greek  for  the  mineral,  but  more  especially  for  the  calcined  mineral 
The  derivation  ordinarily  suggested,  from  y*j,  earth,  and  tyfw,  to  cook,  corresponds  with  this,  the 
most  common  use  of  the  word  among  the  Greeks.  Theophrastus,  after  mentioning  localities, 
speaks  of  the  making  of  gypsum  by  burning  the  proper  stones  (among  which  alabaster  is  included) ; 
of  making  plaster  or  cement  from  it  by  "  powdering  it,  pouring  on  water,  and  stirring  it  with  wooden 
instruments,  there  being  too  much  heat  for  the  hand;  "  of  the  necessity  of  preparing  it  "  imme- 
diately before  the  use  of  it,  because  it  soon  dries  and  becomes  hard ;  "  of  its  value  for  whitening 
the  walls  of  houses,  and  of  its  being  an  excellent  material  for  making  images  and  ornaments. 

The  word  yv^os  in  Plato  and  Herodotus  has  been  sometimes  translated  chalk,  but  not  so  in  the 
latest  and  best  Lexicon — the  recent  edition  of  Stephanus.  The  sentences  in  Herodotus  containing 
it,  and  the  verb  yui//<5w  derived  from  it  meaning  to  cover  or  whiten  with  gypsum,  are  most  intelligible 
if  calcined  gypsum,  or  preparations  from  it,  are  understood. 

Powdered  chalk  is  not  likely  to  have  been  used  for  a  whitewash  ;  and  a  wash  is  implied  instead 
of  dry  chalking.  Moreover,  true  chalk  was  probably  unknown  to  the  Greeks,  it  being  a  produc- 
tion of  more  western  countries ;  and,  according  to  Pliny,  even  the  Romans  included  under  their 
term  Greta  (Latin  for  chalk)  principally  clays,  and  prominently  the  "  Cimolian  earth  "  (Cimolite,  p. 
457),  true  chalk  being  what  Pliny  calls  "  the  inferior  kind."  Theophrastus  speaks  of  a  Tymphcean 
gypsum  (so  called  by  the  people  of  Tymphaea)  which  was  a  fuller's  earth  of  some  kind.  The  word 
y£t//o?  is,  therefore,  much  more  likely  to  have  been  applied  at  times  to  white  clays  than  to  true 
chalk.  The  ancients  were  acquainted  with  lime  from  the  burning  of  limestone,  and  could  not  have 
called  this  yvtys.  Plato's  expression,  TV  fa  oar)  \evKfi  yvifsov  ft  -xl(>vos  ^evKorepav,  "  Whiter  than  gyp- 
sum or  snow,"  is  not  improved  by  supposing  it  chalk;  for  there  is  nothing  whiter  than  calcined 
gypsum,  or  the  ceilings  or  ornaments  made  from  it. 

Selenites  (—moon-stone)  of  Dioscorides,  which  he  says  was  also  called  aphroselenon  (moon-froth), 
u  because  it  was  found  at  night  while  the  moon  was  on  the  increase,"  was  probably  crystallized  gyp- 
sum or  modern  seleuite.  His  description  \cvK6s,  <Wyfar  Kotyos  (=white,  transparent,  light),  is  good 
as  far  as  it  goes ;  and  the  uses  of  the  stone  which  he  mentions  also  agree  better  with  this  view  than 
with  that  of  its  being  either  the  modern  moonstone  or  cafs-eye,  to  which  it  has  been  referred.  The 
name  is  from  a^vrj,  moon,  and  alludes  probably  to  the  peculiar  moon-like  white  reflections. 
Some  aggregated  crystallized  masses  might  well  have  suggested  the  name  aphroselenon.  It  is 
doubtful  what  Pliny  had  in  view  under  the  name  selenitis  (xxxvii.  67) :  it  is  probable,  from  his 
brevity  on  the  subject,  that  he  did  not  know  the  mineral. 

Lapis  specularis  (Specular-stone)  of  Pliny  was  mostly  crystallized  gypsum  (the  rest  being  mica) ; 
he  speaks  of  it  (xxxvi.  59)  as  affording  by  burning  the  best  of  gypsum. 

'AAu/?ao-rjDir>7?  (or  alabaster-stone,  meaning  the  stone  out  of  which  ointment  vases  of  the  kind 
called  alabastra  were  made)  was  with  Theophrastus  and  Pliny  mainly  if  not  wholly  stalagmite, 
which  is  now  often  called  oriental  alabaster  (see  under  CALCITE)  ;  and  Thebes  in  Egypt  was  a  famous 
locality.  Such  vases  were  made  of  other  materials,  and  it  is  possible  that  gypsum-alabaster  was 
one ;  for  when  polished  it  often  resembles  some  clouded  stalagmites.  This  opinion  is  favored — 
though  not  placed  beyond  question — by  the  statement  in  Theophrastus,  which  Pliny  reiterates,* 
that  the  gypsum-stone  is  "very  similar  to,"  '-not  unlike"  (meaning  in  the  rough  state,  of  course) 
oJabastrites,  which  resemblance  is  not  obvious  if  stalagmite  is  the  only  alabastrites.  The  alabas- 
tritis  of  Pliny,  from  Syria,  said  to  be  white  spotted  with  various  tints,  may  be  of  this  kind,  as 
Syria  was  noted  for  its  gypsum-stone,  according  to  Theophrastus  and  Pliny. 

*  It  is  not  clear  that  Pliny  is  here  independent  authority.  He  appears  to  be  citing  from 
Theophrastus  in  the  most  of  what  he  says  about  gypsum ;  and  in  one  or  two  cases  he  cites  blun- 
deringly. He  says,  for  instance,  that  plaster  after  hardening  may  by  pounding  be  powdered  [for 
use  again] ;  whereas  Theophrastus  states  more  correctly  that  "  by  burning  it  may  again  and  again 
be  made  fit  for  use." 


HYDROUS    SULPHATES.  (341 

'A\a@a<rrpov  (alabastron)  occurs  as  the  name  of  alabaster-stone  in  the  writings  of  the  histo- 
rian Herodianus  about  two  centuries  after  Christ,  but  without  description.  The  atabastrum  of 
Pliny,  something  white  and  froth-like,  called  also,  as  he  says,  stimmi,  stibi,  and  larbasis  and  com- 
ing from  silver  mines,  cannot  be  alabaster.  There  is  here  probably  some  mistake  on  the  part  of 
Pliny. 

Burnt  gypsum  is  called  Plaster-of-Paris,  because  the  Montmartre  gypsum  quarries,  near  Paris 
are,  and  have  long  been,  famous  for  affording  it. 

Alt.— G-ypsum  occurs  altered  to  calcite,  malachite,  quartz. 

655.  KIESERITE.    Kieserit  Keichardt,  Salzbergwerk  Stassfurt,  1860;   B.  H.  Ztg.,  xx.  39, 
1861.     Martinsite  Kenngott,  Ueb.,  1856-57,  22;  Ramm.,  Pogg,  xcviii.  262,  1856  (not  Martinsite 
Karsten,  1845). 

Orthorhombic.     Massive ;  fine  granular  or  compact. 
H.— 2-5.     G.  —  2-517,  Bischof.     Color  white,  grayish-white,  to  yellowish. 
Translucent  to  opaque.     Friable  to  firm.     Little  soluble. 

Comp.— MgS -i- fi=r  Sulphuric  acid  58*0,  magnesia  29*0,  water  13-0=100.  Analyses:  1,  Ram- 
melsberg  (Pogg.,  xcviii.  262);  2-4,  Siewert  &  Leopold  (Jahresb.,  1860,  788):  6,  Eeichardt  (Jahrb 
Min.  1866,  343): 

S  Mg  & 

1.  Stassfurt  5*7-7        26-8       [15'5]=100  Ramm. 

2.  "  58-98  28-51  13-47  =  100'96  Siewert. 

3.  "  58-90  28-61  [12-49]  =  100  Siewert. 

4.  "  57-78  28-78  14-13=100'69  Leopold. 

5.  "  54-16  28-11  14-30,  Cl  2-18,  insol.  0-39=99-14  Reichardt. 

Reichardt  in  his  earliest  analyses  obtained  (1.  c.)  S  43-05,  Mg  21*66,  fl  34'56,  which  corresponds 
to  Mg  S+3  H.  AnaL  2,  3,  are  of  an  opalescent,  translucent,  and  friable  variety,  and  4  of  a  darker 
yellow,  opaque,  and  much  harder  kind. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  easily,  and  with  soda  on  charcoal 
gives  the  sulphuric  acid  reaction.  But  little  altered  at  100°  C.  Dissolves  in  nitric  acid,  leaving 
a  small  residue  of  impurities.  Soluble  slowly  in  water,  but  completely,  100  of  water  taking  up 
40-9  parts;  a  residue  is  deposited  of  microscopic  crystals  of  anhydrite,  or  of  stassfurtite. 

Obs. — From  the  salt  mine  of  Stassfurt,  often  mixed  with  carnaUite  and  gypsum.  F.  Bischof 
divides  the  Stassfurt  salt  beds  vertically  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  IV.  v.  305,  and  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  1865) 
into  4  regions,  corresponding,  he  observes,  to  the  natural  order  of  origin  from  an  evaporating 
saline:  1,  or  lower,  the  anhydrite  region;  2,  the  polyhalite;  3,  the  kieserite;  and  4,  the  carnaUite. 
The  kieserite  is  in  beds,  9  to  12  in.  thick,  alternating  with  common  salt.  The  whole  deposit  is- 
about  190  feet  thick,  and  has  the  following  as  its  mean  percentage  composition  :  Common  salt  65,, 
kieserite  17,  carnallite  13,  chlorid  of  magnesium  (hydrated)  3,  anhydrite  2=100. 

Named  after  Mr.  Kieser,  President  of  the  Academy  of  Jena.  For  the  martinsite  of  Karsten,. 
see  under  HALITE,  p.  112. 

656.  POLYHALITE.    Polyhalites   Strom.,  Comment.  Soc.  R.  Gotting.,  iv.  139.     Polyhalit 

Strom,,  Unters.,  i.  444,  1821. 

Orthorhombic?  Clinohedral  ?  Descl.  A  prism  of  115°,  with  acute 
edges  truncated.  Usually  in  compact  fibrous  masses. 

H.= 2-5— 3.  G.= 2-7689.  Lustre  resinous  or  slightly  pearly.  Streak 
red.  Color  flesh-  or  brick-red,  sometimes  yellowish.  Translucent— opaque; 
Taste  bitter  and  astringent,  but  very  weak. 

Comp.— RS+iS,in  which  R=K,  Mg,  Oa  in  the  ratio  1:1:  2= Sulphate  of  lime  45-2,  suL. 
magnesia  19-9,  sul.  potash  28-9,  water  6-0  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  i.  144);  2, 
Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixviii.  512);  3,  Dexter  (Pogg.,  xciii.  1);  4,  Behnke  (ib.);  5,  C.  A.  Joy 
(Inaug.  Dissert.,  49,  Pogg.,  xciii.  1);  6,  7,  v.Hauer(Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xi.385);  8,  G.  Jenzsch  (Pogg.,, 
xcvii.  175);  9,  Dexter(l.  c.);  10,  Bischof  (Ann.  Ch.Phys.,  IV.  v.  312);  11,  Reichardt.  (Jahrb.  Min. 
1866.  345): 

41 


642 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


1. 

2. 
3. 

4. 
5. 
6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 

CaS 
Ischl            44-74 
Aussee        45-43 
"               45  62 
Hallein,  red  42-29 
Gmunden     42-  7  8 
Hallstatt      56-41 
Ebensee       61  '18 
Vic,  red       44-11 

"    gray     44-72 
Stassfurt     42-64 
"             43-44 

&gS 
20-03 
20-59 
18-97 
18-27 
19-05 
11-04 
13-53 
1978 

19-08 
19-76 
20-56 

flaS 

0-61 
2-60 
0-75 

1-69 

•fr-S 

Kb 
27-70 
28-10 
28-39 
27-09 
28-11 
14-81 
19-12 
25-87 

27-77 
27-90 
26-22 

Nad 
0-19 

0-11 

0-31 
1-38 
1-75 
12-16 
0-23 
0-24 

0-44 
3-49 

£e 
0-34 

0-33 
0*24 

FeSO-36 

0-41 
1-01 

0-59 

ft 

6-95=98-94  Strom. 

5-24=99-80  Ramm. 

6-02,  Si  0-32,  Mg  0-49=100-97  Dexter, 

6-10,  Si  0-27, 3Pe  S  1 '35=99-35  Behnke. 

6-41=99-21  Joy. 

5-58=100  v.  Hauer. 

6-05=100-52  v.  Hauer. 

6-16,  Si  0-11,  £l  0-39,  Mg  0'02  = 

99-38  Jeuzsch. 
7-40=100  Dexter. 
5-75=99-54  Bischof. 
7-47,  MgCl  0-58=98-27  Reichardt. 

From  analysis  9,  6 -23  p.  c.  of  clay  have  been  removed,  and  part  of  the  7 '40  p.  c.  of  water 
belongs  with  it. 

Berthier's  analyses  of  the  Vic  polyhalite  (Ann.  d.  M.,  x.  260)  were  incorrect.  The  loc. 
Gmunden  (anal  5)  should  be  either  Ischl  or  Aussee,  according  to  Rammelsberg,  who  says  the 
mineral  does  not  occur  near  Gmunden  (Min.  Ch.,  283,  1862).  Joy  gays  in  a  letter  to  the  author 
dated  Oct.,  1865,  that  it  was  brought  to  G-.  Rose's  laboratory  so  labelled. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  1*5,  colors  the  flame  yellow.  On 
charcoal  fuses  to  a  reddish  globule,  which  in  R.F  becomes  white,  and  on  cooling  has  a  saline 
hepatic  taste;  with  soda  like  glauberite.  "With  fluor  does  not  give  a  clear  bead.  Partially 
•soluble  in  water,  leaving  a  residue  of  sulphate  of  lime,  which  dissolves  in  a  large  amount  of 
water. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  mines  of  Ischl,  Ebensee,  Aussee,  Hallstatt,  and  Hallein  in  Austria,  with 
•common  salt,  gypsum,  and  anhydrite ;  at  Berchtesgaden  in  Bavaria ;  at  Yic  in  Lorraine. 

The  name  Polyhalite  is  derived  from  n-oAvj,  many,  and  SX?,  salt,  in  allusion  to  the  number  of  salts 
in  the  constitution  of  the  mineral. 

For  remarks  on  the  position  of  the  polyhalite  at  Stassfurt  see  KIESERITE,  p.  641. 

657.  MAHANITEA  Goebel  (Bull  Ac.  St.  Petersb.,  ix.  16,  1865).  Like  polyhalite  in  aspect  and 
-characters,  but  has  the  K,  Mg,  Ca  in  the  ratio  1:2:3.  Color  white ;  lustre  silky ;  structure 
foliated  fibrous.  In  nodules  as  large  as  the  fist,  at  the  salt  mine  of  Maman  in  Persia,  with  car- 
nallite,  and  also  investing  or  intersecting  nodules  of  carnallite. 

658.  PIOROMERITE.  Picromeride  Scacchi,  Mem.  Incend.  Vesuv.  1855,  191.  Pikromerit 
Ramm.,  Min.  Ch.,  281,  1860.  Kainit  Zincken,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  79,  1865.  Schonit  E.  Reichardt, 
Jahrb.  Min.  1865,  602,  1866,  340. 

Monoclinic.     #=75°  12',  /A  7=109°  50',  0  A  1^=154°  39',  0  A  2-*= 
116°  41'.     In  crystals  and  crystalline  crusts. 
H.=2'5.     Color  white. 

Comp.-fi:  S  +  MgS  +  6H,  or  (i  ±44Mg)S  4- 3  H= Sulphuric  acid  39-8,  magnesia  9'9,  potash 
.23-5,  water  26-8=100.  Analyses :  H.  Reichardt  (1.  c.) : 


1.  Stassfurt 

2.  " 


38-52 
89-74 


Mg 
11-56 
10-40 


ft 

22-82 
23-28 


ft 

6-2! 
26-87 


Cl 

0'81  =  100. 
0-28=100-57. 


Reichardt's  analyses  were  made  on  his  schonite,  a  salt  obtained  by  him  by  separating  the  chlorid 
•of  magnesium  in  what  is  called  kainite  by  means  of  alcohol 

Pyr.,  etc.— Loses  11  p.  c.  water  at  100°  C.,  and  all  the  rest  by  heating  to  133°  C.,  Reichardt. 
According  to  Graham,  the  artificial  salt  loses  its  water  wholly  at  132°. 

Obs.— Found  at  Vesuvius  among  the  salts  produced  at  the  eruption  in  1855,  in  crystals  along 
with  crystals  of  cyanochroite,  an  isomorphous  species  in  which  copper  replaces  the  magnesia. 
Also  occurs  at  the  Stassfurt  salt  mine,  along  with  kieserite  and  carnallite.  It  is  often  mixed, 
•at  Stassfurt,  with  chlorids  and  other  salts.  Alcohol  dissolves  out  chlorid  of  magnesium. 

Kainite  of  Zincken,  from  the  same  locality  at  Stassfurt,  is  nothing  but  the  impure  picromerite 
.just  alluded  to,  as  shown  by  Reichardt.  It  has  been  analyzed  by  Graf  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  288); 
E.  and  H.  Reichardt,  Hosasus,  and  Theile  (Jahrb.  Min.  1866,  337);  Philip  (ZS.  G.,  xvii.  649); 
•and  the  chlorine  in  the  results  varies  from  14-5  to  36-7  p.  c.  Nearly  all  the  chlorine  is  removed 


HYDKOUS    SULPHATES.  64:3 

as  chlorid  of  magnesium  on  treating  the  mineral  with  alcohol.  Forms  granular  masses  which 
vary  in  color  from  colorless  to  grayish,  yellowish,  and  reddish,  and  has  G.  =  2'131  — 2147,  but 
varying  to  2-184.  It  sometimes  contains  also  common  salt.  Named  picromerite  in  allusion  to  the 
magnesia  present;  and  Kainite  (properly  Ccenite)  from  xaivos,  recent. 

659.  BLCEDITE.    Blcedit  John,  Unters.,  1811.     Astrakanit  G.  Rose,  Reis.  Ural,  u.  270,  271, 

1842. 

In  imperfect  crystals.     Also  massive. 

Color  whitish,  orange,  reddish.     Translucent.     Very  soluble. 

Var. — The  original  Uosdite  from  Ischl,  analyzed  by  John,  was  massive,  somewhat  fibrous,  flesh- 
red  to  brick-red  in  color,  and  splintery  in  fracture.  The  astrakanite,  from  near  Astrakan,  was  in 
whitish  crystals. 

Oomp. — RS  +  2H,  with  R=£Mg-|-i&a= Sulphate  of  soda  42*6,  sulphate  of  magnesia  35'9, 
water  21-5=100.  Analyses:  1,  John  (1.  c.);  2,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  605,  1856);  3, 
Gobel  (Rose's  Reis.  Ural,  1.  c.);  4,  Hayes  (Proc.  N.  H.  Bost.,  v.  391): 

NaS    MgS  NaClMgCl     & 

1.  Ischl,  rdh.        33-34    36-66     0-33     22'00,  Mn  S  0'33,  fe§  0-34=93'00  John. 

2.  "     orange    41-02     36'36     0-50     21-50=99-38  Hauer. 

3.  Astrakan         41'73     3581     0'34    21'95=99-83a  Gobel. 

4.  Mendoza          45*74    33*31     1*16     19-60,  sand,  etc.  0-19=100  Hayes. 

5.  45-82     33-19     1'79     18-84,  sand,  etc.  0-36=100  Hayes. 

*  1'75  clay  and  sand  removed. 

Another  sample  afforded  Hayes  ISTaS  48-00,  MgS  34-20,  NaCl  1-21,  H  16-42,  Si, etc.  0-17= 
100.  Dried  at  90°  F.  the  water  was  reduced  to  15-20  p.  c.  The  less  amount  of  water  in  Hayes's 
analyses  than  in  the  others  may  have  been  due  to  the  degree  of  drying. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  loses  water  rapidly ;  at  a  red  heat  fuses  quietly  to  a  transparent  globule, 
which  is  white  on  cooling.  Somewhat  deliquescent  in  a  moderately  moist  atmosphere. 

Obs. — From  the  salt  mines  of  Ischl ;  the  salt  lakes  near  Astrakan,  east  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Volga  (anal.  3) ;  the  soil  of  the  country  near  Mendoza,  between  San  Luis  de  la  Punta  and  the 
foot  of  the  Andes,  especially  east  of  San  Juan,  occurring  in  imperfect  crystals  at  the  junction  of 
two  layers  of  common  salt,  one  to  two  feet  below  the  surface. 

Named  after  the  chemist  and  mineralogist  Blode. 

660.  LCEWEITE.    Loweit  Raid.,  Abh.  Ges.  Wiss.  Prag,  Y.  iv.  1846;  Raid.,  Ber.  Fr.  Nat, 

ii.  266,  1847. 

Tetragonal.  Massive.  Cleavage  octahedrons  have  approximately  the 
angles  111°  44'  and  105°  2',  giving  for  the  vertical  axis  the  value  1*304. 
Cleavage  :  basal,  distinct ;  /,  imperfect ;  1,  or  the  octahedral,  in  traces. 

H.=2*5— 3-0.  G.= 2-376.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  yellowish- white  to 
honey-yellow,  also  reddish.  Fracture  conchoidal,  with  the  aspect  some- 
what of  fire-opal.  Taste  weak.  Optically  uniaxial ;  refraction  positive, 
for  the  ordinary  ray  1*491,  extraord.  1*4:94:. 

Comp, — RS-fliH,  with  E=^Mg  +  -JNa= Sulphate  of  soda  46-3,  sulphate  of  magnesia  39'1, 
water  14*7.  Analyses:  1,  Karafiat  (1.  c.);  2,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  1856,  605): 

S  Mg          tfa  H 

1.  52-35         12-78        18-97         14-45,  £e,  £l  0'66=99-21  Karafiat. 

2.  52-53         14-31         18'58         14-80=100-22  Hauer. 

Obs. — In  pure  crystalline  masses  an  inch  thick,  involved  with  foliated  anhydrite,  at  the  Ischl 
salt  mine,  Austria. 

661.  EPSOMTTE.    Epsom  Salt.      Sal  nativum  catharticum  A.  Hermann,   De  Sale  nativo 
cathartico  in  fodinis  Hungariae  recens  invento,  Posonii,  1721.    Sal  neutrum  acidulare,  Sal 


644  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Anglicanum,  Wall,  Min.,  184,  1747.  Id.,  Sel  d'Epsom  Fr.  Trl  Wall,  i.  339,  1753.  Halotrichum 
Scopoli,  De  Hydrarg.  Idrieuse  Tent.,  Yenet,  1761  (Klap.  Beitr.,  iii.  104),  Prineip.  Mm.,  1772. 
Magnesia  vitriolata  (Sal  Anglicus,  Epsomensis,  Seidlizensis,  Seydschiitensis,  amarus,  etc.)  Bergm., 
Sciagr.,  1782.  Bittersalz  Wern.  Haarsalz  pt.  Epsomite  JBeud.,  Tr.,  445,  1824. 

Orthorhombic,  and  generally  hemihedral  in  the  octahedral  modifications. 
/A  7=90°  34:',  0  A  14=150°  2' ;  a  :  I  :  c=0'5766  :  1  :  1-01.  14  A  14, 
basal, =59°  27',  14  A  14,  basal, =59°  56'.  Cleavage:  brachydiagonal, 
perfect.  Also  in  botryoidal  masses  and  delicately  fibrous  crusts. 

H.=2'25.  G-.= 1-751 ;  1'685,  artificial  salt,  Schiff.  Lustre  vitreous — 
earthy.  Streak  and  color  white.  Transparent — translucent.  Taste  bitter 
and  saline. 

Oomp. MgS-f  7  &,  when  pure = Magnesia  16-3,  sulphuric  acid  32'5,  water  51-2=100.  Anal- 
yses: 1-4,  Stromeyer  (Gel.  Anz.  Gott.,  1833,  Pogg.,  xxxi.  137,  Schw.  J.f  hrix.  255);  5,  Bouis  (Rev. 
ScL  Industr.,  adv.  300);  6,  Dufrenoy  (Tr.,  ii.  323): 

S  Mg  Fe      Mn  fi 

1.  S.  Africa          ,         32-26  14-58  8'61  49-24=99-69  Stromeyer. 

2.  Idria,  " Hcuxrsalz"    32'30  16-39  0'23     50-93=99-85  Stromeyer. 

S.Catalonia                   31-90  16*49 51-20=99-59  Stromeyer. 

4.  NeuBohl,  rose-red      31-37     15-31     0*09     0'34    51*70,  Cu  0'38,  Co  0-69=99-88  Stromeyer. 

5.  Fitou,  France  34-37     17-31     48-32  =  100  Bouis. 

6.  "  "  34-07     16-20     47-20,  Ca  2'10=99-57  DufrSnoy. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Liquifies  in  its  water  of  crystallization.  Gives  much  water  in  the  closed  tube  at 
a  high  temperature;  the  water  is  acid.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  at  first,  and  finally  yields  an 
infusible  alkaline  mass,  which,  with  cobalt  solution,  gives  a  pink  color  on  ignition.  Very  soluble 
in  water,  and  has  a  very  bitter  taste. 

Obs.— Common  in  mineral  waters,  and  as  a  delicate  fibrous  or  capillary  efflorescence  on  rocks, 
in  the  galleries  of  mines,  and  elsewhere.  In  the  former  state  it  exists  at  Epsom,  England,  and 
at  Sedlitz  and  Saidschutz  in  Bohemia.  At  Idria  in  Carniola  it  occurs  in  silky  fibres,  and  is  hence 
called  hairsalt  by  the  workmen.  Also  obtained  at  the  gypsum  quarries  of  Montmartre,  near  Paris ; 
in  Fitou,  Dept.  of  the  Aude,  France ;  in  Aragon  and  Catalonia  in  Spain ;  in  the  Cordillera  of 
St.  Juan  in  Chili ;  and  in  a  grotto  in  Southern  Africa,  where  it  forms  a  layer  1^  in.  thick.  Also 
found  at  Vesuvius,  at  the  eruptions  of  1850  and  1855. 

The  floors  of  the  limestone  caves  of  Ky.,  Tenn.,  and  Ind.,  are  in  many  instances  covered  with 
epsomite,  in  minute  crystals,  mingled  with  the  earth.  In  the  Mammoth  Cave,  Ky.,  it  adheres  to 
the  roof  in  loose  masses  like  snowballs.  At  the  Alum  Cave,  in  Sevier,  Tenn.,  on  the  headwaters 
of  the  West  Fork  of  Little  Pigeon  River,  masses  of  nearly  pure  epsomite,  almost  a  cubic  foot  in 
volume,  have  been  obtained  (Saflford's  Rep.,  119).  It  effloresces  from  the  calcareous  sandstone,  10 
m.  from  Coeymans,  on  the  east  face  of  the  Helderberg,  K  Y.  Said  to  occur  also  over  the  Cali- 
fornia plains,  east  of  San  Diego  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  vi.  389).  Also  effloresces  from  a  pyritiferous 
serpentine  in  Marmora,  Canada  West ;  and  on  dolomites  of  the  Clinton  formation  (Silurian)  in 
sheltered  places  between  Niagara  Falls  and  Lake  Huron,  as  at  Dundas,  where  layers  occur  1  in. 
thick. 

Sulphate  of  magnesia  is  dimorphous.  According  to  Haidinger  and  Mitscherlich,  the  above 
described  form  is  produced  when  crystallization  takes  place  below  15°  C.  (60°  F.),  but  a  mono- 
clinic  form  between  25°  C.  and  30°  C. 

662.  TAURISOITE.    Tauriszit  G.  H.  '0.  Volger,  Jahrb.  Min.  1855,  152. 

Orthorhombic.  Angles  those  of  epsomite.  Occurring  planes  :  /,  i-i,  i-i, 
i~%  ;  1-2,  14 ;  1,  2-2,  2-2.  Crystals  acicular. 

Lustre  and  other  physical  characters  those  of  copperas. 

Comp. — Stated  to  be  that  of  copperas. 

Obs.— From  Windgalle  in  the  Canton  Uri  (Pagus  Tauriscorum  of  the  Romans),  Switzerland, 
associated  with  copperas  and  alum.  The  crystal  is  a  rhombic  prism  with  pyramidal  terminations. 

662 A.  TECTTCITE  Breifh.  (Graulit  Gkcher,  Syn.,  1847).    A  clove-brown  mineral,  easily  soluble  La 


HTDKOU8   SULPHATES.  645 

water  and  attracting  moisture  readily,  occurring  in  small  pyramidal  and  acicular  crystals  supposed 
to  be  orthorhombic,  and  also  massive.  Probably  a  hydrous  sulphate  of  sesquioxyd  of  iron ;  but 
composition  not  ascertained.  H.  =  1-5—2. 

From  G-raul,  near  Schwarzenberg,  in  Saxony,  and  Braunsdorf  in  the  Erzgebirge.  Named  from 
7»?<cri>ooj,  in  allusion  to  the  deliquescence ;  but  changed  to  graulite  by  Glocker,  because  the  Greek 
signifies  liquifying  actively,  and  not  passively  as  in  deliquescence. 

663.  FAUSERITE.    Fauserit  Bretih.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  301,  1865. 

Ortlioiiiombic.  /A  7=  91°  18'.  Cleavage  :  i4  distinct ;  /  in  traces  or 
none ;  O  rather  distinct.  Crystals  grouped  in  stalactitic  forms. 

H.— 2— 2£.  G. =1*888.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  reddish- and  yellowish- 
white  to  colorless.  Translucent  to  transparent.  Taste  astringent,  bitter. 

Oomp.— MgS+2  Mn  S  +  15  fi=(£  Mg+f  Mn)  S+5fi=Sulphuric  acid  34'7,  protox.  manga- 
nese  20'5,  magnesia  5'8,  water  39-0  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  Molmar  (1.  c.): 

S  Mn          Mg  fl 

34-49        19-61         5-15        42'66,  £l,  3Pe  trace 
33-78         20-05         5'63         40'54. 

Obs. — From  Herrengrund  in  Hungary.    Named  after  Mr.  Fauser. 


COPPERAS  GROUP. 

The  species  here  included  are  the  ordinary  vitriols.  They  are  identical 
in  general  formula  with  the  species  of  the  Epsomite  group,  and  are  regarded 
as  the  same  compound  essentially  under  oblique  crystallization.  The  cop- 
per sulphate  diverges  from  the  others  in  crystallization,  and  contains  but 
5  of  water ;  but  species  containing  copper  in  many  other  groups  exhibit  a 
like  divergence  from  the  rest  in  crystalline  form. 

SYNONYMY  BEFORE  1750.  Xd\Kav6ov,  XaX*rri?,  MeXai/r^pfu,  Swpv,  Mf<™,  Dioscor.,  v.  114-118. 
[Chalcanthum  (from  %aX*o?,  brass,  and  avQog,  fiow&f)  is  vitriol  of  any  kind;  Spain  is  given  as  a 
locality ;  Chakitis,  a  disintegrating  pyrites,  iron  or  copper,  impregnated  with  the  same,  as  a  result 
of  its  alteration ;  Melanteria  (fr.  pcXuv,  ink),  a  salt-like  chalcanthus,  or  earth  containing  it ;  Soru, 
a  black  earth  or  stone  impregnated  with  some  vitriol ;  Misu,  a  yellowish  vitriolic  stone,  per- 
haps partly  copiapite,  and  partly  yellow  ochre  impregnated  with  vitriol  of  some  kind.*] 

Atramentum  sutorium= Chalcanthum.  Chalcites,  Sory,  Misy,  Plin.,  xxxiv.  29-32;  evidently  in 
part  from  Dioscorides.  [The  description  of  Chalcanthum  gives  prominence  to  blue  vitriol,  while 
its  use  as  shoemaker's  ink  (which  Atr.  sutorium  signifies)  implies  the  presence  of  green  (or  iron) 
vitriol,  the  material  still  used  for  blackening  leather ;  Chalcites  and  sory  are  the  same  as  above ; 
Misy  is  yellow  and  pulverulent,  like  the  mineral  now  called  copiapite.] 

Atramentum  sutorium = Melanteria .= Chalcanthum,  Chalcites,  Sory,  Misy,  Agric.,  Foss.,  212- 
214,  1546 ;  Kupferwasser  id.,  Interpr.,  463,  1546.  [The  first  three  of  these  names  are  synonyms 
for  any  vitriol  or  all ;  and  include  (as  partly  also  in  Dioscorides)  capillary  or  wool-like,  plumose, 
stalactitic,  and  salt-like  kinds,  besides  Lapis  atramenti ;  Agricola  mentions  the  varieties  Atramen- 
turn  sutorium  candidum(=\£VKoiov  Gr.),  which  is  white  or  zinc  vitriol ;  A.  s.  viride,  which  is  green 

*  In  interpreting  these  ancient  names  it  has  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  there  are  three  sources  of 
obscurity,  besides  that  of  imperfect  description  : 

1.  That  the  earthy  or  stony  mass  containing  the  essential  ingredisnt  comes  into  the  description. 

2.  That  Pyrites  (including  pyrite,  marcasite  and  pyrrhotine)  is  brassy  enough  to  be  confounded 
with  chalcopyrite.  the  ore  of  copper  or  brass  (xaXxos);  and,  in  fact,  Dioscorides  says  that,  pyrites 
yields  x<*\Kns,  although  in  the  next  line  asserting  that  it  strikes  fire  with  a  steel,  a  characteristic 
distinguishing  it  from  copper  pyrites.     Moreover,  Agricola  describes  all  the  vitriols  under  his 
Atramenta  sutoria,  and  makes  Kupferwasser  of  the  Germans  (meaning  copper-water)  a  common 
synonym  for  them  ;  as  has  been  true  of  Copperas  in  English  and  Couperose  in  French. 

3.  That  iron  and  copper  pyrites  often  occur  together,  and  the  vitriolic  results  of  their  altera 
tion  are  consequently  variously  mixed  in  nature. 


646 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


vitriol :  A.  s.  cceruleum,  which  is  blue  vitriol;  Sory,  a  gray  or  blackish  stone,  often  nodular  (gleba? 
rotunda),  impregnated  with  any  vitriol;  Misy,  a  yellow  efflorescent  or  mealy  vitriol  (Copiapiti). 
Goslar  in  the  Harz  is  the  principal  locality  cited  by  Agricola.  Chakites  is  said  to  be  between 
sory  and  misy  in  texture,  and  rubra  et  ceris  colore  •  perhaps  a  red  ochre  (a  frequent  result  of  the 
alteration  of  pyrites)  containing  copperas  and  some  unaltered  pyrites. 

Atramentum  viride,  a  quibusdam  Vitreolum  vocatur,  Albertus  Magnus,  De  Mm.,  Libr.  v.,  c.  3, 
1270  Vitriolum  Agric.,  ib.,  213.  [So  named  from  vitrium,  glass,  in  allusion  to  the  glassy 
appearance  of  the  crystals  of  vitriols ;  Agricola  speaks  in  connection  with  his  explanation  of  the 
word,  of  "  A.  candidum  translucidum  instar  Crystalli."] 

Atraraentum  Gesner,  Foss.,  13,  1565;  divided  into  A.  album  durum  Goslarianum  [or  Zinc  vit- 
riol], A.  viride  [or  Iron  vitriol],  A.  cceruleum  Cyprium  pulcherrimum  [or  Blue  vitriol],  etc. 
Melanteria,  Sory,  Misy,  Gesner,  ib.,  15,  16. 

Vitriolum  Walkrius  Min.,  155,  1747,  and  Cronstedt,  Min.,  113,  1758;  a  genus  including  the 
species  V.Cupri  (=V.  Cypri,  V.  Veneris);  2,  V.  viride  (=V.  ferri,  V.  martis);  3,  V.  album,  vel 
Zinci  (from  Goslar)  •  besides  4,  V.  mixtum  (a  mere  mixture) ;  5,  6,  Terra  vitriolica  and  Lapis  atra- 
mentarius  (earth  or  stone  impregnated  with  vitriol  of  some  kind),  and  including  Lapis  atramen- 
tarius  flavus,  or  Misy. 

664.  MELANTERTTE.  MeXavrripia,  XaA*a»/0o«>,  etc.,  Dioscor.  Chalcanthum,  Atramentum 
sutorium,  etc.,  Plin.  Melanteria,  Atramentum  sutorium  viride,  Agric.  Vitriolum  pt.  Albertus 
Magnus.  Atramentum  viride  Gesner.  Vitriolum  viride,  V.  ferri,  V.  martis,  Wallerius.  Green 
Vitriol  Copperas.  Sulphate  of  Iron.  Fer  sulfate  Fr.  Melanterie  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  482,  1832. 

Monoclinic.     (7=75°  40' ;  7  A  7=82°  21',  0  A  l-i= 
123°  44' ;  a  :  b  :  c=l*310  :  1  :  0-8474. 

0  A  iU'=104°  20'  0  A  -1-*=136°  18 

0  A  7=80  37  0  A  1-*=123  44 

0  A  -^=159  6  -1  A  -1=101  32 

Cleavage  :  0  perfect,  7  less  so.  Often  in  capillary, 
fibrous,  stalactitic,  and  concretionary  forms,  gene- 
rally massive  and  pulverulent. 

H.=2.     G.= 1-832.     Lustre  vitreous.     Color,  vari- 
ous  shades  of  green,  passing  into  white ;   becoming 
yellowish  on  exposure.     Streak  uncolored.     Sub  trans- 
parent—translucent.     Taste  sweetish,  astringent,  and 
metallic.     Fracture  conchoidal.     Brittle. 

Comp. — Pe  S  +  7  fi=Sulphuric  acid  28'8,  protoxyd  of  iron  25-9,  water  45'3=100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  and  after  a  time  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  acids. 
On  charcoal  turns  at  first  brown,  then  red,  and  finally  black,  becoming  magnetic.  With  the 
fluxes  reacts  for  iron.  Soluble  in  twice  its  weight  of  water,  and  the  solution  is  blackened  by  a 
tincture  of  nut  galls.  Exposed  to  the  air  becomes  covered  with  a  yellow  powder,  which  is  the 
sulphate  of  the  sesquioxyd  of  iron. 

Obs. — This  salt  usually  proceeds  from  the  decomposition  of  pyrite  or  marcasite,  which  readily 
afford  it,  if  occasionally  moistened  while  exposed  to  the  atmosphere.  Occurs  near  Goslar  in  the 
Harz ;  Bodenmais  in  Bavaria ;  Fahlun,  Sweden ;  at  Hurlet,  near  Paisley ;  and  in  many  mines  in 
Europe  and  on  the  other  continents.  Usually  accompanies  pyrite  in  the  U.  States,  occurring  as 
an  efflorescence ;  at  Copperas  Ml,  a  few  miles  E.  of  Bainbridge,  Ohio,  it  is  associated  with  alum 
and  pyrite.  It  is  employed  in  dyeing  and  tanning,  and  hi  the  manufacture  of  ink  and  Prussian  blue. 

665,  PISANITE.    F.  Pisani,  0.  R.,  xlviii.  807.    Pisanit  Kenng.,  Ueb.  1859,  10,  1860. 

In  concretionary  and  stalactitic  forms. 

Lustre  vitreous.     Color  bright  blue.     Becomes  ochreous  externally. 

Comp. — (Fe,  Cu)S+7H;  or  a  copperas  with  three-fifths  of  the  iron  replaced  by  copper 
Analysis  by  Pisani  (L  c.): 


HYDROUS    SULPHATES.  647 

S  29-90        Fe  10-98        Cu  15-56        H  43'56 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  gives  with  the  fluxes  reactions  for  copper.     Otherwise  like  melanterite. 
Obs. — Occurs  with  chalcopyrite  at  a  copper  mine  in  the  interior  of  Turkey.     The  interior  of 
the  mineral  has  sometimes  druses  of  minute  crystals. 

666.  GOSLARITE.    Atramentum  sutorium,  candidum,  potissimum  reperitur  Goselarise,  trans- 
lucidum,  crystalli  instar,  Agric.,  Foss.,  213,  1546.     A.  album  fossile  durum  Goslarianum  Gesner, 
Foss.,  13,  1665.     Vitriolum  Zinci  album  nativum,  Galizensten,  Hvit  Yiktril,  WaU.,  157,  1747. 
Zinc  Vitriol,  White  Vitriol,  White  Copperas,  Sulphate  of  Zinc.   Zinc  sulfatee,  Couperose  blanche, 
Fr.     Gallizinite  Beud.,  Tr.,  446,  1824.     Goslarit  Haid.,  Handb.,  490,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=90°  42' ;  0  A  14=150°  10';  a  :  I  :  c=0'5735  : 
1  :  1-0123.  Observed  planes:  7,  i-i,  i-i,  i-2,  14,  14,  1,  2-5.  14  A  14,  top, 
=120°  20',  14  A  14,  top,=120°  3',  O  A  1=140°  57',  1  A  1,  mac.,=127°  27', 
1  A  1,  brach.,=126°  45'.  Cleavage  :  i-i  perfect. 

H.=2-2'5.  G.=2-036;  1-9-2-1;  1'953,  artificial  crystals,  Schill. 
Lustre  vitreous.  Color  white,  reddish,  bluish.  Transparent — translucent. 
Brittle.  Taste  astringent,  metallic,  and  nauseous. 

Comp.— 2nS+7H=Sulphuric  acid  27'9,  oxyd  of  zinc  28-2,  water  43-9=100.  Beudant 
obtained  for  a  specimen  from  Schemnitz  (Tr.,  ii.  481)  S  29'8,  2n  28'5,  pn  0'7,  3?e  0'4,  fi  40-8  = 
100-2,  which  corresponds  to  6  H.  Klaproth  obtained  (Beitr.,  v.  193)  S  22-0,  Zn  27'5,  Mu  0'5,  H 
50-0=100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Yields  water.  On  charcoal  with  soda  gives  a  zinc  coating,  and  a  sulphid  which 
tarnishes  silver.  Easily  soluble  in  water. 

Obs. — This  salt  is  formed  by  the  decomposition  of  blende,  and  is  found  in  the  passages  of  mines. 
It  occurs  at  the  Rammelsberg  mine  near  G-oslar,  in  the  Harz ;  at  Schemnitz  in  Hungary ;  at 
Fahlun  in  Sweden  ;  and  at  Holywell  in  Wales.  It  is  not  of  common  occurrence. 

It  is  manufactured  for  the  arts,  and  is  very  extensively  employed  in  medicine  and  dyeing. 
White  vitriol,  as  the  term  is  used  in  the  arts,  is  the  sulphate  of  zinc  in  a  granular  state,  like  loaf 
sugar,  produced  by  melting  and  agitation  while  cooling. 

The  name  Gallitzenite,  which  has  priority,  was  given  the  mineral  by  Beudant  from  a  popular 
German  name  Gaiitzenstein.  But  although  so  called  in  Germany,  zinc  vitriol  is  not  a  stone  from 
Galicia  (Poland),  as  the  word  implies,  while  it  is  eminently  a  product  of  the  mines  of  Goslar  in 
the  Harz.  Haidinger's  name  Goslarite  is  therefore  adopted  for  the  species. 

667.  BIEBERITE.    Cobalt  Yitriol  Sage,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxxix.  53,  1791.    Kobaltvitriol  Kopp, 
Gehlen's  J.,  II.  vi.  157,  1808.    Bed  Vitriol.     Sulphate  of  Cobalt.    Rhodhalose  Beud.,  Tr.,  iL 
481,  1832.     Bieberit  ffaid.,  Handb.,  489,  1845. 

Moiioclinic.     Usually  in  stalactites  and  crusts,  investing  other  minerals. 
G.=l  '924,  artificial  crystals,  Schill.     Lustre  vitreous.     Color  flesh- and 
rose-red.     Subtransparent — translucent.     Friable.     Taste  astringent. 

Oomp. — CoS  +  7H=Sulphuric  acid  28-4,  oxyd  of  cobalt  25'5,  water  46-1  =  100.  Analyses  : 
1,  J.  H.  Kopp  (Gehlen's  J.,  II.  vi.  157);  2,  Winkelblech  (Ann.  d.  Phann.,  xiii.  265);  3,  Beudant 
(L  c.);  4,  6,  Schnabel  (Ramm.  4th  Suppl.,  118): 

S  Co  H 

1.  Bieber        19-74      38-71      41-55=100  Kopp. 

2.  "  29-05       19-91      46-83,  Mg  3'86=99'65  Winkelblech. 

3.  "  30-2        28-7        41-2,  Fe  0'9  Beudant. 

4.  Siegen        28-81       23'30      45'22,  Ca  0*43,  Mg  0'88,  Cl  0-09,  insol.  1-14=100-12  Schn. 

5.  u  20'84       16-50       38'13,  Ca,  Mg  tr.,  Cl  O'Oo  insol.  24'04=100  Schn. 

Kopp's  analysis  corresponds  to  Co2  S  +  8  H ;  but  the  existence  of  such  a  compound  is  very 
doubtful  Tho  artificially  prepared  cobalt  vitriol  has  the  composition  above  given. 


64:8  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  a  matrass  yields  water,  and  when  strongly  heated,  sulphurous  acid.  Com- 
municates a  blue  color  to  glass  of  borax. 

Obs. — In  the  rubbish  of  old  mines  at  Bieber,  near  Hanau  ;  at  Leogang  in  Saltzburg ;  at  Tres 
Puntos,  near  Copiapo,  Chili. 

Beudant's  name  Rhodhalose  is  not  an  admissible  derivative  from  >oJ4u«,  rose-colored,  and  5X?, 
salt,  and  is  unmineralogical  in  its  termination ;  it  should  have  been  Rhodohalite.  Instead  of  making 
it  right  (in  which  case  it  would  be  no  longer  Beudant's  name),  it  appears  better  to  adopt  the 
name  applied  by  Haidinger,  derived  from  the  longest  known  locality. 


668,  MORENOSITE.  Nickel-Viktril,  Yitriolum  ferrum  &  niccolum  continens  ("  of  a  deep 
green  color,  with  Kupfernickel,  in  Cobalt  mines  ")  Cronst.  (the  discov.  of  the  metal  Nickel),  Min., 
114,  1758.  Niccolum  vitriolatum  (interdum  e  mineris  sulphuratis  fatiscentibus  genitum) 
Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  50,  1782.  Sulfato  de  niquel  (fr.  Galicia)  D.  A.  Casares,  1849,  A.  M.  Alcibar,  in 
Re  vista  Minera,  Madrid,  305,  1850.  Sulfato  de  nickel,  Morenosita,  Casares,  ib.,  176,  March, 
1851.  Nickel  Vitriol  T.  8.  Hunt,  this  Min.,  679,  1850,  Logan's  G-.  Rep.  Can.,  1863.  Pyrome- 
line  v.  Kob.,  GeL  Anz.  Munch.,  xxxv.  215,  1852,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Iviii.  44. 

In  acicular  crystals  and  thin  prisms.  Also  fibrous ;  and  as  an  efflores- 
cence. 

H. =2— 2*25.  G. =2*004:,  Fulda.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  apple-green 
to  greenish-white.  Streak  white,  faintly  greenish.  Soluble  ;  taste  metal- 
lic astringent. 

Comp. — NiS+7H= Sulphuric  acid  28-5,  oxyd  of  nickel ~26'7,  water  44'8=100.  Analyses: 
1,  2,  Fulda  and  K6rner(Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  cxxxi.  217): 

S  Ni  H  Is 

1.  Riechelsdorf        28'54        26'76        44-43        0-27=100  Fulda. 

2.  "  28-42         26-59        44'83         0-24=100'08  Korner. 

In  the  mineral  from  G-alicia,  on  which  the  species  was  instituted,  the  nickel  vitriol,  according 
to  Casares  (L  c.),  was  mixed  with  a  little  sulphate  of  copper  and  iron ;  while  that  of  Canada, 
according  to  Hunt,  appeared  to  be  pure  nickel  vitriol. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  in  tube  gives  water,  strongly  acid,  swells  up,  and  hardens,  becoming  yellow 
and  opaque.  On  charcoal  glows  strongly  and  evolves  sulphurous  acid.  "With  borax  and  phos- 
phorus salt  gives  a  distinct  nickel  reaction.  The  Riechelsdorf  mineral  colors  the  outer  flame 
blue,  from  the  presence  of  arsenic. 

Obs. — A  result  of  the  alteration  of  nickel  ores.  Occurs  near  Cape  Hortegal,  in  Galicia,  Spain, 
on  magnetite,  with  which  some  millerite  is  mixed  ;  at  Riechelsdorf,  in  Hesse ;  as  an  earthy  crust, 
mountain-green  in  color,  with  native  bismuth  and  arsenical  nickel,  at  the  Friedens  mine  near 
Lichtenberg  in  Bayreuth  (pyromeline).  Also  in  acicular  crystals  and  crusts  at  Wallace  mine. 
Lake  Huron,  upon  a  sulphuret  of  nickel  and  iron;  at  the  Gap  nickel  mine,  Lancaster  Co., 
Pennsylvania. 

Named  by  Casares  after  Mr.  Moreno,  of  Spain.  A.  M.  Alcibar  states  that  Prof.  Casares  sent  a 
communication  on  this  mineral  to  the  Societe  de  Pharmacie  of  Paris  in  1849,  which  was  not  pub- 
lished. 


669.  CHALOANTHITE.  XdX«oi/0ji>,  Chalcanthum  pt.,  Dioscor.,  Plin.,  Atramentum  cceruleum 
Agric.,  Gesner.  Vitriolum  Cupri=V.  Cypri= V.  Veneris,  Wall.,  Cronst.  Sulphate  of  Copper,  Blue 
Vitriol,  Copper  Vitriol.  Kupfervitriol  Germ.  Couperose  bleue,  Cuivre  sulfate,  Fr.  Vitriolo  di 
Rame  ItoL  Cyanose  Bead.,  Tr.,  ii.  486,  1832.  Chalkanthit  v.  Kobell,  Tafeln,  31,  1853. 


Triclinic.  0  A  7=109°  32',  0  A  7=127°  40'  /A  7=123°  10.  0  A  1= 
125°  38',  /A  1=126°  10',  0  A  ^4=120°  50',  0  A  ^=103°  27''  and  76° 
33'.  Cleavage  :  /  imperfect,  I  very  imperfect.  Occurs  also  amorphous, 
Btalactitic,  reniform. 


HYDROUS   SULPHATES.  64:9 

H.=2'5.    G.=2*213.  Lustre  vitreous.    Color  641 

Berlin-blue  to  sky-blue,  of  different  shades; 
sometimes  a  little  greenish.  Streak  uncolored. 
Subtransparent — translucent.  Taste  metallic 
and  nauseous.  Somewhat  brittle. 


Comp.— CuS  +  5  &= Sulphuric  acid  32-1,  oxyd  of  copper 
3 1  '8,  water  36*1  =  1 00.  Often  mixed  with  melanterite.  Bluish 
crystals  from  mud  at  the  Cronebane  copper  mine  of  Wicklow 
contain,  according  to  Mr.  Mallet,  34*2  of  sulphate  of  iron  to 
65-7  of  sulphate  of  copper. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  sulphuric  acid.  B.B. 
with  soda  on  charcoal  yields  metallic  copper.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  copper.  Soluble  in 
water ;  a  drop  of  the  solution  placed  on  a  surface  of  iron  coats  it  with  metallic  copper. 

Obs. — Blue  vitriol  is  found  in  waters  issuing  from  mines,  and  in  connection  with  rocks  contain- 
ing chalcopyrite,  by  the  alteration  of  which  it  is  formed.  Some  of  its  foreign  localities  are  the 
Rammelsberg  mine  near  Goslar  in  the  Harz ;  Fahlun  in  Sweden ;  at  Parys  mine,  Anglesey ;  at 
various  mines  in  Co.  of  Wicklow  ;  formerly  in  crystals  an  inch  long  at  Ting  Tang  mine  in  G- wen- 
nap  ;  also  Rio  Tinto  mine,  Spain.  The  waters  of  the  Rio  Tinto  mine  have  yielded  annually  1,800 
cwt.  of  copper,  consuming  2,400  cwt.  of  iron.  At  Wicklow  about  500  tons  of  iron  were  laid  in 
the  pits  at  one  time,  and  in  about  12  months  the  bars  were  dissolved,  and  each  ton  of  iron  yielded 
1-J-  to  2  tons  of  a  reddish  mud  which  was  cement  copper,  containing  for  every  ton  16  cwt.  of 
pure  copper.  It  has  been  observed  at  Vesuvius  among  the  products  of  the  eruption  of  1855. 

Found  at  the  Hiwassee  copper  mine,  also  in  large  quantities  at  the  Isabella  and  other  mines,  in 
Polk  Co.,  Tennessee,  30  m.  from  Cleveland ;  at  the  Canton  mine,  Georgia ;  at  Copiapo,  Chili,  with 
stypticite. 

When  purified  it  is  employed  in  dyeing  operations,  and  in  the  printing  of  cotton  and  linen,  and 
for  various  other  purposes  in  the  arts.  It  is  manufactured  mostly  from  old  sheathing,  copper 
trimmings,  and  refinery  scales. 

On  the  ancient  cJiakanthum  see  p.  64:5.  Beudant's  name  cyanose  (with  cyanosite  derived  from  it, 
from  Kvavof)  is  rejected  like  other  names  in  which  the  terminal  s  of  the  Greek  is  retained.  More- 
over chakanthite,  meaning  flowers  of  copper,  is  old  and  good. 

670.  OYANOCHROITE.    Cianocroma  Scacchi,  Mem.  Yesuv.,  191,  1855. 

Monoclinic.  0=15°  30' =0  A  i4,  7  A  7=108°  12',  0  A  14=153°  56', 
0  A  l-i=l4:l°  47',  0  A  2-*=116°  49';  also  plane  2-2.  Occurs  as  a  crust, 
and  crystals  obtained  by  solution  and  evaporation.  Color  clear  blue. 

Comp.— According  to  Scacchi,  a  hydrous  sulphate  of  potash  and  copper ;  (\  Cu  +  -J-  &)  S  +  3  fl. 

Obs. — From  the  saline  crusts  formed  on  the  lavas  during  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  1855. 

Named  in  allusion  to  the  color  from  ™d*oj,  blue,  and  ^po'a,  color.  Scacchi's  name  has  been 
changed  to  the  above,  m  order  to  secure  the  termination  tie  and  avoid  ambiguity  (the  mineral  con- 
taining no  chrome). 


671.  ALUNOGEN.  Hydro-trisulfate  d'alumine  Beud.,  Tr.,  449,  1824.  Davite  (?)  Mill., 
Quart.  J.,  1828.  Alunogene  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  488,  1832.  Sblfatarite  pt.  Shep.,  Min.,  188,  1835. 
Keramohalit  Glocker,  Grundr.,  689,  1839.  Saldanite  Hiwt,  Min.,  ii.  451, 1841.  Stypterit  Glocker, 
Syn.,  297,  184*7.  Halotrichit  pt.  Hausm.,  Handb.,  ii.  1174,  1847  (not  Halotrichit  Glocker). 
Schwefelsaure  Thonerde.  Sulphate  of  Alumina. 

Monoclinic,  Jurasky.  In  six-sided  tables  with  two  angles  of  92°  and 
four  of  134°.  Usually  in  delicate  fibrous  masses  or  crusts  ;  also  massive. 

H.=l-5— 2.  G.=l-6— 1-8.  Lustre  vitreous— silky.  Color  white,  or 
tinged  with  yellow  or  red.  Subtranslucent — subtransparent.  Taste  like 
that  of  common  alum. 


650 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Comp.—AVs8+ 18  H= Alumina  15-4,  sulphuric  acid  36'0,  water 48 '6 =100.  Analyses:  1,  2, 
Boussingault  (Anil.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxx.  109);  3,  Herapath  (Ch.  Gaz.,  1846);  4,  Hartwall  (Jahresb.,  x. 
178);  5,  H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  xxvii.  317);  6-9,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xliii.  130,  399);  10,  J.  Jurasky 
(Ast.  BL  f.  Lit.,  1847);  11,  L.  Barth  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xxiv.  289)  : 

Si 

=99-01  Bouss. 

=100-00  Bouss. 

,  Cu  0-04,  insol.  0-50  Herapath. 

1-13,  Na  1-13,  K  0-26,  HC1  0-40  = 
100  Hart 

1-37  =  100-33  Rose. 

=100  Ramm. 

,  K  0-22,  Fe  2-46=100-24  R. 

,  K  0-32,  Fe  0'67,  pn  1-02  R. 

0-43,  Fe  0-72,  K  0'47,  Mn  0-31= 
100  Ramm. 

,  insol.  2-01=99-81  Jurasky. 

=  100-2  Barth. 


1.  Rio  Saldana 

2.  Pasto 

3.  Adelaide 

4.  Milo 

5.  Copiapo 

6.  Kolosoruk 

7.  Friesdorf 

8.  Potschappel 

9.  Freienwalde 

10.  Konigsberg       36*75 

11.  PusterY.,Tyrol36-0 


S 

£1 

H 

£e 

Mg 

Ca 

36-40 

16-00 

46-60 

0-004 

0-004 

0-002 

35-68 

14-98 

49-34 







35-63 

17-09 

46-70 







40-31 

14-98 

40-94 



0-85 



36-97 

14-63 

44-64 

2'58 

0-14 



35-82 

15-57 

48-61 







37-38 

14-87 

45-16 





0-15 

35-71 

12-78 

47-02 



0-27 

0-64 

35-64 

11-23 

48-84" 



1-91 

0-45 

36-75 

14-30 

44-60 

2-15 

_____ 



36-0 

15-8 

48-4 







a  And  loss. 

Beudaut  obtained  in  his  analysis  of  a  specimen  from  Guadaloupe,  the  first  made  of  the  species 
(Tr.,  449,  1832),  S'39'94,  £l  16'76,  H  36'44,  potash  alum  4'58,  green  vitriol  1'94,  which  gives  12  H 
instead  of  18  H.  The  other  analyses  agree  well  in  the  latter,  and  the  difference  is  probably  an 
error. 

Davite  N.  Mill  (Brandes  Q.  J.?  xxv.  382,  1828)  from  a  hot  spring  at  Chiwachi,  a  day's  journey  from 
Bogota,  afforded  him  S  28-8,  A1!  15-0,  H  51-8,  £e  1*2,  with  earthy  matters  3'2  =  100.  Requires 
investigation.  Anal.  10  is  of  the  keramohalite  of  Jurasky,  from  near  Konigsberg. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Yields  water,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  sulphuric  acid,  in  the  closed  tube. 
Gives  a  fine  blue  with  cobalt  solution.  Soluble  in  water. 

Obs.  —  This  species,  a  hydrous  sulphate  of  alumina,  results  both  from  volcanic  action,  and 
the  decomposition  of  pyrites  in  coal  districts  and  alum  shales,  and  occurs  at  the  localities  above 
mentioned,  besides  many  others.  The  Pasto  mineral  was  from  the  crater  of  a  volcano.  It  has 
been  observed  by  Scacchi  at  Yesuvius  ;  at  Konigsberg,  Hungary,  it  occurs  in  thick  druses  with 
iron  vitriol.  It  is  found  as  an  efflorescence  in  numerous  places  in  the  United  States.  >  A  white 
fibrous  alunogen  (?)  occurs  abundantly  at  Smoky  Mtn.,  Jackson  Co.,  N.  C..  where,  it  is  said,  tons 
may  be  obtained. 

This  species  was  made  known  by  Beudant,  and  by  him  first  named  Alunogen.  The  word  is  a 
cross  between  French  and  Greek,  and  therefore  objectionable  ;  but  not  worse  than  some  others 
of  minerals  that  are  accepted.  Should  davite  turn  out  to  be  the  same  thing,  this  name  would 
have  the  precedence  in  time  ;  but  still  it  could  not  claim  recognition  on  the  basis  of  an  analysis 
proved  to  be  so  greatly  in  error. 

672.  COQUIMBITE.    Neutrales  schwefelsaures  Eisenoxyd  G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xxvii.  309,  1833. 
White  Copperas.    Coquimbit  Breith.,  Handb.,  100,  1841. 

Hexagonal.  Prisms  usually  with  the  terminal  edges  deeply  replaced. 
0  A  1  =  151°,  /A  1=119°,  1  A  1=128°  S'.  Cleavage  :  /,  imperfect.  Also 
in  fine  granular  masses. 

H.=2—  2*5.  G.=2—  2*1.  Color  white,  yellowish,  brownish,  sometimes 
with  a  pale  violet  tint.  Taste  astringent. 

Oomp.—  3PeS8+  9  H=  Sulphuric  acid  42-7,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  28'5,  water  28-8=100.  Analy- 
ses: 1,  2,  H.  Rose  (1.  c.)  : 


Ca 


Si         H 


1.  Crystalline    43-55     24-11     0'92    0'73     0'32     0'31     30-10=100-04  Rose. 

2.  Granular      43'55     2521     0'78    0'14    0'21     0-37     29-98=  100'24  Rose. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  resembles  melanterite.  Wholly  soluble  in  cold  water  ;  if  the  solution  be 
heated,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  is  copiously  precipitated.  Dilute  muriatic  acid  dissolves  all  except 
the  silica. 


HYDROUS    SULPHATES.  651 

Obs. — Forms  a  bed  in  a  feldspathic  or  trachytic  rock,  in  the  province  of  Coquimbo,  about  half 
a  day's  journey  from  Copiapo.  The  bed  of  salt  is  on  the  increase,  and  is  probably  derived  from 
decomposing  sulphids.  Pits  20  ft.  deep  have  been  formed  in  it  by  the  people  of  the  country. 
Occurs  also  in  Bolivia  near  Calama,  constituting  the  greater  part  of  a  large  hill 

Observed  by  Scacchi  about  fumaroles  after  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  1855,  partly  in  a 
brownish  friable  crust,  which,  by  solution  and  evaporation,  afforded  yellow  hexagonal  crystals ; 
also  as  a  yellowish  crust,  in  many  parts  tinged  green,  compact  in  texture,  with  the  lustre  of  a  sur- 
face of  fracture  very  bright. 

G-railich  states  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xxviii.  272,  1858)  that  a  specimen  of  coquimbite  from  Copiapo 
in  the  museum  at  Vienna  has  the  optical  characters  of  his  rcemerite,  and  therefore  cannot  be 
hexagonal,  and  he  suggests  that  the  two  minerals  may  be  identical. 

A  related  ochre-yellow  mineral  from  Algodonbai  in  Bolivia,  afforded  v.  Bibra  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcvi. 
206)  S  30-28,  3Pe  43'89,  Ca  4'21,  fi  21'20,  Cu£  fr".  =  99'53;  which,  if  the  lime  be  separated  as 
gypsum  (10-21  p.  c.),  becomes  S  50'34,  3Pe  27*80,  fi  21-86=100.  It  is  partly  soluble  in  water, 
but  the  solution  contains  no  iron. 


ALUM  AND  HALOTRICHITE  GROUPS. 

...  Groups  of  Tersulphates  having  the  ratio  of  base  and  acid,  and  also  of  R, 
ifc,  1  :  3  ;  all  very  soluble,  and  having  more  or  less  the  astringent  taste  of 
common  alum.  H.=2-2-5.  G.=1'56—  2.  The  Alums  have  24  H  to  4  S, 
and  are  isometric  ;  the  Halotrichites  have  22  H  instead  of  24:  H,  and  are 
not  isometric,  being  either  orthorhombic  or  monoclinic. 

The  species  here  included  are  not  easily  distinguishable  by  the  taste  or  external  characters,  and 
hence  early  authors  on  minerals  include  all  under  one  or  two  names.  The  old  synonymy  and  the 
history  of  the  species  are  therefore  more  conveniently  given  here  than  under  the  several  sub- 
divisions of  the  group. 

EruffDjpia  Gr.  Alumen  Plin.  [embracing  vitriols  as  well  as  the  alums].  2,xiaT*i  trrv'*rriP'ia  Dwscor. 
[embracing  the  fibrous  or  feathery  kinds,  Lyi^  being  from  trxifa,  I  cut,  and  alluding  to  the  easy 
subdivision  into  fibres].  T^ir^s  Dioscor.  [fr.  6pi%,  hair,\i  embracing  capillary  kinds].  Alumen 
fossile,  Germ.  Alaun,  Gesner,  Foss.,  1565  [vitriols  being  excl.,  and  comprising  the  var.  A.  can- 
didum  Neapolitanum  (fr.  Naples),  A.  capillare,  ib.,  A.  Placodes  (latas  crustas  habens),  ib.,  etc.]. 
Alun,  Alumen  [including  var.  a  solidum,  0  crystallisatum,  y  plumosum,  or  Fjader-Alun],  Wall, 
Min.,  161,  1747.  Alun,  Argilla  acido  vitrioli  imbuta,  Cronst.,  115,  1758.  Argilla  vitriolata  [= 
Sulphate  of  Alumine]  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  1782.  Alaun,  Haarsalz,  Federalaun  [all  as  one  species,  or 
if  two,  without  right  distinctions],  Wern.,  and  other  Min.  before  1800.  Alumiue  sulfatee  alkaline 
K,  Tr.,  ii.  278,  1801  [citing  Vauquelin's  anal,  of  potash-alum,  but  including  all  alums]. 

In  1795  Klaproth  proved  (Beitr.,  i.  311),  and  in  1792  Breislak  (Essais  Miu.  sur  la  Solfatara,  etc.), 
that  some  alum  (that  of  Miseno  and  the  Solfatara,  near  Naples)  was  potash-alum.  In  1802  Klap- 
roth showed  (Beitr.,  iii.  102)  that  the  Federalaun  of  Freyenwald  was  iron-alum.  Beudant 
ascertained  that  there  was  a  native  alum-like  mineral  which  had  the  constitution  attributed  last 
century  to  true  alum  —  that  is,  was  a  simple  sulphate  of  alumina,  without  an  alkali  or  other  prot- 
oxyd  (Tr.,  449,  1824).  Griiner,  in  1821  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixix.  218),  made  known  a  native  ammonia- 
alum;  Thomson,  in  1828  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  iii.  19,  1828),  a  native  soda-alum;  A.  A.  Hayes,  in 
1845  (Am.  J.  ScL,  xlvii.  360),  a  magnesia-alum. 

673.  TSCHERMIGITE.    Ammonia  Alum.    Ammoniakalaun,  Ammonalaun,  Germ.    Ammon- 
alun  Beud.,  ii.  497,  1832.     Tschermigit  v.  Kobell,  Tafeln  Bestimm.,  1853. 

In  octahedrons  and  fibrous. 

H.  —  1—  2.  G.=1'50.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  white.  Transparent  to 
translucent. 


Comp.—  NH4OS  +  £l  S3+24  fi=(i  (NH4  0)3+f  £l)  S3+18  H=:Sulphate  of  ammonia  14-6, 
sulphate  of  alumina  37'8,  water  47-6=100. 

Analyses:  1,  Pfaff  (Handb.  An.  Ch.,  ii.  47);  2,  Lampadius  (Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixx.  182,  bcxiv.  183); 
3  Stromeyer  (Fogg.,  xxxi.  137): 


652  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

S  £1  NH<0  fl  % 

1.  Tschermig        36-00          12-14          6'58          45-00          0'28=100  Pfaff. 

2.  "  38-58  12-34          4'12  44*96          -  =100  Lampadius. 

3.  »  36-065         11-602         8'721        48'390        0-115  =  99-893  Stromeyer. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  sulphate  of  ammonia  ;  B.B.  sublimes  ;  on  char 
coal  gives  a  coating  of  sulphate  of  ammonia,  and  leaves  a  residue  which  gives  a  fine  blue  with 
cobalt  solution  ;  with  soda  gives  ammonia  fumes,  and  the  reaction  for  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.  —  From  Tschermig,  Bohemia.  This  salt  is  manufactured  from  the  waste  of  gas  works, 
and  used  extensively  in  place  of  potash  alum. 

674.  KALINITE.    Potash  Alum.    Native  Alum.    Kalialaun,  Kalinischer  Alum,  Kalinischer 
Alumsulphat,  Germ.    Kalinite  Dana. 

Isometric.     Usually  fibrous  or  massive,  or  in  mealy  or  solid  crusts. 
H.=:2—  2'5.     G.=l*75.     Lustre  vitreous.     Color  white.     Transparent 
to  translucent. 

Comp.—  KS+£lS3+24:ft=(±&3+£  £l)S3+18&=Sulphate  of  potash  18'4,  sulphate  of  alu- 
mina 36-2,  water  45-5=100. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  fuses  in  its  water  of  crystallization,  and  froths,  forming  a  spongy  mass  ;  with 
cobalt  solution  an  intense  blue;  on  charcoal  gives  a  hepatic  mass.  Soluble  in  from  16  to  20  times 
its  weight  of  cold  water,  and  in  little  more  than  its  weight  of  boiling  water. 

Obs.  —  Effloresces  on  argillaceous  minerals,  and  more  particularly  alum  slate.  Whitby  in  York- 
shire is  a  noted  locality,  also  Hurlet  and  Campsie  near  Glasgow.  Also  obtained  at  the  volcanoes 
of  the  Lipari  isles  and  Sicily.  Cape  Sable,  Maryland,  affords  large  quantities  of  alum  annually. 
In  the  caves  of  the  Unaka  Mts.,  Eastern  Tennessee,  especially  at  Sevier,  masses  a  cubic  foot  in 
size  may  be  obtained  ;  also  in  the  "  Black  Slate  "  of  Middle  Tennessee  ;  and  in  caves  along  the 
valleys  and  gorges  of  the  streams  in  De  Kalb,  Coffee,  and  Franklin  Cos.,  Tenn.  (Safford). 

675.  VOLTAITE.    Yoltaite  A.  Scacchi,  Ac.  Sci.  Nap.,  1840. 

Isometric.  In  octahedrons,  cubes,  dodecahedrons,  and  combinations  of 
these  forms. 

Lustre  resinous.  Color  dull  oil-green,  greenish-black,  brown,  or  black. 
Streak  grayish-green.  Opaque. 


Comp.—  FeS+3VS3  +  24fi,  Scacchi,  =FeS  15-4,  £eS3  40'6,  fi  44-0=100;  but  not  from  a 
complete  analysis.  Dufrenoy's  analysis  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  ix.  165)  is  not  correct  according  to 
Scacchi  (Mem.  G-.  Camp.  Napoli,  89,  1849). 

Abich  has  obtained  an  artificial  salt  of  similar  characters,  which  has  the  formula  (f(Fe,  K)3+ 
f  3Pe)  S3+4  H,  and  the  composition  : 

S  48-32        3tl  2-20        Fe  17'65        Fe  11-60        Na  6'25        &  0'4        fl  15'94 

a  little  of  the  iron  being  replaced  by  aluminum.  It  is  supposed  that  voltaite  corresponds  to  it 
essentially  in  composition. 

Paulinyi  has  found  crystals  of  a  similar  compound  at  Kremnitz.  They  afford  the  formula 
(Tschermak,  Anz.  Ak.  Wien,  1867,  218)  (|(Fe,  K)3+f  3Pe)S3  +  4^fl,  with  Fe  :  K=4  :  1,  and  a 
little  aluminum  replacing  iron. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Soluble  in  water  with  difficulty,  and  at  the  same  time  decomposes. 

Obs.—  This  species  was  first  observed  at  the  Solfatara  near  Naples,  by  Breislak  (1792).  It  has 
been  found  by  F.  Ulrich  at  the  Rammelsberg  mine  near  Goslar.  The  last  contains  protoxyd  of 
manganese,  as  well  as  of  iron. 

676.  BLAKEITE  Dana,  Min.,  1850.  J.  H.  Blake  has  described  an  iron-sulphate  from  Coquimbo, 
which  he  refers  to  coquimbite  ;  but  it  occurs  in  regular  octahedrons,  and  assumed  the  same  form 
on  solution  and  recrystallization.  He  obtained  in  an  analysis  S  41*37,  3?e  26-79,  A1!  1*05,  Mg 
0-30,  Si  0-82,  H  29-40=99-68.  Requires  further  investigation. 


HYDROUS    SULPHATES.  653 

677.  MBNDOZITE.    Soda  Alum.    Natronalaun,  Natrumalaun,  Germ.    Natronalun  ffuot,  ii. 
448,  1841.    Solfatarite  pt.  Shep.,  Min.,  il  187,  1835  (not  in  Min.  of  1857).     Mendozite  Dana. 

In  white  fibrous  masses. 

H.=3,   and   G.=1'88,   Thomson.      Externally   white    or  pulverulent. 
Some  resemblance  to  fibrous  gypsum,  but  harder. 


Comp.  —  Na  S  +  £lS3  +  22  H=  Sulphate  of  soda  16*1,  sulphate  of  alumina  39'0,  water  44-9= 
100;  or,  Sulphuric  acid  36'3,  alumina  11-7,  soda  7*1,  water  44-9=100.  Analysis  by  Thomson 
(Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  1828): 

St.  Juan  near  Mendoza        S  37'70        ^tl  12-00        ISTa  7-96        H  41-96=99-62. 


Pyr.,  etc. — Resembles  ordinary  alum. 

Obs. — Occurs  near  Mendoza,  east  of  the  Andes. 

Thomson  found  for  the  composition  of  a  soda  alum  from  Southern  Peru  which  Jie  called  Sub- 
sesquisulphate  of  Alumina  (Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xxii.  188),  S  32'95,  A1!  22-55,  Na  and  S  6'50,  H  39'20 
=  101-20.  G-.  =  1-584. 

Shepard  states  in  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xvi.  203,  1829,  that  the  alum  of  the  island  of  Milo  is  a  soda  alum 
related  to  Thomson's ;  but  in  vol.  xxii.  387,  ib.,  he  admits  a  doubt,  on  the  ground  of  Hartwall's 
analysis  of  a  Milo  alum,  which  makes  it  Alunogen  (q.  v.).  Shepard's  name  solfatarite  (which  he 
has  since  rejected)  was  based  upon  its  occurring  in  solfataras,  and  not  in  the  Naples  solfatara,  to 
which  no  allusion  is  made  in  his  edition  of  1835  ;  and  under  it  he  gave  three  analyses  of  aluno- 
gen,  with  the  one  of  soda-alum  by  Thomson.  The  Mendoza  mineral  is  not  from  a  solfatara. 

678.  PIOKERINGITE.    Hayes,  Am.  J.  ScL,  xlvi.  360,  1844.     Magnesia  Alum  ib.    Magnesi- 

alaun,  Talkerde-Alaun,  Germ. 

Monoclinic  ?  In  fine  acicular  crystals ;  long  fibrous  masses ;  and  in 
efflorescences. 

H.=l.  Lustre  silky.  Color  white,  yellowish.  Becomes  pulverulent 
and  white  on  exposure.  Taste  bitter — astringent. 

Comp. — MgS+Airs3+ 22  H= Sulphuric  acid  37-3,  alumina  12-0,  magnesia  4'6,  water  46'1. 
"Analyses :  1,  A.  A.  Hayes  (1.  c.) ;  2,  How  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  II.  i.  200): 

S        £l    Fe,MnMg    Ca      S       fl 

1.  Iquique  36-3212-13     0'43     4'68  0'13    — -  45*45,  H  01  060=99-74  Hayes. 

2.  Newport,  N.  S.  36'33  10-64     0'58    4'79    0"23  45'06,  Co  0-06,  NiO'14,  slate  0'72=99*57H. 

In  two  other  trials  How  found  for  S  36-36,  36*59,  and  for  H  46-16,  46-07. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  matrass  yields  water,  and  acts  like  other  alums.     Tastes  like  ordinary  alum. 

Obs. — From  near  Iquique,  in  Peru ;  also  from  N.  Scotia,  in  Newport,  on  the  bank  of  the 
Meander,  as^  an  efflorescence  on  the  slate  or  shale  (Silurian)  of  a  sheltered  cliff,  where  it  results 
from  the  action  on  the  shale  of  decomposing  pyrite — and  probably  a  kind  containing  traces  of 
cobalt  and  nickel.  How  observes  that  the  fibres  in  this  mineral  are  oblique  in  crystallization,  and 
that  it  contains  only  22  H;  and  that  it  is  therefore  not  a  true  alum. 

679.  APJOHNITB.     Manganese  Alum  Apjohn,  PhiL  Mag.,  xii.  103,  1838.     Manganalaun. 

Apjohnit  Glocker,  Syn.,  298,  1847. 

In  fibrous  or  asbestiform  masses,  white,  and  with  a  silky  lustre. 

Comp.— MnS+AVs3 +  24  H= Sulphate  jaf  manganese  16-3,  sulphate  of  potash  87-0,  water 
46'7  =  1 00.  How  suggests  the  formula  Ma  S+ A1!  S3+  22  H,  which  would  correspond  to  44-54  p.  c. 
of  water  and  35*96  S,  supposing  some  loss  of  the  sulphuric  acid  in  the  heating  to  determine  the 
water. 

Analysis  :  Apjohn  (Phil.  Mag.,  1.  c.) : 

832-79        £110-65        &n  7-33  (=Mn  6*60)        H  48-15        MgS  1'08=100. 


654:  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Pyr.— Nearly  the  same  as  for  ordinary  alum,  but  gives  with  fluxes  a  reaction  for  manganese. 
Obs. — From  Lagoa  Bay  in  South  Africa. 

680.  BOSJEMANITE.    Manganese  Alum  pt.,  Mangano-magnesian  Alum.  Bosjemanite  Dana. 

Monoclinic  ?  In  silky  acicular  or  capillary  crystallizations ;  and  as 
crusts  and  efflorescences.  Taste  like  that  of  ordinary  alum,  but  less 
strong. 

Comp.— (Mn,  Mg)S+£lS3  +  22H(How)=if  Mn  :  Mg  =  l  :  2,  Sulphuric  acid  36-82,  alumina 
11-83  protoxyd  of  manganese  2'73,  magnesia  3'06,  water  45*56=100.  Analyses  :  1,  Stromeyer 
(Fogg.,  xxxi.  137);  2,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xviii.  379);  3,  E.  Schweizer  (Keung.  Uebers., 

S  XI  Fe  Mn  Mg    Ca      K        H 

1.  Bosjeman  E.,  Afr.  36-77  11-52  2- 17  3-69 45  74,  ECU  0'20=100  S. 

2.  Utah                        35-85  10'40  0'15  2'12  5'94 0  20  46-00  =  100'66  Smith. 

3.  MaderanVall         35'96  10-55  1'06  2-51  3'74    0-27    0'58  44'26,  Cu  0-22,insoL  1-12  =  100. 

In  the  last  there  was  some  ammonia  with  the  water. 

Pyr.,  etc. — As  under  apjohnite. 

Obs. — It  covers  the  floor  of  a  cave  near  Bosjeman  river  in  Southern  Africa,  to  a  depth  of  six 
niches ;  the  roof  is  a  reddish  quartzose  conglomerate,  containing  magnesia  and  pyrites  ;  it  rests 
on  a  bed  of  epsomite,  1|  inches  thick  ;  also  found  in  Maderan  valley  in  Canton  Uri,  Switzerland 
(called  keramohalite  by  Schweizer) ;  and  at  Alum  Point  near  Salt  Lake,  in  Utah.  This  Utah 
mineral  was  made  a  manganesian  alum  by  Dr.  Gale  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  434,  1853). 

681.  HALOTRIOHITE.    Federalaun  von  Freyenwalde  (with  anal,  showing  it  to  be  an  iron 
alum)  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  iii.  102,   1802.     Eisenaulaun  Germ.    Iron  Alum.    Halotrichit    Glocker, 
Grundr.,  691,  1839.     Hversalt  Forchhammer,  Jahresb.,  xxiil  263,  1843.     Halotrichine  Scacchi, 
Mem.  Geol.  Camp.  Nap.,  84,  1849, 

Silky  fibrous.  Yellowish-white.  Taste  inky-astringent.  Becomes  dull 
and  pulverulent  on  exposure. 

Comp. — Fe  S+3tlS3+22  fi= Sulphuric  acid  35-9,  alumina  11'5,  protoxyd  of  iron  8'1,  water 
44-5  =  100. 

In  the  Hversatt  of  Forchhammer  (1.  c.)  a  small  part  of  the  alumina  is  replaced  by  sesquioxyd 
of  iron,  and  of  the  protoxyd  of  Jron  byjnagnesia.  Scacchi's  Halotrichine  (1.  c.)  may  belong  here  ; 
he  writes  for  the  formula  Fe  S+£  A1!  S3+ 18  H.  If  part  of  the  iron  is  sesquioxyd  it  is  like  the 
hversalt. 

Analyses  :  1,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  Mines,  v.  257) ;  2,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xliii.  399);  3,  B.  Silli- 
man,  Jr.  (this  Min.,  226,  1850);  4,  Arppe  (An.  Finske  Min.,  1857);  5,  Phillips  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys., 
xxiii.  322) ;  6,  Forchhammer  (1.  c.);  7,  Scacchi  (1.  c.)  : 

S          XI  Fe       Mg        H 

1.  ?  34-4        8-8        12-0        0-8      44-0=100  Berth. 

2.  Morsfeld  36-03  1091  9-37  0'23  43-03,  K  0-43=100  Ramm. 

3.  Oroomiah  33-81  10'62  9'15  41-61,  Si  3'34, 3Pe  1'05=99'58  S. 

4.  Finland  34-71  13-33  6"23  44'20=98'47  Arppe. 

5.  Hurlet  30'9  5'2  20'7  43-2  =  100  Phillips. 

6.  Hversalt  35-16  1T22  4'57  2'19  45'63,  £e  1 '23 =100  Forchhammer. 

7.  Halotrichine  34*12  9'76  10*20  45*92=100  Scacchi. 

Klaproth  obtained  for  the  "Feather  alum"  of  Freyenwalde,  Sulphuric  acid  and  water  77, 
alumina  15-25,  protoxyd  of  iron  7 -50,  potash  0-25=100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Fuses  in  its  own  crystallization-water,  cracks  open,  and  if  strongly  heated  gives 
off  sulphurous  acid,  leaving  a  brown  residue ;  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron,  and  with  soda  on 
charcoal  gives  an  hepatic  mass. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Bodenmais  and  at  Morsfeld  in  Rhenish  Bavaria.  Also  at  Oroomiali,  Persia, 
where  the  inhabitants  use  it  for  making  ink  of  a  fine  quality ;  at  Hurlet  and  Campsie  near  Glas- 
gow ;  at  Bjorkbackagard  in  Finland  (anal  4).  Probably  at  Rossville,  Richmond  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Beck). 


HYDROUS    SULPHATES.  655 

The  Hversalt  of  Forchhammer  is  an  allied  alum  from  Iceland,  ffalotrichine  is  a  silky  alum  from 
the  Solfatara  near  Naples. 

The  name  Halotrichite  is  from  SXy,  salt,  and  0pi£  hair. 

Berg-butter  (Beurre  de  Montague]  is  an  impure  alum  or  copperas  efflorescence,  of  a  butter-like 
consistence,  oozing  from  some  alum  slates.  A  yellowish  kind  from  Wetzelstein,  near  Saalfeld, 
afforded  R.  Brandes  (Schw.  J.,  xxxix.  417)  834-82,  X17-00,  Fe  9-97,  Mg  0-80,  Na  0-72,  ammonia 
1-75,  It 43-50—  99*00.  Another,  from  the  original  locality  at  Irtisch  in  the  Altai,  gave  Klaproth 
(Beitr.,  vi.  344)  S  31-0,  £l  2 -5,  Fe  6*0,  Mn  0*25,  Mg  6-25,  Ca4*5,  Na  0*25,  ~&  49-25. 

682.  RCEMERITE.    Roemerit  Grailich,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xxviii.  272,  1858. 

Monoclinic.  (7=78°  59',  /A  /,  front,=101°  24',  0  A  7=98°  30'  and  81° 
30',  0/\i-i=lOl°  V,  0A-&4=90°,  /A  *4=129°  18',  Grailich.  Cleav- 
age: clinodiagonal  perfect.  Coarse  granular,  the  grains  partly  crystal- 
lized. 

H.=2*75.  G.=2'15— 2*18  ;  mean  of  results  2'174.  Lustre  between  greasy 
and  vitreous.  Color  rust-brown  to  yellow.  Translucent.  Taste  saline, 
astringent,  vitriolic. 

Oomp.— 0.  ratio  for  R,  &,  S,  fi=nearly  1  :  3  :  12  :  12 ;  R  S+Pe  S3  +  12  fi.  Mean  of  two 
analyses  by  Tschermak  (L  c.) : 

S          Pe       Fe      2n       iJtn      Ca       flg        fl     insol. 
(1)41-54    20-63     6-26     1'97       tr.      0*58      tr.       28'00    0-50=99'48. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Probably  the  same  as  for  copiapite.    Reactions  of  iron  and  zinc. 
Obs. — From  the  Rammelsberg  mine  near  Goslar,  along  with  copiapite. 


683.  OOPIAPITB.  M<™  Diosc.  Misy  (fr.  Cyprus,  etc.)  Plin.,  xxxiv.  31.  Misy,  Germ.  Gelb 
Atrament  (fr.  Harz,  etc.),  Agric.,  Nat.  Foss.,  213,  457,  Interpr.,  466,  1546.  Misy,  Gul  Atrament 
Sten,  Lapis  atramentarius  flavus,  Watt.,  Min.,  159,  1747.  Misy  (fr.  Harz)  ffausm.,  Handb., 
1061,  1813,  1203,  1847.  Gelbeisenerz  Breith.,  Char.,  97,  238,  1823.  223,  1832.  Yellow  Copperas. 
Copiapite  (fr.  Copiapo),  Basisches  Schwefelsaures  Eisenoxyd,  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xxvii.  309,  314, 
1833.  Xanthosiderit  pt.  Gtocker,  Syn.,  65,  1847. 

Hexagonal  ?  Loose  aggregation  of  crystalline  scales,  or  granular  massive, 
the  scales  rhombic  or  hexagonal  tables.  Cleavage  :  basal,  perfect.  In- 
crusting. 

H.=l*5.  G.=2'14,  Borcher.  Lustre  pearly.  Color  sulphur-yellow, 
citron-yellow.  Translucent. 


Comp.—  ¥VS6  +  18;&,  Rose;  PeaS5+12fi,  Ramm.=  Sulphuric  acid  42-7,  sesquioxyd  of  iron 
34-2,  water  23-1  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  H.  Rose  (Pogg.,  xxvii.  309);  1A,  same,  excluding  18-45 
epsomite,  0-19  gypsum,  and  the  silica,  as  impurities  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  275);  2-4,  Borcher,  and 
Ahrend  &  Ullrich  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  1854);  5,  6,  List  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixxiv.  239)  : 

S  Fe           £l  Mg  Ca            fi 

1.  Copiapo                    39-60  26'11         T95  2'64  0'06  29*67,  Si  1  -37  =  101'40  Rose. 
1A,     "                           41-59  83-59          -  -  -  24*82  Rose. 

2.  Goslar,  cryst.            38-00  24'242n5'80  -  -  30-06=98'10  Borcher. 

3.  "          "  39-44  28-00  "  2'00         -  -  30'64  =  100-08  A.  &  U. 

4.  "  earthy  38-07  26'03  "  2'30  Mnl'26  -  30-50=98-22  A.  &  U. 

5.  "  cryst.  42'92  30-07  "  2'49         2*81  £0'32  21*39=100  List. 

6.  "         "  43-21  30*37  -         -  --  und.  List 


656  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Pyr.,  etc. Yields  water,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  sulphuric  acid.  On  charcoal  becomes 

magnetic,  and  with  soda  affords  the  reaction  for  sulphuric  acid.  With  the  fluxes  reactions  for 
iron.  In  water  insoluble. 

Obs. — Common  as  a  result  of  the  decomposition  of  pyrite  at  the  Rammelsberg  mine,  near 
Goslar  in  the  Harz,  and  elsewhere. 

This  species  is  the  yellow  copperas  long  called  misy,  and  it  might  well  bear  now  the  name 
Misylite.  The  description  of  Dioscorides  is  unsatisfactory.  But  that  of  Pliny,  not  over  25  years 
later,  is  good,  and  is  as  likely  to  represent  the  true  //t<n>  of  the  Greeks;  and  that  of  Agricola 
is  excelleDt,  and  was  taken  from  Goslar  specimens. 

684.  RAIMONDITE.    Raimondit  Breiffi.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  149,  1866. 

Hexagonal.  In  thin  six-sided  tables  with  removed  basal  edges,  scale-like. 
Cleavage :  basal,  perfect. 

H.=:3— 3-25.  G.— 3-190— 3-222.  Lustre  pearly.  Color  between  honey- 
and  ochre-yellow.  Streak  ochre-yellow.  Opaque. 

Oomp. — 0.  ratio  S,  S,  fi=6  :  9  :  7 ;  3Pe2  S3+7  fi=Sulphuric  acid  35'0,  sesquioxyd  of  iron 
46-6,  water  18-4=100. 
Analysis :  1,  Rube  (1.  c.) : 

1.  Ehrenfriedersdorf          36'08        46'52        17'40=100. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Probably  the  same  as  for  copiapite.    In  water  insoluble. 
Obs. — From  the  tin  mines  of  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  in  scales  on  cassiterite. 

684A,  PASTREITE  Norman  (Bergemann,  Verh.  nat.  Yer.  Bonn,  1866,  17),  may  be  of  the  above 
species,  if  part  of  the  iron  is  present  as  limonite.  According  to  Bergemann,  it  occurs  amorphous 
or  reniform,  of  a  yellow  color,  at  Paillieres,  near  Alais,  Dept.  of  Gard,  with  cerussite,  limonite. 
calcite,  gypsum,  fibroferrite ;  B.B.  infusible ;  in  muriatic  acid  easily  soluble.  The  analyses  gave 
(La): 

5         Si      Is       Pe        Pb        ft 

1.  Yellow  30-47     2'40     1'86    46-50     T25     16-04,  3fcl,  Mn,  Ca  089 =99'41. 

2.  Yellowish-brown        30-55     2'05     52*80     13-95,  £l,  Ca,  sand  0'63=99'98. 

Received  by  Dr.  Bergemann  from  Dr.  Normann,  of  Marseilles,  who  named  it  after  President 
Pastr6,  of  that  city.  It  approaches  jarosite  (p.  660),  except  in  the  absence  of  alkalies. 

685.  FIBROFERRITE.  H.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xxvii.  309,  1833.  Fibroferrite  Prideaux,  Phil.  Mag., 
III.  397,  1841.  Stypticit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  ii.  1202,  1847.  Copiapite  J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  ScL, 
H.  xviii.  375. 

Delicately  fibrous. 

H.=r5— 2.  G.— 1-84,  Smith.  Lustre  silky,  pearly.  Color  pale  yellow, 
or  nearly  white.  Translucent. 

Comp.-£e3  S5+27  S,  Ramm.=Sulphuric  acid  29'30,  sesq.  iron  35-15,  water  35-55=100. 
Analyses:  1,  H.  Rose  (L  c.);  2,  3,  J.  L.  Smith  (1.  c.);  4,  E.  Tobler  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xcvi.  383); 
5,  Prideaux  (1.  c.);  6,  F.  Field  (Q.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  xiv.  156);  7,  Pisani  (C.  R.,  lix.  94): 

S  £e  ~         &g          Ca  £ 

1.  Copiapo,  fib.         31-73        28'11        0'59        1-91         36'56,  Si  1-43=100-53  Rose. 


2. 

3.  " 

4.  " 

5.  " 

6.  Chili, 


30-25  31-75  38-20,  insol.  0-54=100-75  Smith. 

30-42  30-98  undet.  Smith. 

31-49  31-69  36-82=100  Tobler. 

28-9  34-4  36-7  =  100  Prideaux. 

31-94  31-89  35-90=99-78  Field. 


7.  Paillieres  29'72        33-40         tr.         36-88=100  Pisani. 


HYDROUS   SULPHATES. 


657 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  Same  as  for  copiapite. 

Obs.—  From  Gopiapo,  Chili,  in  delicately  fibrous  masses,  associated  with  coquimbite  •  also  from 
the  mines  of  Paillieres,  in  Gard,  France. 

The  name  alludes  to  the  fibrous  structure.  There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  the  identity  of  Pri- 
deaux's  fibroferrite  of  1841  with  the  mineral  analyzed  by  Rose,  Smith,  and  others,  and  which 
Hausmaun  named  stypticite  in  1847. 

686.  AFATELITE.    Meilkt,  Ann.  d.  M.,  IY.  iii.  808,  1841. 

In  small  friable  nodules  or  balls.      Color  clear  yellow.      Resembles 
copiapite. 

Comp  —  £e9  S5  +  2  ft.    Analysis  by  MeiUet  (1.  c.)  : 

S  42-90  Fe  53-30  ft  3-96=100-16. 

Occurs  at  Meudon  and  Auteuil,  disseminated  in  an  argillaceous  bed  connected  with  the  plastic  clay. 

687.  BOTRYOGEN.  Bother  Eisen-Yitriol  Berz.,  Afh.,iv.  307,  1815.  Red  Iron  Vitriol.  Fer 
sulfate  rouge  Fr.  Botryogen  Haid.,  Pogg.,  xii.  491,  1828.  Neoplase  pt.  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  483,  1832. 
Botryt  Glock.,  Syn.,  300,  1847. 


1J' 


Monoclinic.  (7=62°  26',  If\  7=119°  56',  0  A  14=152' 
0-9188  : 1 : 1'5334.  Observed  planes  as  in  the  figure, 
with  also  l-i  (on  acute  solid  angle  of  base),  1  (on  acute 
edge  of  base),  and  i-l  0  A  7=113°  37',  0  A  l-i= 
125°  31',  0  A  1=121°  4',  /A  ^-2=160°  54',  i-t  A  *-2 
=98°  16',  f  4  A  f  4=141°,  0  A  §4=160°  30' ;  /  and 
z-2  vertically  striated.  Cleavage  parallel  to  /.  Crys- 
tals usually  small.  Often  in  reniform  and  botryoidal 
shapes,  consisting  of  globules  with  a  crystalline  sur- 
face. 

H.=2— 2-5.  G.=2-039.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color 
deep  hyacinth-red  ;  massive  varieties  sometimes  ochre- 
yellow  ;  streak  ochre-yellow,  a  little  shining.  Trans- 
lucent. Taste  slightly  astringent. 

Comp.— ?  Fes  S2+  3  3Pe  S9+36  H,  Berz.,=(£  Fe3+|  Fe)  S2+9  ft=Sulphate  of  protoxyd  of  iron 
19-0,  id.  of  sesquioxyd  48*3,  water  32-7=100.    Analyses :  G-ahn  &  Berzelius  (1.  c.): 


1.  36*53 

2.  37-87 
3. 


26-50 
24-77 
25-45 


Mg 
5-69 
8-95 
6-92 


Ca 
2-76 
0-91 


30-90 


from  which  he  deduces,  without  having  determined  directly  the  protoxyd  of  iron  : 

MgS        CaS     ft  and  loss. 


6-77         35-85 

6-85         39-92 

48-3 


26-88 
17-10 

20-8 


2-22 
6-71 


28'28=:100. 
31-42=100. 
30-9  =  100. 


The  sulphates  of  magnesia  and  lime  are  rejected  as  impurity,  but  with  how  much  propriety  is 
uncertain. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  intumesces  and  gives  off  water,  producing  a  reddish-yellow  earth.  On  char- 
coal becomes  magnetic;  with  soda  gives  a  hepatic  mass.  Remains  unaltered  if  kept  dry,  but  in 
a  moist  atmosphere  it  becomes  covered  with  a  dirty  yellowish  powder.  Partly  soluble  in  boiling 
water,  leaving  an  ochreous  residue. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  copper  mine  of  Fahlun,  in  Sweden,  coating  gypsum  or  pyrite. 

42 


658 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS, 


Named  from  farpvs,  a  lunch  of  grapes,  and  ycvvdw,  I  make.    This  last  part  of  the  name  is  bad, 
and  is  well  thrown  aside  by  GlockerJ  who  makes  it  botryte;  botryite  would  be  more  correct. 


688.  ALUMINITE.    Reine  Thonerde  (fr.  Halle)  Wern.,  Ueb.  Cronstedt,  176,  1780.     Native 
Argill  Kirwan,  Min.,  i.  175.    Aluminit  C.  C.ffaberle,  Der  Mineralreich,  etc.,  1807  ;  Karst.,  Tab., 
48,1808.     Ha&ite  Delameth.,  Min.,  ii.  1812.     Websterite  Levy,  in  Brooke,  1823.     Hydrosulphate 
d'alumine,  Websterite,  Send.,  Tr.,  449,  1824. 

Keniform,  massive ;  impalpable. 

H.=l— 2.  G.=T66.  Lustre  dull,  earthy.  Color  white.  Opaque. 
Fracture  earthy.  Adheres  to  the  tongue ;  meagre  to  the  touch. 

Comp.— &1S+ 9 H= Alumina  29-8,  sulphuric  acid  23-2,  water  47*0=100.  Analyses:  1,  Stro- 
meyer  (Unters.,  99) ;  2,  Schmid  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxii.  495) ;  3,  4,  Stromeyer  (1.  c.) ;  5,  Dufrenoy  (Min., 
ii.  1845,  366) ;  6,  Dumas  (ib.) : 

5  ?1  H 

46-372=100  Stromeyer. 
46-34,  Ca  1-18=100  Schmid. 
45-34=100  Stromeyer. 
46-76=100  Stromeyer. 
46-80=99-97  Dufrenoy. 
47  =  100  Dumas. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  gives  much  water,  which,  at  a  high  temperature,  becomes  acid 
from  the  evolution  of  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  acids.  B.B.  infusible.  With  cobalt  solution  a 
fine  blue  color.  With  soda  on  charcoal  a  hepatic  mass.  Soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  connection  with  beds  of  clay  in  the  Tertiary  and  Post-tertiary  formations. 

First  found  in  1730  in  the  Garden  of  the  Pasdagogium  at  Halle;  afterward  suspected  to  be  an 
artificial  product,  from  a  manufactory  near  by ;  subsequently  found  elsewhere  in  the  plastic  clay 
of  the  region,  and  proved  to  be  native.  Since  discovered  by  Mr.  Webster  at  Newhaven,  Sussex, 
in  reniform  and  botryoidal  concretions,  imbedded  in  ferruginous  clay,  which  rests  on  the  chalk 
strata;  also  under  similar  circumstances  at  Epernay,  in  Lunel  Vieil,  and  Auteuil,  in  France. 

689.  ALUNITE,    Alumen  de  Tolpha,  quod  primum  fossum  est  in  Italia,  Pii  2di  Pontificis  tem- 
poribus  (Piccolomini,  1458-1464),   Gesner,  Foss.,  13,  1565.     Romersk  Alunsten   Wall,  Min., 
163,   1747.     Alaunstein  (fr.  Tolfa)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  376,   1789.     Alumstone.     Aluminilite 
Delameth..  T.  T.,  ii.  113,  1797.    Alun  de  Rome  pt.  ff.,  Tr.,  1801.    Pierre  alumineuse  de  la 
Tolfa  Fr.    Alunite  Beud.,  449,  1824.    Alaun-Spath  Breith.,  Char.,  1823. 


8 

#1 

1.  Halle 

23-365 

29-263 

2.      " 

23-25 

29-23 

3.  Mori,  near  Halle 

23-68 

30-98 

4.  Newhaven 

23-37 

29-87 

5.  Lunel  Vieil 

23-45 

29-72 

6.  Auteuil 

23 

30 

543 


Khombohedral.  R  A  72=89°  10',  O  A  72=124°  40',  Breith. ;  a=l'2523. 
Observed  planes :  72,  O,  and  the  rhombohedrons 
T>  TO  HK  and  ~~2,  Breith. 

0  A  2=109°  4'  0  A  -gSj-=178°  42' 

O  A  |=119  57  £  A  f=82  26 

0  A  f=128  55  2  A  2=70  8 

Cleavage :    basal  nearly  perfect ;    72  indistinct. 
Also  massive,  having  a  fibrous,  granular,  or  impalpable  texture. 

H.=3-5-4.  G.=2'58-2-752.<  Lustre  of  72  vitreous,  basal  plane  some- 
what pearly.  Color  white,  sometimes  grayish  or  reddish.  Streak  white. 
Transparent — subtranslucent.  Fracture  flat  conchoidal,  uneven ;  of  mas- 
sive varieties  splintery ;  and  sometimes  earthy.  Brittle. 


HYDROUS    SULPHATES. 


659 


Comp.,  Var.  —  (a)  Crystallized.  (&)  Fibrous,  concretionary,  (c)  Massive,  and  moderately  ten- 
der. (d)  Hard,  mainly  from  disseminated  silica,  which  impurity  sometimes  amounts  to  60  p.  c. 
(e)  Cavernous. 

0.  ratio  for  R,  B,  S,  H=l  :  9  :  12  :  6.  Formula,.,  as  usually  written,  K  S  +  3  £l  S  +  6H;  or, 
making  one-third  of  the  water  basic,  (K,  H)3  S  +  3  &1  S+4  H=Sulphuric  acid  38-53,  alumina  37-13, 
potash  11  '34,  water  13-00=100.  But  A.  Mitscherlich,  in  view  of  the  results  of  its  decomposition 
after  heating  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxiii.  465),  it  affording  alum,  which  water  will  remove,  and  hydrated 
alumina,  holds  that  the  formula  should  be  K  S  +  A-1  S3+2^tlfi8,  making  it  a  compound  of  anhy- 
drous alum  and  gibbsite. 

Analyses:  1,  Cordier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  v.  203);  2,  Mitscherlich  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxxiii.  464);  3,  Ram- 
melsberg  (L  c.);  4,  Mitscherlich  (1.  c.,  and  ZS.  G.,  xiv.  254);  5,  Berthier  (L  c.)  ;  6,  C.  Descotils 
(Ann.  d.  M.,  i.  319);  7,  Sauvage  (ib.,  IV.  x.  85);  8,  Cordier  (ib.,  iv.  205);  9,  Fridau  (Ann.  Ch. 
Pharm.,  Ixxvi.  106)  : 


1.  Tolfa,  cryst.  35-50  39'65 

2.  "         "  38-63  36-83 

3.  Muzsai,  Hung.  (|)  39-54  37-13 

4.  "             "  36-93  39-01 

5.  Bereghszasz,  Hung.     39-42  37'95 

6.  Tuscany  35'6  40'0 

7.  Milo  38-27  37-04 

8.  Mt.  Dore  39-1  46-5 

9.  Styria  35'3  40'8 


Oa  Na        fc         H 

-  -  10*02  [14'83]=100  Cordier. 

0'70  1'84       8'99  12-68,  Ba  0'29=99'96  Mitsch. 

-  -  1067     12-66  =  100  Ramm. 
0'49  -  10'67  [12'71],  Ba  0'19  Mitsch. 

-  -  10'66  11-97  =  100  Berthier. 

-  -  18-8       10-6=100  Descotils. 

-  --  11-60  13-09=100  Sauvage. 

-  -      8'5        5  '9  =  100  Cordier. 

-  -      8'5  15-4=100  Fridau. 


From  analysis  3,  Si  26*88  is  excluded  as  impurity  ;  from  5,  Si  26*5,  Fe  4*0,  are  excluded  ;  from 
7,  Si  19-0;  from  8,  gi  28'40,  £e  1'44.  No.  11,  by  Fridau,  as  published  in  full,  is  gi  50'7l,  S 
16-50,  XI  19  06,  Pe  1-13,  K  3'97,  H  7'23,  Ca  0'56,  Mg  0'41,  K,  Si  0'31,  MgS  0'09,  Mg  Cl  0"03= 
100. 

For  analysis  of  impure  A.  from  Pic  de  Sancy,  by  J.  Gautier-Lacroze,  see  C.  R,  Ivii.  362. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  decrepitates,  and  is  infusible.  In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  some  tunes 
also  sulphate  of  ammonia,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  acids.  Heated 
with  cobalt  solution  affords  a  fine  blue  color.  "With  soda  and  charcoal  infusible,  but  yields  a 
hepatic  mass.  Soluble  in  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.  —  Forms  seams  in  trachytic  and  allied  rocks,  where  it  has  been  formed  as  a  result  of  the 
alteration  of  the  rock  by  means  of  sulphurous  vapors. 

Met  with  at  Tolfa,  near  Civita  Yecchia,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rome,  in  crystals  ;  at  Montioni 
in  Tuscany;  at  Muzsai  and  Bereghszasz  in  Hungary;  on  Milo,  Argentiera,  and  Nevis,  Grecian 
Archipelago  ;  and  at  Mt.  Dore,  France. 

The  compact  varieties  from  Hungary  are  so  hard  as  to  admit  of  being  used  for  millstones. 
Alum  is  obtained  from  it  by  repeatedly  roasting  and  lixiviating,  and  finally  crystallizing  by  evap- 
oration. 

This  species  was  first  observed  at  Tolfa,  near  Borne,  in  the  15th  century,  by  J.  de  Castro,  a 
Genoese,  who  had  been  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  alum,  from  an  alum-stone  or  "  Rock- 
alum  "  found  near  Edessa  in  Syria.  It  was  named  Aluminilite  by  Delametherie  in  1797,  a  long 
name  well  changed  to  Alunite  by  Beudant  in  1824. 


690.  LOWIGITE.    Alaunstein  Rdmer,  ZS.  G.,  viii.  246,  1856.    Lowigit  A.  Mitscherlich,  J.  pr. 

Ch.,  Ixxxiii.  474,  1861. 

In  rounded  masses,  similar  to  compact  alunite. 

H.=3— 4.  G.=2-58.  Lustre  feeble.  Color  pale  straw-yellow.  Slightly 
subtranslucent.  Fracture  perfectly  conchoidal. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  1:9:12:  9=K  S  +  3  £l  S+9  H=Sulphuric  acid  36'2,  alumina  34'8,  potash 
10-7,  water  18-3  =  100;  or  alunite  with  9  H  in  place  of  6  H.  Analyses:  1,  Lowig  (ZS.  G.,  viii. 
247);  2,  3,  A.  Mitscherlich  (L  c.);  4,  Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  289);  5,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  IV. 
ii.  459): 

S         XI        3Pe      Mg      Ca      Na       K  H 

1.  Silesia    34-84    33-37      lO'lO     [18-321  org.,  Si  8'37  =  100  Lowig. 

2.  "         34-81     34-95     0'68     0'55    0'28     0'39       9'30     [17-88],  £a  0'44,  org.,  giO'73= 100  M 


660  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


S  £1  fc  H 

3.  Tolfa          31-86        36'01          9-63         16'50==100a  Mitscherlich. 
4      "   cryst.  36'94        34-02         10-38        16'72,  Si  1 -94=100  Rammelsberg. 
5.      "      "      87-67         34-69         10*58         17-06=100  Berthier. 

a  0-07  organic  substance,  8-21  silica,  and  28-59  earthy  matters  removed. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  nearly  like  alunite.  The  water  is  expelled  at  a  lower  temperature  than  in 
alanite;  and  the  compound  resulting  after  heating,  instead  of  containing  a  mixture  affording 
alum  and  insoluble  hydrated  alumina,  affords  to  water  sulphate  of  potash  and  subsulphate  of 
alumina.  Mitscherlich  hence  writes  for  it  the  above  formula,  instead  of  one  like  his  for  alunite. 
Partially  soluble  in  muriatic  acid,  while  alunite  is  not  at  all  so. 

Obs.— Found  in  a  coal  bed  at  Tabrze  in  Upper  Silesia,  in  compact  lumps,  having  the  lustre, 
color,  and  texture  of  the  Solenhofen  lithographic  stone,  but  blackish  externally  from  a  coaly  crust ; 
also  with  alunite  at  Tolfa. 

According  to  Rammelsberg's  analysis,  part  at  least  of  the  crystallized  alunite  has  the  composi- 
tion of  lowigite. 

691.  JAROSITE.  Gelbeisenerz  Ramm.,  Fogg.,  xliii.  132,  1838.  Misy  Haid.,  Handb.,  512, 
1845.  Vitriolgelb,  Gelbeisenerz,  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1205,  1847  [not  Gelbeisenerz  fr.  Harz  Breiih., 
Char.,  1832].  Jarosit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  1852.  Moronolite  Shep.,  Suppl.  Append.  Min.,  p.  iv. 

1857. 

Ehombohedral.  E  A  72=88°  58' ;  0  A  R=VZ±°  32';  0=1-2584.  Cleav- 
age :  basal.  Also  fibrous,  and  granular  massive.  Also  in  nodules,  or  as 
an  incrustation  with  a  tuberose  or  coralloidal  surface. 

H.=2'5-3-5.  G.  of  crystallized  3'24— 3-26;  of  nodular  2-6-2-9.  Lus- 
tre a  little  shining  to  dull.  Color  ochre-yellow ;  streak  yellow,  shining. 
Opaque. 

Var.,  Comp.— (1)  Crystallized;  Jarosiie,  which  occurs  also  fibrous  and  granular;  G.=3'256,  fr. 
Spain;  3-244,  fr.  Maryland,  Breith.  (2)  Concretionary,  the  ordinary  form  of  the  Norway  and 
Bohemian  mineral,  and  the  moronolite  of  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  G.=2-62  (moronolite) — 2-79. 

0.  ratio  for  R,  B,  S,  H=l  :  12  :  15  :  9,  Ramm. ;  (K,  Na)  §+4  3?e  S  +  9H,  Ramm.   For  jarosite, 
Ferber  deduces  1  :  15  :  18  :  10,  differing  mainly  in  a  little  less  of  alkali.     Richter's  analysis  of  it 
was  imperfect.    It  is  isomorphous  with  alunite,  which  would  suggest  the  ratio  1:9:12:6, 
which  also  differs  mainly  in  the  proportion  of  protoxyd.     Analyses:  1,  Rammelsberg  (1.  c.);  2, 
Scheerer  (Pogg.,  xlv.  188);  3,  J.  H.  Ferber  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiii.  10);  4,  Tyler  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xli. 
212): 

S  £e  Na  &         H 

1.  Kolosoruk,  Gefbeis.        32-11  46-73  7-88  13'56,  Ca  0-64=100-92  Rammelsberg. 

2.  Modum,  82-45  49'63  5*20  13-11  =  100-39  Scheerer. 

3.  Spain,  Jarosite  31'76  49-24  0'80  5'90  11  '35,  £l  1-25  =  100-33  Ferber. 

4.a  Monroe,  N.  Y.,  Moron.  34-17    46-89         3'81  13-18,  &1  0'83,  Ca  1'10=99'98  Tyler. 

a  Kesult  after  subtracting  1-53  "  hygr.  water  "  and  11-17  insol. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Nearly  as  for  coquimbite. 

Obs.— The  original  of  this  species  was  from  Luschitz,  between  Kolosoruk  and  Bilin,  Bohemia, 
in  brown  coal;  and  later  from  Modum,  Norway,  in  alum  slate. 

The  jarosite  was  from  Barranco  Jaroso,  in  the  Sierra  Almagrera,  Spain,  on  limonite ;  also,  accord- 
ing to  Breithaupt  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxv.  149),  from  Maryland,  of  granular  form,  with  quartz  and  a 
magnetite  altered  to  hematite;  Mexico;  Saxony,  Thekla  mine,  near  Hauptmanngriin  in  Yoigt- 
land,  in  small  crystals  on  turgite  (hydrohematite)  and  limonite ;  Erzgebirge,  near  Schwarzenberg, 
at  the  Frisch  Gliick  mine.  It  is  isomorphous  with  beudantite. 

Moronolite  is  from  Monroe,  N.  Y.,  where  it  occurs  on  gneiss.  It  contains  less  alkali  than  is 
required  for  the  formula.  Named  moronolite  from  p^pov,  mulberry,  alluding  to  a  resemblance  to 
the  mulberry  calculus. 

Erusibite  Shepard  (Rep.  Mt.  Pisgah  Copper  Mine,  N.  Haven,  1859;  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxviii.  129, 
1859)  is  a  "rusty  insoluble  ferric  sulphate :)  of  undetermined  nature.  His  copperasine  (ib.)  is 
announced  as  a  "  hydrous  cuprous  and  ferric  sulphate,"  from  the  same  place.  His  leucanterite 
(ib.)  is  an  efflorescence  on  the  copperasine.  These  are  names  without  descriptions. 


HYDBOUS    SULPHATES.  661 

692.  CARPHOSIDERITE.    Karphosiderit  Breith.,  Schw.  J.,  1.  314,  1827. 

In  reniform  masses,  and  incrustations. 

H.=4:— 4-5.  G.=2-49— 2-5,  Breith.;  2'728,  Pisani.  Lustre  resinous. 
Color  pale  and  deep  straw-yellow.  Streak  yellowish.  Feel  greasy. 

Oomp.— 0.  ratio  for  S,  S,  H=l  :  1-28  :  1'08;  if  a  fourth  of  the  water  is  basic  (££e  +  £Hs) 
S  +  2  H= Sulphuric  acid  31-4,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  50%  water  18-4=100.  Analyses:  1,  Pisani  (C. 
B,,  Iviii.  242,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xcii.  376);  2,  same,  after  removing  impurities: 

S  £e          Mn  H  Sand      Gypsum 

1.  25-52        40-00          tr.          10'67         14-78  9'03  =  100. 

2.  31-82        49-88         18'30         =100. 

Supposed  by  Harkort  (1.  c.),  after  blowpipe  trials,  to  be  a  hydrous  phosphate;  but  shown  by 
Pisani's  analysis  of  an  original  specimen  to  be  a  sulphate. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  nearly  like  copiapite.    Insoluble  in  water. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  fissures  in  mica  slate,  and  was  first  distinguished  by  Breithaupt  among  some 
specimens  which  he  says  were  from  Labrador.  Pisani's  specimens  were  from  the  Kolburg  col- 
lection in  Paris,  and  were  labelled  Greenland,  most  probably  the  true  locality. 

The  name  alludes  to  the  color,  and  is  from  Kd^as,  straw,  o-iJ^poy,  iron. 


693.  PARALUMINITE.    Paraluminit  Steinberg,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Trrii.  495,  1844. 

Massive,  and  like  aluminite.     White  to  pale  yellow. 

Oomp '&[*  S+15  H=Sulphuric  acid  14-4,  alumina  37-0,  water  48-6=100. 

Analyses :  1-6,  Schmid,  Martens,  Marchand,  Wolff,  Backs  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxii.  xxxiiL) ;  7,  Dieck 
(ZS.  nat.  Ver.  Halle,  xiii.  265) ;  8,  Berthier  (Mem.,  1839,  288) : 

S  £1  H 

1.  South  of  Halle    14-54        86'17        49-03=99-74  Schmid. 


14-04  35-96  50-00=100  Martens. 

17-0  36-0  47-2  =  100-2  Marchand. 

12-44  38-81  47-07,  CaC  1-68=100  Wolff. 

12-22  37-71  49-18,  CaC  1-00=100-11  Backs. 

11-45  39-50  48-80=99-75  Marchand. 

15-56  36-54  46'89=98'99  Dieck. 


8.  Huelgoet  13-37         43'00        43*63=100  Berthier. 

Another  analysis  of  the  mineral  from  Presslers  mountain,  near  Halle,  afforded  Geist  (ZS.  Nat 
Ver.  Halle,  xiii.  268)  S  22'18,  &1  39'86,  H  34'91  by  loss,  Si  1-92,  £e  0-40,  Ca  0'50,  Mg  0'03.  For 
a  similar  mineral  from  Bernon,  near  Epernay,  France,  Lassaigne  obtained  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxix. 
98)  820-06,  &1  39-70,  H  39'94,  gypsum  0'30=100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Nearly  as  for  aluminite. 

Oba. — Similar  in  its  modes  of  occurrence  to  aluminite.  Found  in  Presslers  mountain  (anal.  7) 
and  elsewhere,  near  Halle,  and  Huelgoet  in  Brittany. 

694.  PISSOPHANTTB.    Pissophan  Breith.,  Char.,  101,  1832.    Gaxnsdorfite. 

Amorphous,  or  stalactitic,  somewhat  pitch-like  in  appearance. 
H.=1'5.     Gr.=l*93— 1'98.      Lustre  vitreous.      Color  pistachio-,  aspar- 
agus-, or  olive-green.     Transparent.     Yery  fragile.     Fracture  conchoidal. 


662  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Comp.—  Erdmann  (Schw.  J.,  Mi.  104)  obtained  : 

S  XI  3Pe          H 

1  Green  12*70      35-15        9'74      41-69,  gangue  and  loss  0*72  =  100. 

2  «  12-49       35-30         9*80       41*70  0*71=100. 
3!   Yellow           11-90         6-80      40-06       40'13 

Probably  not  a  simple  mineral.  Perhaps  .Nos.  1  and  2,83S+15  H,  and  No.  3,B2S  +  15H. 
The  relation  in  the  former  is  more  exactly  fi5  Sa  +  30  H. 

Pyr.,  etc.—  For  the  most  part  insoluble  in  water.  Easily  soluble  in  muriatic  acid.  B.B 
becomes  black.  In  a  glass  tube  gives  alkaline  water. 

Obs.—  Occurs  at  Garnsdorf,  near  Saalfeld,  and  at  Reichenbach,  Saxony,  on  alum  slate. 

Named  from  mwa,  pitch,  and  ^ai/dj,  appearance. 


695.  PELSOBANYITE.    Felsobanyt  Raid.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  1852,  xii.  183,  1854. 

Orthorhombic.  Massive,  and  in  concretions,  grouped  or  single,  consist- 
ing of  scales,  which  are  hexagonal,  and  have  two  angles  of  112°.  Cleavage 
perfect.  Optically  biaxial. 

H.=1'5.  G.=2*33.  Lustre  of  cleavage-face  pearly.  Color  snow-white, 
surface  often  yellowish.  Translucent  to  subtransparent. 

Comp.—  XPS+10  H=  Sulphuric  acid  17  '2,  alumina  44*1,  water  38-7=100.  Analysis:  v.  Hauer 
(Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xii.  188): 

(f)S  16-47        £l  45-53        H  37*27=99*27  Hauer. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Nearly  as  for  aluminite. 

Obs.  —  From  Kapnik  near  Felsobanya  in  Hungary,  the  concretions  sometimes  grouped  on 
barite. 

696.  GLOCKERITE.  Vitriolocker  B&rz.,  Afh.,  v.  157,  1816.  Fer  sous-sulfate  terreux  £erz., 
N.  Min.  Syst.,  1819.  Vitriol  Ochre.  Pittizito  Beud,  Tr.,  447,  1824.  Glockerit  Noam.,  Min., 
254,  1855. 

Massive,  sparry  or  earthy.     Stalactitic. 

Lustre  resinous  or  earthy.  Color  brown  to  ochre-yellow,  also  brownish- 
black  to  pitch-black  ;  dull  green.  Streak  ochre-yellow  to  brown.  Opaque 
to  subtranslucent.  Fracture  shining  to  earthy. 

Comp.,  Var.—  £e2S+6H,  Berzelius,  for  a  brown  to  ochre-yellow  variety,  occurring  with 
botryogen  at  Fahlun,  containing  according  to  him,  Sulphuric  acid  15'9,  sesquioxyd  of  iron  62'4, 
water  21-7=100. 

The  same  for  a  stalactitic  variety  from  Obergrund,  near  Zuckmantel,  the  stalactites  of  which 
are  sometimes  2  feet  long,  brown  to  pitch-black,  yellowish-brown,  and  dark  green  in  color,  with 
yellowish-brown  to  ochre-yellow  streak,  shining  lustre  to  earthy,  and  insoluble  in  water.  It  is 
the  Qlockerite  of  Naumaun,  who  cites  Hochstetter's  analysis,  S  15'19,  3Pe  64*34,  H  20*7,  agreeing 
closely  with  that  by  Berzelius. 

Jordan  obtained  for  a  compact  and  earthy  vitriol  ochre  from  Eammelsberg  mine  near  Goslar 
(J.  pr.  Oh.,  ix.  95),  and  Scheerer  for  another  from  Modum,  Norway  (Pogg.,  xlv.  188)  : 

S        IV       H 

1.  Goslar,  compact    13'59     63-85     18*46,  2n  1'23,  Ou  0-87,  gangue  2*00=100  Jordan. 

2.  "        earthy        9-80     68*75     15'52,  2n  T29  Cu  0*50,  gangue  4*14=100  Jordan. 

3.  Modum,  &row»        6'00    80-73     13*57  =  100  Scheerer. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Nearly  as  for  copiapite. 
Obs.  —  A  result  of  the  alteration  of  pyrite  or  marcasite. 

Glockerite  was  named  after  the  mineralogist  E.  F.  Glocker.  Pitticite  is  the  name  of  pitchy  iron 
ore,  q.  v. 


HYDKOUS    SULPHATES.  663 

697.  LAMPROPHANTTE.    Lamprophan  Igelstrom,  (Efv.  Ak.  Stockh.,  1866,  93. 

In  thin  cleavable  folia. 

H.=3.     G.=3'07.     Lustre  pearly.     Color  and  streak  white. 

Comp. — An  analysis  afforded  Igelstrom  (1.  c.) : 

S  Pb          Mn          Mg          Ca         JSTa,  &         fl 

11-17         28-00        7-90        5-26         24-65         14-02        8-35=99-35. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water.    With  soda  on  charcoal  yields  metallic  lead  and  a  hepatic  mass. 
Not  wholly  soluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — From  Longban  in  Wennland,  Sweden.    Named  in  allusion  to  the  lustre  from 
shining. 


700.  LINARITE.    Linarite  Brooke,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  iv.  lit,  1822.     Cupreous  Sulphate  of  Lead, 
Cupreous  Anglesite.    Bleilasur,  Kupferbleispath,  Germ. 

Monoclinic.  (7=77°  27' ;  /A  7,  over  ^,=61°  36',  0  A  14=141°  5',  a  : 
I :  c=0-48134  :  1  :  0-5819.  Observed  planes :  0 ;  vertical,  i-i,  7,  i4,  i-2  ; 
hemidomes,  -J-a,  j-a,  fy4,  1-a,  f-^,  2-fc,  f -a,  7-* ;  -1-* ;  clinodomes,  1-z,  £4 ; 
hemipyramids,  2,  2-2,  f-|-,  -f-8.  Fig.  544.  Plane  iA  often  wanting. 

0  A  ^'=102°  33'  0  A  a4=90° 

O  A  1-^=152  19  6>  A  £4=158  1 

Q  A  -1^=156  57i  ^'  A  14=105  8 

0  A  |4=161  23^  ^4  A  -14=125 

{>  A  24=130  5  i-i  A  24=127  22 

O  A  ^-4=176  36  i-2  A  i-2,  ov.  i-i, =100  1 

6>  A  4-4=156  48  7A  2-2=137  1 

6>A7=96  23  7A  2=159  9 

Twins  :  composition-face  i-i  common  ;  0  A  (9/=154°  54'.     Cleavage :  i-i 
very  perfect ;  0  less  so. 

H.=2*5.  G.  =  5'3  —  5'45.  Lustre  vitreous  or  adamantine.  Color 
deep  azure-blue.  Streak  pale  blue.  Translucent.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Brittle. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  Ou,  Pb,  S,  &=!.:.  1:3:1,  whence  £b  S+Cufl;  or,  if  fi  be  basic,  for 
base  and  acid  1  :  !=(£  Cu+£  I»b+^  fi)3  S.  It  seems  to  be  an  objection  to  the  first  formula  that 
there  is  no  near  isomorphism  with  any  sulphate  of  lead,  while  there  is  with  cyanosite  or  sulphate 
of  copper. 

Analyses:  1,  Brooke  (L  c.);  2,  Thomson  (Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xvii.  402);  3,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch., 
Ixxxiii.  454) : 

PbS  Cu  fl 

1.  Wanlockhead  75-4          18-0          4-7=98-1  Brooke. 

2.  "  74-8  19-7  5-5= 100  Thomson ;  G.=5-2137. 

3.  Kadainski  76'41         17-43        6'16,  Cl  <r.  =  100  KobeU. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  loses  its  blue  color.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses 
easily  to  a  pearl,  and  in  R.F.  is  reduced  to  a  metallic  globule  which  by  continued  treatment  coats 
the  coal  with  oxyd  of  lead,  and  if  fused  boric  acid  is  added  yields  a  pure  globule  of  copper.  With 
soda  gives  the  reaction  for  sulphuric  acid.  Decomposed  with  nitric  acid,  leaving  a  white  residue 
of  sulphate  of  lead. 

Obs.— Formerly  found  at  Leadhills.  Occurs  at  Roughten  Gill,  Red  Gill,  and  near  Keswick,  in 
Cumberland,  in  crystals  sometimes  an  inch  long ;  near  Schneeberg,  rare ;  in  Dillenburg,  at  the 
mines  Aurora  and  Thomas;  Nassau  on  the  Lahn;  at  Retzbanya;  at  the  Kadainski  mine  in 


664 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


545 


Nertschinsk ;  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Beresof  in  the  Ural ;  and  supposed  formerly  to  be  found  at 
Linares  in  Spain,  whence  the  name. 

Alt.— Linarite  occurs  altered  to  cerussite,  a  change  like  that  of  anglesite  to  cerussite. 

For  recent  obs.  on  cryst,  B.  &  M.,  Min.;  Greg  &  Lettsom,  Min.,  395,  1858;  Kokscharof,  Min. 
Russl.,  iv.  139,  v.  106 ;  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  No.  vii.,  from  whom  the  above  angles  are  taken ; 
K-  Peters,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xliv.  168. 

701.  BROCHANTITE.  Brochantite  (fr.  Katharinenb.)  Levy,  Ann.  Phil.,  II.  viii.  241,  1824. 
Konigine  (fr.  Russia)  Levy,  ib.,  xi.  194,  1826.  Brongnartine  (fr.  Mexico)  Huot,  Min.,  i.  331, 
1841.  Krisuvigit  (fr.  Iceland)  Forchhammer,  Skand.  Nat.  Stockh.,  1842,  Arsb.  1843,  192. 
Warringionite  (fr.  Cornwall)  Maskelyne,  Ch.  News,  x.  263,  1864,  Phil  Mag.,  IV.  xxix.  475. 

Orthorhombic.  7  A  7=104:°  32',  0  A  24=147°  49' ;  a  :  I  :  0=0-31471  : 
1  :  1*2923.  Observed  planes :  vertical,  7,  i-\  i-l  ;^  domes,  14,  24.  Fig. 
545 ;  also  prisms  made  of  7  and  £-5,  and  dome  14  without  *4,  the  form 
resembling  f.  542,  p.  657,  excepting  the  absence  of  0,  this  plane  not  having 
been  observed. 

i-%  A  £-2,  ov.  ^4,  =  114°  16' 

14  A  14=152  37 

24  A  24,  ov.  0, =115  38 

i4  A  £-2=147  8 

i4  A  7=127  44 

i4  A  14=103  41 

Also  in  groups  of  acicular  crystals  and  drnsy 
crusts.     Cleavage :    i-l  very  perfect ;   7  in 
traces.     Also  massive  ;  reniform  with  a  columnar  structure. 

H.=3'5— 4.  G.=3'78— 3-87,  Magnus;  3-9069,  G.  Kose.  Lustre  vitre- 
ous ;  a  little  pearly  on  the  cleavage-face  i4.  Color  emerald-green,  black- 
ish-green. Streak  paler  green.  Iransparent — translucent. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary  Brochantite.  The  analyses  vary  considerably,  as  shown  below.  The  crys- 
tals are  vertically  striated. 

2.  Warringionite.  Essentially  brochantite  in  composition,  but  occurring  in  non-striated  crystals 
in  form  like  a  doubly  curving  wedge,  of  paler  green  color  than  ordinary  brochantite,  with  G-.— 
3-39— 3-47,  and  H.=3— 3-5.  _ 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  Cu,  S,  fi=7  :  6  :  5;  CuS  +  2£Cufi;  or  perhaps  2Cu3S  +  CuH+4fi; 
= Sulphuric  acid  19*9,  protoxyd  of  copper  69-0,  water  11-1  =  100.  Some  analyses  correspond  tc 
the  0.  ratio  4:3:3;  and  Field's  to  4  :  3  :  4,  the  ratio  of  langite.  Analyses  :  1,  2,  Magnus  (Pogg., 
xiv.  141);  3,  Forchhammer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxx.  396);  4,  Berthier  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  1.  360);  5,  H. 
Risse  (Pogg.,  cv.  614);  6,  Pisani  (C.  B.,  lix.  912);  7,  Warrington  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  II.  iii.  85);  8, 
Maskelyne  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxix.  476);  9,  Tschermak  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  li.  131);  10,  Field  (Phil. 
Mag.,  IV.  xxiv.  123);  11,  v.  Kobell  (Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  1865,  ii.  70);  12,  Domeyko  (Ann.  d.  M.. 
VI.  v.  460): 

S          Cu         2n         Pb        fi 

11-887=99-856  Magnus. 

11 -91 7  =  100-471  Magnus. 

12-81=99-44  Forchhammer. 

17 -2  =  100  Berthier. 

13-2,  C12r.=100  Risse. 

13-2,  Ca  0-8= 101  Pisani. 

12-22b,  insol.  0*58=100  Warrington. 

14-64=99-61  Maskelyne. 

11-5  =  100  Tschermak. 

16-47  =  100  Field;  G.--3-81. 
[11-42]  =  100  KobeU. 

13-5,  gangue  2-4=100-2  Domeyko 

er  lost  below  260°  C. 


1. 

Retzbanya 

17-132 

62-626 

8-181 

0-030 

2. 

« 

17-426 

66-935 

3-145 

1-048 

3. 

Krisuvigite 

18-88 

67-75 





4. 

Mexico 

16-6 

66-2 





5. 

Nassau 

19-0 

67-8 





6. 

Cornwall 

17-2 

68-8     . 

ro* 



7. 

"         Warr. 

18-93 

68-27 





8. 

(«            « 

16-73 

68-24 

— 



9. 

N.  S.  Wales 

19-4 

69-1 

. 

___ 

10. 

Chili 

16-59 

66-94 

- 



11. 

u 

19-71 

68-87 





12. 

« 

16-8 

68-5 





ftWithFe203.         b 

1'04  per  cent,  wt 

HYDROUS    SULPHATES.  665 

The  Mexican  corresponds  to  Cu4  S  +  4  H,  and  is  the  Brongnartine  of  Huot. 

Rivot  found  in  crystals  of  brochantite  of  a  fine  green  color,  which  afforded  a  slight  effervescence 
with  acids,  S  19-4,  Ou  62-9,  H  13'5,  with  C  1-2,  H  1-2— 98-2.  The  mineral  had  undergone  partial 
alteration,  as  shown  by  the  6'2  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  copper  present  (Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  iii.  740). 

Pyr,,  etc. — Yields  water,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  sulphuric  acid,  in  the  closed  tube,  and 
becomes  black.  B.B.  fuses,  and  on  charcoal  affords  metallic  copper.  With  soda  gives  the  reac- 
tion for  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  small  but  well  defined  crystals,  with  malachite  and  native  copper,  at  Gume- 
schevsk  and  Nisehne-Tagilsk  in  the  Ural ;  the  Konigine  (or  Konigite)  was  from  Gumeschevsk  ;  in 
small  brilliant  crystals  with  malachite  in  a  quartzose  rock  near  Roughten  Gill,  in  Cumberland ;  in 
Cornwall  (in  part  warringtonitt),  and  sometimes  with  crystals  of  brochantite  on  the  so-called  war- 
ringtonite;  at  Retzbanya;  in  Nassau,  with  chalcopyrite ;  in  small  beds  at  Krisuvig  in  Iceland 
(krisuvigiie);  in  Mexico  (brongnartine) ;  in  Chili,  at  Andacollo  (anal  10) ;  in  Australia  (brought 
from  Sidney,  N.S.W.,  anal.  9). 

Named  after  Brochant  de  Villiers. 

On  cryst.,  G.  Rose,  Reis.  Ural,  i.  267 ;  Kokscharof,  Min.  Russl.,  iii.  260.  The  above  angles  are 
from  Kokscharof.  G.  Rose  found  /A  7=104°  10',  and  14  A  14=151°  52'.  Fig.  545  is  from 
Levy.  Kokscharof  's  figures  have  not  the  plane  24,  and  several  are  without  i-l. 

Artif. — Formed  in  a  bright  green  powder  by  Field  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxiv.  123)  by  adding  to  a 
strong  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper  a  small  quantity  of  caustic  potash,  boiling,  filtering,  and 
washing  till  all  the  sulphate  of  copper  is  removed ;  analysis  after  drying  at  100°  C.  afforded  S 
16-98,  Ou  67-51,  H  [15-51] =100,  giving  the  0.  ratio  4:3:4.  See  further  under  LANGITE. 

702.  LANGITE.  A  new  British  mineral  N.  S.  MasMyne,  Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  xxvii.  306,  1864. 
Langite  Maskelyne,  Pisani,  C.  R.,  lix.  633,  1864,  Maskelyne,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxix.  473,  1865. 
Devilline  Pisani,  C.  R.,  813,  1864=LyeUite  Maskelyne,  Ch.  News,  x.  263,  1864. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=123°  44' ;  0  A  14=147°  36' ;  a  :  I  :  c=0'6346  : 
1:1-8702.  /A*4=118°  8',  O  A  2-£=128°  14:'.  Cleavage  :  apparently 
0  and  i4.  Crystals  small  and  short  ;  simple  forms  not  observed.  Twins  : 
composition-face  7,  and  forms  like  those  of  aragonite.  Also  in  fibro-lamel- 
lar  and  concretionary  crusts,  with  earthy  surface. 

H.=2'5— 3.  Gr.— 3-48— 3-50,  Maskelyne.  Lustre  of  crystals  vitreous; 
of  crusts  somewhat  silky.  Color  fine  blue  to  greenish-blue ;  through  i-l 
blue ;  through  14  greenish-blue ;  through  0  paler  greenish-blue.  Trans- 
lucent. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  E,  S,  H=4  :  3  :  4,  Pisani;  4:3:5,  Maskelyne.  The  former  gives  the 
formula  Ou  S+3  Cu  H  +  H= Sulphuric  acid  17'0,  oxyd  of  copper  67-7,  water  15-3  =  100.  The 
latter  corresponds  to  Sulphuric  acid  16*4,  oxyd  of  copper  65*1,  water  18-5=100.  The  ratio  4:3:4 
gives  also  the  formula  Cu8S+CuH+3  H. 

Analyses:  1,  Maskelyae  (1.  c.);  2,  Pisani (1.  c.);  3-5,  A.  H.  Church  and  R.  Warrington  (J.  Ch. 
Soc.,  II.  iii.  87) ;  6,  Tschermak  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  li.  i.  127) : 

*S  Cu  6a  H 

1.  Cornwall     16-42        65-82        18-32=100-56  Maskelyne. 

2.  16-77         65-92          083         16-19,  Mg  0"29=100  PisanL 

3.  16-79         67-48         15-73  =  100  Church. 

4.  16-72         67-31         16-25  =  100-28  Warriiigton. 

5.  "  16-88         67-88         15-53= 100'29  Warrington. 

6.  "  16-2          68-1  0-5         [15-2]  =  100  Tschermak. 

The  devilline  (or  lyellite),  which  includes  the  incrusting  variety,  is,  as  Tschermak  has  shown 
(1.  c.),  langite  mixed  with  gypsum,  which  is  apparent  in  scales.  His  analysis  above  was  made  on 
the  devilline  after  separating  18  p.  c.  of  gypsum;  and  he  stated  that  Pisani's  analysis  of  the 
same  (1.  c.)  indicates  the  presence  of  24  p.  c.  For  an  analysis  of  the  lyellite  by  Church  see  J.  Ch. 
Soc.,  II.  iil  83. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  on  charcoal  yields  water,  acid  fumes,  and  metallic  copper.  Heated  it  passes 
through  (1)  a  bright  green  color,  losing  1  equivalent  of  water,  and  then  having  the  0.  ratio 
(4  :  3  :  4)  of  some  brochantite ;  (2)  various  tints  of  olive-green ;  and  (3)  becomes  black.  It  has 
finally  a  strongly  acid  reaction. 


666  OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

Obs,— Found  in  argillaceous  schist  (killas)  in  Cornwall,  in  minute  twinned  crystals ;  also  as  a 
blue  crust,  partly  earthy.  It  is  associated  sometimes  with  connellite. 

Named  langite  after  Dr.  V.  v.  Lang,  formerly  of  the  British  Museum. 

The  analyses  of  so-called  brochantite  by  Berthier  of  a  Mexican  specimen,  and  Field  of  a  Chilian, 
as  well  as  of  the  artificial  mineral,  have  the  same  composition  assigned  by  Pisani  and  Church  to 
the  langite ;  and  there  is  yet  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  true  limits  between  the  two  species. 
The  specimens  had  the  green  color  of  brochantite. 

703.  CYANOTRICHITE.  Kupfersammeterz,  Kupfersammterz,  Wern.,  Karsten's  Tab.,  62, 
1808.  Velvet  Copper  Ore  Jameson,  Min.,  iii.  153,  1816.  Sammeterz  Breith.,  Char.,  168,  1823, 
320,  1832.  Cuivre  veloute  Fr.  Cyanotrichit  Glocker,  Grundr.,  587,  1839.  Lettsomite  Percy, 
Phil.  Mag.,  xxxvi.  103,  1850. 

Occurs  in  druses  of  short  capillary  crystals,  and  having  an  appearance 
like  velvet ;  sometimes  in  spherical  globules. 

Color  clear  smalt-blue,  sometimes  passing  into  sky-blue.     Lustre  pearly. 

Oomp.— 0.  ratio  for  Cu,  fi,  S,  H,  from  mean  of  analyses,  9'03  :  5'48  r.8'85  :  20-50.  Taking  it 
at  9  :  6  :  9  :  21,  the  formula  may  be  3  Cu3  S+2S1 H3+15fl;  or  3Cu  S+2  Cu3H3+2SlHs+9 
H=3  Cu  S+4  (|  Cu3+^Sl)  H3  +  9H.  Needs  further  investigation.  Analyses  :  J.  Percy  (L  c.): 

S  XI  3Pe  Cu  H 

15-39  11-70  43-16        23-06=98-30. 

14-12        11-06        1-18        46-59        23-06,  insol.  2'35=98-36. 

Obs. — Occurs  sparingly  at  Moldawa  in  the  Bannat,  coating  the  cavities  of  an  earthy  hydrated 
oxyd  of  iron,  along  with  a  white  amorphous  sulphate  of  alumina. 

Named  Cyanotrichite  from  KVUVOS,  blue,  and  0f>t£,  hair;  and  Lettsomite  after  the  English  mineralo- 
gist, W.  a.  Lettsom. 

704.  WOODWARDITE  Church,  Ch.  News,  xiii  85,  113,  1866,  J.  Chem.  Soc.,  II.  iv.  130.  Probably 
an  impure  uncrystallized  variety  of  the  above,  mixed  with  hydrate  of  alumina.  Occurs  in  Corn- 
wall, in  minute  botryoidal  concretions,  of  a  rich  turquois-blue  to  greenish-blue  color,  translucent 
to  almost  transparent;  Gr.=2'38.  Analyses  :  1-3,  Church  and  Warrington  (L  c.);  4,  Pisani  (C. 
R,  Ixv.  1142) : 

S  Si  Cu  H 

1.  Cornwall    13-95        17-97        48-34          18'48=98'74  Church. 

2.  "  13-04        18-64        48-67         [19-65]  =  100  Warrington. 

3.  "  12-54         17-93         46-80         [22-73]  =  100  Warrington. 

4.  "  11-7          13-4          46-8  [26*9].  &  1'2  =  100  Pisani. 

Church  and  Warrington  also  found  traces  of  silica,  lime,  magnesia,  and  phosphoric  acid,  which 
were  undetermined.  The  mean  of  the  first  3  analyses  affords  the  0.  ratio  for  Cu,  Si,  S,  £=11 : 
9-6  :  9  :  23  ;  equivalent  to  3  Cu3  S,  2  Cu  ft,  3  Si  ]ft3,  12  H ;  or  3  Cu  S,  8  Cu  S,  3  Si  fia,  6  fi.  No. 
4,  by  Pisani,  gives  about  12:9  for  the  Cu  and  H,  the  ratio  in  langite,  and  he  makes  the  mineral 
impure  langite.  He  analyzed  (1.  c.)  another  similar  material  from  Cornwall  (received  from  Mr. 
Tailing),  of  a  clear  green  color,  and  obtained  S  4-7,  Si  33'8,  Cu  17 '4,  H  38'7,  Si  6-7  =  100-5 ;  show- 
ing a  mixture  of  the  copper  sulphate  with  a  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina  as  well  as  hydrate ;  and 
this  he  considers  as  proving  that  woodwardite  is  only  a  mixture. 

The  mineral  is  soluble  with  scarcely  any  residue  in  diluted  acids.  Named  after  Dr.  S.  P. 
Woodward. 

705.  JOHANNITE.    Uranvitriol  John,  Ch.  Unters.,  Y.  254, 1821.    Johannit  Raid.,  Abhandl., 
bohm.  Ges.  Prag,  1830.    Sulphate  of  Uranium.    Sulfate  vert  d'urane  Beud. 

Monoclinic.  #=85°  40',  /A  7=69°.  Crystals  flattened,  and  from  one 
to  three  lines  in  length ;  arranged  in  concentric  druses  or  reniform  masses. 

H.=2— 2*5.  G.=3*19.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  beautiful  emerald- 
green,  sometimes  passing  into  apple-green.  Streak  paler.  Transparent — 


HYDROUS    SULPHATES.  667 

translucent;  sometimes  opaque.     Soluble  in  water.     Taste  bitter,  rather 
than  astringent. 

Oomp.  —  0.  ratio  for  bases  and  acid  1  :  1,  whence  the  formula  (U3,  t?)  S+£Cu3S+HlX  or 
U3,^)  -f  £  <3u3)  S-f-lfcft^,  if  the  uranium  be  all  sesquioxyd,  Sulphuric  acid  20-8,  oxyd  of  ura- 


nium 66-1,  oxyd  of  copper  6*9,  water  6-2=100.    Analysis  by  Lindacker  (mean  of  two  trials, 
Yogi's  Min.  Joach.,  1857): 

S  20-02    U,  g  67-72     Ou  5'99     Fe  0'20    S  5'59=99'52. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  a  glass  tube  at  a  low  heat  does  not  change  ;  highly  heated  gives  off  water  and 
sulphurous  acid,  and  becomes  brown  and  finally  black.  B.B.  on  charcoal  gives  sulphur  fumes  and 
a  scoria  of  black  color  and  dull  green  streak.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  reacts  for  copper  and 
uranium.  Somewhat  soluble  in  water.  Solution  precipitated  chestnut-brown  by  prussiate  of 
potash,  yellowish-green  by  alkalies,  and  in  brown  flocks  by  an  infusion  of  nutgalls. 

Obs.  —  Discovered  by  John  near  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia,  after  whom  the  species  is  named. 
Found  also  at  Johanngeorgenstadt.  Reported  from  the  Middle  town  feldspar  quarry  by  Shep- 
ard. 


706.  URANOOHALCITE.    Urangrun  Hartmann.    UranochaMt  Bretih,,  Handb.,  173,  1841. 

In  small  nodular  crusts  and  velvety  druses,  consisting  of  acicular  crys- 
tals. 

H.=2— 2J.     Color  fine  grass-green  to  apple-green  ;  streak  apple-green. 

Comp.— (|  (Us,  £)  +  £  Ca3)S  +  i  CuS  +  9fl=,  if  the  uranium  be  taken  as  all  sesquioxyd,  Sul- 
phuric acid  2T1,  oxyd  of  uranium  33 '5,  oxyd  of  copper  7-0,  lime  9'8,  water  28'5=100.  Analysis  : 
Lindacker  (Yogi's  Min.  Joach.,  1857) : 

S        U£      Fe      Cu        Ca        H 
(|)20-03     36-14     0-14    6'55     lO'lO     27'16=100'12. 

Obs. — From  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia. 

707.  MEDJIDITE.    J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  v.  337, 1848.    Sulphate  of  Uranium  &  Lime. 

Massive,  with  an  imperfectly  crystalline  structure. 
H.=2'5.     Lustre  vitreous  in  the  fracture.     Color  dark  amber.     Trans- 
parent. 

Comp.— Perhaps^fTs+CaS  +  lSll,  according  to  some  qualitative  trials  by  Smith;  but  as 
probably  t?  S  +  Ca3  S  4- 1 5  II = (|  $  + 1  Ca3)  S  4-  7  %  &,  and  thus  approaching  uranochalcite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  a  matrass  easily  yields  water.  At  redness  blackens,  being  converted  into  oxyd 
of  uranium  and  sulphate  of  lime.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  a  green  bead.  Dissolves  readily 
in  dilute  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  near  Adrianople,  Turkey,  on  pitchblende,  associated  with  liebigite,  in  some  places 
with  crystals  of  sulphate  of  lime ;  also  at  Joachimsthal,  with  liebigite  on  uranium  ore.  Externally 
often  dull  from  loss  of  water. 

It  was  named  after  the  Turkish  sultan  Abdul  Medjid. 

708.  ZIPPEITB.    Basisches  schwefelsaures  Uranoxyd  (verwitterter  Uran-Yitriol)  J.  F.  John, 
Unters.,  v.  1821,  Jahrb.  Min.  1845,  299.    Uranbluthe  Zippe,  Yerh.  Ges.  Bohm.  Prag,  1824.    Zip- 
peit  Haid.,  Handb.,  510,  1845. 

In  delicate  needles  ;  acicular  rosettes  ;  warty  crusts. 

H.=3.     Color  fine  sulphur-yellow,  lemon-yellow,  orange-yellow. 


668  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Comp.  —  Hydrous  sulphate  of  sesquioxyd  of  uranium,  with  or  without  oxyd  of  copper,  and 
lemon-  to  orange-yellow  when  without.  Analyses  by  Lindacker  (Yogi's  Min.  Joach.): 

S         £       3Pe      Ou      Oa       H 

1.  With  no  Copper    13'06     67'86    017      -    0-61     17-69=99-39. 

2.  Copper  var.  17-36     62-04     -    5'21      -     15-23=99-84. 

Formula  of  the  former  g3  S2+  12  H,  Yogi  ;  of  the  latter,  £3  S2  +  6  H,  with  16  p.  c.  copper  vitriol 
as  impurity,  Ramm.  ;  or  (<V,  tJ)8Sa+8fl,  in  which  0.  ratio  of  Qu,  £=1  :  12. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  water,  and  at  a  higher  temperature  sulphuric  acid.  With  salt 
of  phosphorus  gives  a  yellowish-green  glass  in  O.F.,  becoming  emerald-green  in  R.F. 

Obs,  —  From  JoachimsthaL 

Named  after  the  mineralogist  Prof.  Zippe.  John's  basic  sulphate  is  a  yellow  mineral,  and  may 
be  either  the  preceding,  or  what  Yogi  calls  Uranochre. 

709.  VOGLIANITE.    Basic  Sulphate  of  Uranium  Vogl,  Min.  Joach.,  1857.     Yoglianite  Dana. 

In  soft  globular,  and  nodular,  earthy  coatings. 

Color  pistachio-  to  verdigris-green  ;  streak  pale  green  or  apple-green. 


Comp.—  4(U3,  S)98  +  (Ca,  Ou)*S4-lo3,   or,   regarding  the  sulphate  of  copper  and  lime  as 
impurity,  (U8,  Uf  S+  2  H.    Analyses  by  Lindacker  (Min.  Joach.)  : 

S        US      Fe      Ou       Oa       H 

1.  Lime  var.        12-34    79'50    0'12     -     1-66     5-49=99-11. 

2.  Copper  var.     12-13     79'69     0'36     2'24    0'05     5'25=99'72. 

Obs.  —  From  Joachimsthal  in  Bohemia. 

710.  URACONITE.    Uranochre  Vogl,  Min.  Joach.    ?Uraconise  Beud.,  Tr.,  iL  672,  1832. 

Uraconite  Dana. 

Amorphous,  earthy,  or  scaly,  and  of  a  fine  lemon-yellow  color,  or  orange. 

Comp.—  Analyses  by  Lindacker  (L  c.): 

S         £  3>e  Ou  Oa  S 

1.  Yellow        7-12     70-94  0-41  0'24  -  20'88=r99'58. 

2.  Orange-    10-16     66-05  0-86  -  2-62  20-06=99-76. 


Formula  deduced  by  Yogi  for  1,  6s  S  +  14  fi  ;  for  2,  i  <3a  S+S3  S+  14  fi. 
Obs.  —  From  Joachimsthal,  with  other  uranium  ores.    Uraconise  of  Beudant  was  described  as 
a  yellow  pulverulent  ore  ;  its  composition  is  unknown. 


711.  MONTANITB.    F.  A.  Genth,  Private  contribution.  Jan.  19,  1868. 

In  crusting ;  without  distinct  crystalline  structure. 

Soft  and  earthy.     Lustre  dull  to  waxy.     Color  yellowish  to  white. 
Opaque. 

Comp.— B'i  Te+2  fl=Telluric  acid  26-1,  oxyd  of  bismuth  68-6,  water  5'3=100.    Analysis- 
Geuth  (I.  c.) : 


Montana          Te  26-83        Bi  66-78        £e  0-56        fb  0'39        £  5-94= 


100. 


Pyr.,  etc.— Yields  water  in  a  tube  when  heated.  B.B.  gives  the  reactions  of  bismuth  and 
tellurium.  Soluble  in  dilute  muriatic  acid. 

Obs.— Incrusts  tetradymite,  from  whose  alteration  it  had  been  formed,  at  Highland,  in  Montana. 
.The  waxy  lustre  is  observed  when  the  incrustation  has  separated  from  the  scales  of  tetradymite. 


ANHYDROUS  CARBONATES.  669 

712.  KERSTENITE.     Selenbleispath  Kersten,  Pogg.,  xlvi.  277,  1839.     Selenigsaures  Bleioxyd 
Germ.    Selenite  of  Lead.    Selenate  of  Lead.    Kerstenite  Dana. 

In  small  spheres  and  botryoidal  masses.  Cleavage  distinct  in  one  direction.  H.=3 — 4.  Lus- 
tre greasy— vitreous.  Color  sulphur-yellow.  Streak  uncolored.  Brittle.  Fracture  fibrous. 
According  to  Kersten,  it  consists  of  selenous  acid  and  oxyd  of  lead,  with  a  small  proportion  of 
copper.  On  coal  it  fuses  readily  to  a  black  slag,  giving  off  a  strong  selenium  odor,  and  is  finally 
reduced  to  a  metallic  globule.  With  borax  it  fuses  and  forms  a  yellowish-green  pearl,  which  is 
of  the  same  color  on  cooling.  With  soda  on  charcoal  metallic  lead  is  obtained.  Occurs  with 
selenid  of  antimony  and  lead,  malachite,  etc.,  at  the  Friederichsgliick  mine,  near  Hilburghausen, 
and  at  Eisfeld.  May  it  be  a  selenate,  or  is  it  only  a  mixture  ? 


7.  CARBONATES. 

The  carbonates  have  a  hardness  not  exceeding  5,  and  consequently  will 
not,  when  pure,  strike  fire  with  a  steel.  The  anhydrous  come  under  the 
common  general  formula,  RO,  COa,  but  present  three  types  of  crystallization, 
a  rhombohedral,  with  R  A  R  near  105°  ;  an  orthorhombic,  with  1 A  /near 
120°  ;  and  a  monoclinic,  with  1 1\  I  near  105°.  They  constitute  therefore 
a  case  of  pleomorphism,  while  all,  still,  are  approximately  isomorphous. 
These  anhydrous  species  have  a  vitreous  to  subpearly  lustre,  and  are  typi- 
cally spars.  The  hydrous  carbonates  vary  much  in  crystallization,  and  in 
some  cases  have  a  strongly  pearly  lustre.  All  effervesce  in  hot  acids,  and 
part  of  them  in  cold. 


I.   ANHYDROUS  CARBONATES. 

ARRANGEMENT    OF    THE    SPECIES. 
I.  CALCITE  GROUP.     Rhombohedral;  R  A  7?=  105°— 108°. 
715.  CALCITE  CaC 


716.  DOLOMITE  (|Ca+^Mg)0 

717.  ANKERITE  ($  C/a-f--^  (Mg,  Fe,  Mn))  0  -6  0|02J(^--6a  +  |(Mg,  Fe,  Mn)) 

718.  MAGNESITE  MgC 

719.  MESITITE 

720.  PlSTOMESITE 

721.  SIDERITE  FeC 

722.  RHODOCHROSITE  MnC 

723.  SMITHSOOTTE 


II.  ARAGONITE  GROUP.  Orthorhombic.    /A  7=115°— 119°. 

724.  ABAGONITE  OaC                                        00|02||ea 

725.  MANGANOCALCTTE  ($•  lifn-H£  (Oa,  Mg))  0                 00BH 

726.  WITHEBITE  £aC                                           €0||02fBa 


670 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

SrC 


727.  BROMIITB 

728.  STBONTTANITE 

729.  CERUSSITE 


III.  BARTTOCALCITE  GROUP.    Monoclinic.    /A  J=106°— 107°. 

730.  BARYTOCALCITK  (|  Ba+£  Ca)  0 

IV.  PARISITE  GROUP.    Carbonate  containing  fluorine. 

731.  PARISITE  (Ce,  La,  l)i) C+£  (Ca,  Ce)F 

!208+CeaF3+2fl 


732.  EJBCHTIMITE 

V.  PHOSGENITE  GROUP.     Carbonate  containing  chlorine. 

733.  PHOSGENITB  Pb  C + Pb  Cl 


715.  CALCITE.  Marmor  (Marble)  pt.  Plin.  Lapis  calcarius.  Saxum  calcis  (Calx  in  Latin 
meaning  burnt  lime),  Kalchstein  Agric.,  De  Nat.  Foss.,  320,  Interpr.,  468,  1546.  Kalksten 
Wall,  Min.,  1747.  Spatig  Kalksten,  Kalkspat,  Oronst.,  Min.,  13,  1758.  Kalk,  Kalkspath, 
Kalkstein,  Germ.  Calx  aerata  B&rgm.,  1774,  and  Opusc.,  i.  24  1780.  Calcareous  Spar;  Lime- 
stone; Carbonate  of  Lime.  Chaux  carbonated  Fr.  Calcit  Raid.,  Handb.,  498,  1845. 

Khombohedral.     E  A  R  (f.  550A,  over  a  terminal  edge)=105°  $',0/\R 
=zl35°  237 ;  «=0'8543.     Cleavage  :  R  highly  perfect. 


550 


551 


554 


Observed  forms:  1.  Rhorribohedrons ;  forms  whose  planes  are  in  the 
game  vertical  zone  with  R  (one  of  which,  4,  is  shown  in  f.  559,  550E,  and 
three  of  the  minus  series,  in  -2,  -£,  —J,  in  f.  564,  550c,  D,  B)  ;  the  plus 
rhombohedrons  ranging  from  \R  (the  vertical  axis  of  which  is  Jth  that 
of  R  relatively  to  the  lateral  axes)  to  287?,  the  planes  of  the  former 
nearly  coincident  with  the  basal  plane  0,  and  of  the  latter  as  nearly  with 
those  of  the  vertical  prism ;  the  minus  rhombohedrons  ranging  from  -^ 
to  —14 ;  the  fundamental  rhombohedron  R  (f.  550A)  uncommon,  except 
in  combination  with  other  planes,  or  as  a  cleavage  form  ;  — £  R  (f.  550s,  often 
called  nail-head  spar)  corresponding  to  a  truncation  of  the  terminal  edge 
of  R,  very  common,  and  especially  in  combination  (f.  552o,  553A,  B,  564, 


ANHYDROUS   CARBONATES. 


671 


565)  ;  -%R  (f.  550c),  called  the  inverse  by  Haiiy,  because  tlie  angle  over  the 
lateral  edges  is  near  that  over  the  terminal  of  7?,  common  ;  -\R  (f.  550D), 


555 


Eossie. 


or  the  cuboid  of  Haiiy,  its  angles  being 
rather  near  those  of  a  cube,  and  the  acute 
form  4:JK  (f.  550E),  also  common  ;  1372 
(f.  551)  of  not  unfrequent  occurrence  ; 
1672  (f.  553D). 

2.  Scalenohedrons.  (a)  Planes  bevel- 
ling the  lateral  edges  of  72,  f.  562, 
which,  when  more  extended,  take  the 
form  in  the  dotted  lines  of  the  same 
figure,  or  the  complete  scalenohedron  ; 
the  series  having  the  general  symbol  ln, 
and  including  all  the  forms  in  the  table 
beyond  from  IH  to  I18  (the  1  signifying 
that  they  are  thus  related  to  the  rhom- 
bohedron  Ijfr,  and  the  annexed  number 
indicating  the  length  of  the  vertical  axis 
as  compared  with  that  of  17?  ;  also  a 
minus  series,  -ln,  having  the  same  relation  to  - 


562 


563 


three  of  the  minus 


series  are  combined  in  the  illustrative  figure,  f.  563,  and  two  of  the  plus  in 


672 


OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 


f.  559)  ;  scalenohedron  1s  (f.  552A,  dog-tooth  spar)  very  common,  both  simple 
and  in 'combination  (the  latter  in  f.  555  to  559,  564,  565  ;  f.  556  a  distorted 
form  of  f.  555).  (5)  Planes  bevelling  the  lateral  edges  of  -2R  (f.  553c), 
and  having  the  general  symbol  -2n.  (c)  Planes  having  the  same  relation  to 
other  rhombohedrons,  but  if  referred  to  the  fundamental  rhombohedron, 
jR,  replacing  its  lateral  or  terminal  angles,  or  terminal  edges  (f.  561,  564). 
(a)  The  last  mentioned  bevelling  the  terminal  edges  of  R  (as  £3  in  f.  564), 
having  the  general  symbol  mn,  with  f  mn— J-  m=l  when  the  scaleno- 
hedron is  plus  like  the  R,  but  f  mn+%m=l  when  minus,  (e)  Bevelments 
of  terminal  edges  of  other  rhombohedrons,  m'R,  having  the  same  general 
symbol  mn,  but  with  %mn—\  m=m',  when  of  like  signs  with  m'R,  and 
J  mn+%  m=mf)  when  of  unlike  signs. 

564 


565 


566 


Derbyshire. 


569 


Alston-Moor. 


3.  Regular  six-sided  pyramids  ;  general  symbol  ra-2,  as  4-2,  f.  561. 

4.  Prisms,     (a)  The  regular  six-sided  prism  ^,  very  common,  either  short 
or  long  (f.  552c,  553 A,  B,  554,  570).      (5)  Prism  ^-2,  only  in  combination 
and  not  common,   (c)  Twelve-sided  prisms  i-^  i-£. 


AKHYDKOUS   CARBONATES. 
571 


673 


570 


572 


5.  JBasal,  plane  (9,  as  in  552D,  553A,  o,  570,  far  less  frequent  as  a  termi- 
nation of  crystals  than  rhombohedral  and  scalenohedral  planes. 


ANGLES  OP  KHOMBOHEDRONS. 

J?is  a  face  of  the  fundamental  rhombohedron  LR;  R'  the  particular  rhombohedron  below  in 
each  line ;  o  the  basal  plane : 


Term. 

Edge,  o  A 

R 

R^R' 

I 

156 

o  2' 

166 

0  9' 

149' 

3  14' 

-5 

ft 

152 

35 

161 

48 

153 

35 

-f 

1 

142 

55 

158 

28 

156 

55 

-4 

* 

134 

57 

153 

45 

161 

48 

4 

ia  (?) 

116 

52 

152 

48 

163 

35 

-v- 

f 

129 

40 

150 

35 

164 

48 

-f 

IS 

105 

5 

135 

23 

180 

_J-gs. 

1 

82 

56 

120 

5 

164 

42 

_a 

f 

73 

15 

112 

5 

156 

42 

-2 

3 

69 

24 

108 

40 

153 

7 

-¥• 

¥ 

68 

25 

107 

20 

151 

57 

jyt 

4 

65 

50 

104 

17 

148 

50 

-i 

•41 

65 

6 

103 

24 

148 

1 

-t 

1 

64 

42 

102 

42 

147 

19 

_|. 

6 

62 

43 

99 

35 

144 

12 

-1 

7 

62 

1 

98 

14 

142 

51 

-f 

9 

61 

14 

96 

25 

141 

3 

-i 

13 

60 

36 

94 

27 

139 

4 

_£ 

16 

60 

20 

93 

38 

138 

15 

-£ 

18 

60 

19 

93 

13 

137 

50| 

-1 

28 

60 

8 

92 

4 

136 

41 

-4 

-14 

60 

31 

94 

8 

138 

45 

-i 

-11 

60 

50 

95 

19 

129 

18 

-4 

-8 

61 

33 

97 

48 

127 

25 

_-L 

Term.  Edge,  o  A  R 

RAR1 

63°  51' 

101°  28' 

123°  9' 

64  42 

102  42 

121  55 

65  50 

104  17 

120  20 

67  26 

106  9 

118  28 

71  18 

110  14 

114  23 

73  15 

112  5 

112  32 

74  9 

112  56 

111  41 

76  9 

116  16 

110  21 

78  51 

116  62 

107  45 

85  26 

121  58 

102  39 

86  36 

122  49 

101  58 

88  18 

124  6 

100  2 

90  55 

125  58 

98  39 

95  28 

129  2 

95  35 

97  10 

130  11 

94  48 

99  14 

131  35 

93  2 

111  13 

139  12 

85  25 

115  7 

141  43 

82  54 

123  10 

146  40 

77  57 

127  39 

149  23 

75  14 

134  57 

153  45 

70  52 

156  2 

166  9 

58  38 

160  42 

168  50 

55  47 

170  14 

174  22 

51  15 

*» 


ANGLES  OF  SCALENOHEDEONS. 


Long  E.  Short  E.  Mid.  E. 
154°  37'  145°  55'  61°  36' 
130  16  121  14  131  19 


43 


(f.  577) 


Long  E.  Short  E.  Mid.  E. 
159°  24'  138°  5'  64°  54' 
146  1.0  128  15.  93  20 


674 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Long  E. 

Short  E.  Mid. 

E. 

Long  E.  Short  E.  Mid.  E. 

$1  S. 

161' 

3  58' 

133' 

3  53'  66°  31'      V-J1"? 

157°  14' 

83' 

3  55' 

140°  40' 

i28?  S. 

116 

53 

110 

48 

164 

43 

10l§? 

134  3 

66 

44 

125  4 

f 

164 

1 

130 

37 

67 

41 

-y-ff  ? 

166  10 

71 

36 

132  37 

152 

40 

123 

35 

90 

20 

-a* 

169  39 

71 

18 

129  3 

ft 

166 

67 

125 

53 

69 

16 

-5* 

164  59 

76 

54 

132  1 

169 

5 

122 

37 

69 

45 

-4fi  Eh. 

158  30 

83 

34 

137  34 

*',  Hg. 

136 

48! 

112 

59 

133 

53 

-it 

159  4 

87 

37 

130  45 

t* 

170 

29 

120 

14 

71 

5 

-2t 

163  11 

86 

6 

122  32 

174 

26 

118 

23 

71 

36 

-2* 

159  20 

88 

18 

127  29 

At 

172 

30 

116 

59 

72 

1 

-22 

153  16 

92 

9 

135  19 

B*,H* 

147 

4 

105 

13!  125 

53! 

-2f  ? 

146  53 

96 

22 

143  34 

itf 

171 

43 

102 

55 

88 

16 

-23 

142  30 

99 

58 

149  21 

1* 

168 

1 

102 

21 

94 

1 

-24 

139  36 

106 

25 

163  24 

if 

165 

33 

102 

6 

97 

57 

-jH? 

172  40 

84 

45 

112  20 

li  Hg. 

169 

56 

102 

36 

91 

13 

-fie  ?  Da.a 

174  44 

85 

32 

102  31 

161 

53 

101 

55 

103 

52 

-5*7 

147  31 

98 

32 

137  33 

li 

160 

13 

101 

56 

106 

34 

-f  4  ? 

150  15 

96 

22 

135  6 

it 

159 

17 

101 

57 

108 

7 

-£f>  Da.& 

164  8 

92 

46 

111  46 

la 

155 

50 

102 

11 

113 

45 

-$¥,  S. 

161  32 

83 

15 

114  25 

1$ 

151 

7 

102 

52 

121 

34 

-ft? 

151  6 

99 

6 

127  40 

13 

144 

24 

104 

38 

132 

58 

-f* 

167  6 

95 

15 

103  40 

ijf 

136 

47 

107 

48 

146 

28 

-4* 

158  8 

96 

51 

117  8 

I6 

134 

28 

109 

1 

150 

44 

-ff»  Wr. 

167  23 

98 

2 

103  48 

l¥,  Hg. 

133 

53 

109 

34 

152 

30 

-f 

155  7 

99 

26 

119  6 

I1/" 

132 

41 

110 

3 

154 

5 

-1$  ? 

169  56 

102 

36 

91  13 

l¥,  Eh. 

131 

31 

110 

36 

156 

42 

-13 

161  53 

101 

55 

103  52 

I7 

130 

10 

111 

39 

158 

53 

-ill  I3,  I1* 

i1,  1B,  same  a 

s+: 

l£,  I3, 

l¥,  !• 

I9 

127 

50 

113 

21 

163 

30 

-f 

145  15 

107 

38 

124  39 

1" 

126 

26 

114 

24 

166 

28 

_|| 

154  7 

111 

54 

103  4 

1* 

125 

47 

114 

50 

167 

35 

-t* 

157  6 

120 

26 

88  9 

1" 

125 

30 

115 

12 

168 

32 

-!8 

149  43 

117 

23 

102  25 

f* 

165 

59 

95 

27 

105 

24 

-!4 

142  32 

115 

17 

117  50 

$ 

170 

0 

91 

34 

103 

21 

-ffil 

140  44 

114 

57 

121  39 

f8 

142 

53 

100 

55 

145 

28 

-!5 

138  23 

114 

34 

128  30 

2  *  ,  Hg. 

144 

30 

98 

25!  146 

42 

-!9 

129  10 

115 

5 

150  0 

2' 

142 

30 

99 

58 

149 

21 

-4'°,  Hg 

128  7 

115 

21 

152  53 

1^2 

153 

2 

91 

12 

137 

48 

-P 

126  1 

116 

4 

158  59 

f3 

152 

54 

90 

46 

139 

12 

-|f 

170  16 

140 

18 

50  12 

3V" 

143 

50 

97 

28 

151 

51 

-F 

144  6 

124 

56 

100  47 

a 

162 

23 

80 

10 

133 

19 

-i8 

162  35 

144 

45 

54  6 

4a 

152 

29 

88 

57 

144 

29 

-v 

141  41 

128 

7 

99  58 

43 

141 

51 

98 

40 

155 

39 

-i6 

158  19 

147 

13 

56  G 

rThe  long  E., 

above,  i 

s  edj 

y&  T 

(f. 

562); 

short  E 

.,  edge  X  ;  mid. 

E.,  edge  Z. 

ANGLES  OP 

PYRAMIDS. 

Pyram. 

Basal. 

Pyram. 

Basal. 

1-2 

151°  21' 

59°  2( 

)' 

2-2 

128°  52' 

119°  20' 

Y-2    139  44 

87  1          f-2 

125  30! 

132  36 

.$-2     135  51! 

97  26! 

4-2 

122  39 

147  23 

ANHYDKOIJS   CARBONATES.  675 

Pyram.  Basal.  Pyram.  Basal. 

V-2         121°  69'          151°  50'  6-2         121°  13'          157°  54' 

J£-2          121    80*        149     22  8-2        120    42  163      0 

Twins  :  (1)  Composition-face  basal  (or  parallel  to  o\  as  f.  566  in  the  form 
f.  565,  f.  567  in  that  of  f.  553u,  f.  568  in  one  similar  to  f.  552A.  (2)  C.- 
face  R,  f.  570,  the  vertical  axes  of  the  two  forms  nearly  at  right  angles 
(90°  46'),  since  o  A  .7?= 135°  23' ;  producing  complex  forms  when  highly 
modified.  (3)  C.-face  -27?,  as  f.  569,  in  the  scalenohedron  1s,  f.  552A. 
(4)  C.-face  -\R  (f.  571),  the  vertical  axes  of  the  two  forms  inclined  to  one 
another  127°  34'  ;  composition  often  repeated,  producing  an  alternation  of 
thin  lamellae  ;  and  often  occurring  as  lamellae  intersecting  different  forms, 
or  cleavage  rhombohedrons  ;  common  in  the  grains  of  granular  limestone 
(Oschotz,  ZS.  G.,  vii.  5).  (5)  C.-face  prismatic  plane  i-%.  (6)  C.-face 
plane  i  (f.  572). 

Also  fibrous,  both  coarse  and  fine  ;  sometimes  lamellar  ;  often  granular ; 
from  coarse  to  impalpable,  and  compact  to  earthy.  Also  stalactitic,  tube- 
rose, nodular,  and  other  imitative  forms. 

H.=2*5-3*5;  some  earthy  kinds  (chalk,  etc.)  1.  G.=2*508-2*778 ; 
pure  crystals,  2*7213— 2*7234,  Beud. ;  fibrous,  lamellar,  and  stalactitic, 
2-70—2*72,  but  when  pulverized,  2*729—2*7233.  Lustre  vitreous— sub- 
vitreous — earthy.  Color  white  or  colorless ;  also  various  pale  shades  of 
§ray,  red,  green,  blue,  violet,  yellow  ;  also  brown  and  black  when  impure, 
treak  white  or  grayish.  Transparent — opaque.  Fracture  usually  con- 
choidal,  but  obtained  with  difficulty  when  the  specimen  is  crystallized. 
Double  refraction  strong. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  irregular  forms  or  conditions  in  the  crystallization  of  calcite : 
(1)  "With  curved  surfaces.  The  rhombohedron  •£.??,  top  part  of  f.  574,  and  the  hexagonal  prism 
f.  574A,  and  prism  of  f.  576.  (2)  Spirally 

group,  f.  573,  in  which  the  spires  consist  of  573 

small  crystals  of  the  form  in  f.  552c.  (3) 
Grouped  in  curving  columns:  one  case  is 
mentioned  by  Kenngott  in  which  the  column 
was  a  pile  of  rhombohedrons  (form  in  f.  553s) 
in  a  single  series,  the  breadth  iV  in.  (4) 
Made  up  of  a  succession  of  unlike  forms :  in 
f.  576  a  prism  is  surmounted  by  the  form  in 
f.  553B,  the  crystal,  after  forming  as  a  hexa-  Phenixville. 

gonal  prism  with  a  rounded  summit  through 

indistinct  scalenohedral  planes,  having  been  completed  by  a  form  wholly  different ;  in  f.  575  a 
prism  with  a  rhombohedral  termination  contains  inside  a  scalenohedron  (1s),  showing  that  it 
reached  nearly  its  actual  height  as  a  scalenohedron,  and,  moreover,  before  the  new  form  com- 
menced, the  scalenohedron  was  tipped  by  a  cube  of  fluorite;  f.  579,  in  which  the  sunken  plane  o 
has  arisen  from  additions  to  the  other  faces,  in  the  process  of  completion  of  the  crystal,  with 
none  to  o,  the  conditions  producing  that  modification  having  ceased.  (5)  Irregular  changes  in  the 
development  of  the  same  form:  in  f.  574,  the  form  called  nail-head  spar  has  the  unusual  accompani- 
ment of  the  shank  of  the  nail,  made  up  of  very  small  but  similar  rhombohedrons ;  lateral  develop- 
ment having  been  prevented  for  a  while  (perhaps  by  an  accompanying  deposition  of  sediment), 
and  the  form  consequently  elongating  upward  by  successive  additions  of  small  crystals,  but 
finally,  when  the  obstruction  is  no  longer  acting,  a  single  crystal  taking  a  broad  expansion  and 
topping  the  column.  (6)  Symmetrical  arrangement  of  impurities :  in  f.  577,  578,  showing  the  tops 
of  a  prism,  like  f.  552o,  the  impurities  being  crystals  of  pyrite. 

The  planes  in  the  tables  above,  with  the  calculated  angles,  when  not  otherwise  accredited,  are 
from  Zippe,  Kryst.  rhomb.  Kalkhaloides,  Denkschr.  Ak.  Wien,  iii.  1854.  For  the  others,  Hg. 
stands  for  Hessenberg,  Min.  Not.,  iii.,  iv.,  v.,  vii. ;  "Wr.,  Wimmer,  Jahresb.  1854,  865 ;  Rh.,  v 


6T6 


OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 


Eath,  Pogg.,  cxxxil  387;  S.,  Quintino  SeUa,  Studii  Min.  Sarda,  and  Quadro  crist.  Argento  Rosso, 
del  Quarzo,  e  del  Calcare ;  Da.,  Dana,  a,  from  a  Eossie  crystal  (f.  560,  o),  &,  from  a  Bergen  Hill 


575 


574 


Przibram. 


674A 


Bristol,  Ct. 


578 


Phenixville. 


Phenixville. 


crystal,  f.  552s. 
the  forms 


Sella  also  enumerates  in  his  table  (but  not  from  his  own  special  observations) 


IV,  1',  161H, 


-fl, 


See  also  on  the  crystallography  of  calcite,  F.  Hochstetter,  Denkschr.  Ak.  Wien,  vi.  89,  1854. 
Figures  573,  575,  577,  578  are  from  a  paper  by  J.  L.  Smith,  in  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xx.  251,  the  figures 
drawn  by  the  author  ;  and  f.  574  is  from  Przibram  crystals  in  the  cabinet  of  Prof.  Brush.  Fig. 
561  is  from  Hessenberg.  To  the  enumerated  scalenohedrons  add  (fr.  v.  Eath,  1.  c.)  fV,  having 
Y=157°  23',  X=140°  40',  Z=124°  45'. 

Comp.,  Var.—  Calcite  is  carbonate  of  lime,  Ca  C=  Carbonic  acid  44,  lime  56=100.    Magnesia, 

protoxyd  of  iron,  or  protoxyd  of  manganese  frequently, 
and  strontia,  barytes,  oxyd  of  zinc,  or  oxyd  of  lead  occa- 
sionally, replace  part  of  the  lime. 

The  varieties  are  very  numerous,  and  diverse  in  appear- 
ance. They  depend  mainly  on  the  following  points  :  (1) 
differences  in  crystallization;  (2)  in  structural  condition, 
the  extremes  being  perfect  crystals  and  earthy  massive 
forms;  (3)  in  color,  diaphaneity,  odor  on  friction,  due  to 
impurities  ;  (4)  in  modes  of  origin. 

.  The  following  are  the  most  common  impurities  and  their 
effects  : 

Eed  oxyd  of  iron  (£e)  produces  different  shades  of  red, 
from  flesh-red  or  paler  to  opaque  blood-red  and  brownish- 
red,  according  to  the  proportions  present;  the  latter  Haus- 

mann  names  Hcematoconite  (from  at//a,  blood,  and  KOVIS,  powder,  Handb.,  1304,  1847),  as  in  the  marble 
Rosso  antico  of  Italy.  The  hydrated  oxyd  (SVlI3)  causes  yellowish  to  opaque  ochre-yellow  and 
yellowish-brown  ;  the  deeper,  Sid&roconite  of  Hausmann  (ib.,  1306).  Protoxyd  of  iron,  oxyd  of 
chrome,  silicate  of  iron,  cause  shades  of  green. 


Eossie. 


ANHYDKOTJS   CARBONATES.  677 

Carbonaceous  matters,  or  carbon,  give  a  clear  yellowish  tint  to  some  crystallized  calcite,  and 
various  dull  colors,  from  pale  drab  and  buff  through  gray  and  bluish-gray  to  deep  black,  to  com- 
pact calcite  or  limestone ;  the  carbonaceous  matters  having  been  derived  from  the  animals  of  the 
shells,  corals,  etc.,  out  of  which  the  limestones  were  originally  made,  or  from  the  plants  of  the, 
same  seas,  just  as  soils  and  mud  are  now  colored  from  the  same  cause ;  and  when  these  carbo- 
naceous matters  are  allied  to  petroleum  or  bitumen,  the  rock  has  a  fetid  or  bituminous  odor  when 
struck  with  a  hammer.  The  fact  that  the  dark  colors  mentioned  are  due  to  carbonaceous  sub- 
stances and  not  to  metallic  oxyds  is  proved  by  the  rocks  affording,  when  burnt,  white  quicklime. 
The  black  marbles  thus  colored  are  named  Anthraconite  (from  dvBpaf,  coal)  by  v.  Moll  (Ephemer., 
ii.  305,  1806),  Lucullan  by  John  (Ch.  Unters.,  219),  and  Lucullite  by  Jameson  (Min.,  ii.  180, 
1816);  they  include  the  Marmor  Luculleum  Plin.  (xxxvi.  6).  The  Nero  Antico  of  the  Italians 
belongs  here.  The  bituminous  or  fetid  limestones  are  also  called  anthraconite  when  black ;  and 
also,  from  the  odor,  Swinestone  (syn.  Stinkstone;  Stinkstein,  Saustein,  Stirikkalk,  Germ.),  some  being 
light  gray  in  color. 

Dolomite,  or  carbonate  of  lime  and  magnesia,  often  constitutes  the  veins  and  shells  of  a  compact 
limestone,  as  shown  by  Hunt;  and  the  magnesia  found  by  analysts  in  such  rocks  may  be  gen- 
erally present  as  a  mixture  of  dolomite  with  calcite,  rather  than  as  a  chemical  substitution  of 
magnesia  for  lime.  (See  under  DOLOMITE.) 

Sand,  chlorite,  and  other  minerals  are  sometimes  taken  up  mechanically  by  crystallizing  calcite. 

Mica,  talc,  chlorite,  serpentine  are  often  disseminated  in  crystalline  limestones,  having  been 
formed  in  them  at  the  time  of  their  crystallization,  and  are  among  the  materials  which  produce 
the  cloudings  or  variegated  colors  of  such  limestones. 

The  varieties  that  have  been  named  are  as  follows : 

A.   Well  crystallized. 

1.  Ordinary.     Crystals  and  crystallized  masses  afford  easily  cleavage  rhombohedrons ;  and  when 
transparent  they  are  what  is  called  Iceland  Spar,  and  also  Doubly-refracting  Spar  (Doppel-spath 
Germ.), 

The  crystals  vary  in  proportions  from  broad  tabular  to  moderately  slender  acicular,  and  take  a 
great  diversity  of  forms.  But  the  extreme  kinds  so  pass  into  one  another  through  those  that 
are  intermediate  that  no  satisfactory  classification  is  possible.  Many  are  stout  or  short  in  shape 
because  normally  so.  But  other  forms  that  are  long  tapering  in  their  full  development  occur  short 
and  stout  because  abbreviated  by  an  abrupt  termination  in  a  broad  0,  or  an  obtuse  rhombohe- 
dron  (as  -£  or  R),  or  a  low  scalenohedron  (as  J3),  or  a  combination  of  these  forms ;  and  thus  the 
crystals  having  essentially  the  same  combinations  of  planes  vary  greatly  in  shape.  The  follow- 
ing groups  may  answer  some  purpose  in  the  arrangement  of  the  crystals  in  a  cabinet.  They 
are  here  characterized  by  stating  the  form  or  forms  that  are  dominant,  or  most  largely  developed ; 
and  the  term  abbreviated  is  used  as  above  explained.  Intermediate  forms  may  be  assigned  to  the 
group  with  which  they  have  the  most  in  common.  (6)  o  group,  or  flat  tabular  (f.  553A) ;  the 
edges  of  the  tables  may  be  made  of  prismatic  planes,  or  of  rhombohedral,  etc.  (c)  Low  rhom- 
bohedral  or  nail-head,  -%R,  -%R,  etc.  (d)  R  group,  the  fundamental  rhombohedron  dominant 
(f.  550).  (e)  ^R,  or  cuboid  group.  (f)  1R  group,  (g)  2R  abbreviated,  (h)  ±R  group,  (i)  47? 
abbreviated,  (j)  Long  rhombohedron  group,  including  the  longer  rhombohedrons,  of  which  11, 
13,  -14,  are  rather  common  (f.  551).  (k)  Long  rhombohedron  abbreviated,  producing  some- 
times forms  that  look  much  like  3-  or  6-sided  prisms  (f.  553D).  (/)  Low  scalenohedron  group, 
as  £3,  f8,  etc.  (m)  Ordinary  scalenohedron  or  dog-tooth  group,  that  of  I3,  one  of  the  most  com- 
mon of  forms  (f.  552A,  555-559).  (n)  Same  abbreviated  (f.  564,  565).  (o)  Long  scalenohedron 
group,  or  that  of  I7,  I8,  etc.  (p)  Same  abbreviated,  (q)  Prism-scalenohedron  group,  the  scalenohe- 
dral  planes  being  combined  with  an  oblong  prism  i  (f.  554).  (r)  Prismatic  group,  the  prism  i  being 
elongated  and  dominant ;  and  variously  terminated. 

Preunnerite  Esmark,  from  amygdaloid  in  Faroe,  is  calcite  in  cuboid  crystals  and  massive,  smalt- 
blue  to  violet  in  color,  brownish-yellow  by  transmitted  light,  subtransparent  to  translucent,  and 
chalcedonic  in  aspect. 

2.  Twin-crystals.     Groups  a-f  corresponding  to  the  different  kinds  described  on  p.  675. 

3.  Crystals  with  internal  impurities,  etc.   (a)  Having  interior  planes  or  other  evidence  of  changes 
in  the  progress  of  their  formation  (f.  575,  576,  579).     (b)  Containing  impurities  symmetrically 
arranged. 

4.  Spiral  or  curved  aggregations  of  crystals,      (d)  Spirally  arranged  crystals.      (&)   Bent  or 
curved  crystallizations. 

5.  Pseudomorplwus  calcite.     Natrocalcite  includes  pseudomorphs  of  calcite  after  celestite  from 
Sangerhausen,  named  under  the  mistaken  idea  that  the  material  contained  soda. 

6.  Reichite  (Breitibu,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  311)  is  a  pure  calcite  from  Alston-Moor  in  Cumberland, 
white  in  color,  with  an  angle  of  105°  20',  according  to  Breithaupt's  measurements,  and  G.=2'666— 
2-677. 


678  OXYGEN    COMPOTJNDS. 

B.  Varieties,  crystallized  as  well  as  uncrystattized,  based  on  the  presence  of  other  carbonates,  and  of 

different  impurities. 

7.  Dolomitic  calcite.  Containing  carbonate  of  magnesia  and  lime,  or  dolomite— a  fact  ascertain- 
able  only  by  chemical  methods,  unless  the  amount  of  magnesia  be  considerable,  when  it  is  apparent 
in  crystals  in  the  angle  R  A  R 

8   Ferrocalcite     Containing  carbonate  of  iron,  and  turning  brown  on  exposure. 

9'.  Manganocakite.     Containing  carbonate  of  manganese,  and  becoming  brownish-black  on 


plumbocakite  Johnston  (Ed.  Phil.  J.,  vi.  79,  1829),  white  to  yellowish  and  reddish-brown, 
and  having  K  A  E=1Q5°  5f,  Breith.;  105°  5',  Dufr.;  105°,  Kenng.  G.=2'772,v.  Hauer;  2'746 
—  2-748,  Descl.  Contains  some  carbonate  of  lead. 

11.  Neotype  Breith.  (Handb.,  313,  1841).  Grayish-white,  and  occurring  in  rhombohedrons  2R- 
R  M?=1Q5°  3',  Breith.  G.  =  2'819— 2'840.  Contains  some  carbonate  of  barytes.  From  Cum- 
berland, England. 


ard  proposed  the  name  calcimangite  for  the  mineral  from  Sterling  (anal.  6). 

18.  Strontianocakite  Genth  (Proc.  Ac.  Sci.  Philad.,  vi.  114,  1852);  in  opaque  white  crystals, 
occurring  in  globules  which  have  a  surface  consisting  of  the  terminations  of  acute  rhombohedrons, 
and  H.=3'5.  Contains  some  strontia,  and  hence  gives  a  decided  red  flame  before  the  blow- 
pipe. 

14.  Fontainebkau  limestone  (Lassonne,  Mem.  Ac.  Paris,  1775,  Chaux  carbonatee  quartzifere  H., 
1801) ;  crystals  of  the  form  in  fig.  550c,  from  Fontainebleau  and  Nemours,  France,  which  contain  a 
large  amount  of  sand,  some  50  to  63  p.  c.  according  to  Delesse,  with  Or.  —  2'53— 2*84,  the  latter 
from  one  containing  57  p.  c.  of  sand. 

15.  ffislopite  Haughton  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xvii.  16,  1859)  is  a  grass-green  cleavable  calcite  from 
Central  India,  containing  about  14  p.  c.  of  a  siliceous  material  like  glauconite  (q.  v.),  to  which  the 
color  is  owing. 

C.  Varieties  based  on  fibrous  or  lamellar  structure. 

1 6.  Satin  Spar ;  fine  fibrous,  with  a  silky  lustre.     Eesembles  fibrous  gypsum,  which  is  also 
called  satin  spar,  but  is  much  harder  and  effervesces  with  acids. 

17.  Argentine  Kirwan  (Min.,  i.  104,  1794  ;  Schieferspath  Hofmann,  Bergm.  J.,  188,  1789;  Slate 
Spar).    A  pearly  lamellar  calcite,  the  lamella?  more  or  less  undulating ;  color  white,  grayish,  yel- 
lowish, or  reddish. 

18.  Aphrite,  in  its  harder  and  more  sparry  variety  (Schaumspath  Freiesleben),  is  a  foliated  white 
pearly  calcite,  near  argentine ;  in  its  softer  kinds  (Schaumerde  W.,  Silvery  Chalk  Kirwan,  Ecume. 
de  Terre  H.)  it  approaches  chalk,  though  lighter,  pearly  in  lustre,  silvery-white  or  yellowish  in 
color,  soft  and  greasy  to  the  touch,  and  more  or  less  scaly  in  structure. 

D.  Granular  massive  to  cryptocrystaltyne ;  Limestone,  Marble,  Chalk. 

19.  Granular  limestone  (Saccharoidal  limestone,  so  named  because  like  loaf  sugar  in  fracture). 
The  texture  varies  from  quite  coarse  to  very  fine  granular,  and  the  latter  passes  by  imperceptible 
shades  into  compact  limestone.     The  colors  are  various,  as  white,  yellow,  reddish,  green,  and 
usually  they  are  clouded  and  give  a  handsome  effect  when  the  material  is  polished.     When  such 
limestones  are  fit  for  polishing,  or  for  architectural  or  ornamental  use,  they  are  called  marbles. 
(a)  Statuary  marble  is  pure  white,  fine  grained,  and  firm  in  texture.     The  Parian  marble  from  the 
island  of  Paros  (the  Lychnites  of  the  ancients),  Pentelican  from  the  quarries  near  Athens,  Luni 
marbles  of  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  and  the  Carrara,  of  Modena,  Italy,  are  among  the  best  of  statu- 
ary marbles.     Architectural  marble  includes  both  white  and  colored,     (b)  The  Cipolin  of  Italy  is 
white,  with  pale  greenish  shadings  from  green  talc ;  it  does  not  stand  the  weather  well,     (c)  Giallo 
antico  of  Italy  is  ochre-yellow  to  cream-yellow,  with  some  whitish  spots,     (d)  The  Sienna,  or 
Brocatelto  de  Sienna,  is  yellow,  veined  or  clouded  with  bluish-red,  having  sometimes  a  tinge  of  pur- 
ple,   (e)  The  Mandelato  is  a  light  red  with  yellowish- white  spots.     A  red  kind  from  Tireo  in  Scot- 
land has  different  shades  of  red,  as  rose-red,  flesh-red,  reddish- white ;  one  from  Tennessee  is 
clouded  with  brownish-  and  purplish-red.    (/)  The  Bardiglio  is  gray  with  crowded  dark  well-defined 
cloudings,  consisting  partly  of  serpentine,  from  Corsica,     (g)  Turquois-blue  marble,  from  the  quar- 
ries of  Seravezza  near  Carrara,  has  a  fine  grayish-blue  color,  veined  with  white.     (h)  Verd- Antique 
is  clouded  green,  the  color,  owing  to  the  presence  of  serpentine  (see  p.  465),  yellowish-green  to 
bluish-green. 

20.  Hard  compact  limestone.     Varies  from  nearly  pure  Tvhite,  through  grayish,   drab,  buff, 
yellowish,  and  reddish  shades,  to  bluish-gray,  dark  browish-gray,  and  black,  and  sometimes 


ANHYDROUS    CARBONATES.  679 

variously  veined.    The  colors  dull,  excepting  ochre-yellow  and  ochre-red  varieties.    Many  kinds 
make  beautiful  marble  when  polished. 

(a)  Black,  (b)  yellow,  (c)  red,  and  (d)  fetid  kinds  have  been  mentioned  (pp.  676,  677). 

The  Portor  (d),  called  sometimes  Egyptian  marble,  is  of  black  color,  handsomely  veined  with 
yellow  dolomite,  and  comes  from  Porto- Venere,  near  Spezia ;  the  rock  is  of  the  lower  Lias,  (e) 
Panno-di-Morte  (Death's  Robe)  of  Italy  is  black,  with  some  white  fossil  shells.  (/)  Marble  of 
Languedoc  is  fine  deep  red  or  brownish-red,  with  some  white  and  gray  due  to  fossils,  and  is  from 
St.  Beaume  in  Prance,  (g)  Griotie,  from  the  Dept.  of  Herault,  France,  has  a  reddish-brown  base, 
with  somewhat  regularly  arranged  spots  of  clear  red,  and  some  whitish  round  spots  due  to  gonia- 
tites.  (h)  Sarencolin  marble,  from  the  Pyrenees,  is  deep  red  mixed  with  gray  and  yellow,  (i) 
Bird's-eye  marble  is  gray,  with  whitish  crystalline  points,  and  is  from  central  New  York  . 

(k)  Shell-marble  includes  kinds  consisting  largely  of  fossil  shells ;  (I)  Madreporic  marble,  those 
containing  corals  ;  (ra)  Encrinal,  those  containing  encrinal  (crinoidal)  remains,  (ri)  Lumachelle  is  a 
dark  brown  shell-marble,  with  brilliant  fire-like  or  chatoyant  internal  reflections  proceeding  from 
the  shells,  and  from  Bleiberg  in  Carinthia ;  and  another  kind,  with  the  shells  yellow,  comes  from 
Astrachan. 

(0)  Ruin-marble  is  a  kind  of  compact  calcareous  marl,  showing,  when  polished,  pictures  of 
fortifications,  temples,  etc.,  in  ruins,  due  to  infiltration  of  oxyd  of  iron. 

(p)  Lithographic  stone  is  a  very  even-grained  compact  limestone,  usually  of  buff  or  drab  color; 
as  that  of  Solenhofen. 

(q)  Breccia  marble  is  made  of  fragments  of  limestone  cemented  together,  and  is  often  very 
beautiful  when  the  fragments  are  of  different  colors,  or  are  imbedded  in  a  base  that  contrasts 
well.  The  colors  are  very  various. 

(r)  Pudding-stone  marble  consists  of  pebbles  or  rounded  stones  cemented.  It  is  often  called 
improperly  breccia  marble. 

(s)  Hydraulic  limestone  is  an  impure  limestone.  The  French  varieties  contain  2  or  3  p.  c.  of 
magnesia,  and  10  to  20  of  silica  and  alumina  (or  clay).  The  varieties  in  the  United  States  contain 
20  to  40  p.  c.  of  magnesia,  and  12  to  30  p.  c.  of  silica  and  alumina.  A  variety  worked  extensively 
at  Rondout,  N.  Y.,  afforded  Professor  Beck  (Min.  K  Y.,  78)  Carbonic  acid  34-20,  lime  25-50, 
magnesia  12'35,  silica  15-37,  alumina  9'13,  sesquioxydof  iron  2*25.  Oxyd  of  iron  is  rather  prejudicial 
to  it  than  otherwise.  Vicat  observes  that  in  the  best  French  there  are  20  to  30  p.  c.  of  clay,  and 
in  that  only  moderately  good  10  to  12  p.  c.  Au  impure  limestone  of  France,  which  needs  no  sand 
for  making  the  cement,  it  containing  calcite  54  p.  c.,  clay  81,  oxyd  of  iron  15=100,  is  called  plaster- 
cement  (Dufr.  Min.,  ii.). 

21.  soft  compact  limestone,     (a)  Chalk  is  white,  grayish- white,  or  yellowish,  and  soft  enough  to 
leave  a  trace  on  a  board.     The  consolidation  into  a  rock  of  such  softness  may  be  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  material  is  largely  the  hollow  shells  of  rhizopods. 

The  creta  of  the  Romans  (usually  translated  chalk)  was  mostly  a  white  clay,  true  chalk  being 
little  known  to  the  ancients.  The  kind  described  by  Pliny  as  the  most  inferior  kind  of  cretaceous 
earth,  and  as  used  for  marking  the  feet  of  slaves,  was  probably  true  chalk. 

(b)  Calcareous  marl  (Mergelkalk  Germ.)  is  a  soft  earthy  deposit,  often  hardly  at  all  consolidated, 
with  or  without  distinct  fragments  of  shells  ;  it  generally  contains  much  clay,  and  graduates  into 
a  calcareous  clay. 

22.  Concretionary  massive,     (a)  Oolite  (Rogenstein  Germ.)  is  a  granular  limestone,  but  its  grains 
are  minute  rounded  concretions,  looking  somewhat  like  the  roe  of  fish,  the  name  coming  from 
'woi',  egg.    It  occurs  among  all  the  geological  formations,  from  the  Lower  Silurian  to  the  most 
recent,  and  it  is  now  forming  about  the  coral  reefs  of  Florida,     (b)  Pisolite  (Erbsenstein  W.)  con- 
sists of  concretions  as  large  often  as  a  small  pea,  or  even  larger,  the  concretions  having  usually  a 
distinct  concentric  structure.    It  is  formed  in  large  masses  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Hot  Springs  at 
Carlsbad  in  Bohemia. 

23.  Deposited  from  calcareous  springe,  streams,  or  in  caverns,  etc. 

(a)  Stalactites  are  the  calcareous  cylinders  or  cones  that  hang  from  the  roofs  of  limestone 
caverns,  and  which  are  formed  from  the  waters  that  drip  through  the  roof;  these  waters  hold 
some  bicarbonate  of  lime  in  solution,  and  leave  carbonate  of  lime  to  form  the  stalactite  when 
evaporation  takes  place.     Stalactites  vary  from  transparent  to  nearly  opaque ;  from  a  granular 
crystalline  structure  to  a  radiating  fibrous ;  from  a  white  color  and  colorless  to  yellowish-gray 
and  brown. 

(b)  Stalagmite  is  the  same  material  covering  the  floors  of  caverns,  it  being  made  from  the 
waters  that  drop  from  the  roofs,  or  from  sources  over  the  bottom  or  sides ;  cones  of  it  sometimes 
rise  from  the  floor  to  meet  the  stalactites  above.     It  consists  of  layers ;  but  these  are  very  irreg- 
ularly curved,  or  bent,  owing  to  the  knobs  and  conelets  that  are  made  over  the  floor;    and 
polished  specimens  generally  owe  much  of  their  beauty  to  the  agate-like  or  onyx-like  bandings. 

Stalagmite  is  the  Alabastrites  (alabaster-stone)  in  part  (if  not  wholly)  of  Theophrastus,  Pliny, 
and  other  ancient  writers ;  that  is,  the  stone  of  which  ointment  vases,  of  a  certain  form  called 
alabasters,  were  made.  (See  GYPSUM,  p.  640.)  A  locality  near  Thebes,  now  well  known,  was 


680 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


largely  explored  by  the  ancients,  and  the  material  has  often  been  hence  called  Egyptian  alabaster. 
It  was  also  formerly  called  onyx  and  onychites;  Horace,  in  the  3d  book  of  his  Odes,  speaks  of  au 
ointment  vase  of  onyx  Pliny  mentions  columns  of  "onyx."  or  "alabastrites,"  that  were  32  ft. 
in  height,  and  mentions  Damascus  as  affording  a  kind  whiter  than  that  of  Thebes.  In  the  arts 
it  is  often  now  called  Oriental  Alabaster;  and  sometimes  also  Gibraltar-stone,  from  the  occurrence 
of  the  material  in  a  cavern  at  Gibraltar. 

(c)  Calc-sinter,  Travertine,  Gale  Tufa.    Travertine  ( Confetto  di  Tivoli)  is  of  essentially  the  same 
origin  with  stalagmite,  but  is  distinctively  a  deposit  from  springs  or  rivers,  especially  where  in 
large  deposits,  as  along  the  river  Anio,  at  Tivoli,  near  Rome,  where  the  deposit  is  scores  of  feet 
in  thickness.     It  has  a  very  cavernous  and  irregularly  banded  structure,  owing  to  its  mode  of 
formation.    It  is  the  Lapis  Tiburtinus  of  Vitruvius,  ii.  c.  7,  and  Pliny,  xxxvi.  48,  etc.  ;  the  word 
travertine  being  a  corruption  of  tiburtine.    It  includes  also,  especially  under  the  name  of  calc  tufa, 
cellular  depositions  from  the  waters  of  small  springs  or  sources,  which  often  contain  fossil  leaves, 
twigs,  moss,  nuts  or  seed,  etc.    The  Osteocollus  (Beinwelle,  Beinbruch)  Gesner  (p.  31,  1565),  "qui 
ossa  fracta  intra  corpus  sumptus,"  as  was  thought  at  the  time  (osteocolla  of  later  authors),  is,  as 
long  since  shown,  a  cellular  calc  tufa,  consisting  of  incrustings  of  fragments  of  reeds  or  other 
marsh  plants.    It  means  bone-glue.    Inolite,  Gallitzin,  is  also  calc-sinter. 

(d)  Agaric  mineral;  Rock-milk  (Bergmikh,  Montmilch,  Germ.)  is  a  very  soft,  white  material, 
breaking  easily  in  the  fingers,  deposited  sometimes  in  caverns,  or  about  sources  holding  lime  in 
solution. 

(e)  Rock-meal  (Berg-mehl  Germ.,  Farina  fossilis  Bruckm.,  etc.)  is  white  and  light,  like  cotton, 
becoming  a  powder  on  the  slightest  pressure.    It  is  an  efflorescence,  and  is  common  near  Paris, 
especially  at  the  quarries  of  Nanterre. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Stromeyer  (Gilb.  Ann.,  xlv.  225,  Unters.,  52);  3,  Schnabel  (Ramm.  3d  Suppl., 
62);  4,  Ahrend  (Hausm.  Min.,  1324);  5,  Stromeyer  (L  c.);  6,  Jenzsch  (Pogg.,  xcvi.  147);  7, 
Richter  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  209);  8,  Tyler  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxxix.  174);  9,  Gibbs  (Ramm.  3d. 
Suppl.,  62);  10,  11.  Monheim  (ib.) ;  12,  T.  S.  Hunt  (this  Min.,  1854,  438) ;  13,  Johnston  (Edinb. 
N.  J.  ScL,  vi.  79);  '14,  Delesse  (Rev.  Sci.  et  Ind.,  xii.  118);  15,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xii.  7ul) : 
16,  Kajppel  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ivii.  324): 


1.  Iceland,  trp. 

2.  Andreasberg 

3.  Brilou,  "Westphalia 

4.  Hollengrunde,  gnh. 

6.  Schwarzenberg,  Schie/ersp. 
6.  Sparta,       Spartaite 

fj          u  u 

8.'  Stirling,  N.  J.,    "    G.  =2-815 

9.  Zinc  m.  of  Olkuck 

10.  "         Altenberg 

11.  "  " 


C 
43-70 
43-56 
43-52 
43-92 
41-66 
40-77 
44-04 
42-01 
43-81 
43-28 
43-05 

Fe        Mn 
0-15 
036 

2-19      0-50 
2-70 
0-38       6-83 
7-13 
13-79 
0-51      
5-78      
5-11       0-42 

2n 

0-38 

4-07 
1-06 
0-65 

Mg 

0-13 
0-18 

0-92 
1-21 

0-85 

Oa 

56-15  =  100  Strom. 
55-98,  fi  0-10=100  Strom. 
55-30,  H  1-07  =  100-028. 
53-79=100-58  Ahrend. 
55-00=99-36  Strom.' 
48-75,  H  0-32  =  98-35  J. 
47-92=100-30  Richter. 
43-65=99-45  Tyler. 
50-76=100  Gibbs. 
50-10  =  100-22  Monheim. 
50-26,  Si  0-18=99-67  M. 


CaC    FeCMgCPbC 


12.  Loc.  ?,  Ferrocakite  93-90    4-641-59     =100-13  Hunt.     G.  =  2'715. 

13.  Wanlockhead,  Ptumbocak.  [92-2] 7-8=100  Johnston. 

14.  Leadhills,  97-61 2-34=99-95  Delesse. 

92-43 7-74=100-17  Hauer.  G.=2'772 

16.   Carrara  Marble  98'765   0'900   ,  Si  0-006,  £e,  Stn,  £l  0'083,  sand  0-156, 

9  $  and  loss  0*090  =  100  KasppeL 

Natrocalcite  afforded  Marchand  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvi.  95)  Ca  C  94-37,  £l,  Fe  1-16,  Ca  S  2-02,  H  1-34, 
gangue  1-10=99-98.  Iodine  has  been  found  in  certain  fossiliferous  limestones,  as  at  Gouzon,  by 
Lembert  (J.  d.  Pharm.,  III.  xix.  240). 

Pyr.,  etc — In  the  closed  tube  sometimes  decrepitates,  and,  if  containing  metallic  oxyds,  may 
change  its  color.  B.B.  infusible,  but  becomes  caustic,  glows,  and  colors  the  flame  red  •  after 
ignition  the  assay  reacts  alkaline ;  moistened  with  muriatic  acid  imparts  the  characteristic  lime 
Dior  to  the  flame.  In  borax  dissolves  with  effervescence,  and  if  saturated  yields  on  cooling  an 
opaque,  milk-white,  crystalline  bead.  Varieties  containing  metallic  oxyds  color  the  borax  and  salt 
of  phosphorus  beads  accordingly.  With  soda  on  platinum  foil  fuses  to  a  clear  mass ;  on  charcoal 

at  first  fuses,  but  later  the  soda  is  absorbed  by  the  coal,  leaving  an  infusible  and  strongly 
luminous  residue  of  lime.  In  the  solid  mass  effervesces  when  moistened  with  muriatic  acid,  and 
tragmeuts  dissolve  with  brisk  effervescence  even  in  cold  acid. 

Obs.— Andreasberg  in  the  Harz  is  one  of  the  best  European  localities  of  crystallized  calcite ; 


ANHYDKOUS   CARBONATES.  681 

there  are  other  localities  in  the  Tyrol,  Styria,  Carinthia,  Hungary,  Saxony,  Hesse  Darmstadt  (at 
Auerbach),  Hesse  Cassel,  Norway,  France,  and  in  England  in  Derbyshire,  Cumberland,  Cornwall, 
Scotland ;  in  Iceland.  In  Iceland  a  single  rhombohedron  (R)  over  6  yds.  long  and  3  high  has  beeii 
observed. 

In  the  U.  States,  in  N.  York,  in  St.  Lawrence  and  Jefferson  Cos.,  especially  at  the  Rossie  lead  mine ; 
crystals  highly  modified  (f.  560,  561),  and  often  transparent  even  when  large  ;  one  nearly  trans- 
parent, in  the  cabinet  of  Yale  College,  weighing  1 65  pounds  ;  often  covered  in  part  by  crystals 
of  galenite;  at  the  Natural  Dam,  2  m.  from  Gouverneur,  in  the  same  vicinity,  good  crystals ;  also  at 
the  Wilson  vein  in  Gouvemeur,  and  the  Jepson  vein  in  Rossie ;  at  the  Parish  ore  bed  in  Gouver- 
neur, fine  geodes,  in  specular  iron ;  in  Jefferson  Co.,  near  Oxbow,  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Benton,  from 
a  decomposing  limestone,  large  crystals  sometimes  as  clear  as  Iceland  spar ;  rose  and  purple 
varieties  very  beautiful ;  some  large  crystals  of  a  hundred  Ibs.  and  upward ;  4.  m.  S.  of  Oxbow, 
in  Antwerp,  a  vein  of  calcite  and  lead,  which  affords  beautiful  cleavage  masses  of  white,  purple, 
and  brownish  shades  ;  also  interesting  crystals  ;  in  Essex  Co.,  town  of  Moriah,  on  Mill  Brook,  near 
Port  Henry,  crystals  of  calcite  in  white  limestone  ;  dog-tooth  spar  (f.  552A,  I3  and  also  I3,  -2),  in 
Niagara  Co.,  near  Lockport,  with  pearl  spar,  celestite,  selenite,  and  anhydrite ;  in  Onondaga  Co., 
near  Camillus,  along  the  railroad ;  good  crystals  in  Herkimer  Co.,  1  m.  S.  of  Little  Falls,  in  the 
bed  of  a  small  stream ;  in  Lewis  Co.,  at  Leyden  and  Lowville,  and  at  the  Martinsburg  lead  mine ; 
on  the  western  bank  of  Dry  Sugar  River,  near  Boonville,  Oneida  Co.  (f.  552c) ;  at  Anthony's 
Nose  on  the  Hudson,  formerly  groups  of  large  tabular  crystals  (f.  553 A);  at  Watertown,  Agaric 
mineral,  covering  the  sides  of  a  cave;  at  Schoharie,  fine  stalactites  in  many  caverns,  of  which 
Ball's  cave  is  the  most  famous ;  at  Camillus  and  Schoharie  (near  the  barite  locality),  fibrous,  in 
considerable  abundance,  and  at  De  Long's  Mill,  St  Lawrence  Co.,  of  a  fine  satin  lustre.  In  Maine, 
at  Thomaston,  lenticular  and  prismatic  crystals,  common.  In  N.  Hamp.,  at  the  iron  mines,  Fran- 
conia,  argentine.  In  Mass.,  at  WilHamsburg  and  Southampton,  argentine.  In  Conn.,  at  the  lead 
mine,  Middletown,  in  crystals  (*-2,  -£,  I,  short  or  long,  and  I3,  R).  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Bergen,  fine 
crystallizations  of  yellow  calcite,  with  datolite,  etc.,  in  trap  (f.  552B) ;  at  Franklin,  a  pink  variety, 
and  good  cleavage  specimens.  In  Penn.,  in  York  Co.,  Iceland  spar.  In  Virginia,  at  the  celebrated 
Wier's  cave,  stalactites  of  great  beauty;  also  in  the  large  caves  of  Kentucky.  At  the  Lake  Supe- 
rior copper  mines,  splendid  crystals  often  containing  scales  of  native  copper. 

At  Warsaw,  Illinois,  in  great  variety  of  form,  lining  geodes  and  implanted  on  quartz  crystals  ; 
at  Quincy,  111. 

In  Nova  Scotia,  at  Partridge  I.,  a  wine-colored  calcite,  and  other  interesting  varieties. 

Corals,  of  which  large  reefs  are  formed  in  tropical  regions,  consist  mainly  of  carbonate  of  lime. 
B.  Silliman,  Jr.,  obtained  for  a  recent  species  of  Madrepora  (Dana's  Report  on  Zoophytes,  and 
also  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  i.  189)  Carbonate  of  lime  94-807,  phosphates,  fluorids,  etc.,  0*745,  organic  mat- 
ter 4-448.  And  the  deposit  of  phosphates  and  fluorids  afforded  the  percentage — Si  12*5,  Ca  7*5, 
Mg  4-2,  Mg  F  26*62,  Ca  F  26*34,  Mg  P"  8'00,  3tl  and  £e  14-84.  Other  analyses  gave  similar  results. 

The  material  of  the  common  marbles  is  either  granular  or  compact  limestone.  These  rocks 
when  burnt  form  quicklime.* 

Alt. — Calcite  occurs  under  the  forms  of  dolomite,  calamine,  spathic  iron,  malachite,  azurite, 
gypsum,  smithsonite,  barite,  fluorite,  limonite,  gothite,  red  iron  ore,  minium,  meerschaum,  chlo- 
rite, quartz,  chalcedony,  garnet,  feldspar,  mica,  pyrolusite,  hausmannite,  manganite,  marcasite, 
galenite,  blende,  native  copper.  The  change  to  dolomite,  as  Bischof  explains,  may  take  place 
through  bicarbonate  of  magnesia  in  solution ;  to  spathic  iron  (Fe  C)  through  sulphate  of  iron  in 
solution,  forming  sulphate  of  lime  and  carbonate  of  iron ;  or  by  carbonated  waters  containing 
bicarbonate  of  iron,  which  slowly  dissolve  calcite,  while  the  carbonate  of  iron  takes  its  place, 
forming  a  pseudomorph  by  substitution ;  to  smithsonite  (2uC)  through  sulphate  of  zinc  in  solu- 
tion; to  calamine  (2n3Si+l-£  H)  probably  by  a  change  first  to  2nC  and  then  to  the  silicate, 
through  alkaline  silicates  in  solution;  to  malachite  through  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper,  which 
forms  carbonate  of  copper  and  sulphate  of  lime ;  to  gypsum  or  anhydrite  through  the  action  of 
sulphuric  acid,  which  acid  is  produced  by  the  oxydatiou  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  or  otherwise, 
thus  forming  sulphate  of  lime;  to  quartz  by  waters  containing  alkaline  silicates,  which  afford  free 
silica ;  to  fluorite,  limonite,  and  other  species,  by  the  removal  of  the  Ca  C  by  waters  which  hold 
carbonic  acid  or  alkaline  silicates,  and  at  the  same  time  contain  the  ingredients  forming  the  replacing 
mineral.  Limonite  or  red  iron  ore  might  result  from  the  decomposition  of  pyrite  in  the  vicinity. 

Hollow  scalenohedrons  from  the  province  of  Arnsberg  were  found  by  Noggerath  (Verb.,  nat. 
Ver.  Bonn,  1863, 137)  to  consist  of  an  exterior  coating  of  azurite,  and  an  interior  layer  of  malachite. 

716.  DOLOMITE.    Pierres  calcaires  tres-peu  effervescentes  avecles  acides  D.  Dolomieu,  J.  de 
Phys.,  xxxix,  1,  1791.     Dolomie  Saussure,  Voy.  Alpes,  §  1929,  1796.     Dolomite  Kirwan,  Min., 

*  For  various  analyses  of  limestones,  see  Rammelsberg's  Handw.  der  Min.,  and  Supplements, 
Kenngott's  Uebers.  for  1844-1862  ;  the  Jahresbericht  of  Berzelius,  and  its  continuation. 


OXYGEN    COMPOUNDS. 

i  111  1194.  Bitterspath,  Rhomboidalspath,  Kohlensauerter  Kalkerde,  Bittersalzerde  (with 
*™\.l  Klapr.,  Sdirift.  Nat.  Fr.  BerL,  v.  51,  1784,  Beitr.,  i.  300,  1795;  also  Beitr.,  iiL  297,  iv. 
204  236  v  103,  vi.  323.  Spath  magnesien  Delameth.,  Sciagr.,  i.  207,  1792.  Miemit  Klap?., 
Beitr  iii.  292,  1802  (discov.  at  Miemo  by  D.  Thomson  in  1791,  and  sent  by  him  to  EX  labelled 
Magnesian  spar).  Rautenspath  pt.  Worn.,  1800,  Ludwig's  Werner,  i.  51,  154,  1803.  Chaux 
carbonate  magnesifere  pt.,  C.  c.  aluminifere  (fr.  Saussure's  anal.),  H.,  Tr.,  1801.  Bitterkalk  pt. 
ffausm.,  Handb.,  960,  1813;  Perlspath  pt.,  Rauhkalk,  Kalktalkspath,  Germ.  Pearl  Spar  pt, 
Brown  Spar  pt.,  Rhomb  Spar  pt.,  Magnesian  Limestone.  Spath  perle  Fr. 

Conites.  Elintkalk,  Retzius,  Min.,  1795.  Conite  Schumacher,  Yerzeichniss,  etc.,  20,  1801. 
Konit  Germ.  Gurhofian  Karst,  Mag.  Nat.  Fr.  BerL,  i.  4,  257,  1807,  and  Tabell.,  50,  1808. 
Tharandit  Freieskben,  Geogn.  Arbeit.,  v.  212,  1820.  Brossit  Hired,  ZS.  f.  Pharm.,  24,  1850. 

Khombohedral.    E  A  7?=106°  15',  0  A  J?=136°  8J',  a=0'8322.     Ob- 
served planes  :  0,  £2,  E,  4,  -2,  -|,  I3,  I5  (hemihedral). 
580  0  A  ^-2=90°,  0  A  4=104°  35',  0  A  2=117°  29',  0  A  \ 

=154°  20',  i  A  J=135°  57',  2  A  2=79°  36'.  R  A  R 
varies  between  106°  10'  and  106°  20'.  An  increase  of 
100°  C.  diminishes  the  angle  4' '.  Cleavage  :  R  perfect. 
Faces  R  often  curved,  and  secondary  planes  usually 
with  horizontal  striae.  Twins  :  similar  to  f.  572,  page 
673.  Also  in  imitative  shapes ;  also  amorphous,  granular,  coarse  or  fine, 
and  grains  often  slightly  coherent. 

H.— 3*5— 4.  G.=2'8— 2'9,  true  dolomite.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to 
pearly  in  some  varieties.  Color  white,  reddish,  or  greenish-white ;  also 
rose-red,  green,  brown,  gray,  and  black.  Subtransparent  to  translucent. 
Brittle. 

Comp.,  Var. — Normal  or  true  dolomite  has  the  formula  Ca  C  +  Mg  C= Carbonate  of  lime  54'35, 
carbonate  of  magnesia  45'65.  Some  kinds  included  under  the  name  have  the  two  carbonates  in 
other  proportions ;  but  this  may  arise  from  their  being  mixtures  of  dolomite  with  calcite  or  mag- 
nesite.  Protoxyd  of  iron  replaces  part  of  the  magnesia  in  some  dolomite ;  so  also  protoxyd  of 
manganese ;  and  more  rarely  oxyd  of  cobalt  or  zinc. 

The  varieties  are  the  following : 

(1)  Crystallized.    Pearl  spar  includes  rhombohedral  crystallizations  with  curved  faces. 

(2)  Columnar  or  fibrous. 

Miemite,  from  Miemo,  Tuscany,  is  either  in  crystals,  columnar,  or  granular,  and  pale  asparagus- 
green  in  color. 

(3)  Granular,  or  saccharoid,  constitutes  many  of  the  kinds  of  white  statuary  marble,  and  white 
and  colored  architectural  marbles,  names  of  some  of  which  have  been  mentioned  under  calcite. 

(4)  Compact  massive,  like  ordinary  limestone.     Many  of  the  limestone  strata  of  the  globe  are 
here  included,  and  much  hydraulic  limestone,  noticed  under  calcite. 

(5)  Compact  porcellanous,  Gurhofian;  snow-white  and  subtranslucent,  with  a  conchoidal  frac- 
ture, sometimes  a  little  opal-like;  from  G-urhof,  hi  lower  Austria. 

(6)  Ferriferous;  Brown  spar,  in  part.    Contains  carbonate  of  iron,  and  as  the  proportion  increases 
it  graduates  into  ankerite  (q.  v.).     The  color  is  white  to  brown,  and  becomes  brownish  on  expo- 
sure through  the  oxydation  of  the  iron.    A  columnar  kind,  containing  10  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of 
iron,  has  been  called  Brossite  (anal  19);  G.  =  2'915.     Tharandite,  from  Tharand,  near  Dresden,  is 
crystallized,  and  contains  4  p.  c.  of  Fe. 

(7)  Manganiferous.     Colorless  to  flesh-red.     R  A  R=  106°  23'  (anal.  20,  by  Ettling);  106°  16' 
(anal.  21,  by  Ott). 

(8)  Cobaltiferous.     Colored  reddish  (anal.  23);  G.=2'921,  Gibbs. 

(9)  The  varieties  based  on  variations  in  the  proportions  of  the  carbonates  are  the  following: 
(a)  Normal  dolomite,  ratio  of  Ca  C  to  Mg  C  =  l  :  1  (anal   1-24);    (&)  ratio  1|  :  1=3  :  2  (anal. 
25-30);  (c)  ratio=2  :  1  (anal.  31-33),  includes  gurhofian  or  gurhqfite;  (d)  ratio  3  :  1  (anal.  34); 
(e)  ratio=5  :  1  (anal.  35);  (/)  ratio  1  :  3  (anal  36,  37),  or  conite.     The  last  (/)  msy  be  dolomitic 
magnesite ;  and  the  others,  from  b  to  e,  dolomitic  calcite,  or  calcite  +  dolomite.     The  manner  in 
which  dolomite  is  often  mixed  with  calcite,  forming  its  veins  and  its  fossil  shells  (see  below),  shows 
that  this  is  not  improbable. 


ANHYDROUS   CARBONATES. 


683 


Analyses:  Ratio  1:1.  1,  Suckow  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  viiL  408);  2,  Lavizzari  (Jahrb.  Min.  1845.  302, 
1846,  580);  3,  Abich  (G.  Beob.,  p.  iv.);  4,  J.  Roth  (J.pr.  Ch.,  Iviii.  82);  5,  Waltershausen  (Pogg., 
xciv.  115);  6,  Hirzel  (ZS.  Pharm.,  1850,  24);  7,  Rammelsberg  (2d  Suppl.,  25);  8,  Gobel  (Pogg., 
xx.  536);  9,  Scheerer  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  283);  10,  Laugier  (Mem.  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat,  xix.  142);  11, 
Rammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  213);  12,  Alsop  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  viii.  124).  Containing  over  3  p.  c.  of 
carbonate  of  iron.  13,  Meitzendorff  (ib.,  213);  14,  Kuhn  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  lix.  363);  15,  Pelle- 
tier  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xiv.  192);  16,  T.  S.  Hunt  (this  Min.,  1854,  442);  17,  Grimm  (Jahrb.  G. 
Reichs.,  vi.  98);  18,  Fiedler  (ib.);  19,  Roth  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Iviii.  82);  20,  Hirzel  (L  c.).  Containing 
manganese,  zinc,  or  cobalt.  21,  Ettling  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xcix.  204);  22,  Ott  (Haid.  Ber.,  ii.  403); 
23,  Monheim  (Verb.  nat.  Ver.  Bonn,  v.  41) ;  24,  W.  Gibbs  (Pogg.,  Ixxi.  564). 

Ratio  3  :  2,  2  :  1,  3  :  1,  5  :  1,  1  :  3.  25,  Beck  (Min.  N.  Y.,  254);  26,  Rammelsberg  (Handw., 
i.  95);  27,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  i.  300,  and  iii.  297);  28,  Wackenroder  (Schw.  J.,  Ixv.  41);  29,  Abich 
(L  c.);  30,  Kuhn  (1.  c.);  31-33,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv.,  v.,  vi.} ;  34,  35,  Kiihu  (L  c.);  36,  Johu 
(Schw.  J.,  v.  (vi.  ?)  13) ;  37,  Hirzel  (I.  c.)  : 


CaC 

1.  Jena,  cryst.,  uncol.  55-2 

2.  St.  Gothard,  cryst.,  gyh.-w.  55-77 

3.  V.  di  Sambuco,  gran.  5  6 '5  7 

4.  Monte  Somma  67*25 

5.  Binnen,  gran.  55-06 

6.  Tinz,  near  Gera  54'02 

7.  Ilfeld,  Rauhkalk  55'62 

8.  Scheidama,    gran.  55 '01 

9.  Gulbrandsdal,  "  55-88 

10.  Spezzia,             "  55'36 

11.  Miemo,  Miemite  67-91 

12.  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.  54-91 

13.  Zillerthal,  cryst.  56'66 

14.  Tharand,  Tnarandite  54-76 

15.  Traversella  51-00 

16.  Roxbury,  Yt.,  massive  53*90 

17.  Wermsdorf  53-25 

18.  Lettonitz  54-21 
]  9.  La  Yalenciana,  Mex.  53-18 
20.  Traversella,  Brosite  52-71 


Ratio  1  :  1. 

MgC    FeC  MnC 

44-7  =99-9  Suckow. 

43-59  =99-36  Lavizzari. 

43-43  —100  Abich. 

42-75 =100  Roth.     G.=2'72. 

44-55  =99-61  Waltersh.     G.=2*845. 

45-28  0-79  =100-09  Hirzel. 

42-40  0-56  =98-58  Rammelsberg. 

42-67  1-54 =99-22  Gobel. 

40-47  2-81  =99-16  Scheerer. 

41-30  2-00 =98-66  Laugier. 

38-97  1-74  0-57=99-19  Rammelsberg. 

43-63  1-23 ,  insol.  1'30  =  100'07  Alsop. 

38-60  8-30  1-70=100*26  Meitzendorff. 

42-10  4-19 =101-05  Kuhn. 

44-32  4-68 =100  Pelletier.    G.  =  2-629. 

44-04  3-05  =100-99  Hunt.     G.=2'856. 

38-84  5-33  ,  H  1'01=98'43  Grimm. 

39-55  6-13  =99-89  Fiedler. 

34-35         10-46        H  1'22,  Fe  0'22=99'43  Roth. 

33-4611-13  2-84=100-14  Hirzel. 


Ratio  1  :  1,  containing  manganese,  zinc,  or  cobalt. 


21.  Freiberg,  flesh-red 

22.  Kapnik,  uncol. 

23.  Altenberg,  zincif. 

24.  Przibram,  cobaltif. 


53-20  40-15  2-14  5'23  =  100'71  Ettling.     G-.=2'830. 

52-46  41-16  1-09  5-41  =  100-12  Ott.     G.=2'89. 

54-31  43-26  0'99  0'56,  2n  C  1'38  =  100'50  Monlieim. 

56-77  35-70  2-03 ,  Co  C  7'42=2'03  Gibbs. 


Ratio  3  :  2=CaC  64-1,  MgC  35'9. 
25.  Lockport,  Pearl  spar  59-00     39-50     1-50     =100  Beck. 


26.  Kolosoruk,  cryst. 

27.  Glucksbrunn,  fib. 

28.  Liebenstein 

29.  Sorrento,  Italy 

30.  Bohemia 


31.  Gurhof,  Gurhofian 

32.  Hall,     cryst. 

33.  Taberg,   " 


59-00 
61-00 
60-00 
63-88 
65-21 
61-30 


39-50 
36-53 
36-50 
33-24 
34-79 
32-20. 


1-50 
2-73 
4-00 
0-91 

6-27 


—100-26  Rammelsberg. 

=100-50  Klaproth. 

0-07=98-10  Wackenroder. 

=100  Abich. 

=99-77  Kuhn. 


Ratio  2  :  l=Ca  C  70'4,  Mg  C  29'6. 

29-50     =100  Klaproth. 


70-50 

68-0 

73-0 


=100  Klaproth. 

25-5      i-o       ,  H  2-0,  clay  2-0=98-50  Klaproth. 

25-0 ,  3Pe  2-25=100-25  Klaproth, 


34.  Bohemia 

36.  Kolosoruk,  cryst. 


Ratio  3  :  1  to  5  :  1. 

77-63     18-77     3-67     =100'07  Kiihn. 

85-84     10-39     5-53     =101'76  Kuhn. 


(584  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

Katio  1  :  3. 

OaC    MgC    FoC 

36.  Meissner,  Onto  28-0      67-4      3-5=98-9  John. 

3^        K  u  27'53     61-97     5'05  =  100'55  Hirzel. 

The  following  are  analyses  of  some  uncrystalline  stratified  limestones  1,  Litton,  of  Lower 
Magnesian  limestone,  Calciferous  age  (Swallow's  G.  Hep.  Missouri,  1855);  2-5,  J.  D.  Whitney, 
of  Trenton,  Galena,  and  Niagara  limestones  (Rep.  G.  Iowa,  1858): 

CaC  MgC  FeC 

1  Warsaw  Mo.,  L.  Magn.     47-01  38'86  ,  £1,  Fe  0-52,. Si  13'2T  =  99-66  Litton. 

2  New  Galena,       "               52-47  42-13  1'78,  insoL  2-75,  Na,  K,  etc.  0;87  =  100  Whitney. 
3*  Clayton  Co.,  Iowa, Trent.  L.  44-90  34-23  1-69,  insol.  18-36=99-18  Whitney. 

4          «  «          Gal.L.     52-01     42'25     0'93,  insol.  4'43,  Na,  K  C  0'38  =  100  Whitney. 

5*.  Jackson  Co.,  Iowa,  Niag.L.  52-18    42-64      tr.,  insoL  3'88,  3tl,  3Pe  0'63,  Na,  K,  C  0'35  =  99'68  W. 

Very  many  of  the  limestone  strata  of  the  globe  are  thus  partly  or  wholly  dolomitic,  though 
usually  not  as  pure  as  in  the  above  analyses.  T.  S.  Hunt  says  that  dolomites  make  up  the  chief 
part  of  the  Calciferous,  Clinton,  Trenton,  Guelph,  Niagara,  and  Onondaga  limestones  of  Canada 
(Logan's  Rep.,  1863,  456).  In  1857  (Logan's  Rep.,  1857,  200)  he  announced  that  the  veins  and 
shells  of  some  ordinary  limestones  were  magnesian.  In  the  Portor  marble  (p.  679)  the  body  of 
the  rock  contains  only  1-0  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  magnesia,  and  the  veins  35-5  p.  c.  A  limestone 
from  Dudswell,  Canada,  contains  OaC  92-5,  MgC  1-3,  sand  6-2;  and  the  fossils  are  of  similar 
composition ;  but  a  yellowish  material  enveloping  the  fossils  and  filling  veins  consists  of  Ca  C 
56-60,  MgC  11-76,  Fe  C  3-23,  with  26'72  insoluble =98 -31.  This  being  a  mixture  of  dolomite 
and  calcite,  the  latter  was  removed  by  acetic  acid,  and  the  residue,  52  p.  c.,  then  afforded  Ca  C 
51-75,  MgC  35-73,  FeC  12-52=100.  In  the  Trenton  limestone  of  Ottawa,  the  fossil  corals, 
shells,  and  crustaceans  are  changed  to  whitish  dolomite ;  and  a  fragment  of  an  Orthoceras  gave 
Ca  C  56-00,  Mg  C  37-80,  Fe  C  5'95=99'75. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  acts  like  calcite,  but  does  not  give  a  clear  mass  when  fused  with  soda  on 
platinum  foil  Fragments  thrown  into  cold  acid  are  very  slowly  acted  upon,  while  in  powder  iu 
warm  acid  the  mineral  is  readily  dissolved  with  effervescence.  The  ferriferous  dolomites  become 
brown  on  exposure. 

Obs. — Massive  dolomite  constitutes  extensive  strata,  called  limestone  strata,  in  various  regions. 
Crystalline  and  compact  varieties  are  often  associated  with  serpentine  and  other  magnesian  rocks, 
and  with  ordinary  limestones.  Some  of  the  prominent  localities  are  at  Salzburg,  the  Tyrol, 
Schemnitz  in  Hungary,  Kapnik  in  Transylvania,  Freiberg  in  Saxony,  the  lead  mines  at  Alston  in 
Derbyshire,  etc. 

In  the  U.  States,  in  Vermont,  at  Roxbury,  large,  yellow,  transparent  crystals  of  the  rhomb-spar 
variety,  in  talc.  In  Ehode  Island,  at  Smithfield,  a  coarse  cleavable  variety,  occasionally  presenting 
perfect  crystals,  with  white  talc  in  calcite.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Hoboken,  white  hexagonal  crystals 
(f.  580),  and  in  rhombohedrons.  In  N.  York,  at  Lockport,  Niagara  Falls,  and  Rochester,  with 
calcite,  celestite,  and  gypsum ;  also  at  Glenn's  Falls ;  in  Richmond  Co.,  at  the  quarantine,  crys- 
tallized dolomite,  in  rhombohedrons,  and  at  the  Parish  ore  bed,  St.  Lawrence  Co. ;  on  Hustis'3 
farm  in  Phillips  town,  a  variety  resembling  Gurhqfite,  with  a  semi-opaline  appearance  and  a  fracture 
nearly  like  porcelain. 

Dolomite  is  generally  supposed  to  be  injurious  as  a  manure  for  soils,  on  account  of  its  magnesia ; 
but  this  is  not  so,  unless  used  after  calcination,  before  it  is  fully  air-slaked.  The  lime  it  affords 
when  burnt  makes  a  more  durable  cement  than  common  limestone. 

Named  after  Dolomieu,  who  announced  some  of  the  marked  characteristics  of  the  rock  in  1791 
— its  not  effervescing  with  acids,  while  burning  like  limestone,  and  soluble  after  heating  in  acids. 
He  observes  in  his  paper  that,  as  early  as  1786,  he  had  found  the  white  marble  of  many  of  the 
ancient  statues  and  monuments  of  Italy  to  consist  of  this  peculiar  rock ;  and  eighteen  months 
before  the  date  of  his  paper  he  discovered  "  immense  quantities  of  similar  limestones  "  in  the 
Tyrol 

Woulfe,  in  the  PhiL  Trans,  for  1779  (at  p.  29),  describes  a  ferriferous  dolomite  or  ankerite,  with 
some  analytical  determinations,  which  was  in  pearly  rhombohedrons,  resembling  some  what  those 
of  spathic  iron,  and  came  from  Joachimsthal.  u  In  its  natural  state  "  it  effervesced  strongly  with 
"  rectified  "  muriatic  acid,  which  would  indicate  the  presence  of  more  iron  than  he  obtained  (5  or 
6  p.  c.  of  Fe  0,  C  Oa).  It  may  have  been  ankerite. 

Alt. — Dolomite  occurs  altered  to  spathic  iron,  calamine,  steatite,  limonite,  red  iron  ore,  gothite, 
pyrolusite,  and  quartz,  and  by  processes  similar  to  those  explained  under  calcite. 


ANHYDROUS    CARBONATES. 


681 


717.  ANTZERITE.  Dolomite  pt.  Brown  Spar  and  Pearl  Spar  pt.  Paratomes  Kalk-Haloid 
Mohs,  Grundr.,  i.  536,  1822,  ii.  116,  1824.  Rohwand,  Wandstein,  Styrian  Miners.  Ankerit 
Haid.,  Mohs's  Mm.,  L  100,  1825.  Tautoklin  Breiffi.,  Char.,  70,  1832,  Uib.,  20,  1830. 

Khombohedral.  E  A  J5=106°  12',  Styria,  Mohs;  106°  6',  Belnhausen 
(anal.  6),  Ettling.  Also  crystalline  massive,  coarse  or  fine  granular,  and 
compact. 

H.  —  3'5— 4:.  G.=2'95— 3*1.  Lustre  vitreous  to  pearly.  Color  white, 
gray,  reddish.  Translucent  to  subtranslucent. 

Comp.— Ca  C  +  (lilg,  Fe,  Mn)  C,  or  a  dolomite  in  which  the  magnesia  is  more  or  less  completely 
replaced  by  protoxyd  of  iron,  or  of  iron  and  manganese.  By  the  increase  in  the  proportion  of  the 
magnesian  carbonate  to  the  iron  and  manganesian,  the  mineral  graduates  into  true  dolomite.  The 
kinds  with  10  p.  c.  or  less  of  carbonate  of  iron  are  placed  under  dolomite,  and  those  with  more, 
having  G.  above  2*95,  under  ankerite. 

The  ratios  of  Mg  C  to  (Fe,  Mn)  C  in  the  analyses  below  are  as  follows : 


1.  1:2 

2.  1  :  2-J- 

3.  1  :  1-1 

4.  1-3  :  1 


5. 


1  :  1 


6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 


1-7 

1-5 

2 

2 


2-1  :  1 


11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 


2-7  :  1 

3  : 1 

2-8  :  1 

3-1  :  1 

4:  1 


Tautodin  Breith.,  is  a  grayish- white  variety,  containing  about  15  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  iron,  and 
having  G.  =  2  961,  Ettling;  from  Beschertgliick,  near  Freiberg  in  Saxony  (anal.  11). 

Analyses  :  1,  Fridau  (Haid.  Ber.,  v.  1) ;  2,  Schrotter  (Baumg.  ZS.,  viii.  1);  3,  Luboldt  (Pogg., 
cii.  455) ;  4,  v.  Hauer  (Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  iv.  827) ;  5,  Schmidt  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  217) ;  6,  Ettling 
(Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xcix.  204);  7,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  vii.  316,  II.  iii.);  8,  v.  Hauer  (1.  c.) ;  9, 
C.  T.  Jackson  (Proc.  Soc.  N.  H.,  Bost.,  v.  246);  10,  Berthier  (1.  c.);  11,  Schmidt  (Ramm.  Min. 
Ch.,  217);  12,  Schnabel  (ib.);  13,  14,  Berthier  (L  c.);  15,  Kiihn  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  lix.  363);  16, 
Schweizer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxiii.  281) : 

CaC     MgC    FeC      MnC 

insol.  0-15=98-34  Fridau. 
=  100-35  Schrotter. 
=99-90  Luboldt.     G.=3'01. 
=  100  Hauer. 
=  101-37  Schmidt. 
=  100-31  Ettling.   G.=3-008. 

99-8  Berthier. 
=  100  Hauer. 
99-70  Jackson. 

99-1  Berthier. 
=99-33  Ettling. 

H  0-15  =  100-01  Schnabel. 

98-0  Berthier. 

99-4  Berthier. 
=101-73  Kiihn. 

iusol.  0-75=99-50  Schweizer. 

In  the  last  analysis  the  ratio  of  (Fe,  Mn,  Mg)  C  to  Ca  C  is  1  to  less  than  1 ;  but  the  specimen 
may  have  been  a  mixture. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  like  dolomite,  but  darkens  in  color,  and  on  charcoal  becomes  black  and  mag- 
netic ;  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron  and  manganese.  Soluble  with  effervescence  in  the  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  with  spathic  iron  at  the  Styrian  mines,  and  at  the  localities  above  mentioned. 

Named  after  Prof.  Anker  of  Styria. 


CaC 

MgC 

FeC 

MnC 

1. 

Admont,  Styria 

47-59 

13-73 

34-74 

2-13, 

2. 

Styria 

50-11 

11-85 

35-31 

3-08= 

3. 

Lobenstein 

51-61 

18-94 

27-11 

2-24= 

4. 

Pinzgau 

49-40 

24-31 

26-29 

= 

5. 

Freiberg 

56-45 

18-89 

15-94 

10-09= 

6. 

Belnhausen 

51-24 

27-32 

21-75 

- 

7. 

Golrath,  Styria 

51-1 

25-7 

20-0 

3-0= 

8. 

U                    t( 

49-2 

30-0 

20-8 

= 

9. 

Nova  Scotia 

49-2 

30-2 

20-3        = 

10. 

Corniglion 

50-9 

29-0 

18-7 

0-5= 

11. 

Tautodin 

49-07 

33-28 

14-89 

2-09= 

12. 

Siegen 

50-00 

34-03 

13-26 

2-57, 

13. 

Schams,  Grisons 

51-6 

31-2 

14-8 

0-4= 

14. 

Muhlen, 

52-8 

32-2 

14-0 

0-4= 

15. 

Schneeberg 

52-64 

36-35 

12-40 

0-34= 

16. 

Tinzen,  Grisons 

46-40 

26-95 

25-40 

j 

718.  MAGNESITE.  Kohlensaurer  Talkerde  Mitchell  &  Lampadius  (first  anal.)  Samml.  pr.  Ch. 
Abb,,  iii.  241.  Reine  Talkerde,  Talcum  carbonatum,  Wern.,  Ludwig,  ii.  154,  1803.  Magnesite 
pt.  Brongn.,  Min.,  i.  489,  1807.  Magnesit  Karst.,  Tabell.,  48,  92,  1808.  Carbonate  of  Magnesia. 


686 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Magne"sie  carbonatee  Fr.  Kohlensaurer  Talk,  Talkspath,  Germ.  Baudisserite  Delameth.t 
Min.,  ii.  1812.  Giobertite  Send.,  Tr.,  410,  1824.  Breunnerite  Haid.,  Mohs's  Min.  trl.,  i.  411, 
1825.  Walmstedtite  Leonh.,  Handb.,  297,  1826.  Brown  Spar  pt 


29',    0  A  72=136°    56';    0=0-8095. 
Also  massive ;  granular  to  very  com- 


Khombohedral.      R  A  72=107° 
Cleavage:  rhombohedral,  perfect, 
pact. 

H.=3-5— 4-5.  G.=3— 3-08,  cryst. ;  2'8,  earthy ;  3—3-2,  when  ferriferous. 
Lustre  vitreous ;  fibrous  varieties  sometimes  silky.  Color  white,  yellowish 
or  grayish-white,  brown.  Transparent — opaque.  Fracture  flat  conchoidal. 

Var. — 1.  Ordinary,  (a)  Crystallized.  In  distinct  rhombohedral  crystals;  E  A  J?=107°  28', 
fr.  Snarum,  Breith. ;  107°  16',  fr.  Tragossthal  (anal  4),  Fcetterle.  (&)  Lamellar;  cleavable.  (c) 
Compact,  fine,  granular ;  (d)  Compact,  and  like  unglazed  porcelain  in  fracture,  (e)  Earthy ;  being 
mixed  with  hydrated  silicate  of  magnesia  or  sepiolite  (meerschaum) ;  including  the  Baudisserite, 
from  Baudissero,  near  Turin,  which  has  some  resemblance  to  chalk,  and  adheres  to  the  tongue. 
Even  the  purer  varieties  of  compact  magnesite  usually  contain  more  or  less  of  the  silicate. 

2.  Ferriferous,  Breunerite;  containing  several  p.  c.  of  protoxyd  of  iron;  G-.=3— 3'2;  white, 
yellowish,  brownish,  rarely  black  and  bituminous ;  often  becoming  brown  on  exposure,  and  hence 
called  Brown  Spar.  R/\R'm  mineral  fr.  Salzburg  (anal.  16)  107°  32',  Dufr. ;  fr.  Pfitsch  (anal.  21) 
107°  22f,  Mitscherlich ;  fr.  Tyrol  (anal.  19)  107°  25',  Brooke,  107°  25|'  Breith.  The  name 
Breunerite  was  originally  given  by  Haidinger  (after  M.  Breuner)  to  the  variety  analyzed  by 
Stromeyer  containing  5  to  10  p.  c.  of  protoxyd  of  iron  (or  8  to  17  p.  c.  of  carbonate) ;  and  Walm- 
stedtite  to  an  included  kind  from  the  Harz,  analyzed  by  Walmstedt  (anal.  18),  differing  only  in 
containing  a  little  more  protoxyd  of  manganese  than  usual  (2  p.  c.). 

Comp. — Carbonate  of  magnesia,  Mg  C  =  Carbonic  acid  52-4;  magnesia  47-6=100  ;  but  prot- 
oxyd of  iron  often  replacing  some  magnesia.  The  ferriferous  part  may  be  present  as  mesitine 
mixed  with  true  magnesite. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Marchand  &  Scheerer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  1.  395);  3,  Miinster  (Pogg.,  Ixv.  292) ;  4,  v. 
Hauer  (Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs,  1855,  68);  5,  Sommer  (Jahrb.  Min.  1866,  456);  6,  Lampadius  (1.  c.); 
7,  8,  Stromeyer  (Kastn.  Arch.,  iv.  432,  Unt.);  9,  Rammelsberg  (Handw.,  397);  10,  Marchand  & 
Scheerer  (L  c.);  11,  CornwaD  (Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  viii.  123);  12.  13,  W.  Beck  (Verb.  Min.  St.  Pet., 
1862,  89)  : 


1.  Snarum,  yw. 

2.  "         w. 

3.  "          " 

4.  Tragossthal,  w. 

5.  Salzburg 


C 

51-45 
51-57 
60-79 

52-24 
49-67 


A 

.  Crystallized. 

Fe 
0-79 
1-41 
2-26 

Mn       Mg 
47-29 
47-02 
45-36 

0-43 
3-62 

47-25 
0-28     44-53 

B.  Compact. 

6.  Hrubschutz  51'0 

7.  Salem,  India  51-83 

8.  Frankenstein  50-22 

9.  52-10 

10.  52-34 

11.  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  white    50-00 

12.  Orenberg,  «  (|)  5 1-80 

13.  L.  Urgun,  Russia,  "  (f)  52-90 


0-21 


0-56 
0'41 
0-04 


47-0 

47-89 
48-36 
47-90 
47-66 
46-71 
46-13 
45-25 


Ca       fl 

0-47 =100  Scheerer :   G-. =3-017 

=100  Scheerer. 

0-26,  3tl  1-12  =  99-79  Minister; 

Q. =3  -065. 

=99-92  Hauer;  G.  =  3'033. 

0-65    ,  insol  0'58=99'33  Sommer. 


1-6=99-6  Lampadius. 

0-28  =  100  Strom. 

1-39=100-18  Strom. 

=100  Ramm. 

=100  Scheerer. 

tr.  0-30,  Si  0-23=97-80  Cornwall. 

1-20  0-63,  Si  0-12=100-29  Beck. 

1-15  0-50,  Si  0-20= 100-04  Beck. 


Breunerite,  Walmskdtite. 


ANHYDROUS    CARBONATES.  687 

C        Fe  Mn  Mg  Ca        H 

14.  Semmering,  white  50'45     3*19  42'49  2-18     ,  C  1-29=99-60  Hauer 

15.  Hall,  black  50'92     5'00  1*51  42'7l  ,  C  0-11  =  100-25  Strom 

16.  Salzburg,         "  50'60     5'20  43'10  ,  Cundet.  =  98-90  Duf 

17.  St.  G-othard,  yellow  50'32     6'54  0'56  41-80 =99*22  Strom. 

18.  Harz  49'22     6'22  1'98  40'15  0'51,  C 1-62,  SiO'30  =  100  Walm 

19.  Tyrol,  yw.  cryst.  50'07     8*16  40'98  =99*21  Brooke. 

20.  Zillerthal,  yw.  49'92     8-58  0-42  40 '38 =99*30  Strom. 

21.  Potschthal,  rbdn.  50-07     9'63  0-73  39-48  =99-96  Magnus. 

22.  Fassa,  yw.-bn.  50-16  10'53  0'48  34'47 =100*64  Strom. 

23.  Zillerth.,  cryst.  49'lt  16'09  81-60  1'97      1-17  =  100  Joy. 

Eatio  of  Mg  C  to  Fe  C  in  the  preceding  analyses : 

14.  25  :  1  18.  9:1  21.  7:1 

15.  12  :  1  19.  9:1  22.  6:1 

16.  12  :  1  20.  8:1  23.  4:1 

17.  11  :  1 

T.  S.  Hunt  (Logan's  Rep.,  1863,  457,  611)  found  the  magnesite  rock  of  Canada  to  contain  8  tc 
10£  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  iron,  with  8  to  40  p.  c.  of  insoluble  matters,  mostly  mixed  quartz. 
That  of  Sutton  afforded  MgC  83-35,  Fe  C  9-02,  mixed  silica  8-03  =  100-40. 

The  white  portions  of  the  verd-antique  of  Roxbury,  Mass.,  are  magnesite  with  about  4  p.  c.  of 
carbonate  of  iron,  as  shown  by  Jackson,  Hayes,  and  Hunt. 

In  the  baudisserite,  Berthier  found  041-80,  Mg  39'00,  meerschaum  19*20  =  100  (Ann.  d.  M., 
1822,  316).  A  variety  of  the  same  was  early  analyzed  by  GTiobert  (J.  d.  M.,  xx.  291,  401,  1803), 
and  another,  from  Castellamonte,  by  Guyton  (Ann.  d.  Ch.,  xlvii.  85,  1803). 

A  magnesite  from  Sasbach,  Kaiserstuhl,  contains  hydromagnesite.  P.  Meyer  found  (Ann.  Ch. 
Pharm.,  cxv.  129),  after  separating  the  impurities,  C  45'27,  Mg  47*69,  Ca  2'47,  H4*57,  equivalent  tc 
Mg  C  82*88,  Ca  C  4'41,  Mg  8*14,  H  4'57. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  resembles  calcite  and  dolomite,  and  like  the  latter  is  but  slightly  acted  upon 
by  cold  acids ;  in  powder  is  readily  dissolved  with  effervescence  in  warm  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Found  in  talcose  schist,  serpentine,  and  other  magnesian  rocks  ;  as  veins  in  serpentine, 
or  mixed  with  it  so  as  to  form  a  variety  of  verd-antique  marble  (magnesitic  ophiolite  of  Hunt) ; 
also,  in  Canada,  as  a  rock,  more  or  less  pure,  associated  with  steatite,  serpentine,  and  dolomite. 
The  breunerite  variety  has  been  found  in  a  meteorite  from  Orgueil  (Descl.). 

Occurs  at  Hrubschiitz  in  Moravia,  where  it  was  first  discovered  by  Mitchell ;  at  Kraubat  and 
Tragossthal,  Styria ;  at  Frankenstein  in  Silesia ;  Snarum,  Norway ;  Baudissero  and  Castellamonte 
in  Piedmont ;  at  other  localities  above  mentioned.  In  America,  at  Bolton,  Mass.,  in  indistinctly 
fibrous  masses,  traversing  white  limestone  ;  at  Lynnfield,  Cavendish,  and  Roxbury,  Mass.,  mixed 
with  or  veining  serpentine ;  at  Barehills,  near  Baltimore,  Md. ;  in  Penn.,  in  crystals  at  "West 
Goshen,  Chester  Co. ;  near  Texas,  Lancaster  Co. ;  as  a  rock,  in  Sutton  and  Bolton,  Canada  East ; 
in  Canton  Upata,  Venezuela,  near  Mission  Pastora,  looking  like  porcelain  in  the  fracture,  as 
observed  by  K  S.  Manross :  in  Tulare,  Alameda,  Mariposa,  and  Tuolumne  Cos.,  California. 

Delametherie,  in  his  Theorie  de  la  Terre,  ii.  93,  1795,  uses  the  name  magnesite  for  the  carbonate 
of  magnesia,  sulphate,  nitrate,  and  muriate,  and  the  carbonate  is  placed  first  in  the  series.  Brong- 
niart,  in  his  Mineralogy,  ii.  489,  1807,  applies  the  name  to  a  group,  including  (l)the  carbonate 
called  Mitchell1  s  magnesite,  (2)  meerschaum,  (3)  the  Piedmont  magnesite,  and  (4)  other  siliceous 
varieties.  As  both  Brongniart  and  Delametherie  gave  the  first  place  to  the  carbonate,  the  name 
magnesite  would  rightly  fall  to  it  in  case  of  the  division  of  the  group.  Karsten,  in  his  Tabelleu, 
1808,  recognized  this  division  of  the  s*pecies,  and  formally  gave  to  the  carbonate  the  name  mag- 
nesite. The  German  mineralogists  have  followed  Karsten,  as  should  have  been  done  by  all.  But 
in  France,  Beudant,  in  1824,  gave  the  name  giobertite  to  the  carbonate,  leaving  magnesite  for  the 
silicate,  and  most  of  the  French  mineralogists  have  followed  Beudant.  G-iobert  analyzed  only  the 
siliceous  variety  from  Baudissero,  the  true  composition  of  the  mineral  having  been  ascertained  by 
Lampadius,  somewhat  earlier,  from  specimens  brought  by  Mitchell  from  Moravia. 

719.  MESITITE.     Mesitinspath  pt.  Breith.,  Pogg.,  xi.  170, 1827.    Mesitin  BrettL,  Pogg.,  Ixx. 

148,  1847. 

Khombohedral.     R  A  7?=  107°  14'.     Cleavage  rhombohedral,  perfect. 
H.=:4—  4*5.     G.=3-33— 3-36.     Lustre  vitreous,  or  a  little  pearly.     Color 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

yellowish-white,  yellowish-gray,  yellowish-brown.     Streak  nearly  white,  or 
colorless.     Transparent  to  subtranslucent. 

Comp.— 2MgC  +  FeC=Carbonate  of  magnesia  59-2,  carbonate  of  iron  48'0= 100. ^  Analyses ; 
1,  Gibbs  (Pog^,  M.  566);  2,  Fritzsche  (Fogg,  Ixx.  146);  3,  Patera  (Haid.  Ber,  u.  296): 

C        Fe        Mg       Ca 

1  Traversella  45'76     24-18     28-12     1-30=99-36  Fritzsche.     G.=3'35. 

2  «  46-05     26-61     27'12     0-22=100  Gibbs. 

3!  Werfen,  ywh.-ln.     45-84    27'37     26'76     =  97'97  Patera.         G.=3«33. 

Pyr.  etc.— -B.B.  blackens  and  becomes  magnetic.  But  slightly  acted  upon  in  mass  by  cold 
acids  •  readily  dissolved  with  effervescence  when  in  powder  by  hot  muriatic  acid. 

Ob's.— From  Traversella,  Piedmont ;  Werfen,  with  lazulite. 

Named  from  /««>«,  a  go-between,  it  being  intermediate  between  magnesite  and  siderite.  The 
species  as  first  described  included  pistomesite. 

720.  PISTOMESITE.    Mesitin  pt.  Breith.,  Pogg.,  xi.  170,  1827.    Pistomesit  Breith.,  Pogg., 

Ixx.  146,  1847. 

Khombohedral.  R  A  72=107°  18'.  Cleavage  rhombohedral.  Coarse 
granular. 

H.=3-5-4.  G. =3-412-3-4:17,  Thurnberg,  Breith. ;  3-427,  Ettling. 
Lustre  vitreous,  or  somewhat  pearly.  Color  yellowish-white  to  yellowish- 
gray.  Streak  uncolored. 

Comp.—MgC  +  FeC= Carbonate  of  magnesia  42,  carbonate  of  iron  58=100.  Analyses:  1, 
Stromeyer  (Breith.,  Pogg.,  xi.  170) ;  2,  Fritzsche  (Pogg.,  Ixx.  146) ;  3,  Ettling  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm., 
xcix.  204) : 

C         Fe        Mg      Ca 

1.  Traversella  44-09    35-53     20'34    =99'96  Stromeyer. 

2.  Thurnberg,  Pistom.    43'62     33-92     21-72 =99'26  Fritzsche.     G.=3'41. 

3.  "  "         44-57     33-15     22'29     =100'01  Ettling.       G.=3'427.   ' 

Pyr.,  etc. — Closely  resembling  mesitite. 

Obs.— Occurs  at  Thurnberg,  near  Flachau  in  Salzburg ;  also  at  Traversella  in  Piedmont. 
Named  by  Breithaupt  from  ^crrd?  and  /leon'rij?,  after  he  had  already  used  Mesitine  (q.  v.),  and 
because  pistomesite  is  nearer  the  middle  between  chalybite  and  magnesite  than  mesitine. 

721.  SIDERITE.   ?  Yena  ferri  jecoris  colore  optima,  Germ.  Stahelreich  Eisen,  Gesner,  Foss.,  90, 
1565.     Spatformig  Jernmalm,  Minera  ferri  alba  spathiformis,  Wall.,   256,   1747.     .Tarn  med 
Kalkjord  forenadt,  Germ.  Stahlstein,  Cronst.,  29,  1758.     Ferrum  cum  magnesio  et  terra  calca- 
rea  acido  aereo  mineralisatum  Bergm.,  Opusc.,  ii.  184,  1780.     Spathiger  Eisen,  Spatheisenstein, 
Germ.    Fer  spathique  de  Lisle,  iii.  281,  1783.     Calcareous  or  Sparry  Iron  Ore  Kirwan.    Spathic 
Iron,  Spathose  Iron.    Brown  Spar  pt.    Steel  Ore.    Carbonate  of  Iron.    Fer  carbonate,  Mine 
d'acier,  Fr.    Kohlensaures  Eisen,  Eisenkalk,  Germ.    Eisenspath  Hausm.,  Handb.,  951,  952, 
1813.      Spherosiderit  Hausm.,  ib.,   1070,   1813,  1847,  *1353.     Siderose  Beud.,  ii.  346,  1832. 
Juncke"rite  Dufr.,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  IvL  198, 1834.    Siderit  Haid.,  Handb.,  499,  1845.     Chalybit 
Glocb.,  Syn,,  241,  1847. 

Oligouspath  Breith.,  Handb.,  ii.  235,  1841=01igonit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1362,  1847.  Thomait 
Meyer,  Jahrb.  Min.  1845,  200.  Siderodot  Breith.,  Haid.  Ber.,  i.  6,  1847.  Sideroplesit  Breith., 
B.  H.  Ztg.,  xvii.  54,  1858.  Thoneisenstein=Clay  Iron  Ore  pt. 

Khombohedral.  E  A  72=107°,  0  A  72=136°  37';  0=0-81715.  Ob- 
served planes  :  rhombohedral,  1,  4,  -5,  -2,  -£  ;  scalenohedral,  I8 ;  pyram- 
idal, f-2 ;  prismatic,  7,  i-2 ;  and  basal,  0.  The  faces  often  curved,  as 
below. 


ANHYDROUS    CARBONATES. 


689 


0  A  2=117°  53' 
0A-f-2=132  30 


A  J=136°  34' 
A  72=133  23 


4  A  4=66°  IS' 
i-2  A  T=155  45 


Cleavage  :  rhombohedral,  perfect.  Twins  :  plane  of  composition  ~J.  Also 
in  botryoidal  and  globular  forms,  subfibrous  within,  occasionally  silky 
fibrous.  Often  cleavable  massive,  with  cleavage  planes  undulating. 
Coarse  or  fine  granular. 


581 


582 


H.  =  3'5— 4'5.  G.:=3'7— 3'9.  Lustre  vitreous,  more  or  less  pearly. 
Streak  white.  Color  ash-gray,  yellowish-gray,  greenish-gray,  also  brown 
and  brownish-red,  rarely  green ;  and  sometimes  white.  Translucent — 
subtranslucent.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp.,  Var. — Carbonate  of  iron,  Fe  C=Carbonic  acid  37*9,  protoxyd  of  iron  62*1.     But  part 
of  the  protoxyd  of  iron  (Fe)  usually  replaced  by  manganese,  and  often  by  magnesia  or  lime. 
The  principal  varieties  are  the  following: 

(1)  Ordinary,     (a)   Crystallized.      (&)   Concretionary = Spherosiderite ;    in  globular  concretions, 
either  solid  or  concentric  scaly,  with  usually  a  fibrous  structure,     (c)  Granular  to  compact  mas- 
sive,    (d)  Oolitic,  like  oolitic  limestone  in  structure,     (e)  Earthy,  or  stony,  impure  from  mixture 
with  clay  or  sand,  constituting  a  large  part  of  the  clay  iron-stone  of  the  Coal  formation  and  other 
stratified  deposits;  H.=3  to  7,  the  last  from  the  silica  present;  G.=3'0— 3'8,  or  mostly  3'15 — 
3-65. 

(2)  Through  differences  in  the  bases  replacing  part  of  the  iron,  there  are  the  following  kinds: 

A.  Containing  little  or  no  manganese  (Mn),  magnesia  (Mg),  or  lime  (Ca).     G.= 

B.  Containing  5  to  12  p.  c.  of  Mn,  with  little  Mg  or  Ca=7  Fe  C+Mn  C  to  4  Fe  C  +  M.n  C. 

C.  Containing  17  to  18  p.  c.  of  Mn  =  2-J-  Fe  C  +  Mn  C. 

D.  Containing  25  p.  c.  of  Mn=l^Fe  C  +  Mn  C  ;  the  oligonspar  of  Breithaupt,  or  oligonite,  hav- 
ing AA  JfeslOT"  4';  GKr=S-7 14— 8*745;  color  yellowish  to  between  flesh- and  iron-red;  streak 
yellowish- white  ;  remarkably  phosphorescent  when  heated. 

E.  Containing  little  manganese  and  much  magnesia,  4  Fe  C  +  Mg  C. 

F.  Ditto,  2  Fe  C+Mg  C,  the  sideroplesite,  Breith.,  from  Pohl,  having  R  A  #=107°  6',  Breith. ; 
G.=3'616— 3'660.      Also  from  other  localities.      Von  Zepharovich  obtained  from  a  cleavage 
rhombohedron  from  Salzburg  (anal.  21)  R  A  R— 107°  5'  16",  and  G.  =  3'699. 

G.  Containing  20  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  lime,  and  looking  like  some  calamine,  the  color  green ; 
from  Altenberg;  formula  8  Fe  C  +  2  Mn  C+3  Ca  C. 

H,  I.  Other  miscellaneous  kinds. 

The  siderodot  of  Breithaupt  is  a  calciferous  spathic  iron  from  Radstadt  in  Salzburg,  having  G. 
-3-41. 

Analyses:  Division  A.  1,  2,  Karsten  (Karst.  Archiv.,  ix.  220);  3,  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  445);  4, 
Stromeyer  (TJnters.);  5,  Bischof  (Rammelsb.  Min.  Chemie,  222);  6,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  viii.  887); 
7,  Glasson  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixii.  89).  B.  8-11,  Karsten  (1.  c.) ;  12,  Stromeyer  (1.  c.);  13,  Schna- 
bel  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  223).  C.  14,  Schnabel  (Ramm.  3d  Suppl.,  112).  D.  15,  Magnus  (Pogg.,  x. 
145).  E.  16,  Khuen  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  224).  F.  17,  Fritzsche  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xvii.  54);  18-20, 
Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  viii.  887);  21,  Sommer  (Jahrb.  Min.  1866,  455).  G.  22,  Monheim  (J.  pr. 
Ch.,  xlix.  318).  H.  23,  Peischel  (Ramm.  1st  Suppl.,  139);  24,  Sander  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  217).  L 
25,  T.  G.  Clemson  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxiv.  170): 

44 


690 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


A. — 1.  Babkovsky,  llack 

2.  Erzberg,  Styria 

3.  Durham,  Eiigl. 

4.  Hanau,  Spherosid. 
6.  L.  Laach,      " 

6.  Pierre  Eousse,  Isere 

7.  Bieber,  white 

B. — 8.  Hackenburg,  white 
9.  Siegen,  ywh. 

10.  "         " 

11.  Miisen,  white 

12.  Stolberg 

13.  Stahlberg 


C.— 14.  Siegen,  Spherosid.  38-22 
D.— 15.  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  Olig.  38-35 
B.— 16.  Mitterberg,  Tyrol  39-51 


C 

Fe 

Mn 

Mg 

36-61 

57-91 

1-51 

tr. 

38-35 

55-64 

2-80 

1-77 

35-90 

54-57 

1-15 



38-04 

59-63 

1-89 



38-16 

60-00 





38-0 

53-8 

1-7 

3-7 

38-41 

53-06 

4-20 

2-26 

38-64 

50-41 

7-51 

2-35 

38-90 

50-72 

7-64 

1-48 

38-85 

47-20 

8-34 

3-78 

39-19 

47-96 

9-50 

3-12 

38-22 

48-20 

7-07 

1-84 

38-50 

47  16 

10-61 

3-23 

0-59,  gangue  0-60=97'22  Karsten. 

0'92=99-4Sa  Karsten. 

318,  fl  2 -63 =97 '43  Thomson. 

0-20=99-91  Stromeyer. 

1-84=100  Bischof. 

1-0=98-2  Berthier. 

1-12,  gangue  0-48=100-01  Glasson 

,  gaugue  0-32=99-23  Karsten. 

0-40,        "       0-48=99-62  Karsten. 
0-63,        "       0-95=99  72  Karsten. 

=99-77  Karsteii. 

0-67,  H:  0-25 =96 '24  Stromeyer. 
0-50=100  Schnabel. 


43-59  17-87     0-24    0-08=100  Schnabel. 

36-81  25-31     =100-47  Magnus. 

51-15     1-62    7-72     =100  Khuen.     G.=3'735. 


F.— 17.  Pohl,  Voigtland 

18.  Allevard,  Isere 

19.  Autun 

20.  Vizelle,  Isere 

21.  Salzburg 


a— 22.  Altenberg 

H.— 23.  Neudorf 

24.  Erzberg,  Styria 

I.— 25.  Plymouth,  Vt. 


(1)41-93 
41-8 
40-4 
42-6 
40-31 


45-06  12-16 

42-8 15-4 

45-2  0-6  12-2 

43-6  1-0  12-8 


=99-15  Fritzsche.     G-.=3'616. 

=100  Berthier. 

=98-4  Berthier. 

=100  Berthier. 


43-86     2-5710-46     0'40,  £e  4-07  =  101-76  Sommer. 


FeC       MnC        MgC        CaC 

64-04      16-56         20-12,  Si  I'lO  Monheim. 


79-34 
79-87 


9-69 
0-16 


74-28        6-56 


7-60 

10-88 

16-40 


5-43=101-06  PeischeL 
11-91  =  100-82  Sander. 

,  £e  0-30,  insol.  1-40=98-94  C. 


ft  9'73  gangue  removed. 


Schnabel  has  analyzed  many  ores  from  different  mines  in  Siegen,  referable  to  division  B  (see 
Lc.). 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  evolves  carbonic  oxyd  and  carbonic  acid,  blackens 
and  becomes  magnetic.  B.B.  blackens  and  fuses  at  4  5.  "With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  iron,  and  with 
soda  and  nitre  on  platinum  foil  generally  gives  a  manganese  reaction.  Only  slowly  acted  upon 
by  cold  acid,  but  dissolves  with  brisk  effervescence  in  hot  muriatic  acid.  Exposure  to  the  atmo- 
sphere darkens  its  color,  rendering  it  often  of  a  blackish-brown  or  brownish-red  color. 

Obs.— Siderite  occurs  in  many  of  the  rock  strata,  in  gneiss,  mica  slate,  clay  slate,  and  as  clay  iron- 
stone in  connection  with  the  Coal  formation  and  many  other  stratified  deposits.  It  is  often  associ- 
ated with  metallic  ores.  At  Freiberg  it  occurs  in  silver  mines.  In  Cornwall  it  accompanies  tin. 
It  is  also  found  accompanying  copper  and  iron  pyrites,  galenite,  vitreous  copper,  etc.  In  New 
York,  according  to  Beck,  it  is  almost  always  associated  with  specular  iron.  Occasionally  it  is  to 
be  met  with  in  trap  rocks  as  spherosiderite. 

In  the  region  in  and  about  Styria  and  Carinthia  this  ore  forms  extensive  tracts  in  gneiss,  which 
extend  along  the  chain  of  the  Alps,  on  one  side  into  Austria,  and  on  the  other  into  Salzburg.  At 
Harzgerode  in  the  Harz,  it  occurs  in  fine  crystals  in  gray-wacke ;  also  in  Cornwall,  Alston-Moor, 
and  Devonshire. 

The  Spherosiderite  occurs  in  greenstone  at  Hanau,  Steinheim,  and  Dransberg,  and  many  other 
places.  Clay  iron-stone,  which  is  a  siliceous  or  argillaceous  carbonate  of  iron,  occurs  in  coal  beds 
near  Glasgow;  also  at  Mouillar,  Magescote,  etc.,  in  France,  etc. 


sie  iron  mines,  St.  Lawrence  Co.  In  N.  Carolina,  at  Fentress  and  Harlem  mines.  The  argilla- 
ceous carbonate,  in  nodules  and  beds  (clay  iron-stone),  is  abundant  in  the  coal  regions  of  Penn., 
Ohio,  and  many  parts  of  the  country.  In  a  clay-bed  under  the  Tertiary  along  the  west  side  of 
'Chesapeake  Bay  for  50  m. 


ANHYDROUS   CARBONATES.  691 

Named  Spherosiderite  by  Hausmann  in  1813,  from  the  concretionary  variety,  and  retained  by 
him  for  the  whole.  Haidinger  reduced  the  name  to  Siderite,  the  prefix  sphero  being  applicable 
only  to  an  unimportant  variety.  Beudant's  name  Side/rose  has -an  unallowable  termination. 
Chalybite,  Glocker,  should  yield  to  Haidinger's  earlier  name  siderite,  as  recognized  by  v.  Kobell 
and  Kenngott. 

Alt.— Spathic  iron  becomes  brown  or  brownish-black  on  exposure,  owing  to  a  peroxydation 
of  the  iron  and  its  passing  to  Umonite  (Fe2H3) ;  and  by  a  subsequent  loss  of  water,  it  may 
pass  to  red  -iron  ore  or  specular  iron  (Pe),  or  to  magnetite  (Fe  3Pe),  the  last  at  times  a  result  of 
deoxydation  of  Fe  by  organic  substances.  It  also  changes  by  substitution,  or  through  the  action 
of  alkaline  silicates,  to  quartz. 

722.  RHODOCHROSITE.  Magnesium  acido  ae'reo  mineralisatum  Bergm.,  Sciagr.,  1782  (with- 
out descr.  or  loc.).  Bother  Braunsteinerz  [=Red  Manganese  Ore],  Rothspath,  Magnesium 
ochraceum  rubrum,  Oxide  de  manganese  couleur  de  rose,  pt.,  of  later  part  of  18th  cent,  (it  being 
confounded  with  the  silicate  analyzed  by  Ruprecht  in  1782,  and  Bergmann's  announcement 
being  doubted).  Luftsaures  Braunsteinerz  (or  Carbonate,  after  Bergm.)  pt.  Lenz,  Min.,  ii.  1794 
(with  mention  of  druses  of  small  crystals  in  "  Rhomben,"  others  in  "Pyramiden,"  but  with  cit. 
of  Ruprecht's  anal.).  Manganese  oxyde  carbonate  (after  Bergm.)  H.,  Tabl.  comp.,  Ill,  1809. 
Dichter  Rothstein  pt.  Hausm.,  Handb.,  302,  1813.  Rhodochrosit,  ?  Kohlensaures  Magnesium 
oxydul  (fr.  Lampadius's  anal,  of  a  Kapnik  sp'n,  in  his  Pr.  Ch.  Abh.,  iii.  239, 1800),  Hausm., 
ib.,  1081,  1813.  Carbonate  of  Manganese.  Manganspath  Wern.  Dialogite  Jasche,  Germar, 
Schw.  J.,  xxvl  119=Blattrige  Rothmanganerz  Jasche,  Kl.  Min.  Schrift,  4,  1817.  Diallogite 
(wrong  Orthogr.).  Rosenspath,  Himbeerspath,  Breith.,  Handb.,  228,  229,  1841  (Char.,  67,  68, 
1832). 

Khombohedral.  R  A  E  =  106°  51',  0  A  R  =  136°  31f;  0=0-8211. 
Observed  planes  :  0 ;  rhombohedrons,  J$,  ~J,  -2 ;  scalenohedrons,  I3,  J3 ; 
prism,  i-%.  Cleavage  :  -Z?,  perfect.  Also  globular  and  botryoidal,  having 
a  columnar  structure,  sometimes  indistinct.  Also  granular  massive  ;  occa- 
sionally impalpable ;  incrusting. 

H.=3-5  —  4-5.  G.=3-4— 3'7;  3-592,  Kapnik.  Lustre  vitreous  inclin- 
ing to  pearly.  Color  shades  of  rose-red ;  yellowish-gray,  fawn-colored, 
dark  red,  brown.  Streak  white.  Translucent — subtranslucent.  Fracture 
uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp. — Mn  C=Carbonic  acid  38'6,  protoxyd  of  manganese  61'4 ;  but  part  of  the  Mn  usually 
replaced  by  lime  (Ca),  and  often,  also,  by  magnesia  (Mg),  or  iron  (Fe) ;  and  sometimes  by  cobalt 
(Co),  when  the  color  is  of  a  deeper  red,  and  G.=3'6608,  Bergemann  (anal.  11).  Analyses:  1, 
Griiner  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xviii.  61);  2,  Berthier  (Ann.  d.  M.,  vL  595);  3-5,  Stromeyer  (G.  Anz. 
Gott,  1081,  1843);  6,  Kersten  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvii.  163);  7,  8,  R.  Kane  (Phil.  Mag.,  Jan.,  1848); 
9,  Hildebrand  (Verh.  nat.  Nassau,  xiv.  434);  10,  Birnbacher  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xcviii.  144);  11, 
Bergemann  (Verh.  nat.  Ver.  Bonn,  111,  1857): 

MgO       FeC        CaC       MgC 

1.  97-1  0-7  1-0          0-8,  Mn  O'l =99'7  Gruner. 

2.  Freiberg  89'2          7-3          8-9  1-6  =  100  Berthier. 

8.         "  73-70  5  75  13-08  7'26,  H  0'05=r99'84  Stromeyer. 

4  Kapnik  89'91        6*05  3'30,  fi  0-44=99-70  Stromeyer. 

5.  Nagyag  86'64        10'58  2'43,  fi  0'31=99'96  Stromeyer. 

6.  Voigtsberg  81-42  3-10  10-81  4'28,  H  0-83  =  99-44  Kersten.     G.=3'553. 

7.  Ireland  74-55  15-01  tr.  ,  clay  0-33,  org.  matters  &  loss  10-11  Kane. 

8.  "  79-94       11-04        2-43         ,  clay  0-37,  org.  matters  &  loss  6- 22  Kane. 

9.  Oberneisen,  cryst.  89-55         0-99        5-18        4-28=100  Hildebrand. 

10.  "  91-31         3-06        5-71         =99'79  Birnbacher. 

11.  Rheinbreitbach      90'88       2'07         T09,  Co  3'7l,  Si  1'36=99-11  Bergemann. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  changes  to  gray,  brown,  and  black,  and  decrepitates  strongly,  but  is  infusible. 
With  salt  of  phosphorus  and  borax  in  O.F.  gives  an  amethystine-colored  bead,  in  R.F.  becomes 


692  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

colorless.  With  soda  on  platinum  foil  a  bluish-green  manganate.  Dissolves  with  effervescence 
in  warm  muriatic  acid.  On  exposure  to  the  air  changes  to  brown,  and  some  bright  rose-red 
varieties  become  paler. 

Obs.— Occurs  commonly  in  veins  along  with  ores  of  silver,  lead,  and  copper,  and  with  other 
ores  of  manganese. 

Found  at  Schemnitz  and  Kapnik  in  Hungary;  Nagyag  in  Transylvania;  near  Elbmgerode  in 
the  Harz ;  at  Freiberg  in  Saxony ;  at  G-lendree  in  the  County  of  Clare,  Ireland,  where  it  forms  a 
layer  2  in.  thick  below  a  bog,  and  has  a  yellowish-gray  color  (anal.  7,  8);  botryoidal  at  Harts- 
hill  in  "Warwickshire. 

It  has  been  observed  in  a  pulverulent  form,  coating  triplite,  at  Washington,  Conn.,  on  the  land 
of  Joel  Camp;  in  New  Jersey,  with  franklinite  at  Mine  Hill,  Franklin  Furnace.  Abundant  at  the 
silver  mines  of  Austin,  Nevada ;  at  Placentia  Bay,  Newfoundland,  in  slates,  fawn-colored  and 
brown,  containing  84'6  Mn  C,  with  14'4  silica. 

Named  rhodochrosite  from  /5<5<W,  a  rose,  and  w<Zaig,  color;  and  dialogite,  from  J<aXoyfj,  doubt.  The 
latter  name  is  attributed  to  Jasche  by  Germar  (1.  c.). 

Alt.— Quartz  pseudomorphs  occur  near  Klein- Voigtsberg. 

723.  SMITHSONITB.  Calamine  pt.  G-almei  pt.  Zincum  acido  aero  mineralisatum  Bergm., 
Sciagr.,  144,  1782,  Opusc.,  ii.  209,  1780  (from  his  own  anal.).  Zinkspath,  Kohlengalmei,  Germ. 
Carbonate  of  Zinc.  Smithsonite  Bend.,  Tr.,  ii.  354,  1832.  Zinkspath,  Kapnit  (or  Capnit),  Breifh., 
Handb.,  241,  236,  1841.  Herrerite  Dd  Rio  is  Smithsonite  F.  A.  Genth,  Proc.  Ac.  Sci.  Philad., 
viL  232.  Dry-bone  Miners. 

Khombohedral.  R  A  72=107°  40',  0  A  72=137°  3';  a=0'S062.  Ob- 
served planes :  0 ;  rhombohedrons,  J?,  4,  -|-,  -2,  -J,  -5  ;  scalenohedron 
1s ;  prism  £2.  £  A  £=137°  7',  2  A  2=80°  33',  J  A  %=68°  14',  5  A  5=64° 
17',  0  A  £—155°  2'.  R  generally  curved  and  rough.  Cleavage  :  R  per- 
fect. Also  reniforaij  botryoidal,  or  stalactitic,  and  in  crystalline  incrus- 
tations ;  also  granular,  and  sometimes  impalpable,  occasionally  earthy  and 
friable. 

H.=5.  G.=4— 4-45;  4*45,  Levy;  4*42,  Haidinger.  Lustre  vitreous, 
inclining  to  pearly.  Streak  white.  Color  white,  often  grayish,  greenish, 
brownish- white,  sometimes  green  and  brown.  Subtransparent — translucent. 
Fracture  uneven — imperfectly  conchoidal.  Brittle. 

Oomp.,  Var. — 2n  C  = Carbonic  acid  35*2,  oxyd  of  zinc  64-8=100:  but  part  of  the  protoxyd 
of  zinc  often  replaced  by  that  of  iron  or  manganese,  and  by  traces  of  lime,  magnesia ;  sometimes 
by  oxyd  of  cadmium  (anal.  9). 

Varieties.— (1)  Ordinary,  (a)  Crystallized;  (b)  botryoidal  and  stalactitic,  common;  (c)  granular 
to  compact  massive ;  (d)  earthy,  impure,  in  nodular  and  cavernous  masses,  varying  from  grayish- 
white  to  dark  gray,  brown,  brownish-red,  brownish-black,  and  often  with  drusy  surfaces  in  the 
cavities ;  "  dry-bone  "  of  American  miners. 

VAE.  depending  on  Gompositwn.  (1)  Containing  less  than  5  p.  c.  of  any  other  carbonate,  and 
without  copper ;  anal.  1-10. 

(2)  Ferriferous  (Zinkeisenspath),  containing  over  20  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  iron;  capnite  Breith., 
having  7?  A  R=  107°  7',  Breith.;  anal.  11-20. 

(3)  Manganiferous,  containing  over  5  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  manganese;  G.=3'95— 4'2 ;  anal. 

(4)  Cupriferous,  Herrerite  of  Del  Rio,  apple-green,  with  rhombohedral  cleavage ;  anal.  25.    There 
are  no  lines  of  strong  demarcation  between  these  varieties  based  on  composition. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Smithson  (Nicholson's  J.,  vi.  76);  3,  Heidingsfeld  (Ramm.  5th  Suppl.) ;  4, 
Schmidt  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ii.  257);  5,  Elderhprst  (G.  Rep.  Arkansas,  153,  1858);  6,  7,  H.  Risse  (Verh. 
nat.  Ver.  Bonn,  86,  1865);  8,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxviii.  480);  9,  Long  (Jahrb.  Min.  1858,  289); 
10,  Marigny  (Ann.  d.  M.,  V.  xi.  672);  11-15,  Monheim  (Ramm.  3d  Suppl.,  131,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlix. 
382);  16-20,  H.  Risse  (1.  c.);  21,  Karsten  (Syst.  d.  MetalL.  iv.  425);  22-24,  Monheim  (1.  c.);  25, 
Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xx.  119): 

C         2n         Fe      Pb 

A.— 1.  Somersetshire  35-2       64  8       =100  Smithson.     G.=4'339. 

2.  Derbyshire  34'8       65'2 =100  Smithson. 


ANHYDROUS   CARBONATES. 


693 


3.  Altenberg 

4  Moresnet,  Belgium 

5.  Marion  Co.,  Ark. 


6.  Altenberg,  w.  cryst. 

7.  "        bnh.    " 

8.  Nertschinsk 

9.  Wiesloch,  ywh. 

10.  Algiers 


B.  —  11.  Altenberg,  gn. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

w.  cryst. 

17. 

leek-gn. 

18. 

ywh.  -an. 

19.           "        ywh. 

20.           " 

0 

2n 

Fe 

Pb 

!5-13 

64-56 



0-16, 

Si  0-15=100  Heidingsfeld. 

13-78 

63-06 

0-34 

j 

Si  1-58,  H  1-28=100-04  Schmidt. 

1-45] 

65-97 

tr. 

» 

Oa  1-07,  quartz  1-51  =  100  Elderhorst. 

2nC 

FeC 

MnC 

MgC 

CaC 

98-24 

0-52 

0-15 

0-23 

0-20,  insol.  0-07=99-41  Risse. 

97-92 

2-26 

o-io 



tfr.  =  100-28  Risse. 

96-00 

2-03 





,  Pb  C  1-12=99-15  Kobell. 

89-97 

0-57 



0-32 

2-43,  Ca  0  3-36,  2n  H  1-94,  Zn  S  0'47, 

sand  0*45  Long. 

90-10 





1-74 

2-30,  Pb  C  0-44,  &s  3-30,  Fe  1-50,  sand 

0-30=99-68  Marigny. 

60-35 

32-21 

4-02 

0-14 

l-90,calamine2-49=101-HM.  G.=4'15. 

55-89 

36-46 

3-47 



2-27,  calamine  0'41  =  98'50  M.    G.=4'04. 

58-52 

35-41 

3-24 



3-67,  calamine  0'48=10r32  Monheim. 

71-08 

23-98 

2-58 



2-54=100-18  Monheim. 

40-43 

53-24 

2-18 



5-09=100-94  Monheim. 

88-72 

10-30 

tr. 

o-io 

1-02,  insol.  0-18=100-32  Risse. 

84-92 

13-46 

0-43 

0-37 

1-03,  insol.  Zr.=  100-21  Risse. 

78-32 

15-66 

5-23 

tr. 

1-20,  insoL  fr-.  =  100'41  Risse. 

77-31 

15-43 

1-16 

4-04 

1-66,  insol.  1-07  =  100-67  Risse. 

67-89 

29-88 

1-30 

tr. 

1-17,  insol.  tfr.=100-24  Risse. 

C.— 21.  Nertschinsk 

22.  Herrenberg,  gn. 

23.  "  pale  gn. 

24.  Altenberg,  ywh.-w. 


89-14  10-71 =99-85  Karsten. 

85-78  2-24     7'62  4'44     0'98,  SiO'09,  fi>.  =  101'15  M.    G.=4'03. 

74-42  3-2014-98  3'88     1'68,  Si  0'20,  H  0-56=98'92  M.  G.=3'98. 

84-92  1-58     6-80  2'84     1-68,  calamine  1-85=99-57  M.    G-.=4'20. 


D.— 25.  Albarradon,  Mex.        93-74 


1-50    0-29     1-48,  Cu  C  3-42=100-43  Genth. 


But  a  part  of  the  24  analyses  of  Altenberg  smithsonite  by  H.  Risse  are  given  above.  He 
writes  the  formula  n2n  C+m(Fe,  Mn,  Mg,  Ca)  C.  The  ratio  of  the  1st  to  the  2d  member  in  anal 
16  (above)  is  7  :  1 ;  in  17,  5  :  1 ;  in  19,  3  :  1 ;  in  20,  2  :  1. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  loses  carbonic  acid,  and,  if  pure,  is  yellow  while  hot  and  color- 
less on  cooling.  B.B.  infusible ;  moistened  with  cobalt  solution  and  heated  in  O.F.  gives  a  green 
color  on  cooling.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  zinc  vapors,  and  coats  the  coal  yellow  while  hot, 
becoming  white  on  cooling ;  this  coating,  moistened  with  cobalt  solution,  gives  a  green  color 
after  heating  in  O.F.  Cadmiferous  varieties,  when  treated  with  soda,  give  at  first  a  deep  yellow 
or  brown  coating  before  the  zinc  coating  appears.  With  the  fluxes  some  varieties  react  for  iron, 
copper,  and  manganese.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid  with  effervescence. 

Obs. —  Smithsonite  is  found  both  in  veins  and  beds,  especially  in  company  with  galenite  and 
blende ;  also  with  copper  and  iron  ores.  It  usually  occurs  in  calcareous  rocks,  and  is  generally 
associated  with  calamine,  and  sometimes  with  h'monite.  It  is  often  produced  by  the  action  of 
sulphate  of  zinc  upon  carbonate  of  lime  or  magnesia. 

Found  at  Nertschinsk  in  Siberia,  one  variety  of  a  dark  brown  color,  containing  cadmium, 
another  of  a  beautiful  bright  green ;  at  Dognatzka  in  Hungary ;  Bleiberg  and  Raibel  in  Carinthia  ; 
Wiesloch  in  Baden,  in  Triassic  limestone ;  Moresnet  in  Belgium ;  Altenberg,  near  Aix  la  Chapelle 
(Aachen),  in  concentric  botryoidal  groups.  In  the  province  of  Santander,  Spain,  between  the 
Bay  of  Biscay  and  the  continuation  of  the  Pyrenees  range,  at  Puente  Viesgo,  the  mountains 
being  only  four  leagues  from  the  coast ;  the  smithsonite  here  occurs  in  mountain  limestone ;  in 
other  places  it  is  found  in  dolomite,  probably  muschelkalk ;  it  is  in  vertical  lodes,  found  fre- 
quently in  scalenohedrons  as  a  pseudomorph  after  calcite.  At  Ciguenza,  5  miles  E.  of  Santan- 
der, the  lode  varies  in  width  from  1  to  2  meters  to  1  inch ;  the  mineral  is  drusy,  cavernous ; 
blende  is  abundant,  and  changes  into  pure  white  smithsonite ;  the  latter  also  occurs  like  chalce- 
dony, in  reniform  and  botryoidal  masses ;  it  sometimes  contains  galena  and  cerussite.  In  Eng- 
land, at  Roughten  Gill,  Alston  Moor,  near  Matlock,  in  the  Mendip  Hills,  and  elsewhere ;  in 
Scotland,  at  Leadhills  ;  in  Ireland,  at  Donegal. 

In  the  U.  States,  in  Conn.,  at  Brookfield  in  very  small  quantities.  In  N.  Jersey,  at  Mine  Hill, 
near  the  Franklin  furnace,  only  pulverulent  from  decomposition  of  zincite.  In  Penn.,  at  Lancas- 
ter abundant,  and  often  in  fine  druses  of  crystals,  also  sometimes  pseudomorphous  after  dolo- 
mite ;  at  the  Perkiomen  lead  mine ;  at  the  Ueberroth  mine,  near  Bethlehem,  in  scalenohedrons, 
also  an  earthy  variety  abundant  as  an  ore.  In  Wisconsin,  at  Mineral  Point,  Shullsburg,  etc., 
constituting  pseudomorphs  after  blende  and  calcite.  In  Minnesota,  at  Ewing's  diggings,  N.W.  of 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Dubuque,  etc.    In  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  along  with  the  lead  ores  in  Lower  Silurian  lime- 
stone. 

Alt — Smithsonite  changes  through  the  action  of  alkaline  silicates  to  calamine  (2n8  Si+|  fi); 
or  becomes  incrusted  with  silica  and  forms  quartz  pseudomorphs.  It  is  also  sometimes  replaced 
by  limonite  or  gothite.  The  concretionary  variety  from  Spain  has  a  nucleus  of  calamine. 

724.  ARAGONITE.  Spath  calcaire  crist.  en  prismes  hexagones  dont  les  deux  bouts  sont  stries 
du  centre  a  la  circonference,  id.  dont  les  deux  bouts  sont  lisses  (fr.  Spam),  Davila,  Cat.  Cab.,  ii.  50, 
52,  1767.  Arragonischer  Apatit  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  i.  95,  1788 ;  Klapr.,  ib.,  i.  299,  Crell's  Ann., 
i.  387,  1788  (making  it  carbonate  of  lime).  Arragonischer  Kalkspath  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  ii.  74, 
1790  (after  Klapr.  anal.).  Arragon  Spar  (var.  of  Calc  Spar)  Kirwan,  Min.,  i.  87,  1794.  Arra- 
gonit  Wern.,  Estner's  Min.,  ii.  1039,  1796.  Excentrischer  Kalkstein  Karsten,  Tabeh1.,  34,  74, 
1800.  Arragonite  (first  made  distinct  from  Calc  Spar  through  cryst.)  Haiiy,  Tr.,  ii.  1801,  and 
Broch.  Min.,  i.  576,  1800.  Iglit  (fr.  Iglo,  Transylvania)  Esmark,  Bergm.  J.,  iii.  99,  1798;  Igloit. 
Nadelstein  Lenz.  Erbseustein  pt.,  Faserkalk  pt.,  Schallenkalk  pt,  Sprudelstein,  Germ.  Chim- 
borazite  E.  D.  Clarke,  Ann.  Phil,  II.  ii.  57,  147,  1821.  TarnovLzit  Breiih.,  Handb.,  252,  1841 ; 
Tarnovicit  Haid.,  Handb.,  1845.  Mossottite  Luca,  Cimento,  vii.  453,  1858.  Oserskit  Breith., 
B.  H.  Ztg.,  xvii.  54,  1858. 

Stalactites  Flos  Ferri,  Marmoreus  ramulosus,  Linn.,  Syst.,  183, 1768.  Stalagmites  coralloides 
Wall,  ii.  388,  1778.  Coralloidal  Aragonite.  Chaux  carbonate  coralloides  H.,  Tr.,  ii.  1801. 
Eisenbliithe  pt.  Wern. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=116°  10',  0  A  1-1=130°  50';  a  :  I  :  c=l-15Tl  : 
1  :  1-6055.  Observed  planes  :  O\  vertical,  1,  i-L  i-l-  domes,  J4,  14  M 
24,  34,  54,  64,  94;  14;  octahedral,  1,  6,  9,  1-2,  2-2,  6-|. 


0  A  14=130°  50' 
0  A  1=126  15 
0  A  1-2=137  15 


0  A  2-2=118°  25' 
0  A  J4=160  11 
0  A  14=144  13 


584 


24  A  24,  top,=69°  30' 
14  A  14,  top, =108  26 
/A  ^'4= 121  55 


585 


it  a 


584A 


Crystals  usually  having  0  striated  parallel  to  the  shorter  diagonal.  Cleav- 
age :  /imperfect;  i4  distinct ;  14 imperfect.  Twins  :  composition-face  /. 
(1)  Consisting  of  two  individuals  ;  (a)  the  two  parts  with  the  planes  i4 
largely  and  normally  developed,  f.  584  and  584A,  the  latter  a  section :  pris- 
matic angles  116°  10'  (=7  A  7)  and  121°  55'  (=7A^4)  with  the  reentering 
angle,  and  also  the  opposite  salient,  116°  10';  (b)  i-l  undeveloped  on  one 
side,  and  the  form  consequently  a  six-sided  prism,  f.  585,  and  a  section  in 
1.  588A,  and  having  three  angles  of  116°  10'  (namely,  7A  7,  7  A  7',  and 


ANHYDROUS    CARBONATES. 


695 


i4  A  i4'\  twoof  121°  55'  (/A  i-%),  and  one  of  12T°  40'  (/A  /') ;  the  simple 
form  of  f.  585  is  shown  in  f.  583  ;  (c)  similar  to  f.  584,  but  penetration 
twins,  the  two  parts  penetrating  and  crossing  one  another  at  middle,  as  in 
f.  586,  a  transverse  section  of  which  is  shown  in  f.  587  (it  may  also  be 
regarded  as  consisting  of  4  individuals,  arranged  as  represented  by  the  4 
nucleal  rhombs  at  the  centre  off.  587,  but  two  by  intersection  may  produce 
the  same  result).  (2)  Consisting  of  more  than  two  individuals  ;  (a)  coin- 


586 


588A 


bined  about  the  acute  angle,  as  the  form  consisting  of  three  individuals,  in 
f.  588B,  a  view  of  base,  or  section,  the  dotted  lines  showing  the  relations 
of  the  constituent  parts ;  by  extension  of  the  combined  crystals  the  form 
may  be  a  hexagonal  prism,  either  of  simple  juxtaposition  or  of  penetra- 
tion ;  also  consisting  of  more  than  three  individuals,  588c ;  (5)  combined 
about  the  obtuse  angle,  as  in  f.  6880,  which,  by  the  extension  of  the 
parts,  may  become  a  hexagonal  prism  with  or  without  reentering  angles  ; 
also  in  f.  588E,  in  which  the  three  individuals  extend  across  the  mid- 
dle, making  a  penetration  twin,  as  illustrated  by  the  numbering  of  the 
parts.  The  penetration  or  crossing  twins  often  have  the  different  parts 
very  unequally  developed  (one  or  two  of  the  three  individuals  extending 
across  and  not  the  other)  and  also  of  very  unequal  dimensions.  Figures 
5  8  SB  to  E  are  views  of  base  of  prism,  showing  the  usual  striae  parallel  to 
the  shorter  diagonal ;  angle  m=r=ll$°  10',  ^=127°  40',  5=168°  30'.  (3) 
Twinning  often  many  times  repeated  in  the  same  crystal,  producing  suc- 
cessive reversed  layers,  the  alternate  of  which  may  be  exceedingly  thin,  a 
structure  illustrated  in  f.  588F  ;  often  so  delicate  as  to  produce  by  the  suc- 
cession a  fine  striation  of  the  faces  of  a  prism  or  of  a  cleavage  plane. 

Also  globular,  reniform,  and  coralloidal  shapes ;  sometimes  columnar, 
composed  of  straight  or  divergent  fibres ;  also  stalactitic ;  incrusting. 

H.=3-5-4.  G.=2-931,  Haidinger ;  2'927,  Biot ;  2'945-2'947,  small 
crystals,  and  others  when  pulverized,  Beudant ;  2'932,  fr.  Kammsdorf, 
Schmid.  Lustre  vitreous,  sometimes  inclining  to  resinous  on  surfaces  of 


696 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


fracture.     Color  white  ;  also  gray,  yellow,  green,  and  violet  ;  streak  uncol- 
ored.     Transparent—  translucent.     Fracture  subconchoidal.     Brittle. 

Var.—  1  Ordinary,  (a)  Crystallized  in  simple  or  compound  crystals,  the  latter  much  the  most 
common;  often  in  radiating  groups  of  acicular  crystals.  (6)  Columnar;  a  fine  fibrous  variety 
with  silky  lustre  is  called  Satin  spar,  (c)  Massive. 

2.  Scaly  massive;  snow-white  (Schaumkalk)  ;  G.  =  2-984;  from  Wiederstadt,  a  pseudomorph 

8  3.f  IJuSiic  or  stalagmitic  (either  compact  or  fibrous  in  structure);  as  with  calcite;  Sprudelr 
stein  is  stalactitic  from  Carlsbad. 

4.  Coralloidal;  in  groupings  of  delicate  interlacing  and  coalescing  stems,  ot  a  snow-white  color, 
and  looking  a  little  like  coral 

5.  Tarnovicite  ;  a  kind  containing  carbonate  of  lead,  from  Tarnowitz  in  bilesia  ;  it  has  1  A  1=. 
116*0  13',  and  0  A  14=144°  15',  Websky. 

Mossottite  is  a  light  green,  columnar,  radiated  variety,  from  the  Lias  cf  Gerfalco,  in  Tuscany, 
containing  nearly  7  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  strontian  and  a  trace  of  copper  ;  G.  =  2-884.  OsersJcite  is 
only  columnar  aragonite  from  Nertschinsk,  Silesia;  G.  =  2'854—  2-855. 

Slender  crystals  from  Gross-Kammsdorf,  near  Saalfeld,  owe  their  tapering  form  to  the  planes 
9-1  6  and  9  (Schmid,  Pogg.,  cxxvi.  147).  Figs.  583,  585,  588  are  from  Naumann. 

Comp.—  Ca  C,  like  calcite,  =  Carbonic  acid  44,  lime  56  =  100.  Analyses:  1-4,  Stromeyer  (De 
Arag.  ;  also  Schw.  J..  xiii.  362,  490,  Gilb.  Ann.,  xliii.  xlv.  xlvii.  xlix.  li.  liv.  bail)  ;  5,  6,  Nendtwich 
(Versamml.  ung.  Naturf.  Neusohl,  1846)  ;  7,  Bottger  (Pogg.,  xlvii.  497)  ;  8,  Stieren  (Arch.  Pharm., 
II.  Ixii.  31);  9,  Winkler  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  319): 


CaO 


SrC      PbC 


H 


£eaH3 


1.  Brisgau 

97-0963 

2-4609 

2.  Nertschinsk 

97-9834 

1-0933 

3.  Eschwege 

96-1841 

2-2J590 

4.  Aussig 

98-00 

1-0145 

5.  Herrengrund 

98-62 

0-99 

6.  Betzbanya 

99-31 

0-06 

7.  Tarnowttzite 

95-940 



8.  Papenberg    - 

97-39 

2-22 

9.  Alston-Moor 

97-35 



3-859 


0-4102      -  =99-9674  Stromeyer. 
0-2578      -  =99-3345  Stromeyer. 
0-3677       0-2207  =  98-9515  Stromeyer. 
0-2139       0-1449=99-3733  Stromeyer. 
0-17     £e  0-11=99-89  Nendtwich. 
0-33  CuC  0-19=99-89  Nendtwich. 
0-157         -  =99'956  Bottger. 
-         -  =H  0-39=100  Stieren. 
--         --  ,  Mg  C  2-49,  Ca  F  *r.=  99-84  W. 


Delesse  finds  in  the  aragonite  of  Herrengrund,  near  Neusohl,  Hungary,  no  strontia,  and  0-13 
p.  c.  of  water.  A  Thurnberg  variety  afforded  B.  Riegel  (Jahrb.  pr.  Pharm.,  xxiii.  348),  2  -2  p.  c. 
of  carbonate  of  strontian.  A  fibrous  variety  from  Dufton  in  Cumberland  afforded  4'25  p.  c.  of 
MnC. 

Kersten  detected  2-19  p.  c.  of  carbonate  of  lead  in  one  specimen.  The  Sprudelstein  of  Carlsbad 
contains  0-69  p.  c.  of  fiuorid  of  calcium  and  0-27  of  arsenic.  Jenzsch  reports  most  aragonites  as 
containing  fluorine,  and  finds  in  one  of  unknown  locality  CaF  3*27,  Ca3P  1*24  p.  c.  ;  G.  =  2-830. 

Luca  gives  for  the  Mossotlite  (1.  c.)  C  41-43,  pa  50-08,  Sr  4  69,  Cu  0'95,  £e  0'82,  F  tr.,  H  1'36= 
99-33.  Plattner  found  only  carbonate  of  lime  in  the  oserskite. 

Aragonite  and  calcite  were  the  first  case  of  dimorphism  observed.  Kirwan  suggested  in  1794 
that  the  prismatic  form  was  due  to  the  presence  of  strontia,  which  Stromeyer  disproved  in  1813. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  B.B.  whitens  and  falls  to  pieces,  and  sometimes,  when  containing  strontia,  imparts 
a  more  intensely  red  color  to  the  flame  than  lime  ;  otherwise  reacts  like  calcite. 

Obs.  —  The  most  common  repositories  of  aragonite  are  beds  of  gypsum,  beds  of  iron  ore  (where 
it  occurs  in  coralloidal  forms,  and  is  denominated  flos-ferri,  "flower  of  iron"),  basalt,  and  trap  rock  ; 
occasionally  it  occurs  in  lavas.  It  is  often  associated  with  copper  and  iron  pyrites,  galenite,  and 
malachite.  It  is  forming  at  an  old  mine  in  Monte  Vasa,  Italy,  at  a  temperature  below  the  boiling 
point  of  water.  It  constitutes  the  pearly  layer  of  shells.  Minute  pointed  crystals  occur  in  drusy 
cavities  in  the  sinter  of  the  thermal  springs  of  Baden. 

First  discovered  in  Aragon,  Spain  (whence  its  name,  the  word  in  Spain  having  but  one  r),  at 
Molina  and  Valencia,  near  Migranilla,  in  six-sided  prisms,  with  gypsum,  imbedded  in  a  ferruginous 
clay.  Since  found  at  Bilin  in  Bohemia,  in  a  vein  traversing  basalt  in  fine  prisms  ;  at  Breisgau  in 
Baden  ;  at  Baumgarten  and  Tarnowitz  in  Silesia  ;  at  Leogang  in  Salzburg,  Austria  ;  in  Waltsch, 
Bohemia,  and  many  other  places.  The  flos-ferri  variety  is  found  in  great  perfection  in  the  Sty- 
rian  mines,  coating  cavities  and  even  caves  of  considerable  extent,  and  associated  with  spathic 
iron.  At  Dufton,  a  silky,  fibrous  variety,  called  satin  spar,  occurs  traversing  shale  in  thin  veins, 
generally  associated  with  pyrite.  In  Buckinghamshire,  Devonshire,  etc.,  it  occurs  in  stalactitic 
forma  in  caverns,  and  of  snowy  whiteness  at  Leadhills  in  Lanarkshire. 


ANHYDROUS   CARBONATES. 


697 


Aragonite  in  fibrous  crusts  and  other  forms  occurs  in  serpentine  at  Hoboken,  N".  J.  (it  has 
been  called  maguesite).  Coralloidal  aragonite  occurs  sparingly  at  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  coating  gypsum 
in  geodes ;  at  Edenville,  N".  Y.,  lining  cavities  of  arsenopyrite  and  cube  ore ;  at  the  Parish  ore 
bed,  Eossie,  N.  Y. ;  at  Haddam,  Conn.,  in  thin  seams  between  layers  of  gneiss ;  at  New  Garden, 
in  Chester  Co.,  Penn. ;  at  Wood's  Mine,  Lancaster  Co.,  Penn. ;  at  Warsaw,  111.,  lining  geodes ;  on 
the  north  boundary  of  the  Creek  nation,  16  m.  from  the  crossing  of  the  Arkansas,  in  hexagonal 
crystals  nearly  |  in.  through. 

Alt. — Aragonite  may  undergo  similar  changes  with  calcite.  It  also  passes  to  calcite,  through 
paramorphisrn.  Pseudomorphs  of  copper  after  aragonite  are  reported  from  Bolivia,  and  also 
from  Corocoro,  Peru. 


725.  MANGANOOALCITE. 


Manganocalcit  Breith.,  Pogg.,  Lsts.  429,  1846.    Fasriger 
Braimspath  Wern. 


In  rhombic  prisms  like  aragonite,  and  closely  related  to  that  species. 
Cleavage  lateral,  also  brachydiagonal.  Radiated  fibrous  or  columnar. 

H.=4— 5.  Gr.=3'037.  Lustre  vitreous.  Flesh-red  to  dull  reddish- 
white.  Streak  colorless.  Translucent. 

Comp. — 2  Mn  C  +  (C/a,  Mg)  0,  with  a  little  of  the  manganese  replaced  by  iron ;  or  of  the  general 
formula  K  C.  Analyses:  1,  Eammelsberg (Pogg.,  Ixviii.  511);  2,  Missoudakis  (Jahrb.  Min.  1846, 
614): 

1.  Mn  0  67-48        Fe  C  3'22        Mg  C  9'97         Ca  0  18'81  =  99'48  Ramni. 

2.  77-98  3-31  18-71  =  100  Missoudakis. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  for  rhodochrosite. 

Obs. — From  Schemnitz  in  Hungary,  with  quartz,  blende,  galenite,  etc. 

THOMAITB  Mayer  (Jahrb.  Min.  1845,  200).  A  carbonate  of  iron,  occurring  in  pyramidal  crys- 
tallizations which  are  said  to  be  orthorhoinbic ;  also  massive.  G-.=3'10.  Lustre  pearly.  An 
analysis  by  Meyer  afforded  C  33*39,  Fe  53-72,  Mn  0'65,  Mg  0-43,  Oa  1'52,  A1!  4-25,  Si  6-04=100. 
From  Bleis-Bach,  in  Siebengebirge.  Named  after  Prof.  Thoma  of  Wiesbaden. 

Junckerite  of  Dufrenoy  was  described  as  having  the  same  characters,  but  proved  to  be  only 
common  spathic  iron ;  and  the  same  fate  may  befall  thomaite. 

726.  WITHERITE.  Terra  ponderosa  aerata  Withering,  Trl.  Bergm.  Sciagr.,  29,  1783,  Phil. 
Trans.,  293,  1784.  Witherit  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1790,  ii.  225.  Aerated  Barytes  Watt,  Mem. 
Manchester  Soc.,  iii.  599,  1790.  Barolite  Kirwan,  Min.,  i.  134,  1794.  Kohlensaurer  Baryt 
Germ.  Baryte  carbonatee  Fr. 

Orthorhombic.     7  A  7=118°  30',  0  A  1-1=128°  45' ;   a  :  1)  :  tf=l' 

589  590  594 


1  :  1-6808.     Observed  planes,  7,  J,  J,  1,  f,  2. 
H5°  247  A  2=160°  58      7A=155° 


0  A  1=124°  35J',  7A  1= 


698  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

109°  55J',  1  A  1,  mac.,=130°  13',  brach.,  89°  57',  has.,  110°  49'.  Twins  : 
all  the  annexed  figures,  composition  parallel  to  /;  reentering  angles  some- 
times observed.  Cleavage:  /distinct;  also  in  globular,  tuberose,  and 
botryoidal  forms;  structure  either  columnar  or  granular;  also  amor- 
phous. 

H.— 3—3.75.  G.=4:-29— 4-35.  Lustre  vitreous,  inclining  to  resinous, 
on  surfaces  of  fracture.  Color  white,  often  yellowish,  or  grayish.  Streak 
white.  Subtransparent — translucent.  Fracture  uneven.  Brittle. 

Comp.— Ba  C=Carbonic  acid  22'3,  baryta  77'7  =  100.  Analyses  of  the  Anglezarke  mineral : 
Klaproth  (Beitr.,  i.  260,  ii.  84)  obtained  C  22,  Ba  78;  Withering  (1.  c.),  C  21*4,  Ba  78'6. 

Thomson's  Sulphate-carbonate  of  Baryta  (Kec.  Gen.  Sol,  i.  375,  1835,  and  Min.,  i.  106)  is  wither- 
ite  incrusted  by  barite,  as  shown  by  Heddle  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xiii.  537),  who  analyzed  specimens 
from  Hexham  in  Northumberland,  and  Dufton  Fells  in  Westmoreland. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  fuses  at  2  to  a  bead,  coloring  the  flame  yellowish  green ;  after  fusion  reacts 
alkaline.  B.B.  on  charcoal  with  soda  fuses  easily,  and  is  absorbed  by  the  coal.  Soluble  in  dilute 
muriatic  acid ;  this  solution,  even  when  very  much  diluted,  gives  with  sulphuric  acid  a  white 
precipitate  which  is  insoluble  in  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Alston-Moor  in  Cumberland,  associated  with  galenite,  in  veins  traversing  the 
coal  formation ;  at  Fallowfield  near  Hexham  in  Northumberland,  in  splendid  crystals,  sometimes 
transparent,  and  occasionally  6  in.  long ;  at  Anglezarke  in  Lancashire,  a  fibrous  variety ;  at  Arken- 
dale  in  Yorkshire ;  near  St.  Asaph  in  Flintshire ;  Tarnowitz  hi  Silesia ;  Szlana,  Hungary ;  Leo- 
gang  in  Salzburg ;  Peggau  in  Styria ;  Zmeoff  in  the  Altai ;  some  places  in  Sicily ;  the  mine  of 
Arqueros,  near  Coquimbo,  Chili ;  L.  Etang  Island ;  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  with  barite. 

Witherite  is  extensively  mined  at  Fallowfield,  and  is  used  in  chemical  works  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  plate-glass,  and  in  France  in  making^  beet-sugar. 

Alt.— Witherite  is  altered  to  barite  (Ba  S)  through  the  action  of  sulphate  of  lime  in  solution 
at  the  ordinary  temperature,  or  by  the  action  of  other  sulphates  in  solution,  or  of  water  contain- 
ing sulphuric  acid. 

727.  BROMLITE.  Barytocalcite  J.  F.  W.  Johnston,  PhiL  Mag.,  III.  vl  1,  1835,  x.  373,  1837. 
Bicalcareo-carbonate  of  Barytes  (from  a  wrong  anal.)  Thomson,  Kec.  Gen.  Sci.,  i  373,  1835. 
Bromlite  Thorns.,  Phil.  Mag.,  xi.  45,  48,  1837.  Alstonite  Breith.,  Handb.,  ii.  255,  1841.  ' 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=118°  50',  DescL,  0  A  14=128°  39' ;  a\l\c= 
1-2504: :  1  :  1-6920.  Observed  planes  :  0  ;  prism,  7;  octahedrons,  1,  2; 
domes,  14,  24.  0  A  14=143°  32£',  14  A  14,  bas.,=72°  55',  24  A  24,  bas., 
=111°  50',  1  A  1,  mac.,=130°  27',  1  A  1,  brach.,=89°  40'.  Twins  :  double 
six-sided  pyramids,  with  angles  122°  30',  and  142° ;  reentering  angle  178° 
51'.  Cleavage:  /and  0  rather  indistinct. 

H.=4— 4-5.  G.=3-718,  Thomson;  3*706,  Johnston.  Lustre  vitreous. 
Colorless,  snow-white,  grayish,  pale  cream -color,  pink.  Translucent.  Frac- 
ture granular  and  uneven. 

Comp.— BaC  +  CaC,  like  barytocalcite = Garb,  baryta  66'3,  carb.  lime  33-7  =  100. 
Analyses :  1,  Johnston  (1.  c.) ;  2,  Thomson  (PhiL  Mag.,  XL  45) :  3,  Delesse  (Ann.  Oh.  Phys., 
IIL  xiii.  425);  4,  v.  Hauer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  iv.  832,  1853)  : 

BaC         CaC        SrC       MnC 

1.  Bromley        62-16        30'29        6'64        =99'9  Johnston 

2.  Fallowfield    60-63        30'19    '   9'18=100  Thomson. 

65-31        32-90        1-10        .  Si  0'20,  Mn  0'16=99'67  Delesse. 

65-71        34-29 ,  Si  fr.=100  Hauer. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Same  as  in  barytocalcite. 

Obs.— Found  at  the  lead  mine  of  Fallowfield,  near  Hexham  in  Northumberland,  with  witherite ; 
and  at  Bromley  Hill  near  Alston  in  Cumberland,  in  veins  with  galenite,  whence  the  name  Brom- 
hte,  given  by  Thomson.  Most  English  mineralogical  authors  have  set  aside  Thomson's  name, 


ANHYDROUS   CARBONATES. 


699 


although  the  earliest  and  of  British  origin,  for  Breithaupt's. 
reason  for  this. 


There  appears  to  be  no  sufficient 


728.  STRONTIANITE.  Strontianit  Sulzer,  Lichtenberg's  Mag.,  vii.  3,  68,  Bergm.  J.,  1791,  i. 
5,  433.  Strontian  Wern.  Strontiaiiit,  Kohlensaure  Strontianerde,  Klapr.,  Crell's  Ann.,  1793, 
ii.  189 ;  1794,  i.  99 ;  Beitr.,  i.  268.  Mineral  from  Strontian,  Strontian  Spar  (not  Strontites= 
Strontia),  Hope,  Edinb.  Trans.,  iv.  3,  1798  (Art.  read  Nov.,  1793).  Carbonate  of  Strontian. 
Stroutiane  carbonatee  Fr. 

Emmonite,  Calcareo-carbonate  of  Strontian,  Thomson,  Rec.  Gen.  Sci.,  iii.  415,  1836.     Bary- 
strontianite,  Stromnite,  S.  Traill,  Ed.  PhiL  J.,  L  380,  1819. 

Orthorhombic.  /A  7=117°  19',  0  A  14=130°  5';  a  :  I  :  c=l-1883  :  1  : 
1*64:21.  Observed  planes  :  octahedrons,  -J,  •$-,  1,  J-,  2,  3,  4,  8 ;  domes,  -J-£, 
I-i,  f  4,  24,  44,  64,  84,  124. 


o  A  44=149°  17' 

0  A  |=145  11 
0  A  1=125  43 


0  A  14=144°  6' 
14  A  14,  bas.,=71  48 
24  A  24,  bas.,=110  44 


1  A  1,  mac., =130°  V 
1  A  1,  brach.,=92  11 
1  A  1,  bas.,=108  35 


Cleavage :   7  nearly  perfect,  i4  in  traces.     Crystals  often  acicular  and 
in  divergent  groups.     Twins  :  like  those  of  aragonite.     0  usually  striated 
parallel  to  the  shorter  diagonal.     Also  in  colum- 
nar globular  forms ;  fibrous  and  granular. 

H.=3-5-4.     G.=3-605— 3-713.     Lustre  vit- 
inclining  to  resinous  on  uneven  faces  of 


596 


reous 


creen 


brown.      Streak  white, 
cent.     Fracture  uneven. 


fracture.       Color   pale    asparagus-green,    apple- 
also  white,  gray,  yellow,  and  yellowish- 
Transparent — translu- 
Brittle. 

Comp.— Carbonate  of  Strontia,  SrO=Carbonic  acid  29-8,  strontia  70'2  ;  but  a  small  part  of  the 
strontia  often  replaced  by  lime. 

Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  L  270,  ii  84);  2,  Stromeyer  (Unters.,  i.  193);  3,  Thomson  (Min., 
i.  108);  4,  Stromeyer  (1.  c.);  5,  Jordan  (Schw.  J.,  Ivii.  344);  6,  Redicker  (Pogg.,  1.  191);  7, 
Schnabel  (Ramm.  5th  Suppl.) ;  8,  Von  der  Mark  (Yerh.  nat.  Ver.  Bonn,  vi.,  Jahrg.,  272): 

3Pe  5tn      fl 

0-5=100  Klapr. 

0-07  0-07  =  99-52  Strom. 

O'Ol =99-72  Thomson. 

0-09     0-07=98-90  Strom. 

0-25=99-62  Jordan. 

0-08=100  Redicker. 

=99-60  Schnabel. 

=99-21  Mark. 

Thomson  obtained  in  his  emmonite  (I.  c.)  Sr  0  82-69,  CaC  12-50,  £e  I'OO,  zeolite  3-79=99-98. 
Train's  stromnite  afforded  him  Sr  C  68'6,  BaS  (barite)  27'5,  CaC  2*6,  oxyd  of  iron  O'l ;  color 
grayish-white;  G. =3-703.  It  is  pronounced  a  mixture  by  Greg  and  Lettsom.  It  is  from  near 
Stromness,  on  Pomona,  one  of  the  Orkneys. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  swells  up,  throws  out  minute  sprouts,  fuses  only  on  the  thin  edges,  and  colors 
the  flame  strontia-red ;  the  assay  reacts  alkaline  after  ignition.  Moistened  with  muriatic  acid  and 
treated  either  B.B.  or  in  the  naked  lamp  gives  an  intense  red  color.  With  soda  on  charcoal  the 
pure  mineral  fuses  to  a  clear  glass,  and  is  entirely  absorbed  by  the  coal ;  if  lime  or  iron  be  present 
they  are  separated  and  remain  on  the  surface  of  the  coal.  Soluble  in  muriatic  acid ;  the  dilute 
solution  when  treated  with  sulphuric  acid  gives  a  white  precipitate. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  Strontian  in  Argyleshire,  in  veins  traversing  gneiss,  along  with  galenite  and 
barite,  in  acicular  diverging  and  fibrous  groups,  rarely  in  perfect  crystals ;  in  Yorkshire,  England ; 
Giant's  Causeway,  Ireland ;  Clausthal  in  the  Harz ;  Braunsdorf,  Saxony ;  Leogang  in  Saltzburg. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 

Strontian. 
(i 

<( 

Braunsdorf,  Sax. 
Clausthal,  white 
Hamm,  "Westph. 

((                       U 
U                      <( 

C 

30-0 
30-31 
30-66 
29-94 
30-59 
30-80 
30-86 
30-84 

Sr 
69-5 
65-60 
65-53 
67-52 
65-14 
65-30 
64-32 
63-57 

Ca 

3-47 
3-52 
1-28 
3-64 
3-82 
4-42 
4-80 

700 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


In  the  U  States  it  occurs  at  Schoharie,  N.  T.,  in  granular  and  columnar  masses,  and  also  in 
crystals  forming  nests  or  geodes,  often  large,  in  the  hydraulic  limestone,  associated  with  barite, 
pyrite,  and  calcite.  At  Muscalonge  Lake  a  massive  and  fibrous  variety  ot  a  white  or  greenish- 
white  color,  is  sometimes  the  matrix  of  fluorite.  Chaumont  Bay  and  Theresa,  in  Jefferson  Co, 
N.  Y.,  are  other  localities. 

Alt.— Strontianite  is  altered  to  celestite  in  the  same  way  as  witherite  to  barite. 

729.  CERUSSITE.  W^vOiov  Theophr.,  etc.,  Cerussa  Pirn.,  etc.,  Agric.,  but  only  the  artificial. 
Cerussa  nativa  ex  agro  Yicentino  Gesner,  Foss.,  85,  1565.  Blyspath  (=Bleispath  Germ.), 
Minera  Plumbi  spathacea,  Wall.,  Min.,  295,  1747.  Plomb  spathique  Fr.  Trl.  Wall.  Min.,  i.  536, 
1753.  Bly-Spat,  Spatum  Plumbi  (the  hard);  Bly-Ochra,  Cerussa  nativa  (the  pulverulent), 
Cronst.,  Min.,  1758.  Plumbum  acido  aereo  mineralisatum  Bergm.,  Opusc.,  ii.  426, 1780.  Weiss- 
bleierz  Wern. ;  Plombe  blanche  Fr, ;  White  Lead  Ore.  Kohlensaures  Blei  Germ. ;  Carbonate 
of  Lead;  Plomb  carbonate  Fr.  Ceruse  Bead.,  Tr.,  ii.  363,  1832.  Cerussit  Haid.,  Handb.,  503, 
1845.  Iglesiasite  (Zinc-Bleispath  Kersteri)  Huot,  Min.,  618,  1841. 


600 


0  A  1=125°  46' 
0  A  4-5=149  21 
0  A  14=144  8 
0  A  24=124  40 
/At4=121  24 
i4  A  24=145  20 

53 


24  A  24,  has., =110°  40' 
14  A  14,  bas.,=71  44 
44  A  44,  bas.,=39  45 
i-&  A  •fc-S,  ov.  ^4, =122  43 
1  A  1,  mac.,=130 
1  A  1,  brach.,=92  19 
1  A  1,  bas.,=108  28 

Cleavage  :  I  often  imperfect ;  24  hardly  less  so.  Crys- 
tals usually  thin,  broad,  and  brittle ;  sometimes  stout. 
Twins :  very  common ;  composition  face  /,  producing 
usually  cruciform  or  stellate  forms.  1.  Consisting  of  two  individuals  ;  (a) 
similar  to  f.  584  under  aragonite,  p.  694,  or  to  f.  600  if  the  left  of  the  three 
rays  were  wanting  ;  (b)  cruciform,  similar  in  mode  of  intersection  to  f.  586, 
587,  p.  695.  2.  Consisting  of  more  than  two  individuals  ;  (a)  three-rayed, 
f.  600,  a  view  of  a  section,  showing  at  centre  the  position  of  the  three  com- 
bined crystals ;  (b)  six-rayed,  f.  599,  which  may  consist,  like  the  last,  of 
three  combined  crystals,  if  the  crystals  cross  at  centre  so  as  to  make  a  pen- 
etration-twin ;  the  forms  sometimes  thin,  as  in  f.  599,  but  often  consisting 


ANHYDROUS    CARBONATES.  701 

of  stout  crystals  similar  in  form  to  f.  597,  the  planes  /  in  this  form  having 
the  same  position  as  /,  /in  f.  599. 

Karely  fibrous,  often  granular  massive  and  compact.  Sometimes  stalac- 
titic. 

H.=3— 3*5.  G.— 6'465— 6'480  ;  some  earthy  varieties  as  low  as  5*4. 
Lustre  adamantine,  inclining  to  vitreous  or  resinous ;  sometimes  pearly ; 
sometimes  submetallic,  if  the  colors  are  dark,  or  from  a  superficial  change. 
Color  white,  gray,  grayish-black,  sometimes  tinged  blue  or  green  by  some 
of  the  salts  of  copper;  streak  uncolored.  Transparent — subtranslucent. 
Fracture  conchoidal.  Very  brittle. 

Comp. — ?b  C=Carbonic  acid  16'5,  oxyd  of  lead  83-5  =  100.  Analyses:  1,  Westrumb  (L  c,); 
2,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iii.  167) ;  3,  J.  A.  Phillips  (Q.  J.  Ch.  Soc.,  iv.  175) ;  4,  Bergemann  (Chem. 
Unters.  Bleib.,  167,  175);  5,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xx.  245)  : 

C  Pb 

1.  Zellerfeld  16'00  81-20,  Fe  0'50,  Oa  0'90=98-60  Westrumb. 

2.  Leadhills  16  82=98  Klaproth. 

3.  Durham  16'05  83-56  =  99'61  Phillips. 

4.  Eifel  16-49  83'51  =  100  Bergemann. 

5.  Phenixville,  Pa.  16-38  83-76-100-14  Smith. 

Stalactites  from  Brigham's  diggings,  Wis.,  afforded  J.  D.  Whitney  (Upp.  Miss.  Eep.,  291,  1862) 
Carbonate  of  lead  93-84,  of  lime  (T18,  of  magnesia  tr.,  sesquioxyd  of  iron,  etc.,  1-42,  clay  and  sand 
3-43  =  99'27.  Kersten  obtained  for  the  iglesiasite  (Schw.  J.,  Ixv.  365)  Pb  0  92*10,  2nC  7'02  = 
99-12=6  PbC  +  2nC. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates,  loses  carbonic  acid,  turns  first  yellow,  and  at  a 
higher  temperature  dark  red,  but  becomes  again  yellow  on  cooling.  B.B.  on  charcoal  fuses  very 
easily,  and  in  R.F.  yields  metallic  lead.  Soluble  in  dilute  nitric  acid  with  effervescence. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  connection  with  other  lead  minerals,  and  is  formed  from  galenite  (sulphid  of 
lead),  which,  as  it  passes  to  a  sulphate,  may  be  changed  to  carbonate  by  means  of  solutions  of 
bicarbonate  of  lime.  It  is  found  at  Johanngeorgenstadt  in  beautiful  crystals ;  at  Nertschinsk  and 
Beresof  in  Siberia  ;  near  Bonn  on  the  Ehine  ;  at  Clausthal  in  the  Harz ;  at  Bleiberg  in  Carinthia ; 
at  Mies  and  Przibram  in  Bohemia ;  at  Retzbanya,  Hungary ;  in  England,  in  Cornwall,  in  the  mine 
of  St.  Minvers  ;  delicate  crystals  10  in.  long  were  formerly  found  near  St.  Austell  and  elsewhere; 
at  E.  Tamar  mine,  Devonshire ;  near  Matlock  and  Wirksworth,  Derbyshire ;  in  Cardiganshire, 
Wales  ;  at  Leadhills  and  Wanlockhead.  Scotland,  formerly  in  fine  crystals ;  in  Wicklow,  Ireland, 
magnificent,  sometimes  in  heart-shaped  macles.  In  pseudomorphs,  imitating  anglesite  and  lead- 
hillite,  at  Leadhills. 

Found  in  Mass.,  sparingly  at  the  Southampton  lead  mine.  In  Penn.,  at  Phenixville,  in  fine  crys- 
tals, often  large ;  also  good  at  Perkiomen.  In  N.  York,  at  the  Rossie  lead  mine,  but  rare.  In 
Virginia,  good  crystals  at  Austin's  mines,  Wythe  Co.  In  N.  Carolina,  at  King's  mine,  Davidson 
Co.,  good.  At  Valle's  diggings,  Mo.,  but  seldom  crystallized;  in  Wisconsin  and  other  lead  mines 
of  the  northwestern  States,  rarely  in  crystals  ;  near  the  Blue  Mounds,  Wis.,  at  Brigham's  diggings, 
in  stalactites. 

Alt. — Cerussite  occurs  altered  to  pyromorphite,  or  phosphate  of  lead ;  probably  through  the 
action  of  waters  holding  phosphate  of  lime  in  solution  ;  also  to  galenite  (Pb  S)  through  the  action 
of  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  and  minium  by  oxydation ;  also  to  breunerite,  malachite,  and  chryso- 
colla. 


730.  BARYTOCALCITE.    Brooke,  Ann.  PhiL,  II  viii.  114,  1824. 

Monoclinic.  <7=T3°  52',  I A  7=106°  54',  0  A  1-1=149°  ;  a  :  I  :  c= 
0-81035  :  1  :  1-29583.  0  A  1-^=14T°  34',  0  A  £*=106°  8',  i-i  A  1-^138° 
34',  i-l  A  ^-2=124°,  2-2  A  2-2,  over  6-6, =95°  8^6-6  A  6-6,  adj.,=146°  V. 
Cleavage  :  /,  perfect ;  0,  less  perfect ;  also  massive. 


702  OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 

603  H.=4r.     G.^3'6363— 3-66.     Lustre  vit- 

reous, inclining  to  resinous.     Color  white, 
604  grayish,   greenish,   or   yellowish.       Streak 

white.      Transparent — translucent.     Frac- 
ture uneven. 

Comp.— Ba  C  +  Ca  C=(i  Ba+|  Ca)  C=Carbonate  of 
baryta  66'3,  carbonate  of  lime  33-7  =  100.  Analyses :  1, 
Children  (Ann.  Phil.,  viii.  115);  2,  Delesse  (Ann.  Ch. 
Pharm.,  III.  xiii.  425) : 

i^Jl  Ba(3     CaC      Si 

>^.    J  i.     65-9       33-6        =99-5  Children. 

2.     66-20    31-89     0'27=98'36  Delesse. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  colors  the  flame  yellowish-green, 
and  at  a  high  temperature  fuses  on  the  thin  edges  and  assumes  a  pale  green  color  (manganate  of 
baryta,  Plattner)  -the  assay  reacts  alkaline  after  ignition.  With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  manganese. 
With  soda  on  charcoal  the  lime  is  separated  as  an  infusible  mass,  while  the  remainder  is  absorbed 
by  the  coal  Soluble  in  dilute  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. Occurs  at  Alston-Moor  in  Cumberland,  in  attached  crystals  and  massive,  in  the  Subcar- 

boniferous  or  mountain  limestone.    Fig.  604  is  from  Brooke  and  Miller.     Crystals  2  in.  long  have 
been  obtained. 


731.  PARISITE.    Musite  Medici-  Spada,  1835.    Parisit  Medici-  Spada,  Bunsen,  Ann.  Ch. 

Pharm.,  liii.  147,  1845. 

Hexagonal.  In  elongated  double  six-sided  pyramids,  with  truncated 
apex  ;  basal  angle  164°  58',  pyramidal  120°  34'.  Cleavage  :  basal,  very 
perfect. 

H.=4-5.  G.=4-35,  Bunsen;  4'31T,  Dufr.  Yitreous  ;  cleavage-face 
pearly  or  resinous.  Color  browTnish-yellow  ;  streak  yellowish-  white. 

Oomp.—  (Ce,  La,  Di)  C+£(Ca,  Ce)F;  whence,  making  Ce  :  La  :  Di=:4  :  1  :  1,  as  in  Damour  & 
Deville's  anal,  the  percentage  is,  carbonic  acid  24*5,  protoxyd  of  cerium  40'3,  protoxyd  of  lantha- 
num 10-2,  protoxyd  of  didymium  10-4,  fluoridof  calcium  14*6=  100.  These  chemists  show  that 
the  water  found  by  Bunsen  is  accidental.  Analyses  :  1,  2,  Bunsen  (1.  c.)  ;  3,  Damour  &  Deville 
(C.  R,  lix.  271): 


Ce        La        Di       Ca 


1.  23-51 

2.  23-64 

3.  23-48     42-52 


69-44 

60-26 

8-26 


9-58 


8'17 
3-15 
2-85 


H  CaF 

2-38  11-51 
2-42  10-53 
10-10,  CeF  2-16,  Mn  «r. =98-95  D.  &  D. 


Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  no  water,  but  gives  off  carbonic  acid  and  becomes  lighter 
in  color.  B.B.  glows  and  is  infusible.  With  fused  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the  open  tube  gives  B.B. 
the  reaction  for  fluorine.  With  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  in  the  platinum  loop  gives  a  glass, 
yellow  while  hot  and  colorless  on  cooling.  Dissolves  slowly  in  muriatic  acid  with  effervescence. 

Obs. — From  the  emerald  mines  of  the  Muso  valley,  New  Granada,  where  it  was  discovered  by 
J.  J.  Paris,  the  proprietor  of  the  mine,  and  from  which  place  it  was  sent  in  1835  to  Medici-Spada, 
of  Rome,  by  Col.  Acosta. 

Named  after  J.  J.  Paris.  The  earlier  name  Musite  (sometimes  written  Hussite,  the  name  of  the 
valley  being  written  both  Muso  and  Musso,  as  well  as  Muzo)  is  objectionable,  because  of  the  use 
of  the  name  Mussite  for  a  variety  of  amphibole. 


ANHYDROUS   CARBONATES. 


703 


732.  KESCHTIMITE.    Kischtim-Parisit  T.  Korovaeff,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet,  iv.  401,  1861,  J.  pr. 
Ch.,  Ixxxv.  442,  1862.     Kischtimite  G.  J.  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxv.  427,  1863. 

Amorphous. 

G.  =4-784.  Lustre  between  greasy  and  vitreous.  Color  dark  brownish- 
yellow.  Streak  much  lighter  than  color.  In  small  pieces  translucent. 
Friable. 

Comp.— 6LaC+Ce20?+CeaF3+2ft,  or  3  LaC  +  Ce2(F,  0)3+fr,  Korovaeff,=  Carbonic  acid 
•6,  lanthana  37*7,  cerium  25*2,  fluorine  7*5,  oxygen  9*6,  water  2'4=100.     The  water  is  probably 


17-6. 

unessential,  as  in  parisite.     Analysis :  Korovaeff  (1.  c.)  : 

C          La        Ce         F 
(f)  17-19     36-56     27-81     6'35 


0 

[9-89] 


fl 
2-20 


Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  at  a  moderate  temperature  becomes  dull  opaque,  and  opaline  yellow ;  at  a 
high  heat  glows,  and  on  cooling  has  a  high  lustre  and  is  brick-red.  With  borax  in  the  outer  flame 
a  yellow  glass,  in  the  inner  faint  yellow,  which  becomes  colorless  on  cooling.  The  powder  mois- 
tened with  sulphuric  acid  gives  off  fluohydric  acid.  Dissolves  in  muriatic  acid,  evolving  carbonic 
acid  and  chlorine. 

Obs. — From  the  gold  washings  of  the  Borsovka  river,  in  the  district  of  Kischtim,  Urals. 

733.  PHOSGENITE.  Hornblei  Karst.,  Tab.,  78.  1800.  Salzsaures  Bleierze  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  ill 
141,  1802.  Corneous  Lead.  Bleihornerz,  Chlorbleispath,  Germ.  Plomb  carbonatee  muriati- 
fere,  Plomb  chloro-carbonate,  Plomb  corne,  Fr.  Phosgen-spath  Breith.,  Char.,  61,  1832.  Kera- 
sine  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  502,  1832.  Phosgenit  Breith.,  Handb.,  ii.  183,  1841.  Galenoceratite,  Blei- 
kerat,  Glocker,  Syn.,  248,  1847.  Cromfordite  Greg  &  Lettsom,  Min.,  421,  1858. 


Tetragonal.     0  A  1-^=132°   37';  0=1-0871. 
served  planes,  as  in  the  annexed  figure. 


6>  A  1=123°  2' 
O  A  2-2=112  21 
O  A  /=90 
O  A  2-i=lU  42 


Ob- 


605 


/A  1=146°  58' 

1  A  1,  pyr.,=107  17 

I A  i-i 


Cleavage :  /  and  i-i  bright ;  also  basal. 

H.=2-75— 3.  G.=:6— 6-31.  Lustre  adamantine. 
Color  white,  gray,  and  yellow.  Streak  white.  Trans- 
parent— translucent.  feather  sectile. 


Sarduiia. 


Comp.— Pb  C+Pb  Cl=Carbonate  of  lead  49,  chlorid  of  lead  51  =  100,  or  oxyd  of  lead  81-9, 
carbonic  acid  8"1,  chlorine  13-0=102'9. 

Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iii.  141,  modernized);  2,  Eammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxxv.  141);  3, 
E.  A.  Smith  (Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  ii.  121);  4,  Krug  v.  Nidda  (ZS.  G.,  ii.  126) : 

Pb  C  Pb  Cl 

1.  Oromford  48'4  53-5  =  101-9  Klaproth. 

2.  48-45  50-93=99-38  Eamm.     G.=6'305. 

3.  "  48-22  51-78  =  100  Smith. 

4.  Tarnowitz  49-44  50 -45=99-89  K.  v.  Nidda. 

Pyr.,  etc.— B.B.  melts  readily  to  a  yellow  globule,  which  on  cooling  becomes  white  and  crys- 
talline. On  charcoal  in  E.F.  gives  metallic  lead,  with  a  white  coating  of  chlorid  of  lead.  With  a 
salt  of  phosphorus  bead  previously  saturated  with  oxyd  of  copper  gives  the  chlorine  reaction. 
Dissolves  with  effervescence  in  nitric  acid. 


704:  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

Obs. — At  Crawford  near  Matlock  in  Derbyshire,  where  some  of  the  crystals  were  2  or  3  in. 
long ;  very  rare  in  Cornwall ;  in  minute  crystals  at  a  lead  mine  near  Elgin  in  Scotland ;  some 
crystals  recently  obtained  at  Crawford  sold  for  15  to  20  pounds  sterling  each;  in  large  crystals 
at  Gibbas  (f.  605)  and  Monteponi  in  Sardinia;  near  Bobrek  in  Upper  Silesia. 

Eecent  paper  on  cryst,  Kokscharof,  Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  ix.  231,  1865,  from  which  the  above 
figure  and  angles  are  taken. 


II.  HYDEOUS  CAKBONATES. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 
I.  Containing  ammonia  or  soda. 

735.  TESCHEMACHEEITE  (|NH40+£HO)C  00|02|](|-Am2 

736.  NATRON  ISTaC  +  lOH  00|02f  Na2+10aq 

737.  THERMONATRITB  NaC+H  00||02|jNa2-Haq 

738.  TRONA 

739.  GATLUSSITE 


II.  Containing  lime  or  magnesia. 


740.  HYDROMAGNESITE  gC  +  ^MgH  +  H              00||02|Mg  +  £MgH20a+aq 

741.  HYDRODOLOMTTE  (Ca,  Mg)  C  +  i  H                  0  O|ea|(6a,  Mg)  +  £  aq 

742.  PREDAZZITE  Ca  C  +  1  Mg  H                      0  0||02|  0a  +  i  Mg  H2e2 

743.  PENCATITE 

744.  HOVITE 


III.  Contaming  oxyd  of  cerium,  lanthanum,  or  yttrium. 

745.  LANTHANITE  LaC+3H 

746.  TENGERITE  CYwfl: 


IT.  Containing  zinc,  cobalt,  nickel,  copper. 


747.  ZARATITE 

748.  REMINGTONITE  Oo,  0,  fi 

749.  HYDROZINCITE  2n  C+2  2n  H  0  0|e2f  Zn  +  2  Zn  H202 

750.  AURICHALCITE  2n  C+|  (Cu,  2n)  H  00||02i  Zn+|  (0u,  Zn)  H20a 

751.  MALACHITE  CuO+OuH  0  0||021  0u  +  0u  H202 

752.  AZURITE  CuO+iCufi  00fl0210u+10uH20a 

V.  Containing  bismuth  or  uranium. 

753.  BISMUTHS  Bi4,  C3,  H4 

754.  LIEBIGFTE 

755.  YOGLITE  U,  Ca,  Cu  C,  H 


HYDROUS    CARBONATES.  705 


735.  TESCHEMACHERITE.    Bicarbonate  of  Ammonia  E.  F.  Teschemacher,   PhiL  Mag., 
xxviii.  548,  1846.     Teschemacherite  Dana. 

In  crystals  having  two  brilliant  cleavages  meeting  at  112°.  G.=1'45. 
H.  =  1'5.  Yellowish  to  white. 

Comp.—  (IN  H40+£  HO)  C=  Ammonia  32*9,  carbonic  acid  55*7,  water  11-4=100  Analy- 
sis :  Phipson  (J.  Oh.  Soc.,  II.  i.  74)  : 

C      NH40     H      Oa 

Chincha  Islands  51-53    29-76    ll'OO  6'02,  P"  0'60,  fig,  S,  Cl  fa,  alk.  anduricacid  1-09=100  Phips. 

The  material  analyzed  by  Phipson  was  white,  compact,  crystalline,  and  fragile,  and  had  a  strong 
odor  of  ammonia,  from  which  he  infers  the  presence  either  of  free  ammonia  or  of  sesquicarbonate. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  for  the  most  part  volatilized,  giving  the  odor  of  ammonia,  a 
white  sublimate  of  carbonate  of  ammonia,  while  an  abundance  of  water  condenses  on  the  tube. 
Soluble  in  water,  and  heated  with  a  fixed  alkali  gives  a  strong  odor  of  ammonia.  Effervesces 
with  acids.  Reacts  alkaline  to  test  paper. 

Obs.  —  From  guano  deposits  on  the  coast  of  Africa  and  Patagonia,  and  the  Chincha  Islands. 
Forms  a  bed  several  inches  thick  in  the  lowest  parts  of  the  guano  deposits  of  Patagonia,  as 
announced  by  Teschemacher  ;  and  similarly  at  the  Chincha  Islands,  according  to  Phipson. 

Bicarbonate  of  potash  has  been  announced  by  Pisani  (C.  K,  Ix.  918,  1865)  as  found  under  a  dead 
tree  at  Chypis  in  Valais,  as  a  result  of  recent  decomposition,  and  has  been  called  by  him  Kalicine  ; 
he  regarding  it  as  a  mineral  as  much  as  struvite.  (Struvite  has  better  claims,  however,  as  it  occurs 
in  guano  deposits,  some  of  which  date  from  the  Post-tertiary  at  least.)  He  obtained  for  its  com- 
position Carbonic  acid  42-20,  potash  42-60,  water  7*76,  Ca  C  2'50,  Mg  C  1'34,  sand,  etc.  3'60=100. 

736.  NATRON.    Ntrpoy,  Mtrum,  of  the  Ancients.    Carbonate  of  Soda.    Soude  carbonatee. 


Monoclinic  :  ,(7=58°  52',  /A  1=  76°  28',  0  A  1-*=140°  9J'.  Cleavage  : 
0  distinct;  i-l  imperfect;  /in  traces. 

H.=l—  1*5.  G.=1'423.  Vitreous  to  earthy.  White,  sometimes  gray 
or  yellow,  owing  to  impurities.  Taste  alkaline. 

Oomp.—  ]fra  0  +  10  H=  Carbonic  acid  26'7,  soda  18  '8,  water  54-5.  Effervesces  strongly  with 
nitric  acid. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  nature  only  hi  solution,  or  mixed  with  the  other  carbonates  of  soda.  See 
under  Trona  and  Thermonadrite. 


737.  THERMONATRITE.  "Nirpov  and  Nitrurn  pt.  Vet.  Natron,  Alkali  orientale  impurum 
terrestre,  Jordblandadt  Alkaliskt-salt,  Wall,  Min.,  174,  1747.  Naturliches  mineraliscb.es 
Alkali  Wern.;  Thermonatrit  Haid.,  Handb.,  487,  1845.  Thermonitrit  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1411, 
1847.  Soude  carbonatee  prismatique. 

Orthorhombic.  Observed  planes :  /,  *-2,  i-l,  1-5,  -J.  /A  £5=138°  5', 
i-l  A  *-5,  front,=58°  14r,  lat.,=121°  46',  l-l  A  14,  top,=107°  50',  i-l  A  1-5 
=126°  5r,  i-l  A  £=109°  6',  /A  i=116°  5r,  /A  7=96°  W.  In  rectangular 
tables  flattened  parallel  to  i-l,  with  sides  bevelled  by  /  and  1-5.  Usual  as- 
an  efflorescence. 

H.= 1—1-5.  G.=1'5— 1-6.  Lustre  vitreous.  White,  grayish,  yellow- 
ish. 

Comp. — Na  C-t-H= Carbonic  acid  35-5,  soda  50*0,  water  14'5=100.    Analyses:  1,  2, 
dant  (Tr.,  ii.  310);  3,  Pfeififer  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixxxix.  219): 

45 


706 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


NaS   NaCl,etc.     S 

1.  Debreczin  73-6          10'4          2-2  13'8— 100  Beudant. 

2    Egvpt  74-7  7-3          3'1  13*5,  earthy  matter  4-1  =  100  Beudant. 

3]  E/Indies  52-89        11-44=        0'77  28'25,  K  0  6-65=100  Pfeiffer. 

Obs.— Crystals  may  be  obtained  from  a  solution  at  a  temperature  between  25°  and  37°  C.  It 
occurs  in  various  lakes,  and  as  an  efflorescence  over  the  soil  in  many  dry  regions  of  the  globe  ; 
also  about  some  mines  and  volcanoes. 

There  appears  to  be  also  an  anhydrous  carbonate  of  soda  in  nature.  Kayser  obtained  for  a 
specimen  from  the  Neue  Margarethe  mine,  near  Clausthal,  NaC  92-07,  MgC  3-82,  CaC  1-81, 
#e  C  0-19  fi  1-85  And  "Wackenroder  gives  for  the  composition  of  a  substance  from  Debreczin, 
Hungary,' tfa C  92-30,  Na  S  1-67,  K  S  0'03,  NaP  1'47,  Na  Cl  4-46=99'93 ;  but  it  is  said  that  the 
latter  may  be  from  an  artificial  product. 

Crystals  of  the  simple  carbonate  of  soda  (natron)  become  thermonatrite  in  efflorescing. 

138.  TRONA.  Trona  JBagge,  Ac.  H.  Stockh.,  xxxv.  1773.  Natrum  von  Tripole,  Strange 
Natrum,  Klaproth,  Beitr.,  iii.  83,  1802.  Sesquicarbonate  of  Soda.  Urao  Boussingault,  Ann.  d. 
M.,  xii.  278. 

Monoclinic.  0  A  ^'=103°  15'.  Cleavage:  i4  perfect.  Often  fibrous 
or  columnar  massive. 

H.— 2-5— 3.  G.=2'll.  Lustre  vitreous,  glistening.  Color  gray  or 
yellowish-white.  Translucent.  Taste  alkaline.  Not  altered  by  exposure 
to  a  dry  atmosphere. 

Oomp.— Na2  C8+4  fl— (f  Na+£  ft)  C+fi= Carbonic  acid  40-2,  soda  37-8,  water  22-0.  Anal- 
ysis by  Klaproth  of  the  African  (Beitr.,  iii.  83):  Carbonic  acid  38,  soda  37,  water  22-5,  sulphate 
of  soda  2-5=100;  by  Boussingault  of  the  urao  (1.  c.):  C  39*00,  Na  41-22,  fl  18-80=99-02.  The 
African  is  often  mixed  with  the  simple  carbonate  of  soda,  thermonatrite,  and  common  salt.  A 
specimen  of  trona  from  an  extensive  bed  in  Churchill  County,  Nevada,  gave  on  analysis  by  C.  S. 
Eodman  (priv.  contrib.),  C  38-70,  Na  39'97,  £  19'42,  NaCl  1'88,  NaS  0-39,  Si  0-13  =  100-49. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  carbonic  acid.  B.B.  imparts  an  intensely 
yellow  color  to  the  flame.  Soluble  in  water,  and  effervesces  with  acids.  Reacts  alkaline  with 
moistened  test  paper. 

Obs. — The  specimen  analyzed  by  Klaproth  came  from  the  province  of  Suckenna,  two  days' 
journey  from  Fezzan,  Africa.  It  is  found  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  forming  a  crust  varying 
from  the  thickness  of  an  inch  to  that  of  the  back  of  a  knife-blade.  To  this  species  belongs  the 
urao  found  at  the  bottom  of  a  lake  in  Maracaibo,  S.  A.,  a  day's  journey  from  Merida.  Efflores- 
cences of  trona  occur  near  the  Sweetwater  river,  Rocky  Mountains,  mixed  with  sulphate  of  soda 
and  common  salt. 

739.  GAY-LUSSITE.    Boussingault,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xxxi.  270,  1826. 

Monoclinic.  (7=78°  27',  /A  7=68°  50'  and  111°  10',  0  A  14=125° 
15' ;  a  :  I :  c=0«96945  :  1  :  0-67137.  Observed  planes :  O ;  vertical,  7,  i-i, 
i-l ;  dome,  1-*,  14 ;  hemioctahedral,  £.  Angles  from  Phillips. 


606 


607 


607A 


Maracaibo. 


Nevada. 


O  A  l-i=l30°  21' 

O  A  i-i=lOl  33 

0  A  i=136  39 

O  A  7=96  30 

7A  14=137  45 
14  A  14,  ov.  6>,:=70  30 
14  A  14,  adj.,=109  30 

\  A  £=110  30 

/A  ^=124  25 


'Crystals  often  lengthened,  and  prismatic  in  the  direction  of  14 ;  also  in 


HYDROUS   CARBONATES.  707 

that  of  J- ;  also  (fr.  Nevada)  not  elongate,  but  thin  in  the  direction  of  the 
orthodiagonal,  0  being  very  narrow  or  wanting ;  surfaces  usually  uneven, 
being  formed  of  minute  subordinate  planes.  Cleavage :  /  perfect ;  0  less 
so,  but  giving  a  reflected  image  in  a  strong  light. 

H.=2— 3.  Gc.= 1-92— 1-99.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  white,  yellowish- 
white.  Streak  uncolored  to  grayish.  Translucent.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Extremely  brittle.  Not  phosphorescent  by  friction  or  heat. 

Comp.— NaC+CaC  +  5&=(|Na+£Ca)C+2i]l=Carbonate  of  soda  35'9,  carbonate  of 
lime  33'8,  water  30'3= 100.  Analysis  by  J.  B.  Boussingault  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  vii.  488,  1843): 

NaC34-5  CaC33-6  flSO-4  Clay  1-5=100. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Heated  in  a  matrass  the  crystals  decrepitate  and  become  opaque.  B.B.  fuses 
easily  to  a  white  enamel,  and  colors  the  flame  intensely  yellow.  With  the  fluxes  it  behaves  like 
carbonate  of  lime.  Dissolves  in  acids  with  a  brisk  effervescence ;  partly  soluble  in  water,  and 
reddens  turmeric. 

Obs. — Abundant  at  Lagunilla,  near  Merida,  in  Maracaibo,  where  its  crystals  are  disseminated 
at  the  bottom  of  a  small  lake,  in  a  bed  of  clay,  covering  urao;  the  natives  call  it  claws  or  nails, 
in  allusion  to  its  crystalline  form. 

Also  abundant  on  a  small  island  in  Little  Salt  Lake,  near  Ragtown,  Nevada,  about  1£  m.  S.  of 
the  main  emigrant  road  to  Humboldt.  The  lake  is  in  a  crater-shaped  basin,  and  its  waters  are 
dense  and  strongly  saline. 

The  Nevada  crystals  gave  J.  M.  Blake  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlii.  221),  from  whom  f.  607,  607A,  are 
taken,  the  following  approximate  angles,  the  planes,  owing  to  the  unevenness,  not  affording 
results  nearer  than  a  degree:  /A  7=110°  35'  to  112°  30',  69°  5';  1-t  A  l-i=110°  30',  110°  10'; 
0  A  l-t=1260  10',  125°  30';  0  A  M=79° ;  0  A  /=96°  10';  lA-£=127°  10',  127°  55'. 

Named  after  G-ay  Lussac. 

Artif. — J.  Fritzsche  has  produced  artificial  gay-lussite  by  mixing  eight  parts  by  volume  of  a 
saturated  solution  of  carbonate  of  soda  with  one  of  a  solution  of  chlorid  of  calcium  of  1'130 — 
1-150  specific  gravity  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xciii.  339). 

740.  HYDROMAGNESITE.  T.  Wachtmtister,  Ak.  H.  Stockb,,  1827,  18.  Hydromagnesit 
v.  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  iv.  80,  1835.  Hydrocarbonate  of  Magnesia.  Lancasterite  pt.  Silliman,  Jr., 
Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  ix.  226,  1850.  Magnesia  alba  Pharm. 

Monoclinic.      <7=82°-83°,   7  A  7=87°   52'  to   88°,  608 

0  A  24=137°  ;  a  :  I :  c=(nearly)  0-455  :  1  :  1-0973. 
Observed  planes  as  in  the  annexed  figure.  2-2  A  -2-2, 
adj.,^143!-0  to  145°,  i-i  A  2-2=113£°  to  112°,  i-i  A  -2-2 
=105°.  Culminant  angle  between  edges  y,  y  (or  24  A 
24)=94°,  edge  t  on  edge  y  (or  i-l  A  24)=133°.  Crystals 
small,  usually  acicular  or  bladed,  and  tufted.  Also  amor- 
phous ;  as  chalky  or  mealy  crusts. 

H.  of  crystals  3*5.  G.=2'145— 2-18,  Smith  &  Brush. 
Lustre  vitreous  to  silky  or  subpearly ;  also  earthy.  Color 
and  streak  white.  Brittle. 

Comp.— 3  (Mg  C+ft)+Mg  fl=Magnesia  43-9,  carbonic  acid  36-3,  water  19-8=100.  Analyses : 
1,  Wachtmeister  (1.  c.);  2,  v.  Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  iv.  80);  3,  4,  Smith  &  Brush,  of  crystalline 
varieties  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xv.  214) : 

0  Mg  fi  Si 

1.  Hoboken                               36-82  42-41  18'53  0*57,  £e  0'27,  earthy  matter  1-39=99-99  W. 

2.  Negroponte                           36'00  43*96  19-68  0'36=100  Kobell. 

3.  Texas.  Pa.,  "Wood's  Mine      36'69  43'20  19'43  ,  Fe  and  Mn  fr.=99'72  Smith  &  Brush. 

4.  "        Low's  Mine        36'74    42-30    20'10     ,  Fe  and  Mn  ir. =99-14  Smith  &  Brush. 


708  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  gives  off  water  and  carbonic  acid.  B.B.  infusible,  but  whitens, 
and  the  assay  reacts  alkaline  to  turmeric  paper.  Soluble  in  acids ;  the  crystalline  compact  varie- 
ties are  but  slowly  acted  upon  by  cold  acid,  but  dissolve  with  effervescence  in  hot  acid. 

Obs. Occurs  at  Hrubschitz,  in  Moravia,  in  serpentine  j  in  Negroponte,  near  Kumi ;  at  Kai- 

serstuhl,  in  Baden,  impure.  In  the  U.  States,  crystallized,  with  serpentine  and  brucite,  near 
Texas,  Lancaster  Co.,  Penn.,  at  Wood's  and  Low's  mines;  also  in  a  similar  way  at  Hoboken, 
N.  J.,  'in  acicular  crystals  like  natrolite ;  at  the  latter  place  in  earthy  crusts.  The  brucite  of 
Hoboken  sometimes  changes  on  exposure  to  an  earthy  hydromagnesite. 

The  above  angles  and  figure  were  taken  by  the  author  from  a  Hoboken  crystal  fa  in.  broad, 
in  which  the  summit  planes  were  smooth  and  brilliant,  the  prismatic  striated.  The  rhombic  prism 
in  one  crystal  gave  the  angles  95°  20'  and  84°  50' ;  but  other  crystals  gave  different  results, 
and  no  constant  value  was  obtained.  The  species  is  isomorphous  with  wollastonite  (p.  156). 

The  Lancasterite  of  Silliman  (1.  c.)  is  shown  by  Smith  and  Brush  to  be  a  mixture  of  brucite 
and  hydromagnesite. 

Found  pseudomorphous  of  brucite  at  Wood's  mine. 

741.  HYDRODOLOMITE.  Hydromagnesit  v.  Kobell,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxvi.  304,  1845.  Kalk- 
magnesit  ffausm.,  Handb.,  1404,  1847.  Hydromanganocalcit  Hartmann,  Nachr.,  299.  Hydro- 
magnocalcit  pt.  Hydrodolomit  Ramm.  Hydronickelmagnesite  Shep.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  vi.  250, 
1848.  Pennite  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xlvii.  13,  1849. 

Massive.  In  stalactitic  and  stalagmitic  forms,  and  globular  concretions 
and  crusts. 

G.=2'495,  Ramm.     Color  yellowish- white,  grayish,  greenish. 

Var.— (1)  Hydrodolomite  of  Vesuvius  is  stalactitic  or  sinter-like;  G.=2'495.  (2)  Pennite  of 
Hermann,  from  Texas,  Pa.,  is  in  apple-green  to  whitish  crusts,  having  a  surface  of  minute 
spherules;  the  color  is  due  to  nickel ;  G.  =  2'86. 

Comp.— (Ca,  Mg)  C  +  £  H,  Ramm.,  from  his  anal,  of  specimen  received  from  Scacchi,  of  Naples ; 
Hermann's  analysis  affords  (^Ca+£Mg)C+£H;  von  Kobell's,  B4C34H.  Analyses:  1,  v. 
Kobell  (1.  c.) ;  2,  Eammelsberg  (Min.  Ch.,  234) ;  3,  Hermann  (1.  c.) : 

C         Ca         Mg       Ni       £e      Mn       H 

1.  Vesuvius  83-10    25'22     24  28     17*40  Kobell. 

2.  "  43-40     26-90    23'23     6-47  Rammelsberg. 

3.  Pennite  44'54    20-10     27'02     1'25     0'70     0'40       5-84,  £10-15=100  Hermann. 

Pyr.,  etc.— Like  dolomite,  but  yields  water  in  the  closed  tube. 

Obs.— The  Yesuvian  mineral  is  found  on  Mt.  Somma.  Pennite  occurs  on  serpentine  and 
chromic  iron,  with  zaratite,  at  Texas,  Pa.,  and  seems  to  graduate  into  zaratite ;  also  at  Swina- 
ness  and  Haroldswick,  in  Unst,  Shetlands. 

742.  PREDAZZITE.    Petzholdt  pt.,  Beitr.  Geogn.  Tyrol,  194,  1843. 

Massive,  granular,  as  a  fine-grained  dolomite-like  rock. 

H.=i3-5.     G.=2'634r.     Lustre  vitreous.     White  to  grayish- white. 

Comp.— 2  Ca  C  +  MgH=Carbonic  acid  34-1,  lime  43-4,  magnesia  15-5,  water  7 '0=100.  Anal- 
yses by  Roth  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  lii.  346) : 

C  Mg  Ca  H 

1.  Predazzo    33-51        14-61        44-89        6-99=100. 

2.  34-25         14-16        42'97         7'06=98-44. 

In  the  analyses  some  Si  and  3tl  were  obtained. 
Pyr.,  etc.— Like  hydrodolomite. 

Obs.— From  Canzacoli,  near  Predazzo,  in  the  southern  Tyrol,  where  it  occurs  as  a  marble-like 
rock.  The  rock  in  some  places  contains  brucite.  May  it  be  a  mixture  ? 

743.  PENOATITB.    Roth,  ZS.  G.  Ges.,  iii.  140,  143. 

Similar  to  the  predazzite,  and  from  the  same  region  ;  G. =2-613,  Koth  ; 


HYDROUS   CARBONATES.  709 

2-57,  Damour.     Also  as  a  bluish-gray  limestone,  somewhat  yellowish,  from 
Vesuvius  ;  H.=3  ;  G.=2'524,  Both;  2*534,  in  powder. 

Oomp. — CaC + Mgfi= Carbonic  acid  27-9,  lime  35*4,  magnesia  25*3,  water  11-4=100.  Anal- 
yses :  1,  2,  Damour  (Bull.  Soc.  G.  Fr.,  II.  iv.  1052,  1847) ;  3-5,  Roth  (J.  pr.  Oh.,  lii.  350,  ZS.  G., 
iii.  140) : 

C        Mg        6a          £ 

1.  Predazzo       25-00     24'32     35-42     10'89,  3Pe  0'45,  Si  0'60=96-68  Damour. 

2.  "  26-40     24-64    35-47     10-50,    "    0-50,  "  0'55=98'06  Damour. 

3.  "  29-23     24-78     35-70     10-92=100'63  Roth. 

4.  "  28-10     24-47     35'97     10-97=97 '51  Roth. 

5.  Vesuvius      29'66     23'68     35-45  [10'59],  &1,  Pe  0-62=100  Roth. 

In  two  determinations  Roth  obtained  for  the  last  11'75  &,  10-78  fi.  The  Yesuvian  mineral  is 
the  same  that  Klaproth  analyzed  (Beitr.,  v.  91)  without  finding  the  magnesia.  Roth  observes 
that,  as  the  water  is  retained  even  to  360°  and  400°  C.,  the  mineral  must  be  regarded  as  a  chem- 
ical compound.  Damour  observed  pure  hydromagnesite  in  clefts  in  the  Predazzo  rock. 

Named  after  Marzari  Pencati,  of  the  Tyrol. 

744.  HOVTTE.    Hovite,  Native  Carbonate  of  Alumina  and  Lime,  J.  H.  &  G.  Gladstone,  Phil. 

Mag.,  IY.  xxiii.  462,  1862. 

Soft,  white,  and  friable ;  earthy  in  fracture. 

Comp.— (-^Ca+|fi)C+aq=Carbonic  acid  44-4,  carbonate  of  lime  28'3,  water  27-3=100. 

The  compound  ordinarily  called  bicarbonate  of  lime. 

The  mineral  is  known  only  as  a  mixture  in  collyrite,  a  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina. 

J.  H.  &  G.  G-ladstone  state  (1.  c.)  that  there  is  carbonic  acid  enough  in  the  collyrite  to  form  a 
bicarbonate  with  the  lime  present ;  but  this  view  of  the  composition  is  set  aside  because  of  the 
solubility  of  the  so-called  bicarbonate,  and  its  being  unknown  in  the  solid  state ;  and  hence  they 
suggest  that  the  excess  of  carbonic  acid  may  be  combined  in  the  mineral  with  alumina,  making  a 
hydrous  carbonate  of  alumina  and  lime,  or  perhaps  replaces  part  of  the  silica  in  the  alumina- 
silicate. 

But  although  the  bicarbonate  referred  to  is  known  only  in  solution,  the  most  likely  condition 
for  finding  it  in  the  mineral  kingdom  is  in  one  of  the  hydrous  silicates  of  alumina,  like  collyrite, 
in  which  there  is  present  much  water,  loosely  held ;  the  mineral,  therefore,  is  most  probably  a 
carbonate  of  the  formula  above  given ;  especially  since  a  carbonate  in  which  3cl  or  3Pe  enters  is, 
as  the  authors  admit,  yet  unknown  to  chemistry. 

Analyses  of  the  collyrite  containing  the  carbonate,  by  J.  H.  &  G-.  Gladstone  (1.  c.) : 


Si 

C 

£1 

Ca 

£ 

1.     6-22 

10-91 

41-04 

7-37 

33-16=98-70. 

2.     5-87 

14-77 

39-58 

11-22 

!  28-56] 

3.     5-41 
4.     5-30 

18-15 
14-14 

36-32 
40-51 

11-62 
9-18 

29-16] 
30-87] 

The  excess  of  C  over  that  neutralizing  the  lime  is  in  1,  5-12  p.  c. ;  in  2,  5'96 ;  3,  9'02  ;  4,  6-94 
p.c. 

Obs. — From  Hove,  near  Brighton,  in  an  old  quarry  in  the  upper  chalk,  in  fissures  that  cut 
through  layers  of  flint,  along  with  collyrite. 

745.  LANTHANITE.  Kohlensaures  Cereroxydul  Berz.,  ZS.  f.  Min.,  ii.  209,  1825 ;  Kohl.  Cer- 
oxydul  Hisinger,  Afh.  Min.  Geog.  Schwed.,  144,  1826.  Carbonate  of  Cerium.  Carbocerine 
Seud.,  Tr.,  ii.  354, 1832.  Lanthanit  Haul,  Handb.,  500,  1845.  Hydrolanthanit  Glocker,  Synops., 
248,  1847. 

Orthorhombic.  I A  7=93°  30'-94°,  Blake,  92°  46',  v.  Lang;  /A  1  = 
142°  36' ;  a  :  I :  c  =  0-99898  :  1  :  1-0496,  v.  Lang.  In  thin  four-sided 
plates  or  minute  tables,  with  bevelled  edges,  as  in  the  annexed  figures. 
Cleavage  micaceous.  Also  fine  granular  or  earthy. 


710 


dull. 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


=2-5-3.      G. = 2-666,  (?)  Blake;  2'605,  Genth.      Lustre  pearly   or 
Color  grayish-white,  delicate  pink,  or  yellowish. 


609 


610 


Saucon  Valley,  Pa. 


Saucon  Valley,  Pa. 


Comp.— La C+3fi=Lanthana  52*6,  carbonic  acid  21'3,  water  26-1=100.  Analyses:  1,  2,  J. 
L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xvi.  230,  xviii.  378) ;  3,  F.  A.  Genth  (ib.,  xxiii.  425) : 

C  La  fi 

1.  Saucon  vaUey        22-58  54'90        24-09  Smith. 

2.  "  "  21-95  55-03         24"21  Smith. 

3.  "          "  21-08  54-95  [23'97]  Genth. 

There  is  some  oxyd  of  didymium  with  the  lanthana,  according  to  Smith. 

Blake  obtained  La  54-27,  54-93,  54-64,  C  1913,  C+~S  (by  ign.)  45'07,  45'36. 

Hisinger  found  in  a  Swedish  specimen,  probably  impure,  La  75-7,  C  10-8,  H  13-5,  whence  the 
formula  La3C+3H. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water.  B.B.  infusible ;  but  whitens  and  becomes  opaque, 
silvery,  and  brownish ;  with  borax,  a  glass,  slightly  bluish,  reddish,  or  amethystine,  on  cooling ; 
with  salt  of  phosphorus  a  glass,  bluish  amethystine  while  hot,  red  cold,  the  bead  becoming  opaque 
when  but  slightly  heated,  and  retaining  a  pink  color.  Eflervesces  in  the  acids. 

Obs. — Found  coating  cerite  at  Bastnas,  Sweden ;  also  in  Silurian  limestone  with  the  zinc  ores 
of  the  Saucon  valley,  Lehigh  Co.,  Pa.,  in  masses  consisting  of  aggregated  minute  tables ;  at  the 
Sandford  iron-ore  bed,  Moriah,  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.,  in  delicate  scales,  and  a  thin  scaly  crust,  in 
fissures  in  the  ore,  and  on  crystals  of  allanite.  Reported  by  Shepard  as  occurring  at  the  Canton 
mine,  Ga.,  in  pink-colored  crystals,  lining  cavities  of  botryoidal  white  pyrite. 

On  cryst.,  W.  P.  Blake,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xvi.  228,  1853,  and  this  Min.,  1854,  with  the  above  figs. ; 
v.  Lang,  PhiL  Mag.,  IV.  xxv.  43,  1863 ;  both  on  Pennsylvania  crystals. 

746.  TENGERTTE,    Kolsyrad  Ytterjord  A.  F.  Svariberg  and  C.  Tenger,  Arsb.,  xviii.  206, 1838. 

Ytterspath  Germ.    Tengerite  Dana. 

Pulverulent.     In  thin  coatings.     Sometimes  an  appearance  of  radiated 
crystallization. 
Lustre  dull,  or  like  that  of  chalk.     Color  white.  ' 

Comp. — A  carbonate  of  yttria,  according  to  Svanberg  and  Tenger,  but  no  analysis  has  been 
published. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  a  considerable  amount  of  water  (Brush).  Effervesces 
with  acids. 

Obs. — Occurs  as  a  thin  coating  on  gadolinite  at  Ytterby,  and  is  evidently  a  result  of  its  alter- 
ation. 

747.  ZARATITE.     Hydrate  of  Nickel  (fr.  Texas,  Pa.)  SMiman,  Jr.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  iii  407, 
1847 ;  Emerald  Nickel  id.,  ib.,  VL  248,  1848.    Nickel  Smaragd  Germ. ;  Texasit  Kenng.,  Min., 
1853.     Carbonato  hidratado  de  Niquel  (fr.  Spain)  A.  Casares,  A.  M.  Alcibar  in  Min.  Revista 
of  Madrid,  304,  1850;  Zaratita  Casares,  ib.,  176,  March,  1851.    Zamtit  wrong  orthogr. 

Incrusting ;  often  small  stalactitic  or  minute  mammillary ;  sometimes 
appearing  prismatic  with  rounded  summits.  Also  massive,  compact. 


HYDKOUS   CARBONATES.  711 

H.=3— 3-25.  G.=2'57— 2'693.  Lustre  vitreous.  Color  emerald-green. 
Streak  paler.  Transparent— translucent.  Brittle. 

Comp.— NiC-f  2  NiH  + 4  fi= Carbonic  acid  11-7,  oxyd  of  nickel  59-4,  water  28'9=100.  Mag- 
nesia seems  to  replace  at  times  part  of  the  oxyd  of  nickel,  and,  correspondingly,  the  color  becomes 
paler ;  the  mineral  at  Texas  thus  graduates  toward  pennite,  which  has  the  same  concretionary 
aspect  as  much  of  the  zaratite. 

Analyses :  1,  B.  Silliman,  Jr.  (1.  c.) ;  2,  Smith  and  Brush  (ib.,  xvi.  52) : 

C  M  £ 

1.  Texas,  Pa.  11-69        58-81        29'50r=100  Silliman. 

2.  11-63        5682        29-87,  Mg  1'68=100  S  &  B. 

Pyr.,  etc.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water  and  carbonic  acid,  and  leaves  a  grayish-black  mag- 
netic residue.  B.B.  infusible.  With  borax  in  O.F.  gives  a  bead  violet  while  hot  and  reddish-brown 
on  cooling ;  in  E.F.  the  bead  becomes  gray  and  opaque  from  reduced  nickel  Dissolves  easily 
with  effervescence  in  heated  dilute  muriatic  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  on  chromic  iron  at  Texas,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  associated  with  serpentine ;  also  at 
Swinaness  in  Unst,  Shetland. 

Also  in  Spain,  near  Cape  Hortegal  in  Galicia,  where  it  occurs  as  an  incrustation  on  a  magnetite 
in  which  there  is  some  sulphid  of  nickel ;  it  is  in  clear  emerald-green,  vitreous  crusts,  some- 
times transparent,  and  also  in  stalactites.  It  proved  to  be  a  hydrated  carbonate  of  nickel  with  a 
little  carbonate  of  magnesia. 

Named  after  Sen.  Zarate  of  Spain.    Casares's  name  antedates  that  of  Kenngott. 

748.  REMINGTONITB.    J.  0.  Booth,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xiv.  48,  1852. 

A  rose-colored  incrustation,  softy  and  earthy ;  opaque.  Streak  pale  rose- 
colored. 

Oomp. — A  hydrous  carbonate  of  cobalt,  but  precise  composition  not  ascertained.  Dissolves  in 
muriatic  acid  with  a  slight  effervescence,  making  a  green  solution,  the  color  due  to  iron.  Cobalt 
reaction  with  borax. 

Obs.— Occurs  as  a  coating  on  thin  veins  of  serpentine,  which  traverse  hornblende  and  epidote, 
at  a  copper  mine  near  Finksburg,  Carroll  Co.,  Maryland. 

749.  HYDROZINOITB,  Calamine  Smithson,  Phil.  Trans.,  12, 1803.  Zinkbluthe  Karst.,  Tabell., 
70,  99,  1808.  Hydro-carbonate  of  Zinc.  Earthy  Calamine.  Zinconise  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  357,  1832. 
Zinc-Bloom.  Hydrozinkit  Kenng.,  Mm.,  1853.  Marionite  Eld&rhorst,  G-.  Rep.  Arkansas,  153, 
1858. 

Massive,  earthy  or  compact.  As  incrustations,  the  crusts  sometimes 
concentric  and  agate-like.  At  times  reniform,  pisolitic,  stalactitic. 

H.=2— 2-5.  Gr.=3-58— 3-8.  Lustre  dull.  Color  pure  white,  grayish 
or  yellowish.  Streak  shining.  Usually  earthy  or  chalk-like. 

Comp. — In  part  2nC  +  2  2nfl= Carbonic  acid  13'6,  oxyd  of  zinc  75-3,  water  11'1  =  100. 
Smithson's  analysis  gives  1  &  additional.  For  anal.  9,  10,  11,  the  0.  ratio  for  2n,  C,  H=13  :  5  :  9  ; 
whence  5  2nC+8  2nfiL+fl,  Goebel= Carbonic  acid  15-3,  oxyd  of  zinc  73-4,  water  11-3  =  100. 
The  analyses  of  Sullivan  (Nos.  11,  12,  13)  give  the  formula  3  ZnC+52nH=Carbonicacid  15'2, 
oxyd  of  zinc  74%5,  water  10*3  =  100,  which  agrees  very  well  with  several  of  the  other  analyses. 

Analyses  :  1,  Smithson  (1.  c.,  the  specimen  a  white  chalky  incrustation) ;  2,  3,  Karsten  (Syst.  d. 
Met,  iv.  429) ;  4,  Reichert  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  239);  5,  Sclmabel  (Pogg.,  cv.  144);  6-8,  Braun, 
Petersen,  and  Voit  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  cviii.  48) ;  9,  Koch  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  239) ;  10,  Terreil  (C. 
R.,  xlix.  553) ;  11-13,  Sullivan  (Dublin  Q.  J.  ScL,  ii.  135);  14,  Bonnet  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxii.  164);  15, 
A,  Goebel  (Bull.  Ac.  St.  Pet,  v.  407) ;  16,  Elderhorst  (1.  c.) : 

C          2n  fi 

1.  Bleiberg  13'5         71'4        15-1  =  100  Smithson. 

2.  "  14-79       72-75       12'25=99'7 9  Karsten. 


712 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


Zn 


14-74 

72-84 

12-30  = 

16-25 

71-69 

11-90= 

12-30 

64-04 

15-61, 

14-32 

73-83 

11-87  = 

15-1 

73-1 

11-8= 

13-82 

74-73 

11-45  = 

13-50 

74-46 

12-04= 

14-05 

72-72 

13-23  = 

15-07 

74-76 

10-17  = 

15-02 

74-87 

11  11  = 

15-13 

74-34 

10-53= 

15-01 

73-88 

11-11  = 

(f)  15-17 

73-35 

11-13= 

15-01 

73-26 

11-81  = 

99-88  Karsten. 

99-74  Reichert. 
Ca  0-52,  Cu  0'62,  Si,  £e,  and  insol.  6'36=99'45  S. 

100-02  Braun;  G.=3'252. 
100  P.  &  V. 

100  P.  &  V. 

100  Koch. 

100  TerreiL 

100  Sullivan. 
=  100  Sullivan. 

100  Sullivan. 

100  Bonnet. 

99-65  Goebel. 

100-08  Elderhorst. 


3.  Raibel 

4.  Hollanthol 

5.  Ramsbeck 

6.  Santander 
7. 

8.         " 

9. 

10.         " 
11. 

12.  " 

13.  " 

14.  Guipuzcoa 

15.  Taft,  Persia 

16.  Arkansas 

The  compact  mineral  loses  2-04  p.  c.  of  water  and  carbonic  acid  on  heating  to  130°  C.,  and  14-42 
p.  c.  more  on  heating  for  6  h.  to  150°  to  180°  C.  (Sullivan). 

Schonichen  describes  (B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxii.  164)  a  snow-white,  massive,  subtranslucent  material 
from  near  La  Nestosa  in  Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  which  contained  Si  31'50,  Si  26-43-20-27,  Zn  21-36 
—  28-45,  fi  18-32  —  19-65.  It  is  probably  a  mixture  of  hydrozincite  and  kaolinite. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  yields  water ;  in  other  respects  resembles  smithsonite. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  most  names  of  zinc,  and  is  a  result  of  the  alteration  of  the  other  ores  of  this 
metal 

Found  in  great  quantities  at  the  Dolores  mine,  Udias  valley,  province  of  Santander,  in  Spain, 
along  with  calamine,  smithsonite,  and  blende,  covering  the  floor  of  an  extensive  cavern  to  a  depth 
of  a  yard  and  a  half,  and  hanging  in  dazzling  white  branching  stalactites  from  the  roof;  part  is 
concretionary,  pisolitic,  nodular;  it  is  intimately  mixed  with  silicate  of  zinc,  and  is  pseudomor- 
phous  after  it ;  and  opal-like  masses  of  silicate  and  hydrous  carbonate  are  common,  formed  by 
the  falling  of  drops  of  water  holding  the  silicate  in  solution. 

Also  occurs  in  the  neighboring  province  of  Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  near  La  Nestosa,  at  the  mines  of 
Las  Nieves  and  La  Augustina ;  at  Bleiberg  and  Raibel  in  Carinthia :  near  Reimsbeck,  in  West- 
phalia ;  in  Hollenthal,  on  the  Zugspitze  in  Bavaria ;  at  Taft  in  the  province  of  Jesd  in  Persia. 

In  the  U  States,  at  Friedensville,  Pa. ;  at  Linden,  in  Wisconsin,  as  a  concretionary  fibrous 
white  crust  on  smithsonite ;  in  Marion  Co.,  Arkansas  (marionite],  in  concentric  and  contorted 
Iamina3  and  botryoidal  crusts. 

Beudant's  name  zinconise,  from  zinc  and  KOVIS,  powder,  has  priority,  but  is  too  badly  formed  to 
be  retained. 

Artif. — Deposited  when  hot  solutions  of  zinc  salts  in  water  are  decomposed  by  carbonates  of 
the  alkalies.  The  white  substance  formed  on  zinc,  when  moistened  and  exposed  to  the  air,  is  a 
related  compound,  containing,  according  to  Bonsdorff,  0  14-19,  Zn  71*25,  fl  14-56=100,  agreeing 
with  Smithson's  analysis  above. 

750.  AURICHALCITE.  Calamine  verddtre  (containing  "une  bonne  quantite  de  cuivre  "), 
Mine  de  Laiton  [= Brass-ore],  Patrin,  Apercu  d.  Mines  en  Siberie,  in  J.  de  Phys.,  xxxiii.  81, 
1788.  Mine  de  Laiton  de  Pise  en  Toscane,  Aurichalcum  of  the  ancients  ?,  Sage,  J.  de  Phys., 
xxxviii.  155,  1791.  Messingbliithe  Germ.  Aurichalcit  Bottger,  Pogg.,  xlviii.  495,  1839. 
Buratite  Ddesse,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  xviii.  478,  1846.  Orichalcit  GlocJcer,  Syn.,  230,  1847. 

In  acicular  crystals  forming  drusy  incrustations ;  also  columnar,  diver- 
gent; plumose ;  granular ;  also  laminated. 

H.=2.  Lustre  pearly.  Color  pale  green,  verdigris-green;  sometimes 
sky-blue.  Streak  pale  greenish  or  bluish.  Translucent. 

Comp.,  Var.— A  cuprous  hydrozincite.  For  the  original  aurichalcite,  0.  ratio  for  Cu,  Zn,  C, 
H=2  :  3  :  4  :  3.  2  CuC+3  Zn&,  Bottger;  or  2ZnC  +  3(Cu,  Zn) S= Carbonic  acid  16«2,  oxyd 
of  copper  29-2,  oxyd  of  zinc  44%  water  9-9=100. 

For  buratite,  or  the  so-called  lime-aurichalcite,  according  to  Delesse,  &  C+Rfi,  in  which  R= 
Cu,  Zn,  Oa,  in  the  ratio  10  :  14  :  1  in  the  Chessy  mineral,  and  7  :  8  :  3  in  the  Altai.  But  the 
lime  is  probably  from  mixed  calcite,  as  suggested  by  Berzelius ;  and,  this  removed,  the  formula 
is  that  above  given,  as  shown  by  Risse. 

A  Santander  variety,  analyzed  by  Risse,  containing  much  less  copper  (anal.  6,  7),  affords  the 


HYDROUS   CARBONATES. 


713 


0         fi 

Cu 

2n 

Ca 

16-06       9-95 

28-19 

45-84 

=100-06  Bottger. 

16-08       9-93 

28-36 

45-62 

=99-99  Bottger. 

27-5 

32-5 

42-5 

fr-.=102-5  Connel. 

21-45      

29-46 

32-02 

8-62=100  Delesse. 

19-88      

29-00 

41-19 

216=99-85  Delesse. 

14-08     10-80 

18-41 

55-29 

—  ,  gangue  1-86=100-44  Risse. 

2469 

16-03 

56-82 

,  gangue  l'69=99-23  Risse. 

formula  (Cur  2n)  C+2  2n  fi,  with  Ou  to  2n  in  the  first  member  as  3:1,  the  0.  ratio  for  Cu, 
2n,  C,  fi  being  3:9:8:8. 

Analyses:  1,  2,  Bottger  (1.  c.);  3,  Connel  (Ed.  K  Phil.  J.,  xlv.  36);  4,  5,  Delesse  (1.  c.);  6,  7, 
H.  Risse  (Verh.  nat.  Ver.  Bonn,  95,  1865) : 

1.  Altai,  Aurichalc. 

2.  "  " 

3.  Matlock,  " 

4.  Altai,  JBuratite 

5.  Chessy,     " 

6.  Santander 

7.  " 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  blackens,  and  yields  water.  B.B.  infusible ;  colors  the  flame 
deep  green.  With  soda  on  charcoal  gives  a  coating  of  oxyd  of  zinc,  yellow  while  hot  and  white 
on  cooling ;  moistened  with  cobalt  solution  and  heated  in  O.P.  the  coating  becomes  green ;  the 
fused  mass  removed  from  the  coal  and  triturated  hi  a  mortar  affords  minute  globules  of  copper. 
With  the  fluxes  reacts  for  copper.  Soluble  in  acids  with  effervescence. 

Obs. — Aurichalcite  occurs  at  Loktefskoi,  at  a  copper  mine  of  the  Altai,  where  it  is  associated 
with  calcite  and  limonite,  sometimes  forming  a  drusy  covering  upon  these  minerals ;  at  Matlock, 
in  Derbyshire,  of  a  pale  green  color,  laminated  structure,  and  pearly  lustre ;  at  Roughten-GilJ,  in 
Cumberland ;  Leadhills,  Scotland ;  zinc  mines  of  the  province  of  Santander,  Spain.  In  the  U". 
States,  at  Lancaster,  Pa.  (Taylor,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xx.  412). 

The  buratite  comes  from  Loktefskoi ;  Chessy,  near  Lyons;  Pramont,  Tyrol;  Retzbanya,  hi 
Hungary,  in  microscopic  rhombic  or  rhombohedral  tables,  and  also  oblong  rectangular  forms  (a 
mineral  lately  proved  to  be  calciferous) ;  Campiglia  in  Tuscany. 

The  mineral  aurichalcite  was  first  described  as  a  greenish  variety  of  calamine  by  Patrin,  in 
1788  (1.  c.),  and  called  Brass  ore  (Mine  de  Laiton),  "because,"  as  he  says,  "the  compound  of 
copper  and  zinc  is  here  made  by  nature."  Among  the  brass  or  copper  ores  of  the  ancients, 
auricTialcum  was  reputed  the  best  (Pliny,  xxxiii.  2) ;  and  Sage  was  thence  led  to  suggest  (1.  c., 
1791)  that  the  cupriferous  calamine  (which  afforded,  as  he  showed  by  experiment,  the  best  of 
brass,  without  the  addition  of  either  copper  or  zinc)  might  be  the  ancient  aurichalcum.  As  the 
ore  is  a  scarce  one,  this  is  not  at  all  probable.  But  the  idea  explains  the  use  of  the  word  for  the 
species.  In  addition,  it  is  to  be  said  that  brass  (or  an  alloy  related  to  it)  was  called  aurichalcum 
by  Virgil  and  Horace,  and  also  in  the  middle  ages. 

The  Latin  word  aurichalcum  is  regarded  by  some  good  authorities  as  derived  from  'opci^aX/cof 
(=mountain  brass)  -  and,  in  fact,  the  Latin  poets  just  mentioned  wrote  it  orichalcum.  But  others 
regard  it  as  a  hybrid  word  (from  the  Latin  aurum,  gold,  and  %aA* »j,  brass  or  bronze),  and  the  o  of 
the  poets  as  an  example  of  the  admissible  change  in  Latin  of  au  to  o.  Glocker,  in  view  of  the 
first  of  these  derivations,  changes  aurichalcite  to  orichalcite;  but,  whatever  the  derivation,  as  the 
use  of  aurichalcum  dates  from  before  Pliny's  time,  we  moderns  may  as  well  let  it  stand  without 
correction. 

750A.  ZINKAZURITE  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  1852,  101.  A  blue  mineral  in  small  crystals,  having 
G.=3-49,  from  the  Sierra  Almagrera  in  Spain.  Heated,  it  affords  a  little  water,  with  the  reactions 
of  copper  and  zinc.  According  to  Plattner,  it  consists  of  sulphate  of  zinc,  carbonate  of  copper, 
and  some  water. 


751.  MALACHITE!.  Xpwo*<5AAa  pt.  Theophr.,  Dioscor.,  etc.  ^svSfis  ^apaySos  [False  Emerald 
of  Copper  Mines]  pt.,  Theophr.  Chrysocolla,  Molochites,  pt.,  Plin.,  Agric.  Berggriin,  Germ. 
Molochit,  Agric.,  Interpr.,  1546.  .^Erugo  nativa,  Viride  montanum  pt.,  Koppargron,  Barggront 
pt,  Malachit,  Wall,  Min.,  278,  279,  1747.  Cuivre  carbonate  vert  IS  Abbe  Fontana,  J.  de  Phys.,  ii. 
509,  1778,  proving  the  existence  of  a  green  carbonate.  Green  Carbonate  of  Copper;  Green 
Malachite  ;  Mountain  Green  pt.  Berggriin  pt.  Germ.  Atlaserz  [fib.  var.]  Germ. 


/A  7=104°  28',  i-i  A  -1-^=118°  15',  Zepharo- 

ical,  1\  i-i,  i-l  ; 


Monoclinic.    (7=88°  32'; 

vich  ;  a  :  b  :  c=  0*51155  :  1  :  1-2903.    Observed  planes  :  0  ;  vertical, 
hemidomes,  -!-&',  —  J-&,  •£-<&,  4-£,  \4  ;   hemioctahedral,  -J-,  J*2,  f-3.     0  A   -= 
91°  28',  /A  ^=U2°  14'  ;  1  A  $.=107°,  $  A  ^=168°,  J-2  A  £-2=157°  30'— 
156°  38'  (obs.  by  Lang.),  -l-i  A  -1-i,  reentering  angle  in  twin,  f.  61%1,=123° 


714 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


22'  Zeph.  obs. ;  4-a  A  J-*,  reent.  in  twin,  163°  20/-36/,  Lang  obs.  Com- 
mon form,  f.  611 ;  also  same  with  other  terminal  planes ;  also^  with  ^ 
wanting;  also  with  14,  i-l  very  large,  making  a  rectangular  prisrn;  also 
with  tlie  vertical  prism  very  short,  as  in  f.  612.  Crystals  rarely  simple. 
Twins  :  composition-face  i4,  f.  611 ;  the  reentering  angle  varying  with  the 
terminating  planes ;  often  penetration  twins,  as  in  f.  612,  in  which  the  upper 
and  lower  halves  in  front  are  continued  respectively  in  the  lower  and  upper 
halves  behind,  as  illustrated  in  f.  612A,  a  clinodiagonal  vertical  section  of 
612  •  also  under  the  terminal  planes  of  611  in  613.  Cleavage :  basal,  highly 


612 


612A 


perfect ;  clinodiagonal  less  distinct.  Usually  massive  or  incrusting,  with 
surface  tuberose,  botryoidal,  or  stalactitic,  and  structure  divergent ;  often 
delicately  compact  fibrous,  and  banded  in  color ;  frequently  granular  or 
earthy. 

H.=3*5— 4.  Gc.= 3*7— 4*01.  Lustre  of  crystals  adamantine,  inclining 
to  vitreous  ;  of  fibrous  varieties  more  or  less  silky ;  often  dull  and  earthy. 
Color  bright  green.  Streak  paler  green.  Translucent — subtranslucent — 
opaque.  Fracture  subconchoidal,  uneven. 

Comp.— Cu2  C+fl=Cu  C  +  Cu  fi=Carbonic  acid  19-9,  protoxyd  of  copper  71 '9,  water  8-2=100. 
Analyses:  1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  ii.  287,  1797);  2,  Vauquelin  (Ann.  du  Mus.,  xx.  1);  3,  Phillips  (J. 
Boyal  Inst.,  iv.  276) ;  4,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xx.  249) : 

fi 

11-6=100  Klaproth. 
8-75=100-10  Yauquelin. 
9-3=100  Phillips. 
9-02,  3Pe  0-12  =  99-69  Smith. 

Fontana,  the  first  analyst  of  the  species,  obtained  (1.  c.)  C  19*4,  fl  5-6,  leaving  75  p.  c.  for  the 
copper.  Other  analyses  :  ores  from  the  Urals  and  Finland,  by  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  (Act.  Soc.  Sci. 
Fenn.,  iv.  607);  Ural,  by  Struve  (Verh.  Ges.  St.  Petersb.,  1850-51,  103). 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  closed  tube  blackens  and  yields  water.  B.B.  fuses  at  2,  coloring  the  flame 
emerald-green ;  on  charcoal  is  reduced  to  metallic  copper ;  with  the  fluxes  reacts  like  melaconite. 
Soluble  in  acids  with  effervescence. 

Obs. — Green  malachite  accompanies  other  ores  of  copper.  Perfect  crystals  are  quite  rare. 
Occurs  abundantly  hi  the  Urals ;  at  Chessy  in  France,  in  the  old  mine  at  Sandlodge,  in  Shetland ; 
at  Schwatz  in  the  Tyrol;  in  Cornwall  and  in  Cumberland,  England;  Sandlodge.  copper  mine, 
Scotland ;  Limerick,  Waterford,  and  elsewhere,  Ireland  ;  at  Grimberg,  near  Siegen,  in  Germany. 
At  the  copper  mines  of  Nischne  Tagilsk,  belonging  to  M.  Demidoff,  a  bed  of  malachite  was  opened 
which  yielded  many  tons  of  malachite;  one  mass  measured  at  top  9  by  18  ft. ;  and  the  portion 
uncovered  contained  at  least  half  a  million  pounds  of  pure  malachite.  Also  in  handsome  masses 
at  Bembe,  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa ;  with  the  copper  ores  of  Cuba ;  Chili ;  Australia. 


C 

Cu 

1.  Turjinsk,  Ural 

18-0 

70-5 

2.  Chessy 

21-25 

70-10 

3.       " 

18-5 

72-2 

4  Phenixville 

19-09 

71-46 

HYDROUS   CARBONATES.  715 

Occurs  in  Conn.,  at  Cheshire.  In  N".  Jersey,  at  Schuyler's  mines,  and  still  better  at  New  Bruns- 
wick. In  Pennsylvania,  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  near  Nicholson's  G-ap ;  near  Morgantown,  Berks 
County ;  at  Cornwall,  Lebanon  Co.,  in  good  specimens ;  at  the  Perkiomen  and  Phenixville  lead 
mines.  In  Maryland,  between  Taneytown  and  Newmarket,  E.  of  the  Monocacy;  in  the  Catoctin 
Mts.  In  Wisconsin,  at  the  copper  mines  of  Mineral  Point,  and  elsewhere.  In  California,  at  Hughe.s's 
mine,  in  Calaveras  Co. 

Green  malachite  admits  of  a  high  polish,  and  when  in  large  masses  is  cut  into  tables,  snuff- 
boxes, vases,  etc. 

Named  from  i^aXa^f,,  mallows,  in  allusion  to  the  green  color. 

Recent  papers  on  cryst,  v.  Lang,  Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxv.  432,  xxviti.  502  ;  v.  Zepharovich,  Ber. 
Ak.  Wien,  li.  112  ;  Hessenberg  Min.  Not,  Nos.  iii.  vi.  vii. 

751  A.  MYSORIN.  Massive.  G.— 2*62.  Soft.  Color  blackish-brown,  when  pure ;  usually  green 
or  red,  from  mixture  with  malachite  and  red  oxyd  of  iron.  Fracture  conchoidal. 

Comp.— According  to  Thomson  (Min.,  i.  601,  1836),  Carbonic  acid  16-70,  oxyd  of  copper  60-75, 
sesquioxyd  of  iron  (mechanically  mixed)  19'50,  silica  2'10,  loss  0*95.  Gives  no  water  in  a  glass  tube. 
Occurs  at  Mysore,  in  Hindostan.  Although  stated  to  be  anhydrous,  it  may  be  an  impure  mala- 
chite. 

751B.  LIME-MALACHITE  (Kalk-malachit  Zincken,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  i.  1842).  Massive,  reniform,  botry- 
oidal ;  structure  fibrous  and  foliated.  H.=2-5.  Lustre  silky.  Color  verdigris-green. 

From  Zincken's  trials  it  is  a  hydrous  carbonate  of  copper,  with  some  carbonate  and  sulphate 
of  lime  and  iron.  From  Lauterberg  in  the  Harz. 

752.  AZURITE.  Cseruleum,  Lapis  armenius  pt.,  Plin.,  xxxiii.  57.  Cseruleum,  Germ.  Lasur, 
Berglasur  pt.,  Agric.,  217,  etc.  Koppar-Lazur,  Cuprum  lazureum,  Caeruleum  montanum,  Watt., 
Min.,  280,  1747.  Bleu  de  montagne,  Cuivre  azuree,  Fr.  Trl  Wall,  i  506,  1753.  Kupferlasur 
Wern.  Bergblau  Germ.  Abbe  Fontana,  J.  de  Phys.,  ii.  1778  (with  anal,  making  it  a  carbon- 
ate). Blue  Carbonate  of  Copper,  Blue  malachite.  Chessy  Copper.  Azure  Copper  Ore.  Cuivre 
carbonate  bleu  Fr.  Azurite  Beud.,  Tr.,  417,  1824.  Lasur  Said.,  Handb.,  508,  1845.  Chessy- 
lite  B.  &  M,  Min.,  594,  1852.  Lasurit  v.  Kobell,  Tafeln,  32,  1853. 

Monoclinic.  #=87°  39' ;  7  A  7=99°  32',  0  A  14=138°  41' ;  a,  :  I  :  c= 
1-039  :  1  :  1-181.  Observed  planes  :  0 ;  vertical,  7,  i-i,  i\  i-2,  i-§ ;  i~b  ; 
clinodomes,  |4,  |4,  f  4,  J4,  f  4,  14,  |4,  24,  34 ;  hemidomes,  14,  24,  -J4, 
-14,  -24  ;  hemioctahedral,  f ,  1,  2,  -1,  -2 ;  2-2,  4-4  ;  f-2,  f  2,  f-2,  4-2,  -2-2, 
-f-2  ;  f -a.  0  usually  striated  parallel  with  the  clinodiagonal. 

O  A  7=91°  48'  i-i  A  £4=115°  35'                            614 

0  A  ^4=92  21  14  A  14,  bas.,=82  38 

0  A  14=132  43  24  A  24,    "    =120  46 

0  A  1=125  8  i-2  A  ^'-2=134  8 

O  A  2=108  35  £f  A  ^'-1=121  10 

0  A  -1=127  28  i-*  A  ^-2=118  50 

1  A  1,  front,=116  7        i-i  A  24=153  51 
-1  A  -1,  "  =118  16        i-i  A  7=139  46 
i-i  A  14=134  56 

Cleavage  :  24  rather  perfect ;  i-i  less  distinct ;  I  in  traces.  Also  massive, 
and  presenting  imitative  shapes,  having  a  columnar  composition  ;  also  dull 
and  earthy. 

H.= 3-5— 4-25.  G.= 3-5— 3*831.  Lustre  vitreous,  almost  adamantine. 
Color  various  shades  of  azure-blue,  passing  into  berlin-blue.  Streak  blue, 
lighter  than  the  color.  Transparent — subtranslucent.  Fracture  conchoidal. 
Brittle. 

Comp.— 2  Cu  C+Cu  fi=:Carbonic  acid  25-6,  oxyd  of  copper  69'2,  water  5-2=100.  Analyses : 
1,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iv.  31,  1807);  2,  Phillips  (J.  Eoy.  Institution,  iv.  276);  3,  Vauquelin  (Ann.  du 
Mus.,  xx.  1) ;  4,  J.  L.  Smith  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xx.  250) : 


716  OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 


0 

Cu 

fi 

1.  Turjinsk 

24 

70 

6=100  Klaproth. 

2.  Chessy 

25-46 

69-08 

6-46=100  Phillips. 

3.        " 

25-0 

68-5 

6'5  Vauquelin. 

4.  Phenixville 

24-98 

69-41 

5-84=100-23  Smith. 

Abbe*  Fontana  obtained  0-  c.)  C  31'42,  Cu  68-573,  with  only  T007  of  water. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  Same  as  in  malachite. 

Obs.—  Occurs  in  splendid  crystallizations  at  Chessy,  near  Lyons,  whence  it  derived  the  name 
Chessy  Copper.  Also  in  fine  crystals  in  Siberia  ;  at  Moldawa  in  the  Bannat  ;  at  Wheal  Buller, 
near  Redruth  in  Cornwall  ;  also  in  Devonshire  and  Derbyshire,  England  ;  in  small  quantities  at 
Alston-Moor  and  Wanlockhead,  etc.  ;  at  Porto  Cabello,  S.  A. 

Occurs  in  Perm.,  at  the  Perkiomen  lead  mine,  in  indifferent  specimens,  associated  with  gale- 
Bite,  blende,  and  cerussite  ;  at  Phenixville,  in  crystals  ;  at  Cornwall,  in  crystals  on  red  shale  ; 
near  Nicholson's  Gap,  hi  the  Blue  Ridge.  In  N.  York,  near  Sing  Sing.  In  N.  Jersey,  near  New 
Brunswick.  In  Wisconsin,  at  the  old  copper  diggings  near  Mineral  Point,  in  good  crystals  ;  also 
at  the  Bracken  mine,  in  small  but  fine  crystals.  In  California,  Calaveras  Co.,  at  Hughes's  mine, 
in  crystals. 

When  abundant,  azurite  is  a  valuable  ore  of  copper.  When  ground  to  an  impalpable  powder, 
it  forms  a  blue  paint  of  a  bright  tint  ;  but  it  is  of  little  value  as  a  pigment,  on  account  of  its  lia- 
bility to  turn  green. 

Alt.  —  Azurite  occurs  altered  to  malachite  through  the  addition  of  carbonic  acid. 

752A  ATLASITE  JBreifh.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  310,  1865.  A  carbonate  of  copper  from  Chanarcillo  in 
Chili,  containing  chlorine.  It  much  resembles  atacamite.  It  is  coarse  or  fine  columnar,  with 
H.=3—  4;  G-.=3'839—  3*869;  lustre  vitreous  to  silky;  color  between  celandine  and  emerald- 
green,  nearer  the  first;  streak  verdigris-green.  T.  Erhard  obtained  for  it  (L  c.)  : 

C  16-48        Cu  70-18        fi  9-30        Cl  4'14        gangue  0'70=100'80, 


whence  he  derives  the  formula  7(Cu20+fl)+CuCl  +  3fi',  equivalent  to  7  of  malachite,  1  of  a 
hydrous  chlorid  of  copper. 

According  to  this  formula  the  mineral  consists  of  14  Cu,  10  fi,  1  Cu  CL  If  now  the  Cu  Cl  is 
from  mixed  atacamite,  it  is  combined  with  3  CuH.  The  remainder.  11  Cu,  7  C,  7  H,  corresponds, 
excepting  an  excess  of  water,  very  nearly  to  the  composition  of  azurite  ;  11  Cu,  7£  C,  3f  H,  would 
be  precisely  azurite.  Atlasite  may,  therefore,  be  a  mixture  of  about  3£  parts  of  azurite  with  1 
part  of  atacamite. 

753.  BISMUTITB.    Bismutit  Bretih.,  Pogg.,  liii.  627,  1841.    Kohlensaures  Wismuthoxyd, 
Wismuthspath,  Germ.    Bismuthite.     Carbonate  of  Bismuth. 

In  implanted  acicular  crystallizations  (pseudomorphous)  ;  also  incru  sting 
or  amorphous  ;  pulverulent. 

H.=4—  4-5  ;  3*5,  specimens  that  have  lost  their  lustre;  earthy,  1*5. 
G.  =  6-86-6-909,  Breith.  ;  7'6T,  from  South  Carolina,  Eammelsberg.  Lus- 
tre vitreous  when  pure;  sometimes  dull.  Color  white,  mountain-green, 
and  dirty  siskin-green  ;  occasionally  straw-yellow  and  yellowish-gray. 
Streak  greenish-gray  to  colorless.  Subtranslucent  —  opaque.  Brittle. 

Oomp.  —  According  to  Plattner's  examinations  (Pogg.,  liii.  727),  it  is  a  carbonate  of  bismuth, 
containing  some  iron  and  copper  (perhaps  a  carbonate  of  each),  and  also  sulphuric  acid. 

Rammelsberg  examined  specimens  from  South  Carolina,  probably  of  this  species,  and  obtained 
the  formula  3  (BiC+H)  +  Bifi  (=Bi4C3H4)=Oxyd  of  bismuth  90-1,  carbonic  acid  6'4,  water 
DO.  Analyses:  1,  Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  Ixxvi.  564,  1849);  2,  3,  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II. 
xxiii.  427)  i 

c       Bi       a 

1.  Chesterfield  Dist.     6-56        90-00        3-44=100  Ramm. 
2-  "        7-04        89-05        3-91  =  100  Genth 

3.  7-30        87-67         5-03=100  Genth. 

Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  decrepitates  and  gives  off  water.  B.B.  fuses  readily,  and  on 
charcoal  is  reduced  to  bismuth,  and  coats  the  coal  with  yellow  oxyd  of  bismuth.  Dissolves  in 


HYDROUS   CARBONATES.  717 

nitric  acid,  with  slight  effervescence.  Dissolves  in  muriatic  acid,  affording  a  deep  yellow  solu- 
tion. 

Obs.  —  Bismutite  occurs  at  Schneeberg  and  Johanngeorgenstadt,  with  native  bismuth,  and  near 
Hirschberg  in  Kussian  Yoigtland,  with  brown  iron  ore,  native  bismuth,  and  bismuthinite  ;  at 
Joachimsthal  ;  near  Baden  ;  also  in  the  gold  district  of  Chesterfield,  S.  C.,  at  Brewer's  mine,  in 
porous  yellowish  masses,  sometimes  reddish  from  oxyd  of  iron  ;  surface  of  fracture  white  and 
vitreous,  resembling  somewhat  calamine  ;  hi  G-aston  Co.,  N.  C.,  in  yellowish-white  concretions. 

^  7  53  A.  "With  the  bismutite  of  Joachimsthal  occurs  another  bismuth  carbonate,  in  thin  longish 
crystals,  vitreous,  siskin-green  to  clove-brown,  translucent.  It  contains,  according  to  Li&dacker 
(Vogl's  Min.  Joach.,  168),  oxyd  of  bismuth,  carbonic  acid,  water,  silica;  effervesces  with  acids, 
and  B.B.  gives  bismuth  reactions. 

754.  LIEBIGITB.    J.  L.  Smith,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  v.  336,  1848,  and  xi.  259.    Uran-Kalk-Car- 
bonat  Vogl,  Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs.,  iv.  221,  1853. 

In  mammillary  concretions,  or  thin  coatings  ;  cleavage  apparent  in  one 
direction. 

H.—  2—  2*5.  Lustre  of  fracture  vitreous.  Color  beautiful  apple-green. 
Transparent. 

Comp.  —  ^  C  +  CaC  +  20  £[=  Carbonic  acid  11-1,  oxyd  of  uranium  36-2,  lime  71,  water  45*6  ; 
2Ca  C  +  g'C  +  SeS,  Ramm.,=C  9'02,  £  3912,  Oa  7-67,  H  4419  =  100.     Analysis  by  J.  L. 


or 

Smith  (L  c.)  : 


0  10-2  g  38-0        Ca  8-9  fl  45'2 


Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  a  matrass  yields  much  water  and  becomes  yellowish-gray.  At  redness  it 
blackens,  without  fusing,  and  on  cooling  returns  to  an  orange-red  color.  At  a  higher  heat  it 
blackens,  and  remains  so  on  cooling.  With  borax  it  gives  a  yellow  glass  in  the  outer  flame,  and 
a  green  glass  in  the  inner.  Dissolves  readily  in  dilute  acids  with  effervescence,  and  affords  a 
yellow  solution,  with  the  reaction  of  uranium  and  lime 

Obs.  —  Occurs  with  medjidite  on  pitchblende,  near  Adrianople,  Turkey  ;  also  at  Johanngeorgen- 
stadt and  Joachimsthal.  Dr.  Smith  states  that  both  the  lime  and  uranium  of  this  salt  are  derived 
from  the  pitchblende. 

A  related  mineral  from  Elias  mine,  near  Joachimsthal,  has  been  examined  by  Yogi  and  J.  Lin- 
dacker  (Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs.,  iv.  221,  1853).  It  occurs  in  scaly  aggregations  on  pitchblende,  has  a 
siskin-green  color,  and  a  pearly  lustre  on  a  cleavage-face;  subtransparent  to  translucent;  H.= 
2"5—  3.  B.B.  on  charcoal  infusible  ;  with  borax  and  salt  of  phosphorus  the  reaction  of  uranium. 
Dissolves  with  effervescence  in  sulphuric  acid,  a  white  deposit  being  thrown  down  ;  solution  in 
sulphuric  and  muriatic  acids  green,  in  nitric  acid  yellow. 

Composition,  according  to  J.  Lindacker(l.  c.),  UC+Ca  C+5:fi=C  24'18,  U  37  '03,  Ca  15-55,  fi 
23  34=  100.  Mean  of  three  analyses  : 

C  23-86        U  37-11        Oa  15'56        fi  23'34=99'87. 
These  carbonates  are  produced  by  the  action  of  carbonated  waters  on  the  sulphates. 

755.  VOGLITE.    Uran-Kalk-Kupfer-Carbonat  Vogl,  Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  iv.  222,  1853.    Yoglit 

Raid.,  ib.,  223. 

In  aggregations  of  crystalline  scales.  Scales  rhomboidal  somewhat  like 
gypsum,  with  angles  of  100°  and  80°,  Haid. 

Lustre  pearly.     Color  emerald-green  to  bright  grass-green.     Dichroic. 

Comp.  —  2  trC+2  CaC-f  Cu8C2+14fl,  Lindacker,  from  his  analysis  (Jahrb.  G-.  Reichs.,  iv. 
222): 

C  26*41        U  37-00        Ca  14-09        Cu  8-40        &  13-90=100. 
Pyr.,  etc.  —  In  the  closed  tube  blackens  and  yields  water.    B.B.  in  the  platinum  forceps  infu- 


718 


OXYGEN   COMPOUNDS. 


sible  colors  the  flame  deep  green ;  if  moistened  with  muriatic  acid  the  flame  is  momentarily  blue, 
With  soda  on  charcoal  yields  metallic  copper.  "With  borax  in  O.P.  the  bead  is  yellow  while  hot 
and  reddish-brown  on  cooling;  in  E.F.  green  while  hot  and  clouded  when  cold.  Soluble  in  acids 
with  effervescence. 

Obs.— From  the  Elias  mine,  near  Joachimsthal,  implanted  on  pitchblende. 


8.  OXALATES. 


756.  WHEWELLITE.    Oxalate  of  Lime  H.  T.  Brooke,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xvi.  449,  1840. 
calcite  Shepard,  Min.,  Ill,  1844.    Whewellite  B.  &  M.,  Min.,  623,  1852. 


Oxa- 


Monoclinic.     (7=72 
127°  25'; 
as  in  the  annexed  figure. 
109°  28',  0  A  -£=  141°  6', 


36',  0A14= 


,  7  A  7=100° 

1  :  1-1499.    Observed  planes 
0  A  7=103°  14',  0Al-*= 

7A  a=129°  42'.     Cleavage 


parallel  with  0 ;  less  perfect  parallel  with  7,  and  the  longer 
diagonal.  All  the  planes  bright  except  7  and  -£,  which 
are  vertically  striated.  Twins  :  composition-face  I-i. 

H.=2'5— 2-75.  Lustre  like  that  of  sulphate  of  lead. 
Yerj  brittle.  Fracture  conchoidal. 

This  species,  an  oxalate  of  lime,  was  observed  by  Brooke  in  crystals 
from  a  tenth  to  a  fourth  of  an  inch  broad  on  calc  spar ;  the  locality  of  the 
spar  is  not  known. 

The  name  oxacalcite  proposed  by  Shepard  is  badly  formed,  and  should  yield  to  Brooke  & 
Miller's,  after  Prof.  Whewell  of  Cambridge. 

757.  THIERSCHITE  Liebig,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixxxvi.  113,  1853.  An  oxalate  of  lime,  occurring 
as  a  grayish,  warty,  and  somewhat  opaline  incrustation,  about  a  line  thick,  on  the  marble  of  the 
Parthenon,  Athens.  A  complete  analysis  has  not  yet  been  made.  Its  origin  is  attributed  to  the 
action  of  some  kind  of  vegetation  on  the  marble.  It  is  probably  identical  with  whewellite. 
Named  after  F.  v.  Thiersch,  the  discoverer. 


758.  HUMBOLDTINB.  Faser  Resin  (Honigsteinsaurer  Eisen?)  Breith.,  Char.,  75,  1820.  Hum- 
boldtine,  Oxalsaures  Eisen,  M.  de  Rivero,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  xviil  207,  1821.  Eisen-Resin  BreHti., 
Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixx.  426,  1822.  Oxalit  Breith.,  Char.,  1823.  Humboldtit  Leonh.,  Handb.,  789, 
1826. 

In  capillary  forms ;  also  botryoidal  and  in  plates,  or  earthy ;  structure 
fibrous  or  compact. 

H.=2.  G.=2-13— 2-489.  Dull  or  slightly  resinous.  Color  yellow. 
Fracture  uneven,  earthy.  Acquires  negative  electricity  by  friction,  when 
insulated. 

COMP.— 2  Fe  <3  +  3  fi= Oxalic  acid  42-1,  protoxyd  of  iron  42*1,  water  15-8=100.  Analysis  by 
Rammelsberg  (Pogg.,  xlvi.  283): 

Fe  41-13  Oxalic  acid  42-40  (loss)  16-37=100. 

Mariano  de  Rivero  obtained  (1.  c.)  Oxalic  acid  46-14,  and  protoxyd  of  iron  53-86,  with  no  water. 


OXALATES. 

Rammelsberg  (Pogg..  liii.  631,  1841)  has  confirmed  Ms  former  analysis,  and  shown  that  the  iron 
is  all  protoxyd. 

PYR.,  ETC.— In  the  closed  tube  yields  water,  turns  blaok,  and  becomes  magnetic.  B.B.  on  char- 
coal is  colored  at  first  black,  but  later  red,  and  with  the  fluxes  reacts  for  oxyd  of  iron. 

OBS. — Occurs  in  brown  coal  at  Koloseruk,  near  Bilin,  Bohemia;  at  Gross- Aimer  ode,  in  Hessia; 
and  according  to  T.  S.  Hunt,  at  Kettle  Point,  in  Bosanquet,  Canada,  as  an  incrustation  on  black 
shales,  soft,  earthy,  sulphur-yellow  (Logan's  Report,  1850,  1863). 


720  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 


VI.  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  SPECIES. 
I.  SIMPLE  HYDROCARBONS. 

1.  MARSH-G-AS  SEBIES.—  General  formula  6nH2n_j_2. 

1.  NAPHTHA  GROUP.—  Liquids. 

761.  TETRTLIC  HYBRID  €4H10  764.  HEPTYLIO  HYBRID          €7H16 

762.  PENTYLIC  HYBRID  <35H12  765.  OCTYLIO  HYDRID  -O8H18 

763.  HEXYLIG  HYBRID  <76Hi4  766.  NONYLIC  HYDBID  O9H20 

There  are  also  in  nature  the  gaseous  members  of  the  series,  OH4,  or  MARSH-GAS  (Methylic 
Hydrid)  ;  <72  H6,  or  ETHYLIO  HYBRID;  <33  H8,  or  TRITYLIO  HYBRID. 

2.  BETA-NAPHTHA  GROUP.  —  Probably  polymeres  of  the  species  of  the  Naphtha  group  by  a 

common  multiple  ;  boiling  point  7°-8°  higher  than  for  corresponding  species  of  the  Naph- 
tha group. 

767.  n64H10  769.  n€6H14  771.  ne8H18 

768.  n€5Hia  770.  n€7H18 

3.  SCHEERERITE  GROUP.—  Solid,  or  butter-like,  and  tasteless. 

772.  SCHEERERITE  nOH4  773.  CHRISMATITB  n62H6 

2.  ETHYLENE  SERIES  OR  OLEFXNES.—  General  formula  enHan. 

4.  PITTOUUM  GROUP.—  Liquids. 

774.  DECATYLENE  e10H20  776.  DODECATYLENE  e12H24 

775.  ENBECATYLENE  e^Haa  777.  DECATRITYLENB  ^13H28 

5.  PARAFFINE  GROUP.-  Solids,  wax-like  ;  tasteless. 

778.  URPETHITE  780.  OZOCERITE 

779.  HATCHETTTTE  781.  ZIETRISIKCTE 

Appendix.—  782.  ELATERITE  783.  SETTLING  STONES  RESIN 


3.  CAMPHENE  SERIES.—  General  formula 
6.  FICHTELITE  GROUP.—  SoUd;  without  taste  or  smell  ;  easily  crystallizabla. 

784.  FICHTELITE  n  e,  0  H,  e  786.  DINTTE 

785.  HABTITE  ne12H20  787.  IXOLYTB 


OXYGENATED   HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS.  721 

4.  BENZOLE  SERIES. — General  Formula  ^H^.,. 
T.  BENZOLE  GROUP.— Liquids. 

788.  BENZOLE  -e8H6  791.  CUMOLB  69Hia 

789.  TOLUOLB  e7H8  792.  CYMOLE  e10H14 

790.  XYLOLE  #8H10 

8.  KONLITE  GROUP.— Solid. 

793.  KONLITE  n66H8 

5.  NAPHTHALIN  SERIES.— General  formula  &nH.^l9. 
794  NAPHTHALIN  -OioH8 

Appendix. — 795.  IDRIALITE. 

II.  OXYGENATED  HYDROCARBONS. 

1.  GEOCERITE  GROUP.— Ratio  of  £,  H=l  :  2.    Wax-like. 

796.  GEOCERITE  e28H58ea  797.  GEOMYRICITE  e84H68Oa 

2.  SUCCINITE  GROUP.— Ratio  of  0,  H=5  :  8  to  5  :  8£.    Insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

[Below,  the  ratio  of  <3,  H,  0  is  given  for  the  species,  and  for  better  comparison  the  car. 
bon  is  made  40,  without  writing  out  a  formula.] 

798.  COPALITE  40 :  64 :  1  802.  AMBRITE  40 :  66 :  5 

799.  SUCCINITE  40  :  64  :  4  803.  BATHVILLITB  40  :  68  :  4 

800.  WALCHOWTTE  40  :  64  :  3£?  804.  TORBANITE  ?  40  :  68  :  2 

801.  ?  BUCARAMANGITE  40  :  66  :  2£ 

3.  RETINITE  GROUP.— Ratio  of  0,  H=5  :  8  to  5  :  8}.    Largely  soluble  in  ether,  and  some 

species  in  alcohoL 

805.  XTLORETINTTE  40  :  64  :  4  806.  LETTCOPETRTTE  40  :  67i  :  2f 

807.  EUOSMITE  40  :  68  :  2£ 

4.  SCLERETINITE  GROUP.— Ratio  of  e,  H-5  :  7.    Insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

808.  SCLERETINITE  40  :  56  :  4 

5.  PYRORETINITE  GROUP.— Ratio  of  €,  H=5  :  7  to  5  :  6|.    Soluble  in  alcohol  or  ether. 

809.  JAULINGITE  (p.  800)       40?  :  60  :  4|  811.  ROCHLKDERITE  40  :  56  :  6 

810.  PYRORETINITE  40  :  56  :  4  812.  SCHLANTTE  40  :  52  :  3| 
810A.  REDSSINITE                40  :  56  :  3              813.  GUYAQUILLTTE  40  :  52  :  6 

6.  Ratio  of  6,  H=5  to  5£  or  less.    Insoluble  in  alcohol  or  ether. 

814.  MroDLETONrra  40:44:2  815.  STANEKTEE  ?  40: 44: 6 

816.  ANTHRAOOXENTTB          40 :  38  :  7£ 
46 


722  HYDROCARBON   COMPOUNDS. 

7.  DYSODILE  GROUP.— Containing  sulphur  in  place  of  part  of  the  oxygen. 
817.  TASMANITE  40 :  64 :  3  818.  DYSODILE 

Appendix.— 819.  HIBOITB.  820.  BAIKEBINITE. 

IIL  ACID  OXYGENATED  HYDROCARBONS. 

821.  BUTYEELLITE  €3aH6404 

822.  GEOCEBELLTTE  (Geoceric  acid)  ^as  H56  O4 

823.  BBUCKNEBELLITE  (Georetinic  acid)  ^34  H44  O8 

824.  SucciNELLrrE  (Succinic  acid)  ^4  H6  04 

825.  RETINELLITE  -OaiHaeOa 

826.  DOPPLEBITE  ?-BioHia06 

827.  MELANELLITE  -6iaHi0O4 

IV.  SALTS  OF  ORGANIC  ACIDS. 

828.  MELLITE  3tlM8+18fi  e4O2|| 

829.  PIGOTITE 

829 A.  Organic  salts  of  iron  Undetermined. 

V.  NITROGENOUS  HYDROCARBONS. 
Species  undetermined. 
APPENDIX  TO  HYDBOCAKBONS. 

830.  ASPHALTUM  831.  MlNEBAL  COAL 


The  formulas  above  are  all  written  on  the  new  system.  If  the  number  connected  with  H  is 
halved  in  each  case,  and  the  barred  capitals  are  replaced  by  common  capitals,  they  will  then  con- 
form to  the  old  system. 

The  native  hydrocarbons  are  very  imperfectly  known.  Most  of  the  kinds  hitherto  recognized 
in  mineralogy  are  more  analogous  to  rocks  than  minerals.  Amber,  for  example,  instead  of  being 
a  species,  is  a  mixture  of  four  or  more  species,  as  Berzelius  long  since  pointed  out,  and  only  two 
of  the  number  have  thus  far  been  investigated.  The  presence  of  succinic  acid,  one  of  these  two, 
is  spoken  of  as  an  essential  constituent  and  distinguishing  feature  of  amber ;  and  this  it  is  ;  but 
only  in  the  way  that  feldspar  is  a  constituent  of  granite.  Petroleum,  Asphaltum,  and  the  various 
kinds  of  mineral  resins  and  wax  are  similar  mixtures,  in  the  light  of  chemistry,  as  has  been 
shown  by  many  investigators.  But  still  the  true  line  of  investigation  is  so  little  appreciated  that 
new  resins  or  asphalts  are  from  time  to  tune  brought  forward  as  species  in  mineralogy  upon 
characters  that  only  prove  them  to  be  mixtures.  And  chemistry,  while  working  toward  a  better 
state  of  this  department  of  mineralogy,  often  fails  in  its  researches  to  distinguish  educts  (native 
ingredients)  from  products. 

The  facts  hi  the  case,  and  the  true  idea  of  the  science,  sustain  the  course  of  the  author  in  here 
removing  amber  from  mineralogical  species,  and  calling,  not  amber,  but  the  insoluble  resin  which 
constitutes  four-fifths  of  its  mass,  succinite;  and  in  endeavoring  to  apply  the  same  method 
throughout  the  hydrocarbon  section.-  Much  more  investigation  is  demanded  before  satisfactory 
results  can  in  all  cases  be  attained.  But  by  pursuing  the  subject  in  the  way  here  recognized, 
the  section  will  ultimately  become  an  exhibition  of  the  actual  species  of  hydrocarbons  in  nature, 
;and  thus  be  elevated  to  the  same  level  with  other  parts  of  the  science. 


SIMPLE   HYDROCARBONS. 


723 


I.  SIMPLE  HYDKOCAKBONS. 
NAPHTHA  AND  BETA-NAPHTHA  GROUPS. 


SYN.  OP  NAPHTHA  AND  PETROLEUM.     N<ty0a  Strabo,  xvi.  i.  §15,  Dioscor.,  i.  101.  Naphtha, 

Bitumen  liquidum  candidum,  Plin.,  ii.  109,  xxxv.  51.     Naphtha  flos  bituminis  Agric.  Ort.  Caus. 

Subt.,  45,  1544.     Liquidum  bitumen,  nunc  vocatur  Petroleum,  Agric.,  Nat.  Foss.,  222,  1546. 
Erdol,  Bergol,  Steinol,  Germ.    Mineral  OiL    Kerosene.    Bitume  liquide  Fr. 

The  liquids  or  oils  of  the  Naphtha  and  Beta-naphtha  groups  occur  as 
constituents  of  the  lighter  kinds  of  petroleum.  The  other  native  constitu- 
ents, and  the  most  abundant,  are  the  oils  of  the  Ethylene  series  and  the 
paraffins ;  and  the  proportion  of  ethylenes  increases  with  the  increase  of 
density  or  viscidity.  (See  PITTOLIUM  GROUP,  and  PARAFFIN.) 

The  general  formula  is  On  H2n-f  2,  or  that  of  the  Marsh-gas  series.  The 
specific  gravities,  boiling  points,  and  vapor  densities  increase  with  the 
increase  in  the  atomic  number,  or  the  value  of  n  in  the  above  formula,  as 
shown  in  the  following  table,  which  contains  also  the  percentage  composi- 
tion : 


761.  TETBTLIC  HYBRID 

762.  PENTYLIO  HYBRID 

763.  HEXYLIC  HYDRIB 

764.  HEPTYLIC  HYDRIB 
76£.  OCTYUO  HYBRID 
766.  NONYLIC  HYBRIB 


NAPHTHA  GROUP. 


c 

•e4H10=82-80 


e6H14=83-72 
€7  H,  8=84-0 


€9H20=84-38 


H 

17-20 
16-67 
16-28 
16-0 
15-79 
15-62 


Boiling  T.      G.    Vapor  Density  found. 


0°0?     0-600 
30-2        0'640 
0-676 
0-718 
0-737 


61-3 

90-4 

119-5 

150-8 


0-756 


2-110 
2-538 
3-053 
3-547 
3-992 
4-460 


BETA-NAPHTHA  GROUP. 


Boiling  T. 


G.        Yapor  Density. 


767. 

€4  H10 

8-9° 

0-611 

768. 

•Gs  HU 

37-0 

0-645 

2*514 

769. 

"@6  HI  4 

68-5 

0-689 

3-038 

770. 

v<7  HIO 

98-1 

0-730 

3-561 

771. 

^8  H18 

127-6 

0-752 

3-990 

The  names  Amylic  Hydrid,  Caproylic,  (Enanthylic,  Caprylic,  Pelargonylic,  are  often  used  for 
the  above  762  to  766.  Those  in  the  table  are  derived  from  the  Greek  for  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  and 
were  proposed  by  Gerhardt. 

The  constitution  of  petroleum  has  been  investigated  by  various  chemists,  among  whom  the 
most  prominent  are  Pelouze  and  Cahours  (C.  R.,  liv.  124,  IvL  505,  Ivii.  62),  and  C.  M.  Warren 
(Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Boston,  II.  be.  x.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xl.  xlv.  xlvi.).  Pelouze  and  Cahours  continue 
the  naphtha  series  to  ^i5H32,  aud  state  evidence  of  the  existence  of  still  higher  members.  But 
"Warren  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  the  naphtha  or  marsh-gas  series  terminates  with  O»  H20, 
and  that  the  oils  of  higher  density  and  atomic  numbers  belong  to  the  ethylene  series  (-6n  H2  n ).  More- 
over, Warren  brought  out  the  fact  that  there  was  a  second  naphtha  group,  differing  from  the  other  hi 
its  higher  boiling  points — the  Beta-naphtha  group  above.  This  chemist  also  determined  with 
great  exactness  the  boiling  points  of  the  two  groups,  and  found  that  in  both  there  was  the 


724  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

common  difference  of  about  30°C.  for  successive  terms  in  the  series  _for  for  a  difference  of 
6  H2) ;  but  that  the  boiling  points  in  the  second  series  were  about  8°  higher  correlatively  than 
those  of  the  1  st  series,  as  the  tables  show. 

The  specific  gravities  and  vapor  densities  for  761  are  from  Ronalds.  Those  of  the  others, 
762  to  772,  are  from  Warren,  excepting  the  vapor  densities  of  762,  763.  The  vapor  density  of 
767  has  not  yet  been  determined.  Warren's  specific  gravities  were  taken  at  0°  C. 

Eonalds  has  observed  that  the  gaseous  compounds  of  the  marsh-gas  series  €?  H6  and  £?3  H8 
(2d  and  3d  terms  in  the  marsh-gas  series)  also  exist  in  connection  with  petroleum.  Marsh-gas 
itself,  ibe  first  term  in  the  series  -eH4,  is  a  very  common  gas  of  coal  beds  and  bituminous  depos- 
its, as  well  as  of  modern  marshes. 

Petroleum  passes  by  insensible  gradations  into  pittasphalt  or  maltha  (viscid  bitumen) ;  and  the 
latter  as  insensibly  into  asphalt  or  solid  bitumen. 

Petroleum  occurs  in  rocks  or  deposits  of  nearly  all  geological  ages,  from  the  Lower  Silurian  to 
the  present  epoch.  It  is  associated  most  abundantly  with  argillaceous  shales  and  sandstones,  but  is 
found  also  permeating  limestones,  giving  them  a  bituminous  odor,  and  rendering  them  sometimes 
a  considerable  source  of  oil.  From  these  oleiferous  shales  and  limestones  the  oil  often  exudes, 
and  appears  floating  on  the  streams  or  lakes  of  the  region,  or  rises  in  oil  springs.  It  also  exists 
collected  in  subterranean  cavities  in  certain  rocks,  whence  it  issues  in  jets  or  fountains  whenever 
an  outlet  is  made  by  boring.  These  cavities  are  situated  mostly  along  the  course  of  gentle 
anticlinals  in  the  rocks  of  the  region ;  and  it  is  therefore  probable,  as  has  been  suggested,  that 
they  originated  for  the  most  part  in  the  displacements  of  the  strata  caused  by  the  slight  uplift. 
The  oil  which  fills  the  cavities  has  ordinarily  been  derived  from  the  subjacent  rocks ;  for  the 
strata,  in  which  the  cavities  exist,  are  frequently  barren  sandstones.  The  conditions  required  for 
the  production  of  such  subterranean  accumulations  would  be  therefore  (as  others  have  explained) 
a  bituminous  oil-bearing,  or  else  oil-producing,  stratum  at  a  greater  or  less  depth  below ;  cavities 
to  receive  the  oil ;  an  overlying  stratum  of  close-grained  shale  or  limestone,  not  allowing  of  the 
easy  escape  of  the  naphtha  vapors. 

If  the  oil  exists  ready  formed  in  the  rocks,  only  a  slight  heat  above  that  common  to  the  rocks 
would  be  needed  to  expel  the  oil  slowly  from  below.  And,  without  heat,  as  Hunt  states,  the  oil 
might  be  expelled  through  the  pressure  of  superincumbent  waters  from  the  oil-bearing  shales  or 
clays,  and  would  rise  aud  occupy  the  cavities  because  so  light  as  to  float  on  the  waters. 

But  if  the  oil-producing  bed  contained  not  the  oil  ready  made,  but  only  hydrocarbonaceous 
matters  that  may  afford  it  on  destructive  distillation,  the  oil  would  have  required  considerable 
heat  for  its  production. 

In  the  Caspian  and  Rangoon  naphtha  regions  the  oleiferous  clayey  deposits  are  nearly  qr  quite 
superficial,  and  the  oil,  a  viscid  kind,  exudes  readily  into  pits  made  for  collecting  it. 

In  the^  United  States  liquid  oil  occurs  in  the  Lower  Silurian,  in  the  "Bird's-eye  "  limestone  of 
Riviere  &  la  Rose  (Montmorenci),  Canada,  and  of  Water-town,  N.  Y.,  in  drops  in  fossil  coral ;  and 
in  the  Trenton  limestone  at  Pakenham,  Canada,  the  cavities  of  large  Orthocerata  sometimes  hold 
several  ounces  (T.  S.  Hunt,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxv.  166,  1868);  on  Grand  Manitoulin  Id.,  where  a 
spring  affording  it  arises  from  the  Utica  shale,  the  source  possibly  the  subjacent  limestones ;  at 
Guilderland,  near  Albany,  from  the  Hudson  River  group,  as  observed  in  a  spring  by  Beck ;  quite 
freely  in  limestone  and  shale  near  Chicago;  far  more  so  in  Kentucky,  in  the  Cumberland  oil 
region,  the  wells,  "  from  which  tens  of  thousands  of  barrels  of  oil  have  flowed "  (Newberry), 
descend  200  ft.  into  the  Blue  Limestone,  in  which  there  are  bituminous  shaly  strata  overlaid  by 
sheets  of  thin-bedded  compact  limestone ;  these  features  prevail  from  Lincoln  and  Casey  Cos., 
through  Adair  and  Russell,  Cumberland  and  Clinton  Cos.,  Ky.,  and  Overton  and  Jackson  Cos.,  Tenn. 

In  the  Upper  Silurian  traces  have  been  observed  in  the  Niagara  limestone  and  the  Medina  red 
shales ;  at  Gaspe,  Canada,  hi  a  Lower  Helderberg  limestone,  on  Silver  Brook,  etc  ;  near  Chicago, 
so  abundant  in  a  limestone  as  to  ooze  out,  and  the  rock  may  be  made  to  burn,  owing  to  its 
presence. 

In  the  Lower  Devonian,  the  Corniferous  limestone  is  regarded  by  Hunt  as  the  source  of  the  oil 
of  Enniskillen,  Canada,  where  there  are  large  areas  covered  by  the  half-inspissated  bitumen. 
Hunt  states  (1.  c.)  that  at  Rainham,  Canada,  on  L.  Erie,  shells  of  Pentamerus  aratus  are  sometimes 
filled  with  petroleum ;  and  that  in  other  places  in  the  region  imbedded  corals,  Heliophyllum  and 
Favosites,  have,  in  certain  of  the  layers,  their  cells  full  of  oil  (while  in  other  layers  it  is  absent 
from  the  corals),  and  in  quarrying,  the  oil  flows  out  and  collects  on  the  water  of  the  quarry ;  and 
at  Gaspe,  Lower  Devonian  sandstones  afford  oil  springs  and  give  rise  to  beds  of  thickened  petro- 
leum, and  the  chalcedonic  geodes  of  a  trap  dyke,  intersecting  the  sandstone,  sometimes  contain 
petroleum.  In  the  Middle  Devonian,  the  Black  shale,  or  Genesee  slate,  is  supposed  by  many 
geologists  to  be  the  principal  source  of  the  oil  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Kenawha  valley,  and  other 
parts  of  eastern  Virginia,  and  of  Ohio  and  Michigan ;  but  J.  P.  Lesley  attributes  much  of  the  oil 
of  western  Pennsylvania  to  the  Subcarboniferous.  Near  Fredonia,  Chatauque  Co.,  and  at  Rock- 
ville,  Alleghany  Co.,  oil  is  found  in  connection  with  Chemung  rocks,  or  the  Upper  Devonian  (Hall). 

A  little  oil  has  been  observed  in  connection  with  Triassic  shales  at  Southbury,  Conn.     The  oil 


SIMPLE   HYDROCARBONS.  725 

of  southern  California  proceeds  from  Tertiary  shales.  On  Trinidad  a  thick  oil,  with  asphalt 
occurs  in  connection  with  lignite  and  other  vegetable  remains  in  the  shales  constituting  the  upper 
part  of  the  Tertiary ;  and  specimens  of  the  vegetable  material,  partly  changed  to  oil  and  pene- 
trated by  it,  and  having  its  cells  looking  as  if  they  had  been  corroded,  as  a  result  of  the  change 
are  described  by  Wall  (Q.  J.  G-.  Soc.,  xvi.  460). 

Noted  foreign  localities  are  3  m.  from  Ye-nan-gyoung  (Feiid-water-rivulet),  Burmah  (and  exported 
from  Rangoon),  where  there  are  about  100  wells,  from  180  to  306  feet  deep,  each  lined  with  hori- 
zontal timber,  but  not  all  now  worked  (Oldham);  the  peninsula  of  Apcheron  on  the  western 
shore  of  the  Caspian,  at  Bakee,  where  naphtha  exudes  from  argillaceous  and  calcareous  beds 
especially  the  former,  of  the  Middle  Tertiary  (Abich),  and  where  it  has  long  been  used  for  burn- 
ing in  lamps  and  for  cooking ;  near  the  centre  of  the  region  the  light  and  pure  naphtha  oil  is 
obtained,  while  along  its  borders  the  oil  is  a  thicker  petroleum,  or  passes  into  an  asphalt,  and 
solid  masses  of  this  asphalt  are  often  seen  floating  in  the  Caspian ;  on  the  island  of  Tscheleken, 
near  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Caspian,  in  Balkan  Bay ;  on  the  banks  of  the  Kuban,  promontory 
of  Taman,  east  side  of  isthmus  between  the  Azof  and  Black  Sea ;  near  the  river  Betchora,  in  the 
government^ of  Archangel,  Russia;  near  the  village  of  Amiano,  in  Parma,  Italy,  whence  enough 
was  formerly  obtained  to  light  the  streets  of  Genoa ;  at  Zante,  one  of  the  Ionian  islands  (ancient 
Zacynthus),  which  has  furnished  oil  for  more  than  2,000  years,  its  petroleum  spring  having  been 
mentioned  by  Herodotus.  Pliny  mentions  the  oil  of  a  spring  at  Agrigentum,  Sicily,  and  states 
that  it  was  collected  and  used  for  burning  in  lamps,  as  a  substitute  for  oil.  He  distinguishes  this 
oil  from  naphtha,  which  he  says  was  too  light  and  inflammable  for  such  a  use.  Of  naphtha, 
he  mentions  a  locality  in  "  Parthfa  "  (about  the  sources  of  the  Indus).  Oil  is  found  also  near  the 
citv  of  Mexico,  and  on  the  river  Lagun. 

The  oil  spring  of  Cuba,  AUeghany  Co.,  N.  Y.,  called  the  Seneca  Oil  Spring,  long  known,  was 
described  by  Prof.  Silliman  in  1833  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxiiL  97)  as  a  dirty  pool,  about  18  ft.  across, 
covered  with  a  film  of  oil,  which  was  skimmed  off  from  time  to  time  for  medicinal  purposes.  The 
so-called  "Seneca  oil,'1  sold  at  the  time  in  the  shops  (and  from  which  he  often  distilled  naphtha 
for  preserving  potassium),  he  observes  was  not  from  this  spring  (around  which  the  Seneca  Indians 
then  had  a  reserve  of  a  square  mile),  but,  as  he  was  told,  from  Oil  Creek,  Venango  Co.,  Pa.,  about 
100  m.  from  Pittsburg.  Seneca  Lake  has  oil  on  its  surface  in  some  parts,  and  it  is  said  to  have 
given  the  name  to  the  oil ;  but  whether  this  is  the  true  source,  or  whether  it  came  from  its  being 
collected  and  sold  by  the  Seneca  Indians,  is  not  clear.  Hildreth  in  1833  (ib.,  xxiv.  63),  and  later 
in  1836  (ib.,  xxix.  86,  121,  129),  gave  an  account  of  the  salt  wells  of  the  Little  Kenawha  valley, 
which  then  afforded,  he  says,  50  to  100  gallons  a  year.  He  also  speaks,  in  1833,  of  a  well  475 
ft.  deep.  30  m.  N.  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  which,  when  first  opened,  discharged  at  intervals  of  2  to  4 
days,  for  3  to  6  hours  each  time,  throwing  out  30  to  60  gallons  of  oil  at  each  "eruption,"  but  was 
then  yielding  only  a  barrel  a  week.  In  1 840  a  spouting  well  of  oil,  at  Burksville,  Kentucky,  was 
described  (ib.,  xxxix.  195);  the  well  was  bored  for  salt,  and  200  ft.  down  a  "fountain  of  pure  oil 
was  struck,  which  was  thrown  up  more  than  12  ft.  above  the  surface  of  the  earth,"  emitting, 
according  to  the  estimate,  75  gallons  a  minute;  it  "continued  to  flow  for  several  days  succes- 
sively," but  then  failed;  and  efforts  to  bring  it  into  action  again,  or  find  another,  were  not  suc- 
cessful. The  petroleum  of  Enniskillen,  Canada,  was  mentioned  in  1844  by  Mr.  Murray,  in  the 
Canada  Geological  Report  for  1846 ;  and  in  1857  wells  were  sunk  for  the  collection  of  it.  In  1859, 
on  Oil  Creek,  Venango  Co.,  Pa.,  a  boring  for  salt,  but  75  feet  deep,  let  out  the  first  fountain  of  oil 
of  that  now  famous  oil-region.  For  many  weeks  it  discharged  1,000  gallons  per  day. 

The  origin  of  petroleum,  including  the  lighter  as  well  as  heavier  kinds,  has  been  attributed 
by  some  to  the  decomposition  of  vegetable  substances  alone  (Bischof,  etc.) ;  but  it  is  now  gene- 
rally admitted  that  it  has  come  from  animal  as  well  as  vegetable,  as  urged  by  Dufre'noy  (Min.,  iv. 
602,  1859),  J.  S.  Newberry  (Ohio  Agric.  Rep.,  1859),  and  T.  S.  Hunt  (Can.  Nat,  vi.  241,  1861, 
Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxv.,  Ch.  News,  1863). 

The  conditions  favorable  to  the  formation  of  naphtha,  as  shown  by  the  characteristics  of  the 
deposits  in  which  it  is  found  native,  are  the  following:  (1)  the  diffusion  of  organic  material 
through  a  fine  mud  or  clay;  (2)  the  material  in  a  very  finely  divided  state;  and (3),  as  a  conse- 
quence of  the  preceding,  the  atmosphere  excluded  as  far  as  possible  from  the  material  undergoing 
decomposition.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  no  more  heat  was  required  than  what  was  afforded 
by  the  natural  climate  or  temperature  of  the  region  and  the  process  of  fermentation. 

Shales,  the  most  common  oil-bearing  rocks,  were  originally  the  fine  mud  of  deep  or  shallow 
seas ;  and  the  limestones  were  the  same,  only  the  mud  was  calcareous  in  nature,  like  the  coral 
mud  of  many  a  coral  lagoon,  as  the  author  has  elsewhere  described  after  personal  examination. 
These  shales  ordinarily  contain  few  fossils  of  any  kind,  and  very  rarely  distinct  vegetable  remains. 
It  may  be  questioned  whether  tough  fucoids  (sea- weeds),  or  the  branches  and  leaves  of  ordinary 
plants  imbedded  in  such  clays,  would  ever  become  so  subdivided  or  disorganized  as  to  make  the 
requisite  emulsion  with  the  mud  free  from  any  vegetable  forms ;  and  it  is  more  probable  that  the 
vegetable  material  present  was  either  delicate  water-plants,  or  was  derived  from  abundant 
infusorial  or  microscopic  vegetable  life.  The  limestones,  on  the  contrary,  are  sometimes  full  of 


HYDROCARBON   COMPOUNDS. 

fossils,  but  these  are  animal ;  and,  as  the  solid  parts  which  make  the  fossils  are  to  a  large  extent 
ground  up  to  make  the  mud  that  becomes  the  limestone,  the  organic  material  these  hard  parts 
contain,  as  well  as  that  of  the  fleshy  parts  and  oils,  would  be  diffused  through  the  mud  or  earth  in 
the  very  condition  demanded. 

The  light  native  oils  do  not  occur  in  coal  beds,  which  were  made  from  thick  beds  of  vegetable 
debris. 

In  the  above-mentioned  circumstances,  with  the  deposits  under  pressure  from  superincumbent 
beds,  the  atmospheric  air  almost  totally  excluded,  the  organic  material  might  undergo  decompo- 
sition through  the  reactions  of  its  own  elements  alone.  (See  on  this  subject,  and  the  reactions 
mentioned  below,  Bischof,  Chem.  G-.,  ii.  1853,  T.  8.  Hunt,  Can.  Nat.  and  Ch.  News,  1.  c.)  The 
average  composition  of  dry  wood  (the  ash  and  nitrogen  excluded)  is  represented  by  O6  H9  04= 
Carbon  49-66,  hydrogen  6-21,  oxygen  44-13=100.  Taking  two  parts,  we  have  €i2H18O8.  If 
now  the  oxygen  combines  with  carbon  to  form  carbonic  acid,  46  O2  will  thus  be  removed,  leaving 
•G8H18,  which  is  the  composition  of  one  of  the  species  of  the  naphtha  group,  the  fifth,  on  p.  720. 
But  -e8H18,  or  -e32  H72,  its  multiple  by  4,  corresponds  also  to  3(-e6H14)+e8H18  +  |(612H24), 
the  first  two  members  light  naphtha  oils,  and  the  last  an  ethylene,  a  composition  much  like  that 
of  Pennsylvania  petroleum.  The  decomposition  might  not  be  as  simple  as  here  taken,  as  J  to  1 
p.  c.  of  nitrogen  is  also  present,  and  there  would  also  be  some  animal  material.  But  the  illustra- 
tion is  still  satisfactory.  That  no  water  (H2  O)  would  be  formed  from  the  elements  of  the  organic 
material  is  apparently  indicated  by  the  fact  that  this  would  make  an  excess  of  carbon  or  a  defi- 
ciency of  hydrogen.  From  Chevandier's  numerous  analyses  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  x.  129),  the 
average  composition  of  dry  wood  is  carbon  51-21,  hydrogen  6'24,  oxygen  41*45,  nitrogen  no, 
corresponding,  if  the  nitrogen  is  not  counted,  to  €Jia  H17.607.5;  from  which  the  resulting  oils 
might  be  nearly  the  same  as  above. 

Were  there  less  confinement  by  superincumbent  beds  or  earthy  material,  part  of  the  hydrogen 
might  be  lost  by  combining  with  the  carbon  and  escape  as  marsh  gas  (-GH4),  and  thus  determine 
the  formation  of  the  thicker  oils;  or  else  of  the  solid  insoluble  hydrocarbons,  more  or  less  oxyge- 
nated, which  make  many  shales  a  rich  source  of  oil  on  distillation. 

With  the  air  not  well  excluded,  as  in  the  case  of  all  thick  beds  of  vegetable  debris,  such  as 
have  formed  peat  and  the  various  kinds  of  coal,  the  decompositions  would  be  more  complex  ;  out- 
side oxygen  carrying  off,  it  may  be,  part  of  the  hydrogen  (as  water),  and  of  the  carbon  (as  carbonic 
acid).  Thus  <Jia  H18  08  (composition  of  wood)  may  change  to  O13  HM.6  O5,  the  average  compo- 
sition of  peat;  or  to -GJ2  Hi2  03.6=Carbon  67*92,  hydrogen  5*66,  oxygen  26-42  =  100,  a  medium 
brown  coal  (or  lignite);  or  <712  H9.76  O0.87=Carbon  85-88,  hydrogen  5-82,  oxygen  8'30=100, 
Wigan  cannel  coal,  etc. 

Marsh-gas  (6H4)  is  a  common  gas  of  marshy  places  and  of  Artesian  wells,  and  so  also;  though, 
less  abundantly,  carbonic  acid  (Bischof).  The  distillation  of  wood  will  afford  the  solid  hydrocar- 
bons of  the  paraffin  group ;  Keichenbach,  in  his  discovery  of  paraffin,  obtaining  it  from  the  wood 
of  the  Fagus  sylvatica.  Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry  states  (priv.  contrib.)  that  off  the  shores  of  Lake 
Superior,  at  Marquette,  he  observed  bubbles  of  gas  coming  from  the  bottom  to  the  surface,  which 
proved  to  be  carburetted  hydrogen ;  and  also,  now  and  then,  drops  of  oil  slowly  rising,  and  finally 
spreading  over  the  surface,  which  oil  proved  on  examination  to  be  a  kind  of  petroleum.  Although 
the  vegetable  origin  of  the  oil  was  not  certain,  it  seemed  to  be  altogether  probable.  On  the  island 
of  Trinidad  the  oil-producing  beds  are  clayey  beds  in  the  Tertiary,  containing  remains  of  plants, 
and  Wall  states  (Q,  J.  G-.  Soc.,  xvi.  460)  that  there  is  full  evidence  that  the  liquid  and  solid  bitu- 
men was  produced  at  the  ordinary  temperature  and  condition  of  climate  in  the  occurrence  of 
numerous  specimens  of  the  vegetable  matter  in  process  of  transformation,  which  have,  as  a  con- 
sequence, the  organic  structure  more  or  less  obliterated. 

In  the  change  of  animal  matters  to  oil,  there  is  more  nitrogen  present  to  give  complexity  to  the 
mutual  reactions.  But  when  the  material  is  animal  oils,  there  are  only  carbon,  hydrogen,  and 
oxygen,  as  in  the  case  of  vegetation.  In  such  oils  there  are  nearly  the  proportions  61 8  H34  O2. 
In  the  case  of  such  a  compound  (oleic  acid),  the  forming  of  carbonic  acid  from  the  oxygen  would 
separate  -602,  and  leave  -017  H34,  of  the  ethylene  ratio;  in  that  of  6~17  H34  02  (margaric  acid) 
the  same  would  leave  -61 6  H34,  or  a  combination  of  marsh-gas  oils.  Warren  and  Storer  have 
obtained  (Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Boston,  ix.  177,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlii.  250)  from  the  destructive  distillation 
of  a  fish-oil,  after  its  saponification  by  lime,  all  the  compounds  above  enumerated  of  the  Naphtha 
group,  besides  others  of  the  ethylene  and  benzole  series. 

Dr.  Newberry  has  observed  that  cannel  coal  sometimes  shows  by  its  animal  fossils  that  part 
of  its  oily  products  may  be  of  animal  origin  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxiii.  212,  1857),  instancing  a  case 
in  Ohio  in  which  the  coal  contained  fossil  fishes.  He  also  remarks  on  the  disagreeable  smell  of 
some  limestone  oil,  and  attributes  it  to  its  animal  origin.  Dufrenoy,  in  his  Mineralogy  (iv.  602, 
1859),  gives  prominence  to  the  fact  that  remains  of  fishes  are  common  in  oil-producing  shales, 
and  to  the  view  that  they  are  the  source  of  the  oil,  mentioning  as  examples  the  black  shales  in 
the  Coal  formation  at  Saarbruck  in  Prussia,  and  Ygornay  near  Autun  in  France ;  the  Peruvian 
(Zechstein)  at  Mansfeld;  grayish  limestone,  in  the  Lias,  at  Doubs;  and  grayish  shale,  in  the 


SIMPLE   HYDROCARBONS.  727 

Middle  Tertiary,  at  Menat,  30  m.  from  Clermont,  France ;  all  of  which  abound  in  the  remains  of 
fishes.  The  shales  adjoining  the  Albertite  of  Nova  Scotia  have  been  mentioned  as  another  exam- 
ple of  this  kind.  The  black  semibituminous  or  coaly  shales  of  the  Triassic  of  the  Connecticut 
valley  contain  numerous  fossil  fishes,  aud  these  are  the  only  fossils. 

Lesquereux  derives  petroleum  (Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.,  xiii.  313)  mainly  from  the  decom- 
position of  fucoids  and  other  marine  plants,  arguing  for  it  on  the  ground  of  its  occurrence  so 
largely  in  rocks  of  marine  origin.  S.  F.  Peckham,  in  a  recent  communication  to  the  author, 
sustains  the  idea  that  the  light  naphtha  oils  are  solely  of  animal  origin. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  wherever  marsh  or  water  plants  have  grown  in  past  time  there  must 
have  been  also  a  profusion  of  minute  animal  life  to  afford  nitrogen  and  sulphur  to  the  accumula- 
ting debris ;  and,  conversely,  vegetable  life  of  microscopic,  if  not  also  of  larger  kinds,  is  present 
wherever  there  is  animal  life. 

The  word  naphtha  is  from  the  Persian  nafata,  signifying  to  exude ;  and  petroleum  from  Trtrpo?, 
rock,  and  oleum,  oil  (the  latter  from  the  Greek  lAouoj/,  oil),  dating  only  from  the  middle  ages  (see 
STN.). 

Alt. — Petroleum  undergoes  alteration  of  condition  in  two  ways : 

1.  The  evaporation  of  its  lighter  oils.    When  exposed  to  the  air  the  petroleum  is  free  from  pres- 
sure, except  the  ordinary  atmospheric,  and  open  to  the  heat  and  winds  of  the  region.    As  a  con- 
sequence the  lighter  naphtha  oils  pass  off,  leaving  only  the  heavier,  and  the  substance  becomes 
gradually  viscid,  or  even  a  solid  consisting  largely  of  solid  hydrocarbons ;  and  the  so-called 
asphalts,  which  may  thus  result,  will  be  ordinary  bituminous  of  one  kind  or  another,  or  largely 
paraffin,  according  as  paraffin  is  present  or  not  in  the  native  oil. 

In  most  oil  regions,  when  the  oil  occurs  at  the  surface  open  to  the  air,  more  or  less  of  solid 
bitumen  is  to  be  found.  Hunt  speaks  of  the  large  "  gum-beds  "  of  half-dried  bitumen  in  the  oil 
region  of  Enniskillen ;  and  Winchell  says  that  in  the  neighboring  but  less  productive  district  in 
Michigan,  masses  of  inspissated  oil  are  common,  and  some  are  as  hard  as  asphalt.  At  the  naphtha 
island  of  Tschelekan  there  are  large  quantities  of  Neft-gil,  as  it  is  there  called,  which  is  nearly 
pure  paraffin.  The  hot  climate  of  the  Caspian  is  favorable  for  such  a  result. 

2.  The  oxydation  of  some  or  all  of  the  ingredients  constituting  the  petroleum.  In  the  process  of  oxyda- 
tion  there  is  first  a  loss  of  some  of  the  hydrogen  by  its  union  with  oxygen  to  form  water,  which 
escapes.    Thus  the  oils  of  the  Marsh-gas  series  (OnH2n  +  2)  may  pass  to  the  less  stable  ethylenes 
(•6nH2n);  or,  by  further  loss  of  hydrogen,  to  species  of  the  Benzole  series  (0nH2n_6),  or  of  the 
Naphthalin  series  (On  H2n_12).     The  last  two  appear  to  occur  sparingly  in  nature.     Secondly,  there 
is  oxygenation ;  that  is  an  absorption  of,  and  union  with,  oxygen.     These  oxygenated  substances 
have  been  yet  but  little  investigated  (see  ASPHALTUM).    They  are  probably  all  solid  at  the  ordi- 
nary temperature. 

Hard  bitumen  or  asphalt  may  hence  consist  either  (1)  of  unoxygenated,  or  (2)  partly  of  unoxy- 
genated  and  partly  oxygenated,  the  usual  fact ;  or  (3)  solely  of  oxygenated  hydrocarbons  (very 
rarely,  if  ever,  true  in  nature).  The  state  of  solidity  is  not  proof  that  any  part  of  the  bitumen  is 
oxygenated. 

SCHEERERITE  GROUP. 

Wax-like,  or  butter-like.  General  formula  that  of  the  Marsh-gas  series, 
or  On  H2n+2.  The  two  species  here  included  are,  according  to  the  analyses 
(which  need  verification),  polymeres  of  the  first  two  species  of  the  Marsh- 
gas  series,  0  H4,  and  -G3  H6. 

The  Paraffins  belong  here  if  members  of  the  Marsh-gas  series.  See  p. 
730. 

772.  SCHEERERTTB.  Scheererit  Stromeyer,  Kastn.  Arch.,  x.  113,  1827;  Naphthaline 
resineuse  prismatique  Kdnlein,  Bibl.  Univ.,  xxxvi.  316,  1827 ;  Macaire-Prinsep,  BibL  Univ.,  ±L 
68,  1829,  Ann.  Phys.  Ch.,  xv.  294. 

Monoclinic.  Crystals  mostly  thin  tabular,  rhomboidal  or  six-sided,  often 
flattened  parallel  to  i-\  with  also  the  planes  /,-!, 1-^';  edge  ///on  -1/-1 
=123J°,  edge  -1/-1  on  1-^=135°,  edge  ///  on  l-fcl01£°,  Kenngott. 
Also  acicular.  Also  in  loosely  aggregated  crystalline  grains  and  folia. 

Soft.  G.= 1—1-2.  Lustre  pearly  or  resinous;  feebly  shining.  Color 
whitish,  gray,  yellow,  green,  pale  reddish.  More  or  less  translucent  to 


728  HYDEOCABBON  COMPOUNDS. 

transparent.  Easily  frangible.  Tasteless.  Inodorous.  Feel  not  greasy. 
Soluble  easily  in  alcohol,  and  also  in  ether.  Melts  at  44°  0.,  and  then 
resembles  a  fatty  oil,  and  like  it  penetrates  paper ;  these  spots,  however,  may 
be  removed  by  heat.  On  cooling,  the  mineral  crystallizes  in  acicular  crys- 
tals. May  be  distilled  without  decomposition  ;  boiling  point  near  100°  C. 
(92°,Prinsep). 

Comp.,  etc. — According  to  an  imperfect  analysis  by  Prinsep  (Pogg.,  xv.  294),  consists  of  Carbon 
73,  hydrogen  24=97,  which  corresponds  nearly  to  the  ratio  for  •&,  H=l  :  4,  or  the  composition 
of  marsh-gas = Carbon  75,  hydrogen  25=100 ;  whence,  if  the  results  may  be  trusted,  it  is  a 
polymere  of  marsh-gas. 

Soluble  in  sulphuric  or  nitric  acid,  and  not  in  alkalies.  Takes  fire  easily  and  burns  without 
residue,  giving  out  much  smoke  and  a  feeble  aromatic  odor. 

Found  by  Capt.  Scheerer,  in  the  year  1822,  in  the  coal  of  a  bed  of  brown  coal  in  the  Tertiary, 
at  Uznach,  near  -St.  Gallen,  in  Switzerland.  The  bed  of  coal  is  two  to  three  feet  thick,  and  the 
pine  stems  in  it  are  almost  unchanged.  Among  the  species  of  pine  there  is  the  P.  sylvestris  ;  and 
the  birches  and  firs  are  those  of  modern  species.  The  age  is  the  same  with  that  of  the  peat 
beds  of  Redwitz.  Besides  scheererite  it  affords  also  fichtelite  and  konlite.  On  cryst.,  Kenng., 
Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xiv.  272,  and  Min.  der  Schweiz,  418,  Leipzig,  1866. 

773.  CHRISMATITE.  Chrismatin  (fr.  Wattin)  Germar,  ZS.  G-.,  i.  40,  1849.  Ozokerit  (fr.  ib.) 
Breslau,  Karst.  u.  Dech.  Arch.,  xxiii.  749,  1850.  Hatchettin  (fr.  ib.)  Wagner,  Jahrb.  Min. 
1864,  687 ;  H.  Fleck,  Steinkohlen  DeutschL,  L  37,  4to,  Munchen,  1865. 

Butter-like,  or  of  semifluid  consistence.  Soft  at  55°  to  60°  C.  G.  below 
1.  Lustre  greasy  to  silky.  Color  greenish  to  wax-yellow.  Slightly  trans- 
lucent. Tasteless.  Melts  at  a  very  low  temperature  to  an  oil,  which  is 
dark  red  by  transmitted  light,  and  apple-green  by  reflected. 

Comp.— H.  Beck  obtained  (L  c.),  34  p.  c.  of  ash  being  removed: 

Carbon  78-512  Hydrogen  19-191  Oxygen  2-297=100. 

^  Excluding  the  oxygen  as  water,  as  done  by  Fleck,  it  leaves  C  80-51,  H  19-49=100,  correspond- 
ing to  -Gj  H8= Carbon  80,  H  20  ;  making  it  thus  a  polymere  of  €2  H6,  or  the  second  member  of 
the  Marsh-gas  series.  Fleck  adopts  the  formula  e13  H38.  If  the  oxygen  is  an  essential  consti- 
tuent, either  view  of  the  constitution  is  wholly  at  fault.  Burns  with  a  flame,  without  smell. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  cavities  of  calcite  and  quartz  crystals  in  an  argillaceous  sandstone  of  the  Car- 
boniferous formation  at  Wettin,  Saxony. 

Named  from  x9la^  ointment. 


PITTOLIUM  GROUP. 

Sm  OP  PITTASPHALT.  ILrra<r0«iAm  Dwscor.,  \.  100.  Pissasphaltus  Plin.,  xxiv.  25,  xxxv.  51. 
Maltha  Plin.,  ii.  108.  Bergtheer  Germ.  Bitume  visqueux,  Bitume  glutineux,  Poix  minerale, 
Mineral  graisse,  Fr.  Petroleum  pt.  Mineral  Tar. 

t  The  species  of  this  group  are  liquids  like  the  naphtha  oils,  but  are  of 
higher  specific  gravity  and  atomic  weight.  They  enter  into  the  constitu- 
tion of  all  free-flowing  petroleum,  but  are  especially  characteristic  of  the 
denser  kinds,  and  viscid  bitumens,  and  exist  largely 'also  in  many  asphalts. 
Ihey  belong  to  the  Ethylene  series,  and  therefore  have  the  general  formula 
^^n=  (alike  for  all)  Carbon  8571,  hydrogen  14'29.  G.=0'T5-0*84r. 
Ihe  species  ascertained  to  be  native  by  C.  M.  Warren  (Mem  Am  Ac. 


SIMPLE   HYDROCARBONS.  729 

Boston,  ix.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xl.),  and  occurring  in  the  Pennsylvania  petro- 
leum, Rangoon  tar,  etc.,  and  the  boiling  temperatures,  as  ascertained  by 
Warren,  are  the  following  : 

Formula.  Boiling  T. 

774.  DEOATYLENE  (Rutylene)  -OioH20  174-9° 

77  6.  ENDEC ATTLENE  (Margarylene)  Oi  i  H2  2  195-8 

776.  DODECATYLENE  (Laurylene)  -Oia  H24  216-2 

777.  DECATEITYLENE  (Cocinylene)  OisHa,,  235 

The  average  increase  in  the  boiling  point  for  the  successive  members  in 
the  series  (or  the  addition  of  O  H2),  as  follows  from  "Warren's  results,  is  20° 
6',  or  only  two-thirds  of  the  average  in  the  Naphtha  group.  Other  higher 
native  species  of  the  above  series  have  not  yet  been  clearly  defined. 

These  compounds  are  made  members  of  the  Marsh-gas  or  Naphtha  series  by  Pelouze  and  Cahours, 
who  write  the  formulas  as  follows,  and  give  the  annexed  specific  gravities,  vapor  densities,  and 
boiling  points : 

G.  Yapor  Density.  Boiling  Temp. 
•e10H23                        0-757                        5-040  160°— 162° 

€uHa4  0-766  5-458  180—184 

•e12H26  0-776  5-972  196—200 

e13H28  0-792  6-569  216—218 

They  also  add  the  compounds  ^i4H30,  Qi^Hs*.  "Warren,  by  his  superior  methods,  proves 
that  the  species  obtained  by  them  were  not  pure  (1.  c.). 

Each  of  the  four  ethylene  compounds  above  mentioned  have  been  obtained  from  Rangoon  tar, 
besides  some  species  of  the  Naphtha  group  (at  least  -67  Hifl  and  <38H18),  traces  of  some  of  the 
Benzole  series,  and  also  naphthalin. 

The  name  pittolium  is  from  rrtrra,  pitch,  and  oleum,  oil,  analogous  to  petroleum;  and pittosphol- 
turn,  from  the  Greek  for  pitch  and  asphalt. 

The  word  maltha  is  from  the  Greek  pa\9^  soft  wax ;  it  was  also  used  sometimes  for  a  mixture 
of  wax  and  pitch,  employed  for  making  the  surface  of  writing-tablets,  and  for  some  kinds  of 
cements.  But  Pliny  (ii.  108)  describes  under  this  name  an  inflammable  mud  flowing  from  a  pool 
at  Samosata  in  North  Syria  on  the  Euphrates,  which  he  says  (ii.  109)  was  similar  in  nature  to 
naphtha ;  and  this  use  of  the  word  has  led  to  its  later  application  to  viscid  bitumens. 

Petroleum  in  cavities  in  crystals.  Davy,  in  his  examinations  of  the  fluids  in  crystals  (Phil.  Trans., 
1822,  367,  and  postscript),  found  only  water,  except  in  the  case  of  quartz  from  Dauphiny.  The 
liquid  in  this  case  was  about  as  viscid  as  linseed  oil ;  brownish  in  color ;  became  solid  and  opaque 
at  13°  C.  (56°  P.);  had  a  smell  resembling  naphtha  ;  acted  like  a  fixed  oil  when  heated,  the  tem- 
perature of  ebullition  being  high ;  and  burned  with  flame,  producing  a  white  smoke.  The  cavity 
was  i  in.  across,  but  only  a  sixth  of  it  was  occupied  by  the  fluid.  Davy  made  his  investigations 
of  the  fluids  in  crystals  by  having  the  crystals  bored  through  to  the  cavity  by  a  lapidary,  and  was 
the  first  to  use  this  method. 

PETROLENE.  Boussingault  obtained  from  the  viscid  bitumen  and  asphalt  of  Bechelbronn  an  oil 
which  he  called  Petrolene,  and  announced  it  as  the  liquid  ingredient  of  all  asphalt,  the  solid  one 
being  named  by  him  Asphaltene  (see  ASPHALTUM).  It  was  separated  by  heating  in  an  oil  bath  to 
a  temperature  of  300°  C.  None  of  it  passed  over  at  a  temperature  below  100°  C.  He  obtained 
for  its  composition  (Ami.  Ch.  Phys.,  Ixi.  141,  Ixxiii.  442) : 

Carbon  87-36  86'78  87-45  86'98  (|)  88-4. 

Hydrogen       11-90  12-20  12*30  12-70  12-5. 

He  writes  for  it  the  formula  €J10  Hi6,  making  it  of  the  camphene  series,  -Gn  H2n-4.  It  boiled  at 
280°  C.  The  vapor  density  is  stated  at  9'415,  or  "double  that  of  oil  of  turpentine." 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  petrolene  was  a  mixture  of  oils.  Warren  states  (priv.  contrib.) 
that  from  Boussingault's  data^  as  given  in  his  article,  the  vapor  density  should  have  been  8 '49 
instead  of  9-415 ;  and  also  that  his  own  researches  on  various  hydrocarbon  oils,  including  the 
products  from  the  destructive  distillation  of  albertite,  lead  him  to  believe  that  petrolene  probably 


730  HYDBOCAEBON  COMPOUNDS 

consists  mainly  of  oils  of  the  Ethykw  series ;  that  0» .  H32  would  have  for  its  boiling  point  295°  C., 
SdvapoTdlnsity  7-745;  but  that  the  liquid  is  made  up  of  oils  of  both  less  and  greater  density. 
The  BechelbroL  tar  and  that  similar  from  Lobsann  (both  in  the  Dept.  of  Bas-Rhin,  France)  aro 

<^i£>S^  "ion  * «™ 

cylinders  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixxxvii.  143,  1862),  and  obtained  the  following  as  his  successive 
results : 

Q  H  Temp,  of  vaporization.  Gr. 

1             87-56  12-34=99-90  90°— 120°  C.  0-784  at  15°  C. 

2'             87-59  12-30=  99-89  120  —150  0'790 

87-31  12-59=  99-99  150  —180  0-802 

87-34  12-69=100-03  180  -200  0*817 

87-48  12-60=100-08  200  —220  0'845 

6;            87.40  12-40=  99-80  220  —250  0'867 

.  The  analyses  afford  for  all  of  the  compounds  the  ratio  for  €,  H,  6  :  10.  and  Volckel  regards  them 
as  polymeres  of  £12  H20,  and  hence  of  the  camphene  series  and  similar  to  petrolene.  But  (as 
Warren  observes)  with  such  a  mode  of  distillation  artificial  products  were  likely  to  have  been 
obtained,  and  among  them  benzole  or  naphthalin;  and  the  presence  of  either  of  these  compounds 
would  account  for  the  divergence  from  the  ethylene  series. 

The  composition  is  compared  by  Volckel  to  that  of  oil  of  amber  (an  admitted  product  of  distilla- 
tion, and  not  native  to  amber).  Dopping  obtained  for  the  oil  of  amber  passing  over  at  200°  C., 
C  87-48  87-32,  H  12'06,  11-98=99-54,  99-30.  The  ratio  for  €J,  H,  is  5  :  8,  which  is  also  that  for 
amber  itself;  and  the  formula  is  €10  H18,  or  that  arrived  at  by  Boussingault  for  his  petrolene. 

SOLID  PETROLENE.  The  asphalt  of  Peklenicza  (Murakoz),  Austria,  affords  a  solid  portion,  solu- 
ble in  ether  and  hardly  at  all  so  in  alcohol  (in  this  respect  like  the  asphaltene  of  Boussingault), 
which,  according  to  Nendtvich  (Haid.  Ber.,  iii.  271,  Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  vii  743),  has  the  same 
composition  with  petrokne. 

The  observations  thus  far  made  seem  to  point  to  a  Camphene  series  of  Hydrocarbons  as  char- 
acteristic of  many  viscid  bitumens,  and  of  some,  if  not  many,  asphalts.  But  the  investigations 
have  not  been  sufficiently  exact  to  sustain  satisfactorily  the  conclusion. 


PARAFFIN  GROUP. 

Wax-like  in  consistence ;  white  and  translucent.  Sparingly  soluble  in 
alcohol,  rather  easily  in  ether,  and  crystallizing  more  or  less  perfectly  from 
the  solutions.  G.  about  0-85— O98.  Melting  point  for  the  following 
species,  33°-90°. 

General  formula  <3n  H2n,  or  that  of  the  ethylene  series,  according  to 
many  authors,  = Carbon  85-71,  hydrogen  24-29=100;  <3n  H2n+2,  according 
to  others.  The  peculiar  inertness  of  the  paraffins  with  regard  to  chemical 
combination  is  urged  by  Watts  and  Frankland  as  favoring  the  latter  formula. 
Whichever  the  series,  they  are  regarded  as  species  of  high  atomic  weight, 
n  not  being  less  than  28.  The  different  species,  varying  in  the  value  of  n9 
vary  also  in  boiling  point,  and  other  characters.  Those  here  recognized 
have  not  been  studied  with  that  care  which  is  demanded  for  full  confidence 
in  their  stated  composition,  or  in  their  purity  as  simple  species. 

Paraffins  occur  in  the  Pennsylvania  petroleum,  a  freezing  mixture  redu- 
cing the  temperature  being  sufficient  to  separate  it  in  crystals.  Also  in 
the  naphtha  of  the  Caspian,  in  Rangoon  tar,  and  many  other  liquid  bitu- 
mens. It  is  a  result  of  the  destructive  distillation  of  peat,  bituminous  coal, 
lignite,  coaly  or  bituminous  shales,  most  viscid  bitumens,  wood-tar  (from 
which  it  was  first  obtained  by  Reichenbach),  and  many  other  substances. 


SIMPLE   HYDROCARBONS.  731 

The  name  is  from  the  Latin  parum,  little,  and  qffinis,  alluding  to  the 
feeble  affinity  for  other  substances,  or,  in  other  words,  its  chemical  indif- 
ference. 

778.  URPETHITB.    Part  of  Ozocerite  (fr.  Urpeth  Colliery)  J.  F.  W.  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  IIL 

xii.  389,  1838.    Urpethite  Dana. 

Consistence  of  soft  tallow.  G.= 0*885,  Johnston.  Color  yellowish- 
brown  to  brown.  Adheres  to  the  fingers,  and  stains  paper.  Melting 
point  39°  C.  Soluble  readily  in  cold  ether. 

Oomp. — Analysis:  Johnston  (1.  c.)  : 

Carboii  85-83  Hydrogen  14-17=100. 

Ethereal  solution  brown  by  transmitted  light,  but  with  a  greenish  opalescence  by  reflected ; 
deposits  the  wax  in  brown  flocks.  Melts  at  39°  C.  to  a  yellow-brown  liquid. 

Obs. — Constitutes  about  four-fifths  of  the  Urpeth  Colliery  ozocerite,  and  is  separated  from  the 
latter  through  its  solubility  in  cold  ether.  The  crude  wax,  as  found,  was  soft  enough  to  be 
kneaded  in  the  fingers  ;  had  a  greasy  feel,  and  gave  a  greasy  stain  to  paper ;  was  subtransparent ; 
of  a  brownish-yellow  color  by  transmitted  light,  but  yellowish-green  and  opalescent  by  reflected ; 
and  had  an  odor  slightly  fatty,  which  was  stronger  when  melted.  It  occurred  in  cavities  near  a 
fault  in  the  coal  measures,  and  part  in  the  solid  sandstone. 

Laurent  obtained  a  variety  of  paraffin  by  the  dry  distillation  of  the  bituminous  shale  of  Autun, 
•which  melted  at  33°  C.,  was  very  soluble  in  ether  and  insoluble  in  alcohol,  and  which  consisted  of 
Carbon  85*745,  hydrogen  14-200=99-945.  It  may  be  identical  with  the  above.  It  is  quite 
probable  that  the  urpethite  obtained  by  Johnston  was  not  free  from  mixture  with  the  second 
paraffin  separated  by  him  from  the  Urpeth  mineral  by  means  of  boiling  ether,  which  is  here 
referred  to  ozocerite  (p.  732) ;  and  such  a  mixture  might  account  for  the  divergence  of  the  melting 
point  from  that  of  Laurent's  paraffin.  Taking  33°  C.  as  the  true  melting  point,  the  several  paraffins 
here  described,  urpethite,  hatchettite,  ozocerite,  Johnston's  third  from  the  Urpeth  wax,  and  zietri- 
sikite,  have  nearly  a  common  difference  in  melting  points  of  13°  — 17°,  the  temperatures  being 
respectively  33°,  46°,  60°,  73°  90°.  The  mean  difference  is  about  14° ;  this  would  make  the 
melting  points  33°,  47°,  61°,  75°,  89°. 

779.  HATCHETTITE.     Hatchetine  (fr.  Merthyr-Tydvil)  Conybeare,  Ann.  Phil.,  i.  136,  1822. 
Mineral  Adipocire,  Mountain  Tallow  (fr.  Loch  Fyne),  Brande,  Ed.  Phil.  J.,  xi.  1824.    Hatchetine 
(fr.  Glamorganshire)  J.  F.  W.  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  IIL  xii.  338. 

In  thin  plates,  or  massive.  Reported  as  sometimes  occurring  as  large 
crystals  in  fresh  specimens. 

H.  like  that  of  soft  wax.  G.=O916,  Johnston  ;  0'983,  fr.  Loch  Fyne, 
after  melting  and  excluding  air  bubbles,  Brande  ;  0*608,  same  before  melt- 
ing, id.  Lustre  slightly  glistening  and  pearly.  Color  yellowish- white,  wax- 
yellow,  greenish-yellow ;  blackens  on  exposure.  Subtransparent  to  trans- 
lucent ;  but  opaque  on  exposure.  Feel  greasy.  Without  odor.  Melting 
point  46°  C.,  fr.  Merthyr-Tydvil,  Johnston  ;  47°  C.,  fr.  Loch  Fyne,  Brande. 
rolarizes  light  in  patches,  Brewster. 

Comp.,  etc — Ratio  of  C,  H=nearly  1  :  1,  from  Johnston's  analy sis, = Carbon  85'55,  hydrogen 
14-45=100.  Analysis  :  Johnston  (L  c.) : 

Glamorganshire        Carbon  85*91        Hydrogen  14'62= 100-53. 

Yery  sparingly  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol,  and  precipitated  from  the  solution  on  cooling.  Also 
soluble  sparingly  in  cold  ether,  and  more  largely  in  boiling ;  and  from  the  latter  deposited  in  a 
mass  of  minute  fibres  or  prisms.  After  repeated  boiling  with  ether  there  remains  only  a  minute 


732  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

portion  undissolved,  mixed  with  particles  of  charcoal  derived  from  the  blackened  surface  of  the 
Specimen.  Charred  and  decomposed  by  concentrated  and  bouing  sulphuric  acid.  No  apparent 
change  in  boiling  nitric  acid.  Conybeare  (1.  c.,  1822)  stated  that  the  Merthyr-Tydvil  hatchettite 
"  melts  in  warm  water  under  170°  F.,  whereas  true  bitumen  does  not  in  boiling  water ;  "  and  this 
loose  remark  is  the  only  ground  for  the  statement  that  76'6°  C.  is  the  melting  point  of  one  variety 

of  the  mineral. 

Obs.— From  the  crevices  of  iron-stone  septaria,  and  often  in  geodes  containing  also  quartz 
crystals  in  the  coal-measures  near  Merthyr-Tydvil  in  Glamorganshire  (and,  Johnston  adds,  in 
some  of  the  midland  counties  of  England) ;  also  in  a  bog  on  the  borders  of  Loch  Fyne  in 
Argyleshire,  Scotland.  The  latter  has  not  yet  been  analyzed.  Also  reported  from  Rossitz  in 
Moravia  (Jahrb.  G.  Keichs.,  1854,  898),  in  the  Segen  Gottes  mine,  with  spherosiderite,  as  a  thin 
coating  on  calcite,  having  H.=l,  Gk =0-892,  Patera. 

This  species  (or  at  least  the  bog  variety  from  Loch  Fyne)  is  probably  identical  with  the  kind 
of  paraffin  that  fuses  at  45°— 47°  C. ;  and  which  has  been  obtained  by  the  destructive  distillation 
of  Boghead  coal  and  peat,  and  from  other  sources.  Anderson  obtained  in  his  analyses  of  this 
paraffin  : 

C  H  Melting  T. 

1  From  Boghead  coal,  cryst.  85-1  15-1—15-3        45*5° 

2  ••  ••          "     granular       85-0—85-3      16'4  52 
3.  From  peat                                (I)  85-09              15-10                 46-7 

The  Boghead  coal  (from  Boghead  and  Torbane  Hill,  near  Bathgate  in  Linlithgowshire)  affords 
on  destructive  distillation  a  very  large  amount  of  different  oils  and  paraffin,  70  p.  c.  of  the  dried 
mass  being  volatile.  See  BATHVILLITE  beyond  (p.  742). 

Named  after  C.  Hatchett. 

780.  OZOCERITE.  Part  of  Native  Paraffin.  Ozokerit  (brought  by  v.  Meyer  fr.  Slanik, 
Moldavia)  Glocker,  Schw.  J.,  bcix.  215,  1833;  Magnus,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  Iv.  217,  1834.  Cire 
fossile  Fr.  Erdwachs  Germ. 

Like  wax  or  spermaceti  in  appearance  and  consistency. 

G. =0*85— 0*90.  Colorless  to  white  when  pure;  often  leek-green,  yel- 
lowish, brownish-yellow,  brown  ;  and  when  brown  sometimes  greenish  by 
transmitted  light.  Often  having  a  greenish  opalescence.  Translucent. 
Greasy  to  the  touch.  Fusing  point  56°  to  63°  C. 

Comp.,  etc. — The  original  ozocerite,  from  Slanik  in  Moldavia,  as  described  by  Glocker  (1.  c., 
and  Arsb.,  1884,  208),  was  wholly  soluble  in  ether,  and  gave  a  yellow  solution  ;  also  soluble  in  oil 
of  turpentine  and  naphtha;  and  a  little  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol.  G.  of  the  mass  0'955,  Glocker; 
0-953,  Schrotter.  Melting  point  62°  C.,  Schrotter. 

The  mineral  wax  of  Urpeth  Colliery,  after  the  separation  of  what  was  soluble  in  cold  ether  (see 
UBPETHITE,  p.  731),  afforded  Johnston  (1.  c.)  another  portion  through  its  solubility  in  boiling  ether ; 
and  this  is  apparently  identical  with  true  ozocerite.  While  soluble  in  boiling  ether  it  is  sparingly 
so  in  boiling  alcohol.  As  obtained  from  the  ether  solution  it  was  yellow,  and  had  the  consistence 
of  soft  wax. 

A  kind  from  Boryslaw  in  Galicia,  examined  by  Hofstadter  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xci.  326,  1854), 
resembled  the  preceding  in  its  appearance,  but  was  darker  colored,  being  blackish-brown ;  in  thin 
pieces  reddish-brown  to  leek-green  by  transmitted  light;  G.= 0*944;  melting  point  60°.  By 
fractional  crystallization  it  was  separated  into  parts  varying  in  fusibility  from  60°  to  65°  5'  C. 
That  from  Truscawitz,  Galicia,  examined  by  Walter  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxii.  181)  appears  to  be  similar. 

Analyses:  1,  Schrotter  (Baumg.  ZS.,  iv.  2,  1836,  BibL  Univ.  de  Geneve,  iii.  184,  1836);  2, 
Johnston  (L  c.) ;  3,  Walter  (I  c.) ;  4,  5,  Hofstadter  (1.  c.) : 

C  H                          Melting  T.  Boiling  T.  G. 

1.  Slanik                        84'43  13-69=98-12  62°— 63°  C.         210°     0'953  Schrotter. 

2.  TurpethC.                86'80  14-06=100-86  58                          ?  Johnston. 

3.  Truscawitz,  crude    84'62  14-29=98-91  59  ov.  300  Walter. 

4.  Boryslaw,   A.          84'94  14-87  =  99-81  61                                   Q'944  Hofstadter. 
•5-                     B.          85-78  14-29=100-07  65'5  Hofstadter. 

The  A  of  Hofstadter  was  the  portion  separated  by  fractional  crystallization  which  had  61°  0.  as 
the  melting  point,  and  the  B  that  which  had  for  this  point  65-5°. 


SIMPLE   HYDROCARBONS.  733 

The  above  results  agree  closely,  and  probably  the  ozocerite  in  the  specimens  examined  was  but 
little  impure  from  mixture  with  other  paraffins. 

Hermann  has  described  a  wax-like  mixture  from  seams  in  a  rock  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Baikal 
which  he  calls  JBaikerite  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxiii.  230).  About  60-18  p.  c.  of  it  was  soluble  in  boiling 
alcohol,  100  parts  dissolving  1 ;  and  this  portion  appears  to  be  ozocerite.  It  was  tasteless  and 
inodorous;  melting  point  59°  C. ;  G.=0'9o.  The  rest  (29-82  p.  c.)  of  the  baikerite  consisted 
as  follows:  7 -02  wax-like  substance  insoluble  in  alcohol;  32'41  viscid  resin;  0-39  earthy  impuri- 
ties. 

The  same  compound  has  been  obtained  from  mineral  coal,  peat,  and  petroleum,  mineral  tar, 
etc.,  by  destructive  distillation.  The  following  are  examples  :  1,  Anderson  (Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.. 
1856,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxii.  379);  2,  Hofstadter  (1.  c.j: 

C  H  Melting  Point. 

1.  Rangoon  Tar  85-15         15-29=100-44        61°          Anderson. 

2.  From  Bitum.  shale,  Bonn.     86-16       ^14-36  =  100-52         61°          Hofstadter. 

Ozocerite  occurs  at  each  of  the  localities  mentioned,  in  beds  of  coal,  or  associated  bituminous 
deposits  ;  that  of  Slanik,  Moldavia,  beneath  a  bed  of  bituminous  clay  shale  ;  in  masses  of  some- 
times 80  to  100  Ibs.,  at  the  foot  of  the  Carpathians,  not  far  from  beds  of  coal  and  salt ;  that  of 
Boryslaw  in  a  bituminous  clay  associated  with  calciferous  beds  in  the  formation  of  the  Carpathians, 
in  masses.  Reported  also  from  near  G-aming  in  Austria ;  in  Transylvania,  near  Moldavia,  in  the 
Carpathian  sandstone  ;  at  Uphall  ha  Linlithgowshire. 

Named  from  6£cj,  I  smell,  and  mipos,  wax,  in  allusion  to  the  odor. 

781.  ZIETRISIKITE.  Cire  fossile  de  Moldavie  Magnus,  Ann.  Ch.  Phya.,  Iv.  217,  1833. 
Ozockerite  (fr.  Zietrisika)  Malaguti,  C.  R.,  iv.  410,  1837,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  Ixiii.  390,  Pogg.,  xliiL 
147.  Zietrisikite  Dana. 

Like  ozocerite  in  nearly  all  physical  characters. 

Hardness  like  that  of  beeswax,  or  harder.  G.=O9;  0'946,  Malaguti. 
Color  brown.  Melting  point  90°  C. ;  82°— 84°  in  the  crude  or  impure 
mineral.  Insoluble  in  ether. 

Comp.,  Var.,  etc. — The  almost  complete  insolubility  of  this  fossil  wax  in  ether  distinguishes 
it  decisively  from  ozocerite. 

1.  Magnus,  who  made  the  first  examination  of  the  fossil  wax  brought  by  v.  Meyer  from  Slanik. 
Moldavia,  appears  to  have  had  a  different  substance  in  hand  from  that  examined  by  docker  (by 
whom  ozocerite  was  named)  and  by  Schrotter,  as  he  states  that  only  a  very  little  of  it  was  dissolved 
by  alcohol  or  ether,  and  the  rest,  after  the  action  of  these  solvents,  was  eroded  with  holes,  show- 
ing the  presence  of  insoluble  and  soluble  constituents.     The  insoluble  was  soluble  in  oil  of  tur- 
pentine,  and  of  this  part  the  melting  point  was  82°,  and  the  composition  as  given  below. 

2.  The  wax  from  Zietrisika,  Moldavia,  examined  by  Malaguti,  is  regarded  by  him  as  identical 
with  that  of  Magnus.     It  was  foliated,  couchoidal  in  fracture,  pearly  in  lustre,  deep  red-brown  in 
color  with  a  greenish  reflection,  but  in  very  thin  pieces  brown,  and  a  little  harder  than  beeswax. 
It  was  very  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol  or  boiling  ether,  and  very  soluble  in  oil  of  turpentine  and 
naphtha,  with  no  action  from  alkalies  or  cold  sulphuric  acid.     It  melts  at  84°  C.,  and  boils  at 
above  800°.     On  subjecting  it  to  boiling  alcohol,  a  small  portion  was  dissolved,  whose  melting 
point  was  75° ;  by  a  second  treatment  another  portion  was  obtained,  having  for  the  melting  point 
78° ;  and  at  the  fourth,  the  portion  dissolved  was  found  to  have  the  same  melting  point  as  that 
of  the  undissolved  mass,  which  was  90°.     This  then,  which  he  calls  brown  ozocerite,  appears  to 
be  the  point  of  fusion  of  the  true  zietrisikite,  and  this  alone  was  analyzed ;  as  the  rest,  his  yettow 
ozocerite,  he  says,  "  est  un  melange,  j'ai  juge  inutile  d'en  faire  1'analyse." 

Analyses:  1,  Magnus  (1.  c.);  2,  3,  Malaguti  (1.  c.): 

C  H  Melting  T.      Boiling  T. 

1.  Moldavia  84-61         15-30=99-91  82°  C.  Magnus. 

2.  Zietrisika,  Mold.          84-53         14-22=98-75  90  Above  300°  C.    MalagutL 

3.  84-78         14-37=99-15  90  MalagutL 

The  wax  from  Zietrisika,  in  Moldavia,  occurs  in  large  masses,  and  under  similar  circumstances 
with  that  of  Slanik. 

781  A.  Johnston,  in  his  examination  of  the  Urpeth  Colliery  wax  (see  URPETHITE  and  OZOCERITE), 
after  separating  by  ether  (first  cold,  and  then  boiling)  about  five-sixths  of  the  mass,  obtained  for  the 


734:  HYDKOCAKBON   COMPOUNDS. 

remaining  sixth  a  third  portion,  almost  insoluble  in  ether,  having  G. =0-955;  color  dark  brown; 
consistence  like  that  of  wax;  melting  point  73°  C.,  and  boiling  point  above  260  C.  It  may  be 
identical  with  the  above,  but  its  melting  point  would  imply  that  it  was  distinct.  He  obtained 
for  its  composition  C  83-81,  H  13'65=97'46. 

781B  NEFT-GIL  (Naphtdachil,  Nephatil,  Jahrb.  Min.  1846,  84.  Naphthadil  Kenng.,  Ueb.  1844- 
'49,  254.  Neftdegil  Herm.,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxiii.  220.  Neft-gil  Fritzsche,  ib.,  321).  A  very  abundant 
material  hi  the  naphtha  region  on  Tscheleken  I.,  hi  the  Caspian.  It  is  a  mixture  of  paraffins  and 
a  resin,  but  appears  to  be  most  nearly  related  to  zietrisikite.  G-.= 0'956 ;  color  chocolate-brown; 
melting  point  76°  C.  Hermann  found  66  p.  c.  of  a  wax-like  substance  insoluble  in  alcohol,  and 
18  p.  c,  of  another  soluble  in  alcohol,  besides  13 -33  p.  c.  of  a  resin.  In  ether  a  large  part  was 
insoluble ;  and  this  portion  may  be  identical  with  the  zietrisikite,  or  the  insoluble  paraffin  from 
the  Urpeth  wax  (p.  731). 

781C.  PYROPISSITE  Kenng.,  Ueb.  1850-'51,  148.  Kenngott  has  thus  named  an  earthy,  friable, 
coaly  substance,  of  grayish-brown  color,  and  without  lustre,  and  having  G.=0'493— 0-522,  which 
forms  a  layer  6  to  9  in.  thick  hi  brown  coal  at  Weissenfels,  near  Halle.  It  is  a  mixture  of  species 
instead  of  a  mineral,  and  has  not  yet  been  properly  investigated.  A  small  part  is  soluble  in 
alcohol,  especially  hi  boiling,  and  this,  precipitated  by  adding  water,  is  a  wax-like  substance, 
paraffin-like  in  aspect.  But  whether  true  paraffin,  or  whether  an  oxygenated  wax,  related  to 
geocerite  (a  species  derived  from  a  similar  earthy  brown  coal  from  Gersterwitz,  near  Weissenfels), 
has  not  been  ascertained.  It  melts  easily  to  a  pitch-like  mass,  and  hence  the  name,  from  wOp,  fire, 
and  rrto-o-a,  pitch.  It  affords  62  p.  c.  of  paraffin  on  dry  distillation.  On  the  composition  of  the  related 
Gersterwitz  earthy  coal,  see  pp.  757,  758;  also,  G.  Karsten,  ZS.  G.,  ii.  71.  And  for  other  papers 
on  a  similar  material  from  Helbra,  between  Mansfeld  and  Eisleben,  see  Voigt,  Brennbarer  Fossil 
fr.  Helbra,  Vers.  Gesch.  Steinkohle,  etc.,  188,  1802,  J.  d.  M.,  xv.  77,  1804;  G.  Heine,  id.,  Jahrb. 
Min.  1845,  149.  Such  coals  are  sometimes  called  Paraffin  coal,  and  in  German  Wachskohle. 
Kenngott  refers  here  also  an  earthy  brown  substance  from  Mettenheim,  which  melts  similarly  to 
an  asphalt-like  substance ;  no  other  evidence  of  identity  is  stated.  It  occurs  incrusting  massive 
limestone. 

782.  ELATERITE.  Subterranean  Fungus  (fr.  Derbyshire)  Lister,  Phil.  Trans.,  1673.  Elastic 
Bitumen.  Mineral  Caoutchouc.  Bitume  elastique  Delameth.,  J.  de  Phys.,  xxxi.  31,  1787. 
Elastic  Bitumen  ffatchett,  Linn.  Trans.,  iv.  146, 1797.  Elastiches  Erdpech  Klapr.,  Beitr.,  m.  107, 
1802.  Elastisches  Erdharz  Germ.  Elaterit,  Fossiles  Erdharz,  Hausm.,  Handb.,  i.  87,  1813. 

Massive,  amorphous. 

G.=0'905— 1-233,  fr.  Derbyshire.  Soft,  elastic,  sometimes  adhering  to 
the  fingers  (a)  ;  also  moderately  soft  and  elastic ;  much  like  india-rubber  (£>) ; 
and  occasionally  hard  and  brittle  (c),  imbedded  in  the  softer  kinds.  Color 
brown,  usually  dark  brown.  Subtranslucent ;  sometimes  dark  orange-red 
by  transmitted  light. 

Oomp.,  etc.— Johnston  analyzed  the  three  kinds,  o,  &,  c,  separately.  He  mentions  the  action 
of  ether  only  on  the  &,  from  which  it  separated  but  18  p.  c.  of  the  mass;  and  the  two  analyses 
given  are  those  of  the  undissolved  material  Analyses : 

C  H 

1  («)        85-474  13-283=98-757. 

2  (&)         84-385  12-576=96-961. 

3  (&)         83-671  12-535=96-206. 

4  (c)         85-958  12-342=98-300. 

5  (c)         86-177  12-423=98-600. 

He  states  that  the  loss  hi  a  and  c  may  be  partly  or  wholly  oxygen,  and  that  in  the  case  of  c,  or 
the  insoluble  residue,  3-3-8  p.  c.  is  oxygen.  He  thus  leaves  the  constitution  of  elaterite  in 
doubt.  It  appears  to  be  partly  a  carbohydrogen  near  ozocerite,  and  partly  an  oxygenated  insolu- 
ble material.  Mr.  Henry,  Jr.,  found  36  to  40  p.  c.  of  oxygen  (J.  de  Ch.  Medicale,  L  18):  but  hia 
results,  as  Johnston  observes,  are  evidently  untrustworthy. 

It  is  found  at  Castleton  in  Derbyshire,  in  the  lead  mine  of  Odin,  along  with  lead  ore  and  calcite, 
in  compact  renifonn  or  fungoid  masses,  and  is  abundant.  Also  reported  from  St.  Bernard's  Well, 


SIMPLE   HYDROCARBONS. 


735 


near  Edinburgh;  Chapel  quarries  in  Fifeshire ;  a  coal  mine  at  Montrelais,  at  the  depth  of  230  feet ; 
and,  according  to  Hausmann  (Handbuch,  iii.  273),  at  Neufchatel,  and  on  the  island  of  Zante.  A 
similar  material  in  external  characters  has  been  met  with  at  Woodbury,  Ct. 

783.  SETTLING  STONES  RESIN  (New  Mineral  Resin  (fr.  Settling  Stones)  J.  F.  W.  Johnston,  Edinb. 
J.  Sci..  II.  iv.  122,  1831,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xiv.  88, 1839.  Elaterite?)  In  the  form  of  drops,  more  or 
less  rounded,  or  flattened,  as  if  once  fluid  or  soft,  and  found  incrusting  the  rocky  walls  of  a  vein  at 
an  old  lead  mine  in  Northumberland,  known  by  the  name  of  Settling  Stones,  resting  on  and  occa- 
sionally covered  by  calcite  and  pearl  spar ;  the  rock  is  the  Mountain  limestone  (Subcarboniferous). 
It  is  hard,  brittle  under  the  hammer,  but  difficult  to  reduce  to  powder;  0-  =1-16— 1-54;  color 
from  pale  yellow  to  deep  red;  a  pale  green  opalescence ;  does  not  melt  at  205°  C.  Burns  in  the 
flame  of  a  candle.  Yery  slightly  acted  upon  by  alcohol. 

COMP.,  ETC. — 0.  ratio  for  ^,  H=nearly  2  :  3  (?) ;  an  analysis  affording  Johnston  (1.  c.) : 

Carbon  85*133        Hydrogen  10-853        Ash  3-256=99-242. 

But  Johnston  adds:  "It  is  therefore  doubtful  whether  this  resinoid  substance  contains  oxygen  or 
not.  It  may  be  only  an  impure  carbo-hydrogen."  It  is  very  slightly  acted  upon  by  alcohol. 
Gives  empyreumatic  products  when  fused  in  a  closed  tube.  It  has  close  relations  to  elaterite. 


FICHTELITE  GROUP. 

The  Fichtelite  group,  according  to  the  analyses,  belongs  to  the  Camphene 
series  of  hydrocarbons,  the  general  formula  for  which  is  On  H2  n-4. 

Petrolene,  or  more  correctly  the  petrolene  group  of  oils,  has  been  referred  to  the  Camphene 
series ;  and  should  constitute  a  group  preceding  the  Fichtelite  group,  if  the  analyses  were  made 
on  pure  species,  and  are  to  be  credited.  See  p.  729. 

784.  FICHTELITE.  Tekoretin  Forchh.,  Vid.  Selsk.  Afh.  Copenh.,  1840,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  459,  1840 
Fichtelit  Bromeis,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  xxxvii.  304,  1841 ;  T.  K  Clark,  Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  ciii.  236, 
1857,  Am.  J.  Sci,  II.  xxv.  164. 

Monoclinic.  #=53°,  /  A  7=83°  and  97°  ;  /A  i4 
=131°  30',  0  A  ^=127°,  0  A  1^=105°,  i-i  A  \4 
=128°,  Clark.  Crystals  lengthened  in  the  direction 
of  the  orthodiagonal. 

H.=l.  Lustre  somewhat  greasy.  Color  white. 
Translucent.  Brittle.  Without  taste  or  smell. 
Distils  over  without  decomposition.  Solidifying 
temperature  36°  C.  Easily  soluble  in  ether  ;  less  so 
in  alcohol. 

Oomp.,  Van,  etc.— Ratio  of  -G,  H=5  :  8=Carbon  88-35,  hydrogen  11-65.  Analyses :  1,  Bro- 
meis (L  c.) ;  2,  Clark  (1.  c.) ;  3,  Forchhammer  (L  c.) : 


616 


0 


\ 

0 

/ 

' 

1 

f* 

/ 

\ 

C 

1.  Redwitz        87'95 

2.  "  (f)  87-13 

3.  Tecoretin        85*89 


H 

10-70=98-65 
12-86=99-99 
12-81=98-70 


Melting  T. 
46° 
46 
45 


Boiling  T. 

above  320° 
360 


Bromeis. 

Clark. 

Forchh. 


Decomposed  by  anhydrous  sulphuric  acid ;  also  by  heated  fuming  nitric  acid ;  soluble  in  cold 
nitric. 

Clark,  after  a  revision  of  the  investigations  on  fichtelite  and  the  related  resins,  concludes  that 
there  is  no  doubt  of  the  identity  of  the  substance  analyzed  by  him  with  Bromeis's  fichtelitc,  and 
deduces  the  empirical  formula  65  H8. 


736  HYDKOCAKBON  COMPOUNDS. 

The  mineral  occurs  in  the  form  of  shining  scales,  flat  crystals,  and  thin  layers  between  the 
rings  of  growth  and  throughout  the  texture  of  pine  wood  (identical  in  species  with  the  modern 
Finns  sylvestris)  from  peat  beds  in  the  vicinity  of  Redwitz,  in  the  Fichtelgebirge  North  Bavaria. 
The  crystals  described  by  Clark  (f.  616)  were  obtained  artificially  by  means  of  ether  and  alcohol. 

An  oily  substance  was  extracted  by  Schrotter  by  means  of  ether  from  wood  of  the  same  peat 
bed  which  afforded  the  fichtelite ;  and  this  solution  yielded  two  substances,  one  of  which  was 
an  oil  regarded  by  him  as  identical  with  fichtelite  in  ratio;  it  gave  on  analysis,  Carbon  88*58, 
hvdrogen  1 1-34=99-42.  The  other  substance  was  crystallized  and  contained  oxygen. 

Tecoretin  was  obtained  from  pine  trees  of  the  same  species  in  marshes  near  Holtegard  in  Den- 
mark The  resin  from  the  wood,  first  observed  by  Steenstrup,  was  found  by  Forchhammer,  after 
dissolving  it  in  boiling  alcohol  to  contain  two  substances  crystallizing  from  the  solution  at  differ- 
ent  temperatures.  The  tecoretin  was  the  least  soluble  of  the  two,  or  that  which  crystallized  out 
first  (the  other  was  his  phylloretin,  see  p.  737) ;  its  crystallization  was  monodinic,  and  its  fusing 
point  45°.  From  the  analysis  Clark  writes  the  empirical  formula  -6H2;  but  states  that  the 
mineral  resembles  fichtelite  hi  every  other  respect. 

785.  HARTTTB.    Hartit  Raid.,  Fogg.,  liv.  261,  1841.    Branchite  Savi,  Cimento,  i.  342,  Jahrb. 

Min.  1842,  459. 

Monoclinic.  Kesembling  fichtelite  in  crystalline  form,  lustre,  color, 
translucency,  and  the  reactions  with  alcohol,  ether,  and  the  acids.  But 
melts  at  74r°-75°  C.  Boiling  temperature  very  high. 

Comp.,  etc.— Ratio  of  £,  H=12  :  20=Carbon  87'8,  hydrogen  12-2.  Analyses:  1.  Schrotter 
(Pogg.,  lix.  37);  2,  Firia  (Cimento,  i.  346,  Jahresb.  1855,  984): 

C  H 

1.  Hartite  87*47  12-04  =  99-51  Schrotter. 

2.  Branchite        87 '0  13-4=100'4  Piria, 

Piria's  analysis  corresponds  nearly  with  the  ratio  9:16. 

Obs. — Hariite  is  found  in  a  kind  of  pine,  like  fichtelite,  but  of  a  different  species,  the  Pence 
acerosa  Unger,  belonging  to  an  earlier  geological  epoch.  It  is  from  the  brown  coal  beds  of  Ober- 
hart,  near  Gloggnitz,  not  far  from  Vienna.  Reported  also  from  Rosenthal  near  Koflach  in  Styria, 
and  Pravali  in  Carinthia.  It  occurs  among  the  layers  or  tissues  of  the  wood,  and  also  in  clefts 
in  the  coal  or  lignite. 

Branchite  is  colorless  and  translucent,  with  Gr.  =  l'0442,  and  comes  from  the  brown  coal  of  Mt. 
Vaso  in  Tuscany.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  like  hartite. 

786.  DINITE  Meneghini  (Gaz.  Med.  Italiana,  Fircnze,  Toscana,  July,  1852).      Occurs  as  an 
aggregation  or  druse  of  crystals ;  cleavage  none  ;  with  the  appearance  of  ice,  but  with  a  yellow 
tinge  due  to  a  foreign  substance.     Inodorous ;  tasteless ;  fragile,  and  easily  reduced  to  powder. 

Insoluble  in  water ;  little  soluble  in  alcohol,  very  soluble  in  ether  and  in  sulphuret  of  carbon. 
The  ethereal  solution  on  standing  deposits  large  crystals  of  the  dinite.  Fuses  with  the  warmth 
of  the  hand ;  heated  in  a  close  vessel  distils  over  without  undergoing  any  sensible  decomposition. 
When  melted  it  looks  like  a  yellowish  oil ;  crystallizes  in  large  transparent  crystals  on  cooling. 

From  a  lignite  deposit  at  Lunigiana,  Tuscany,  where  it  was  found  by  Prof.  Dini. 

787.  IXOLYTE  (Ixolyt  Raid.,  Fogg.,  Ivi.  345,  1842).      Amorphous.      H.  =  1.      G-.  =  1'008. 
Lustre  greasy.     Color  hyacinth-red.     Pulverized  in  the  fingers,  it  becomes  ochre-yellow  and  yel- 
lowish-brown.    Thin  fragments  subtranslucent.     Fracture  imperfect  conchoidal  in  the   purer 
varieties. 

Soaens  at  76°  C.,  but  is  still  tenacious  at  100°  C.,  whence  the  name,  from  if 6s.  gluey.  likelirdUme, 
and  Aiiw,  to  dissolve. 

This  species  is  said  to  resemble  hartite,  though  differing  in  the  temperature  of  fusion  and  other 
characters.  It  occurs  in  a  coal  bed  at  Oberhart,  near  Gloggnitz ;  pieces  sometimes  half  an  inch 
thick,  associated  with  hartite. 


SIMPLE   HYDROCARBONS. 


BENZOLE  GROUP. 


C 

H 

G. 

Boiling  T. 

e6  H8  =92-31 

7-69=100 

0-85  at    15-5°  C. 

82°  C. 

e,   H,  =91-30 

8-70=100 

0-88  at      5 

Ill 

^8  H10=90-57 

9-43=100 

0-86  at    19 

139 

•69  Hia=90-00 

10-00=100 

0-87 

148 

€10H14=89-55 

10-45=100 

0-86  at    14 

175 

Oily  fluids  at  the  ordinary  temperature.  General  formula  On  H2n-6. 
Soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether.  The  species  observed  in  nature,  which 
include  all  those  known  of  the  Benzole  series,  are  the  following  : 


788.  BENZOLE 

789.  TOLUOLE 

790.  XYLOLE 

791.  CUMOLE 

792.  CYMOLE 

"W.  de  la  Eue  and  H.  Miiller  detected  in  1856,  in  Eangoon  tar,  the  first  three  of  the  above 
species,  with  another  designated  pseudocumole  (isocumole).  In  1860  Bussenius  and  Eisenstuck 
(Ann.  Ch.  Pharni.,  cxiii.  151)  announced  xylole  as  present  in  the  petroleum  of  Sehnde  in  Hanover; 
and  the  same  year  (ib.,  cxv.  19)  Pebal  and  Freund  detected  ah1  the  above  five  species  of  the  series 
in  the  naphtha  of  Boroslaw  in  G-alicia.  Warren  and  Storer  also  (Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Boston,  ix.  216) 
have  detected  xylole  and  "  isocumole  "  in  the  Rangoon  tar.  None  of  the  series  were  detected  by 
Pelouze  and  Cahours  in  the  Pennsylvania  petroleum. 

These  oils  are  produced  in  the  destructive  distillation,  at  high  temperatures,  of  bituminous 
coals,  fatty  substances,  etc. 

793.  KONLITE.  (Fr.  Uznach)  Kraus,  Pogg.,  xliii.  141,  1838.  Konlit  (fr.  ib.)  Schrotter,  ib.,  lix. 
37,  1843 ;  (fr.  Eedwitz)  v.  Trommsdorff,  Ann.  d.  Pharm.,  xxi.  126.  Konlemit  Hausm.,  Handb., 
1487,  1847 ;  Kenngott,  Ber.  Ak.  Wlen,  xiv.  272,  Min.  d.  Schweiz,  419,  Leipzig,  1866. 

In  folia  and  grains ;  amorphous  ;  stalactitic. 

Soft.  G.=0'88,  Trommsdorff.  Color  reddish-brown  to  yellow.  Melt- 
ing point  114°  C.,  Kraus ;  107|-0,  Trommsdorff.  Distils  at  200°,  undergoing 
decomposition  at  the  same  time,  and  leaving  a  brown  residue.  very 
slightly  soluble  in  cold  and  hot  alcohol ;  much  more  soluble  in  ether ;  the 
latter  solution  affording  wax-like  folia. 

Oomp. — Ratio  of  6,  H=l  :  1;  n(66H6)  or  a  polymere  of  benzole.  Fritzsche  makes  the 
formula  €18H18=3  (6«  H6).  (Bull  Ac.  St.  Pet.,  iii.  88,  1860.)  Analyses:  1,  Kraus  (L  c.);  2, 
v.  Trommsdorff  (1.  c.) : 

C  H 

1.  Uznach,  Switz.  92-429        7-571=100  Kraus. 

2.  Redwitz,  Bavaria        90'90          7 '58=98-48  Trommsdorff. 

The  Redwitz  mineral  may  be  a  different  species.  Konlite,  unlike  scheererito,  is  changed  by 
distillation,  yielding  a  substance  which  melts  by  the  warmth  of  the  hand.  For  this  product 
Krauss  proposed  the  name  pyroscheererite. 

In  brown  coal  at  Uznach,  at  the  same  locality  with  scheererite ;  near  Redwitz,  Bavaria,  in  the 
Fichtelgebirge,  with  fichtelite ;  reported  by  Kenngott  from  the  brown  coal  of  Fossa  in  the  Eger 
valley  (Ueb.,  1850-'51,  147). 

Named  after  Konlein,  formerly  superintendent  of  the  coal  works  at  Uznach. 

PHYLLORETIN  of  Forchhammer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xx.  459,  1840)  is  near  the  above,  and  is  made  identi- 
cal with  it  by  Fritzsche.  It  was  obtained  from  an  alcoholic  solution  of  a  resin  from  the  marshes 
near  Holtegard  in  Denmark ;  the  more  soluble  of  the  two  resins  obtained  (see  p.  736)  being  the 
phylloretin.  Fusing  point  86°-87°.  Dissolves  easily  in  alcohol.  Forchhammer  obtained  Carbon 
90-22,  90-12,  hydrogen  9'22,  9'26 ;  and  deduces  for  the  ratio  of  €,  H,  8  :  10. 

47      • 


738  HYDEOCABBON  COMPOUNDS. 

794.  NAPHTHALIN. 

Orthorhombic.  Commonly,  as  artificially  prepared,  in  rhombic  tables  of 
122°  and  78°  with  the  acute  angles  truncated,  or  hexagonal  tables. 

Lustre  brilliant.  Color  white.  G.=1'153  at  18°  C. ;  0-9778,  at  79*2°  C., 
Kopp. ;  at  which  temperature  it  melts.  Boiling  point  218°  C.  Dissolves 
readily  in  alcohol,  ether,  oil  of  turpentine,  fatty  oils,  etc. 

Oomp.  etc.-610  H8=Carbon  93-75,  hydrogen  6-25=100.  The  first  of  the  NapUhalin  series, 
the  general  formula  for  which  is  £„  H2n_12.  Burns  with  a  dense  smoking  flame. 

Obs.— Found  sparingly  hi  Rangoon  tar,  by  De  la  Eue  and  Miiller,  and  by  Warren  and  Storer. 

Artif.— Formed  easily  from  petroleum,  coal-naphtha,  essential  oils,  on  passing  them  through 
red-hot  tubes. 

795.  IDRIALTTB.    Quecksilberbranderz  pt.     Idrialine  (fr.  Idria)  Dumas,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  1. 
360,  1832.    Idrialite  Schrotter,  Baumg.  ZS.,  iii.  245,  iv.  5. 

In  the  pure  state  crystalline  in  structure.  Color  white.  In  nature 
found  only  impure,  being  mixed  with  cinnabar,  clay,  and  some  pyrite  and 
gypsum  in  a  brownish-black  earthy  material,  called,  from  its^  combustibility 
and  the  presence  of  mercury,  inflammable  cinnabar  (Quecksilberbranderz). 

Comp.,  etc.— Dumas  separated  the  idrialite  by  treatment  with  oil  of  turpentine.  Analyses : 
1,  Dumas  (1.  c.);  2,  8,  Schrotter  (1.  c.): 

Carbon          94'9        94-50  94'80 

Hydrogen       5'1  D.     5-19  Schr.    5-49  Schr. 

Corresponding  to  the  ratio  for  £7,  H  about  3  :  2= Carbon  94-74,  hydrogen  5-26=100.  Insolu- 
ble in  water,  and  little  so  in  alcohol  or  ether.  Fuses  at  205°  C.  Schrotter  found  in  one  specimen 
of  the  crude  mineral  77-32  idrialite,  17-85  cinnabar,  and  2-75  of  other  impurities. 

Bodecker  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  Hi.  100,  1844)  obtained  for  the  composition  of  a  substance  he 
derived  from  the  crude  material,  (£)  Carbon  91'83,  hydrogen  5'30,  oxygen  2'87=100,  correspond- 
ing to  C"  Hw  0  (or  an  oxydized  idrialite).  He  derived  it  from  the  ore  by  sublimation  in  an  atmo- 
sphere of  carbonic  acid.  Bodecker  states  that  a  black  material  obtained  from  the  condensation- 
chambers  at  Idria  afforded  a  substance  which  has  the  composition  of  Dumas's  idrialite ;  and  this 
he  calls  IdryZ,  supposing  it  to  be  the  radical  of  his  own  idrialite. 


II.  OXYGENATED  HYDKOCAKBONS. 

796.  GEOCERITE.    Geocerain  L.  Bruckner^  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ivii.  14,  1852. 

Wax-like.  Color  white.  Not  observed  to  crystallize  from  its  solution 
in  alcohol.  Melting  point  near  80°  C. ;  after  fusion  solidifies  as  a  yel- 
lowish wax,  hard  but  not  very  brittle.  Soluble  in  alcohol  of  80  p.  c.  JN  ot 
acted  upon  by  a  hot  solution  of  potash. 

Oomp.— 638  H6fl  Oa,  Bruckner = Carbon  79-24,  hydrogen  13-21,  oxygen  7-55=100.  Analyses  : 
.Bruckner  (L  c.) : 

C  H  0 

79-06        13-13        [7-811=100. 
79-16         13-01         [7-83]=100. 

ObB.— From  the  same  dark-brown  brown  coal  of  Gesterwitz  that  afforded  the  geomyricite  (p. 


OXYGENATED    HYDROCARBONS.  739 

739),  and  from  the  same  solution.  The  solution,  after  yielding  the  geomyricite,  and  next  on 
adding  a  hot  solution  of  acetate  of  lead,  a  precipitate  of  a  salt  of  lead  and  "  geocerinsaure  " 
finally  afforded,  on  filtering  the  hot  solution,  the  geocerite  in  the  state  of  a  jelly,  which  on  drying 
became  a  white  foliated  mass. 

The  distillation  product  obtained  from  the  same  dark -brown  brown  coal,  tallow-like  in  consist- 
ence (but  in  pearly  crystals  from  a  subsequent  alcoholic  solution)  afforded  Carbon  83-82,  hydro- 
gen 14'01,  oxygen  [2-17],  corresponding  to  the  formula  <366  H110  0,  as  if  derived,  as  follows  a? 
Bruckner  states,  from  the  above:  2  (O28  H58  02)  -(&  O2  +  H2  O)=e65  H110  O.  It  is  identica\ 
with  the  distillation  product  from  the  yellowish-brown  brown  coal  of  the  same  locality. 

Named  from  yn,  earth,  and  tripos,  wax. 

797.  GEOMYRICITE.    Geomyricin  L.  Bruckner,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  Ivii.  10,  1852. 

Wax-like.  Obtained  in  a  pulverulent  form  from  a  solution,  the  grains 
consisting  (as  apparent  under  a  microscope)  of  acicular  crystals.  Color 
white.  Melting  point  80°— 83°  C.  After  fusion  has  the  aspect  of  a  yel- 
lowish brittle  wax.  No  action  in  a  solution  of  potash.  Soluble  easily  in 
hot  absolute  alcohol  and  ether,  but  slightly  in  alcohol  of  80  p.  c. 

Comp.,  etc.— C34  H68  02,  Bruckner, = Carbon  80-59,  hydrogen  13-42,  0  5*99=100.    Analyses : 

OHO 

1.  G.=83°  80-33  13-50  [6-17] 

2.  G.=83  79-97  12'85  [7-18J 

3.  G.  =  80  80-21  13-24  [6-55] 

Burns  with  a  bright  flame. 

Bruckner  observes  that  the  composition  is  very  near  that  of  the  Chinese  wax,  Palm  wax  (from 
the  S.  A.  palm,  Ceroxylon  andicola),  Carnauba  wax  (from  the  S.  A.  palm,  Corypha  cm/era),  for 
which  Lewy  obtained  C36  H72  02=Carbon  80459,  hydrogen  13*42,  oxygen  5*99=100. 

Obs. — Occurs  at  the  Gesterwitz  brown  coal  deposit,  in  a  dark  brown  layer,  similar  in  most 
respects  to  the  yellowish-brown  which  afforded  the  leucopetrite.  Its  very  slight  insolubility  in 
alcohol  of  80  p.  c.  enabled  Bruckner  to  separate  resins  and  other  soluble  ingredients  present  in 
the  mass.  L.  Lesquereux  states  (priv.  contrib.)  that  the  brown  coal  beds  of  the  basin  in  which 
Gesterwitz  lies  has  afforded  the  palms  Flabellaria  latania  and  Phanicites  GiebelianiiS,  and  per- 
haps others,  though  none  has  yet  been  reported  from  the  particular  bed  at  G-esterwitz. 

798.  COPALITE.  Fossil  Copal,  Highgate  Resin,  Afltin,  Min.,  64,  1815.  Retinite  pt.  Glock., 
Min.,  372,  1831,  Said,,  Handb.,  574,  1845.  Fossil  Copal  J.  F.  W.  Johnston,  PhiL  Mag.,  III. 
:riv.  87,  1839.  Copaline  Hausm.,  Handb.,  1500,  1847. 

Like  the  resin  copal  in  hardness,  color,  lustre,  transparency,  and  difficult 
solubility  in  alcohol.  Color  clear  pale  yellow  to  dirty  gray  and  dirty 
brown.  Emits  a  resinous  aromatic  odor  when  broken. 

G.=l-010,  Johnston;  1'05,  Bastock  ;  1*053,  fr.  E.  Indies,  Kenngott. 

Comp.— Ratio  for  €,  H,  O=40  :  64  :  l=Carbon  85*7,  hydrogen  1T4,  oxygen  2-9=100.  Anal- 
yses: 1,  2,  Johnston (1.  c.);  3,  Duflos  (Min.  Unters.,  ii.  183): 

C  H              0  Ash 

1.  Yellow  trp.        85-677  11 '476  2'847         =100  Johnston. 

2.  Gray                 85-408  11*787  2'669  0-136=100  Johnston. 

3.  E.  ladies           85'73  11'50  2*77           =100  Duflos. 

Volatilizes  in  the  air  by  a  gentle  heat.  Burns  easily  with  a  yellow  flame  and  much  smoke,  and 
hardly  any  perceptible  ash.  Slightly  acted  upon  by  alcohol. 

Kenngott's  mineral  closely  resembles  the  Highgate  copalite  in  its  honey-yellow  color,  and  its 
action  with  heat  and  alcohol. 

Oba. — From  the  blue  clay  (London  clay)  of  Highgate  Hill,  near  London,  from  whence  it  is 
called  Highgate  resin.  It  occurs  hi  irregular  pieces  of  a  pale  honey-yellow  color. 


74:0  HYDKOCAEBON   COMPOUNDS. 


799.  SUCCINITE.  "HXwrpov  Homer,  etc.  ?  Avyriptov  Theophr.,  Demostr.  A»yyo6pioi»  Diosc., 
etc.  Succinum,  Electrum,  Lyncurium,  Flin.,  xxxvii.  11,  12,  13.  Amber.  Succin,  Arabre,  Fr. 
Bernsteiii  Germ.  Succinite  pt.  Bretth.,  Char.,  75,  1820,  140,  1823. 

In  irregular  masses,  without  cleavage. 

H.=2—  2-5.  G.=  1-065—  1-081.  Lustre  resinous.  Color  yellow,  some- 
times reddish,  brownish,  and  whitish,  often  clouded.  Streak  white.  Trans- 
parent —  translucent.  Tasteless.  Electric  on  friction.  Fuses  at  287°  C., 
but  without  becoming  a  flowing  liquid. 

Comp.—  Ratio  for  e,  H,  0=40  :  64  :  4=Carbon  78-94,  hydrogen  10'53,  oxygen  10-58=100. 
Analysis  :  Schrotter  (Pogg.,  lix.  64)  : 

i 

C  78-824  H  10-228  0  10'9=100. 

But  amber  is  not  a  simple  resin.  According  to  Berzelius  (Lehrb.,  viii.  431,  Pogg.,  xii.  419),  it 
consists  mainly  (85  to  90  p.  c.)  of  a  resin  which  resists  all  solvents  (properly  the  species  succiaite), 
along  with  two  other  resins  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  an  oil,  and  2£  to  6  p.  c.  of  succinic  acid. 
Schrotter  and  Forchhammer  state  that  after  removing  these  soluble  ingredients,  true  succinite 
has  the  ratio  40  :  32  :  4,  which  is  the  ratio  deduced  from  the  analyses  of  the  whole  mass,  and 
which  indicates  that  the  mixed  resins  are  polymeroua  with  succinite.  Their  nature  has  not  been 
investigated.  Amber  is  hardly  acted  on  by  alcohol. 

Burns  readily  with  a  yellow  flame,  emitting  an  agreeable  odor,  and  leaves  a  black,  shining,  car- 
bonaceous residue. 

Obs.—  Amber  occurs  abundantly  on  the  Prussian  coast  of  the  Baltic  ;  occurring  from  Dantzig 
to  Memel,  especially  between  Pillau  and  Dorfe  G-ross-Hubnicken.  It  occurs  also  on  the  coast  of 
Denmark  and  Sweden;  in  Galicia,  near  Lemberg,  and  at  Miszau;  in  Poland;  in  Moravia,  at 
Boskowitz,  etc.  ;  in  the  Urals,  Russia  ;  near  Christiania,  Norway  ;  in  Switzerland,  near  Bale  ;  in 
France,  near  Paris,  in  clay,  in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Alps,  with  bituminous  coal,  also  in  the 
department  of  1'Aisne,  de  la  Loire,  du  Grard,  du  Bas-Rhin.  In  England,  near  London,  and  on  the 
coast  of  Norfolk,  Essex,  and  Suffolk.  It  also  occurs  in  various  parts  of  Asia.  Also  near  Catania, 
on  the  Sicilian  coast,  sometimes  of  a  peculiar  blue  tinge. 

It  has  been  found  in  various  parts  of  the  Green  sand  formation  of  the  United  States,  either 
loosely  imbedded  in  the  soil,  or  engaged  in  marl  or  lignite,  as  at  Gay  Head  or  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, near  Trenton  and  also  at  Camden  in  New  Jersey,  and  at  Cape  Sable,  near  Magothy  river  in 
Maryland. 

In  the  royal  museum  at  Berlin  there  is  a  mass  weighing  18  Ibs.  Another  in  the  kingdom  of 
Ava,  India,  is  nearly  as  large  as  a  child's  head,  and  weighs  2$  Ibs.  ;  it  is  intersected  by  veins  of 
carbonate  of  lime,  from  the  thickness  of  paper  to  one-twentieth  of  an  inch. 

It  is  now  fully  ascertained  that  amber  is  a  vegetable  resin  altered  by  fossilization.  This  is 
inferred  both  from  its  native  situation  with  coal,  or  fossil  wood,  and  from  the  occurrence  of 
insects  incased  in  it.  Of  these  insects,  some  appear  evidently  to  have  struggled  after  being 
entangled  in  the  then  viscous  fluid  ;  and  occasionally  a  leg  or  wing  is  found  some  distance  from 
the  body,  which  had  been  detached  in  the  effort  to  escape.  Goppert  has  shown  (Ber.  Ak.  Berlin, 
1853,  450,  Q.  J.  G-.  Soc.,  x.,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xviii.  287)  that  at  least  8  species  of  plants  besides  the 
Pinites  succinifer  have  afforded  this  fossilized  resin,  and  he  enumerates  163  species  as  represented 
by  remains  in  amber.  Besides  pines,  species  of  the  family  Abietinece,  and  Cupressinece,  have  prob 
ably  contributed  to  it. 

Amber  was  early  known  to  the  ancients,  and  called  uXwrpo*,  ekctrum,  whence,  on  account  ot 
its  electrical  susceptibilities,  we  have  derived  the  word  electricity.  It  was  named  by  some  lyncu- 
rium,  though  this  name  was  applied  by  Theophrastus  also  to  a  stone,  probably  to  zircon  or  tour- 
maline, both  minerals  of  remarkable  electrical  properties. 

Pliny  mentions,  as  one  proposed  derivation  of  ekctrum,  the  fable,  as  he  regards  it,  that  the 
sisters  of  Phaethon,  changed  into  poplars,  shed  their  tears  on  the  banks  of  the  Eridauus  (or 
Padus),  and  that  these  tears  were  called  ekctrum,  from  the  fact  that  the  sun  was  usually  called 
elector;  as  another,  that  it  comes  from  Electrifies,  the  name  of  certain  islands  in  the  Adriatic;  or 
another  ekctrides,  the  name  of  certain  stones  in  Britannia,  from  which  it  exudes.  He  gives  it  as 
his  opinion  that  "  amber  is  an  exudation  from  trees  of  the  pine  family,  like  gum  from  the  cherry, 
and  resin  from  the  ordinary  pine  ;  "  and,  as  proof  that  it  was  once  liquid,  alludes  to  the  gnats, 
He  observes  that  it  had  been  long  called  succinum,  because  of  this  origin,  "  quod 

•bons  euccum  prisci  nostri  credidere."  He  says  that  in  his  time  it  was  "  in  request  among 
women  only,"  But  "it  had  been  so  highly  valued  as  an  object  of  luxury  that  a  very  diminutive 


OXYGENATED   HYDROCARBONS.  741 

human  effigy,  made  of  amber,  had  been  known  to  sell  at  a  higher  price  than  living  men,  even  in 
stout  and  vigorous  health." 

799A.  KRANTZITE  (Fossiles  Harz  (fr.  Nienburg),  Krantzit,  0.  Bergemann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  IxxvL  65). 
Essentially  succinite.  Occurs  in  small  grains  and  masses  of  a  light  yellow  or  greenish-yellow 
color,  but  reddish  or  brownish  externally.  G. =0-968.  Kather  tender.  Sectile  and  somewhat 
elastic.  The  exterior  has  G.=1'002. 

Comp.— Analysis  by  Landolt  (1.  c.)  afforded: 

Carbon  79-25  Hydrogen  10-41  Oxygen  10'34=100. 

Corresponding  nearly  to  the  formula  64o  H64  04. 

Only  4  p.  c.  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  6  p.  c.  in  ether ;  and  only  softens  in  turpentine.  In  sul- 
phuric acid  gives  a  brown  solution.  Fuses  at  225°  C.,  and  becomes  perfectly  fluid  at  288° ;  and 
at  a  higher  temperature  yields  gas  and  products  of  distillation.  The  ether  solution  affords  a 
brownish  amorphous  substance,  which  is  elastic  like  caoutchouc  at  12°,  and  fuses  at  150°. 

800.  WALCHOWITE.  Bergpech  pt.  (fr.  Walchow)  Estner,  Min.,  iii.,  Ite  Abth.,  114,  1800. 
Retinit  von  Walchow  Schrotter,  lix.  37,  1843.  Walchowit  Haid.,  Ueb.,  1843,  99,  Handb.,  574, 
1845. 

In  yellow  translucent  masses,  often  striped  with  brown.  Lustre  resin- 
ous. Fracture  conchoidal.  Translucent  to  opaque. 

H.=l-5-2.     G.  =  l-0-l-069  ;  an  opaque  variety  1'035. 

Comp Ratio  for  -G,  H,  0=40  :  64  :  8£,  Schrotter  (Pogg.,  lix.  61) =80*41  C,  10-66  H,  8-93  0. 

Fuses  to  a  yellow  oil  at  250°  C.,  and  burns  readily ;  becomes  transparent  and  elastic  at  140°  C. 
But  it  is  a  mixture,  as  alcohol  takes  up  1'5  p.  c.,  and  ether  7*5  p.  c.;  the  insolubk  part  may  be 
identical  with  the  preceding.  Forms  a  dark  brown  solution  in  sulphuric  acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  brown  coal  at  Walchow,  in  Moravia,  and  formerly  called  Retinite. 

Estner  also  mentions  a  honey-yellow  resin  from  Uttigshof  in  Moravia  (called  Bernstein  in  the 
Abh.  bohm.  Ges.,  iii.  8),  and  another  of  a  similar  color,  but  a  little  greenish,  from  Litezko  in 
Moravia. 

801.  BUCARAMANGITB.    Resiue  de  Bucaramanga  Boussingault,  Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  III.  vi.  507, 1842. 
Resembles  amber  in  its  pale  yellow  color.     G-.  above  1. 

Comp.— Ratio  for  0,  H,  0=42  :  66  :  2i=Carbon  82-7,  hydrogen  10-8,  oxygen  6-5=100. 
Insoluble  in  alcohol.    In  ether  softens  and  becomes  opaque.    Fuses  easily,  and  burns  with  a 
little  smoky  flame,  leaving  no  residue.    Yields  no  succinic  acid. 

802.  AMBRITE.    Ambrit  (fr.  N.  Zealand)  Hochstetter,  v.  Hau&r,  Yerh.  G.  Reichs.,  Wien, 

1861,  4. 

Amorphous.     In  large  masses. 

H.=2.  G.=:l-034r.  Lustre  greasy.  Color  yellowish-gray.  Subtrans- 
parent.  Strong  electric  on  friction.  Fracture  conchoidal. 

Comp.,  etc. — Ratio  deduced  for  0,  H,  0=40  :  66  :  5=Carbon  76'88,  hydrogen  10'54,  oxy- 
gen 12-77.  Yon  Hauer  makes  the  ratio  32  :  26  :  4,  which  is  not  nearer  the  analysis  than  the 
above.  Analysis :  R.  Maly  (1.  c.) : 

C  H  0  Ash 

(1)76-53  10-58  12-70  0'19 

Wholly  insoluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  oil  of  turpentine,  benzole,  chloroform,  and  dilute  acid. 
Burns  with  yellow  smoking  flame.  The  ash  contains  iron,  lime,  and  soda. 

Obs. — Occurs  in  masses  as  large  as  the  head  in  the  province  of  Auckland,  N.  Zealand.  It 
much  resembles  the  resin  of  the  Dammcura  Australia,  which  abounds  on  the  island,  and  is  often 
exported  with  it. 


74:2  HYDKOCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

803.  BATHVILUTE.    Bathvillite  C.  Gr.  Williams,  Ch.  News,  vii.  133,  1863.    Torbanite  pt 

Amorphous.  Dull,  and  of  a  fawn-brown  color,  looking  somewhat  like 
wood  in  the  last  stage  of  decay.  Opaque. 

G.,  after  removing  air  of  pores  by  air-pump,  about  1  31.  Very  friable, 
but  this  characteristic  may  not  be  essential  to  the  species.  Insoluble  in 
benzole.  Torbanite  has  H.=2'25 ;  G.=1'18,  Heddle  ;  color  clove-brown ; 
powder  yellowish ;  tough. 


Miller ;  2 A,  same  with  ash  excluded 


OHO  Ash 

1.  BafhviUite         58'89          8'56          7'23  25'32  =  100. 

1A.       "  78-86         11-46  9-68  -=100. 

2    Torlcmite           63-10          8'91           8'21  19-78=100. 

2A.       "  78-67         11-11        10-22  =  100. 

Williams  refers  here  the  torbanite  analyzed  by  Miller.  Other  analyses  of  torbanite  give  less 
oxygen.  The  oxygen  includes  a  little  nitrogen  and  sulphur.  Williams  makes  the  formula  -630, 
H60Os=Carbon  78-60,  hydrogen  10'92,  oxygen  10'48,  agreeing  hardly  as  well  with  the  analyses 
as  the  above. 

Does  not  melt  when  heated.  In  a  platinum  crucible  affords  a  fatty  odor,  and  burns  with  a 
dense  smoky  flame.  No  action  with  moderately  dilute  nitric  acid ;  completely  carbonized  by  con- 
centrated sulphuric  acid. 

Obs.— Bathvillite  occurs  in  the  torbanite  or  Boghead  coal  (of  the  Carboniferous  formation), 
adjoining  the  lands  of  Torbanehill,  in  the  grounds  of  Bathville,  Scotland.  It  forms  lumps  which 
fill  cavities  in  the  torbanite.  Other  cavities  are  occupied  by  calcite,  pyrite,  etc.  It  may  be  an 
altered  lump  of  resin ;  or  else  material  which  has  filtrated  into  the  cavity  from  the  surrounding 
torbanite. 

The  analysis  of  Miller  shows  that  some  of  the  torbanite  has  the  same  composition.  As  proof 
of  the  absolute  purity  of  the  substances  analyzed  could  not  be  had,  the  results  are  open  to  some 
doubt,  as  Williams  observes.  Yet  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  the  bathvillite,  and  the  nearness  in 
composition  of  this  insoluble  substance  to  the  equally  insoluble  succinite,  favors  the  view  that  it 
is  essentially  a  good  species,  and  that  its  composition  is  not  far  from  that  above  given. 

804.  TORBANTTB.  Torbanite,  although  related  to  cannel  coal,  has  a  very  nearly  uniform  com- 
position, according  to  all  analyses  thus  far  made,  excepting  that  of  Miller,  and  this  composition  ia 
like  that  of  bathvillite,  excepting  less  oxygen.  It  corresponds  very  nearly  with  the  formula  -G4o 
H68  02-2&=Carbon  82-19,  hydrogen  11-64,  oxygen  6'17.  The  mean  of  five  analyses  (see  p.  757) 
is,  Carbon  81-15,  hydrogen  11-48,  with  oxygen  about  6-0,  nitrogen  1-37  =  100  ;  excluding  the  nitro- 
gen, C  82-28,  H  11-54,  0  6-08=100.  Taking  the  oxygen  at  5'40  instead  of  6'0  (see  anal.,  1.  c.), 
the  formula  would  become  <?4o  H68  O2.  The  nitrogen  is  without  doubt  in  combination  with  por- 
tions of  the  other  ingredients.  But,  allowing  for  this,  the  close  relation  to  the  amber  group  still 
holds,  both  as  regards  composition  and  insolubility.  Less  than  1|  p.  c.  of  torbanite  is  soluble  in 
naphtha  (Fyfe).  ^  Although  the  above  formula  cannot  be  taken  as  the  formula  of  the  species  at 
the  basis  torbanite,  it  is  probably  not  far  from  it.  Torbanite  may  contain  bathvillite  as  mixture. 

805.  XYLORETINITE.    Xyloretin  Forchhammer,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  xx.  459,  1840.    Hartin  Schrotter, 
Pogg.,  liv.  45,  1843.    Psathyrit  Q-lock&r,  Syn.,  8,  1847. 

Massive,  but  crystallizes  from  a  naphtha  solution  in  needles  of  the  ortho- 
rhombic  system. 

G.=1'115,  hartine.  Color  white.  Pulverizes  in  the  fingers.  "Without 
taste  or  smell.  Soluble  in  ether. 

Comp.,  etc.— Ratio  for  0,  H,  0=40  :  64  :  4=Carbon  78-51,  hydrogen  9-05,  oxygen  12-44, 


OXYGENATED   HYDROCARBONS.  743 

Ca°H"  O4,  deduced  by  Schrotter,  corresponds  better  with  the  analyses.  Analyses  :  1-3,  Schrotter 
(L  c.)  ;  4,  6,  Forchhammer  (1.  c.)  : 

OHO  Fusing  T. 

1.  Eartine  18-26        10*92        10-82=100.  210°  C 

2.  "  78-46         11-00         10-54=100. 

3.  "  78-33         10-85         10-82  =  100. 

4.  Xyloretinite  79-09        10-93          9-98=100.  165°  C. 

5.  "  78-57         10-81         10-62=100. 

The  hartine  is  a  white  resin  separated  by  ether  from  a  resin  obtained  from  the  brown  coal 
of  Oberhart.  No.  1  is  hartine  as  separated  in  an  amorphous  condition  by  means  of  naphtha  ;  and 
2,  3,  crystallized  from  an  ether  solution.  (Besides  the  hartine,  two  amorphous  brown  resins  were 
also  obtained  from  the  solution.)  Xyloretinite  was  derived  by  Forchhammer  through  the  action 
of  alcohol  on  fossil  pine-wood  from  the  marshes  of  Holtegaard  in  Denmark. 

806.  LEUOOPETRITE.    Leucopetrin  L.  Bruckner,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ivii.  1,  1852,  in  art.  entitled 
Ueber  einige  eigenthiimliche  wachshaltige  Braunkohlen. 

Between  a  resin  and  wax  in  characters.  Crystallizable  in  needles  from 
solution. 

Color  of  crystals  white.  Melting  point  above  100°  C.  ;  and  after  fusion 
brown  and  partly  decomposed,  and  hence  the  exact  melting  point  not  easily 
determinate.  Soluble  in  ether  ;  also  1  part  in  268  of  boiling  absolute 
alcohol  ;  but  not  at  all  in  alcohol  of  80  p.  c. 

Comp.  —  06oH8403,  Bruckner,  =  Carbon  81'97,  hydrogen  11  -47,  oxygen  6'56=  100;  very  nearly 
640  H67  02-4.  Not  at  all  acted  upon  by  a  hot  solution  of  potash,  or  cold  nitric  acid. 

Obs.  —  From  a  layer  |-2  ft.  thick,  in  an  earthy  yellowish-brown  brown  coal,  at  Gesterwitz,  near 
"Weissenfels.  The  material  of  the  layer  is  of  loam-like  aspect,  but  gives  a  shining  wax-like  streak, 
has  G.  =  1-297,  "Wackenroder,  and  loses  22  p.  c.  of  water  at  100°  C.  The  dried  mass  is  nearly 
half  sand  and  other  earthy  materials.  The  leucopetrite  is  associated  in  the  coaly  layer,  according 
to  Bruckner,  with  other  organic  compounds,  soluble  in  alcohol  of  80  p.  c.,  including  two  resins, 
two  wax-like  substances  (p.  738),  and  an  acid  which  Bruckner  calls  Georetinic  acid  (p.  748).  By  a 
distillation  of  the  mass  of  the  brown  coal,  28  p.  c.  of  the  whole  passes  over  as  a  butter-like  mass, 
which  is  related  to  the  paraffins,  but,  according  to  Bruckner,  contains  2  p.  c.  of  oxygen.  It 
afforded  (f)  Carbon  84-04,  hydrogen  14-10,  oxygen  [1'86],  and  he  writes  the  formula  -655  HU00. 
It  is  soluble  easily  in  hot  absolute  alcohol  and  ether,  and  very  sparingly  in  alcohol  of  80  p.  c.  ; 
crystals  in  pearly  hexagonal  plates  from  the  alcoholic  solution  ;  melts  at  50°  C. 

Named  after  the  locality,  Weissenfels  (=white  rock),  from  \svx6s,  white,  and  wrpof,  rock. 


807.  EUOSMITE.    Erdharz,  Kampferharz,  Euosmit,  C.  W.  Gurribel,  Jahrb.  Min.  1864,  10. 

Amorphous,  in  masses  of  a  brownish-yellow  color,  or  like  that  of  cherry 
gum,  and  looking  like  common  pitch. 

H.=l-5.  Gr.=l'2—  1-5.  Brittle.  In  thin  pieces  transparent.  Fracture 
conchoidal.  Strongly  electric  on  friction.  Has  an  odor  between  that  of 
rosin  and  camphor.  Dissolves  easily  in  cold  alcohol  or  ether,  and  hot  oil 
of  turpentine. 

Comp.,  etc.—  Ratio  of  0,H,  0=34  :  29  :  2=40  :  68  :  2£=50  :  85  :  2H=Carbon  81-89,  hydro- 
gen  11-73,  oxygen  6-38=100.  Afforded  0-84  of  ash.  The  ratio  is  almost  identical  with  that  of 
leucopetrite.  Melts  at  77°  C.,  and  burns  with  a  bright  flame  and  very  aromatic  odor.  Solutions 
of  the  alkalies  dissolve  only  a  little  of  it,  after  long  action. 

Obs.  —  From  clefts  in  brown  coal,  at  Baiershof,  near  Thumsenreuth,  in  the  Fichtelgebirge,  and 
derived  probably  from  a  kind  of  Conifer,  and  one  resembling  the  Gupressinoxylon  sucequale 
Goppert. 


HYDROCARBON   COMPOUNDS. 


808.  SCLBRETINITB.    J.  W.  MaUet,  PhiL  Mag.,  IV.  4,  261,  1852. 

In  small  drops  or  tears,  from  the  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  hazel-nut. 

H  =3  G.=1'136.  Translucent  in  thin  splinters.  Color  black,  but  by 
transmitted  light  reddish-brown  ;  streak  cinnamon-brown.  Lustre  between 
vitreous  and  resinous,  rather  brilliant.  Brittle;  fracture  conchoidal.  In- 
soluble in  alcohol,  ether,  alkalies,  and  dilute  acids. 

Oomp.—  Analyses  by  J.  W.  Mallet  0-  c.): 

C  H  0  Ash 

1.  76-74        8-86  10'72  3'68 

2.  77-15        9-05  1012  3'68 

Affords  the  ratio  for  6,  H,  O=40  :  56  :4=rCarbon  77'05,  hydrogen  8-99,  oxygen  10-28,  ash 

Q»CQ 

Heated  on  platinum  foil  it  swells  up,  burns  like  pitch,  with  a  disagreeable  empyreumatic  smell, 
and  a  smoky  flame,  leaving  a  coal  rather  difficult  to  burn,  and  finally  a  little  gray  ash.  In  a  glass 
tube  yields  a  yellowish-brown  oily  product  of  a  nauseous  empyreumatic  odor.  Even  strong  nitric 
acid  acts  slowly  upon  it. 

From  the  coal  measures  of  Wigan,  England. 

809.  PYRORETINITE.    Part  of  Pyroretin  of  A.  E.  Reuss,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  rii.  651,  1854,  J. 
pr.  Ch.,  Mii.  155  ;  J.  Sianek,  ib.    Pyroretinite  Dana. 

Resin-like.  Deposited  in  powder  from  a  hot  alcoholic  solution  of  pyro- 
retin  as  it  cools. 

Comp.—  Ratio  of  -0,  H,  O=40  :  56  :  4=Carbon  80-00,  hydrogen  9-33,  oxygen  10-67=100. 
Analysis  :  Stanek  (1.  c.)  : 

080*02  H9-42  0  [10'56]=100. 

Approaches,  as  Stanek  states,  the  beta-resin  of  the  resin  of  Pinus  abies  (  Johnston)  =-G40  H58  O6, 
and  also  copaivic  acid  (fr.  copaiba  balsam)  ^40  H60  04,  and  other  related  compounds,  showing 
that  it  is  probably  from  coniferous  trees. 

Obs.—  Pyroretin  of  Reuss,  the  resin  which  affords  the  above,  occurs  in  the  brown  coal,  between 
Salesl  and  Proboscht,  near  Aussig  in  Bohemia.  It  occurs  in  masses  from  the  size  of  a  nut  to 
that  of  a  man's  head,  and  also  in  plates  an  inch  thick.  It  is  brittle  ;  of  brownish-black  color  ; 
greasy-resinous  lustre  ;  wood-brown  powder;  H.=2'5  ;  G-.  —  1-05  —  1-18;  and  resembles  much 
brown  coal.  It  burns  with  a  reddish-yellow  flame,  and  a  strong  odor  like  that  of  burning  amber, 
and  leaves  a  black  coal.  It  melts  easily,  decomposing  and  giving  off  white  fumes,  and  leaves  an 
asphalt-like  mass.  Reuss  states  evidence  showing  that  it  has  probably  been  formed  by  the  action 
of  the  heat  of  a  basaltic  dike  on  a  bed  of  brown  coal 

810..REUSSINITE.  Part  of  Pyroretin  of  A.  E.  Eems.  Resin-like.  Color  fine  reddish-brown. 
Soluble  hi  boiling  alcohol  and  in  ether,  and  not  deposited  from  the  alcoholic  solution  on  its  cooling. 
Stanek  (1.  c.)  found  for  the  composition  of  the  resin  thus  obtained,  C  81'09,  H  9'47,  0  9'44—  100  ; 
corresponding  to  O40  H58  O3.s  ;  and  he  regards  the  substance  as  a  mixture  of  the  above  pyrore- 
tinite,  €40  H6fl  O4,  with  another  resin  (here  designated  reussinite)  of  the  formula  <340  H56  03. 

811.  ROCHLEDERITE.  Part  o/Substanz  Bituminose  fiochleder,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  vi.  53,  1851  ; 
=Melanchym  Haid.,  Lotos,  i.  85,  216,  vi.  86,  viii.,  Heft  3;  Kenng.,  Ueb.  1850,  147,  1853,  134. 
Rochlederite  Dana. 

Eesin-like.  Color  reddish-brown.  Transparent  or  translucent.  Melting 
point  100°  C.  Soluble  in  alcohol. 

.    Comp.—  Ratio  of  6,  H,  O=40  :  56  :  6.    Analysis:  Rochleder  (1.  c.): 


OXYGENATED   HYDROCARBONS.  74:5 

C  76-79  H  9-06  0  14-15=100. 

Burns  with  a  yellow  smoking  flame,  something  like  amber. 

Obs. — The  part  soluble  in  alcohol  of  a  bituminous  substance  called  melanchyme  by  Haidinger, 
and  found  in  masses  as  large  as  the  head  in  the  brown  coal  of  Zweifelsreuth,  near  Neukirchen  in 
Eger,  Bohemia.  A  similar  substance,  of  somewhat  lighter  color,  occurs  at  Cehnitz,  near  Strakonitz, 
in  Bohemia. 

The  rest  of  the  substance  insoluble  in  alcohol  is  the  species  melanellite,  p.  750. 

812.  SCHLANITE.    Part  of  Anthracoxen  of  Reuss  (see  p.  746).    Schlanite  Dana. 

A  dark  or  light  brown  powder,  obtained  through  solution  by  ether  from 
anthracoxene. 

Oomp.— Ratio  for  0,  H,  0=40  :  52  :  3£=Carbon  81-63,  hydrogen  8-85,  oxygen  9'52=100. 
Analysis :  Laurenz  (1.  c.,  p.  746) : 

(f)  C  81-47  H  8-71  0  9-82=100. 

This  resin  oxydizes  slowly  when  wet  and  exposed  to  the  air. 

Obs. — For  locality  and  description  of  the  material  affording  the  schlanite,  see  p.  746. 

813.  GUYAQUILLITE.    Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  xiii.  329,  1838. 

Amorphous.     In  large  masses  or  layers. 

Yields  easily  to  the  knife,  and  may  be  rubbed  to  powder.  G. =1*092. 
Color  pale  yellow.  Lustre  not  resinous,  or  imperfectly  so.  Slightly  soluble 
in  water,  and  largely  in  alcohol,  forming  a  yellow  solution,  which  is  in- 
tensely bitter. 

Comp.,  etc. — Ratio  for  6,  H,  0=40  :  52  :  6=Carbon  76-665,  hydrogen  8174,  oxygen  15-161 
=100,  Johnston.  Begins  to  melt  at  69|°  C.,  but  does  not  flow  easily  till  near  100°  C.  As  it 
cools  becomes  viscid,  and  may  be  drawn  into  fine  tenacious  threads.  Soluble  in  cold  sulphuric 
acid,  forming  a  dark  reddish-brown  solution.  A  few  drops  of  ammonia  put  into  the  alcoholic 
solution  darken  the  color,  and  finally  change  it  to  a  dark  brownish-red. 

It  is  said  to  form  an  extensive  deposit  near  Gruyaquil  in  South  America.  Evidently  a  mix- 
ture. 

814.  MIDDLETONITB.    J.  F.  W.  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xii.  261,  1838. 

In  rounded  masses,  seldom  larger  than  a  pea,  or  in  layers  a  sixteenth  of 
an  inch  or  less  in  thickness,  between  layers  of  coal. 

Brittle.  G.— 1*6.  Lustre  resinous.  Color  reddish-brown  by  reflected 
light,  and  deep  red  by  transmitted ;  powder  light  brown.  Transparent  in 
small  fragments.  No  taste  or  smell.  Blackens  on  exposure.  Only  a  trace 
dissolved  by  boiling  alcohol,  ether,  or  oil  of  turpentine.  Not  altered  at 
210°  C. 

Comp.,  etc. — Ratio  for  0,  H,  0=40  :  44  :  2,  Johnston, = Carbon  86'33,  hydrogen  7-92,  oxygen 
5-75=100.  Johnston  obtained  (£)  Carbon  86'21,  hydrogen  8*03,  oxygen  5-76=100. 

On  a  red  cinder  burns  like  resin.  Softens  and  melts  in  boiling  nitric  acid,  with  the  emission 
of  red  fumes;  a  brown  flocky  precipitate  falls  on  cooling.  Soluble  in  cold  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid. 

Obs. — Occurs  between  layers  of  coal  about  the  middle  of  the  Main  coal  or  Haigh  Moor  seam, 
at  the  Middleton  collieries,  near  Leeds,  in  thin  layers  and  masses,  rarely  thicker  than  ^V  m->  and 
little  rounded  masses  seldom  larger  than  a  pea ;  also  at  Newcastle. 

815.  STANEKITE.    Part  of  Pyroretin  of  A.  E.  Beuss,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xii.  651,  1854,  J.  pr. 
Ch.,  IxiiL  155 ;  J.  Stanek,  ib.    Stanekite  Dana. 

Eesin-like.     Not  soluble  in  any  fluid  without  decomposition,  and  not  at 


HYDROCARBON   COMPOUNDS. 

all  in  a  solution  of  potash.     Separated  from  the  pyroretin  of  Eeuss  by 
boiling  alcohol,  which  leaves  it  behind. 

Oomp— Eatio  of  e,  H,  O=39  :  44  :  6,  Stanek,= Carbon  76-97,  hydrogen  7-24  oxygen  15-79 
=  100  Perhaps  e,  H,  0=40  :  44  :  6=Carbon  77'42,  hydrogen  7-09,  oxygen  15-48  =  100.  Anal- 
ysis :  Stanek  (1.  c.) : 

(|)   076-71  H7-30  015-99=100. 

When  heated  gives  off  the  odor  of  succinic  acid. 

Obs.-For  locality  and  characters  of  the  pyroretin  of  Reuss,  affording  the  above,  see  p.  744. 

816.  ANTHRAOOXENITE.    Part  of  Anthracoxen  (fr.  Brandeisl)  Eeuss,  T.  Laurenz,  Ber.  Ak. 
Wien,  xxi.  271,  1856,  J.  pr.  Oh.,  Ixix.  428,  1856.    Anthracoxenite  Dana. 

Obtained  as  a  black  powder  from  a  resin,  by  separating  the  remainder 
by  means  of  ether,  the  anthracoxenite  being  insoluble  in  ether. 

Comp.— Eatio  of  6,  H,  O=40  :  38  :  7|.    Analysis :  Laurenz  (1.  c.) : 

(I)  C  75-274  H  6-187  0  18-539. 

11  p  c  of  ash  were  separated.    Not  soluble  in  menstrua  without  decomposition. 

Obs.— From  a  resin-like  material,  constituting  layers  2£  in.  thick  between  layers  of  coal,  m  the 
coal  beds  of  Brandeisl,  near  Schlan  in  Bohemia ;  the  mass  is  amorphous,  and  has  H.  =  2'5 ; 
G=  1-181-  lustre  externally  weak  adamantine;  color  brownish-black,  hyacinth-red  in  thin 
splinters  by  transmitted  light;  streak  dull,  yellowish-brown ;  fracture  small-conchoidal ;  easily 
rubbed  to  a  fine  powder ;  fuses  easily ;  burns  with  a  yellow  smoking  flame,  and  an  odor  not 
disagreeable.  This  substance  was  named  anthracoxene  by  Reuss.  The  name  is  here  appropriated 
to  the  part  insoluble  in  ether.  The  soluble  part  is  named  schlanite  (p.  745). 


817.  TASMANTTE.    Resiniferous  Shale  (fr.  Tasmania),  Catal.  Internat.  Exhib.,  1862.     Tas- 
manite  A.  H.  Church,  Phil.  Mag.,  IT.  xxviii.  465,  1864. 

In  disks  or  scales  thickly  disseminated  through  a  laminated  shale ;  ave- 
rage diameter  of  scales  about  '03  in. 

H.=2.  G.=1'18.  Lustre  resinous.  Color  reddish-brown.  Translu- 
cent. Fracture  conchoidal.  Not  dissolved  at  all  by  alcohol,  ether,  benzole, 
turpentine,  or  bisulphid  of  carbon,  even  when  heated. 

Comp.,  etc. — No  action  with  muriatic  acid.  Slowly  oxydized  by  nitric.  Readily  carbonized 
by  sulphuric  acid,  with  evolution  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  Alkalies  in  solution  without  action. 
Burns  readily  with  a  smoky  flame  and  offensive  odor ;  fuses  partially,  yielding  oily  and  solid  pro- 
ducts, having  a  disagreeable  smell.  Ratio  of  O,  H,  0,  S=40  :  62  :  2  :  l=Carbon  79*21,  hydrogen 
10*23,  sulphur  5*28,  oxygen  5'28=100,  corresponding  nearly  to  succinite,  in  which  part  of  the 
oxygen  is  replaced  by  sulphur.  Analysis:  Church  (L  c.),  after  rejecting  8*14  p.  c.  of  ash: 

079-34  H 10-41  S  5'32  04-93 

Obs. — From  the  river  Mersey,  north  side  of  Tasmania.    The  rock  is  called  combustible  shale. 

A  caking  bituminous  coal  from  New  Zealand,  analyzed  by  C.  Tookey  in  the  laboratory  of  Prof. 
Percy  (see  anal.  18,  p.  757),  contained  2'37  p.  c.  of  sulphur  and  no  iron,  the  ash  being  peculiarly 
white;  and  Percy  remarks  (Met.,  101, ,102)  that  the  sulphur  may  have  been  present  in  a  state 
similar  to  that  in  fibrine.  The  existence  of  a  sulphur-bearing  resin  like  the  above  from  Tasmania 
renders  it  probable  that  the  New  Zealand  coal  is  impregnated  with  a  similar  insoluble  resin ;  2'37 
p.  c.  of  sulphur  would  correspond  to  the  presence  of  about  44  p.  c.  of  such  a  resin. 

818.  DYSODILE.  (fr.  Melili,  Sicily)  Paulo  Boccone,  Recherches  et  Obs.  Nouv.,  etc.,  Amsterd., 
1674.  Dysodile  Cordier,  J.  d.  M.,  xxiii.  275,  1808.  Merda  di  Diavolo  Hal.  Stinkkohle  Germ. 
HouUle  papyrace'e,  Tourbe  papyracee,  Fr. 


ACID   HYDROCARBONS. 

In  very  thin  leaves  or  folia,  flexible,  slightly  elastic. 

G. =1-14— 1-25.     Color  yellow  or  greenish-gray.     Streak  shining. 

Comp.,  etc. — Very  inflammable,  burning  with  a  bright  flame  and  an  odor  like  that  of  asafcetida, 
leaving  an  ash  in  the  form  of  laminae,  consisting  largely,  as  shown  by  Ehrenberg,  of  the  siliceous 
shells  of  infusoria,  especially  of  Naviculae.  Delesse  found  (These  anal.  Chim.,  1,  1843)  a  variety 
from  Glimbach,  near  Giessen,  to  afford  water  and  volatile  matters  49-1,  carbon  5*5,  ash  45-4-  of 
the  last,  17-4  were  soluble  silica,  1TO  sesquioxyd  of  iron,  and  10-0  clay.  Very  probably  near 
tasmanite,  as  Church  suggests. 

Obs. — Originally  from  Melili,  Sicily,  forming  a  coaly  deposit,  made  up  of  very  thin  paper-like 
leaves,  which  had  evidently  been  derived  from  the  joint  decomposition  and  alteration  of  vegetable 
and  animal  matter.  Reported  also  from  the  lignite  deposits  of  Westerwald  near  Holt ;  of  Sieg- 
berg  to  the  north  of  Sept  Montagues ;  of  Saint  Armand  in  Auvergue ;  Glimbach  near  Giessen ; 
but  the  real  nature  of  none  of  these  substances  has  been  investigated. 

819.  HIRCITE.    Hircine  Piddington,  Arch.  Pharm.,  Ixxiv.  318,  Kenng.  Ueb.,  1853,  134. 

Amorphous. 

G.=1'10.  Color  exteriorly  brown,  within  yellowish-brown.  Subtrans- 
lucent  to  opaque.  Fracture  conchoidal.  Softens  in  boiling  water,  and 
then  has  the  odor  of  a  resin.  In  cold  alcohol  a  little  soluble ;  in  boiling 
about  one-half,  and  the  solution,  which  is  gold-yellow,  affords  white  flocks 
on  cooling. 

Pyr.,  etc. — In  the  flame  of  a  candle  fuses  and  burns  with  a  yellowish  flame,  like  a  bituminous 
coal,  and  leaves  a  tough  coaly  globule  of  a  peculiarly  strong  animal  odor  (whence  the  name,  from 
hircus,  a  goat).  After  complete  combustion,  leaves  an  ash.  In  sulphuric  acid  soluble,  and  color 
of  solution  blood-red. 

820.  BAIKEEINITE.  Part  of  Baikerit,  Dickflussiges  Harz,  Hermann  (see  p.  733).  A  thick  tar- 
like  fluid  at  15°  0.,  and  a  crystalline  granular  deposit  in  a  viscid  honey-like  mass  at  10°  C.  Color 
brown.  Translucent.  Odor  balsamic.  Taste  like  that  of  wood-tar.  Easily  and  perfectly  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether.  The  alcoholic  solution  becomes  milky  when  diluted  with  water. 

Constitutes  32'61  p.  c.  of  the  baikerite.    No  analysis  yet  made. 

820A.  DOPPLEUITE  of  J.  C.  Deicke,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xvii.  383.  (Not  Dopplerite  according  to  Kenng., 
Ueb.  1858,  141.)  Grayish,  earthy,  plastic  in  the  fingers  when  fresh;  becoming  dark  reddish- 
brown  to  black  on  drying. 

Yields  after  drying,  combustible  substance  83*25,  water  12'5,  ash  4-25.  Burns  with  a  bright 
flame  and  intense  heat,  and  differs  from  dopplerite  in  this  respect,  and  also  hi  containing  much 
less  water. 

From  a  peat  bed  at  Finkenbach  in  the  Canton  of  St.  Gall,  Switzerland. 


III.  ACID  HYDEOCAEBOISrS. 

821.  BUTYRELLITE.  Bog  Butter  Williamson,  Ann.  Ch.  Phann.,  liv.  125,  1845.  Butyrit 
Gloclcer,  Syn.,  9,  1847.  Butyro-limnodic  Acid  Brazier,  Chem.  Gaz.,  1852,  375.  Butyrellite 
Dana. 

Crystallizable  in  needles.  Butter -like  in  consistence.  Color  white. 
Melting  point  of  impure  native  material  47°,  Brazier ;  but  of  material  after 
solution  in  alcohol  51°,  Luck;  52°— 52'7°,  Brazier.  Easily  soluble  in 
alcohol  or  ether. 

Comp.— O3a  H«4  04,  Brazier= Carbon  75-0,  hydrogen  12'5,  oxygen  12-6=100,  and  like  palmitic 


748  HYDROCABBON  COMPOUNDS. 

acid  in  ratio.  "Williamson  gives  the  less  probable  formula  £33  H6604-  The  following  are  Wil- 
liamson's analyses  (1.  c.):  Nos.  1,  2,  were  the  uncrystaUized  butyrite;  3,  that  obtained  by_  com- 
bination with  potash  (with  which  it  forms  a  kind  of  soap)  and  a  separation  afterward  by  acid: 

OHO 


1.  UncrystaUized  78-78  12-50 

2  "  73-89  12-37  13'74=100. 

3'.  From  potash  solution          75-05  12'56  12-39=100. 

Obs  —  From  the  peat-bogs  of  Ireland. 

The  name  butyrite  being  used  in  chemistry  for  another  substance,  it  is  here  changed  to  the 
form  above. 

822.  GEOOERELLITE.     Geocerinsaure  Bruckner,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ivii.  10,  1852.    Geoceric  Acid. 

Geocerellite  Dana. 

Color  white.  Brittle,  and  easily  pulverized.  "No  crystallization  observed. 
Soluble  freely  in  hot  alcohol,  and  deposited  from  the  solution  as  a  jelly  on 
cooling,  with  nothing  crystalline  under  the  microscope.  Melting  point  82°  C. 

Comp.—  038  H68  04,  Bruckner  ;  =  Carbon  79-24,  hydrogen  13-21,  oxygen  7'55=100.  Analysis  : 
Bruckner  (L  c.)  : 

(f)  Carbon  78-61        Hydrogen  12-70        Oxygen  18-69  =100. 

The  acid  was  separated  by  combination  with  lead  by  action  with  a  hot  solution  of  acetate  of 
lead. 
Obs.—  Separated  from  the  dark  brown  brown  coal  of  Gesterwitz.    See  GEOCEEITE,  p.  738. 

823.  BRUCZNERELLITE.    Georetinsaure  Bruckner,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ivii.  5,  1852.     Georetinic 

Acid.    Briicknerellite  Dana. 

Crystallizable  in  white  needles  from  an  alcoholic  solution.  Dissolves 
easily  in  boiling  alcohol  ;  and,  if  the  solution  is  a  concentrated  one,  crystal- 
lizes out  more  or  less  completely  on  cooling. 

Comp.—  624  H44  O8,  Bruckner,  =  Carbon  62-61,  hydrogen  9-56,  oxygen  27-83=100.  The  lead 
salt  afforded  Carbon  43-36,  hydrogen  6-59,  oxyd  of  lead  34-58,  oxygen  [15'47]  =  100. 

Obs.  —  Separated  from  the  yellowish-brown  brown  coal  of  Gesterwitz.  See  LEUCOPETRITE,  p. 
743. 

824.  SUCOINELLITE.    [Succinum]  vertitur  [by  distillation]  partim  in  oleum  sui  coloris, 
partim  denique  in  candidum  quiddam  et  tenue  quod  similitudinem  quandam  gerit  speciemque 
salis,  Agric.,  Nat.  Foss.,  233,  1546.    Flos  Succini  Libav.,  Alchem.  Tract.,  399,  1597.     Succinic 
Acid.    Succinellite  Dana. 

Orthorhombic.  I  A  7=120°  18',  0  A  1=129°  45'  ;  a  :  I  :  0=1-04:25  :  1  : 
1-7425,  Eamm.  1  :  1,  bas.,=100°  30',  macr.,  135°,  brack,  96°  22'. 

H.=l.  G.=1'55.  Lustre  vitreous.  Colorless  or  white.  An  aromatic 
odor.  Soluble  in  water. 

Comp.  —  04  H6  04=  Carbon  40*7,  hydrogen  5'1,  oxygen  54-2=100.  Evaporates  at  a  low  tem- 
perature, and  on  cooling  condenses  in  crystals. 

Obs.—  Exists  in  amber,  constituting  2£  to  6  p.  c.  of  the  mass,  and  easily  obtained  from  it  by 
distillation.  Its  presence  ready  formed  in  this  resin  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  it  may  be  separated 
either  by  water,  ether,  or  alkalies,  the  amber  being  left  after  the  treatment  without  its  succinic  acid. 

825.  RETINELLITE.    Part  of  Bright  Yellow  Loam  (fr.  Bovey)  so  saturated  with  petroleum 
that  it  burns  like  sealing-wax,  J.  Mittes,  Phil.  Trans.,  li.  536,  1760  ;  Bitumen  from  Bovey,  Retin 
asphaltum,  Hatchett,  ib.,  1804,  402  ;  Retinite.     Resin  of  Retin  Asphalt,  Retinic  Acid,  J.  F.  W. 
Johnston,  PhiL  Mag.,  III.  xii.  560,  1838.     Retinellite  Dana. 


ACID   HYDROCARBONS.  749 

Kesin-like.  Light  brown.  Begins  to  melt  at  121°  C.,  is  perfectly  fluid  at 
160°,  and  gives  off  a  resin-like  odor  at  100°  0.  Soluble  in  alcohol,  still 
more  freely  in  ether. 

Comp.— 0.  ratio  for  O,  H,  0=21  :  28  :  3.    Analysis:   Johnston  (L  c.): 
C  76-86  H  8-75        0  14-39=100. 

Johnston  describes  salts  of  retinic  acid  with  silver,  lead,  and  lime. 

Obs. — The  retinasphalt  of  Hatchett,  from  the  Tertiary  coal  of  Bovey  in  Devonshire,  from 
which  alcohol  separates  the  above  species,  occurs  in  roundish  masses,  having  H.=l— 2 "5  ;  G-.= 
1-135,  Hatchett;  lustre  slightly  resinous  in  the  fracture,  often  earthy  externally;  color  light  yel- 
lowish-brown, sometimes  green,  yellow,  reddish,  or  striped ;  and  is  sub  transparent  to  opaque ; 
often  flexible  and  elastic  when  first  dug  up,  though  brittle  on  drying.  Johnston,  after  drying  the 
retinasphalt  at  300°  C.,  obtained  (L  c.)  53'92  p.  c.  of  resin  soluble  in  alcohol,  27 '45  of  insoluble 
organic  matter,  and  13'23  of  ash=100.  The  insoluble  portion  has  not  been  investigated. 

Hatchett  found  (L  c.)  vegetable  resin  55,  bitumen  41  (the  insoluble  part,  which  he  regarded 
as  asphalt,  and  alludes  to  in  the  name  retinasphalt),  and  earthy  matter  3=99. 

A  retinite  from  Halle  afforded  Bucholz  (Schweig.  J.,  i.  290,  1811)  91  parts  soluble  in  absolute 
alcohol,  and  9  parts  insoluble.  The  former  gives  a  yellowish-brown  deposit  on  dilution,  and  is 
more  soluble  in  boiling  dilute  alcohol  than  in  cold ;  and  it  is  insoluble  in  pure  ether  and  turpen- 
tine. The  latter  is  also  insoluble  in  ether.  Both  are  soluble  in  alkalies,  which  would  seem  to 
indicate  that  they  are  acid  in  their  relations. 

The  resin  fuses  with  more  difficulty  than  most  resins,  blackens  in  the  heat,  and  gives  out  a 
strong  aromatic  odor.  By  distillation  yields  a  brown  thick  oil,  some  water  containing  a  little 
acetic  acid,  besides  carbonic  acid  and  carburetted  hydrogen. 

826.  DOPPLERITE.    Dopplerit  Said.,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  ii.  287,  1849,  lii.  281. 

Amorphous.  In  elastic  or  partly  jelly-like  masses.  When  fresh,  brown- 
ish-black, with  a  dull  brown  streak  and  greasy  subvitreous  lustre ;  and 
when  in  thin  plates  reddish-brown  by  transmitted  light. 

H.=0-5.  G.=l-089,  Fcetterle.  After  drying,  H.=2-2'5,  GL =1-466, 
and  lustre  somewhat  adamantine.  Becomes  elastic  on  drying  from  exposure 
to  the  air.  Tasteless.  Insoluble  in  alcohol  or  ether. 

Comp.,  etc.— Ratio  for  -O,  H,  0,  nearly  10  :  12  :  5,  from  analyses  2,  3.  An  acid  substance,  or 
mixture  of  different  acids,  related  to  humic  acid.  Analyses  :  1,  Schrotter  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  ii.  287, 
1849);  2,  3,  F.  Miihlberg  (Jahrb.  a.  Reichs.,  xv.  283,  1865): 

C            H  0  N 

1.  Aussee          51-09  5-29  42'59        1-03=100  Schrotter. 

2.  "               55-94  5-20  38-86        =100  Miihlberg. 

3.  Obbiirg    (|)  56'63  5-58  37 "79        =100  Miihlberg. 

From  No.  1,  5-86  of  ash  are  excluded ;  from  No.  2,  5'18 ;  from  3,  5  to  14-2  p.  c.  All  were  dried. 
Schrotter  found  the  loss  of  water  7  8 -5  p.  c. ;  and  Miihlberg,  at  110°  C.,  for  No.  2,  20'04  p.  c.  for 
an  air-dried  specimen;  for  3,  81*8  p.  c.  for  a  jelly-like  specimen,  and  19'7  for  an  air-dried.  In 
caustic  potash  soluble,  with  a  residue  of  earthy  matters. 

Obs.— Found  in  peat-beds,  near  Aussee  in  Styria ;  and  in  Gontin  hi  Appenzell,  and  Obbiirg, 
near  Stansstad  in  Untermilden,  Switzerland. 

Named  after  Bergrath  Doppler,  who  was  the  first  to  bring  the  substance  to  notice. 

C.  W.  Glimbel  has  referred  here  (Jahrb.  Min.  1858,  278)  a  substance  from  a  peat-bed  near 
Berchtesgaden.  It  is  soft,  plastic,  elastic,  black,  of  waxy  lustre,  tasteless ;  on  drying  in  the  air  it 
resembles  compact  coal,  is  brittle  and  velvet-black,  and  has  H.=2'5,  G.  =  1'439,  lustre  vitreous, 
with  powder  brownish-black.  The  air-dried  material  loses,  at  80°  C.,  12  p.  c.  of  water.  Unlike 
dopplerite,  it  burns  with  a  bright  yellow  flame,  is  partially  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  the  alcoholic 
solution  affords  a  resin  (Kenng.  Ueb.,  1858,  142). 

A  pitch-black  coal-like  substance  from  the  peat-beds  at  Kolbenmoor,  near  Berchtesgaden,  the 
same  that  are  described  by  G-iimbel,  related  to  dopplerite  in  composition,  and  in  not  burning  with 
a  flame  when  inserted  in  fragments  in  the  flame  of  a  candle,  has  been  analyzed  by  C.  Gilbert 
Wheeler  (priv.  contrib.,  dated  Nuremberg,  Jan.  23,  1866).  It  afforded  him : 


750  HYDROCARBON  COMPOUNDS. 

050-98        H5-36        N  3-74        0  36'U        ash  3'78=100. 

It  appears  to  be  the  same  substance  that  is  here  partially  described  by  Gumbel. 
Mr.  Wheeler  observes  that  it  is  found  imbedded  in,  and  entirely  surrounded  by,  the  peat ;  and 
specimens  show  well  the  transition  from  peat  to  the  coal-like  substance. 

827.  MELANBLLITE.    Part  of  Melanchym  of  Haid.  (see  p.  744).    Melanellite  Dana. 

Black  and  gelatinous,  as  obtained  by  Kochleder.  Separated  from  roch- 
lederite,  or  the  resinous  ingredient  of  melanchyme,  by  dissolving  the  latter 
out  by  means  of  alcohol. 

Oomp  etc— The  jelly-like  mass  gave  on  analysis,  Carbon  67'14,  hydrogen  4-79,  oxygen 
28-07-100  corresponding  to  the  ratio  48  : 40  :  15=Carbon  67'3,  hydrogen  4%  oxygen  28-0  = 
100  The  ratio  48  •  40  :  16=12  :  10  :  4  affords  the  percentage  C  66-1,  H  4'6,  0  29-3=100.  The 
substance  is  regarded  by  Eochleder  as  an  acid  related  to  ulmic  acid.  But,  as  it  was  not  combined 
with  a  base  before  analysis,  there  is  no  proof  of  its  purity. 

On  the  locality  and  material  affording  this  acid,  see  ROCHLEDERITE,  p.  744. 


IY.  SALTS  OF  OKGAlSriC  ACIDS. 

828.  MELLITE.  Honigstein  (fr.  Thuringia)  Wern.,  Bergm.  J.,  1789,  i.  380,  395.  Honigstein 
Karst.,  Mus.  Lesk.,  ii.  P.  1,  335,  1789.  Succin  transparent  en  cristaux  octaedres,  Pierre  de 
miel,  v.  Born,  Cat.  de  Raab,  ii.  90,  1790.  Mellites  Gmelin,  Linn.  Syst,  iii.  282,  1793.  Meliilite 
Kii-wan,  Min.,  ii.  68,  1796.  Mellite  H.,  iii.  1801.  Honigstein,  Melilithus,=:Honigsteinsaure 
(Acidum  melilithicum)+Alaunerde+Wasser,  Klapr.,  Ak.  Berlin,  1799,  Beitr.,  iii.  114,  1801. 

Tetragonal.  0  A  1=33°  29'  ;  #= 0-7454:4:5,  Kokscharof.  Occurs  in 
octahedrons,  with  often  the  planes  i-i  truncating  the  basal  angles;  and 
sometimes  the  terminal  angle  and  basal  edges  truncated,  the  occurring 
planes  being  0,  /,  i-i,  1.  1  A  1,  pyr.,=118°  16',  basal,  =  93°  H' ;  1  A  i-i= 
121°  52'.  Cleavage  :  octahedral,  very  indistinct.  Also  in  massive  nodules, 
granular  in  structure. 

H.=2— 2-5.  G.=l-55— 1-65;  1-636— 1/64:2,  Kenngott.  Lustre  resinous, 
inclining  to  vitreous.  Color  honey-yellow,  often  reddish  or  brownish; 
rarely  white.  Streak  white.  Transparent — translucent.  Fracture  con- 
choidal.  Sectile. 

Comp. — 3tl  M3+ 18  H=Mellitic  acid  40-53,  alumina  14-32,  water  4515.  Analyses :  1,  EUaproth 
(Beitr.,  iii.  114);  2,  Wohler  (Pogg.,  vii.  325) ;  3,  J.  v.  Iljenkof  (Koksch.,  iii.  217): 

Melliticacid    46  41'4  42'36 

Alumina          16  14'5  14-20 

Water  38=100  K.         44-1  =  100  "W.       44-161. 

Pyr.,  etc. — Whitens  in  the  flame  of  a  candle,  but  does  not  take  fire.  Dissolves  in  nitric  acid ; 
decomposed  by  boiling  water.  In  a  matrass  yields  water. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  brown  coal  at  Arten  in  Thuringia ;  at  Luschitz  near  Bilin  in  Bohemia ;  near 
Walchow  in  Moravia;  in  the  Govt.  of  Tula,  Russia  in  Europe  ;  Nertschinsk,  beyond  Lake  Baikal. 

829.  PIGOTTTE  Johnston  (Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xvii.  382).  A  salt  of  alumina  and  an  organic  acid  called 
mudescous  acid  by  Johnston.  Composition  4  3tl+e,Hlo04  (the  acid)  +  27  ft.  Formed  on  granite, 
in  Cornwall,  from  the  action  of  wet  vegetation.  Reported  also  from  Wicklow  (Ch.  Gaz.,  1852,  378). 

829A.  ORGANIC  SALTS  OP  IRON.  Native  compounds  of  iron  and  organic  acids  have  been  indicated 
by  Berzelius  and  other  chemists  as  common  in  marshes.  But  none  of  them  has  yet  been  properly 
investigated,  the  kinds  of  acids,  as  well  as  the  proportions  of  acid  to  bases,  being  undetermined. 


ASPHALTUM.  751 


APPENDIX  TO  HYDROCARBONS. 

830.  ASPHALTUM.  *A<r0aXm  Aristot.,  Strabo,  Diosc.,  etc.  Bitumen  Plin.,  xxxv.  51.  Asphalt, 
Mineral  Pitch.  Asphalt,  Bergpech,  Erdpech,  Germ.  Asphalte,  Bitume,  Fr.  [For  syn.  of 
Pittasphalt  or  Mineral  Tar  (Bergtheer  Germ.),  see  p.  728.] 

Asphaltum,  or  mineral  pitch,  is  a  mixture  of  different  hydrocarbons,  part 
of  which  are  oxygenated.  Its  ordinary  characters  are  as  follows  : 

Amorphous.  Gr.=l— 1*8;  sometimes  higher  from  impurities.  Lustre 
like  that  of  black  pitch.  Color  brownish-black  and  black.  Odor  bitumi- 
nous. Melts  ordinarily  at  90°  to  100°  C.,  and  burns  with  a  bright  flame. 
Soluble  mostly  or  wholly  in  oil  of  turpentine,  and  partly  or  wholly  in 
ether ;  commonly  partly  in  alcohol. 

The  more  solid  kinds  graduate  into  the  pittasphalts  or  mineral  tar  (p. 
728),  and  through  these  there  is  a  gradation  to  petroleum.  The  fluid  kinds 
change  into  the  solid  by  the  loss  of  a  vaporizable  portion  on  exposure,  and 
also  by  a  process  of  oxydation,  which  consists  first  in  a  loss  of  hydrogen, 
and  finally  in  the  oxygenation  of  a  portion  of  the  mass. 

Comp.— The  action  of  heat,  alcohol,  ether,  naphtha,  and  oil  of  turpentine,  as  well  as  direct 
analyses,  show  that  the  so-called  asphaltum  from  different  localities  is  very  various  in  composi- 
tion. Yet  the  true  composition  is  not  known  of  any  one  of  them.  It  has  been  shown  only  that 
the  following  are  the  classes  of  ingredients  present : 

A.  Oils  vaporizable  at  about  100°  C.,  or  below;  sparingly  present,  if  at  all. 

B.  Heavy  oils,  probably  of  the  Pittolium  or  Petrolene  groups  (pp.  728,  729);  vaporizable  between 
100°  and  250°  C. ;  constituting  sometimes  85  p.  c.  of  the  mass. 

C.  Resins  soluble  in  alcohol. 

D.  Solid  asphalt-like  substance  or  substances  soluble  in  ether  and  not  in  alcohol;  black,  pitch-like, 
lustrous  in  fracture;  15  to  85  p.  c. 

E.  Black  or  brownish-black  substance  or  substances  not  soluble  either  in  alcohol  or  ether ;  similar  to 
D  in  color  and  appearance,  Kersten;  brown  and  ulmin-like,  Volckel;  1  to  75  p.  c. 

F.  Nitrogenous  substances ;  often  as  much  as  corresponds  to  1  or  2  p.  c.  of  nitrogen. 
Boussingault  attempted  an  investigation  of  the  composition  in  1837  (Ann.  Ch.  Phys.,  Ixxiy. 

141),  and  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  there  were  two  principles  present;  one  petrolene.  an  oil, 
the  other  asphaltene,  a  solid,  and  concluded  that  all  asphalts  were  mixtures  of  these  two  in 
different  proportions.  But  his  petrolene,  as  already  observed,  is  beyond  question  a  mixture 
of  oils ;  and  his  asphaltene  needs  much  more  investigation.  His  special  examinations  on  this 
point  were  made  only  on  the  asphalt  of  Bechelbronn.  He  found  in  it  (1)  no  light  oil  (or  A),  as 
nothing  was  given  off  at  100°  G. ;  (2)  85'4  p.  c.  of  heavier  oil,  or  his  petrolene,  vaporized  between  100° 
and  230°  G.  (B);  and  (3)  14'6  p.  c.  of  a  black,  lustrous,  asphalt-like  solid,  his  asphaltene,  soluble 
in  ether,  oil  of  turpentine,  and  fatty  oils,  but  not  in  alcohol  (D).  Asphaltene  was  the  solid  sub- 
stance after  subjecting  the  asphaltum  to  a  temperature  of  250°  0.  in  a  hot  oil-bath. 

(Boussingault  has  been  quoted  by  Berzelius,  Kersten,  Rammelsberg,  and  others,  as  making  the 
asphaltene  not  soluble  in  ether,  but  he  expressly  mentions  its  solubility.  He  also  states  earlier 
that  the  mass  of  the  asphalt  was  wholly  soluble  in  ether ;  and,  also,  that  he  used  ether  to  separate 
it  from  the  impurities  present,  after  which  kind  of  purification  it  burnt  without  residue.) 

Boussingault's  analysis  of  asphaltene  afforded : 

Carbon  75'0  Hydrogen  9'9  Oxygen  14-8=99'7 ; 

giving  the  ratio  for  -6,  H,  0=40  :  64  :  6.  He  closes  the  paper  with  his  analysis  of  an  asphalt 
(the  mass)  from  Caxitambo,  as  follows : 

C75-0  H9-5  015-5=100; 

and  remarks  on  the  near  approach  of  this  alphalt  in  composition  to  asphaltene.  But  in  1840 
(L  c.,  Ixxiii.  444)  he  gives  two  new  analyses  of  the  Caxitambo  asphalt,  in  which  he  obtained  only 
1-65  of  oxygen  and  nitrogen  (see  anal.  7,  below);  and  adds  that  "his  earlier  analysis  was  made 


752 


HYDEOCAEBON   COMPOUNDS. 


by  the  method  ordinarily  followed  at  that  time,  by  which  method  he  was  never  able  to  obtain 
more  than  76  p.  c.  of  carbon."  The  remark  virtually  concedes  the  inaccuracy  of  the  analysis  also 
of  asphaltene,  or  at  least  gives  sufficient  occasion  for  a  very  large  doubt  No  special  mention  is 
made  in  this  second  paper  of  the  asphalt  of  Bechelbronn,  but  analyses  are  given  of  petrolene  from 

thNe°ndtvTch,  in  an  investigation  of  an  asphalt  from  Peklenicza,  Austria,  found  it  to  consist 
almost  solely  of  asphaltene.  that  is,  it  was  soluble  in  ether  and  not  in  alcohol;  and  m  1843  (Jahrb. 
G  Reichs,  vii.  743)  obtained  for  it  nearly  the  composition  of  asphaltene  (or  C  72-45,  H  11-07, 
o'lG-48);  but  in  1847  (Haid.  Ber.,  iii.  271)  he  rejects  his  earlier  results,  and  states  that  the 
mineral  contained  no  oxygen,  and  was  essentially  identical  in  composition  with  petrolene,  as  stated 

Other  analysts  have  not  afforded  more  satisfactory  results.  Part  have  been  contented  with 
analyses  of  the  undivided  mass ;  while  others  have  ascertained  the  portions  soluble  in  different 
menstrua,  without  ascertaining  the  constituents  of  the  substances  obtained. 

The  following  table  contains  the  proportions  of  the  ingredients  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  above,  m  a  few 
asphalts  The  letters  E  and  A,  in  connection  with  the  statement  of  the  solubility,  stand  for 
ether  and  alcohol  1,  Boussingault  (1.  c.);  2,  Kersten  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  xxxv.  271) ;  3,  4,  Volckel  (Ann. 
Ch.  Pharm.,  Ixxxvii.  139);  5,  Klaproth  (Beitr.,  iii.  315);  6,  Meyrac  ( J.  d.  Phys..  xcix.  118);  7, 
Hermann  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxiii.  232);  8,  Nendtvich  (Haid.  Ber.,  1.  c.): 

E.  Insol. 
in  E  &  A. 

0    =100  Boussingault 
74-0=100  Kersten. 
about  half      Volckel. 

"  •  Volckel. 

0  Klaproth. 

a  third         Meyrac. 
0  =100  Hermann. 
0  Nendtvich. 


1.  Bechelbronn 

2.  Brazza,  Dalmatia 

3.  Dax 

4.  Travers,  near  Neufchatel 

5.  Albania  0 

6.  Bastennes 

7.  Tschetschna,  Caucasus 

8.  Peklenicza 


A.  Light    B.  Heavier 

C. 

D.Sol,  in  E. 

oils.             oils. 

Resin. 

Insol.  in  A. 

0                85-4 

9 

14-6 

5-0 

IrO 

20-0 

very  little 

about  half 

all 


11-2 

trace 


two  thirds 
0 


88-8 
all 


Klaproth  found  the  asphalt  of  Avlona,  Albania,  to  give  nothing  to  alcohol,  and  to  dissolve 
completely  in  ether,  like  that  of  Peklenicza. 

It  is  probable  that  the  material  insoluble  in  both  alcohol  and  ether  (column  E,  above)  is  not 
always  of  the  same  kind.  That  from  the  Brazza  asphalt  (anal.  2)  was  black  and  lustrous, 
asphalt-like ;  while  that  of  Dax  (anal.  3)  was  brown,  and  ulmin-like. 

Ultimate  analyses  of  different  asphalts  have  afforded  the  following  results :  1-3,  Ebelmen 
(Ann.  d.  M.,  xv.  523);  4,  5,  Regnault  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xii.  161);  6,  WetheriU  (Trans.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.  Pliilad.,  1852,  353);  7,  Boussingault  (1.  c.,  Ixxxiii.  444): 


1.  Bastennes 

2.  Pont  du  Chateau 

3.  Auvergne 

4.  Abruzzi,  Italy 

5.  Cuba 

6.  " 

7.  Caxitambo 


C         H 

0         N 

78-50    8-80 

[2-60]     1-65 

76-13    9-41 

[10-34'      2-32 

77-64     7-86 

[8-35'      1-02 

67-43     7-22 

[23-98]     1-37 

81-46     9-57 

[8-97] 

82-34    9-10 
(1)  88-66     9-69 

[6-25]     1-91 
[1-65] 

Ash 

8-45=100  Ebelmen. 
1-80=100  Ebelmen. 
5-13=100  Ebelmen. 

=100  Regnault 

=100  Regnault. 

0-40  =  100  Wetherill. 
=100  Boussingault. 


The  most  of  these  analyses  need  revision. 

Obs. — Asphaltum  belongs  to  rocks  of  no  particular  age.  The  most  abundant  deposits  are 
superficial.  But  these  are  generally,  if  not  always,  connected  with  rock  deposits  containing 
some  kind  of  bituminous  material  or  vegetable  remains  (see  p.  725). 

Some  of  the  noted  localities  of  asphaltum  are  the  region  of  the  Dead  Sea,  or  Lake  Asphaltites, 
whence  the  most  of  the  asphaltum  of  ancient  writers ;  a  lake  on  Trinidad,  1£  m.  in  circuit, 
which  is  hot  at  the  centre,  but  is  solid  and  cold  toward  the  shores,  and  has  its  borders  over  a 
breadth  of  £  m.  covered  with  the  hardened  pitch  with  trees  flourishing  over  it ;  and  about  Point 
La  Braye,  the  masses  of  pitch  look  like  black  rocks  among  the  foliage ;  at  various  places  in  S. 
America,  similar  lakes,  as  at  Caxitambo  (not  Coxitambo),  Peru,  which  is  used  at  Payta,  on  the 
coast  (under  the  equator),  for  pitching  boats,  etc. ;  at  Berengela,  Peru,  not  far  from  Arica  (S.), 
where  it  is  put  to  the  same  use ;  in  California,  near  the  coast  of  St.  Barbara,  an  area  of  some 
acres;  in  a  large  bed,  near  Avlona  in  Albania  (Gr.= 1-205).  Also  in  smaller  quantities,  sometimes 
disseminated  through  shale  and  sandstone  rocks,  and  occasionally  limestones,  or  collected  in 
cavities  or  seams  in  these  rocks ;  near  Matlock,  Derbyshire,  in  stalactitic  masses ;  Poldice  mine 


MINERAL    COAL.  753 

in  Cornwall;  Haughmond  Hill  in  Shropshire;  at  Bastennes  and  Dax,  Dept  of  Landes  constitu- 
ting 6  p.  c.  of  a  sandy  deposit ;  Val  de  Travers,  Neuchatel,  impregnating  a  bed  in  the  Cretaceous 
formation,  and  serving  as  a  cement  to  the  rock,  which  is  used  for  buildings;  impregnating 
dolomite  on  the  island  of  Brazza  in  Dalmatia ;  in  the  Caucasus ;  in  gneiss  arid'  mica  schist  in 
Sweden. 

The  following  substances  are  closely  related  to  asphaltum,  and,  like  it,  are  mixtures  of  undeter- 
mined carbohydrogens. 

830A.  GRAHAMITE  Wurtz  (Coal  or  Asphalt  Lesley,  Proc,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.,  ix.  183,  1863; 
Grahamite  Wurtz,  Rep.  Min.  Format,  in  W.  Virginia,  1865,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlii.  420,  1866.) 
Resembles  the  preceding  in  its  pitch-black,  lustrous  appearance;  H.  =  2 ;  G.=1'145.  Soluble 
mostly  in  oil  of  turpentine  ;  partly  in  ether,  naphtha,  or  benzole  ;  not  at  all'  in  alcohol ;  wholly  in 
chloroform  and  sulphid  of  carbon.  No  action  with  alkalies  or  hot  nitric  or  muriatic  acid.  Melts 
only  imperfectly,  and  with  a  decomposition  of  the  surface ;  but  in  this  state  the  interior  may  be 
drawn  into  long  threads. 

Occurs  in  W.  Virginia,  about  20  m.  in  an  air  line  S.  of  Parkersburg,  filling  a  fissure  (shrinkage 
fissure)  in  a  sandstone  of  the  Carboniferous  formation ;  and  supposed  to  be,  like  the  albertite,  an 
inspissated  and  oxygenated  petroleum.  There  is  yet  no  reliable  analysis  of  it,  not  even  an 
ultimate  analysis.  The  material  is  partly  columnar  from  a  fracturing  as  a  result  of  contraction  in 
the  material,  the  structure  being  vertical  to  the  sides  of  the  vein. 

830B  ALBERTITE  Eolb.  (Melan- Asphalt  WeflieriO,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Philad.,  1852,  353.) 
Differs  from  ordinary  asphaltum  in  being  only  partially  soluble  in  oil  of  turpentine,  and  in  its  very 
imperfect  fusion  when  heated.  It  has  H.=l  — 2;  G.  =  1'097;  lustre  brilliant,  pitch-like;  color 
jet-black.  Softens  a  little  in  boiling  wrater;  in  the  flame  of  a  candle  shows  incipient  fusion. 
According  to  imperfect  determinations,  only  a  trace  soluble  in  alcohol;  4  p.  c.  in  ether;  30  in  oil 
of  turpentine. 

"Wetherill  obtained  in  an  ultimate  analysis  (1.  c.)  Carbon  86*04,  hydrogen  8*96,  oxygen  1*97, 
nitrogen  2-98,  S  tr.,  ash  0-10  —  100.  By  destructive  distillation,  oils  of  the  Naphtha,  Betanaph- 
tha,  and  Ethylene  series  have  been  obtained  by  Warren. 

Occurs  filling  an  irregular  fissure  in  rocks  of  the  Subcarboniferous  age  (or  Lower  Carboniferous) 
in  Nova  Scotia,  and  is  regarded  as  an  inspissated  and  oxygenated  petroleum.  For  an  article  on  its 
mode  of  occurrence,  see  Hitchcock,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xxxix.  267. 

830C.  PIAUZITE  (Retinit  von  Piauze,  Piauzit,  Said.,  Pogg.,  Ixii.  275,  1844).  An  asphalt-like 
substance,  remarkable  for  its  high  melting-point,  315°  C.  It  occurs  slaty  massive ;  color  brownish- 
or  greenish-black;  thin  splinters  colophouite-brown  by  transmitted  light;  streak  light  brown, 
amber-brown;  H.  =  l-5;  G.  =  l"220;  1-186,  Kenngott. 

After  melting,  it  burns  with  an  aromatic  odor  and  much  smoke,  leaving  5-96  per  cent,  of  ash. 
Soluble  in  ether  and  caustic  potash,  also  largely  in  absolute  alcohol.  Heated  in  a  glass  tube  a 
yellowish  oily  fluid  is  distilled,  having  an  acid  reaction. 

It  comes  from  a  bed  of  brown  coal  at  Piauze,  near  Neustadt  in  Carniola ;  on  Mt.  Chum,  near 
Tiiffer  in  Styria,  where  thousands  of  pounds  have  been  obtained.  It  much  resembles  a  black 
lamellar  coal  (Keungott,  Jahrb.  G.  Reichs.,  91,  1856). 

830D.  BEREXGELITE  Johnston,  Phil.  Mag.,  III.  xiii.  329,  1838.  Asphaltum  -like.  Color  dark 
brown,  with  a  tinge  of  green.  Powder  yellow.  Lustre  of  surface  of  fracture  resinous. 

Analysis:  Johnston  (L  c.) :  C  72-47,  H  9'20,  0  18-33  =  100,  corresponding  to  the  ratio  for-6,  H. 
0,  40  :  62  :  8.  Forms  a  solution  with  cold  alcohol,  which  is  bitter  to  the  taste.  On  evaporation 
the  resin  obtained  has  a  clear  red  color,  and  remains  soft  and  viscid  at  the  ordinary  temperature. 
Nearly  insoluble  in  caustic  potash.  Odor  resinous,  disagreeable  ;  but  after  fusion  for  some  time 
at  100°  C.,  this  odor  is  succeeded  by  an  agreeable  one ;  on  cooling  it  regains  the  original  odor. 
It  is  said  to  form  a  lake  like  that  of  Trinidad,  in  the  province  of  St.  Juan  de  Berengela,  about  100 
m.  from  Arica,  Peru,  and  is  used  at  Arica  for  paying  boats  and  vessels. 

831.   MINERAL   COAL.      ' AvQpaxevra  6'oaa  TWV  TOIOVTUV  yfjs  rrAtov  ££«  >}  Kanvov  [=Coal-like  Sub- 

stances  which  have  in  them  more  of  earth  than  of  smoke  or  fire]  Aristot.,  MercoipoAoy.,  iv.  9. 
•E»  w  (river  Pontus  in  Thrace)  nvas  MBovs  oi  xaiovrai  [=Certain  stones  which  burn]  Aristot.,  Uepl 

Qnvfji.  'AKot><r/*.,   C.  115.      OD$  SI  Ka\oi>ariv  evOiif  tu0pa*aj   ruv  epvirrofiivuv  (?  dpvTTOftivuv)  6ia  rriv  %pa'as 

slffi  ye«J«?,  etc.  [=Those  (of  minerals)  dug  for  use,  which  are  called  simply  coals,  are  earthy, 
but  will  kindle  and  burn  like  charcoal]  (fr.  Liguria),  Theophr.,  xvi.  (in  Schneider's  edit.),  315 

B.O.      'Evioi  Je  TUJV  dpavffrwv  dvOpaicovvTat  rr)  Kavvei  Kal  6iafjiivovffi  7rA«w  %p6vov   [  =  Some  brittle  Stones 

become  by  burning  like  glowing  coals,  and  remain  so  a  long  time]  (fr.  Bena  hi  Thracia,  and  the 


HTDKOCAKBON   COMPOUNDS. 

promontory  of  Erineas)  Theophr.,  xii.  QpaKtas  \iOoS  Arisiot.  Fayyfrw  Was  Strdbo  Tayar^ 
Xifrs  eoa,a«f  Xi'flos,  Diosc.,  v.  145,  146.  Thracius  lapis,  aetnma  Sammothracia,  Plin.,  xxxiii.  30, 
xxxvii.  67.  Gagates  Plin.,  xxxvi.  34.  Steiukohle  Germ.  Houille,  Charbon  fossile,  Fr. 

Mineral  coal  is  made  up  of  different  kinds  of  hydrocarbons,  with  perhaps 
in  some  cases  free  carbon ;  but  the  species  have  not  yet  been  investigated. 

The  distinguishing  characters  of  mineral  coal  are  as  follows  : 

Compact  massive,  without  crystalline  structure  or  cleavage  ;  sometimes 
breaking  with  a  degree  of  regularity,  but  from  a  jointed  rather  than  a 
cleavage  structure.  Sometimes  laminated ;  often  faintly  and  delicately 
banded,  successive  layers  differing  slightly  in  lustre. 

2;  —0-5— 2-5.  G.=l— 1'80.  Lustre  dull  to  brilliant,  and  either  earthy, 
resinous,  or  submetallic.  Color  black,  grayish-black,  brownish-black,  and 
occasionally  iridescent ;  also  sometimes  dark  brown.  ^  Opaque.  Fracture 

conchoidal uneven.  Brittle;  rarely  somewhat  sectile.  Without  taste, 

except  from  impurities  present.  Insoluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  naphtha,  and 
benzole,  excepting  at  the  most  2  or  3  p.  c.  (rarely  10  ?) ;  usually  less  than 
1  p.  c.  Insoluble  in  a  solution  of  potash.  Infusible  to  subfusible  ;  but 
often  becoming  a  soft,  pliant,  or  paste-like  mass  when  heated.  On  distil- 
lation most  kinds  afford  more  or  less  of  oily  and  tarry  substances,  which  are 
mixtures  of  hydrocarbons  and  paraffin. 

Var.— The  variations  depend  partly  (1)  on  the  amount  of  the  volatile  ingredients  afforded  on 
destructive  distillation ;  or  (2)  on  the  nature  of  these  volatile  compounds,  for  ingredients  of  similar 
composition  may  differ  widely  in  volatility,  etc. ;  (3)  on  structure,  lustre,  and  other  physical 
characters. 

1.  ANTHRACITE  (Anthracit  Karst.,  Tab.,  58,  96,  1808.     Glanzkohle  Germ.).     H.=2  — 2-5.     G.= 
1-32— 1-7,  Pennsylvania;  1-81,  Ehode  Island;  1'26 — 1'36,  South  Wales.     Lustre  bright,  often 
submetallic,  iron-black,  and  frequently  iridescent.     Fracture  conchoidal.     Volatile  matter  after 
drying  3  to  6  p.  c.     Burns  with  a  feeble  flame  of  a  pale  color. 

The  anthracites  of  Pennsylvania  contain  ordinarily  85  to  93  per  cent,  of  carbon ;  those  of 
South  Wales,  88  to  95;  of  France,  80  to  83 ;  of  Saxony,  81 ;  of  southern  Russia,  sometimes  94 
per  cent. 

Anthracite  graduates  into  bituminous  coal,  becoming  less  hard  and  containing  more  volatile 
matter ;  and  an  intermediate  variety  is  called  free-burning  anthracite. 

2.  Native  Coke.    More  compact  than  artificial  coke,  and  some  varieties  afford  considerable  bitu- 
men.   From  the  Edgehill  mines,  near  Richmond,  Ya.,  according  to  Genth,  who  attributes  its  ori- 
gin to  the  action  of  a  trap  eruption  on  bituminous  coal. 

BITUMINOUS  COALS  (Schwarzkohle  ffausm.,  Handb.,  73,  1813.  Steinkohle  pt.  Germ.).  Under 
the  head  of  Bituminous  Coals,^a  number  of  kinds  are  included  which  differ  strikingly  in  the  action 
of  heat,  and  which  therefore  are  of  unlike  constitution.  They  have  the  common  characteristic  of 
burning  in  the  fire  with  a  yellow,  smoky  flame,  and  giving  out  on  distillation  hydrocarbon  oils 
or  tar,  and  hence  the  name  bituminous.  The  ordinary  bituminous  coals  contain  from  5  to  15 
p.  c.  (rarely  16  or  17)  of  oxygen  (ash  excluded);  while  the  so-called  brown  coal  or  lignite  con- 
tains from  20  to  36  p.  c.,  after  the  expulsion,  at  100°  C.,  of  15  to  36  p.  c.  of  water.  The  amount 
of  hydrogen  in  each  is  from  4  to  7  p.  c.  Both  have  usually  -a  bright,  pitchy,  greasy  lustre 
(whence  often  called  Pechkohk  in  German),  a  firm  compact  texture,  are  rather  fragile  compared 
with  anthracite,  and  have  G.  =  T14 — 1*40.  The  brown  coals  have  often  a  brownish-black  color, 
whence  the  name,  and  more  oxygen,  but  in  these  respects  and  others  they  shade  into  ordinary 
bituminous  coals. 

The  ordinary  bituminous  coal  of  Pennsylvania  has  G.  =  1'26 — 1-37  ;  of  Newcastle,  England.  1'27  ; 
of  Scotland,  1-27— 1-32;  of  France,  1  -2—1-3 3;  of  Belgium,  1-27— 1 -3.  The  most  prominent  kinds 
are  the  following: 

3.  CAKING  COAL.    A  bituminous  coal  which  softens  and  becomes  pasty  or  semi-viscid  in  the  fire. 
This  softening  takes  place  at  the  temperature  of  incipient  decomposition,  and  is  attended  with  the 
escape  of  bubbles  of  gas.     On  increasing  the  heat,  the  volatile  products  which  result  from  the 
ultimate  decomposition  of  the  softened  mass  are  driven  off,  and  a  coherent,  grayish-black,  cellular, 
or  fritted  mass  (coke)  is  left.    Amount  of  coke  left  (or  part  not  volatile)  varies  from  50  to  85  p.  c. 
A  caking  coal  will  lose  its  caking  quality  if  kept  heated  for  2  or  3  hours  at  300°  C.,  and  sometimes 
^on  mere  exposure  for  a  time  to  the  air. 


MINERAL    COAL.  Y55 

4.  NON-CAKING  COAL.    Like  the  preceding  in  all  external  characters,  and  often  in  ultimate 
composition ;  but  burning  freely  without  softening  or  any  appearance  of  incipient  fusion.     Per- 
centage of  volatile  matter  same  as  for  caking  coal,  but  the  coke  is  not  a  proper  coke  being  in  pow- 
der, or  of  the  form  of  the  original  coal. 

There  are  all  gradations  between  caking  and  non-caking  bituminous  coals.  In  external  char- 
acters the  two  kinds  are  alike.  They  often  break  into  layers  :  and  there  is  besides  a  horizontal 
banding  arising  from  a  succession  of  very  thin  non-separable  layers,  slightly  differing  in  lustre  or 
shade  of  color.  Cherry  coal  or  soft  coal  (of  England)  is  a  non-caking  coal  igniting  well  and  burn- 
ing rapidly,  while  splint  or  hard  coal  ignites  less  readily,  burns  less  rapidly,  owing  to  the  smaller 
amount  of  volatile  matter.  Coals  which  do  not  cake  on  burning  are  called  free-burning  coals, 
while  the  caking  are  called  binding  coals.. 

5.  CANNEL  COAL  (Parrot  Coal).     A  variety  of  bituminous  coal,  and  often  caking ;  but  differing 
from  the  preceding  in  texture,  and  to  some  extent  in  composition,  as  shown  by  its  products  on 
distillation.     It  is  compact,  with  little  or  no  lustre,  and  without  any  appearance  of  a  banded 
structure ;  and  it  breaks  with  a  conchoidal  fracture  and  smooth  surfaces ;  color  dull  black  or 
grayish-black.    On  distillation  it  affords,  after  drying,  40  to  66  of  volatile  matter,  and  the  material 
volatilized  includes  a  large  proportion  of  burning  and  lubricating  oils,  much  larger  than  the  above 
kinds  of  bituminous  coal ;   whence  it  is  extensively  used  for  the  manufacture  of  such  oils.     It 
graduates  into  oil-producing  coaly  shales,  the  more  compact  of  which  it  much  resembles.     The 
original  Parrot  coal  is  a  cannel  from  near  Edinburgh,  which  burns  with  a  crackling  noise,  whence 
the  name  (Percy) ;  and  Horn  coal,  a  kind  from  South  Wales,  which  emits  when  burning  something 
of  the  odor  of  burning  horn. 

6.  TORBANITE.    A  variety  of  cannel  coal  of  a  dark  brown  color,  yellowish  streak,  without  lustre, 
having  a  subcouchoidal  fracture  ;  H.=r2'25  ;  G.  =  1'17  — 1-2.     Yields  over  60  p.  c.  of  volatile  mat- 
ter, and  is  used  for  the  production  of  burning  and  lubricating  oils,  paraffin,  illuminating  gas. 
Named  from  the  locality  at  Torbane  Hill,  near  Bathgate  hi  Linlithgowshire,  Scotland.     Alan  called 
Boghead  Cannel  (see  p.  742). 

7.  BROWN  COAL  (Braunkohle  Germ.,  Pechkohle  pt.  Germ.,  Lignite).     The  prominent  character- 
istics of  brown  coal  have  already  been   mentioned.     They  are  non-caking,  but  afford  a  large 
proportion  of  volatile  matter.     They  are  sometimes  pitch-black  (whence  Pechkohle  pt.  Germ.), 
but  often  rather  dull  and  brownish-black.     G-.=1'15  — 1'3  ;  sometimes  higher  from  impurities.    It 
is  occasionally  somewhat  lamellar  in  structure. 

Brown  coal  is  often  called  lignite.  But  this  term  is  sometimes  restricted  to  masses  of  coal 
which  still  retain  the  form  of  the  original  wood.  Jet  is  a  black  variety  of  brown  coal,  compact  in 
texture,  and  taking  a  good  polish,  whence  its  use  in  jewelry. 

8.  EARTHY  BROWN  COAL  (Erdige  Braunkohle)  is  a  brown  friable  material,  sometimes  forming 
layers  in  beds  of  brown  coal.      But  it  is  in  general  not  a  true  coal,  a  considerable  part  of  it  being 
soluble  in  ether  and  benzole,  and  often  even  in  alcohol ;  besides  affording  largely  of  oils  and 
paraffin  on  distillation.     For  a  notice  of  "  coal "  of  this  kind  see  under  LEUCOPETRITE,  p.  743. 
Such  a  coal  is  sometimes  called  wax  coal  and  paraffin  coal  (Wachskohle,  Paraffinkohle,  Germ.). 
See  also  BATHVILLITE,  p.  742. 

9.  MINERAL  CHARCOAL.     Fibrous  charcoal-like  substance  often  found  covering  the  surfaces 
between  layers  of  coal,  and  observed  in  coal  of  all  ages.    It  is  soft,  and  soils  the  fingers  like 
charcoal.     One  variety  of  it  is  a  dry  powder. 

Oomp. — Most  mineral  coal  consists  mainly,  as  the  best  chemists  now  hold,  of  oxygenated  hydro- 
carbons. On  page  742  it  is  shown  that  the  kind  of  cannel  coal  called  torbanite  and  the  sub- 
stance bathvillite  are  closely  related  in  composition,  as  well  as  insolubility,  to  the  species  of  the 
Succinite  group ;  and  it  is  probable  that  other  cannel  coals  contain  this  or  some  related  compound ; 
and  that  oil-producing  (not  oil-bearing)  shales  include  a  similar  kind  of  hydrocarbon.  The  ordinary 
bituminous  coals  often  have  10  to  15  p.  c.  of  oxygen,  and  may  be  of  analogous  composition,  though 
differing  much  in  the  precise  constitution  of  these  hydrocarbons,  some  containing  such  as  produce 
a  pasty  fusion  or  incipient  decomposition  when  heated  (caking),  and  others  such  as  undergo  no 
Bemi-fusion  (non-caking).  The  brown  coals,  in  which  there  are  20  to  35  p.  c.  of  oxygen,  must 
include  other  kinds  of  oxygenated  hydrocarbons,  of  the  insoluble  kinds.  But  microscopic  exam- 
inations appear  to  show  that  woody  fibre  is  present  in  it  in  various  stages  of  alteration. 

Besides  oxygenated  hydrocarbons,  there  may  also  be  present  simple  hydrocarbons  (that  is,  con- 
taining no  oxygen).  This  would  seem  to  follow  from  the  small  percentage  of  oxygen  (2—3  p.  c.)  in 
the  Tyneside  cannel,  while  the  hydrogen  is  as  large  in  amount  as  in  any  cannel  or  bituminous  coals. 
And  there  are  various  bituminous  coals,  low  in  oxygen,  that  suggest  the  same  conclusion.  At  pres- 
ent, however,  chemistry  knows  of  no  simple  hydrocarbons  that  are  insoluble  in  naphtha  and  benzole. 

The  presence  of  free  carbon  is  naturally  inferred  from  the  composition  of  coals  like  the  anthra- 
cites, which  afford  very  little  volatile  matter.  But  even  these  coals  contain  ordinarily  1'5  to  2*5 
p.  c.  of  each  oxygen  and  hydrogen ;  and  Berthelot  holds  that  they  are  hydrocarbon  compounds 
like  other  coals.  It  is  remarkable  that  in  one  of  the  analyses  of  anthracite  from  Piesberg,  Han- 
over (anal.  4),  no  oxygen  whatever  was  found,  while  there  were  2*23  p.  c.  of  hydrogen. 


756  HYDROCARBON   COMPOUNDS. 

The  portion  of  coal  soluble  in  naphtha  or  benzole,  although  small  in  amount,  indicates  the  pre- 
sence of  other  hydrocarbons— simple  or  oxygenated— oils  or  resins.  Their  nature  remains  to  be 
ascertained  Fyfe  obtained  by  means  of  naphtha,  from  the  Torbane  mineral,  1-2  and  1-4  p.  c. ; 
from  cannel  coal,  2—4  p.  c. ;  and  from  Newcastle  caking,  in  three  experiments,  4%  5'8,  9-8  p.  c. 
of  soluble  material.  These  results  do  not  accord  with  the  ordinary  statements  with  regard  to  the 
insolubility  of  coal,  and  the  subject  needs  far  more  extended  study. 

Under  microscopic  examination,  when  in  thin  slices,  many  bituminous  coals  (including  most 
cannel  coals  the  gas  coals  of  Nova  Scotia,  Pelton,  etc.)  are  seen  to  consist  of  three  kinds  of  material, 
as  first  observed  by  Button  (Geol.  Soc.  London,  1832-33),  and  further  more  particularly  by  Dr. 
Aitken  of  Glasgow  (Ronalds  &  Richardson,  Chem.  Techn.,  i.  778). 

(1)  An  opaque  black  substance,  which  is  insoluble  in  acids  as  well  as  other  menstrua,  and,  as 
suggested,  may  be  free  carbon  (?).    It  is  stated  to  be  the  main  constituent  of  anthracite. 

(2)  A  yellow  or  reddish  resin -like  substance,  which  is  translucent  or  transparent,  volatile  by 
heat,  and  insoluble  in  naphtha,  muriatic  and  nitric  acids. 

(3)  Earthy  matter,  which  is  more  or  less  soluble  in  water,  and  is  earthy  impurity. 

The  resin-like  material,  No.  2,  may  well  be  a  species  of  the  Succinite  group  (see  above).  In 
many  pitchy  bituminous  coals  it  is  impossible  to  make  out  the  structure  here  described,  on 
account  of  their  opacity.  Some  Nova  Scotia  coal  contains  yellow  matter,  which  is  soluble  in 
ether,  and  slightly  so  in  turpentine  and  nitric  acid ;  and  the  same  is  true  of  that  of  the  Pelton 
coal '  Many  brown  coals,  as  the  Bovey,  show  the  structure  above  described. 

Coals  often  contain  resins  disseminated  in  visible  points  through  the  mass,  which  may  or  may 
not  be  of  soluble  kinds. 

Sulphur  is  present  in  nearly  all  coals.  It  is  supposed  to  be  usually  combined  with  iron, 
and  when  the  coal  affords  a  red  ash  on  burning,  there  is  reason  for  believing  this  true.  But 
Percy  mentions  a  coal  from  New  Zealand  (anal  18)  which  gave  a  peculiarly  white  ash,  although 
containing  2  to  3  p.  c.  of  sulphur,  a  fact  showing  that  it  is  present  not  as  a  sulphid  of  iron,  but 
as  a  constituent  of  an  organic  compound.  The  discovery  by  Church  of  a  resin  containing  sul- 
phur (see  TASMANITE,  p.  746),  gives  reason  for  inferring  that  it  may  exist  in  this  coal  in  that 
state,  although  its  presence  as  a  constituent  of  other  organic  compounds  is  quite  possible. 

The  presence  of  nitrogen,  sometimes  2  p.  c.,  proves  the  presence  of  nitrogenous  hydrocarbons ; 
but  of  what  nature  is  unknown. 

The  above  review  of  the  composition  of  coal  shows  that  as  yet  very  little  is  known  as  to  its 
actual  constituents ;  and  that  no  analyses  to  determine  them  can  be  satisfactory  which  are  not 
carried  forward  by  the  aid  of  the  microscope,  and  by  the  preparatory  separation  of  the  coal  into 
parts,  as  far  as  possible,  by  different  menstrua,  and  the  separate  analyses  of  these  parts. 

The  impurities  present,  which  constitute  the  ash  of  the  coal,  consist  of  silica  or  quartz,  oxyd  of 
iron,  clay,  and  other  aluminous  silicates,  or  such  ingredients  as  make  up  the  mud  and  clay  of  fine 
soil  or  alluvium ;  also  some  silica,  potash,  and  soda,  derived  from  the  original  vegetation.  The 
ash  in  the  purest  mineral  coal  amounts  to  but  0'25  to  1  p.  c. ;  but  in  that  which  passes  for  the 
best  there  are  ordinarily  5  to  8  p.  c. ;  and  in  most  that  is  used  for  fuel  there  are  8  to  15  p.  c. 

Analyses :  Anthracite.  1,  Regnault  (Ann.  d.  M.,  III.  xii.) ;  2-4,  Hilkenkamp  &  Kempner  (Steink. 
Deutschl.,  ii.  284, 1865) ;  5,  Regnault  (1.  c.) ;  6,  7,  J.  Percy  (Proc.  G.  Soc.,  i.  202,  Metal'gy,  105,  1861). 

Caking  coal  8-10,  Stein  (Steink.  Sachs.,  1857);  11,  Regnault  (1.  c.);  12,  13,  Dick  (Percy's 
Met,  99);  14,  C.  Tookey  (ib.);  15-17,  Noad  (ib.):  18,  C.  Tookey  (ib.):  19-21,  Regnault  (1.  c.); 
22,  23,  Marsilly  (C.  R.,  xlvi.  891). 

Non-caking.  24,  Regnault  (1.  c.);  25,  Nendtvich  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  1851);  26,  27,  A.  Dick 
(Percy's  Met.,  102);  28,  29,  Rowney  (Edinb.  N.  Phil.  J.,  ii.  141,  1855):  30,  Stein  (1.  c.);  31-34, 
Marsilly  (L  c.);  35,  E.  Riley  (Percy's  Met.,  102). 

Whether  caking  or  not,  not  stated.     36-39,  Fleck  (Steink.  Deutschl.,  ii.  272,  1865). 

Cannel  coal.  40,  Regnault  (1.  c.) ;  41,  Vaux  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  i.  320) ;  42,  Taylor  (Edinb.  N.  PhiL 
J.,  1.  145,  1851). 

Torbanite.  43,  Anderson  (Greg  &  Lettsom,  Mm.,  17);  44,  Hofmann  (ib.);  45,  Stenhouse  (ib.); 
46,  Fife  (ib.);  47,  Metter  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  Ixxvii.  38). 

Brown  coal.  48-51,  Regnault  (1.  c.);  52,  F.  Vaux  (J.  Ch.  Soc.,  v.  1,  318,  1849);  53,  Nendtvich 
(Lc.);  54,  Grager  (Jahresb.  1848,  261);  55,  Schrotter  (Jahresb.  1849,  708);  56,  Baer  (Jahresb. 
1852,  733);  57,  F.  Bischof  (B.  H.  Ztg.  1850,  69);  58,  Wagner  (Polyt.  Centralbl.  1847,  1496);  59, 
F.  Bischof  (1.  c.);  60,  Liebig  (Kenngott,  1S52,  257);  61,  Woskresseusky  (ib  ). 

Mineral  charcoal.     62-65,  Dr.  Rowney  (1.  c.). 

AnUiracite. 

P.  c.,  ash  excluded. 
C       H     0       N     Ash  C       H      0 

1.  a  Wales,  Anthr.         92-56  3'33  2'53 1-58  94-05  3-38  2'57  Regnault. 

2.  Piesberg,  Hanover      90'40  1*90        1  73        6'04  96'14  2'02  l'84n  H.  &  K- 


MINERAL   COAL. 

757 

C        H        0       N       S       Ash 

C       H      0        N    Coke 

3.  Piesberg,  Hanover 

87-96  1-97          0-61        9'31 

97-15  2-17  0-65n     H.&K. 

A                  ('                             " 

9114  2-08           6-81 

97-77  2-23    H.  &K. 

5.  Pennsylvania 

90-45  2-43     2-45    4'67 

94-89  2-55  2'56      Rt. 

6.            " 

92-59  2-63     1-61  0'92    2'25 

94-72  2-69  2'58n     P. 

7.            « 

84-98  2-45     115  1'22   10'20 

94-64  2-73  2'64      p. 

Caking  Coals. 

8.  Zwickau 

76-59  4-12  12-87  0'33  0'81     6'00 

81-47  4-38  13-71    0'35  54-64  St. 

9.        " 

72-27  4-16  10-73  0'34  0'88  12'50 

82-59  4-76  12'26    0'39  77'29  St 

10.  Planifcz 

81-23  4-43     9-86  0'21  0'55     425 

84-84  4-63  10'74   0-23  63'89  St. 

11.  Epinac 

81-12  5-10  11-25    2-53 

83-22  5-23  11'55     63'6    Rt. 

12.  Northumberland 

78-65  4-65  14-21    0'55     2'49 

80-54  4-76  14-70"  Dk. 

13. 

82-4-2  4-82  11-97    0'86     0'79 

83-73  4-90  ll-37n  Dk. 

14. 

78-6!)  0-00  lo-OT  2-37  1-51     T36 

81-01  6-17  10-38    2-44    T. 

15.  Blaina,  S.  W. 

82-56  5-36     8'22   1'65  0'75     1-46 

84-42  5-48     8'40    1-70    Nd. 

16.              " 

83-44  5-71     5-93  1'66  0'81     2'45 

86-25  5-90     6-13    1'72    Nd. 

17.              " 

83-00  6-18     4-58  1-49  0'75     4'00 

87-14  6-49     4-81    1'56    Nd. 

18.  N.  Zealand 

79-00  5-35     7-71  0'89  2'50     3'50 

84-90  5-75     8-29    0'96  64-32  T. 

19.  Rive-de-Gier 

82-04  5-27     9-12    3'57 

85-08  5-46     9-46n  72*0    Rt. 

20.             " 

87-45  5-14     3-93  1'70   1«78 

89-04  5-23     5-73n  68'0    Rt. 

21.  Alais 

89-27  4-85     4'47    1-41 

90-55  4-92     4-53n  78'0    Rt. 

22.  Valenciennes 

84-84  5-53     6'83    2*80 

87-28  5-69     7'03n  67'75  M. 

23.  Pas-de-Calais 

86-78  4-98     5'84   2'40 

88-91  5-10     5-99n  77'05  M. 

Non-  Caking  Coals. 

24.  Bianzy,  France 

76-48  5-23  16'01    2-28 

78-26  5-35  16'39n  57'0   R. 

25.  Hungary 

0-74     1  55 

78-37  3-92  17'70n  70-60  Nh. 

26.  S.  Staffordshire 

76-40  4-62  l7-43n  0'55     T55 

77-68  4-69  17-62"  Dk. 

27. 

72-13  4-32  17-lln  0-54     6'44 

77-32  4-67   17-99    Dk. 

28.  Scotland 

76-08  5-31  13-83  2'09  1"23     1'96 

78-59  5-49  13'77    2'15  Ry. 

29.         " 

80-93  5-21  10-91   1'57  0'63     6'75 

82-06  5-29  11-06    T59  Ry. 

30.  Zwickau 

80-25  4-01  10-98  0'49  2'99     1'57 

83-82  4-19  11-47    0'51  69'59  St. 

31.  Mons,  France 

82-95  5-42  10-93    0'70 

83-53  5-46  11-01     63'58  M. 

32.      "           " 

82-91  5-22  10-13    T74 

84-38  5-31  10-31     66'96  M. 

33.  Pas-de-Calais 

82-68  4-18     4-54    8'60 

90-46  4-57     4-97     87'62  M. 

34.  Valenciennes 

90-54  3-66     2-70    3'10 

93-44  3-78     2'78    93-17  M. 

35.  Dowlais,  S.  Wales 

89-33  4-43     3'25  1'24  0'55     1'20 

90-93  4-51     3-30    1'26  R. 

36.  Zwickau 

80-47  5-54        12-55        1'44 

81-65  5-62  12-73n  Fk. 

37.        " 

75-59  2-90        14-44       7'06 

81-34  3-18  15-48     Fk. 

38.  Lugau 

76-75  4-85        13*48        4'92 

80-72  5-10  14-72    Fk. 

39.  Littitz,  Bohemia 

75-69  4-89        16-33       3'08 

78-09  5-05  16-86    Fk. 

Cannel  Coal. 

40.  "Wigan 

84-07  5-71     7'82    2'40 

85-81  5-85     8'34    59'0  Rt. 

41.       " 

80-07  5-53     8-10  2'12  1-50     2'70 

82-29  5-68     8'31     Vx. 

42.  Tyneside 

78-06  5-80     3-12  1-85  2'22     8'94 

87-86  6-53     2'53    2'09   Tr. 

Torbanite. 

43.  Torbane  Hill 

64-02  8-90     5-66  0'55  0'50  20'32 

80-39  11-17  7-12    1-32    And. 

44.         «          " 

65-66  8-90          6-34        19'10 

81-17  11-01        7-82        Hn. 

45.         "          " 

65-5     9-0            6-0          19-5 

81-35  11-18        7-45        St. 

46.         "          " 

60-25  8-80     3-60  1'50  0'13  25'6 

81-12  11-85  4-84   2'19   Fife 

47.        "         " 

80-56  12-17  5-82    1'45    M. 

48.  Dax,  France 

49.  Bouches-du-Rhone 


70-49  5-59 
63-88  4-58 


Brown  Coal. 


18-93 
18-11 


4-99 

13-43 


74-19  5-88  20-13°  49'1    Et 

73-79  5-29  20'92n  4M    Et 


758 


HYDEOCAKBON   COMPOUNDS. 


50. 
51. 
52. 
53. 
54. 
55. 
56. 
57. 
58. 
59. 
60. 
61. 

0 
Hesse  Cassel            71  '71 
Basses  Alpes            70-02 
Bovey                        66-31 
Oedenburg,  Hung.    
Meissen,  Sax.            58-90 
Gloggnitz,  Austr.      57-71 
Wittenberg                64'07 
Teuditz,  Prussia        54-02 
49-91 
Loderburg,  "             55-30 
Laubach,  H.  Darmst.  57'28 
Irkutsk                      47-46 

H 

4-85 
5-20 
5-63 

5-36 
4-49 
5-03 
5-28 
5-20 
4-90 
6-03 
4-56 

0       N 
21-67 
21-77 
22-86  0-57 

21-63  
22-14  
27-55  
27-90  
32-42  
31-95  
36-10  
33-02  

S 

2-36 
0-91 
6-61 
3-12 

Ash 
1-77 
3-01 
2-27 
2-39 
7-50 
12-54 
3-35 
12-80 
12-47 
7-85 
0-59 
14-95 

73-00 
72-19 
67-85 
70-84 
68-58 
68-42 
66-29 
61-95 
57-02 
60-01 
57-62 
55-81 


H  0 

4-93  42-07n 

5-36  22-45n 

5-75  23-39 

4-71  24'44n 

6-24  25-18a 

5'33  26'25n 

5-20  28-5P 

6-06  31-99n 
5-94  37'04n 

5-31  34-68 

6-07  36-31 
5-36  38-83 


Coke 

48-5  RegnauK. 
49-5  Regnault. 
30-79  Vaux. 

Nendtv. 

Grager. 

Schrotter. 

Baer. 

Bischof. 

Wagner. 

Bischof. 

Liebig. 

Woskr. 


Mineral  Charcoal 

62  Glasgow, fibrous        82-97  3'34  6'84  0'75 6-08 

63.  Stonelaws,  granular  72'74  2-34         5'83  19-08 

64.  Ayrshire,  fibrous       73-42  2-94         8'25 15*39 

65.  Fifeshire,    "  74-71  2'74         7'67  14-86 


88-36  3-56  7'28,  N  0*80  Rowney. 

89-89  2-89  7'21n  Rowney. 

86-78  3-47  9'75n  Rowney. 

87-78  3-21  9-01n  Rowney. 


42, 


The  brown  coals  contain  a  large  percentage  of  water;  No.  52  gave  34-66  p.  c. ;  No.  53,  18'60 
No.  55,  25-15;  No.  56,  17'26;  No.  57,  48'60 ;  No.  59,  49'50. 

Much  the  larger  part  of  the  above  analyses  are  cited  from  Percy's  excellent  chapter  on  coal  m 
his  Metallurgy  (1861).     The  index  n  signifies  that  the  nitrogen  is  included  with  the  oxygen.  ^ 

Professor  W.  R.  Johnson  obtained  the  following  results  hi  his  examinations  of  some  Americ 
coals  (Rep.  on  Coals  to  Congress,  1844) : 


American 


1.  Pennsylvania,  Anthracite 

2.  Maryland  free-burning  bitum.  coal 

3.  Pennsylvania        "  " 

4.  Virginia  "  " 

5.  Pittsburg,        Utum. 

6.  Cannelton,  Ind.,  " 

7.  Pictou,  Nova  Scotia 


G. 

1-590—1-610 
1-3     —1-414 
1-3    —1-407 
1-29  —1-45 
1-252 
1-273 
1-318 
1-325 


Vol.  Combust.    Fixed        Ash  and 


Matter. 

Carbon. 

Clinkers. 

3-84 

87-45 

7-37 

15-80 

73-01 

9-74 

17-01 

68-82 

13-35 

36-63 

50-99 

10-74 

36-76 

54-93 

7-07 

33-99 

58-44 

4-97 

27-83 

56-98 

13-39 

25-97 

60-74 

12-51 

Coal  occurs  in  beds,  interstratified  with  shales,  sandstones,  and  conglomerates,  and  sometimes 
limestones,  forming  distinct  layers,  which  vary  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  30  feet  or  more  in  thick- 
ness. In  the  United  States,  the  anthracites  occur  east  of  the  Allegheny  range,  in  rocks  that  have 
undergone  great  contortions  and  fracturings,  while  the  bituminous  are  found  farther  west,  in  rocks 
that  have  been  less  disturbed ;  and  this  fact  and  other  observations  have  led  some  geologists  to 
the  view  that  the  anthracites  have  lost  their  bitumen  by  the  action  of  heat.  For  observations  on 
the  geological  relations  of  coal  beds,  reference  may  be  made  to  geological  treatises. 

The  origin  of  coal  is  mainly  vegetable,  though  animal  life  has  contributed  somewhat  to  the 
result.  The  beds  were  once  beds  of  vegetation,  analogous,  in  most  respects,  in  mode  of  formation 
to  the  peat  beds  of  modern  times,  yet  in  mode  of  burial  often  of  a  very  different  character.  This 
vegetable  origin  is  proved  not  only  by  the  occurrence  of  the  leaves,  stems,  and  logs  of  plants 
in  the  coal,  but  also  by  the  presence  throughout  its  texture,  in  many  cases,  of  the  forms  of  the 
original  fibres ;  also  by  the  direct  observation  that  peat  is  a  transition  state  between  unaltered 
vegetable  debris  and  brown  coal,  being  sometimes  found  passing  completely  into  true  brown  coal. 
Peat  differs  from  true  coal  in  want  of  homogeneity,  it  visibly  containing  vegetable  fibres  only 
partially  altered ;  and  wherever  changed  to  a  fine-textured  homogeneous  material,  even  though 
hardly  consolidated,  it  may  be  true  brown  coal. 

The  derivation  of  coal  from  woody  fibre  has  been  explained  in  a  general  way  on  page  754. 
From  the  statements  there  made  it  is  obvious  that  the  vegetable  material,  in  changing  to  ordinary 
mineral  coal,  has  not  passed  necessarily  through  the  stage  of  brown  coal.  When  the  material 


MINERAL    GOAL.  751) 

was  long  steeped  in  water,  and  buried  under  fine  mud  so  as  to  exclude  almost  entirely  atmospheric 
air,  the  decomposition  in  progress  may  have  carried  off  most  of  the  oxygen  by  its  combination 
with  the  carbon  of  the  plants,  to  form  carbonic  acid.  Thus  it  happened  probably  with  the  cannel 
coals,  as  explained  by  Newberry,  and  also,  though  in  general  less  perfectly,  with  most  of  the  best 
bituminous  coals.  But  when  the  bed  had  as  free  access  to  the  air  as  occurs  in  the  case  of  peat 
beds,  there  would  have  been  a  loss  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  as  marsh-gas,  and  also,  probably, 
through  combination  with  external  oxygen,  forming  carbonic  acid  and  water,  while  a  large  part  of 
the  oxygen  would  remain.  Between  these  extremes,  of  excluded  air  and  very  imperfectly  excluded, 
and  of  pressure  from  heavy  superincumbent  earthy  beds  and  little  or  no  pressure,  lie  the  condi- 
tions which  attended  the  origin  of  the  various  kinds  of  coal,  and  determined,  hi  connection  with 
the  nature  of  the  vegetation  itself,  the  transformations  in  progress. 

Extensive  beds  of  mineral  coal  occur  in  Great  Britain,  covering  about  -fa  the  whole  area,  or 
11,859  square  miles;  in  France  about  T|o,  or  1719  sq.  m. ;  in  Spain  about  -fa,  or  3408  sq.  m. ; 
in  Belgium  p%,  or  518  sq.  m. ;  in  Netherlands,  Prussia,  Bavaria,  Austria,  northern  Italy,  Silesia, 
Spain,  Russia  on  the  south  near  the  Azof,  and  also  in  the  Altai.  It  is  found  in  Asia,  abundantly 
in  China,  in  Persia  in  the  Cabul  territory,  and  in  the  Khorassan  or  northern  Persia,  in  Hindos- 
tan,  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Cutch,  in  the  province  of  Bengal  (the  Burdwan  coal  field)  and  Upper 
Assam,  in  Borneo,  Labuan,  Sumatra,  several  of  the  Philippines,  Formosa,  Japan,  New  South 
"Wales  and  other  parts  of  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Kergueleii's  Land ;  in  America,  besides  the 
United  States,  in  Chili,  at  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  northwest  America  on  Vancouver's  Island 
near  the  harbor  of  Camosack,  at  Bellmghain  Bay  in  Puget's  Sound,  at  Melville  Island  in  the 
Arctic  seas,  and  in  the  British  Provinces  of  Nova  Scotia,  New  Bruuswick,  and  Newfound- 
land. 

In  the  United  States  there  are  four  separate  coal  areas.  One  of  these  areas,  the  Appalachian 
coal  field,  commences  on  the  north,  in  Pennsylvania  and  southeastern  Ohio,  and  sweeping  south 
over  western  Virginia  and  eastern  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to  the  west  of  the  Appalachians,  or 
partly  involved  in  their  ridges,  it  continues  to  Alabama  near  Tuscaloosa,  where  a  bed  of  coal  has 
been  opened.  It  has  been  estimated  to  cover  60,000  sq.  m.  It  embraces  several  isolated  patches 
in  the  eastern  half  of  Pennsylvania.  The  whole  surface  in  Pennsylvania  has  been  estimated  at 
15,437  sq.  m.,  or  £  the  whole  area  of  the  State.  A  second  coal  area  (the  Illinois)  lies  adjoining 
the  Mississippi,  and  covers  the  larger  part  of  Illinois,  though  much  broken  into  patches,  and  a 
small  northwest  part  of  Kentucky  ;  it  is  continued  westward  over  a  portion  of  Iowa,  Missouri, 
Kansas,  Arkansas,  and  northern  Texas  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  latter  area  is  divided  along 
the  Mississippi  by  a  narrow  belt  of  Silurian  rock ;  the  whole  area  is  about  the  same  with  that  of 
the  Appalachian  coal  field.  A  third  covers  the  central  portion  of  Michigan,  not  far  from  5000  sq. 
m.  in  area.  Besides  these,  there  is  a  smaller  coal  region  (a  fourth)  in  Rhode  Island,  which  crops 
out  across  the  north  end  of  the  island  of  Rhode  Island,  and  appears  to  the  northward  as  far 
as  Mansfield,  Massachusetts.  The  total  area  of  coal  measures  in  the  United  States  is  about 
125,OuO  sq.  m. 

Out  of  the  borders  of  the  United  States,  on  the  northeast,  commences  a  fifth  coal  area,  that 
of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  which  covers,  in  connection  with  that  of  Newfoundland, 
18,000  sq.  m.,  or  f  the  whole  area  of  these  provinces. 

The  mines  of  western  Pennsylvania  commencing  with  those  of  the  Blossburg  basin,  Tioga  Co., 
those  of  the  States  west,  and  those  of  Cumberland  or  Frostburg,  Maryland,  Richmond  or  Ches- 
terfield, Va.,  and  other  mines  south,  are  bituminous.  Those  of  eastern  Pennsylvania  constituting 
several  detached  areas — one.  the  Schuylkill  coal  field,  on  the  south,  worked  principally  at  Mauch 
Chunk  on  the  Lehigh,  and  at  PottsviUe  on  the  Schuylkill — another,  the  Wyoming  coal  field, 
worked  at  Carbondale,  in  the  Lackawanna  region,  and  near  Wyoming,  besides  others  interme- 
diate— those  of  Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts,  and  some  patches  in  Virginia,  are  anthracites. 
Cannel  coal  is  found  near  Greensburg,  Beaver  Co.,  Pa.,  in  Kenawha  Co.,  Va.,  at  Peytona,  etc. ; 
also  in  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Indiana ;  but  part  of  the  so-called  cannel  is  a  coaly 
shale. 

In  England,  the  principal  coal  fields  are  the  Manchester  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire;  the 
Great  Central  of  South  Yorkshire,  Nottingham,  and  Derby ;  that  of  South  Wales,  Glamorgan- 
shire, etc. ;  the  Newcastle  field  of  northern  England.  In  Scotland,  a  range  of  beds  extends 
across  from  the  Firth  of  Forth  to  the  Firth  of  Clyde ;  whole  area  1G50  sq.  m.  In  Ireland,  the 
three  are  the  Limerick  fields  about  the  mouth  of  the  Shannon,  the  Kilkenny  fields  to  the  east- 
ward, and  that  of  Ulster  on  the  north.  Cannel  coal  occurs  in  Great  Britain  at  Lesmahago  in 
Lanarkshire,  about  20  m.  from  Glasgow ;  also  near  Wigau  in  Lancashire,  and  West  Wemyss  in 
Fyfe. 

Mineral  coal  occurs  in  France,  in  small  basins,  88  in  number,  and  covering  in  ah1,  according  to 
Taylor,  T|y  of  the  whole  surface.  The  most  important  are  the  basin  of  the  Loire,  between  the 
Loire  and  the  Rhone,  arid  that  of  Valenciennes  on  the  north,  adjoining  Belgium.  In  Belgium,  it 
occupies  a  western  and  eastern  division,  the  western  hi  the  provinces  of  Namur  and  Hainault, 
and  the  eastern  extending  over  Liege. 


760  HYDEOCAEBON  COMPOUNDS. 

Brown  coal  comes  from  coal  beds  more  recent  than  those  of  the  Carboniferous  age.  But  much 
of  this  more  recent  coal  is  not  distinguishable  from  other  bituminous  coals.  The  coal  of  Ridi- 
mond,  Virginia,  is  supposed  to  be  of  the  Liassicor  Triassic  era;  the  coal  of  Brora,  in  Sutherland, 
and  of  Bovey,  Yorkshire,  is  Oolitic  in  age.  Tertiary  coal  occurs  on  the  Cowlitz.  in  Oregon 
(anal.  14),  and  in  many  places  over  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  a  "  Lig- 
nitic  formation  "  is  very  widely  distributed ;  but  it  is  rarely  in  beds  of  economical  importance. 

The  coal  known  to  the  Greeks  and  Romans  was  probably  brown  coal.  The  first  sentence,  in 
the  synonymy,  from  Aristotle  evidently  alludes  to  mineral  coal  of  some  kind ;  and  the  first  of  the 
two  cited  from  Theophrastus  (a  favorite  pupil  of  Aristotle)  refers  to  a  similar  substance,  and  per- 
haps the  same  specimens.  The  locality  of  the  latter,  Liguria  (or  northwestern  Italy  along  the 
Mediterranean),  where,  he  adds,  there  also  is  amber,  may  be  taken  with  some  freedom,  as  articles 
brought  by  vessels  trading  with  Ligurian  ports,  even  though  coming  from  French  ports  beyond, 
might  be  referred  to  Liguria.  Elis,  on  the  way  to  Olympias,  is  given  as  another  locality.  The 
sentence  ends  with  the  statement  that  "  these  coals  are  used  by  the  smiths,"  showing  that  the 
value  of  the  substance  as  fuel  was  well  understood  at  the  time  (4th  century  B.C.).  Theophrastus  says 
further,  that  it  will  continue  to  burn  as  long  as  any  one  blows  it,  but  on  stopping  it  deadens,  but 
may  be  made  to  burn  again ;  and  that  it  burns  with  a  strong  disagreeable  odor.  The  second  cita- 
tion from  each,  Aristotle  and  Theophrastus,  relates  to  a  similar  coal.  The  locality,  in  Thrace, 
identifies  it  with  the  Thrac.ian  stone  of  Dioscorides  and  Pliny,  the  locality  of  which,  according  to 
the  former  (from  Aristotle),  was  at  Sintia,  on  the  river  Pontus  (on  the  Macedonian  border  of 
Thracia,  to  the  west  of  the  present  Constantinople).  According  to  Dioscorides  and  Pliny  (quot- 
ing further  in  part  from  Aristotle's  "  Wonderful  Things  heard  of"),  water  would  make  the  Thra- 
cian  stone  to  burn,  and  oil  extinguish  it ;  which  is  either  altogether  a  fable,  or  a  partial  truth 
based  on  somebody's  observation  that  masses  or  piles  of  impure  pyritiferous  coal  will  become 
hot,  and  sometimes  ignited,  in  consequence  of  being  wet.  Aristotle  mentions  its  bituminous 
odor  when  burning. 

The  Gagaies  (whence  our  word  jet)  occurred,  according  to  Dioscorides  and  Pliny,  at  Gagas  or 
Gages,  a  place  in  Lycia  (Asia  Minor).  The  former  describes  it  as  black,  smooth,  and  combustible, 
to  which  Pliny  adds,  that  it  was  light,  and  looked  much  like  wood,  and  that  it  emitted  a  disagree- 
able odor  when  rubbed,  and  burned  with  the  smell  of  sulphur.  It  was,  in  part  at  least,  true  lig- 
nite. Lignite  is  common  in  Syria,  in  the  rocks  of  Mt.  Lebanon,  as  near  Beirut ;  and  beds  of  coal 
have  been  recently  opened  in  Asia  Minor. 

Some  of  the  works  or  memoirs  on  coal  economically  considered  are  the  following :  Report  to 
Congress  on  Coals,  by  W.  R.  Johnson,  1844;  Statistics  of  Coal,  by  R.  C.  Taylor,  8vo,  2d.  ed., 
Philadelphia,  1855;  Report  to  the  British  Government  on  Coals,  by  De  la  Beche  &  Playfair, 
1851 ;  Ronalds  &  Richardson's  Chemical  Technology,  Vol.  I.  on  Fuel  and  its  Applications,  London, 
1855;  Percy's  Metallurgy,  London,  1861;  Chem.  Unters.  d.  Steinkohlen  Sachsen's,  by  W.  Stein, 
Leipzig,  1857 ;  Die  Steinkohlen  Deutschland's  und  anderer  Lander  Europa's,  etc.,  by  Geinitz, 
Fleck  &  Hartig,  3  vols.,  4to,  Miincheu,  1865. 


TJNOLAS8IFIED   SPECIES.  761 


SPECIES  OF  UNCERTAIN  PLACE  IN  THE  SYSTEM. 


832.  AZORITE.    New  mineral  from  the  Azores  /.  R  Teschemacher,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  iii.  32, 1847. 

Azorite  Dana,  this  Min.,  396,  681,  1850. 

Tetragonal.  In  minute  octahedrons,  with  the  basal  edges  replaced; 
angle  of  pyramid  (by  reflective  goniometer)  123°  15',  M  A  e=133°  40'. 
Cleavage  none. 

H.=4r— 4*5.  Translucent  to  opaque.  White,  with  a  faint  greenish-yel- 
low tinge,  or  colorless.  Vitreous  in  fracture. 

Comp. — According  to  A.  A.  Hayes,  columbate  of  lime.  B.B.  infusible  ;  smaller  crystals  become 
opaque  white ;  larger  in  outer  flame  reddish,  and  light  yellow  in  inner.  With  borax,  on  platinum 
wire,  dissolves  with  extreme  slowness  and  difficulty  to  a  transparent  globule,  sometimes  faint 
greenish ;  with  more  borax  opaque  on  flaming.  With  salt  of  phosphorus  slowly  dissolved,  pro- 
ducing a  faint  green  color. 

Obs. — Prom  the  Azores,  in  an  albitic  rock,  along  with  black  tourmaline  and  pyrrhite.  First 
distinguished  and  described  by  J.  E.  Teschemacher.  The  largest  crystal  seen  was  but  1^  lines  in 
diameter.  There  is  some  resemblance  in  form  to  cryptolite  (p.  529),  but  a  re-examination  of  the 
species  by  Mr.  Hayes  corroborates  his  first  announcement  that  the  mineral  contains  neither  cerium 
nor  phosphoric  acid. 

The  angle  123°  15'  is  near  that  of  zircon,  and  it  is  possible  that  it  is  that  species.  ButTesche- 
macher  says  of  its  hardness,  that  "it  just  scratches  fluor  spar." 

833.  BREWSTERLINITE.    A  new  fluid  in  the  cavities  of  minerals  D.  Br&wster,  Ed.  Phil. 
J.,  ix.  1823;  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edinb.,  x.  1,  407,  1826;  Am.  J.  Sci.,  vii.  186,  1824,  xii.  214  (with  a 
plate),  1827  ;  Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  xxv.  174,  1863.    Brewsterline  Dana,  Min.,  559,  1850;  Brewsto- 
line,  ib.,  471,  1854. 

In  a  vacuum  (or  as  it  occurs  in  the  cavities  of  crystals)  a  colorless  trans- 
parent fluid,  adhering  but  slightly  to  the  enclosing  mineral,  and  hence 
very  voluble ;  expanding  about  one-fourth  with  an  increase  of  16§°  C.  (30° 
F.),  or  between  10°  and  27°  C.  (50°  and  80°  F.),  21  times  more  expansible 
than  water  ;  index  of  refraction  1*2106,  for  the  fluid  from  an  amethyst  from 
Siberia ;  1*1311  for  a  kind  from  a  topaz  ;  boiling  point  in  a  vacuum  from 
23°  to  29°  C.  (74°  to  84°  F.),  the  fluid  filling  the  cavities  with  the  warmth 
of  the  hand  or  mouth. 

On  exposure  to  the  air  undergoes  rapid  movements,  spreading  over  the 
surface  and  contracting  again,  and  then  dries  to  separate  particles  or  grains, 
which  are  lustrous  and  appear  to  be  opaque,  but  are  transparent  by  trans- 
mitted light ;  by  the  approach  of  moisture,  even  the  moisture  of  the  hand, 
even  after  being  dry  for  some  days,  becomes  liquid  again,  and  renews  its 
rapid  movements.  Soluble  without  effervescence  in  sulphuric,  nitric,  and 
muriatic  acids.  Volatilized  by  heat. 

Comp. — Unknown.  The  effect  of  moisture  on  the  dry  grains  shows  that  the  substance  is  not 
one  of  the  hydrocarbon  oils,  or  a  resin. 

Obs.— Occurs  in  cavities  of  topaz  crystals  from  Brazil,  Scotland  and  Australia,  of  chrysoberyl, 
of  quartz  crystals  from  Quebec,  amethyst  from  Siberia,  and  first  described  by  Sir  David  Brewster. 


762  UNCLASSIFIED   SPECIES. 

The  cavities  are  mostly  microscopic,  but  occasionally  £  in.  across,  or  even  larger.  They  are  gen- 
erally arranged  in  layers,  and  are  sometimes  counted  by  thousands  in  a  single  crystal.  Brewster 
counted  30,uOO  in  a  chrysoberyl  4-  in.  square.  The  strata  run  irregularly  with  reference  to  the 
symmetry  of  the  crystal,  often  intersect  one  another,  and  are  sometimes  curved  ;  it  is  rare  that 
3  or  4  strata  are  parallel.  The  very  low  refracting  power,  less  than  that  of  water,  is  a  remarka- 
ble character  of  the  fluid  (the  refraction  index  of  water  being  1'336  ;  of  alcohol  1-361  ;  of  ether 
1-358).  The  fluid  from  a  quartz  crystal  from  Quebec,  which  exploded  with  much  force  when 
heated,  had  a  disagreeable  taste. 

In  his  original  memoir  Brewster  states  that  the  fluid  was  32  times  more  expansible  than  water, 
but  in  the  later  reference  to  it  in  1863  (Phil.  Mag.,  1.  c.)  makes  it  21  times. 

The  lower  index  of  refraction,  1-1311,  obtained  for  the  fluid  of  a  topaz,  is  so  much  below  the 
other,  1-2106,  that  it  may  indicate  a  distinct  species. 

834.  CRYPTOLINITE.    A  new  fluid,  etc.,  Brewster  (see  for  ref.,  BBEWSTERLINITE).    Crypto- 

line  Dana,  Min.,  559,  1850. 

A  colorless  transparent  fluid,  as  observed  in  the  cavities  of  crystals,  like 
brewsterlinite,  but  more  dense  ;  adhering  like  water  to  the  enclosing  sur- 
faces ;  expansibility  about  that  of  water  ;  index  of  refraction  1*2946.  Not 
soluble  in,  or  a  solvent  of,  brewsterlinite,  the  two,  when  occurring  together, 
not  being  miscible. 

On  exposure  to  the  air  hardens  speedily  to  a  resin-like  substance  ;  bril- 
liant in  lustre  ;  yellowish  ;  transparent  ;  absorbent  of  moisture,  but  much  less 
so  than  brewsterlinite  ;  insoluble  in  water  and  alcohol  ;  rapidly  dissolved 
with  effervescence  by  sulphuric  acid,  and  soluble  also  in  nitric  and  muri- 
atic acids  ;  not  volatilized  by  heat. 

Oomp.  —  Nothing  is  known. 

Obs.  —  Occurs  in  the  same  crystals,  and  generally  the  same  cavities,  with  brewsterlinite.  This 
denser  of  the  two  fluids,  according  to  Brewster,  occupies  the  angles  of  the  cavities,  or  the  necks 
or  narrow  passages  which  unite  two  or  more  large  cavities,  while  the  other  rarer  fluid  floats  on  it, 
and  fills  the  rest  of  the  cavity,  excepting  a  circular  vacuity,  occupied  only  by  this  fluid  in  the 
gaseous  state,  if  at  all. 

835.  HESSENBERGITE.  Hessenbergit  Kenng.,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen,  1863,  ii.  230.    Sideroxen 

Hessenb.,  Min.  Not.,  No.  7,  1866. 

Monoclinic.  (7=89°  53'=  0  A  i-i  ;  7  A  7=59°  27',  0  A  £4=152°  20J'  ; 
ail:  c=0-59843  :  1  :  0-570967.  Observed  planes  :  0  ;  vertical,  L  i-i,  i\ 
£3,  £9  ;  clinodome,  £4  ;  hemidomes,  1-^,  |-^,  3-i,  -i-i  ;  hemioctahedral, 
f3- 

0  A  7=90°  3J'          £3  A  £3=119°  27'          i-i  A  %4,  calc.,=126°  43' 
0  A  £3=90  6  i-i  A  3-fcl50  51  i-i  A  «,  obs.,=127  35 

O  A  -1-^=149  8  7A  14=150 


Simple  crystals  unknown.     Twins:   composition  -face  -l-i  :   7  A  7=150° 
39^,  i-i  A  £^=118°  '2',  0  A  0=61°  44f. 

H.=7—  7'5.     Lustre  adamantine.     Colorless,  bluish.     Transparent. 

Comp.—  A  silicate  of  undetermined  constituents. 

Pyr.,  etc  —  In  a  closed  tube  yields  no  water,  and  is  unchanged.  In  the  platinum  forceps  whitens, 
but  does  not  fuse.  In  borax  melts  without  intumescence.  Heated  with  cobalt  solution  becomes 
gray.  No  action  from  muriatic  acid. 


ai  imPlanted  on  crystals  of  hematite  (Eisenrose)  at  Mt.  Mbia,  west  of  the  Hospice  of 

St.  Gothard.    The  habit  a  little  after  that  of  euclase. 


UNCLASSIFIED   SPECIES.  763 

Named  after  F.  Hessenberg,  the  crystallographer,  of  Frankfort  on  the  Main. 

836.  PARATHORITE.     Thorite  Shep.,  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.,  ii.  321,  1850.     Parathorite  Shep., 
Min.,  287,  1857  ;  Dana,  Brush,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxiv.  124,  1857. 

Orthorhombic.  In  minute  rectangular  and  rhombic  prisms,  with  the 
planes  I,  i-l,  i4  ;  /A  7—128°,  /A  i4=HQ°. 

H.=:5— 5*5.  Lustre  subresinous.  Color  garnet-red  to  pitch-black  ;  thin 
edges  of  black  crystals  with  a  ruby  translucence,  a  little  like  rutile.  Trans- 
lucent to  opaque. 

Comp.,  Pyr,,  etc. — In  the  matrass  decrepitates  slightly,  but  does  not  appear  to  contain  water. 
B.B.  in  the  platinum  forceps  glows,  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges,  and  becomes  paler.  In  borax 
dissolves  to  a  bead,  which  is  yellow,  from  iron,  wliile  hot.  and  becomes  colorless  on  cooling.  With 
salt  of  phosphorus  gives  in  the  outer  flame  a  bead,  yellow  while  hot  and  colorless  on  cooling.  In 
the  inner  flame  the  bead  assumes  a  delicate  violet  color  (due  to  titanic  acid  ?),  Brush. 

Obs. — Occurs  imbedded  in  danburite  and  orthoclase,  and  only  in  very  minute  crystals,  at  Dan- 
bury,  Ct. 

Shepard  made  the  crystallization  erroneously  tetragonal.  There  are  also  other  discrepancies  in 
his  description,  which  might  lead  to  the  supposition  that  the  mineral  here  described  is  a  different 
mineral  from  Shepard's ;  but  the  evidence  to  the  contrary  is  complete. 

837.  PYRRHITB.     G.  Rose,  Pogg.,  xlviii.  562,  1840. 

Isometric  ;  in  octahedrons.     Cleavage  not  observed. 

H.=6.     Lustre  vitreous.     Color  orange-yellow.     Subtranslucent. 

Pyr.,  etc. — B.B.  infusible,  but  blackens,  and  colors  the  flame  deep  yellow.  In  fragments  diffi- 
cultly soluble  in  salt  of  phosphorus,  but  in  fine  powder  it  is  readily  taken  up  by  this  salt,  as  well 
as  by  borax,  forming  a  clear  glass  when  cold  if  only  a  small  portion  is  used,  while  if  saturated  it 
is  yellowish-green,  becoming  somewhat  more  intense  in  R.F.  Fused  with  soda  on  charcoal,  it 
spreads  out  and  is  absorbed  by  the  coal,  giving  a  slight  white  coating,  somewhat  resembling  oxyd 
of  zinc ;  it  yields  no  metallic  spangles  when  the  surface  of  the  coal  is  removed  and  rubbed  in  the 
mortar.  Insoluble  in  muriatic  acid  (G-.  Rose). 

Obs. — Pyrrhite  was  found  by  von  Perovski  of  St.  Petersburg  at  Alabaschka,  near  Mursinskin 
the  Ural,  where  it  occurs  in  drusy  feldspar  cavities,  containing  also  lepidolite,  albite,  and  topaz. 
The  largest  crystal  was  but  three  lines  long. 

Named  from  nvpfa,  yellowish-red  or  fire-like. 

With  this  species  J.  E.  Teschemacher  identifies  small  orange-red,  monometric  octahedrons, 
found  with  albite  at  the  Azores  (J.  Nat.  H.  Bost.,  iv.  499,  1844 ;  Proc.  id.,  ii.  108,  1846).  along 
with  tetragonal  octahedrons  of  azorite  (p.  761).  The  crystals  are  a  half  to  two  lines  long,  and 
those  of  minute  size  are  transparent. 

According  to  chemical  and  blowpipe  trials  by  A.  A.  Hayes  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  ix.  423)  on  speci- 
mens furnished  him  by  Mr.  Teschemacher,  these  crystals  consist  of  columbate  of  zirconia,  colored 
apparently  by  oxyds  of  iron,  uranium,  and  manganese. 

B.B.  in  the  forceps,  on  the  first  impulse  of  the  heat,  becomes  darker,  and  the  fine  orange  color 
returns  on  cooling,  even  if  the  heat  has  been  high ;  at  the  melting  point  of  cast  iron,  in  the 
reduction  flame,  the  flame  becomes  permanently  darker  and  brown.  With  borax  (6  parts  to  1  of 
assay)  it  dissolves,  and  affords  a  clear  colorless  glass,  which  becomes  instantly  opaline  or 
opaque  on  flaming;  transferred  to  the  oxydating  flame  becomes  opaque.  With  salt  of  phos- 
phorus (in  the  same  proportion)  in  the  inner  flame  gives  a  clear  glass,  and  when  reduced  the 
glass  is  green;  but  in  the  outer  becomes  yeUow.  With  a  little  more  of  assay  the  glass 
remains  clear.  With  soda  (12  parts  to  1  of  assay)  dissolves;  some  clear  portions  are  seen  in 
the  globule  while  hot,  but  on  cooling  opacity  precedes  the  crystallization  of  the  globule ;  finally 
a  gray-brown  slag  remains,  which,  cooled  from  the  outer  flame,  has  a  green  color,  indicating 
oxyd  of  manganese.  Decomposed  by  much  soda,  and  the  resulting  mass,  heated  with  nitric  acid, 
gives  a  heavy,  white,  insoluble  powder,  which  with  boiling  water  takes  a  white  flocculent  form ; 
the  powder  exhibited  all  the  characters  of  columbic  acid  (?).  The  acid  solution,  when  mixed  with 
carbonate  of  ammonia,  remains  clear ;  heated,  some  oxyd  of  iron  falls,  and  the  fluid  is  light 


764  UNCLASSIFIED   SPECIES. 

yellow ;  with  oxalic  acid,  a  white  earth  separates,  which,  heated  with  sulphuric  acid  to  destroy 
the  oxalic  acid,  dissolves,  and  the  fluid  forms  with  potash,  before  complete  neutralization,  a 
white  double  salt,  which  has  the  characters  of  that  from  zirconia,  but  may  also  contain  oxyd 
of  cerium.  The  oxalate,  when  first  formed,  did  not  afford,  when  heated,  the  cinnamon-brown 
color  characteristic  of  deutoxyd  of  cerium.  The  extremely  small  amount  of  the  mineral  under 
examination  forbids  the  expression  of  certainty  respecting  the  base.  Although  inclining  to  the 
opinion  of  the  existence  of  cerium  in  the  mineral,  from  the  red  color  of  the  crystals,  Mr.  Hayes 
observes  that  he  obtained  no  positive  proof  on  this  point. 

834.  ALUBGITE.     Alurgit  Breith.,  B.  H.  Ztg.,  xxiv.  336. 

Massive,  consisting  of  scales, -rarely  having  an  hexagonal  outline.  Cleavage  :  basal  eminent, 
as  in  mica 

H. =2-25— 3.  G.=2-984— 3.  Lustre  pearly  to  vitreous.  Color  purple  to  cochineal-red;  in 
thinnest  plates  rose-red ;  streak  rose-red.  Transparent  to  translucent.  Optically  uniaxial. 

Contains  much  manganese. 

Occurs  with  manganese  ores  at  St.  Marcel  in  Piedmont. 

Named  from  dXowpyoV,  purple. 


AMERICAN   LOCALITIES.  765 


CATALOGUE    OF    AMERICAN    LOCALITIES    OF 

MINERALS. 


The  following  catalogue  may  aid  the  mineralogical  tourist  in  selecting  his  routes  and  arranging 
the  plan  of  his  journeys.  Only  important  localities,  affording  cabinet  specimens,  are  in  general 
included  ;  and  the  names  of  those  minerals  which  are  obtainable  in  good  specimens  are  distinguished 
by  italics.  When  a  name  is  not  italicized  the  mineral  occurs  only  sparingly  or  of  poor  quality. 
When  the  specimens  to  be  procured  are  remarkably  good,  an  exclamation  mark  (!)  is  added,  or  two 
of  these  marks  (!  1)  when  the  specimens  are  quite  unique.  The  more  exact  position  of  localities 
may  in  most  instances  be  ascertained  by  reference  to  the  descriptions  of  the  species  in  the  pre- 
ceding part  of  the  Treatise. 

For  the  facts  included  the  country  is  especially  indebted  to  the  various  Geological  Reports  of 
the  several  States,  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  and  the  Journals  or  Transactions  of  the  dif- 
ferent Scientific  Societies  or  Academies.  The  author  is  under  special  obligations,  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  Catalogue  for  this  edition  of  the  Mineralogy,  to  W.  W.  JEFFERIS,  Esq.,  of  Westchester, 
Pa.,  Prof.  0.  U.  SHEPARD,  Prof.  A.  E.  VERRILL,  Dr.  J.  S.  NEWBERRY,  Prof.  WM.  P.  BLAKE,  Prof. 
WM.  H.  BREWER,  Dr.  F.  A.  GENTH,  Prof.  B.  SILLIMAN,  Prof.  0.  C.  MARSH,  Prof.  A.  WINCHELL,  Dr. 
GEORGE  SMITH,  of  Upper  Darby,  Pa.,  Dr.  T.  R.  RAND,  of  Philadelphia, 

MAINE. 

ALBANY. — Beryl !  green  and  black  tourmaline,  feldspar,  rose  quartz,  rutile. 

AROOSTOOK.— Red  hematite. 

BATH. — Idocrase,  garnet,  magnetite,  graphite. 

BETHEL. — Cinnamon  garnet,  calcite,  sphene,  beryl,  pyroxene,  hornblende,  epidote,  graphite,  talc, 
pyrite,  mispickel,  magnetite,  wad. 

BINGHAM. — Massive  pyrite,  galenite,  blende,  andalusite. 

BLUE  HILL  BAY. — Arsenical  iron,  molybdenite!  galenite,  apatite !  fluorite t  black  tourmaline  (Long 
Cove),  black  oxyd  of  manganese  (Osgood's  farm),  rhodonite,  bog  manganese,  wolframite. 

BOWDOIN. — Rose  Quartz. 

BOWDOINHAM.— Beryl,  molybdenite. 

BRUNSWICK. —  Green  mica,  garnet!  black  tourmaline!  molybdenite,  epidote,  calcite,  muscovite, 
feldspar,  beryl. 

BUCKFIELD. — Garnet  (estates  of  Waterman  and  Lowe),  iron  ore,  muscovite!  magnetite. 

CAMDAGE  FARM. — (Near  the  tide  mills),  molybdenite,  wolframite. 

CAMDEX. — Made,  galenite,  epidote,  black  tourmaline,  pyrite,  talc,  magnetite. 

CARMEL  (Penobscot  Co.). — Stibnite,  pyrite,  made. 

CORINNA. — Pyrite,  arsenical  pyrites. 

DEER  ISLE. — Serpentine,  verd-antique,  asbestus,  diallage,  magnetite. 

DEXTER. — Galenite,  pyrite,  blende,  chalcopyrite,  green  talc. 

DIXFIELD. — Native  copperas,  graphite. 

FARMINGTON. — (Norton's  ledge),  pyrite,  graphite,  bog  ore,  garnet,  staurolite. 

FREEPORT. — Rose  quartz,  garnet,  feldspar,  scapolite,  graphite,  muscovite. 

FRYEBURG.—  Garnet,  beryl. 

GEORGETOWN. — (Parker's  island),  beryl!  black  tourmaline. 

GREENWOOD. — Graphite,  black  manganese,  beryl !  mispickel,  cassiterite,  mica,  rose  quartz,  garnet, 
corundum,  albite,  zircon,  molybdenite,  magnetite,  copperas. 

HEBRON.—  Cassiterite,  mispickel,  idocrase,  lepidolite,  amblygonite,  rubellite  I  indicolite,  green  tour- 
maline, mica,  beryl,  apatite,  albite,  childrenite,  cookeite. 

JEWELL'S  ISLAND. — Pyrite. 

KATAHDIN  IRON  WORKS  — Bog  iron  ore,  pyrite,  magnetite,  quartz. 

LETTER  E,  Oxford  Co. — Staurolite,  macle,  copperas. 

LJNNJBUS. — Hematite,  limonite,  pyrite,  bog-iron  ore. 

LITCHFIELD. — Sodalite,  cancrinite,  elceolite,  zircon,  spodumene,  muscovite,  pyrrhotite. 


706  AMERICAN   LOCALITIES. 

LUBEC  LEAD  MIXES.—  Galenite,  chalcopyrite,  blende. 

MACHIASPORT. — Jasper,  epidote,  laumontite. 

MADAWASKA  SETTLEMENTS. —  Vivianite. 

MINOT. — Beryl,  smoky  quartz.  . 

MONMOUTH. — Actinolite,  apatite,  elceolile,  zircon,  staurolite,  plumose  mica,  beryl,  rutue. 

MT.  ABRAHAM. — Andalusite,  staurolite. 

TSonwAT.—  ChrysoberyU  molybdenite,  beryl,  rose  quartz,  orthodase,  cinnamon  garnet. 

ORR'S  ISLAND. — Steatite,  garnet,  andalusite. 

OXFORD.—  Garnet,  beryl,  apatite,  wad,  zircon,  muscovite. 

PARIS. Green!  red!  black,  and  blue  tourmaline!  mica!  lepidolite!  feldspar,  albite,  quartz  crys- 
tals! rose  quartz,  cassiterite,  amblygonite,  zircon,  brookite,  beryl,  smoky  quartz,  spodumene,  cookeite, 
leucopyrite. 

PARSONSFIELD. — Idocrase!  yellow  garnet,  pargasite,  adularia,  scapolite,  galenite,  blende,  chalco- 

pyrite. 

PERU. —  Crystallized  pyrite. 

PHIPSBURG.—  Yellow  garnet !  manganesian  garnet,  idocrase,  pargasite,  axinite,  laumontiie!  chaba- 
zite,  an  ore  of  cerium  ? 

POLAND.— Idocrase,  smoky  quartz,  cinnamon  garnet. 

PORTLAND. — Prehnite,  actinolite,  garnet,  epidote,  amethyst,  calcite. 

POWNAL.— Black  tourmaline,  feldspar,  scapolite,  pyrite.  actinolite,  apatite,  rose  quartz. 

RAYMOND. — Magnetite,  scapolite,  pyroxene,  lepidolite,  tremolite,  hornblende,  epidote,  orthoclase, 
yellow  garnet,  pyrite,  idocrase. 

ROCKLAND. — Hematite,  tremolite,  quartz,  wad,  talc. 

RUMFOKD. —  Yellow  garnet,  idocrase,  pyroxene,  apatite,  scapolite,  graphite. 

RUTLAND. — Allanite. 

SANDY  RIVER, — Auriferous  sand. 

SANPORD,  York  Co. — Idocrase !  albite,  calcite,  molybdenite,  epidote,  black  tourmaline. 

SEARSMONT. — Andalusite,  tourmaline. 

SOUTH  BERWICK. — Made. 

STREAKED  MOUNTAIN. — Beryl!  black  tourmaline,  mica,  garnet. 

THOMASTON. —  Calcite,  tremolite,  hornblende,  sphene,  arsenical  iron  (Owl's  head),  black  manganese 
(Dodge's  mountain),  thomsonite,  talc,  blende,  pyrite,  galenite. 

TOPSHAM. —  Quartz,  galenite,  blende,  tungstite?  beryl,  apatite,  molybdenite. 

UNION. — Magnetite,  bog-iron  ore. 

WALES. — Axinite  in  boulder,  alum,  copperas. 

WA  TERVILLE. —  Crystallized  pyrite. 

WINDHAM  (near  the  bridge). — Staurolite,  spodumene,  garnet,  beryl,  amethyst,  cyanite,  tourma- 
line. 

WINTHROP.— Staurolite,  pyrite,  hornblende,  garnet,  copperas. 

WOODSTOCK. —  Graphite,  specular  iron,  prehnite,  epidote,  calcite. 

YORK. — Beryl,  vivianite,  oxyd  of  manganese. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

ACWORTH. — Beryl !  I  mica  !  tourmaline,  feldspar,  albite,  rose  quartz,  columbite  I 

ALSTEAD. — Mica!  I  albite,  black  tourmaline. 

AMHERST. — Idocrase  I  yellow  garnet,  pargasite,  calc  spar. 

BARTLETT. — Magnetite,  specular  iron,  brown  iron  ore  in  large  veins  near  Jackson  (on  "  Bald 
face  mountain  "),  quartz  crystals,  smoky  quartz. 

BATH. — Galenite,  chalcopyrite. 

BELLOWS  FALLS.— Cyanite. 

BENTON.— Quartz  crystals. 

CAMPTON.— Beryl! 

CANAAN. — Gold  in  pyrites. 

CHARLESTOWN. — Staurolite  m-acle,  andalusite  made,  bog-iron  ore. 

CORNISH.— Stibnite,  tetrahedrite,  rutile  in  quartz!  (rare). 

CROYDEN. — Mite  I 

EATON  (3  m.  S.  ot\—Gaknite,  blende!  chalcopyrite,  limonite  (Six  Mile  Pond). 

FRANCESTON. — Soapstone,  arsenical  pyrites. 

FRANCONIA.— Hornblende,  staurolite  I  epidote!  zoisite,  specular  iron,  magnetite,  black  and  red  man- 
ganesian garnets,  mispickel!  (danaite),  chalcopyrite,  molybdenite,  prehnite. 

GILFORD  (Gunstock  Mt.).— Magnetic  iron  ore,  native  "  lodestone." 

GOSHEN.—  Graphite,  black  tourmaline. 


AMERICAN   LOCALITIES.  767 

GRAFTON. — Mica!  (extensively  quarried  at  Glass  Hill,  2  m.  S.  of  Orange  Summit),  a'bite!  blue, 
green,  and  yellow  beryls!  (1  m.  S.  of  0.  Summit),  tourmaline,  garnets. 

GRANTHAM. —  Gray  staurolite  I 

HANOVER. —  Garnet,  a  boulder  of  quartz  containing  rutile!  black  tourmaline,  quartz. 

HAVERHILL. —  Garnet!  arsenical  pyrites,  native  arsenic,  galenite,  blende,  iron  and  copper  pyrites, 
magnetic  and  white  iron  pyrites. 

HILLSBORO'  (Campbell's  mountain). —  Graphite. 

HILLSDALE. — Rhodonite,  black  oxyd  of  manganese. 

JACKSON. — Drusy  quartz,  tin  ore,  arsenopyrite,  native  arsenic,  fluorite,  apatite,  magnetite,  molyb- 
denite, wolfram,  chalcopyrite,  arsenate  of  iron. 

JAFFREY  (Monadnock  Mt.).-—  Cyanite. 

KEENE. —  Graphite,  soapstone,  milky  quartz. 

LANDAFF. — Molybdenite,  lead  and  iron  ores. 

LEBANON. — Bog-iron  ore. 

LISBON.— Staurolite,  black  and  red  garnets,  granular  magnetite,  hornblende,  epidote,  zoisite,  specular 
iron. 

LYME — Cyanite  (N.W.  part),  black  tourmaline,  rutile,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite  (E.  of  E.  village), 
stibnite. 

MERRIMACK. — Rutile!  (in  gneiss  nodules  in  granite  vein). 

MOULTONBOROUGH  (Red  Hill). — Hornblende,  bog  ore,  pyrite,  tourmaline. 

NEWPORT. — Molybdenite. 

ORANGE.—  Slue  beryls!  Orange  Summit,  chrysoberyl,  mica  (W.  side  of  mountain). 

ORFORD. — Brown  tourmaline  (now  obtained  with  difficulty),  steatite,  rutile,  cyanite,  brown  iron 
ore,  native  copper,  malachite,  galenite. 

PELH  AM. — Steatite. 

PIERMONT. — Micaceous  iron,  barite,  green,  white,  and  brown  mica,  apatite. 

PLYMOUTH.— Columbite,  beryl 

RICHMOND. — lolite!  rutile,  steatite,  pyrite. 

RYE. — Made. 

SADDLEBACK  MT. — Black  tourmaline,  garnet,  spinel. 

SHELBURNE. —  Galenite,  black  blende,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  manganese. 

SPRINGFIELD. — Beryls  (very  large,  eight  inches  diameter),  manganesian  garnets  !  in  mica  slate, 
albite,  mica. 

SULLIVAN. — Tourmalines  (black),  in  quartz,  beryl? 

SURREY. — Amethyst,  calcite. 

SWANZEY  (near  Keene). — Magnetic  iron  (in  masses  in  granite). 

TAMWORTH  (near  White  Pond). — Galenite. 

UNITY  (estate  of  James  Neal). — Copper  and  iron  pyrites,  chlorophyllite,  green  mica,  radiated 
wtinolite,  garnet,  titaniferous  iron  ore,  magnetite. 

WALPOLE  (near  Bellows  Falls). — Made. 

WARREN. —  Chalcopyrite,  blende,  epidote,  quartz,  pyrite,  tremolite,  galenite,  rutile,  talc,  molybde- 
nite, cinnamon  stone  !  pyroxene. 

WESTMORELAND  (south  part). — Molybdenite!  apatite!  blue  feldspar,  bog  manganese  (north  vil- 
lage), quartz,  fluorite,  chalcopyrite,  oxyd  of  molybdenum  and  uranium. 

WHITE  MTS.  (notch  behind  "  old  Crawford's  house  "). — Green  octahedral  fluor,  quartz  crystals, 
black  tourmaline,  chiastolite. 

WILMOT. — Beryl. 

WINCHESTER. — Pyrolusite,  rhodochrosite,  psilomelane,  magnetite,  granular  quartz. 


VERMONT. 


ADDISON. — Iron  sand,  pyrite. 
ALBURGH. — Quartz  crystals  on  calcite,  pyrite. 
ATHENS. — Steatite,  rhomb  spar,  actinolite,  garnet. 
BALTIMORE, — Serpentine,  pyrites  I 
BARNET. — Graphite. 
BELVIDERE. — Steatite,  chlorite. 

BENNINGTON. — Pyrolusite,  brown  iron  ore,  pipe  clay,  yellow  ochre. 
BERKSHIRE. — Epidote,  hematite,  magnetite. 

BETHEL. — Actinolite  !  talc,  chlorite,  octahedral  iron,  rutile,  brown  spar  in  steatite. 
BRANDON. — Braunite,  pyrolusite,  psilomelane,  limonite,  lignite,  white  clay,  statuary  marble ; 
fossil  fruits  in  the  lignite,  graphite,  chalcopyrite. 


AMEKICAN   LOCALITIES. 
BRATTLEBOROUGH.-Black  tourmaline  in  quartz,  mica,  zoisite,  rutile,  actiuolite,  scapolite,  spodu- 
-Tak,  dolomite,  magnetite,  steatite,  chlorite,  gold,  native  copper,  blende,  galenite, 


blue  spinel,  chalcopyrite. 

BRISTOL.—  Rutile,  brown  hematite,  manganese  ores,  magnetite. 

BROOKFEELD.  —  Mispickel,  pyrite. 

CABOT.  —  Garnet,  staurolite,  hornblende,  albite. 

CASTLETON.—  Roofing  slate,  jasper,  manganese  ores,  chlorite. 

CAVENDISH.—  Garnet,  serpentine,  talc,  steatite,  tourmaline,  asbestus,  tremolite. 

CHESTER.  —  Asbestus.  feldspar,  chlorite,  quartz. 

CHITTENDEN.—  Psilomelane,  pyrolusite,  brown  iron  ore,  specular  and  magnetic  iron,  galenite, 

iolite. 

COLCHESTER.  —  Brown  iron  ore,  iron  sand,  jasper,  alum. 

CORINTH.—  Copper  pyrites  (has  been  mined),  pyrrhotite,  pyrite,  rutile,  quartz. 

COVENTRY.  —  Ehodonite. 

CRAFTSBURY.—  Mica  in  concentric  balls,  calcite,  rutile. 

DERBY.—  Mica  (adamsite}. 

DUMMERSTON.—  Rutile,  roofing  slate. 

FAIRHAVEN.  —  Roofing  slate,  pyrite. 

FLETCHER.  —  Pyrite,  octahedral  iron,  acicular  tourmaline. 

GRAFTON.  —  The  steatite  quarry  referred  to  Grafton  is  properly  in  Athens  ;  quartz,  actinolite. 

GUILFORD.  —  Scapolite,  rutile,  roofing  slate. 

HARTFORD.  —  Calcite,  pyrite  !  cyanite  in  mica  slate,  quartz,  tourmaline. 

IRASBURGH.  —  Rhodonite,  psilomelane. 

JAY.  —  Chromic  iron,  serpentine,  amianthus,  dolomite. 

LOWELL.  —  Picrosmine,  amianthus,  serpentine,  cerolite,  talc,  chlorite. 

MARLBORO'.  —  Rhomb  spar,  steatite,  garnet,  magnetite,  chlorite. 

MENDON.  —  Octahedral  iron  ore. 

MIDDLEBURY.  —  Zircon. 

MIDDLESEX.—  Rutile!  (exhausted). 

MONKTON.  —  Pyrolusite,  brown  iron  ore,  pipe  clay,  feldspar. 

MORETOWN.  —  Smoky  quartz  !  steatite,  talc,  wad,  rutile,  serpentine. 

MORRISTOWN.  —  Galenite. 

MOUNT  HOLLY.  —  Asbestus,  chlorite. 

NEW  FANE.  —  Glassy  and  asbestiform  actinolite,  steatite,  green  quartz  (called  chrysoprase  at  the 
locality),  chalcedony,  drusy  quartz,  garnet,  chromic  and  titanic  iron,  rhomb  spar,  serpentine,  "rutile. 

NORWICH.  —  Actinolite,  feldspar,  brown  spar  in  talc,  cyanite,  zoisite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite. 

PITTSFORD.  —  Brown  iron  ore,  manganese  ores. 

PLYMOUTH.  —  Spathic  iron,  magnetic  and  specular  iron,  both  in  octahedral  crystals,  gold, 
galenite. 

PLYMPTON.—  Massive  hornblende. 

PUTNEY.  —  Fluorite,  brown  iron  ore,  rutile,  and  zoisite,  in  boulders,  staurolite. 

READING.  —  Glassy  actinolite  in  talc. 

READSBORO'.  —  Glassy  actinolite,  steatite,  hematite. 

RFPTON.  —  Brown  iron  ore,  augite  in  boulders,  octahedral  pyrite. 

ROCHESTER.—  Rutile,  specular  iron  cryst,  magnetite  in  chlorite  slate. 

ROCKTNGHAM  (Bellows  Falls).  —  Cyanite,  indicolite,  feldspar,  tourmaline,  fluorite,  calcite,  prehm'te, 
staurolite. 

ROXBURY.  —  Dolomite,  talc,  serpentine,  asbestus,  quartz. 

RUTLAND.  —  Magnesite,  white  marble,  hematite,  serpentine,  pipe  clay. 

SALISBURY.  —  Brown  iron  ore. 

SHARON.  —  Quartz  crystals,  cyanite. 

SHOREHAM.  —  Pyrite,  black  marble,  calcite. 

SHREWSBURY.  —  Magnetite  and  chalcopyrite. 

STARKSBORO'.  —  Brown  iron  ore. 

STIRLING.  —  Chalcopyrite,  talc,  serpentine. 

STOCKBRIDGE.  —  Mispickel,  magnetic  iron  ore. 

STRAFFORD.—  Magnetite  and  chalcopyrite  (has  been  worked),  native  copper,  hornblende,  cop- 
peras. 

.—  Blende,  galenite,  cyanite;  chrysolite  in  basalt,  pyrrhotite,  feldspar,  roofing  slate, 


TOWNSHEND  —  Actinolite,  black  mica,  talc,  steatite,  feldspar. 

Tw?.—  Magnetite,  talo,  serpentine,  picrosmine,  amianthus,  steatite,  one  mile  southeast  of  village 
of  South  Troy,  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Pierce,  east  side  of  Missiscd,  chromic  iron  zaratite. 
VKRSHIBE.  —  Pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  tourmaline,  mispickel,  quartz. 


AMERICAN   LOCALITIES.  769 


WARDSBORO'. — Zoisite,  tourmaline,  tremolite,  hematite. 

WARREN. — Actinolite,  magnetite,  wad,  serpentine. 

WATERBURY. — Mispickel,  chalcopyrite,  rutile,  quartz,  serpentine. 

WATERVILLE. — Steatite,  actinolite,  talc. 

WEATHERSFIELD. — Steatite,  specular  iron,  pyrite,  treniolite. 

WELLS'  RIVER. — Graphite. 

WESTFIELD. — Steatite,  chromic  iron,  serpentine. 

WESTMINSTER.— Zoisite  in  boulders. 

WINDHAM. — Glassy  actinolite,  steatite,  garnet,  serpentine. 

WOODBURY. — Massive  pyrite. 

WOODSTOCK. —  Quartz  crystals,  garnet,  zoisite. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

ALFOED. — Galenite,  pyrite. 

ATHOL. — Allanite,  fibrolite,  (?)  epidote/  babingtonite  ? 

AUBURN. — Masonite. 

BARRE. — Rutile  I  mica,  pyrite,  beryl,  feldspar,  garnet. 

GREAT  BARRINGTON. — Tremolite. 

BEDFORD. —  Garnet. 

BELCHERTOWN. — Allanite. 

BEENAEDSTON. — Magnetite. 

BEVEELY.— Columbite,  green  feldspar,  cassiterite. 

BLANFOED. — Serpentine,  anthophyllite,  actinolite !  chromite,  cyanite,  rose  quartz  in  boulders. 

BOLTON. — Scapolite!  petalite,  sphene,  pyroxene,  nuttalite,  diopside,  boltonite,  apatite,  magnesite, 
rhomb  spar,  allanite,  yttrocerite  f  cerium  ochre  ?  (on  the  scapolite),  spinel. 

BOXBOROUGH. — Scapolite,  spinel,  garnet,  augite,  actinolite,  apatite. 

BRIGHTON. — Asbestus. 

BEIMFIELD  (road  leading  to  Warren). — lolite,  adularia,  molybdenite,  mica,  garnet. 

CARLISLE. — Tourmaline,  garnet!  scapolite,  actiuolite. 

CHARLESTOWN. — Prehnite,  laumontite,  stilbite,  chabazite,  quartz  crystals,  melanolite. 

CHELMSFORD. — Scapolite  (chelmsfordite),  chondrodite,  blue  spinel,  amianthus  I  rose  quartz. 

CHESTER. — Hornblende,  scapolite,  zoisite,  spodumene,  indicolite,  apatite,  magnetite,  chromite, 
stilbite,  heulandite,  analcite  and  chabazite;  at  the  Emery  Mine,  Chester  Factories. —  Corundum, 
margarite,  diaspore,  epidote,  corundophilite,  chloritoid,  tourmaline,  menaccanite!  rutile,  biotite, 
indianite?  andesite?  cyanite. 

CHESTERFIELD.—  El ue,  green,  and  red  tourmaline,  deavelandite  (albite),  lithia  mica,  smoky  quartz, 
microlite,  spodumene,  cyanite,  apatite,  rose  beryl,  garnet,  quartz  crystals,  staurolite,  cassiterite,  colum- 
bite,  zoisite,  uranite,  brookite  (eumanite),  scheelite,  anthophyllite,  bornite. 

CONWAY. — Pyrolusite,  fluorite,  zoisite,  rutile  1 1  native  alum,  galenite. 

CUMMINGTON. — Rhodonite!  cummingtonite  (hornblende),  marcasite,  garnet. 

DEDHAM. — Asbestus,  galenite. 

DEERFIELD. — Chabazite,  heulandite,  stilbite,  amethyst,  carnelian,  chalcedony,  agate. 

FITCHBURG  (Pearl  Hill). — Beryl,  staurolite  !  garnets,  molybdenite. 

FOXBOROUGH. — Pyrite,  anthracite. 

FRANKLIN. — Amethyst. 

GOSHEN. — Mica,  albite,  spodumene!  blue  and  green  tourmaline,  beryl,  zoisite,  smoky  quartz,  colum- 
bite,  tin  ore,  galenite,  beryl  (goshenite),  pihlite  (cymatolite). 

GREENFIELD  (in  sandstone  quarry,  half  mile  east  of  village). — Allophane,  white  and  greenish. 

HATFIELD. — Barite,  yellow  quartz  crystals,  galenite,  blende,  chalcopyrite. 

HAWLEY. — Micaceous  iron,  massive  pyrite,  magnetite,  zoisite. 

HEATH. — Pyrite,  zoisite. 

HINSD ALE. —Brown  iron  ore,  apatite,  zoisite. 

HUBBARDSTON. — Massive  pyrite. 

LANCASTER. — Cyanite,  chiastolite!  apatite,  staurolite,  pinite,  andalusite. 

LEE. — Tremolite  I  sphene  /  (east  part). 

LENOX. — Brown  hematite,  gibbsite  (?). 

LEVEEETT. — Barite.  galenite,  blende,  chalcopyrite. 

LEYDEN. — Zoisite,  rutile. 

LITTLETON. — Spinel,  scapolite,  apatite. 

LYNNFIELD.— Magnesite  on  serpentine. 

MARTHA'S  YINEYARD. — Brown  iron  ore,  amber,  selenite,  radiated  pyrite. 

MENDON.— Mica!  chlorite. 

49 


f^O  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES. 

MIDDLEPIELD.— Glassy  actinolite,  rhomb  spar,  steatite,  serpentine,  feldspar,  drusy  quartz,  apatite, 
zoisite,  nacrite,  chalcedony,  talc!  deweylite. 

MILBURY. —  Vermiculite. 

MONTAGUE. — Specular  iron. 

NEWBURY.— Serpentine,  chrysotile,  epidote,  massive  garnet,  sidente. 

NEWBURYPORT. — Serpentine,  nemalite,  uranite. 

NEW  BRAINTREE.— Black  tourmaline. 

NORWICH.—  Apatite  I   black  tourmaline,  beryl,  spodumene!   triphyhne  (altered),  blende,  quarts 
crystals,  cassiterite. 

NORTHFIELD.—  Columbite,  fibrolite,  cyanite. 

PALMER  (Three  Rivers).— Feldspar,  prehnite,  calc  spar. 

PELHAM. Asbestos,  serpentine,  quartz  crystals,  beryl,  molybdenite,  green  hornstone,  epidote,  ame- 
thyst. 

PLAINFIELD. — Cummingtonite,  pyrolusite,  rhodonite. 

RICHMOND. — Brown  iron  ore,  gibbsite  !  allophane. 

RocKPORT.—Danalite,  cryophyllite,  annite,  cyrtolite  (altered  zircon),  green  and  white  orthoclase. 

ROWE. — Epidote,  talc. 

SOUTH  ROY  ALSTON. — Beryl!!  (now  obtained  with  great  difficulty),  mica!  !  feldspar!  allanite. 
Four  miles  beyond  old  loc.,  on  farm  of  Solomon  Hey  wood,  mica!  beryl!  feldspar!  menaccanite. 

RUSSEL.— Schiller  spar  (diallage?),  mica,  serpentine,  beryl,  galenite,  chalcopyrite. 

SALEM. — In  a  boulder,  cancrinite,  sodalite,  elaeolite. 

SAUGUS. — Porphyry,  jasper. 

SHEFFIELD. — Asbestus,  pyrite,  native  alum,  pyrolusite. 

SHELBURNE. — Rutile. 

SHUTESBURY  (east  of  Locke's  Pond). — Molybdenite. 

SOUTHAMPTON. — Galenite,  cerussite,  anglesite,  wulfenite,  fluorite,  barite,  copper  and  iron  pyrites, 
'blende,  corneous  lead,  pyromorphite,  stolzite,  chrysocolla, 

STERLING. — Spodumene,  chiastolite,  spathic  iron,  mispickel,  blende,  galenite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite. 

STONEHAM. — Nephrite. 

STURBRIDGE. — Graphite.,  garnet,  apatite,  bog  ore. 

;SWAMPSCOT. —  Orthite,  feldspar. 

TAUNTON  (one  mile  south).— Paracolumbite  (titanic  iron). 

TURNER'S  FALLS  (Conn.  River). — Chalcopyrite,  prehnite,  chlorite,  chlorophceite,  spathic  iron,  mala- 
chite, magnetic  iron  sand,  anthracite. 

TYRINGHAM.— Pyroxene,  scapolite. 

UXBRIDGE. — Galenite.  > 

WARWICK. — Massive  garnet,  radiated  black  tourmaline,  magnetite,  beryl,  epidote. 

WASHINGTON.— Graphite. 

WESTFIELD. — Schiller  spar  (diallage),  serpentine,  steatite,  cyanite,  scapolite,  actinolite. 

WESTFORD. — Andalusite  I 

WEST  HAMPTON. — Galenite,  argentine,  pseudomorphous  quartz. 

WEST  SPRINGFIELD.— Prehnite,  ankerite,  satin  spar,  celestite,  bituminous  coal. 

WEST  STOCKBRIDGE. — Hematite,  fibrous  pyrolusite,  spathic  iron. 

WHATELY. — Native  copper,  galenite. 

WILLIAMSBDRG. — Zoisite,  pseudomorphous  quartz,  apatite,  rose  and  smoky  quartz,  galenite,  pyro- 
lusite, chalcopyrite. 

WILLIAMSTOWN.—  Cryst.  quartz. 

WINDSOR. — Zoisite,  actinolite,  rutik  ! 

^  WORCESTER.— Mispickel,  idocrase,  pyroxene,  garnet,  amianthus,  bucholzite,  spathic  iron,  gale- 
nite. 

WOBTHINGTON. — Cyanite. 

ZOAR,— Bitter  spar,  talc. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 
BRISTOL. — Amethyst. 
CRANSTON.— Actinolite  in  talc. 

CUMBERLAND.— Manganese,  epidote,  actinolite,  garnet,  titaniferous  iron,  magnetite,  red  hematite, 
•  chalcopyrite. 

FOSTER.— Cyanite. 

GLOUCESTER. — Magnetite  in  chlorite  slate. 

JOHBSON.— Talc,  brown  spar. 

.NATIOI — See  WARWICK. 

NEWPORT. — Serpentine. 

.PORTSMOUTH.— Anthracite,  graphite,  asbestus,  pyrite. 


AMERICAN   LOCALITIES.  77| 

SMITHFIELD. — Dolomite,  calcite,  litter  spar,  nacrite,  serpentine  (bowenite),  tremolite  asbestus 
quartz,  magnetic  iron  in  chlorite  slate,  talc  !  anatase. 
WARWICK  (Natic  village). — Masonite,  garnet,  graphite. 
WESTERLY. — Ilmenite. 


CONNECTICUT. 

BERLIN. — Barite,  datolite,  blende,  quartz  crystals. 

BOLTON. — Staurolite,  chalcopyrite. 

BRADLEYVILLE  (Litchfield). — Laumontite. 

RmSTOL.—Chalcocitet  chalcopyrite,  barite,  bornite,  talc,  allophane,  pyromorphite,  calcite,  mala- 
chite, galenite,  quartz. 

BROOKFIELD. — Galenite,  calamine,  blende,  spodumene,  pyrrhotite. 

CANAAN. — Tremolite  and  white  augite!  in  dolomite,  canaanite  (massive  pyroxene). 

CHATHAM. — Mispickel,  smaltite,  chloanthite  (chathamite),  scorodite,  niccolite,  beryl,  erythrite. 

CHESHIBE. — Barite,  dialcocite,  bornite  cryst.,  malachite,  kaolin,  uatrolite,  prehnite,  chabazite, 
datolite. 

CHESTER. — Sillimanite!  zircon,  epidote. 

CORNWALL. —  Graphite,  pyroxene,  actinolite,  sphene,  scapolite. 

DANBURY. — Danburite,  oligoclase,  moonstone,  brown  tourmaline,  orthoclase,  pyroxene,  para- 
thorite. 

FARMINGTON.— Prehnite,  chabazite,  agate,  native  copper. 

GRANBY. — Green  malachite. 

GREENWICH. — Black  tourmaline. 

HADDAM. —  ChrysoberyU  beryl!  epidote!  tourmaline!  feldspar,  garnet!  iolite!  oligoclase,  chlo- 
rophyllite  1  automolite,  magnetite,  adularia,  apatite,  columbite  I  zircon  (calyptolite),  mica,  pyrite, 
marcasite,  molybdenite,  allanite,  bismuth,  bismuth  ochre,  bismutite. 

HADLYME. — Chabazite  and  stilbite  in  gneiss,  with  epidote  and  garnet. 

HARTFORD. — Datolite  (Rocky  Hill  quarry). 

KENT. — Brown  iron  ore,  pyrolusite,  ochrey  iron  ore. 

LITCHFIELD. — Gyanite  with  corundum,  apatite,  and  andalusite,  menaccanite  (washingtonite),  chal- 
copyrite, diaspore,  niccoliferous  pyrrhotite,  margarodite. 

LYME. — Garnet,  suns  tone. 

MERIDEN. — Datolite. 

MIDDLEFIELD  FALLS. — Datolite,  chlorite,  etc.,  in  amygdaloid. 

MIDDLETOWN. — Mica,  lepidolite  with  green  and  red  tourmaline,  albite,  feldspar,  columbite!  preh- 
nite, garnet  (sometimes  octahedral),  beryl,  topaz,  uranite,  apatite,  pitchblende ;  at  lead  mine, 
galenite,  chalcopyrite,  blende,  quartz,  calcite,  fluorite,  pyrite,  sometimes  capillary. 

MILFORD. — Sahlite,  pyroxene,  asbestus,  zoisite,  verd-antique  marble,  pyrite. 

NEW  HAVEN. — Serpentine,  asbestus,  chromic  iron,  sahlite,  stilbite,  prehnite. 

NORWICH. — Sillimanite,  monazite!  zircon,  iolite,  corundum,  feldspar. 

OXFORD,  near  Humphreysville. — Cyanite,  chalcopyrite. 

PLYMOUTH. — Galenite,  heulandite,  fluorite,  chlorophyllite  !  garnet. 

ROARING  BROOK  (Cheshire). — Datolite  !  calcite,  prehnite,  saponite. 

READING  (near  the  line  of  Danbury). — Pyroxene,  garnet. 

ROXBURY. — Spathic  iron,  blende,  pyrite  !  !  galenite,  quartz,  chalcopyrite. 

SALISBURY. — Brown  iron  ore,  ochrey  iron,  pyrolusite,  triplite,  turgite. 

SAYBROOK. — Molybdenite,  stilbite,  plumbago. 

SIMSBURY. — Copper  glance,  green  malachite. 

SOUTHBURY. — Rose  quartz,  laumontite,  prehnite,  calc  spar,  heavy  spar. 

SOUTHINGTON. — Heavy  spar,  datolite,  asteriated  quartz  crystals. 

STAFFORD. — Massive  pyrites,  alum,  copperas. 

STONINGTON. — Stilbite  and  chabazite  on  gneiss. 

THATCHERSVILLE  (near  Bridgeport).— Stilbite  on  gneiss,  babbingtonite  ? 

TOLLAND. — Staurolite,  massive  pyrites. 

TRUMBULL  and  MONROE. — Chlorophane,  topaz,  beryl,  diaspore,  pyrrhotite,  pyrite,  scheelite,  wolf- 
ramite (pseudomorph  of  scheelite),  rutile,  native  bismuth,  tungstic  acid,  spathic  iron,  mispickel, 
argentiferous  galenite,  blende,  scapolite,  tourmaline,  garnet,  albite,  augite,  graphic  tellurium,  (?)  mar- 
garodite. 

WASHINGTON.— Triplite,  menaccanite!  (washingtonite  of  Shepard),  rhodochrosite, natrolite,  anda> 
lusite  (New  Preston),  cyanite. 

WATERTOWN,  near  the  Naugatuck  — White  sahlite,  monazite. 

WEST  FARMS. — Asbestus. 


AMERICAN   LOCALITIES. 


WILLIM  ANTIC.  —  Topaz,  monazite,  ripidolite. 
WINCHESTER  and  WILTON.—  Asbestus,  garnet. 


NEW  YORK. 

ALBANY  CO  -BETHLEHEM.—  Calcite,  stalactite,  stalagmite,  calcareous  sinter,  snowy  gypsum 
COEYMAN'S  LANDiNG.-Gypsum,  epsom  salt,  quartz  crystals  at  Crystal  Hill,  three  miles  south  of 

^GuiLDERLAND.-Petroleum,  anthracite,  and  calcite,  on  the  banks  of  the  Norman's  Kill,  two  miles 

south  of  Albany. 
WATERVLIET.—  Quartz  crystals,  yellow  drusy  quartz. 

ALLEGHANY  CO.—  CUBA.—  Calcareous  tufa,  petroleum,  3£  miles  from  the  village. 
CATTARAUGUS  CO.—  FREEDOM.—  Petroleum. 

CAYUGA  CO.—  AUBURN.—  Celestite,  calcite,  fluor  spar,  epsomite. 

CAYUGA  LAKE.  —  Sulphur. 

LUDLOWVILLE.  —  Epspmite. 

UNION  SPRINGS.  —  Selenite,  gypsum. 

SPRINGPORT.  —  At  Thompson's  plaster  beds,  sulphur  I  selemte. 

SPRINGVILLE.  —  Nitrogen  springs. 

CLINTON  CO.—  ARNOLD  IRON  MINE.—  Magnetite,  epidote,  molybdenite. 
FINCH  ORE  BED.  —  Galcite,  green  and  purple  fluor. 

CHATAUQUE  CO.  —  FREDONIA.  —  Petroleum,  carburetted  hydrogen. 
LAONA.  —  Petroleum. 
SHERIDAN.  —  Alum. 

COLUMBIA  CO.  —  AUSTERLITZ.  —  Earthy  manganese,  wulfenite,  chalcocite  ;  Livingston  lead  mine, 
vitreous  silver  ? 

CHATHAM.  —  Quartz,  pyrite  in  cubic  crystals  in  slate  (Hillsdale). 

CANAAN.  —  Chalcocite,  chalcopyrite. 

HUDSON.  —  Epidote,  selenite  I 

NEW  LEBANON.  —  Nitrogen  springs,  graphite,  anthracite  ;  at  the  Ancram  lead  mine,  galenite,  barite, 
bknde,  wulfenite  (rare),  chalcopyrite,  calcareous  tufa  ;  near  the  city  of  Hudson,  epsom  salt,  brown 
gpar,  wad. 

DUTCHESS  CO.  —  AMENIA.—  Dolomite,  limonite,  turgite. 
BECKMAN.  —  Dolomite. 

DOVER.  —  Dolomite,  tremolite,  garnet  (Foss  ore  bed),  staurolite,  limonite. 

FISHKILL.  —  Dolomite  ;  near  Peckville,  talc,  asbestus,  graphite,  hornblende,  augite,  actinoUte, 
hydrous  anthophyllite,  limonite. 

NORTH  EAST.  —  Chalcocite,  chalcopyrite,  galenite,  blende. 
PAWLING.  —  Dolomite. 

RHINEBECK.  —  Calcite,  green  feldspar,  epidote,  tourmaline. 
UNION  VALE.  —  At  the  Clove  mine,  gibbsite,  limonite. 

ESSEX  CO.  —  ALEXANDRIA.  —  Kirby's  graphite  mine,  graphite,  pyroxene,  scapolite,  sphene. 

CROWN  POINT.  —  Apatite  (eupyrchroite  of  Emmons),  brown  tourmaline  !  in  the  apatite,  chlorite, 
quartz  crystals,  pink  and  blue  calcite,  pyrite  ;  a  short  distance  south  of  J.  C.  Hammond's  house, 
garnet,  scapolite,  chalcopyrite,  aventurine  feldspar,  zircon,  magnetic  iron  (Peru),  epidote,  mica. 

KEENE.  —  Scapolite. 

LEWIS.  —  Tabular  spar,  colophonite,  garnet,  labradorite,  hornblende,  actinolite  ;  ten  miles  south  of 
the  village  of  Keeseville,  mispickel. 

LONG  POND.—  Apatite,  garnet,  pyroxene,  idocrase,  coccolite  !  !  scapolite,  magnetite,  blue  calcite. 

MclNTYRE.  —  Labradorite,  garnet,  magnetite. 

MORIAH,  at  Saridtord  Ore  Bed.  —  Magnetite,  apatite,  allanite!  lanthanite,  actinolite,  and  feld- 
spar; at  Fisher  Ore  Bed,  magnetic  iron,  feldspar,  quartz;  at  Hall  Ore  Bed,  or  "New  Ore  Bed," 
magnetite,  zircons;  on  Mill  brook,  calcite,  pyroxene,  hornblende,  albite;  in  the  town  of  Moriah, 
magnetite,  black  mica. 


AMERICAN  LOCALITIES.  773 

NEWCOMB. — Labradorite,  feldspar,  magnetic  iron,  hypersthene. 

PORT  HENRY.—  'Brown  tourmaline,  mica,  rose  quartz,  serpentine,  green  and  black  pyroxene,  horn- 
blende, cry st.  pyrite,  graphite,  tabular  spar,  pyrrhotine,  adularia ;  phlogopite !  at  Cheever  Ore  Bed, 
with  magnetite  and  serpentine. 

ROGER'S  ROCK. — Graphite,  tabular  spar,  garnet,  colophonite,  feldspar,  adularia,  pyroxene,  sphene, 
coccohte. 

SCHROON. —  Calcite,  pyroxene,  cliondrodite. 

TICONDEROGA. — Graphite  I  pyroxene,  sahlite,  sphene,  black  tourmaline,  cacoxene  ?  (Mt.  Defiance). 

WESTPORT. — Labradorite,  prehnite,  magnetite. 

WILLSBORO'. — Tabular  spar,  colophonite,  garnet,  green  coccolite,  hornblende. 

ERIE  CO. — ELLICOTT'S  MILLS. —  Calcareous  tufas. 

FRANKLIN  CO. — CHATEAUGAY. — Nitrogen  springs,  calcareous  tufas. 
MALONE. — Massive  pyrite,  magnetic  iron  ore. 

GENESEE  CO. — Acid  springs  containing  sulphuric  acid. 

GREENE  CO. — CATSKILL. —  Calcite. 
DIAMOND  HILL. — Quartz  crystals. 

HERKIMER  CO.— F AIRFIELD.— Quartz  crystals,  fetid  barite. 

LITTLE  FALLS. —  Quartz  crystals  I  barite,  calcite,  anthracite,  pearl  spar,  smoky  quarto ;  one  mile 
south  of  Little  Falls,  calcite,  brown  spar,  feldspar. 

MIDDLEVILLE. —  Quartz  crystals  !  calcite,  brown  and  pearl  spar,  anthracite. 
NEWPORT. —  Quartz  crystals. 

SALISBURY.—  Quartz  crystals !  blende,  galenite,  iron  and  copper  pyrites. 
STARK. — Fibrous  celestite,  gypsum. 

HAMILTON  CO.— LONG  LAKE.— Blue  calcite. 

JEFFERSON  CO.— ADAMS.— Fluor,  calc  tufa,  barite. 

ALEXANDRIA. — On  the  S.E.  bank  of  Muscolonge  Lake,  fluorite,  phlogopite,  chalcopyrite ;  on  High 
Island,  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  feldspar,  tourmaline,  hornblende,  orthoclase,  celestite. 

ANTWERP. — Stirling  iron  mine,  specular  iron,  chalcodite,  spathic  iron,  millerite,  red  hematite,  crys- 
tallized quartz,  yellow  aragonite,  niccoliferous  iron  pyrites,  quartz  crystals,  pyrite ;  at  Oxbow,  calcite  ! 
porous  coralloidal  heavy  spar ;  near  Vrooman's  lake,  calcite  !  idocrase,  phlogopite !  pyroxene,  sphene, 
fiuorite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite ;  also  feldspar,  log-iron  ore,  scapolite  (farm  of  David  Eggleson),  serpen- 
tine, tourmaline  (yellow,  rare). 

BROWNSVILLE. — Celestite  in  slender  crystals,  calcite  (four  miles  from  Watertown). 

NATURAL  BRIDGE. — Feldspar,  gieseckite  !  steatite,  pseudomorphous  after  pyroxene. 

NEW  CONNECTICUT. — Sphene,  brown  phlogopite. 

OMAR. — Beryl,  feldspar,  specular  iron. 

PHILADELPHIA. —  Garnets  on  Indian  river,  in  the  village. 

PAMELIA. — Agaric  mineral,  calc  tufa. 

PILLAR  POINT. — Massive  heavy  spar  (exhausted). 

THERESA. — Fluor,  calcite,  specular  iron  ore,  hornblende,  quartz  crystals,  serpentine  (associated 
with  the  specular  iron),  celestite,  strontianite ;  the  Muscolonge  Lake  locality  of  fluor  is  exhausted. 

WATERTOWN. — Tremolite,  agaric  mineral,  calc  tufa,  celestite. 

WILNA. — One  mile  north  of  Natural  Bridge,  calcite. 

LEWIS  CO. — DIANA  (localities  mostly  near  junction  of  crystalline  and  sedimentary  rocks,  and 
within  two  miles  of  Natural  Bridge). — Scapolite!  tabular  spar,  green  coccolite,  feldspar,  tremolite, 
pyroxene  !  sphene  I  !  mica,  quartz  crystals,  drusy  quartz,  cryst.  pyrite,  pyrrhotite,  blue  calcite,  ser- 
pentine, rensselaerite,  zircon,  graphite,  chlorite,  specular  iron,  bog-iron  ore,  iron  sand,  apatite. 

GREIG. — Magnetite,  pyrite. 

LOWVILLE. —  Cakite,  fluorite,  pyrite,  galenite,  blende,  calc  tufa. 

MARTINSBUEGH. — Wad,  galenite,  etc.,  but  mine  not  now  opened,  cakite. 

WATSON,  BREMEN. — Bog-iron  ore. 

MONROE  CO. — ROCHESTER. — Pearl  spar,  calc  spar,  snowy  gypsum,  fluor,  celestite,  galenite, 
blende,  barite,  hornstone. 


774  AMERICAN   LOCALITIES. 

MONTGOMERY  CO.— CANAJOHARIE.— Anthracite. 

PALATINE. — Quartz  crystals,  drusy  quartz,  anthracite,  hornstone,  agate,  garnet. 

ROOT.— Pearl  spar,  drusy  quartz,  blende,  barite,  stalactite,  stalagmite,  galenite,  pyrite. 

NEW  YORK  CO.— CORLEAR'S  HOOK.— Apatite,  brown  and  yellow  feldspar,  sphene. 
KINGSBRIDGE.— Tremolite,  pyroxene,  mica,  tourmaline,  pyrites,  rutile,  dolomite. 

HARLEM Epidote  apophyllite,  stilbite,  tourmaline,  vivianite,  lamellar  feldspar,  mica, 

NEW  YORK.— Serpentine,  amianthus,  actinolite,  pyroxene,  hydrous  anthophyllite,  garnet,  stauro- 
lite,  molybdenite,  graphite,  chlorite,  jasper,  necronite,  feldspar. 

NIAGARA  CO.— LEWISTON.— Epsomite. 

LOCKPORT. —  Cekstite,  calcite,  selenite,  anhydrite,  fluorite,  dolomite,  blende. 

NIAGARA  FALLS.—  Calcite,  fluorite,  blende,  dolomite. 

ONEIDA  CO.— BOONVILLE.—  Calcite,  tabular  spar,  coccolite. 

CLINTON. — Blende,  lenticular  argillaceous  iron  ore ;  in  rocks  of  the  Clinton  Group,  strontianite, 
celestite,  the  former  covering  the  latter. 

ONONDAGA  CO.— CAMILLUS.— Selenite  and  fibrous  gypsum. 

COLD  SPRING. — Axinite. 

MANLIUS.— Gypsum  and  fluor. 

SYRACUSE. — Serpentine,  celestite,  selenite,  barite. 

ORANGE  CO. — CORNWALL. — Zircon,  chondrodite,  hornblende,  spinel,  massive  feldspar,  fibrous 
epidote,  hudsonite,  menaccanite,  serpentine,  coccolite. 

DEER  PARK. — Cry st.  pyrite,  galenite. 

MONROE. — Mica!  sphene!  garnet,  colophonite,  epidote,  chondrodite,  allanite,  bucholzite,  brown 
spar,  spinel,  hornblende,  talc,  menaccanite,  pyrrhotite,  pyrite,  chromic  iron,  graphite,  rastolyte, 
moronolite. 

At  WILKS  and  O'NEIL  Mine  in  Monroe. — Aragonite,  magnetite,  dimagnetite  (pseud.  ?),  jenkinsite, 
asbestus,  serpentine,  mica. 

At  Two  PONDS  in  Monroe. — Pyroxene  !  chondrodite,  hornblende,  scapolite  !  zircon,  sphene,  apatite. 

At  GREENWOOD  FURNACE  in  Monroe. —  Chondrodite,  pyroxene!  mica,  hornblende,  spinel,  scapo- 
lite, biotite !  menaccanite. 

At  FOREST  OF  DEAN. — Pyroxene,  spinel,  zircon,  scapolite,  hornblende. 

Town  of  WARWICK,  WARWICK  VILLAGE. — Spinel!  zircon,  serpentine!  brown  spar,  pyroxene! 
hornblende!  pseudomorphous  steatite,  feldspar!  (Rock  Hill),  menaccanite,  clintonite,  tourmaline  (R. 
H.),  rutile,  sphene,  molybdenite,  mispickel,  marcasite,  pyrite,  yellow  iron  sinter,  quartz,  jasper,  mica, 
coccolite. 

AMITY. — Spinel!  garnet,  scapolite,  hornblende,  idocrase,  epidote!  clintonite!  magnetite,  tourmaline, 
warwickite,  apatite,  chondrodite,  talc!  pyroxene!  rutile,  menaccanite,  zircon,  corundum,  feldspar, 
sphene,  calc  spar,  serpentine,  schiller  spar  (?),  silvery  mica. 

EDENVILLE. — Apatite,  chondrodite !  hair-brown  hornblende  !  tremolite,  spinel,  tourmaline,  Warwick- 
ite,  pyroxene,  sphene,  mica,  feldspar,  mispickel,  orpiment,  rutile,  menaccanite,  scorodite,  copper 
pyrites. 

WEST  POINT.— Feldspar,  mica,  scapolite,  sphene,  hornblende,  allanite. 

PUTNAM  CO.— CARMEL  (Brown's  quarry).— Anthophyllite,  schiller  spar  (?),  orpiment,  mispickel, 
epidote. 

COLD  SPRING. — Chabazite,  mica,  sphene,  epidote. 

PATTERSON. —  White  pyroxene !  calc  spar,  asbestus,  tremolite,  dolomite,  massive  pyrite. 

PHILLIPSTOWN.— Tremolite,  amianthus,  serpentine,  sphene,  diopside.  green  coccolite,  hornblende, 
scapolite,  stilbite,  mica,  laumontite,  gurhofite,  calc  spar,  magnetic  iron,  chromite. 

PHILLIPS  Ore  Bed. — Hyalite,  actinolite,  massive  pyrite. 

RENSSELAER  CO.— Hoosic.— Nitrogen  springs. 
LANSINGBURGH. — Epsomite,  quartz  crystals,  pyrite. 
TROY.—  Quartz  crystals,  pyrite,  selenite. 

RICHMOND  CO.— ROSSVILLE.— Lignite,  cryst  pyrite. 

QUARANTINE.— Asbestus,  amianthus,  aragonite,  dolomite,  gurhofite,  brucite,  serpentine,  tak,  mag- 
nesite. 


AMERICAN  LOCALITIES.  775 

KOCKLAND  CO.—  CALDWELL.—  Cakite 

GRASSY  POINT.  —  Serpentine,  actinolite. 

HAVERSTRAW.—  Hornblende,  barite. 

LADENTOWN.  —  Zircon,  malachite,  cuprite. 

PIERMONT.  —  Datolite,  stilbite,  apophyllite,  stellite,  prehnite,  thomsonite,  calcite,  chabazite. 

STONY  POINT.  —  Cerolite,  lamellar  hornblende,  asbeslus. 

ST.  LAWRENCE  CO.  —  CANTON.  —  Massive  pyrite,  cakite,  brown  tourmaline,  sphene,  serpentine, 
talc,  rensselaerite,  pyroxene,  specular  iron,  chalcopyrite. 

DEKALB.  —  Hornblende,  barite,  fluorite,  tremolite,  tourmaline,  blende,  graphite,  pyroxene,  quartz 
(spongy),  serpentine. 

EDWARDS.  —  Brown  and  silvery  mica!  scapolite,  apatite,  quartz  crystals,  actinolite,  tremolite, 
specular  iron,  serpentine,  magnetite. 

FINE.  —  Black  mica,  hornblende. 

FOWLER.  —  Barite,  quartz  crystals  !  specular  iron,  bknde,  galenite,  tremolite,  chalcedony,  bog  ore, 
satin  spar  (assoc.  with  serpentine),  iron  and  copper  pyrites,  actinolite,  rensselaerite  (near  Somer- 
ville). 

GOUVERNEUR.  —  Cakite!  serpentine!  hornblende!  scapolite!  orthoclase,  tourmaline!  idocrase  (one 
mile  south  of  G.),  pyroxene,  apatite,  rensselaerite,  serpentine,  sphene,  fluorite,  barite  (farm  of  Judge 
Dodge),  black  mica,  phlogopite,  tremolite  !  asbestus,  specular  iron,  graphite,  idocrase  ;  (near  Somer- 
ville  in  serpentine)  spinel,  houghite,  scapolite,  phlogopite,  dolomite  ;  three-quarters  of  a  mile  west 
of  Somerville,  chondrodite,  spinel;  two  miles  north  of  Somerville,  apatite,  pyrite,  brown  tour- 
maline !  ! 

HAMMOND.  —  Apatite  !  zircon  !  (farm  of  Mr.  Hardy),  orthoclase  (loxolase),  pargasite,  barite,  pyrite, 
purple  fluorite,  dolomite. 

HERMON.  —  Quartz  crystals,  specular  iron,  spathic  iron,  pargasite,  pyroxene,  serpentine,  tourma- 
line, bog-iron  ore. 

MACOMB.  —  Blende,  mica,  galenite  (on  laud  of  James  Averil),  sphene. 

MINERAL  POINT,  Morristown.  —  Fluorite,  blende,  galenite,  phlogopite  (Pope's  Mills),  barite. 

OGDENSBURG.  —  Labradorite. 

PITCAIRN.  —  Satin  spar,  associated  with  serpentine. 

POTSDAM.  —  Hornblende  !  —  eight  miles  from  Potsdam  on  road  to  Pierrepont,  feldspar,  tourmaline, 
black  mica,  hornblende. 

ROSSIE  (Iron  Mines).  —  Barite,  specular  iron,  coralloidal  aragonite  in  mines  near  Somerville, 
lirnonite,  quartz  (sometimes  stalactitic  at  Parish  iron  mine),  pyrite,  pearl  spar. 

ROSSIE  Lead  Mine.  —  Cakite!  galenite!  pyrite,  celestite,  chalcopyrite,  spathic  iron!  cerussite,  an- 
glesite,  octahedral  fluor,  black  phlogopite. 

Elsewhere  in  ROSSIE.  —  Cakite,  barite,  quartz  crystals,  chondrodite  (near  Yellow  Lake),  feldspar  ! 
pargasite!  apatite,  pyroxene,  hornblende,  sphene,  zircon,  mica,  fluorite,  serpentine,  automolite, 
pearl  spar,  graphite. 

RUSSEL.  —  Pargasite,  specular  iron,  quartz  (dodec.),  calcite,  serpentine,  rensselaerite,  magnetite. 

SARATOGA  CO.  —  GREENFIELD.  —  Chrysdberyl!  garnet!  tourmaline!  mica,  feldspar,  apatite, 
graphite,  aragonite  (in  iron  mines). 

SCHOHARIE  CO.—  BALL'S  CAVE,  and  others.—  Calcite,  stalactites. 

CARLISLE.  —  Fibrous  sulphate  of  baryta,  cryst  and  fib.  carbonate  of  lime. 

MIDDLEBURY.  —  Anthracite,  calcite. 

SHARON.  —  Calcareous  tufa. 

SCHOHARIE.  —  Fibrous  celestite,  strontianite  !  cryst.  pyrites  ! 

SENECA  CO.  —  CANOGA.  —  Nitrogen  springs. 

SULLIVAN  CO.—  WURTZBORO'.—  Gaknite,  blende,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite. 

TOMPKINS  CO.  —  ITHACA.  —  Calcareous  tufa. 


ULSTER  CO.—  ELLENVILLE.—  GaZmYe,  blende,  chakopyrito!  quartz,  brookite. 
MARBLETOWN.  —  Pyrite. 

WARREN  CO.—  CALDWELL.—  Massive  feldspar. 


776  AMEKICAN  LOCALITIES. 

CHESTER.— Pyrite,  tourmaline,  rutile,  chalcopyrite. 
DIAMOND  ISLE  (Lake  George).—  Calcite,  quartz  crystals. 
GLENN'S  FALLS.— Rhomb  spar. 
JOHNSBURG.— Fluorite!  zircon!  !  graphite,  serpentine, py rite. 

WASHINGTON  CO.— FORT  ANN.—  Graphite,  serpentine. 
GEANTILLE. — Lamellar  pyroxene,  massive  feldspar,  epidote. 

WAYNE  CO.— WOLCOTT.— Barite. 

WESTCHESTER  CO. — ANTHONY'S  NOSE. — Apatite,  pyrite,  cakite  I  in  very  large  tabular  crystals, 
grouped,  and  sometimes  incrusted  with  drusy  quartz. 

DAVENPORT'S  NECK. — Serpentine,  garnet,  sphene. 

EASTCHESTER.— Blende,  copper  and  iron  pyrites,  dolomite. 

HASTINGS. — Tremolite,  white  pyroxene. 

NEW  ROCHELLE. — Serpentine,  brucite,  quartz,  mica,  tremolite,  garnet,  magnesite. 

PEEKSKILL. — Mica,  feldspar,  hornblende,  stilbite,  sphene. 

RYE.— Serpentine,  chlorite,  black  tourmaline,  tremolite. 

SINGSING. — Pyroxene,  tremolite,  pyrite,  beryl,  azurite,  green  malachite,  white  lead  ore,  pyromor- 
phite,  anglesite,  vauquelinite,  galenite,  native  silver,  chalcopyrite. 

WEST  FARMS. — Apatite,  tremolite,  garnet,  stilbite,  heulandite,  chabazite,  epidote,  sphene. 

YONKERS. — Tremolite,  apatite,  calcite,  analcite,  pyrite,  tourmaline. 

YORKTOWN. — Sillimanite,  monazite,  magnetite. 


NEW  JERSEY. 

ANDOVER  IRON  MINE  (Sussex  Co.). — Willemite,  brown  garnet 

ALLENTOWN  (Monmouth  Co.). —  Vivianite,  dufrenite. 

BELVILLE. — Copper*  mines. 

BERGEN. —  Calcite!  datolite!  pectolite  (called  stellite)!  analcite,  apophyllite!  prehnite,  sphene,  stil- 
bite,  natrolite,  heulandite,  laumontite,  chabazite,  pyrite,  pseudomorphous  steatite  imitative  of  apo- 
phyllite. 

BRUNSWICK. — Copper  mines ;  native  copper,  malachite,  mountain  leather. 

BRYAM. — Chondrodite,  spinel,  at  Roseville,  epidote. 

CANTWELL'S  BRIDGE  (Newcastle  Co.),  three  miles  west. — Yivianite. 

DANVILLE  (Jemmy  Jump  Ridge).— Graphite,  chondrodite,  augite,  mica. 

FLEMINGTON. — Copper  mines. 

FRANKFORT. — Serpentine. 

FRANKLIN  and  STERLING. — Spinel!  garnet!  rhodonite!  willemite!  franklinite!  red  zinc  ore! 
dysluite!  hornblende,  tremolite,  chondrodite,  white  scapolite,  black  tourmaline,  epidote,  pink  calcite, 
mica,  actinolite,  augite,  sahlite,  coccolite,  asbestus,  jeffersonite  (augite),  calamine,  graphite,  fluorite, 
beryl,  galenite,  serpentine,  honey-colored  sphene,  quartz,  chalcedony,  amethyst,  zircon,  molybdenite, 
vivianite,  tephroite,  rhodochrosite,  aragonite.  Also  algerite  in  gran,  limestone. 

FRANKLIN  and  WARWICK  MTS. — Pyrite. 

GREENBROOK. — Copper  mines. 

GRIGGSTOWN. — Copper  mines. 

HAMBURGH. — One  mile  north,  spinel!  tourmaline,  phlogopite,  hornblende,  limonite,  specular  iron. 

HOBOKEN. — Serpentine  (marmolite),  brucite,  nemalite  (or  fibrous  brucite),  aragonite,  dolomite. 

HURDSTOWN. — Apatite,  magnetic  pyrites,  magnetite. 

IMLEYTOWN. — Vivianite. 

LOCKWOOD. —  Graphite,  chondrodite,  talc,  augite,  quartz,  green  spinel. 

MONTVILLE  (Morris  Co.). — Serpentine,  chrysotik. 

MULLICA  HILL  (Gloucester  Co.). —  Vivianite  lining  belemnites  and  other  fossils. 

NEWTON.— Spinel,  blue,  pink,  and  white  corundum,  mica,  idocrase,  hornblende,  tourmaline,  scapo- 
lite, rutile,  pyrite,  talc,  calcite,  barite,  pseudomorphous  steatite. 

PATTERSON.— Datolite. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 
BERKS  CO.— MORGANTOWN.— At  Jones's  mines,  one  mile  east  of  Morgantown,  green  malachite. 


AMEKICAN   LOCALITIES.  777 

chrysocolla,  magnetite,  pyrite,  cbalcopyrite,  aragonite,  talc;  two  miles  N.E.  from  Jones's  mine, 
graphite,  sphene;  at  Steele's  mine,  one  mile  N.W.  from  St.  Mary's,  Chester  Co.,  magnetite,  mica- 
ceous iron,  coccolite,  brown  garnet. 

READING. — Smoky  quartz  crystals,  zircon,  stilbite,  iron  ore ;  at  Eckhardt's  Furnace,  allanite  with 


BUCKS  CO. — BUCKINGHAM  Township. — Crystallized  quartz. 

SOUTHAMPTON. — Near  the  village  of  Feasterville,  in  the  quarry  of  Geo.  Yan  Arsdale,  graphite, 
pyroxene,  sahlite,  coccolite,  spJiene,  green  mica,  calcite,  wollastonite,  glassy  feldspar  sometimes 
opalescent,  phlogopite,  blue  quartz,  garnet,  molybdenite,  zircon,  pyrite,  moroxite. 

CARBON  CO. — SUMMIT  HILL,  in  coal  mines. — Kaolinite. 

CHESTER  CO. — BIRMINGHAM  TOWNSHIP.— Amethyst,  smoky  quartz,  serpentine ;  in  Ab'm  Dar- 
lington's lime  quarry,  calcite. 

EAST  BRADFORD. — Near  Buffington's  bridge  on  the  Brandywine,  green,  blue,  and  gray  cyanite, 
the  gray  cyauite  is  found  loose  in  the  soil  in  crystals ;  on  the  farms  of  Dr.  Elwyn,  Mrs.  Foulke,  Wm. 
Gibbons,  and  Saml.  Eritrikin,  amethyst.  Ac  Strode's  mill,  asbestus,  magnesite,  anthophyllite,  oligo- 
clase,  drusy  quartz,  collyrite  ?  on  Osborne's  Hill,  wad,  manganesian  garnet  (massive),  sphene,  schorl ; 
at  Caleb  Cope's  lime  quarry,  fetid  dolomite,  necronite,  garnets,  blue  cyanite,  yellow  actinolite  in  talc ; 
near  the  Black  Horse  Inn,  indurated  talc,  rutile;  on  Amor  Davis'  farm,  orthite!  massive,  from  a 
grain  to  lumps  of  one  pound  weight ;  near  the  paper-mill  on  the  Brandy  wine,  zircon,  associated 
with  titaniferous  iron  in  blue  quartz. 

WEST  BRADFORD.— Near  the  village  of  Marshalton,  green  cyanite,  rutile,  scapolite,  pyrite,  stauro- 
lite  ;  at  the  Chester  County  Poor-house  limestone  quarry,  chesterlite  !  in  crystals  implanted  on  dolo- 
mite, rutile  I  in  brilliant  acicular  crystals,  which  are  finely  terminated,  calcite  in  scalenohedrons, 
zoisite,  damourite  ?  in  radiated  groups  of  crystals  on  dolomite,  quartz  crystals. 

CHARLESTOWN. — Pyromorphite,  cerussite,  galenite,  quartz. 

SOUTH  COVENTRY. — In  Chrisman's  limestone  quarry,  near  Coventry  village,  augite,  sphene, 
graphite,  zircon  in  iron  ore  (about  half  a  mile  from  the  village). 

EAST  FALLOWFIELD. — Soapstone. 

EAST  GOSHEN. — Serpentine,  asbestus. 

WEST  GOSHEN. — On  the  Barrens,  one  mile  north  of  West  Chester,  amianthus,  serpentine,  cellular 
quartz,  jasper,  chalcedony,  drusy  quartz,  chlorite,  marmolite,  indurated  talc,  magnesite  in  radiated 
crystals  on  serpentine,  hematite,  asbestus ;  near  R.  Taylor's  mill,  chromite  in  octahedral  crystals, 
deweylite,  radiated  magnesite,  aragonite,  staurolite,  garnet,  asbestus,  epidote;  zo-isite  on  hornblende 
at  West  Chester  water-works  (not  accessible  at  present). 

NEW  GARDEN. — At  Nivin's  limestone  quarry,  brown  tourmaline,  necronite,  scapolite,  apatite,  brown 
and  green  mica,  rutile,  aragonite,  fibrolite,  kaolinite. 

KENNETT.—  Actinolite,  brown  tourmaline,  brown  mica,  epidote,  tremolite,  scapolite,  aragonite;  on 
Wm.  Cloud's  farm,  sunstone!  !  sphene.  At  Pearce's  old  mill,  zoisite,  epidote,  sunstone;  sunstone 
occurs  in  good  specimens  at  various  places  in  the  range  of  hornblende  rocks  running  through  this 
township  from  N.E.  to  S.W. 

LOWER  OXFORD. — Garnets,  pyrite  in  cubic  crystals. 

LONDON  GROVE. — Rutile,  jasper,  chalcedony  (botryoidal) ;  in.  Wm.  Jackson's  limestone  quarry, 
yellow  tourmaline,  tremolite;  at  Pusey's  quarry,  rutile,  tremolite. 

EAST  MARLBOROUGH. — On  the  farm  of  Baily  &  Brothers,  one  mile  south  of  Unionville,  bright 
yellow  and  nearly  white  tourmaline,  chesterlite,  albite ;  near  Maryborough  meeting-house,  epidote, 
serpentine,  acicular  black  tourmaline  in  white  quartz ;  zircon  in  small  perfect  crystals  loose  in  the 
soil  at  Pusey's  saw-mill,  two  miles  S.W.  of  Unionville. 

WEST  MARLBOROUGH. — Near  Logan's  quarry,  staurolite,  cyanite,  yellow  tourmaline,  rutile,  gar- 
nets ;  near  Doe  Run  village,  hematite,  scapolite,  tremolite ;  in  R.  Baily's  limestone  quarry,  two  and 
a  half  miles  S.W.  of  Uniouville,  fibrous  tremolite,  cyanite,  scapolite. 

NEWLIN.— On  the  serpentine  barrens,  one  and  a  half  miles  N.E.  of  Unionville,  corundum!  mas- 
sive and  crystallized,  also  in  crystals  in  albite,  often  in  loose  crystals  covered  with  a  thin  coating 
of  steatite,  talc,  picrolite,  brucite,  green  tourmaline,  with  flat  pyramidal  terminations  in  albite, 
unionite  (rare),  euphyllite,  mica  in  hexagonal  crystals,  feldspar,  beryl!  in  hexagonal  crystals,  one  of 
which  weighs  51  Ibs.,  chromic  iron,  drusy  quartz,  green  quartz,  actinolite,  emerylite,  chlorotoid,  dial- 
lage,  oligoclase;  on  Johnson  Patterson's  farm,  massive  corundum,  titaniferous  iron,  clinochlore,  eme- 
rylite, sometimes  colored  green  by  chrome,  albite,  orthoclase,  halloysite,  margarite,  garnets,  beryl; 
on  J.  Lesley's  farm,  corundum,  crystallized  and  in  massive  lumps,  one  of  which  weighed  5200  Ibs., 
diaspore!  !  emerylite!  euphyllite  crystallized!  green  tourmaline,  transparent  crystals  in  the euphyllite, 
orthoclase ;  two  miles  N.  of  Unionville,  magnetite  in  octahedral  crystals ;  one  mile  E.  of  Unionville, 
hematite ;  in  Edwards's  old  Limestone  quarry,  purple  fluor,  rutile. 


778  AMEKICAN  LOCALITIES. 

EAST  NOTTINGHAM.  —  Sand  chrome,  asbestus,  chromic  iron  in  octahedral  crystals. 
WEST  NOTTINGHAM.  —  At  Scott's  chrome  mine,  chromic  iron,  foliated  talc,  marmolite,  serpentine, 
chalcedony,  rhodochrome  ;  at  the  magnesia  quarry,  deweylite,  marmolite,  magnesite,  leelite,  serpentine, 
sand  chrome. 

EAST  PIKELAND.—  Iron  ore. 

WEST  PIKELAND.—  In  the  iron  mines  near  Chester  Springs,  gibbsite,  zircon,  hydro-hematite,  hema- 
tite (stalactitical  and  in  geodes). 
PENN.  —  Garnets,  agalmatolite. 

PENNSBUEY.  —  On  John  Craig's  farm,  brown  garnets,  mica  ;  on  J.  Dil  worth's  farm,  near  Fairville, 
muscovite  !  in  hexagonal  prisms  from  one  quarter  to  seven  inches  in  diameter  ;  in  the  village  of 
Fairville,  sunstone;  near  Brin  ton's  ford  on  the  Brandy  wine,  chondrodite,  sphene,  diopside,  augite, 
coccolite  ;  at  Mendenhall's  old  limestone  quarry,  fetid  quartz,  sunstone. 

POCOPSON.—  On  the  farms  of  John  Entrikin  and  Jos.  B.  Darlington,  amethyst. 
SADSBUEY.  —  Rutile  !  !  splendid  geniculated  crystals  are  found  loose  in  the  soil  for  seven  miles 
along  the  valley,  and  particularly  near  the  village  of  Parkesburg,  where  they  sometimes  occur  weigh- 
ing one  pound,  doubly  geniculated  and  of  a  deep  red  color;  near  Sadsbury  village,  amethyst, 
tourmaline,  epidote,  milk  quartz. 

SCHUYLKILL.  —  In  the  railroad  tunnel  at  PHCENIXVILLE,  dolomite  !  sometimes  coated  with  pyrite, 
quartz  crystals,  yellow  blende,  brookite,  calcite  in  hexagonal  crystals  enclosing  pyrite;  at  the 
WHEATLEY,  BEOOKDALE,  and  CHESTEE  COUNTY  LEAD  MINES,  one  and  a  half  miles  S.  of  Phoanixville, 
pyromorphite  !  cerussite  /  galenite,  anglesite!  !  quartz  crystals,  chalcopyrite,  barite,  fluorite  (white), 
stohite,  wulfenite!  calamine,  vanadinite,  blende!  mimetene!  native  copper,  malachite,  azurite,  limo- 
nite,  cakite,  sulphur,  pyrite,  indigo  copper,  black  oxide  of  copper,  phosphochalcite,  gersdorffite. 

THOENBUEY.  —  On  Jos.  H.  Brinton's  farm,  muscovite  containing  acicular  crystals  of  tourmaline, 
rutile,  titaniferous  iron. 

TEEDYFPEIN.—  Pyrite  in  cubic  crystals  loose  in  the  soil, 
UWCHLAN.  —  Massive  blue  quartz,  graphite. 
WAEEEN.  —  Melanite,  feldspar. 

WILLISTOWN.  —  Magnetite,  chromite,  actiuolite,  asbestus. 

WEST-TOWN.—  On  the  serpentine  rocks  3  miles  S.  of  West  Chester,  clinochlore  !  je/erisite  !  mica, 
asbestus,  actinolite,  magnesite,  talc,  titaniferous  iron. 

EAST  WHITELAND.  —  Pyrite,  in  very  perfect  cubic  crystals,  is  found  on  nearly  every  farm  in  this 
township,  quartz  crystals  found  loose  in  the  soil. 

WEST  WHITELAND.  —  At  Gen.  Trimble's  iron  mine,  stalactitical  hematite  I  wavellite  !  '  in  radiated 
stalactites. 

WAEWICK.  —  At  the^Elizabeth  mine,  and  Keim's  old  iron  mine  adjoining,  one  mile  N.  of  Knauer- 
town,  aplome  garnet!  in  brilliant  dodecahedrons,  flosferri,  pyroxene,  micaceous  iron,  pyrite  in  bright 
octahedral  crystals  in  calcite,  chalcopyrite  massive  and  in  single  tetrahedral  crystals,  magnetite, 
fascicular  hornblende  !  bornite,  malachite,  brown  garnet,  calcite,  byssolite  !  serpentine  :  near  the  vil- 
lage of  St.  Mary's,  magnetite  in  dodecahedral  crystals,  melanite,  garnet,  actinolite  in  small  radiated 
nodules;  at  the  Hopewell  iron  mine,  one  mile  N.W.  of  St.  Mary's,  magnetite  in  octahedral 
crystals. 

COLUMBIA  CO.—  At  Webb's  mine,  yellow  blende  in  caloite  ;  near  Bloomburg,  cryst.  magne- 

DAUPHIN  CO.—  NEAE  HUMMERSTOWN.—  Green  garnets,  cryst.  smoky  quartz,  feldspar. 

DELAWARE  CO.—  ASTON  TOWNSHIP.—  Amethyst,  corundum,  emerylite,  staurolite,  fibrolite, 
black  tourmaline,  pearl  mica,  sunstone,  asbestus,  anthophyllite,  steatite;  near  Tyson's  mill,  garnet, 
staurohte  ;  at  Peter's  mill-dam  in  the  creek,  pyrope  garnet. 

_  BIEMINGHAM.—  Fibrolite,  kaolin  (abundant),  crystals  of  rutile,  amethyst:  at  Bullock's  old  quarry, 
zircon,  bucholzite,  nacrite,  yellow  crystallized  quartz,  feldspar 

BLUE  HILL.—  Green  quartz  crystals. 

^ESTE7R'^mt%5\  *?"*  ^r™aZT  '  l&ryl>  CTystaU  °f  fddspar,  garnet,  cryst.  pyrite,  molyb- 
aemte,  molybdic  ochre,  chalcopyrite,  kaolin. 

CmcHESTEE.-Near  Trainer's  mill-dam,  beryl,  tourmaline,  crystals  of  feldspar,  kaolin;  on  Wm. 
Eyre's  farm,  tourmaline. 

CoxcoKD.-Crystals  of  mica,  crystals  of  feldspar,  kaolin  abundant,  drusy  quartz  of  a  blue  and 
fol°r      '  me.erscrhaum>  stellated  tremolite,  some  of  the  rays  6*  in.  diameter^  anthophyllite,  fibrolite, 
ular  crystals  of  rutile,  pyrope  in  quartz,  amethst    actinolite 


or  .r>  ,  n.     ameer  anopye,      roe, 

;ular  crystals  of  rutile,  pyrope  in  quartz,  amethyst,  actinolite,  manganesian  garnet,  beryl;  in 
breen  s  creek,  pyrope  garnet. 

fJ  Cy??ite'  garnet'  staurolite»  zoisite,  quartz,  beryl,  chlorite,  mica,  limonite. 
manganese,  crystals  of  feldspar;  one  mile  east  of  Edgemont 


AMERICAN   LOCALITIES.  779 

GREEN'S  CREEK. — Garnet  (so-called  pyrope). 

MARPLE. — Tourmaline,  andalusite,  amethyst,  actinolite^  anthophyllite,  talc,  radiated  actinolite  in  talc 
chromite,  drusy  quartz,  beryl,  cryst.  pyrite,  titanic  iron  in  quartz,  chlorite. 

MIDDLETOWN. — Amethyst,  beryl,  black  mica,  mica  with  reticulated  magnetite  between  the  plates, 
manganesian  garnets  I  large  trapezohedral  crystals,  some  8  in.  in  diameter,  indurated  talc,  hexagonal 
crystals  ot'rutile,  crystals  of  mica,  green  quartz!  anthophyllite,  radiated  tourmaline,  staurolite,  titanic 
iron,  fibrolite,  serpentine;  at  Lenni,  chlorite,  green  and  bronze  vermiculite !  green  feldspar ;  at  Min- 
eral Hill,  fine  crystals  of  corundum,  one  of  which  weighs  If  Ibs.,  actinolite  in  great  variety, 'bronzite, 
green  feldspar,  moonstone,  sunstone,  graphic  granite,  magnesite,  octahedral  crystals  of  chromite  in  great 
quantity,  beryl,  chalcedony,  asbestus,  fibrous  hornblende,  rutile,  staurolite. 

NEWTOWN. — Serpentine,  hematite. 

UPPER  PROVIDENCE. — Anthophyllite,  tremolite,  radiated  asbestus,  radiated  actinolite,  tourmaline, 
beryl,  green  feldspar,  amethyst  (one  found  on  Morgan  Hunter's  farm  weighing  over  7  Ibs.),  andalusite} 
(one  terminated  crystal  found  on  the  farm  of  Jas.  Worrall  weighs  7-£  Ibs. ) ;  at  Blue  Hill,  very  fine 
crystals  of  blue  quartz  in  chlorite,  amianthus  in  serpentine. 

LOWER  PROVIDENCE. — Amethyst,  green  mica,  garnet,  large  crystals  of  feldspar  !  (some  over  100 
Ibs.  in  weight). 

RADNOR. —  Garnet,  marmolite,  deweylite,  chromite,  asbestus,  magnesite,  talc,  blue  quartz,  picro- 
lite,  limonite,  magnetite. 

SPRINGFIELD. — Andalusite,  tourmaline,  beryl,  titanic  iron,  garnet ;  on  Fell's  Laurel  Hill,  beryl, 
garnet ;  near  Beattie's  mill,  staurolite,  apatite ;  near  Lewis's  paper-mill,  tourmaline,  mica. 

THORNBURY. — Amethyst. 

HUNTINGDON  CO. — NEAR  FRANKSTOWN. — In  the  bed  of  a  stream  and  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 

fibrous  celestite  (abundant),  quartz  crystals. 

LANCASTER  CO.— DRUMORE  TOWNSHIP.— Quartz  crystals. 

FULTON. — At  Wood's  chrome  mine,  near  the  village  of  Texas,  brucite!!  zaratite  (emerald 
nickelj,  pennite  !  ripidolite  !  kammererite  !  baltimorite,  chromic  iron,  williamsite,  chrysolite  !  marmo- 
lite, picrolite,  hydromagnesite,  dolomite,  magnesite,  aragonite,  calcite,  serpentine,  hematite,  menacca- 
nite,  geuthite,  chrome-garnet,  bronzite ;  at  Low's  mine,  hydromagnesite,  brucite  (lancasterite),  picro- 
lite,  magnesite,  williamsite,  chromic  iron,  talc,  zaratite,  baltimorite,  serpentine,  hematite ;  on  M. 
Boice's  farm,  one  mile  N.W.  of  the  village,  pyrite,  in  cubes  and  various  modifications,  anthophyllite ; 
near  Rock  Springs,  chalcedony,  carnelian,  moss  agate,  green  tourmaline  in  talc,  titanic  iron,  octahedral 
magnetite  in  chlorite;  at  Reynold's  old  mine,  calcite,  talc,  picrolite,  chromite. 

GAP  MINES. — Chalcopyrite,  pyrrhotite  (niccoliferous),  millerite  in  botryoidal  radiations,  vivianite  I 
(rare),  actinolite,  pyroxene  crystals,  siderite. 

PEQUEA  VALLEY. — Eight  miles  south  of  Lancaster,  argentiferous  galenite  (said  to  contain  250  to 
300  oz.  of  silver  to  the  ton  ?),  vauquelinite  at  Pequea  mine ;  four  miles  N.W.  of  Lancaster,  on  the 
Lancaster  and  Harrisburg  Railroad,  calamine,  galenite,  blende ;  pyrite  in  cubic  crystals  is  found  in 
great  abundance  near  the  city  of  Lancaster ;  at  the  Lancaster  zinc  mines,  calamine,  blende,  tennant- 
ite  ?  smithsonite  (pseud,  of  dolomite),  aurichalcite. 

LEBANON  CO. — CORNWALL. — Magnetite,  pyrite  (cobaltiferous),  chalcopyrite,  native  copper, 
azurite,  malachite,  chrysocolla,  cuprite,  allophane,  brochantite,  serpentine,  quartz  pseudomorphs ;  gale- 
nite (with  octahedral  cleavage),  fluorite. 

LEHIGH  CO. — FRIEDENSVILLE. — At  the  zinc  mines,  calamine,  smithsonite,  hydrozincite,  massive 
blende,  sulphid  of  cadmium,  quartz,  allophane,  zinciferous  clay ;  near  Allentown,  magnetite,  pipe- 
iron  ore ;  near  Bethlehem,  on  S.  Mountain,  allanite,  with  zircon  and  altered  sphene  in  syenite, 
magnetite,  black  spinel,  tourmaline. 

MONROE  CO. — In  CHERRY  VALLEY. — Cakite,  chalcedony,  quartz;  in  Poconac  Valley,  near 
Judge  Mervine's,  cryst.  quartz. 

MONTGOMERY  CO. — CONSHOHOCKEN. — Fibrous  tourmaline,  titanic  iron,  aventurine  quartz, 
phyllite ;  in  the  quarry  of  Geo.  Bullock,  calcite  in  hexagonal  prisms,  aragonite. 

LOWER  PROVIDENCE. — At  the  Perkiomen  lead  and  copper  mines,  near  the  village  of  Shannonville, 
azurite,  blende,  galenite,  pyromorphite,  cerussite,  wulfenite,  anglesite,  barite,  calamine,  chalcopyrite, 
malachite,  chrysocolla,  brown  spar. 

WHITE  MARSH. — At  D.  0.  Hitner's  iron  mine,  five  and  a  half  miles  from  Spring  Mills,  limonite 
in  geodes  and  stalactites,  gothite,  pyrolusite,  wad,  lepidocrocite ;  at  Edge  Hill  Street,  North  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad,  titanic  iron;  one  mile  S.W.  of  Hitner's  iron  mine,  limonite,  velvety,  stalactitic,  and 


780  AMEKICAN  LOCALITIES. 

fibrous,  fibres  three  inches  long,  gothite,  pyrolusite,  velvet  manganese,  wad;  near  Marble  Hall,  at 
Hitner's  marble  quarry,  white  marble,  granular  barite,  resembling  marble ;  at  Spring  Mills,  limon- 
ite ;  at  Flat  Rock  Tunnel,  opposite  Manayunk,  stilbite,  heulandite,  chabasite,  beryl,  feldspar,  mica. 

NORTHUMBERLAND  CO.— Opposite  SELIM'S  GEOYE.— Calamine. 

NORTHAMPTON  CO.— Near  EASTON.— Zircon !  (exhausted),  nephrite,  coccolite,  tremolite, 
pyroxene,  sahlite,  lirnonite,  magnetite,  purple  calcite. 

PHILADELPHIA  CO. FEANKFOED. — On  the  Philadelphia,  Trenton  and  Connecting  Rail- 
road, basinite;  at  the  quarries  on  Frankford  Creek,  stilbite,  molybdenite,  hornblende;  on  the  Con- 
necting Railroad,  wad,  earthy  cobalt. 

FAIEMOUNT  WATEE  WOEKS.— In  the  quarries  opposite  Fairmount,  lime  uranite  !  copper  uranite, 
crystals  of  feldspar,  beryl,  pseudomorphs  after  beryl,  tourmaline,  albite,  wad,  menaccanite. 

GOEGAS'  and  CEEASE'S  Lane. — Tourmaline,  cyanite,  staurolite,  hornstone. 

HESTONVILLE. — Alunogen,  iron  alum. 

HEFT'S  MILL. — Alunogen,  tourmaline,  cyanite,  titanic  iron. 

MANAYUNK. — At  the  soapstone  quarries  above  Manayunk,  talc,  steatite,  chlorite,  vermiculite, 
anthophyllite,  staurolite,  dolomite,  apatite,  asbestus,  brown  spar,  epsomite. 

MAGAEGE'S  Paper-mill. — Staurolite,  titanic  iron,  hyalite,  apatite,  green  mica,  iron  garnets  in 
great  abundance. 

McKiNNEY's  Quarry,  on  Rittenhouse  Lane. — Feldspar,  apatite,  stilbite,  natrolite,  heulandite,  epi- 
dote,  hornblende,  erubescite,  malachite. 

SCHUYLKILL  CO. — TAMAQUA,  near  POTTSYILLE,  in  coal  mines. — Kaolinite. 

DELAWARE. 

NEWCASTLE  CO. — BEANDYWINE  SPEINGS. — Bucholzite,  fibrolite  abundant,  sahlite,  pyroxene  ; 
Brandywine  Hundred,  muscovite,  enclosing  reticulated  magnetite. 

DIXON'S  FELDSPAE  QUAEEIES,  six  miles  N.W.  of  Wilmington  (these  quarries  have  been  worked 
for  the  manufacture  of  porcelain). — Adularia,  albite,  oligoclase,  beryl,  apatite,  cinnamon-stone  /,  /  (both 
granular  like  that  from  Ceylon,  and  crystallized,  rare),  magnesite,  serpentine,  asbestus,  black  tour- 
maline !  (rare),  indicolite  f  (rare),  sphene  in  pyroxene,  cyanite. 

DUPONT'S  POWDEE  MILLS. — "  Hypersthene." 

EASTBUEN'S  LIMESTONE  QUAEEIES,  near  the  Pennsylvania  line.— Tremolite,  bronzite. 

QUAEEYVILLE. — Garnet,  spodumene,  fibrolite,  sillimanite. 

Near  NEWAEK,  on  the  railroad. — Sphasrosiderite  on  drusy  quartz,  jasper  (ferruginous  opal),  cryst. 
spathic  iron  in  the  cavities  of  cellular  quartz. 

WAY'S  QUAEEY,  two  miles  south  of  Centreville. — Feldspar  in  fine  cleavage  masses,  apatite,  mica, 
deweylite,  granular  quartz. 

WILMINGTON. — In  Christiana  quarries,  metalloidal  diallage. 

KENNETT  TUENPIKE,  near  Centreville. — Cyanite  and  garnet. 

HARFORD  CO.— Cerolite. 

KENT  CO.— Near  MIDDLETOWN,  in  Wm.  Folk's  marl  pits.—  Vivianite! 
On  CHESAPEAKE  AND  DELAWAEE  CANAL.— Retiuasphalt,  pyrite,  amber. 

SUSSEX  CO.— Near  CAPE  HENLOPEN.— Yivianite. 

MARYLAND. 

BALTIMOEE  (Jones's  Falls,  If  miles  from  B.).— Chabazite  (haydenite),  heulandite  (beaumontite  of 
Lev7)>  pynte,  lenticular  carbonate  of  iron,  mica,  stilbite. 

Sixteen  miles  from  Baltimore,  on  the  Gunpowder. —  Graphite. 
Twenty-three  miles  from  B.,  on  the  Gunpowder. — Talc. 
Twenty-five  miles  from  B.,  on  the  Gunpowder.— Magnetite,  sphene  pycnite 
Thirty  miles  from  B.,  in  Montgomery  Co.,  on.  farm  of  S.  Eliot— Gold  in  quartz. 


AMERICAN   LOCALITIES.  781 

Eight  to  twenty  miles  north  of  B.,  in  limestone. — Tremolite,  augite,  pyrite,  brown  and  yellow 
tourmaline. 

Fifteen  miles  north  of  B. — Sky-blue  chalcedony  in  granular  limestone. 

Eighteen  miles  north  of  B.,  at  Scott's  mills. — Magnetite,  cyanite. 

BARE  HILLS. —  Chromite,  asbestus,  tremolite,  talc,  hornblende,  serpentine,  chalcedony,  meerschaum 
baltimorite,  chalcopyrite,  magnetite. 

CAPE  SABLE,  near  Magothy  R. — Amber,  pyrite,  alum  slate. 

CARROLL  Co. — Near  Sykesville,  Liberty  Mines,  gold,  magnetite,  pyrite  (octahedrons),  chalcopyrite, 
linnseite  (carrollite) ;  at  Patapsco  Mines,  near  Finksburg,  bornite,  malachite,  siegenite,  linnceite,  rem- 
ingtonite,  magnetite,  chalcopyrite ;  at  Mineral  Hill  mine,  bornite,  chal  copy  rite,  ore  of  nickel  (see 
above),  gold,  magnetite. 

CECIL  Co.,  north  part. —  Chromite  in  serpentine. 

COOPTOWN,  Harford  Co.— Olive-colored  tourmaline,  diallage,  talc  of  green,  blue,  and  rose  colors, 
ligniform  asbestus,  chromite,  serpentine. 

DEER  CREEK. — Magnetite  !  in  chlorite  slate. 

FREDERICK  Co.— Old  Liberty  mine,  near  Liberty  Town,  black  copper,  malachite,  chalcocite,  spe- 
cular iron  ;  at  Dolly hyde  mine,  bornite,  .chalcopyrite,  pyrite,  argentiferous  galenite  in  dolomite. 

MONTGOMERY  Co. —  Oxyd  of  manganese. 

SOMERSET  and  WORCESTER  Cos.,  north  part. — Bog-iron  ore,  vivianite. 

ST.  MARY'S  RIVER. — Gypsum!  in  clay. 

VIRGINIA  AND  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

ALBEMARLE  Co.,  a  little  west  of  the  Green  Mts. — Steatite,  graphite,  galena. 

AMHERST  Co.,  along  the  west  base  of  Buffalo  ridge. — Copper  ores,  etc. 

AUGUSTA  Co. — At  Weyer's  (or  Weir's)  cave,  sixteen  miles  northeast  of  Staunton,  and  eighty-one 
miles  northwest  of  Richmond,  calcite,  stalactites. 

BUCKINGHAM  Co. —  Gold  at  Garnett  and  Moseley  mines,  also  pyrite,  pyrrhotite,  calcite,  garnet; 
at  Eldridge  mine  (now  London  and  Virginia  mines)  near  by,  and  the  Buckingham  mines  near 
Maysville,  gold,  auriferous  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  tennantite,  barite;  cyanite,  tourmaline,  actinolite. 

CHESTERFIELD  Co. — Near  this  and  Richmond  Co.,  bituminous  coal,  native  coke. 

CULPEPPER  Co.,  on  Rapidan  river. — Gold,  pyrite. 

FRANKLIN  Co.— Grayish  steatite. 

FAUQUIER  Co.,  Barnet's  mills. — Asbestus ;  gold  mines,  barite,  calcite. 

FLUVANNA  Co. — Gold  at  Stockton's  mine ;  also  tetradymite  at  "  Tellurium  mine." 

PHENIX  Copper  mines. —  Chalcopyrite,  etc. 

GEORGETOWN,  D.  C. — Rutile. 

GOOCHLAND  Co. — Gold  mines  (Moss  and  Busby's). 

HARPER'S  FERRY,  on  both  sides  of  the  Potomac. — Thuringite  (owenite)  with  quartz. 

JEFFERSON  Co.,  at  Shepherdstown.  —  Fluor. 

KENAWHA  Co. — At  Kenawha,  petroleum,  brine  springs,  cannel  coal. 

LOUDON  Co. — Tabular  quartz,  prase,  pyrite,  talc,  chlorite,  soapstone,  asbestus,  chromite,  actinolite, 
quartz  crystals ;  micaceous  iron,  bornite,  malachite,  epidote,  near  Leesburg  (Potomac  mine). 

LOUISA  Co. — Walton  gold  mine,  gold,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  argentiferous  galenite,  siderite,  blende, 
anglesite  ;  boulangerite,  blende  (at  Tinder's  mine). 

NELSON  Co. — Galenite,  chalcopyrite,  malachite. 

ORANGE  Co. — Western  part,  Blue  Ridge,  specular  iron ;  gold  at  the  Orange  Grove  and  Vaucluse 
gold  mines,  worked  by  the  "  Freehold"  and  "  Liberty  "  Mining  Companies. 

ROCKBRIDGE  Co.,  three  miles  southwest  of  Lexington. — Barite. 

SHENANDOAH  Co.,  near  Woodstock. — Fluorite. 

MT.  ALTO,  Blue  Ridge. — Argillaceous  iron  ore. 

SPOTSYLVANIA  Co.,  two  miles  northeast  of  Chancellorville. —  Cyanite;  gold  mines  at  the  junction 
of  the  Rappahannock  and  Rapidan ;  on  the  Rappahannock  (Marshall  mine) ;  Whitehall  mine, 
affording  also  tetradymite. 

STAFFORD  Co.,  eight  or  ten  miles  from  Falmouth. — Micaceous  iron,  gold,  tetradymite,  silver, 
galenite,  vivianite. 

WASHINGTON  Co.,  eighteen  miles  from  Abingdon. — Rock  salt  with  gypsum. 

WYTHE  Co.  (Austin's  mines). —  Cerussite,  minium,  plumbic  ochre,  blende,  calamine,  galenite. 

On  the  Potomac,  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Washington  city. — Native  sulphur  in  gray  compact 
limestone. 

NORTH  CAROLINA, 
ASHE  Co. — Malachite,  chalcopyrite. 


782  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES. 

BUNCOMBE  Co.— Corundum  (from  a  boulder),  margarite,  coruudophilite,  garnet,  chromite,  barite, 
fiuorite,  rutile,  iron  ores,  oxyd  of  manganese,  zircon. 

BURKE  Co.— Gold,  monazite,  zircon,  beryl,  corundum,  garnet,  sphene,  graphite,  iron  ores. 

CABARRUS  Co.— Phenix  Mine,  gold,  barite,  chakopyrite,  auriferous  pyrite,  quartz  pseudomorph 
after  barite,  tetradymite ;  Pioneer  mines,  gold,  limonite,  pyrolusite,  barnhardtite,  wolfram,  scheelite, 
tungstate  of  copper,  tungstite,  diamond,  chrysocolla,  chalcocite,  molybdenite,  chakopyrite,  pyrite ; 
White  mine,  needle  ore,  chalcopyrite,  barite;  Long  and  Muse's  mine,  argentiferous  galenite,  pyrite, 
chaloopyrite,  limonite ;  Boger  mine,  tetradymite ;  Fink  mine,  valuable  copper  ores ;  Mt.  Makins, 
tetrabedrite,  magnetite,  talc,  blende,  pyrites,  proustite,  galenite ;  Bangle  mine,  scheelite. 

CALDWELL  Co. — Chromite. 

CHATHAM  Co. — Mineral  coal,  pyrite. 

CHEROKEE  Co.— Iron  ores,  gold,  galenite,  corundum,  rutile. 

DAVIDSON  Co. King's,  now  Washington  mine,  native  silver,  cerussite,  anglesite,  scheelite,  pyro- 

morphite,  galenite,  blende,  malachite,  black  copper,  wavellite,  garnet,  stilbite;  five  miles  from 
Washington  mine,  on  Faust's  farm,  gold,  tetradymite,  oxyd  of  bismuth  and  tellurium,  chalcopyrite, 
limonite,  spathic  iron,  epidote ;  near  Squire  Ward's,  gold  in  crystals,  electrum. 

FRANKLIN  Co. — At  Partis  mine,  diamonds. 

GASTON  Co. — Iron  ores,  corundum,  margarite ;  near  Crowder's  Mountain  (in  what  was  formerly 
Lincoln  Co.),  lazulite,  cyanite,  garnet,  graphite;  also  twenty  miles  northeast,  near  south  end  of 
Clubb's  Mtn.,  lazulite,  cyanite,  talc,  rutile,  topaz,  pyrophyllite. 

GUILFORD  Co. — McCulloch  copper  and  gold  mine,  twelve  miles  from  Greensboro',  gold,  pyrite, 
chakopyrite  (worked  for  copper),  quartz,  spathic  iron.  The  North  Carolina  Copper  Co.  are  working  the 
copper  ore  at  the  old  Fentress  mine :  at  Deep  River,  compact  pyrophyllite  (worked  for  slate-pencils). 

HENDERSON  Co. — Zircon,  sphene  (xanthitane). 

JACKSON  Co. — Alunogen  ?  at  Smoky  Mt. ;  at  Webster,  serpentine,  chromite,  genthite,  chrysolite, 
talc. 

LINCOLN  Co. — Diamond;  at  Randleman's,  amethyst!  rose  quartz. 

MACON  Co.— Chromite. 

MCDOWELL  Co.— Brookite,  monazite,  corundum  in  small  crystals  red  and  white,  zircons,  garnet, 
beryl,  sphene,  xenotime,  rutile,  elastic  sandstone,  iron  ores,  pyromelane. 

MECKLENBURG  Co. — Near  Charlotte  (Rhea  and  Cathay  mines)  and  elsewhere,  chakopyrite,  gold; 
chalcotrichite  at  McGinn's  mine;  barnhardtite  near  Charlotte;  pyrophyllite  in  Cotton  Stone  Moun- 
tain, diamond ;  Flowe  mine,  scheelite,  wolframite ;  Todd's  Branch,  monazite. 

MONTGOMERY  Co. — Steele's  mine,  ripidolite,  albite. 

MOORE  Co. — Carbonton,  compact  pyrophyllite. 

ROWAN  Co.— Gold  Hill  mines,  thirty-eight  miles  northeast  of  Charlotte,  and  fourteen  from  Salis- 
bury, gold,  auriferous  pyrite ;  ten  miles  from  Salisbury,  feldspar  in  crystals,  Msmuthine. 

RUTHERFORD  Co. —  Gold,  graphite,  bismuthic  gold,  diamond,  euclase,  pseudomorphous  quartz,  chal- 
cedony, corundum  in  small  crystals,  epidote,  pyrope,  brookite,  zircon,  mouazite,  rutherfordite, 
samarskite,  quartz  crystals,  itacolumite ;  on  the  road  to  Cooper's  Gap,  cyanite. 

STOKES  AND  SURREY  Cos.— Iron  ores,  graphite. 

UNION  Co.— Lemmond  gold  mine,  eighteen  miles  from  Concord  (at  Stewart's  and  Moore's  mine), 
gold,  quartz,  blende,  argentiferous  galenite  (containing  29*4  oz.  of  gold  and  86'5  oz.  of  silver  to  the 
ton,  Genth),  pyrite,  some  chalcopyrite. 

YANCEY  Co. — Iron  ores,  amianthus,  chromite. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

ABBEVILLE  DIST.— Oakland  Grove,  gold  (Dorn  mine),  galenite,  pyromorphite.  amethyst,  garnet. 

ANDERSON  DIST.— At  Pendleton,  actinolite,  galenite.  kaolin,  tourmaline 

CHARLESTON.— Seknite. 

CHEOWEE  VALLEY.— Galenite,  tourmaline,  gold. 

CHESTERFIELD  DIST.— Gold  (Brewer's  mine),  talc,  chlorite,  pyrophyllite,  pyrite,  native  bismuth, 
carbonate  of  bismuth,  red  and  yellow  ochre,  whetstone,  enargite 

DARLINGTON.— Kaolin. 

EDGEFIELD  DIST.— Psilomelane. 

GREENVILLE  DIST.— Galenite,  phosphate  of  lead,  kaolin,  chalcedony  in  buhrstone,  beryl,  plum- 
bago, epidote,  tourmaline.  y  ' 

KERSHAW  DIST.— Rutile. 

LANCASTER  DiST.-Gold  (Bale's  mine)  talc,  chlorite,  cyanite,  elastic  sandstone,  pyrite;  gold  also 
at  Blackman's  mine,  Massey's  mine,  Ezell's  mine. 

NEWBERRY  DIST. — Leadhillite  (?). 

PICKENS  DIST.— Gold,  manganese  ores,  kaolin. 

EICHLAND  DIST.— Chiastolite,  novaculite. 


AMERICAN   LOCALITIES.  783 

SPARTANBURG  DIST.— Magnetite,  chalcedony,  hematite ;  at  the  Cowpens,  limonite,  graphite,  lime- 
stone, copperas;  Morgan  mine,  leadhillite,  pyromorphite,  cerussite. 
SUMTER  DIST. — Agate. 

UNION  DIST. — Fairforest  gold  mines,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite. 
YORK  DIST. — Limestones,  whetstones,  witherite,  barite. 

GEORGIA, 

BURKE  AND  SCRIVEN  Cos. — Hyalite. 

CHEROKEE  Co. — At  Cauton  Mine,  chalcopyrite,  galenite,  clausthalite,  plumbogummite,  hitch- 
cockite,  mispickel,  lanthanite,  harrisite,  cantonite,  pyromorphite,  automolite,  zinc,  staurolite,  cyanite ; 
at  Ball-Ground,  spodumene. 

CLARK  Co.,  near  Clarksville. — Gold,  xenotime,  zircon,  rutile,  cyanite,  specular  iron,  garnet, 
quartz. 

DADE  Co.— Halloysite,  near  Rising  Fawn. 

FANNIN  Co. — Staurolite,  chalcopyrite. 

HABERSHAM  Co. —  Gold,  iron  and  copper  pyrites,  galenite,  hornblende,  garnet,  quartz,  kaolinite, 
soapstone,  chlorite,  rutile,  iron  ores,  tourmaline,  staurolite,  zircon. 

HALL  Co. —  Gold,  quartz,  kaolin,  diamond. 

HANCOCK  Co. — Agate,  chalcedony. 

HEARD  Co. — Molybdite,  quartz. 

LINCOLN  Co. — Lazulite !  !  rutile !  I  hematite,  cyanite,  menaccanite,  pyrophyllite,  gold,  itacolu- 
mite  rock. 

LUMPKIN  Co. — At  Field's  gold  mine  near  Dahlonega,  gold,  tetradymite,  pyrrhotite,  chlorite,  me- 
naccanite, allanite,  apatite. 

RABUN  Co. — Gold,  chalcopyrite. 

WASHINGTON  Co.,  near  Saundersville. —  Wdvellite,  fire  opal. 

ALABAMA. 

BIBB  Co.,  Centreville. — Iron  ores,  marble,  barite,  coal,  cobalt. 

TUSCALOOSA  Co. — Coal,  galenite,  pyrite,  vivianite,  limonite,  calcite,  dolomite,  cyanite,  steatite, 
quartz  crystals,  manganese  ores. 
BENTON  Co. — Antimonial  lead  ore  (boulangerite  ?). 

FLORIDA. 

NEAR  TAMPA  BAT. — Limestone,  sulphur  springs,  chalcedony,  cornelian,  agate,  silicified  shells 
and  corals. 

KENTUCKY. 

ANDERSON  Co.— Galenite,  barite. 

CLINTON  Co. — Geodes  of  quartz. 

CRITTENDEN  Co. — Galenite,  fluorite,  calcite. 

CUMBERLAND  Co. — At  Mammoth  Cave,  gypsum  rosettes !  calcite,  stalactites,  nitre,  epsomite. 

FAYETTE  Co. — Six  miles  N.E.  of  Lexington,  galenite,  barite,  witherite,  blende. 

LIVINGSTONE  Co.,  near  the  line  of  Union  Co. — Galenite,  chalcopyrite. 

MERCER  Co. — At  McAfee,  fluorite,  pyrite,  calcite,  barite,  celestite. 

OWEN  Co. — Galenite,  barite. 

TENNESSEE. 

BROWN'S  CREEK.— Galenite,  blende,  barite,  celestite. 

CARTER'S  Co.,  foot  of  Roan  Mt. — Sahlite,  magnetite. 

CLAIBORNE  Co. — Calamine,  galenite,  smithsonite,  chlorite,  steatite,  magnetite. 

COCKE  Co.,  near  Brush  Creek. — Cacoxene  ?  kraurite,  iron  sinter,  stilpnosiderite,  brown  hematite. 

DAVIDSON  Co. — Selenite,  with  granular  and  snowy  gypsum,  or  alabaster,  crystallized  and  com- 
pact anhydrite,  fluorite  in  crystals  ?  calcite  in  crystals.  Near  Nashville,  blue  celestite  (crystallized, 
fibrous,  and  radiated),  with  barite  in  limestone.  Haysboro',  galenite,  blende,  with  barite  as  the 
gangue  of  the  ore. 

DICKSON  Co. — Manganite. 


784:  AMERICAN   LOCALITIES. 

JEFFERSON  Co. — Calaminc,  galenite,  fetid  barite. 

KNOX  Co. — Magnesian  limestone,  native  iron,  variegated  marbles  ! 

MAURY  Co. — Wavellite  in  limestone. 

MORGAN  Co.— Epsom  salt,  nitrate  of  lime. 

POLK  Co.,  Ducktown  mines,  southeast  corner  of ;  State.— Black  copper!  chalcopynte,  pyrite, 
native  copper  bornite,  rutile,  zoisite,  galenite,  harrisite,  alisonite,  blende,  pyroxene,  tremolite,  sul- 
phates of  copper  and  iron  in  stalactites,  allopbane,  rahtite,  chalcocite  (ducktownite),  chalcotrichite, 
azurite,  malachite,  pyrrhotite,  limonite. 

BOAN  Co.,  eastern  declivity  of  Cumberland  Mts. — Wavellite  in  limestone. 

SEVIER  Co.,  in  caverns. — Epsom  salt,  soda  alum,  saltpetre,  nitrate  of  lime,  breccia  marble. 

SMITH  Co. — Fluorite. 

SMOKY  MT.,  on  declivity.— Hornblende,  garnet,  staurohte. 

WHITE  Co. — Nitre. 

OHIO. 

BAINBRIDGE  (Copperas  Mt.,  a  few  miles  east  of  B.).— Calcite,  barite,  pyrite,  copperas,  alum. 

CANFIELD. — Gypsum ! 

DUCK  CREEK,  Monroe  Co.— Petroleum. 

LAKE  ERIE.— Strontian  Island,  celestite  !  Put-in  Bay  Island,  celestite  !  sulphur  /  calcite. 

LIVERPOOL. — Petroleum. 

MARIETTA.— Argillaceous  iron  ore;  iron  ore  abundant  also  in  Scioto  and  Lawrence  Cos. 

OTTAWA  Co.— Gypsum. 

POLAND. — Gypsum  I 

MICHIGAN. 

BREST  (Monroe  Co.). — Cakite,  amethystine  quartz,  apatite,  celestite. 

GRAND  RAPIDS. — Selenite,  fib.  and  granular  gypsum,  cakite,  dolomite,  anhydrite. 

LAKE  SUPERIOR  MINING  REGION. — The  four  principal  regions  are  Keweenaw  Point,  Isle  Royale, 
the  Ontonagon,  and  Portage  Lake.  The  mines  of  Keweenaw  Point  are  along  two  ranges  of  eleva- 
tion, one  known  as  the  Greenstone  Range,  and  the  other  as  the  Southern  or  Bohemian  Range 
(Whitney).  The  copper  occurs  in  the  trap  or  amygdaloid,  and  in  the  associated  conglomerate. 
Native  copper!  native  silver!  chalcopyrite,  horn  silver,  gray  copper,  manganese  ores,  epidote, 
prehnite,  laumontite,  datolite,  heulandite,  orthoclase,  anakite,  chabazite,  compact  datolite,  chryso- 
colla,  mesotype  (Copper  Falls  mine),  konhardite  (ib.),  anakite  (ib.),  apophyllite  (at  Cliff  mine),  'tool- 
lastonite  (ib.),  cak  spar!  quartz(in  crystals  at  Minnesota  mine),  compact  datolite,  orthoclase  (Superior 
mine),  saponite,  black  oxyd  of  copper  (near  Copper  Harbor,  but  exhausted),  chrysocolla ;  on  Cho- 
colate River,  galenite  and  sulphid  of  copper ;  chalcopyrite  and  native  copper  at  Presq'  Isle ;  at 
Albion  mine,  domeykite;  at  Prince  Yein,  barite,  cakite,  amethyst;  at  Michipicoten  Ids.,  copper 
nickel,  stilbite,  analcite ;  at  Albany  and  Boston  mine,  Portage  Lake,  prehnite,  anakite,  orthoclase, 
cuprite;  at  Sheldon  location,  domeykite,  whitneyite,  algodonite;  Isle  Royale  mine,  Portage  Lake, 
compact  datolite ;  Quincy  mine,  calcite,  compact  datolite. 

MARQUETTE.— Manganite,  galenite ;  twelve  miles  west  at  Jackson  Mt.,  and  other  mines,  hematite, 
limonite,  gdthite  I  magnetite,  jasper. 

MONROE. — Aragonite,  apatite. 

POINT  AUX  PEAUX  (Monroe  Go.).— Amethystine  quartz,  apatite,  celestite,  cakite. 

SAGINAW  BAY.— At  Alabaster,  gypsum. 

STONY  POINT  (Monroe  Co.).— Apatite,  amethystine  quartz,  celestite,  calcite. 

ILLINOIS. 

GALLATIN  Co.,  on  a  branch  of  Grand  Pierre  Creek,  sixteen  to  thirty  miles  from  Shawneetown, 
down  the  Ohio,  and  from  half  to  eight  miles  from  this  river.—  Violet  fluorite  !  in  carboniferous  lime- 
stone, barite,  galenite,  blende,  brown  iron  ore. 

HANCOCK  Co.— At  Warsaw,  quartz  ^geodes !  containing  cakite!  chalcedony,  dolomite,  blende! 
brown  spar,  pyrite.  aragonite,  gypsum,  bitumen. 

HARDIN  Co.— Near  Rosiclare,  cakite,  galenite,  blende ;  five  miles  back  from  Elizabethtown,  bog 
iron  ;  one  mile  north  of  the  river,  between  Elizabethtown  and  Rosiclare,  nitre. 

DA  VIES  Co.— At  Galena,  galenite,  calcite,  pyrite,  blende;  at  Marsden's  diggings,  galenite  t 
oienae,  cerussite,  pyrite !  in  stalactitic  forms. 

JOLIET. — Marble. 

QUINCY.—  Cakite!  pyrite. 

SCALES  MOUND.— Barite,  pyrite. 


AMEKICAN   LOCALITIES.  785 

INDIANA. 

LIMESTONE  CAVERNS  ;  Cory  don  Caves,  etc. — Epsom  salt. 

In  most  of  the  southwest  counties,  pyrite,  sulphate  of  iron,  and  feather  alum ;  on  Sugar  Creek, 
pyrite  and  sulphate  of  iron;  in  sandstone  of  Lloyd  Co.,  near  the  Ohio,  gypsum;  at  the  top  of  the 
blue  limestone  formation,  brown  spar,  calcite. 

MINNESOTA. 

NORTH  SHORE  OP  L.  SUPERIOR  (range  of  hills  running  nearly  northeast  and  southwest,  extending 
from  Fond  du  Lac  Superieure  to  the  Kamanistiqueia  River  in  Upper  Canada).— Scokcite,  apophyllite, 
prehnite,  stilbite,  laumontite,  heulandite,  harmotome,  thomsonite,  fluorite,  barite,  tourmaline,  epidote, 
hornblende,  calcite,  quartz  crystals,  pyrite,  magnetite,  steatite,  blende,  black  oxyd  of  copper,  mala- 
chite, native  copper,  chalcopyrite,  amethystine  quartz,  ferruginous  quartz,  chalcedony,  carnelian, 
agate,  drusy  quartz,  hyalite  ?  fibrous  quartz,  jasper,  prase  (in  the  debris  of  the  lake  shore),  dogtooth 
spar,  augite,  native  silver,  spodumene  ?  arsenate  of  cobalt  ?  chlorite ;  between  Pigeon  Point  and 
Fond  du  Lac,  near  Baptism  River,  saponite  (thalite)  in  amygdaloid. 

KETTLE  RIVER  TRAP  RANGE. — Epidote,  nail-head  calcite,  amethystine  quartz,  calcite,  undeter- 
mined zeolites,  saponite. 

STILLW  ATER.  — Blende. 

FALLS  OF  THE  ST.  CROIX. — Green  carbonate  of  copper,  native  copper,  epidote,  nail-head  spar. 

RAINY  LAKE. — Actinolite,  tremolite,  fibrous  hornblende,  garnet,  pyrite,  magnetite,  steatite. 

WISCONSIN. 

BIG  BULL  FALLS  (near). — Bog  iron. 

BLUE  MOUNDS. — Cerussite. 

LAC  DU  FLAMBEAU  R. — Garnet,  cyanite. 

LEFT  HAND  R.  (near  small  tributary). — Malachite,  chalcocite,  native  copper,  red  copper  ore, 
earthy  malachite,  epidote,  chlorite  ?  quartz  crystals. 

LINDEN. —  Galenite,  smithsonite,  hydrozincite. 

MINERAL  POINT  and  vicinity. — Copper  and  lead  ores,  chrysocolla,  azurite  !  chalcopyrite,  malachite, 
galenite,  cerussite,  anglesite,  blende,  pyrite,  barite,  calcite,  marcasite,  smithsonite  t  (so-called  dry-bone). 

MONTREAL  RIVER  PORTAGE. — Galenite  in  grieissoid  granite. 

SANK  Co. — Specular  iron  !  malachite,  chalcopyrite. 

SHULLSBURG. — Gaknite!  blende,  pyrite;  at  Emett's  diggings,  galenite  and  pyrite. 

IOWA. 

Du  BUQUE  LEAD  MINES,  and  elsewhere. — Galenite!  calcite,  blende,  black  oxyd  of  manganese;  at 
Ewing's  and  Sherard's  diggings,  smithsonite,  calamine ;  at  Des  Moines,  quartz  crystals,  selenite ; 
Makoqueta  R.,  brown  iron  ore;  near  Durango,  galenite. 

CEDAR  RIVER,  a  branch  of  the  Des  Moines. — Selenite  in  crystals,  in  the  bituminous  shale  of  the 
coal  measures ;  also  elsewhere  on  the  Des  Moines,  gypsum  abundant ;  argillaceous  iron  ore, 
spathic  iron ;  copperas  in  crystals  on  the  Des  Moines,  above  the  mouth  of  Saap  and  elsewhere, 
pyrite,  blende. 

FORT  DODGE. — Celestite. 

MAKOQUETA. — Hematite. 

NEW  GALENA. — Octahedral  galenite,  anglesite. 

MISSOURI. 

BIRMINGHAM. — Limonite. 

JEFFERSON  Co.,  at  Valle's  diggings. — Gaknite,  cerussite,  anglesite,  calamine,  chalcopyrite,  mala- 
chite, azurite,  witherite. 

MINE  A  BURTON. — Galenite,  cerussite,  angksite,  barite,  calcite. 

DEEP  DIGGINGS. — Carbonate  of  copper,  cerussite  in  crystals,  and  manganese  ore. 

MADISON  Co. — Wolframite. 

MINE  LA  MOTTE. — Galenite!  malachite,  earthy  cobalt  and  nickel,  bog  manganese,  sulphuret  of  iron 
and  nickel,  cerussite,  caledonite,  plumbogummite,  wolframite,  siegenite,  smaltite. 

ST.  FRANCIS  RIVER. — Wolframite. 

PERRY'S  DIGGINGS,  and  elsewhere. — Galenite,  etc. 

Forty  miles  west  of  the  Mississippi  and  ninety  south  of  St.  Louis,  the  iron  mountains,  specular 
iron,  limonite;  10  m.  east  of  Iron  ton,  wolframite,  tungstite. 

50 


786  AMERICAN  LOCALITIES. 

ARKANSAS. 

BATESVILLE.— In  bed  of  White  R.,  some  miles  above  Batesville,  gold. 

GREEN  Co.— Near  Gainesville,  lignite. 

HOT  SPRINGS  Co.— At  Hot  Springs,  thuringite;  Magnet  Cove,  broofate!  schortomite,  elceohte, 
magnetite,  quartz,  green  coccolite,  garnet,  apatite,  perowskite,  rutile,  ripidolite,  thomsonite  (ozarkite). 

INDEPENDENCE  Co. — Lafferay  Creek,  psilomelane. 

LAWRENCE  Co. — Hoppe,  Bath,  and  Koch  mines,  smithsonite,  dolomite,  galenite ;  nitre. 

MARION  Co. — Wood's  mine,  smithsonite,  hydrozincite  (marionite),  galenite;  Poke  bayou, 
braunite  f 

OUACHITA  SPRINGS. — Quartz!  whetstones. 

PULASKI  Co. — Kellogg  mine,  10  m.  north  of  Little  Rock,  tetrahedrite,  tennantite,  nacrite,  galenite, 
blende,  quartz. 


CALIFORNIA. 

The  principal  gold  mines  of  California  are  in  Tulare,  Fresno,  Mariposa,  Tuolumne,  Calaveras,  El 
Dorado,  Placer,  Nevada,  Yuba,  Sierra,  Butte,  Plumas,  Shasta,  Siskiyou,  and  Del  Norte  counties, 
although  gold  is  found  in  almost  every  county  of  the  State.  The  gold  occurs  in  quartz,  associated 
with  sulphids  of  iron,  copper,  zinc,  and  lead ;  in  Calaveras  and  Tuolomne  counties,  at  the  Mellones, 
Stanislaus,  Golden  Rule,  and  Rawhide  mines,  associated  with  tellurids  of  gold  and  silver;  it  is 
also  largely  obtained  from  placer  diggings,  and  further  it  is  found  in  beach  washings  in  Del  Norte 
and  Klamath  counties. 

The  copper  mines  are  principally  at  or  near  Copperopolis,  in  Calaveras  county ;  near  Genesee 
Valley,  in  Plumas  county;  near  Low  Divide,  in  Del  Norte  county;  on  the  north  fork  of  Smith's 
River ;  at  Soledad,  in  Los  Angeles  county. 

The  mercury  mines  are  at  or  near  New  Almaden  and  North  Almaden,  in  Santa  Clara  county ;  at 
New  Idria  and  San  Carlos,  Monterey  county ;  in  San  Luis  Obispo  county ;  at  Pioneer  mine  and 
other  localities  in  Lake  county ;  in  Santa  Barbara  county. 

ALPINE  Co. — Morning  Star  mine,  enargite,  stephanite,  polybasite,  barite,  quartz,  pyrite. 

AMADOR  Co. — At  Volcano,  chalcedony,  hyalite. 

ALAMEDA  Co. — Diabolo  Range,  magnesite. 

BUTTE  Co.— Cherokee  Flat,  diamond. 

CALAVERAS  Co.  — Copperopolis,  chakopyrite,  malachite,  azurite,  serpentine,  picrolite,  native' copper, 
near  Murphy's,  jasper,  opal ;  albite,  with  gold  and  pyrite ;  Mellones  mine,  calaverite,  petzite. 

CONTRA-CASTA  Co. — San  Antonio,  chalcedony. 

DEL  NORTE  Co. — Crescent  City,  agate,  caruelian ;  Low  Divide,  chalcopyrite,  bornite,  malachite ; 
on  the  coast,  iridosmine,  platinum. 

EL  ^DORADO  Co. — Pilot  Hill,  chalcopyrite ;  near  Georgetown,  hessite,  from  placer  diggings ; 
Roger's  Claim,  Hope  Valley,  grossular  garnet,  in  copper  ore ;  Coloma,  chromite ;  Spanish  Dry  Dig- 
gings, gold. 

FRESNO  Co.— Chowchillas,  andalusite. 

INGO  Co.— Ingo  district,  galenite,  cerussite,  dolomite,  barite,  atacamite,  calcite,  grosmlar  garnet! 

LAKE  Co.— Borax  Lake,  borax!  boric  acid,  glauberite;  Pioneer  mine,  cinnabar,  native  mercury, 
selenid  of  mercury;  near  the  Geysers,  sulphur,  hyalite. 

Los  ANGELES  Co.— Near  Santa  Anna  River,  anhydrite;  William's  Pass,  chalcedony;  Soledad 
mines,  chalcopyrite,  garnet,  gypsum ;  Mountain  Meadows,  garnet,  in  copper  ore. 

MARIPOSA  Co.— Chalcopyrite ;  Centreville,  cinnabar;  Pine  Tree  mine,  tetrahedrite;  Burns  Creek, 
limomte;  Geyer  Gulch,  pyrophyllite ;  La  Victoria  mine,  azurite!  near  Coulterville,  cinnabar,  gold. 

MONO  Co.— Partzite. 

MONTEREY  Co.— Alisal  Mine,  arsenic;  near  Paneches,  chalcedonv;  New  Idria  mine,  cinnabar; 
near  New  Idria,  chromite,  zaratite,  chrome  garnet;  near  Pachecos  Pass,  stibnite. 

NEVADA  Co.-Grass  Valley,  gold!  in  quartz  veins,  with  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  blende,  mispickel, 
alenite,  quartz,  biotite;  near  Truckee  Pass,  gypsum;  Excelsior  Mine,  molybdenite,  with  molybdite 
and  gold ;  Sweet  Land,  pyrolusite. 

PLACER  Co.— Miners'  Ravine,  epidote  !  with  quartz,  gold 

PLUMAS  Co.-Genesee  Valley,  chalcopyrite;  Hope 'mines,  bornite,  sulphur. 

BARBARA  Co.— San  Araedio  Canon,  stibnite,  asphaltum,  bitumen,  maltha,  petroleum,  cin- 
nabar, lodid  of  mercury;  Santa  Clara  River,  sulphur. 

SAN  DIEGO  Co.-Carisso  Creek,  gypsum;  San  Isabel,  tourmaline,  orthoclase,  garnet. 

SAN  FRANCISCO  Co.— Red  Island,  pyrolusite  and  manganese  ores. 

TVm^T1/]      ,fEA  ?°'~~ .New  ^lraaden,  cinnabar,  cakite,  aragonite,  serpentine,  chrysolite,  quartz; 
north  Almaden,  chromite;  Mt.  Diabolo  Range,  magnesite. 


AMERICAN   LOCALITIES.  787 

SAN  Luis  OBISPO  Co.— Asphaltum,  cinnabar. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  Co.— Colorado  River,  agate,  trona;  Temescal,  cassiterite;  Russ  District,  gale- 
nite,  cerussite;  Francis  mine,  cerargyrite. 

SHASTA  Co. — Near  Shasta  City,  hematite,  in  large  masses. 

SISKIYOU  Co. — Surprise  Valley,  selenite,  in  large  slabs. 

SONOMA  Co.— Actinolite,  garnets. 

TULARE  Co. — Near  Visalia,  magnesite,  asphaltum. 

TOOLUMNE  Co. — Tourmaline,  tremolite;  Sonora,  graphite;  York  Tent,  chromite;  Golden  Rule 
mine,  petzite,  calaverite,  altaite,  hessite,  magnesite,  tetrahedrite,  gold ;  Whiskey  Hill,  gold  I 

TRINITY  Co. — Cassiterite,  a  single  specimen  found. 

LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 
LA  PAZ. — Cuproscheelite.    LORETTO. — Natrolite,  siderite,  selenite. 

NEVADA. 

CARSON  VALLEY.— Chrysolite. 

CHURCHILL  Co. — Near  Ragtown,  gay-lussite,  trona,  common  salt. 

COMSTOCK  LODE. — Gold,  native  silver,  argentite,  stephanite,  polybasite,  pyrargyrite,  proustite,  te- 
trahedrite, cerargyrite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  galenite,  blende,  pyromorphite,  arsenical  antimony, 
arsenolite,  quartz,  calcite,  gypsum,  cerussite,  cuprite,  wulfenite,  amethyst,  kiistelite. 

ESMERALDA  Co. — Alum,  12  m.  north  of  Silver  Creek;  at  Aurora,  fluorite,  stibnite;  near  Mono 
Lake,  native  copper  and  cuprite,  obsidian ;  Columbus  district,  borate  of  lime ;  Walker  Lake,  gyp- 
sum, hematite ;  Silver  Peak,  salt,  saltpetre,  sulphur,  silver  ores. 

HUMBOLDT  DISTRICT. — Sheba  mine,  native  silver,  jamesonite,  stibnite,  tetrdhedrite,  proustite, 
blende,  cerussite,  calcite,  bournonite,  pyrite,  galenite,  malachite,  xanthocone  (?). 

MAMMOTH  DISTRICT. — Orthoclase,  turquois,  hiibnerite,  scheelite. 

REESE  RIVER  DISTRICT.— Native  silver,  proustite,  pyrargyrite,  stephanite,  blende,  polybasite, 
rhodochrosite,  embolite,  tetrahedrite!  cerargyrite,  embolite. 

SAN  ANTONIA.— Belmont  mine,  stetefeldtite. 

Six  MILE  CANON — Selenite. 

ORMSBY  Co. — W.  of  Carson,  epidote. 

STOREY  Co.— Alum,  natrolite,  scolezite. 

ARIZONA. 

On  and  near  the  Colorado,  gold,  silver,  and  copper  mines ;  at  Bill  Williams's  Fork,  chrysocolla, 
malachite,  atacamite,  brochantite ;  Dayton  Lode,  gold,  fluorite,  cerargyrite ;  Skinner  Lode,  octahe- 
dral fluorite ;  at  various  places  in  the  southern  part  of  the  territory,  silver  and  copper  mines ; 
Heiutzelmann  mine,  stromeyerite,  chalcocite,  tetrahedrite,  atacamite. 

OREGON. 

Gold  is  obtained  from  beach  washings  on  the  southern  coast ;  quartz  mines  and  placer  mines  in 
the  Josephine  district ;  also  on  the  Powder,  Burnt,  and  John  Day's  rivers,  and  other  places  in 
eastern  Oregon ;  platinum,  iridosmine,  on  the  Rogue  River,  at  Port  Orford,  and  Cape  Blanco. 


IDAHO. 

In  the  Owyhee,  Boise,  and  Flint  districts,  gold,  also  extensive  silver  mines;  Poorman  Lode,  cerar- 
gyrite! proustite,  pyrargyrite !  native  silver,  gold,  pyromorphite,  quartz,  malachite;  polybasite;  on 
Jordan  Creek,  stream  tin ;  Rising  Star  mine,  stephanite,  argentite,  pyrargyrite. 

COLORADO. 

The  principal  gold  mines  of  Colorado  are  in  Boulder,  Gilpin,  Clear  Creek,  and  Jefferson  Cos.,  on 
a  line  of  country  a  few  miles  W.  of  Denver,  extending  from  Long's  Peak  to  Pike's  Peak.  A  large 


788  AMERICAN   LOCALITIES. 

nortion  of  the  gold  is  associated  with  veins  of  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite ;  silver  and  lead  mines  are  at 
Td  near  Georletown,  Clear  Creek  Co.,  and  to  the  westward  in  Summit  Co  on  Snake  and  Swan 
rivers;  Willis  Gulch,  near  Black  Hawk,  enargite  with  pyrite,  fiuorite,  scorodite? 

CANADA. 
CANADA  EAST. 

ABERCROMBIE. — Labradorite. 

BAY  ST.  PAUL.— Jfenoccontfe  /  apatite,  allanite,  rutile  (or  brookite?). 

AUBERT.— Gold,  iridosmine,  platinum. 

BOLTON.— Cftromifc,  magnesite,  serpentine,  picrolite,  steatite,  bitter  spar,  wad. 

BOUCHERVILLE. — Augite  in  trap. 

BROME.— Magnetite,  chalcopyrite,  sphene,  menaccanite,  phylhte,  sodahte,  cancrimte,  galenite, 

cliloritoid. 

CHAMBLT.— Analcime,  chabazite  and  calcite  in  trachyte,  menaccamte. 

CHATEAU  KICHER. — Labradorite,  hypersthene,  andesite. 

DAILLEBOUT.— Blue  spinel  with  clintonite. 

GRENVILLE.— Tabular  spar,  sphene,  idocrase,  calcite,  pyroxene,  steatite  (rensselaente),  garnet 
(cinnamon-stone),  zircon,  graphite,  scapolite. 

HAM.— Chromite  in  serpentine,  diallage,  antimony  I  senarmontite  /  kermewte,  valentimte,  stibnite. 

INVERNESS. —  Variegated  copper. 

LAKE  ST.  FRANCIS. — Andalusite  in  mica  slate. 

LANDSDOWNE. — Barite. 

LEEDS. — Dolomite,  chalcopyrite,  gold,  chloritoid. 

MILLE  ISLES. — Labradorite !  menaccanite,  hypersthene,  andesite,  zircon. 

MONTREAL.—  Calcite,  augite,  sphene  in  trap,  chrysoh'te,  natrolite. 

MORIN.— Sphene,  apatite,  labradorite. 

ORFORD. — White  garnet,  chrome  garnet,  millerite,  serpentine. 

OTTAWA. — Pyroxene. 

POLTON.— Chromite,  steatite,  serpentine,  amianthus. 

EOUGEMONT  MTS.— Augite  in  trap. 

SHERBROOKE. — At  Suffield  mine,  albite  !  native  silver,  argentite,  chalcopyrite,  blende. 

ST.  ARMAND. — Micaceous  iron  ore  with  quartz,  epidote. 

ST.  FRANCOIS  BEAUCE. — Gold,  platinum,  iridosmine,  ilmenite,  magnetite,  serpentine,  chromite, 
soapstone,  barite. 

ST.  JEROME.— Sphene,  apatite,  chondrodite,  phlogopite,  tourmaline,  zircon,  molybdenite,  magnetic 
pyrites. 

ST.  NORBERT. — Amethyst  in  greenstone. 

STUKELET. — Serpentine,  verd-antique  !  schiller  spar. 

SUTTON. — Magnetite  in  fine  crystals,  specular  iron,  rutile,  dolomite,  magnesite,  chromiferous  tak, 
bitter  spar,  steatite. 

UPTON. — Chalcopyrite,  malachite,  calcite. 

VAUDREUIL. — Limonite,  vivianite. 

YAMASKA.— Sphene  in  trap. 

CANADA   WEST. 

BALSAM  LAKE. — Molybdenite,  scapolite,  quartz,  pyroxene,  pyrite. 

BRANTFORD. — Sulphuric  acid  spring  (4-2  parts  of  pure  sulphuric  acid  in  1000). 

BATHURST. — Barite,  black  tourmaline,  perthite  (orthoclase),  peristerite  (albite),  bytownite,  pyroxene, 
mlsonite. 

BROME. — Magnetite. 

BRUCE  MINES.—  Calcite,  dolomite,  quartz,  chalcopyrite. 

BURGESS. — Pyroxene,  albite,  mica,  sapphire,  sphene,  chalcopyrite,  apatite,  black  spinel!  spodu- 
mene  (in  a  boulder),  serpentine. 

BYTOWN.—  Calcite,  bytownite,  chondrodite,  spinel. 

CAPE  IPPERWASH,  Lake  Huron. — Oxalite  in  shales. 

CLARENDON. — Idocrase, 

DALHOUSIE. — Hornblende,  dolomite. 

DRUMMOND. — Labradorite. 

ELMSLEY.— Pyroxene,  sphene,  feldspar,  tourmaline,  apatite. 

FITZROY. — Amber,  brown  tourmaline,  in  quartz. 


AMERICAN   LOCALITIES.  789 

GGGTINEAU  RIVER,  Blasdell's  Mills. — Calcite,  apatite,  tourmaline,  hornblende,  pyroxene. 
GRAND  CALUMET  ISLAND. — Apatite,  phlogopite!  pyroxene!  sphene,  idocrase!!  serpentine,  tremo- 
lite,  scapolite,  brown  and  black  tourmaline  !  pyrite,  loganite. 
HIGH  FALLS  OF  THE  MADAWASKA.— Pyroxene!  hornblende. 
HULL. — Magnetite,  garnet,  graphite. 

HUNTERSTOWN. — Scapolite,  sphene,  idocrase,  garnet,  "brown  tourmaline ! 
HUNTINGDON. — Calcite!  . 
I  NNISKILLEN. — Petroleum. 
KINGSTON. — Celestite. 

LAC  DES  CHATS.  Island  Portage. — Brown  tourmaline  !  pyrite,  calcite,  quartz. 
LANARK. — Raphilite  (hornblende),  serpentine,  asbestus. 
LANDSDOWN. — Barite!  vein  27  in.  wide,  and  fine  crystals. 
MADOC. — Magnetite. 

MARMORA. — Magnetite,  chalcolite,  garnet,  epsomite,  specular  iron. 
MAIMANSE. — Pitchblende  (coracite). 
McNAB. — Specular  iron,  barite. 

MICHIPICOTEN  ISLAND,  Lake  Superior. — DomeyMe,  niccolite,  genthite. 
NEWBOROUGH. —  Chondrodite,  graphite. 
SOUTH  CROSBY. — Chondrodite  in  limestone,  magnetite. 
ST.  ADELE. — Chondrodite  in  limestone. 
ST.  IGNACE  ISLAND. — Calcite,  native  copper. 
SYDENHAM. — Celestite. 

TERRACE  COVE,  Lake  Superior. — Molybdenite. 
WALLACE  MINE,  Lake  Huron. — Specular  iron,  nickel  ore,  nickel  vitriol. 


NEW  BRUNSWICK.* 

ALBERT  Co. — Hopewell,  gypsum ;  Albert  mines,  coal  (albertite) ;  Shepody  Mountain,  alunite  in 
clay,  calcite,  iron  pyrites,  manganite,  psilomelane,  pyrolusite. 

CARLETON  Co. — Woodstock,  chalcopyrite,  hematite,  limonite,  wad. 

CHARLOTTE  Co. — Campobello,  at  Welchpool,  blende,  chalcopyrite,  bornite,  galenite,  pyrite ;  at 
head  of  Harbor  de  Lute,  galenite ;  Deer  Island,  on  west  side,  calcite,  magnetite,  quartz  crystals ; 
Digdignash  River,  on  west  side  of  entrance,  calcite!  (in  conglomerate),  chalcedony;  at  Rolling  Dam, 
graphite;  Grandmanan,  between  Northern  Head  and  Dark  Harbor,  agate,  amethyst,  apophyllite, 
calcite,  hematite,  heulandite,  jasper,  magnetite,  natrolite,  stilbite ;  at  Whale  Cove,  calcite !  heuland- 
ite,  laumontite,  stilbite,  semi-opal!  Wagaguadavic  River,  at  entrance,  azurite,  chalcopyrite  in  veins, 
malachite. 

GLOUCESTER  Co. — Tete-a-Gouche  River,  eight  miles  from  Bathurst,  chalcopyrite  (mined),  oxyd  of 
manganese  ! !  formerly  mined. 

KINGS  Co. — Sussex,  near  Gloat's  mills,  on  road  to  Belleisle,  argentiferous  galenite ;  one  mile  north 
of  Baxter's  Inn,  specular  iron  in  crystals,  limonite ;  on  Capt.  McCready's  farm,  selenite  I ! 

RESTIGOUCHE  Co. — Belledune  Point,  calcite!  serpentine,  verd-antique ;  Dalhousie,  agate,  carnelian. 

SAINT  JOHN  Co. — Black  River,  on  coast,  calcite,  chlorite,  chalcopyrite,  hematite !  Brandy  Brook, 
epidote,  hornblende,  quartz  crystals ;  Carleton,  near  Falls,  calcite ;  Chance  Harbor,  calcite  in  quartz 
veins,  chlorite  in  argillaceous  and  talcose  slate ;  Little  Dipper  Harbor,  on  west  side,  in  greenstone, 
amethyst,  barite,  quartz  crystals ;  Moosepath,  feldspar,  hornblende,  muscovite,  black  tourmaline ; 
Musquash,  on  east  side  harbor,  copperas,  graphite,  pyrite ;  at  Shannon's,  chrysolite,  serpentine  ; 
east  side  of  Musquash,  quartz  crystals ! ;  Portland,  at  the  Falls,  graphite ;  at  Fort  Howe  Hill, 
calcite,  graphite;  Crow's  Nest,  asbestus,  chrysolite,  magnetite,  serpentine,  steatite;  Lily  Lake, 
white  augite?  chrysolite,  graphite,  serpentine,  steatite,  talc;  How's  Road,  two  miles  out,  epidote 
(in  syenite),  steatite  in  limestone,  tremolite ;  Drury's  Cove,  graphite,  pyrite,  pyrallolite  ?  indurated 
talc;  Quaco,  at  Lighthouse  Point,  large  bed  oxyd  of  manganese;  Sheldon's  Point,  actinolite, 
asbestus,  calcite,  epidote,  malachite,  specular  iron ;  Cape  Spencer,  asbestus,  calcite,  chlorite,  specular 
iron  (in  crystals) ;  Westbeach,  at  east  end,  on  Evans'  farm,  chlorite,  talc,  quartz  crystals ;  half  a 
mile  west,  chlorite,  chalcopyrite,  magnesite  (vein),  magnetite ;  Point  Wolf  and  Salmon  River, 
asbestus,  chlorite,  chrysocolla,  chalcopyrite,  bornite,  pyrite. 

VICTORIA  Co. — Tabique  River,  agate,  carnelian,  jasper ;  at  mouth,  south  side,  galenite ;  at  mouth 
of  Wapskanegan,  gypsum,  salt  spring ;  three  miles  above,  stalactites  (abundant) ;  Quisabis  River, 
blue  phosphate  of  iron,  in  clay. 

*  For  a  more  complete  list  of  localities  in  New  Brunswick.  Nova  Scotia,  and  Newfoundland,  see 
catalogue  by  0.  C.  Marsh,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxxv.  210,  1863. ' 


790  AMERICAN   LOCALITIES. 

WESTMORELAND  Co.— Bellevue,  pyrite;  Dorcester,  on  Taylor's  farm,  cann el _ coal;  clay  iron- 
stone-  on  Ayres's  farm,  asphaltum,  petroleum  spring;  Grandlance,  apatite,  selenite  (in  large  crys- 
tals)- Memramcook,  coal  (albertite);  Shediac,  four  miles  up  Scadoue  River,  coal 

YORK  Co.— Near  Fredericton,  stibnite,  jamesonite,  berthierite;  Pokiock  River,  stibnite,  tin 
pyrite  ?  in  granite  (rare). 


NOYA  SCOTIA. 

ANNAPOLIS  Co.— Chute's  Cove,  apophyllite,  natrolite;  Gates's  Mountain,  analcite,  magnetite, 
mesolite!  natrolite  stilbite;  Martial's  Cove,  analcite!  chabazite,  heulandite;  Moose  River,  beds  of 
magnetite-  Nictau  River,  at  the  Falls,  bed  of  hematite;  Paradise  River,  black  tourmaline,  smoky 
quartz  '  !  •  Port  George,  faroelite,  laumontite,  mesolite,  stilbite ;  east  of  Port  George,  on  coast,  apo- 
phyllite containing  gyrolite ;  Peter's  Point,  west  side  of  Stonock's  Brook,  apophyllite  I  calcite,  heu- 
landite laumontite !  (abundant),  native  copper,  stilbite ;  St.  Croix  Cove,  chabazite,  heulandite. 

COLCHESTER  Co.— Five  Islands,  East  River,  barite !  calcite,  dolomite  (ankerite),  hematite,  chalco- 
pyrite;  Indian  Point,  malachite,  magnetite,  red  copper,  tetrahedrite ;  Pinnacle  Islands,  analcite, 
calcite,  chabazite!  natrolite,  siliceous  sinter;  Londonderry,  on  branch  of  Great  Village  River,  barite, 
ankerite,  hematite,  limonite,  magnetite ;  Cook's  Brook,  ankerite,  hematite ;  Martin's  Brook,  hema- 
tite, limonite ;  at  Folly  River,  below  Falls,  ankerite,  pyrite ;  on  high  laud,  east  of  river,  ankerite, 
hematite,  limonite;  on  Archibald's  land,  ankerite,  barite,  hematite;  Salmon  River,  south  branch  of, 
chalcopyrite,  hematite;  Shubenacadie  River,  anhydrite,  calcite,  barite,  hematite,  oxyd  of  manga- 
nese ;  at  the  Canal,  pyrite ;  Stewiacke  River,  barite  (in  limestone). 

CUMBERLAND  Co.  —  Cape  Chiegnecto,  barite ;  Cape  D'Or,  analcite,  apophyllite !  !  chabazite, 
faroelite,  laumontite,  mesolite,  malachite,  natrolite,  native  copper,  obsidian,  red  copper  (rare),  vivian- 
ite  (rare) ;  Horse-shoe  Cove,  east  side  of  Cape  D'Or,  analcite,  calcite,  stilbite ;  Isle  Haute,  south 
side,  analcite,  apophyllite ! !  calcite,  heulandite  !  !  natrolite,  mesolite,  stilbite  !  Joggins,  coal,  hema- 
tite, limonite;  malachite  and  tetrahedrite  at  Seaman's  Brook;  Partridge  Island,  analcite,  apophyl- 
lite! (rare),  amethyst!  agate,  apatite  (rare),  calcite!  !  chabazite  (acadiolite),  chalcedony,  cat's-eye 
(rare),  gypsum,  hematite,  heulandite!  magnetite,  stilbite!  ! ;  Swan's  Creek,  west  side,  near  the  Point, 
calcite,  gypsum,  heulandite,  pyrite;  east  side,  at  Wasson's  Bluff  and  vicinity,  analcite!  !  apophyl- 
lite! (rare),  calcite,  chabazite!  !  (acadiolite),  gypsum,  heulandite!  !  natrolite!  siliceous  sinter;  Two 
Islands,  moss  agate,  analcite,  calcite,  chabazite,  heulandite ;  McKay's  Head,  analcite,  calcite, 
heulandite,  siliceous  sinter! 

DIGBY  Co. — Brier  Island,  native  copper,  in  trap ;  Digby  Neck,  Sandy  Cove  and  vicinity,  agate, 
amethyst,  calcite,  chabazite,  hematite!  laumontite  (abundant),  magnetite,  stilbite,  quartz  crystals; 
Gulliver's  Hole,  magnetite,  stilbite!;  Mink  Cove,  amethyst,  chabazite!  quartz  crystals;  Nichol's 
Mountain,  south  side,  amethyst,  magnetite !;  William's  Brook,  near  source,  chabazite  (green),  heu- 
landite, stilbite,  quartz  crystals. 

GUYSBORO'  Co. — Cape  Canseau,  andalusite. 

HALIFAX  Co.— Gay's  river,  galenite  in  limestone ;  southwest  of  Halifax,  garnet,  staurolite,  tour- 
maline ;  Tangier,  gold !  in  quartz  veins  in  clay  slate,  associated  with  auriferous  pyrites,  galenite, 
hematite,  mispickel,  and  magnetite ;  gold  has  also  been  found  in  the  same  formation,  at  Country 
Harbor,  Fort  Clarence,  Isaac's  Harbor,  Indian  Harbor,  Laidlow's  farm,  Lawrence  town,  Sherbrooke, 
Salmon  River,  Wine  Cove,  and  other  places. 

HANTS  Co. — Cheverie,  oxyd  of  manganese  (in  limestone) ;  Petite  River,  gypsum,  oxyd  of  man- 
ganese; Windsor,  calcite,  cryptomorphite  (boronatrocalcite),  howlite,  glauber  salt.  The  last 
three  minerals  are  found  in  beds  of  gypsum. 

KINGS  Co. — Black  Rock,  centrallassite,  cerinite,  cyanolite  ;  a  few  miles  east  of  Black  Rock, 
prehnite  ?  stilbite ! ;  Cape  Blomidon,  on  the  coast  between  the  cape  and  Cape  Split,  the  following 
minerals  occur  in  many  places  (some  of  the  best  localities  are  nearly  opposite  Cape  Sharp) :  anal- 
cite! I  agate,  amethyst!  apophyllite !  calcite,  chalcedony,  chabazite,  gmelinite  (ledererite),  hema- 
tite, heulandite!  laumontite,  magnetite,  malachite,  meaolite,  native  copper  (rare),  natrolite!  psilome- 
lane,  stilbite  !  thomsonite,  faroelite,  quartz ;  North  Mountains,  amethyst,  bloodstone  (rare),  ferru- 
ginous quartz,  mesolite  (in  soil) ;  Long  Point,  five  miles  west  of  Black  Rock,  heulandite,  laumontite!  I 
stilbite!  !;  Morden,  apophyllite,  mordenite ;  Scot's  Bay,  agate,  amethyst,  chalcedony,  mesolite,  natro- 
lite ;  Woodworth's  Cove,  a  few  miles  west  of  Scot's  Bay,  agate  !  chalcedony  !  jasper. 

LUNENBURG  Co  —Chester,  Gold  River,  gold  in  quartz,  pyrite,  mispickel ;  Cape  la  Have,  pyrite  ; 
The  "Ovens,"  gold,  pyrite,  mispickel!  Petite  River,  gold  in  slate. 

PICTOU  Co  — Pictou,  jet,  oxyd  of  manganese,  limonite ;  at  Roder's  Hill,  six  miles  west  of  Pictou, 
barite  ;  on  Carribou  River,  gray  copper  and  malachite  in  lignite ;  at  Albion  mines,  coal  limonite  • 
East  River,  limonite. 

QUEENS  Co.— Westfield,  gold  in  quartz,  pyrite,  mispickel ;  Five  Rivers,  near  Big  Fall  gold  in 
quartz,  pyrite,  mispickel,  limonite. 


AMERICAN   LOCALITIES.  791 

RICHMOND  Co. — West  of  Plaister  Cove,  barite  and  calcite  in  sandstone ;  nearer  the  Cove,  calcite, 
fluorite  (blue),  siderite. 

SHELBURNE  Co. — Shelburne,  near  mouth  of  harbor,  garnets  (in  gneiss) ;  near  the  town,  rose 
quartz ;  at  Jordan  and  Sable  River,  staurolite  (abundant),  schiller  spar. 

SYDNEY  Co. — Hills  east  of  Lochaber  Lake,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  siderite,  hematite ;  Morristown, 
epidote  in  trap,  gypsum. 

YARMOUTH  Co. — Cream  Pot,  above  Cranberry  Hill,  gold  in  quartz,  pyrite ;  Cat  Rock,  Fouchu 
Point,  asbestus,  calcite. 

NEWFOUNDLAND. 

ANTONY'S  ISLAND. — Pyrite. 

CATALINA  HARBOR. — On  the  shore,  pyrite  ! 

CHALKY  HILL. — Feldspar. 

COPPER  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Wadham  group. —  Chalcopyrite. 

CONCEPTION  BAY. — On  the  shore  south  of  Brigus,  bornite  and  gray  copper  in  trap. 

BAY  OF  ISLANDS. — Southern  shore,  pyrite  in  slate. 

LAWN. —  Gaknite,  cerargyrite,  proustite,  argentite. 

PLACENTIA  BAY. — At  La  Manche,  two  miles  eastward  of  Little  Southern  Harbor,  galenite  / ;  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  isthmus  from  Placentia  Bay,  barite,  in  a  large  vein,  occasionally  accom- 
panied by  chalcopyrite. 

SHOAL  BAY. — South  of  St.  John's,  chalcopyrite. 

TRINITY  BAY. — Western  extremity,  barite. 

HARBOR  GREAT  ST.  LAWRENCE. — West  side,  fluorite,  galenite. 


FOREIGN  LOCALITIES. 

With  reference  to  foreign  localities,  consult  for 

EUROPE  generally,  Leonhard's  Topogr.  Min. 

GREAT  BRITAIN,  Greg  &  Lettsom's  Min. ;  Brooke  &  Miller's  Min. 

FRANCE,  Dufrenoy's  Min. ;  Descloizeaux's  Min. 

SWITZERLAND,  Kenngott's  Min.  der  Schweiz. 

GERMANY,  Hausmann's  Min. ;  Quenstedt's  Min. 

AUSTRIA,  Zepharovich's  Min.  Lex. 

SWEDEN,  Hisinger's  Min.  Schwed. 

FINLAND,  A.  E.  Nordenskiold's  Finl.  Min. 

RUSSIA,  Kokscharof 's  Min.  Russl. 
For  the  full  titles  of  the  works  here  referred  to,  see  pp.  rxxix-xlv. 


SUPPLEMENT.  793 


SUPPLEMENT. 


THIS  supplement  contains  descriptions  of  some  species  imperfectly  known,  and  notices  of  new 
or  described  species  which  came  to  hand  too  late  to  be  inserted  in  the  preceding  part  of  this 
work.  The  numbers  affixed  to  the  species  indicate  their  places  in  the  system. 


(480,  p.  522).    Mean  of  four  closely  agreeing  analyses  by  Marignac  (Bib.  Univ. 
Geneve,  Aug.  25,  1867,  p.  286)  : 

Ob,  Ti    Sn       Th        Ce     La,  Di    Y       Fe      Oa      ign. 

51-45     0-18     15-75     18'49     5'60     1'12     3'17     2'75     1-07=99'58. 

G.=5'23.  The  amount  of  metallic  acids  varied  between  51*15  and  51-75.  Analyses  of  the 
metallic  acid  gave  the  relation,  Cb  29-31,  Ti  22*14,  differing  materially  from  Hermann's  results. 
Marignac,  having  previously  examined  the  acids  of  euxenite  (see  p.  522),  concludes  that  the  rela- 
tion between  the  metallic  acids  is  the  same  as  in  aeschynite,  and  that  these  two  minerals  differ 
mainly  in  the  character  of  the  bases  they  contain  ;  and  that  both  may  be  represented  by  the 
general  formula  5  R  Ti+  2  B2  Cb. 

AGNESITE.  Carbonate  of  Bismuth  W.  Macgregor,  Sowerby's  English  Min.,  Beud.,  Tr.,  ii.  375, 
1832;  Agnesite  B.  &  M.  Min.,  591,  1852.  An  earthy  steatite-like  mineral  from  St.  Agnes  in  Corn- 
wall, having  G.=4-31,  made  by  Macgregor  to  consist  of  C  5]  -3,  JBi  28-8,  Fe  2-1,  &1  7'5,  Si  6*7,  H 
3  6=100  ;  which  result  is  pronounced  by  Beudant  as  probably  "  quelque  grande  erreur,"  and  so 
proved  by  Thomson  (Min.,  ii.  594),  who  states,  after  personal  trials,  that  it  did  "  not  effervesce  with 
acids,  and  contained  only  a  trace  of  bismuth  "  ;  and  also  by  Greg  and  Lettsom,  who  examined  a 
specimen  in  the  late  Mr.  Allan's  collection,  from  Mr.  Macgregor,  with  the  same  result  as  to  effer- 
vescence, and  say  that  it  may  be  an  impure  bismuth  ochre.  Allan  appears  to  have  thought  it 
unworthy  of  a  place  in  his  edition  of  Phillips'  Mineralogy  (1837),  and  does  not  even  allude  to  it 
under  bismuth  ochre. 

ALTAITE  (48,  p.  44).  This  rare  species  has  been  identified  at  the  Stanislaus  mine,  Gal,  and 
F.  A,  Genth  has  also  observed  it  in  minute  quantities  associated  with  petzito  at  the  Golden  Rule 
mine,  Cal.  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlv.  311).  The  mineral  from  the  former  locality  is  tin-  white,  with  a  yel- 
lowish tinge,  tarnishing  to  bronze-yellow;  streak  gray;  with  H.=3,  and  has  a  distinctly  cubic 
cleavage.  Composition,  after  deducting  in  1,  1/03  p.  c.,  and  in  2,  1'96  of  quartz  : 

1.  Te  37-31      Pb  60-71      Ag  1-17      Au  0-26=99-45. 

2.  [37-00]  47-84  11'30  3-86=100-00. 

No.  1  is  the  first  complete  analysis  of  this  species,  and  confirms  the  assumption  of  Rose  that 
it  is  a  compound  analogous  to  hessite.  Dr.  Genth  calculates  No.  1  to  contain  99-25  p.  c.  of  altaite 
and  2-20  of  hessite  ;  and  No.  2,  77'42  altaite,  and  23-11  p.  c.  hessite.  An  earlier  result  on  another 
specimen  obtained  by  Genth,  after  separating  carbonates  and  excluding  8  p.  c.  free  gold,  and  3-45 
quartz,  gave  Te  (37-14),  Ag  44-49,  Pb  18-37  =  100-00.  This  may  represent  70-85  hessite,  and  29-26 
altaite.  '  The  material  appeared  to  be  pure,  but  Genth  states  that  further  investigation  is  needed 
to  ascertain  whether  there  is  a  teUurid  of  silver,  or  tellurid  of  silver  and  lead,  which  has  a  white 
color  and  cubic  cleavage. 

AMPHIBOLE  (247,  p.  232).  Compact  asbestus  from  Bolton,  Mass.,  afforded  T.  Peterson  (Jahresb. 
for  1866,  924,1868): 

Si  58-80    3tl  tr.    Fe  3-05     Mg  22-23     Ca  16'47     H  <r.=100  55.     G.=3'007. 


SUPPLEMENT. 

The  formulas  on  the  new  system  for  aluminous  pyroxene  and  amphibole,  pp.  207,  208,  become, 
if  the  Greek-lettered  symbol  be  used  also  for  the  silica,  (ySi2,  Wa)  0|0a|  ft. 

ANDALUSITE  (322,  p.  371).  The  chiastolite  of  Lancaster,  Mass.,  afforded  T.  Petersen  (Jahresb. 
1866,  921): 

Si  41-95    XI  48-60    3Pe  9'30    Ca  0-41=100-26.     G.=2'923. 

ANORTHITB  (310,  p.  337).  Tarikite  is  referred  to  anorthite  on  p.  337,  on  the  authority  of  Descloi- 
zeaux,  who  has  found  them  to  have  the  same  forms  of  crystals  and  angles  (Mem.  Soc.  Min.  St. 
Pet  II  ii  1867-).  Desoloizeaux  also  publishes  (1.  c.)  the  following  analyses  of  tankiteby  Pisani: 
Si  42-49  £l  34-70,  £e0'74,  Mg  0'30,  Ca  15-82,  Na,  Li  1*60,  K  0;63,  H,  F  4-80=101-08 ;  whence 
the  oxygen  ratio,  B,  &,  Si,  1  :  3  :  4.  The  mineral  is  from  the  iron  mines  of  Arendal,  Norway, 
where  it  was  originally  obtained  by  Mr.  Tank. 

Anorthite  crystals  from  the  Juvenas  meteorite  have  been  measured  by  v.  Lang  (Pogg.,  cxxxiii. 
188). 

ARSENOPTKITE  (94,  p.  78).  Von  Zepharovich  has  measured  crystals  of  this  species,  with  the 
following  results  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  IvL  i.  21,  1867) : 

From  CEblarn,  Styria  /A  7=111°  10'  38"         14  A  1-2,  top,  =  80°  16'  25" 
Freiberg,  Sax.  "        111  27 

Breitenbrunn,  Sax.  "        11129  J-i  A±-S,  top,  =  151  36 

Reichenstein,  Silesia  "        11130 

Eisenerz,  Styria  "        111  40 

Joachimsthal  "        11110  H  A  $-?,  top,  =  136  30 

ATACAMITE  (153,  p.  121).    The  following  are  additional  observations  on  this  species: 

Artif,— Field  has  shown  (Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  xxiv.  123)  that  when  an  alkaline  hypochlorite  is  added 
to  a  boiling  solution  of  the  sulphate,  nitrate,  or  chlorid  of  copper,  the  latter  being  in  excess,  the 
precipitate  produced  has  the  formula  3  Cu  ll+CuClfi.  The  same  is  formed  when  potash  is 
added  to  an  excess  of  chlorid  of  copper.  If,  in  the  first  case  given  above,  the  time  of  ebullition  is 
too  short,  the  precipitate  has  the  composition  3  Cu  H  +  Cu  Cl  11  +  2  aq.  Field's  analysis  gave  Cu 
49-85,  Cu  Cl  28-02,  H  2 2 -13,  agreeing  very  closely,  as  he  observed,  with  that  of  Berthier  (anal.  1) 
from  Cobija,  Bolivia.  The  formula  requires  Cu  49-56,  CuCl  28'01,  H  22-43  =  100.  This  is  also 
the  composition  of  botallackite.  Field  states  also  that  atacamite  is  formed  in  Chili  at  a  seashore 
locality  by  the  action  of  salt  in  the  soil  on  chalcopyrite. 

Debray  finds  that  crystals  may  be  obtained  by  heating  to  200°  C.,  Cu8N  with  a  concentrated 
solution  of  common  salt;  or  to  100°  C..  ammoniacal  sulphate  of  copper  with  the  same. 

BABINGTONITE  (242,  p.  227).  The  small,  black,  brilliant  crystals  from  Athol  referred  tobabing- 
tonite  by  Shepard  (p.  228),  do  not  afford  very  nearly  the  angles  of  that  species.  They  are  usually 
implanted  on  green  epidote,  and,  although  black,  they  appear, 
under  a  glass,  to  pass  so  gradually  into  the  underlying  mineral 
that  the  first  impression  is  naturally  that  they  are  only  a  black 
variety  of  epidote.  Yet  they  differ  also  from  this  species  in 
angle.  The  author  has  attempted  to  make  new  measurements, 
but  the  crystals  for  the  purpose  were  so  minute  (-^  of  an  inch  in 
length)  that  they  require  further  study  for  satisfactory  results. 
The  author's  figure  and  "  approximate  measurements  "  from  the 
last  edition  of  this  work  are  consequently  here  added  without 
modification,  or  even  the  change  in  the  lettering  that  is  required 
to  bring  the  figure  into  parallelism  with  the  figures  of  babingtonite.  0  A  J=90°— 91°,  0  A  /'= 
85°,  0AV=153°  20',  /A/'  =  110°  30' and  69°  30',  /A  «-g=129°,  /'  A  £3=120°  30',  0A-1  = 
135°  40',  0  A  1  =  135°  30',  0  A  «-S=95°  30',  /A  i=95°  30'. 

BARNHARDITE  (79,  p.  67).    A  specimen  of  this  mineral  from  Bin  Williams  Fork,  Arizona,  found 
with  metallic  copper,  cuprite,  chalcocite,  pyrite,  chrysocolla,  malachite,  and  brochantito,  gave  N. 
Higgins,  according  to  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlv.  319),  S  28'96,  Cu  50-41,  Fe  20'44=99'81 ; 
showing  a  slight  admixture  with  chalcocite. 

BERYL  (254,  p.  245)..  The  green  beryl  of  Royalston,  Mass.,  yielded  on  analysis  by  T.  Petersen 
(Jahresb.  1866,  925)  Si  67'52,  £l  17-42,  Be  14-35,  3Pe,  Ca  <r.=99-29.  G.=2'65. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


'95 


BERZELIANITE  (50,  p.  46).  According  to  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  ((Efv.  Ak.  Stockholm,  1866,  361, 
J.  pr.  Ch.,  cii.  456)  berzelianite  occurs  at  Skrikerum  as  a  black  to  blackish-blue  powder,  disseminated 
through  a  coarse  crystalline  calcite,  showing  no  traces  of  crystalline  structure,  but  sometimes 
forming  dendritic  crusts.  When  in  sufficient  masses  to  be  observed,  it  has  a  metallic  lustre  and 
silver- white  fracture,  the  surface  of  which  soon  tarnishes.  G.  =  6'71. 


Se  Cu 

1.  39-85         53-14 

2.  38-74        52-15 


Ag 
4-73 

8-50 


Fe 
0-54 
0-54 


Tl 
0-38=98-64. 


Nordenskiold  remarks  that  the  varying  percentage  of  the  silver  is  possibly  due  to  an  admixture 
of  eucairite,  and  that  the  amount  of  thallium  in  the  analyses  is  probably  too  low. 


BISMUTHAURITE  or  BiSMUTHic  GOLD  SJiep.,  Min.,  304,  1857. 
xxiv.  112,  1867). 


A  furnace  product  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  IL 


BOBIEERITE.  Phosphate  de  Magnesie  tribasique  et  hydrat6  Bobierre,  Les  Mondes,  April  1868, 
691;  Bobierrite  Dana  (523A). — Monoclinic;  in  six-sided  prismatic  forms.  Crystals  minute,  and 
forming  crystalline  agglomerations,  imbedded  in  guano,  looking  like  white  spots  in  the  guano. 
Crystals  colorless.  Composition,  according  to  Bobierre  (I.e.),  Ifrg3  $  with  water.  It  is  insoluble 
in  water,  but  easily  soluble  in  acids  without  effervescence.  Contains  not  a  trace  of  lime. 

From  the  guano  of  Mexillones,  on  the  Peruvian  Coast. 

BOULANGERITE  (122,  p.  99).  Found,  according  to  v.  Zepharovich,  at  Przibram  in  Bohemia,  with 
jamesonite  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  Ivi.  1867).  He  gives  the  following  analyses: 

S  Sb  Pb  Fe 

18-77  26-81  54-42       <r.  =  100  E.  Boricky. 

19-77  24-46  54'32       <r.=98'55  E.  Boricky. 

18-89  21-87  57-69  0-84,  Ag  0-25,  Zn  0-47  =  100-01  Helmhacker. 

18-64  24-31  55-06  1-46=99-47  Boricky. 

18-47  24-17  55-96  Fe,  Mn  0-08,  Cu  0*23,  Ag  0-84=99-74  Helmh. 

17-60  22-81  58-13  0  57  =  9911  Boricky. 

17-95  22-91  57-28  1'35,  Ag  0'06,  Zn  0-34=99'89  Helmhacker. 

17-74  25-11  57-42       <r.  =  100-27  Boricky. 

20-49  27-72  48'38  3'47  =  100-06  Boricky. 

1,  flue  fibrous,  G-.  =  5'75;  2,  subfibrous,  G-.  =  5  91 ;  3,  compact,  with"subconchoidal  fracture,  G-. 
=  5'877,  associated  with  zinc-blende  ;  4,  associated  with  a  coarse  granular  to  fibrous  galenite,  G-. 
=5809;  5,  found  in  nests  in  galenite,  G.  =  569;  6,  G.=6'08 ;  7,  in  short,  felt-like,  capillary 
crystals,  with  quartz  and  calcite  ;  9,  associated  with  quartz,  G.=5'52. 

F.  A.  Genth  obtained  for  boulangerite  from  Echo  District,  Union  Co.,  Nevada  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II. 
xlv.  320,  1868),  S  17'91,  Sb  26'85,  Pb  54'82,  Ag  0*42  =  100.  Occurs  in  indistinct  acicular  striated 
crystals,  in  white  quartz. 

BROCHANTITE  (701,  p.  664).  F.  A.  Genth  has  found  this  mineral  in  minute  crystals,  showing 
the  planes  /,  &-f,  and  l-«,  with  the  copper  ores  at  Bill  "Williams  Fork,  Arizona,  For  analyses  of 
specimen,  mixed  with  atacamite,  chrysocolla,  etc.,  see  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlv.  321,  1868. 

CALAVERITE  F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlv.  314,  1868.  (98A.)  A  new  tellurid  of  gold, 
from  the  Stanislaus  mine,  Calaveras  Co.,  Cal.  It  occurs  massive,  without  crystalline  structure ; 
color  bronze-yellow ;  streak  yellowish-gray ;  brittle ;  fracture  uneven,  inclining  to  subconchoidal. 

Composition.— Au  Te4=Te  55-53,  Au  44-47.     Analyses  1,  2,  from  2  1'45  p.  c.  quartz  deducted: 


1.  Eusebi  vein,    fib. 

2.         "         "       comp. 

3.  Adelberti"         " 

4.          "          "         " 

5. 

"      fib. 

6. 

u           u 

7. 

"     capil. 

8. 

U                  U 

9. 

"      needles 

Te  55-89 
[56-00] 


Au  40-70 
40-92 


Ag  3-52=100-11. 
3-08=100. 


Dis- 


B.B.  on  charcoal  burns  with  a  bluish-green  flame,  yielding  globules  of  very  yellow  gold, 
solves  in  nitre-muriatic  acid,  with  separation  of  chlorid  of  silver. 

Calaverite  is  frequently  associated  with  petzite,  to  which  a  portion  of  the  silver  in  the  analyses 
is  attributed.  In  a  comparison  of  the  results  of  analyses  of  sylvanite  from  Transylvania,  Dr. 
Genth  makes  the  suggestion  that  the  so-called  "gelberz"  (see  anal.  8,  9,  p.  82)  is  nothing  else 
than  impure  calaverite. 

CALOTTE  (715,  p.  670).    Yom  Rath,  in  his  elaborate  papers  on  calcite  (Pogg.,  cxxxii.),  mentions, 


796  SUPPLEMENT. 

besides  the  planes  given  from  him  on  pp.  673,  674,  676,  the  scalenohedron  ~M\  which  has  for 
the  angle  over  its  longer  edge,  155°  43',  shorter  edge  101°  35,  middle  edge,  114  54  ;  and  the 
rhombohedron  -f,  having  R  A  £=142°  56',  and  0  A  7?=  158  28  . 

CASSITERITE  (192,  p.  157).  T.  Petersen  (Jahresb.  1866,  920,  1868)  found  in  the  tin-stone  of 
Zinnwald,  (f)  Sn  88'04,  3Pe  4'49,  Stn  2'78,  Ca  C  4'30=99'61. 

CATLINITB  C.  T.  Jackson  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  xxxv.  388)  thus  named  the  red  clay  from  the  Coteau 
de  Prairies,  in  the  Upper  Missouri  region,  where  it  forms  a  bed  of  considerable  extent,  referred 
by  Hayden  to  the  Cretaceous  formation.  Analyses : 

Si  £1  £e          Mn         Mg         Ca         NaK         H 

66-11         17-31         6-96         0'20         2'16         12'48         4-59  Thomson. 

48-2          28*2          5*0  0'6        6'0          2*6  8'4    Jackson. 

It  is  a  rock  and  not  a  definite  mineral  species. 

CENTRALLASSITE  How,  Ed.  JJ.  Phil.  J.,  x.  84, 1859.  (341  A.)  Radiated  massive,  the  fibres  or  columns 
lamellar  and  separable ;  H.  =  3'5;  G.=  2*45— 2*46;  lustre  pearly ;  color  white  or  yellowish- white ; 
thin  laminae  transparent ;  graduating  into  an  opaque  white  variety,  subresinous  in  lustre ;  brittle. 
The  mineral  was  found  in  a  nodule  from  amygdaloid,  near  Black  Eock,  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  consti- 
tuted the  portion  between  a  thin  outer  layer  (named  by  How  cerinite)  and  an  inner  bluish  mass, 
called  by  him  cyanolite.  How  obtained,  as  a  mean  of  two  analyses  (1.  c.) : 

Si  58-86        £l  1-14        Mg  0-16        Ca  27'92        K  0'59        H  11-42. 

B.B.  fuses  easily,  with  spirting,  to  an  opaque  glass ;  a  clear  bead  with  the  fluxes. 
It  is  near  okenite  hi  composition.    The  excess  of  silica  may  be  owing  to  free  silica. 

CHAMOISITE  (469,  p.  511).  An  oolitic  mineral,  near  chamoisite,  described  by  Pouillon  Boblaye 
(Mem.  Mus.,  xv.),  has  been  called  Bavalite.  It  has  H.  about  4;  G.=3'99,  Delesse ;  color  greenish- 
black,  bluish,  or  grayish ;  powder  greenish-gray  or  black,  to  reddish-brown ;  and  B.B.  fusible 
with  difficulty  to  a  black  magnetic  scoria.  Analyses :  1,  Berthier ;  2,  Delesse : 

Si       3tl     £r        £e         Fe       Ca       H        C      Clay 

1.  Quintin       ll'O     13'3      0'3      48'8       23'4 3 '2 =100  Berthier. 

2.  "  6-50     7-50    0-50     65'45     13'25     0'45     485     1'30     0-20=100  Delesse. 

Forms  beds  in  old  schistose  rocks  in  different  parts  of  Brittany,  especially  in  the  forest  of 
Lorges,  a  locality  that  supplies  furnaces  at,  Pas  near  Quintin,  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Brieuc,  Dept. 
of  C6tes-du-Nord;  also  at  the  Chapel  St.  Oudon,  near  Segre,  Dept.  of  Maine-et-Loire ;  and  else- 
where. Huot  and  others  derive  the  name  bavaUte  from  Bavalon,  a  locality  of  it ;  but  Descloizeaux 
says  no  such  place  exists  in  Brittany ;  but  that  a  depression  in  the  region  where  it  is  explored  is 
called  the  605  vallon — an  absurd  origin  for  a  name. 

CHKYSOBERYL  (191,  p.  155).  Frischman  on  twin  crystals  of  chrysoberyl,  Ber.  Ak.  Miinchen, 
1867,  L  429. 

CHRYSOLITE  (259,  p.  256).  A  partially  decomposed  olivine,  from  Neurode  in  Silesia,  afforded 
Rammelsberg  (ZS.  G-.,  xix.  285)  Si  34'97,  Fe  18-55,  Mg  36'00,  Ca  0'44,  £l  0'75,  H  6.  magnetite 
3-21=99-92. 

CLAUDETITE.  Prismatic  Arsenious  Acid  F.  Claudet,  Proc.  Ch.  Soc.,  1868,  Ch.  News,  xvii. 
128,  1868;  Claudetite  Dana.  (221A.)  Orthorhombic,  and  isomorphous  with  valentinite,  while 
dimorphous  with  arsenolite.  Observed  in  thin  plates,  resembling  selenite.  H.=2'5.  Gr.=3'85. 
Lustre  strongly  pearly. 

Composition  As  0s,  as  for  arsenolite,  being  essentially  pure  arsenous  acid.  Claudet  obtained  in 
an  analysis  about  47  p.  c.  of  this  acid  with  other  metallic  substances  as  impurities. 

Occurs  in  seams  in  an  ore  of  arsenical  pyrites,  at  the  San  Domingo  mines.  Portugal. 

It  heads  the  Valentinite  group,  p.  184. 

CLAUSTHALITE  (45,  p.  42).  For  analysis  of  this  mineral  from  Cacheuta,  see  under  EUCAIRITE, 
p.  798. 


SUPPLEMENT.  797 

COLUMBITE  (474,  p.  515).  Hermann,  in  the  J.  pr.  Ch.,  ciii.  127,  sustains  anew  Ms  views  on 
ilmenic  acid,  and  gives  the  following  results  of  recent  investigations  : 

£b  Ta        il  Sn  W  Fe  Mn  Mg 

1.  Haddam        4M7  10'77  25-74  0'40  0'26  14-06  5'63  0-49=98-52. 

2.  Bodenmais    35-49  28-12  16-38  0*36  14-11  4'13  1-27,  Cu  0-13=99-99 

3.  Greenland    38'27  0'56  39-73      tr.  16'54  5'00  0-06=100-16. 

Hermann  is  here  copied  in  making  the  metallic  acids  to  contain  3  of  oxygen.  Analysis  1  is  a 
revision  of  anal.  4,  p.  517. 

Hermann  makes  three  varieties  of  columbite  :  (1)  Tantalutn-columbite,  with  density  above 
5-90.  (2)  Columbium-columbite,  with  G-.=5-50-5'90.  (3)Ilmeniumx5olumbite,  with  G.  below  5-50. 
He  thus  claims  that  the  Greenland  mineral  is  ilmenium-columbite  (G.=5-40),  while,  according  to 
the  recent  careful  researches  of  Blomstrand  (anal.  25,  p.  518),  it  contains  only  columbic  and  tan- 
talic  acids. 

COSALITE  F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlv.  319.  (11 2 A.)  Indistinctly  crystalline,  with  longitu- 
dinal striations,  apparently  rhombic.  Soft  and  brittle.  Lustre  metallic.  Color  lead-gray.  Frac- 
ture uneven. 

Composition  2  Pb  S+Bi  S3=Sulphur  16-10,  Bi42-25,  Pb  41-65=100.  Analyses :  1  (after deduct- 
ing 2 '09  p.  c.  quartz)  ;  2  (after  deducting  26'83  p.  c.  quartz): 

S  As         Pb         Ag          Bi          Co 

1.  15-59       3-07       37-72       2-48       39'06       2-41  =  100-33. 

2.  15-64       5-37       33'99       2'81       37'48       4'22=99'51. 

As  cobaltite  was  associated  with  the  mineral,  Genth  regards  the  Co  and  As  as  due  to  this 
species,  and  deducts  them,  making  in  anal.  1,  6"79  p.  c.  cobaltite,  and  in  2,  11  -88  p.  c.,  giving  for  1, 
S  15-27,  Bi  41-76,  Pb  40'32,  Ag  2'65  ;  and  for  2,  S  15-23,  Bi  42*77,  Pb  38"79,  Ag  3'21 ;  correspond- 
ing with  the  formula  2  (Pb,  Ag)  S+Bi2S3,  making  the  mineral  a  jamesonite  in  which  the  antimony 
is  replaced  by  bismuth.  B.B.  cosalite  reacts  for  sulphur,  lead,  and  bismuth,  and  with  soda  on 
charcoal  yields  a  minute  globule  of  silver.  Found  associated  with  quartz  and  cobaltite  in  a  silver 
mine  at  Cosala,  Province  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. 

CRYOLITE  (164,  p.  127).  Crystals  of  cryolite  have  been  described  and  figured  by  "Websky 
(Jahrb.  Miu.  1867,  810).  His  measurements  make  the  form  triclinic.  The  general  form  of  the 
crystals  and  the  planes  are  as  in  f.  130.  The  following  are  his  measured  angles,  using  the  letter- 
ing in  that  figure:  /A  J=88°  3'  and  91°  57',  0  A  1-?,  left,  =  124°  35',  0  A  1-i  front,  =  125°  54'— 
125°  57',  0  A  1-5,  back,  =  125°  28'  — 125°  33',  0  A  I,  right,  =  90°  24',  0  A  /,  left,  90°  1'— 90°  10', 
and  89°  58',  I,  right,  A  14,  front,  =  124°  30',  I,  left,  A  14,  front,  =  124°  14' ;  I,  right,  A  14,  back,= 
126°  20'.  Two  kinds  of  twins  are  described:  1,  composition-face  »4;  and  2,  c.-face  0. 

Websky  also  describes  the  optical  characters  of  the  crystals. 

CYANOLITE  How,  Ed.  N.  Phil  J.,  x.  84,  1859.  (341B.)  Amorphous,  of  a  bluish-gray  color,  little 
lustre,  and  nearly  opaque ;  H.=4'5;  G. =0-495;  B.B.  fuses  only  on  the  thin  edges;  gives  clear 
beads  with  the  fluxes.  Two  analyses  by  How  afforded : 

Si  Si  Mg  Ca  £  H 

74-15  0-84  tr.  17-52  0'53  7-39=100-43. 

72-52  1-24  tr.  1819  0'61  6'91=99'47. 

Probably  the  same  mineral  with  centrallassite  (p.  796),  impure  with  much  more  silica;  or  it  is 
chalcedony,  impure  with  centrallassite.  The  name  alludes  to  the  color. 

DOMEYKITE  (37,  p.  36).  Occurs  in  the  mountain  of  Paracatas,  between  Cuatzamala  and 
Tlachapa, 

ENARGITE  (132,  p.  107).  Occurs,  according  to  E.  W.  Root  (Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xlv.),  at  the  Morning 
Star  mine,  Alpine  Co.,  CaL,  both  massive  and  in  small,  brilliant,  black  crystals,  associated  with 
pyrite,  quartz,  and  menaccanite.  H.=4;  G.=4'34.  Mean  of  two  analyses,  S  31-66,  As  13'70, 
Sb  6-03,  Fe.  with  trace  Ti,  0'72,  Cu  45-95,  Si  1-08=99-14. 

ERLANITE.  Erlan  Breith.  Handb.,  606.  Supposed  to  be  a  rock. 

ETJCAIRITE  (42,  p  39).    According  to  A.  E.  Nordenskiold  (CEfv.  Ak.  Stockholm,  1866,  361,  iu 


798  SUPPLEMENT. 

J.  pr.  Ch.,  cii.  456),  this 
nated  in  serpentine,  so 
7 '48— 7  "51.  Analyses  : 


J  pr  Ch    cii.  456),  this  species  occurs  in  opaque  silver-white  to  lead-gray  grains  in  part  dissemi- 
nated in  serpentine,  sometimes  with  indications  of  cubic  or  octahedral  planes.     H.  =  2'5;  G.= 


Se  Cu  Ag  Fe         Tl 

1.        24-86         42-57         0'35         tr. 

2.  32-01         25-83        44'21         0'36         tr. 

agreeing  with  the  formula  (€u,  Ag)  Se  or  €u  Se  +  Ag  Se. 

Domeyko  has  examined  the  selemds  from  Cacheuta  in  the  province  of  Mendoza,  Chih  (C.  R., 
Ixiii.  1004),  and  considers  them  to  consist  of  mixtures  or  combinations  of  three  selenids  :  (A)  A 
compound  analogous  to  eucairite ;  (B)  a  selenid  of  cobalt  and  iron ;  and  (C)  a  selenid  of  lead. 
Analyses  : 

Se         Ag        Cu       Fe      Co        Pb        Pb  C    Gangue 

1.         30-00     21-00       1-80     2-20     0'70     43'50      =99-2. 

2          22-40     20-85     12-91     3'10     1-26       6'80  32'68       =100. 

3.  30-80       9-80     10-20     1-20     2'80     87-10  6'5         =98'4. 

4.          3-73     13-80     3-35     1*97     21  "30     15'25       7'40  = . 

5-         23-60      0-80    57-80     10'90       3-60=98-6. 

No.  1  had  a  bright  bluish-gray  color  and  metallic  lustre,  was  somewhat  porous,  and  occurred 
with  silicate  of  copper  and  carbonate  of  lead,  which  last  was  separated  before  analysis.  G.= 
6-8.  No.  2  was  similar.  In  3  and  4  the  silver  is  partly  replaced  by  copper.  No.  5  is  almost  pure 
selenid  of  lead.  G.=7'6. 

GANOMATFTE  Breith.,  Char.,  106,  1832.  (Gansekothigerz  Germ.,  Goose-dung  Ore,  Chenocopro- 
lite,  Dana,  Min.,  1st  ed.,  216,  1837.)  The  material  thus  named  is  in  part  an  impure  iron-sinter, 
containing  some  oxyd  of  cobalt,  etc.  That  of  Joachimsthal  is  a  yellowish  incrustation,  occurring 
with  smaltine.  That  of  Andreasberg  is  a  mixture  of  oxyds  of  antimony,  arsenic,  and  iron,  with  a 
little  arsenous  acid  (Ramm.  Min.  Ch.,  993). 

GERSDORFFITE  (86,  p.  72).  Analyses  of  gersdorffite,  having  G.=5-49— 5 -65,  from  Craigmuir 
mine,  Loch  Fyne,  Scotland,  by  D.  Forbes  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxxv.  181,  1868)  : 

S          As        Ni        Co        Fe       Mn    Cu     Mg    InsoL 
20-01     34-45     21-59     6'32     13-12     0'33     tr.     0'66     2-71=99-19. 
19-75     35-84     23'16     6'64     11-02     0'33     tr.     0'66     2'60=100. 

GEOMYRICITE  (797,  p.  739).  The  author  learns  further  from  L.  Lesquereux  (March  4,  1868)  that, 
as  existing  species  of  the  families  Populus,  Myrica,  and  Laurus  are  wax-bearing,  wax  may  have  been 
afforded  to  the  Gesterwitz  beds  by  the  species,  now  fossil  in  that  basin,  Cinnamomum  Rossm'dss- 
leri  Heer,  Gautiera  lignitum  Web.,  Laurus  primigenia  and  L.  Lalages  Heer,  and  species  of  Sassa- 
fras ;  and,  as  Ceratopetalum  myritinum  of  de  la  Harpe  is  probably  a  Myrica,  this  also  may  have 
been  one  of  the  wax-yielding  species  of  the  era.  And  although  no  Populus  has  yet  been  identified 
from  the  basin,  species  are  common  in  the  Tertiary  of»other  parts  of  Europe  and  of  America,  and 
plants  of  the  genus  probably  contributed  largely  towards  these  liguitic  beds. 

GILBERTITE  TJwn.,  Min.,  1,  236.  Perhaps  an  impure  kaolinite.  Whitish  and  silky;  H.  =  2'75: 
G.=2-65.  Lehunt  obtained  (1.  c.)  Si  45-15,  £1  40-11,  Fe  2-43,  Mg  1'90,  Ca  4'17,  H  4-25.  From 
the  lode  of  Stonagwyn,  near  St.  Austle,  Cornwall. 

GISMONDITE  (372,  p.  418).  Yom  Rath  mentions  Frauenberg.  near  Fulda,  as  a  new  locality  of 
this  rare  mineral  He  speaks  of  the  form  as  a  tetragonal  octahedron,  and  obtained  for  the  angle 
between  two  planes  over  a  basal  angle  61°  3|',  61°  4',  which  gives  for  the  terminal  edge  118°  56^-', 
118°  56'.  The  crystals  are  in  druses  in  basalt  with  phillipsite. 

GLAUCODOT  (95,  p.  80).  Occurs,  according  to  Tschermak  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xv.  1867)  and  v. 
Kobell  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  cii.  409),  at  Hakansbo  in  Sweden.  The  crystals  have  the  new  plane  2-?. 
Basal  cleavage  less  perfect  than  in  the  Chilian  variety.  G. =5'973,  Tsch. ;  5-96,  v.  K.  Analyses  ; 

As  S  Co  Ni  Fe  Si 

1.  44-03         19-80  16-06  19'34         =99'23  B.  Ludwig. 

2.  44-30        19-85        15*00        O'SO        19-07        0'98=100  v.  KobeU. 


SUPPLEMENT.  799 

Gou)  (1,  p.  3).  Gold  occurs  in  copper  pyrites  in  the  region  of  Black  Bay,  on  the  north 
shore  of  Lake  Superior,  between  Neepigon  and  Thunder  Bay,  as  observed  by  Chapman,  and  silver 
in  the  galeuite  of  the  same  veins.  The  rocks,  Chapman  remarks,  are  not  Laurentian  or  Azoic, 
although  metamorphic,  but  altered  Silurian,  or  "  identical  in  general  age  with  the  gold-bearing 
rocks  of  eastern  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia." 

D.  Forbes  has  published  analyses  of  Welsh  gold  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxxiv.  340) : 

Au          Ag  Fe       Quartz. 

1.  Clogan  90-16        9'26          tr.         0-32,  Cu  fr.=99*74. 

2.  "  89-83         9-24          tr.          0*74=99-81. 

3.  MawddachR.         84*89       13'99         0'34         0*43,  Cu  rr.=99*65. 

Nos.  1  and  2  were  from  a  quartz  vein,  associated  with  tetradymite,  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  galenite, 
chlorite,  calcite,  dolomite,  ankerite?  siderite,  and  barite.  G.  of  1  =  17*26.  No.  3  was  stream  gold 
associated  with  menaccanite.  G.  =  15*79. 

Gold  from  the  Stanislaus  mine,  Cal.,  gave  Genth  Au  88-63,  Ag  11-37  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlv.  31). 

HARMOTOME  (390,  p.  439).  Descloizeaux  has  subjected  crystals  of  the  morvenite  variety  to  a 
new  examination  (L'Institut,  1868,  35),  and  finds  that  they  are  optically  monodinic  instead  of 
orthorhombic ;  and  observes,  consequently,  that  they  are  not  hemihedral  as  suggested  by  Gadolin, 
and  as  stated  on  p.  440. 

HEMATITE  (180,  p.  140).  New  forms  of  crystals  of  hematite  from  Keswick,  Cumberland,  and 
from  Elba,  have  been  described  by  Hessenberg  (Min.  Not,  No.  8),  adding  the  new  planes  fa  -^, 
from  the  former,  and  -fo  and  -4  from  the  latter. 

HESSITE  (58,  p.  50).  Analyses  of  hessite  from  the  Stanislaus  mine  by  F.  A.  Genth  (Am.  J.  Sci., 
II  xlv.  311,  1868): 

Te  Au          Ag          Pb  Ni 

1.  44-45         3-28         46'34         1'65         4-71  =  100*43. 

2.  [39-64]       3-22         55*60          1*54=100. 

In  No.  1,  7*21  p.  c.  of  impurity  are  excluded,  of  which  4*22  was  free  gold  and  the  balance 
quartz;  and  in  No.  2,  28*60  p.  c.,  including  6  p.  c.  free  gold.  Genth  concludes  that  the  mineral 
is  a  mixture  of  hessite  with  altaite  and  his  new  species  melonite  (Ni2  Te3) ;  anal.  1  giving  78*11 
hessite,  2'67  altaite,  and  20*03  melonite,  while  2  has  92'82  hessite  and  6'55  melonite. 

HYDROBUCHOLZITE  of  Thomson.  Thomson  obtained  (Min.,  i.  237)  Si  41-35,  &1  49'55,  fi  4-85, 
gypsum  3-12  =  98*87.  Probably  from  Sardinia. 

HUYSSENITE.  Eisenstassfurtit  Huyssen,  Berggeist,  x.  67,  1865,  Jahrb.  Min.  1865,  329 :  Stass- 
furtit  Bischof,  ib. ;  Huysseuite  Dana.  (597  A.)  This  borate,  briefly  alluded  to  on  page  596, 
appears  to  be  a  distinct  species,  and  has  the  following  characters  : 

Massive,  and  in  nodular  concretionary  forms.  G.  =  2*78  ;  but  after  removal  of  mixed  chlorids, 
3'09.  Lustre  feeble.  Color  greenish- gray,  becoming  yellow  on  exposure,  from  the  iron  present 

Composition  according  to  Bischof :  Mg3  B4  40*36,  Fe3  B4  50*05,  Mg  Cl  9'59=100,  corresponding 
to  the  formula  (J  Mg  +  i  Fe)3  B4. 

Occurs  at  the  salt  mine  of  Stassfurt,  with  stassfurtite,  which  it  much  resembles ;  its  nodules 
contain  usually  a  nucleus  of  common  salt,  while  those  of  stassfurtite  have  one  of  red  carnallite. 

HYALOPHANE  (313,  p.  346).  An  analysis  of  this  mineral  from  Binnenthal  gave  T.  Petersen 
(Jahresb.  1866,  928)  gi  51 '84,  &1  22*08,  Mg  0*10,  CaO'65,  Ba  14'82,  K,  Na  [10'03],  fi  0-48=100. 

HYDROSILICITE  v.  Walt,  Yulk.  Gest,  305.  (349A.)  An  amorphous  substance  or  crust  from 
Palagonia  and  Aci  Castello,  Sicily,  which  afforded  v.  Waltershausen  Si  44-90,  Mg  4-60,  Ca  33*32, 
Na  2-11,  K  1-86,  H  13*21  —  100;  and  another  variety,  Si  43*31,  &1  3*14,  Mg  8*66,  Ca  28*70,  NaK 
1*70,  H  14  48=  100.  Corresponds  nearly  to  the  formula  K  Si+H. 

HYDROTALCITE  i 
SomerviUe,  N.  Y. : 


(214,  p.   179).     E.  W.  Root  has  obtained  (priv.  contrib.)  for  houghite  fronc 

Xl 

Mg 

fi 

C 

InsoL 

1. 

21*90 

31*07 

30*65 

6*91 

8*89=99-42. 

2. 

21*61 

31*52 

30*55 

6*88 

9*15=99*71. 

Mean 

21-75 

31*24 

30*60 

6*89 

9*02=99*50. 

800  SUPPLEMENT. 

The  insoluble  in  No.  2  consisted  of  4-43  Si  and  4'36  undecomposed  mica,  etc.  The  results 
accord  closely  with  those  of  Johnson. 

HTPOXA.NTHITE  Rowney,  Ed.  N.  Phil.  J.,  II.  ii.  308,  1855;  Sienna  Earth.  A  brownish- 
yeUow  ferruginous  clay  or  ochre,  probably  pnly  clayey  yellow  ochre.  G.=3'46.  Analysis 
obtained  Si  H'14,  £l  9'47,  3Pe  65'35,  Ca  0*53,  JVIg  0-03,  H  13'00=99'52. 

JAMESONITE  (112  p.  90).  Jamesonite  from  Eusebi  vein,  Przibram,  Bohemia  (v.  Zepharovieh, 
Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  IvL  June,  1867),  afforded  E.  Helmhacker  S  20-21,  Sb  30'81,  As  tr.,  Pb  47-15,  Fe 
1-35=99-54. 

Occurs  in  fine  fibrous  plates  and  lenticular  masses  in  granular  galemte. 

809.  JAULINGITE.  Pt.  of  Jaulingite  v.  Zepharovieh,  Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xvi.  366,  1855.  Amor- 
phous, resin-like.  Brownish-yellow.  Brittle.  At  50°C.  softens,  70°C.  liquid.  Easily  soluble 
in  alcohol  and  ether.  Aromatic  odor  when  heated.  Katio  for  €,  H,  O=39  :  60  :  4i=-e26H4o03, 
Eagsky,  who  obtained  (f)  C  77*97,  H  10'14,  0  11-89=100.  Not  soluble  in  a  carbonated  alkali, 
and  scarcely  at  all  in  a  potash  solution.  The  above  was  dissolved  out  of  a  resin  (called  Jauliugite 
by  v.  Z.,  because  occurring  at  the  Jauling,  near  St.  Yiet,  in  Lower  Austria)  by  means  of  sulphid 
of  carbon.  The  resin  somewhat  resembles  amber,  is  hyacinth-red,  translucent  in  thin  splinters, 
may  be  rubbed  to  a  yellow  powder  between  the  fingers,  and  has  H.=2-5,  G.=l-098— 1-111. 

8 13 A.  A  Beta-jaulingite  was  obtained  from  the  residue,  after  the  treatment  with  sulphid  of  car- 
bon, by  the  action  of  ether.  Color  brownish-yellow.  Softens  at  135°  C.,  and  becomes  liquid  at 
160°.  Dissolves  easily  in  alcohol  and  ether,  but  not  in  carbonated  alkali  or  sulphid  of  carbon. 
Eatio  forO,  H,  O=40  :  53£  :  8f ;  or  18  :  24  :  4,  Eagsky,  who  obtained  (f)  G  70-90,  H  7'93,  0  21 -17 
=100.  It  contains  double  the  oxygen  of  the  preceding,  with  less,  proportionally,  of  hydrogen. 
The  ratio  is  nearest  to  that  of  guyaquillite  (No.  813). 

KIRWANITE  Thorn.,  Min.,  i.  378,  1836.  A  fibrous,  green,  chlprite-like  mineral  from  the  basalt  of 
the  N.E.  coast  of  Ireland.  E.  D.  Thomson  found  in  it  (1.  c.)  Si  40-5,  £l  1 1-41,  Fe  23-91,  Ca  19-78, 
fl  4-35=99-95. 

LEEDSITE  Thorn.    A  mixture  of  Ca  S  71-9,  Ba  S  28-1,  from  near  Leeds. 

LESLEYITE  /  Lea,  Proc.  Ac.  Philad.,  1867,  44.  A  soft  fibrous  mineral  found  near  Unionville, 
Pa.,  on  corundum,  yet  undescribed,  and  not  proved  to  be  a  new  species. 

MAGNETITE  (186,  p.  140).  A  niccoliferous  magnetite  occurs,  according  to  Petersen  (Jahrb.  Min. 
1867,  836),  north  of  Pregratten  in  the  eastern  Alps.  He  obtained  for  one  specimen,  on  analysis, 
£e  68-92,  Fe  29*32,  Ni  1-76,  Mn,  €r,  Ti  *r.  =  100. 

MARCA.SITE  (90,  p.  75).  C.  Mene  has  observed  that  the  pyrites  of  unaltered  sedimentary 
beds  is  mostly  marcasite,  while  that  of  metamorphic  rocks  is  pyrite  (C.  E.,  Ixiv.  867).  The  follow- 
ing analyses  are  by  him : 

G.  S        Fe       Si      XI     fl  Organ. 

1.  Champagne  4-1759        (f)46'4    40-9       8-4     1-7     2-1     — =99'5. 

2.  Ain  41822         (|)48'2     42'0       5*8     1-4     1'4     0'3,  Ca  0'7=99'8. 

3.  Bauregard,  etc.       4-2066        (f)  50*7    44-0       3'2     0'6     0'9    0-1,  Ca  0*2=99'7. 

4.  Creusot  4-1809        (f)  49-1     32'5       5-9     0'9     0'9     0'3=99'6. 

5.  St.  Etienne  4-1803        (f)48-5     42-3       6-6     1-0     0'7     0-8=99'4. 

6.  Oise  and  Aisne      4-1770        ($)  44-9    38-9     11-3     2-4     1'7     0'3=99'5. 

AnaL  1  of  nodules ;  2,  from  the  oolite  ore  beds  of  Villebois  and  Serrieres ;  3,  from  ammonites, 
from  Bauregard,  Mazenay,  and  Laverpilliere ;  4,  5,  from  the  coal-beds ;  6,  bituminous  pyrites. 

MELANTERITE  (664,  p.  646).  An  impure  sulphate  of  iron,  apparently  a  mixture  of  melanterite 
and  a  sulphate  of  the  sesquioxyd  (as  remarked  by  Kenngott,  Ueb.  1865),  from  Bourboule,  in  the 
Dept.  of  Puy  de  Dome,  France,  has  been  named  Bourloulite  by  Lefort  (C.  E.,  1862,  Iv.  949,  Jahrb. 
Min.  1863,  588).  Derived  apparently  from  the  alteration  of  marcasite.  Lefort's  analyses 
obtained: 

S  Fe  Fe  a 

38-04  5-08  16-08  40-80=100. 

37-55  8-71  13-83  39'91  =  100. 

35-22  8-25  12-99  43'54=100. 

It  is  a  friable  greenish  substance,  partly  soluble  in  water  and  partly  in  acids. 


SUPPLEMENT.  801 

MELONITE  F.  A.  Genth,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xlv.  313,  1868.  (100  A,  Appendix  to  Sulphids,  etc.)  A 
new  tellurium  mineral  from  among  the  ores  of  the  Stanislaus  mine.  Form  hexagonal,  with  eminent 
basal  cleavage.  Generally  in  indistinct  granular  and  foliated  particles.  Lustre  metallic ;  color 
reddish- white,  rarely  tarnished  brown ;  streak  dark  gray. 

Composition  Nia  Te3— Te  76*49,  Ni  23-51  =  100.  An  analysis  afforded  Te  73-43,  Ag  4*08,  Pb 
0"72,  Ni  20-98=99"2l;  the  nickel  contained  a  minute  trace  of  cobalt.  B.B.  in  the  open  tube 
gives  a  sublimate  fusing  to  colorless  drops,  leaving  a  gray  mass  ;  on  charcoal  burns  with  a  bluish 
flame,  giving  a  white  volatile  coating,  and  a  greenish-gray  residue ;  in  R.F.  with  soda  a  gray 
powder  of  magnetic  metallic  nickel.  Soluble  in  nitric  acid,  giving  a  green  color,  and  on  evapora- 
tion yielding  a  white  crystalline  powder  of  tellurous  acid. 

Genth  considers  the  analysis  to  correspond  to  6*60  p.  c.  hessite,  1-17  altaite.  2-29  native  tel- 
lurium, and  89-25  melonite,  which  he  assumes  to  have  the  composition  Ni2  Te3,  although  he 
observes  that  the  hexagonal  form  would  better  agree  with  the  formula  Ni  Te.  But  the  latter 
view  would  require  that  over  one-third  of  the  mixture  should  be  native  tellurium,  which  he 
thinks  scarcely  probable,  as  the  material  for  analysis,  when  examined  by  a  strong  magnifier, 
showed  a  small  quantity  of  dark  colored  hessite,  but  every  other  particle  had  a  reddish  hue, 
without  the  slightest  admixture  apparently  of  any  grayish-white  mineral. 

MENACCANITE  (181,  p.  143).  A  variety  of  this  species,  from  the  basalt  of  Turner's  Hill  quarry, 
Staffordshire,  gave  D.  Forbes  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxxiv.  347),  after  excluding  silicates  and  insoluble, 
Ti  34-28,  £e  65'72;  G.=4'69. 

MICA  GROUP.  A  micaceous  mineral  has  been  named  Hdvetan  by  R.  T.  Simmler  (his  Petraa,  9, 
Kenng.  Ueb.  1865,  135,  1868),  but  without  a  determination  of  its  composition  or  exact  relations  to 
other  species.  It  forms  part  of  a  schist  and  quartzite  in  the  gneiss  formation  (Alpinyte)  of  the  Alps. 
H.  =  3— 3-5;  G.  =  2'77  — 3'03 ;  lustre  pearly  or  waxy;  color  gray  to  whitish,  reddish,  greenish, 
violet,  and  copper-red  ;  streak  grayish-white  to  reddish.  In  the  closed  tube  yields  little  or  no 
water.  B.B.  fuses  with  difficulty  on  the  edges ;  the  borax  pearl  is  colorless  when  cold.  Not 
attacked  by  hot  acids.  Stated  to  consist  probably  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  magnesia,  and  protoxyd 
of  iron. 

A  micaceous  mineral  from  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  has  been  named  Pattersonite  by  I.  Lea  (Proc.  Ac. 
Philad.,  1867,  45),  but  without  the  mention  of  its  distinctive  characters. 

MONTANITE  (711,  p.  668).  Dr.  Genth  has  detected  this  tellurate  with  the  tetradymite  of  David- 
son Co.,  N.  C.  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlv.  319),  two  analyses  affording: 

Te  Bi  H  Cu  3?e 

1.  25-45  68-78  [3'47]  T04  1-26=100. 

2.  23-90  71-90  [2-80]  T08  0'32  =  100. 

Genth  remarks  that  it  is  still  doubtful  whether  the  mineral  contains  1  or  2  atoms  of  water. 

MUSCOVITE  (294,  p.  309).  New  analyses  of  this  species,  with  an  extended  discussion  of  the 
chemical  composition  of  the  different  kinds  of  mica,  have  been  published  by  Rammelsberg  in  ZS. 
G.,  xix.  400  : 

Si        XI  3Pe  Fe  Mn  Mg  Na  K  F       H 

1.  Uton,  Sweden       45-75  35-48  1'86  0'52  0'42  T58  10*36  1'32  2-50=99-79. 

2.  Easton,  Pa,            46'74  35-10  4'00  1'53 0'80 9'63  1'05  3-36=102-21. 

3.  Goshen,  Mass.       47 '02  36-83  0'51 T05  0'26  0'30a  9'80  0'52  3'90  =  100'19. 

4.  Aschaffenburg       47'69  33'07  3'07  2'02  l'73b  9'70  0-19  3-66=101-13. 

5.  Bengal                    47'39  35'56  2'79  0'53C  0'96  0'83  9-53  0'46  4'11  =  102-16. 

a  With  lithia.  b  With  manganese.          c  With  lime. 

No.  1,  G.  =  2-836,  optic-axial  angle  72°  — 73°,  Senarmont;  2,  G.  =  2'904,  optic-axial  angle  64-8°, 
Quincke;  3,  G.  =  2'859,  optic-axial  angle  75°— 76°,  Descl. ;  4,  G.  =  2'911,  optic-axial  angle  67'9°, 
Quincke  ;  Bengal,  G.  =  2'827,  optic-axial  angle  661°. 

The  mineral  from  Easton  is  evidently  not  the  silvery  mica  referred  on^p.  307  to  biotite, 
the  optical  angle  of  which,  according  to  both  Grailich  and  Blake,  is  less  than  2°. 

Mica  from  Royalston,  Mass.,  afforded  T.  Petersen  (Jahresb.  1866,  928,  1868)  Si  46-03,  A-132'10, 
Fe  6'85,  Mn  2'48,  Mg  0'23,  Ca  0'90,  K  11-20  =  99-79;  G.  =  2'947. 

NEPHEITE.    Kastner  has  analyzed  an  aluminous  jade  or  nephrite  from  China  (Gehlen's  J.,  ii. 

51 


gQ2  SUPPLEMENT. 

459)  differing  from  those  of  pp.  237,  290,  292;  and  Melchlor  and  Meyer  (Ber.  Ak.  Wien,  xlix 
475)  a  kind  from  New  Zealand.     Both  are  infusible,  or  nearly  so.     They  obtained : 

Si  Xl  £e  Mg  Ca  K  H 

1  China                 50  50  10-00  5'50  31'00  2'75,  €r  0'05  Kastner- 

2  N  Zealand        53-01  10-83  7'18  14'50  12'40  0'97  1-11  =  100-00  M.  &  M. 
3.           »                 55-01  13-66  3-52  21'62  1'42  5-04=100'27  M.  &  M. 

For  2.  0.  ratio  for  R,  K,  Si,  9-5  :  7'2  :  27-5 ;  for  3,  8'9  :  7-4  :  28-6.  Nos.  2  and  3,  as  described 
by  Hochstetter  (1.  c.),  are  somewhat  slaty,  and  are  hardest  on  the  transverse  surfaces  of  fracture. 
In  No.  2,  H.=5— 5-5  ;  in  another,  3'5-5.  Gr.  =  2'61.  Itis  called  tangiwai  by  the  New  Zealanders. 
B  B  thinnest  splinters  infusible,  but  becomes  white  and  opaque.  In  No.  3,  H.  =  5'5  —  65  ;  on  a 
polished  cross  face,  7.  G-.=3-02.  B.B.  fuses  with  great  difficulty,  becomes  discolored  and  opaque. 
This  variety  contains  much  water. 

These  minerals  are  probably  mere  mixtures,  as  may  well  be  true  of  such  massive  substances. 
For  non-aluminous  jade  or  nephrite,  see  p.  237. 

ORTHOCLASE  (316,  p.  352).  The  twin  crystals  of  orthoclase  from  Carlsbad,  Bohemia,  afforded 
Rammelsberg  and  Bulk  (ZS.  G-.,  xviii.  393) : 

Si         XI       Pe      Mg      Ca     Ba      Na        & 

1    White         G.=2-573         63-02     18'28      0'14     0'48     2'41     15-67  =  100  Ramm. 

2.  Reddish       G-.=2'55          65'23     18-26    0'27 tr.       T45     14-66=99-87  C.  Bulk. 

White  feldspar  from  Royalston,  Mass.,  gave  T.  Petersen  (Jahresb.  1866,  927,  1868)  Si  65'79, 
Xl  17-46,  £e  tr.,  Mg  tr.,  Ca  0-59,  Na  5-21,  K  14-26,  H  0'37  =  100'98.  G.  =  2'631. 

PALAGONITE  (425,  p.  483).  Yon  Wartha  found  in  the  palagonite  of  the  basaltic  tufa  of  Battina, 
in  Baranyer  Comitat  (Hungary)  (Verb.  G-.  Reichs.  1867,  210),  Si  26'99,  Xl  11-09,  3Pe  8-48,  Ca 
12-69,  Mg  2-29,  Sr  1-03,  Na  0*63,  K  1'07,  H  11*09,  C  7-70,  phosphate  of  lime  0-97,  insoluble 
:residue  16-81  =  99-89.  Excluding  the  residue,  phosphate  of  lime  and  carbonic  acid,  with  its 
equivalent  of  lime,  the  results  become  Si  41*78,  Xl  17-17,  3Pe  13*05,  Ca  4-47,  Mg  3-55,  Sr  0*19,  K 
1-66,  Na  0-97,  H  17-16=100-00,  corresponding  very  well  with  the  composition  of  palagonite  from 
•other  localities. 

PLAGIOCLASE.  Breithaupt's  name  for  the  group  of  triclinic  feldspars,  the  two  prominent  cleav- 
age directions  in  which  are  oblique  to  one  another,  rrXaytos  signifying  oblique,. 

PLOMBIERITE  Daulree,  C.  R.,  xlvi.  1088,  1858,  Ann.  d.  M.,  Y.  xiii.  244.  (340 A.)  A  gelatinous 
substance  which  hardens  in  the  open  air,  formed  from  the  thermal  waters  of  Plombieres.  It 
becomes,  on  hardening,  opaque  snow-white.  It  afforded,  after  drying  at  100°0.,  Si  40-6,  Xl  1-3, 
Ca  34-1,  H  28-2=99-2,  corresponding  to  Ca  Si+2  H,  a  hydrated  silicate  of  lime. 

Chabazite  and  apophyllite  in  fine  crystals  are  other  results  of  the  action  of  the  waters  of  Plom- 
bieres on  the  brick  and  mortar  of  an  old  Roman  aqueduct,  besides  hyalite,  aragonite,  and  perhaps 
scolecite  and  harmotome. 

PYRITE  (75,  p.  62).  The  pyrite  associated  with  the  niccoliferous  pyrrhotite  of  Inverary,  Scot- 
land, gave  D.  Forbes  (Phil.  Mag.,  IY.  xxxv.  178)  S  49-32,  Fe  45*73,  Ni  1'99,  Co  1'24,  Cu  1-18, 
insoluble  0-06=99-52  ;  G.=4'93.  Forbes  says  that,  in  the  examination  of  several  hundred 
specimens  of  pyrite  and  pyrrhotite  from  different  localities,  nickel  is  rarely  found  in  pyrite,  while 
often  present  in  pyrrhotite ;  on  the  contrary,  cobalt  is  rather  common  in  pyrite,  and,  compared 
\with  nickel,  in  quite  small  quantity  in  pyrrhotite. 

Analyses  of  pyrite  from  different  French  localities  by  C.  Mene  (C.  R.,  Ixiv.  870) : 


G. 

S 

Fe 

Si 

XI 

H 

1.  Chessy  and  St.  Bel 

4-6205 

'  tt)  46  '5 

39-3 

10-0 

3-8 

0-2=99-8. 

2.  Lavoulte 

4-7712 

U)48-7 

42-9 

7-0 

0-8 

0-1,  Ca  0-3  =  99-8. 

3.  AUevard 

4-7500 

48-5 

42-1 

6-5 

2-0 

0-4=99-5. 

4.  Aude 

4-7428 

49-1 

43-5 

6-0 

1-0 

0-2=99-8. 

5.  Elba 

4-8008 

52-2 

43-5 

4-0 

o-i 

=99-8. 

6.  Conflens 

4-8102 

52-4 

431 

3-5 

0-7 

0-2=99-9. 

7.  Allier 

4-8033 

52-7 

44-2 

2-5 

.._ 

0-2=99-6. 

8.  Gard 

4-7318 

(1)48-5 

40-5 

8-7 

1-7 

0-3=99-7. 

SUPPLEMENT.  803 

Mene  observes  that  the  pyrites  of  unaltered  sedimentary  rocks  is  mostly  marcasite. 

PYROMELANE  G.  U.  Shepard,  Am.  J.  ScL,  II.  xxii.  96,  1856,  Min.,  253,  1857.  In  angular  grains 
from  the  gold-washings  of  McDowell  Co.,  1ST.  C.  H.  =  6'5;  G.  —  3'87;  lustre  resinous;  color  red- 
dish to  yellowish-brown  and  black ;  subtranslucent.  B.B.  infusible,  but  becomes  black  and  opaque 
(whence  the  name) ;  soluble  in  the  fluxes,  giving  reactions  of  titanic  acid  and  iron.  Stated  to  be 
"essentially  a  titauate  of  alumina  and  iron  with  traces  of  lime  and  glucina,"  and  "may  contain 
zirconia  also  "  ;  but  the  evidence  of  such  a  composition  is  not  given.  Perhaps  a  variety  of  titan- 
ite. 

PYROXENE  (238,  p.  212).  An  analysis  of  malacolite  from  Gefrees  (Fichtelgebirge)  afforded  K. 
Haushofer  (J.  pr.  Ch.,  cii.  35)  Si  54'00,  A-l  0'62,  Fe  3'78,  Mn  0'27,  Mg  15-31,  Ca  2o-4ti=99'65. 
G.  — 3-285. 

For  an  article  on  the  constitution  of  aluminous  pyroxene  and  amphibole,  by  Rammelsberg,  see 
ZS.  G.  Ges.,  xix.  496 ;  and  a  word  on  the  formula,  by  the  author,  p.  794. 

Canaanite  is  a  whitish  pyroxene  rock,  as  stated  on  page  322.  It  was  called  scapolite  rock  by  Hitch- 
cock (G.  Eep.  Mass.,  315,  1835,  369,  1841),  and  later  named  Canaanite  in  Alger's  Min.,  1844,  after 
an  analysis  (see  below)  by  S.  L.  Dana.  It  is  a  whitish  and  grayish-white  rock,  subcrystallinein 
fracture,  with  H.  =  6"5  and  G.  =  8'07,  and  constitutes  ridges  in  the  vicinity  of  Canaan,  Ct.  It  is 
overlaid  by  a  dolomite,  abounding  in  some  layers  in  crystals  of  whitish  pyroxene,  and  at  the  junc- 
tion is  much  mixed  with  the  dolomite.  Dr.  Dana  obtained  in  his  analysis  (Hitchcock's  Eep.,  569, 
1841): 

S*i  53-37       £l  10-38       Fe  4-50      Mg  1'62       Ca  25-80       C  4-00=99-67. 

A  specimen  has  been  recently  analyzed  by  B.  S.  Burton  (priv.  contrib.),  with  the  following 
results,  showing  that  the  alumina  of  the  preceding  was  an  error  : 

Si  51-30       Fe  TOO       Mg  16-47       Ca  25-21       C  5-91       H  0-39  =  100-88. 

The  5*91  carbonic  acid  corresponds  to  13'41  of  carbonate  of  lime  present  as  impurity,  Whether 
the  carbonate  is  a  result  of  alteration  or  not  is  yet  unascertained. 

PYRRHOTITE  (68,  p.  58).  Analyses  of  niccoliferous  pyrrhotite  from  Inverary  and  from  the  Craig- 
muir  mine,  Scotland,  by  D.  Forbes  (Phil.  Mag.,  IV.  xxxv.  174) : 

S  Fe          Ni         Co       Cu     Insol. 

1.  Inverary        37-50      49-97       11-17        tr.        tr.       0'24,  Mg  0'96=99-84. 

2.  Craigmuir      37'99       5Q-87       lO'Ol      1'02        tr.       0'38,  As  0'04=100'31. 

G.  of  1  =  4-50;  2=4-602.  Forbes  suggests  that  there  maybe  two  definite  compounds  under 
niccoliferous  pyrrhotite  ;  one  with  the  formula  5  (Fe7  Se)  +  M  S,  with  10-93  of  nickel,  and  one  15 
(Fe7  S8)-i-Ni  S  with  4-10  nickel,  corresponding,  according  to  him,  with  many  analyses  of  pyrrho- 
tite from  a  wide  range  of  localities. 

QUARTZ  (231,  p.  189).    See  TRIDYMITE  and  TEST  AN  beyond. 

REFDANSKITE  Hermann,  J.  pr.  Ch.,  cii.  405.  (412A.)  An  earthy  mineral  occurring  in  masses 
which  fall  to  powder  under  slight  pressure.  Adheres  to  the  tongue.  Color  dirty  grayish-green. 
G.  =  2-77.  Analysis : 

Si  32-10     XI  3-25      Fe  12-15     Ki  18-33     Mg  11-50    H  9'50     Mn,  Bi  tr.    Sand  13-00=99-83. 

Or,  excluding  the  sand,  S*i  36-92,  £l  3-73,  Fe  13*97,  tfi  21-07,  Mg  13-22,  H  10-92  =  99-83.  0. 
ratio  for  R,  Si,  H,  3  :  4  :  2,  the  same  as  in  serpentine,  of  which  this  species  may  be  considered  a 
niccoliferous  variety  (see  p.  464). 

RICHMONDITE.  HYPOTHETICAL  PHOSPHATE.  The  substance  labelled  gibbsite  from  Richmond, 
Mass.,  in  which  Hermann  states  he  found  37  p.  c.  of  phosphoric  acid  (see  his  analysis  under  Gibb- 
site, p.  178)  has  been  named  JKichmonditeloy  Kenngott  (Yierteljahrschr.  nat.  Ges.  Zurich,  xi.  225). 

SCHEELITE  (614,  p.  605).  Rammelsberg  has  measured  crystals  from  the  Riesengebirge  (ZS.  G., 
xix.  493),  and  deduced  the  same  dimensions  as  those  of  Dauber  given  on  p.  605  (Pogg.,  cvii.  272). 
The  crystals  are  unusually  fine,  some  of  them  being  an  inch  in  length.  They  are  found  at  Kies- 


804  SUPPLEMENT. 

berg  between  Gross-Aupa  and  the  Eiesenbaude,  as  described  by  Roemer  (ZS.  G.,  xv.  607),  who 
also  gives  some  measurements  of  the  crystals,  besides  a  particular  account  of  the  geological  cha- 
racter of  the  region. 

SELBITE.  Luftsaures  Silber  (from  anal  by  Sel\))Widenmann,  Min.,  689,  1794,  Lenz,  Min.,  95,  1794; 
Grausilber;  Carbonate  of  Silver ;  Sefi>,  Tasch.  Min.,  xi.  394,  1817  ;  Selbit -Hai'd.,  Handb.,  506,  1845. 
A  grayish  ore,  made  a  carbonate  by  Selb,  its  discoverer,  in  1788,  at  the  mine  Wenzel  near  Wolfach, 
with  the  composition  (Widenmann,  1.  c.,  here  cited  from  Lenz,  1.  c.),  Carbonic  acid  12,  oxyd  of  sil- 
ver 72*5,  antimony  15 -2,  with  carbonic  acid  and  oxyd  of  copper.  According  to  "Walchner  (Mag. 
f.  Pharm.,  xxv.  1)  it  is  only  a  mixture ;  and,  according  to  Sandberger  (Jahrb.  Min.  1864,  221),  one 
of  Selb's  original  specimens,  under  the  lens,  proved  to  contain  within  earthy  argentite,  besides 
dolomite  and  silver,  and  all  parts  afforded  a  sulphur  reaction. 

Del  Rio  described  a  carbonate  of  silver  from  Real  Catorce,  Mexico,  where  it  is  called  Plata  Azul 
(Gilb.  Ann.,  Ixxi.  11),  which  also  is  regarded  as  a  mixture. 

SERPENTINE  (411,  p.  464).  An  analysis  of  the  dark  green  noble  serpentine  of  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  gave  T.  Petersen  (Jahresb.  1866,  931,  1868)  Si  41'76,  3tl  tr.,  Fe  4'06,  Mg  41-40,  H  13-40 
=  100-62.  G.=2'804. 

SILICATE  OP  YTTRIA  Damour,  L'Institut,  1853,  78.  H.=5— 6;  scratches  glass.  G.=:4-391. 
Color  brown.  Probably  a  silicate  of  yttria.  B.B.  whitens,  but  infusible.  Not  soluble  in  salt  of 
phosphorus.  Sulphuric  acid  heated  to  300°C.  decomposes  it,  leaving  a  siliceous  residue. 

From  the  diamond  sands  of  Bahia,  Brazil. 

TENORITB  (Melaconite,  178,  p.  136).  The  tenorite,  or  oxyd  of  copper  (CuO)  in  small  delicate 
folia,  occurring  at  Vesuvius,  possesses,  according  to  Maskelyne  (Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  1865,  33), 
double  refraction,  and  moreover  is  optically  biaxial.  This  author  also  states  that  there  are  two 
equal  cleavages  inclined  to  one  another  72°.  As  the  names  tenorite  and  melaconite  were  given 
the  same  year,  and  tenorite  was  made  non-isometric  (hexagonal)  by  its  describer,  it  appears  to  be 
right  that  tenorite  should  be  sustained  for  the  above  mineral,  and  melaconite  be  left  for  the  isome- 
tric kind,  if  any  such  proves  to  be  a  native  species.  That  there  is  an  isometric  form  of  this  Cu  0 
has  been  announced  by  Becquerel,  as  stated  on  p.  137.  Tenorite  may  have  the  form  and  dimen- 
sions found  by  Jenzsch  in  crystals  of  Cu  0  from  the  hearth  of  a  furnace  (1.  c.),  or  those  approxi- 
mately of  brookite ;  and  this  would  place  it  near  Irookite  in  the  system,  under  the  chemical  for- 
mula -Gu  02  (analogous  to  that  of  brookite).  Having  this  place  in  the  arrangement  it  would  be 
numbered  198B. 

Melaconite  crystals  from  Cornwall,  collected  by  Mr.  Tailing,  have  been  described  by  Maske- 
lyiie  (1.  c.)  as  monodinic,  with  the  planes  0,  i-i,  I,  1,  -1,  6-i,  6-6,  and  0  A  «-»=80°  28'.  No 
measured  angles  are  given,  but  only  the  deduced  dimensions.  They  have  basal  cleavage  easy. 
The  crystals  are  often  twins,  and  the  composition-face  in  some  of  them  is  i-i.  H.  a  little -above 
4 ;  G.:=5-82527.  Church  has  ascertained  that  the  crystals  are  essentially  pure  Cu  0. 

It  would  appear,  according  to  these  observations,  that  this  oxyd  of  copper  is  trimorphous ;  and 
there  exists  a  doubt  whether  tenorite  may  not  have  this  oblique  form. 

TETBADTMTTB  (31,  p.  30).  F.  A.  Genth  has  analyzed  tetradymite  from  Highland,  Montana  Ter- 
ritory, and  from  the  Phoenix  mine,  Cabarras  Co.,  N.  C.,  as  follows  (Am.  J.  Sci.,  II.  xlv.  317): 

Te  Bi  S  £e          Cu        Quartz. 

1.  Montana  47-60        50'43         0-90         0'78  =  100-01. 

2.  Phoenix  mine  36'28         57'70         5'01   Fe  0'54        0'41          =99*94. 

No.  1  gives  the  ratio  of  Bi  and  Te  2  :  3,  like  the  tetradymite  from  Fluvanna  Co.,  \ra.,  and 
Field's  mine,  Ga.  No.  2  contains  a  small  amount  of  pyrite,  leaving  4-40  p.  c.  sulphur  combined 
with  the  bismuth,  and  giving  the  ratio  of  S,  Te,  Bi=l  :  2-03  :  2=Bi2  Ss+2  Bi2  Te3. 

TETRAHEDRITE  (125,  p.  100).     The  following  are  new  analyses : 

1.  Mineral  from  the  Goodwin  mine  near  Prescott,  Arizona,  bv  F.  A  Genth  (Am  J  Sci  II  xlv. 
320). 

2.  An  argentiferous  variety  (freibergite)  from  the  Foxdale  mine,  Isle  of  Man,  by  D.  Forbes 
(PhiL  Mag.,  IV.  xxxiv.  350),  who  calls  it  polytelite,  though  not  the  true  polytelite  of  Glocker  (p. 

04),  by  whom  this  name  was  introduced ;  G.  =4'97 .  Forbes  mentions  a  similar  variety  from  the 
Tyddynglwadis  mine  in  N.  Wales. 


320) 


8.  Freibergite  from  the  De  Soto  mine,  Star  City,  Nevada,  by  B.  S.  Burton  (Am.  J.  ScL,  H.  xlv 


SUPPLEMENT.  805 

S          Sb  As  Cu  Fe  Zn  Ag  Pb 

I.Arizona            26'97  24'67  tr.  38-16  1'05  6'23      3-21  =100'29  Genth. 

2.  Isle  of  Man       27-48  24-85  —  22-62  4«80  4'65  13*57  1«43,  quartz  0'34=99'74  Forbes. 

3.  Nevada              24-35  27'35  —  27'40  4'27  2"31  1459  ,insoL  0'35= 100  62  Burton. 

From  No.  1,  4*22  p.  c.  of  quartz  have  been  deducted. 

TIEMANNITE  (65,  p.  56).  Analysis  of  this  species  from  Charlotte  mine,  at  Clausthal  in  the 
Harz,  gave  T.  Petersen  (Jahresb.  1866,  919),  after  excluding  oxyd  of  iron  and  gangue,  Se  24-88, 
S  0-20,  Hg  75-15,  Pb  0-12=100-35.  G.  =  7'15. 

TITANITE  (329,  p.  383).  Hessenberg,  in  No.  8  of  his  Min.  Not.  (1868),  describes  and  figures 
crystals  of  sphene  from  Zillerthal,  Greiseralp,  St.  Marcel  (greenovite),  Santorin. 

In  the  lettering  on  the  figures,  pp.  383,  384,  and  in  the  accompanying  text,  the  minus  symbols 
should  properly  (according  to  the  principle  on  p.  xxvii)  \>Q  plus,  and  the  reverse. 

TRICHITE,  BELONITE.  The  name  Trichite  (from  0m£,  hair)  is  applied  by  Zirkel  (ZS.  G.,  xix.  744, 
1867)  to  microscopic  capillary  forms,  often  curved,  bent,  or  zigzag,  sometimes  stellately  aggregated, 
opaque  and  black  or  reddish-brown,  of  undetermined  nature,  which  he  detected  in  some  kinds  of 
glassy  or  semi-glassy  volcanic  rocks ;  and  Belonite  (ib.,  738)  to  microscopic  acicular  crystals  (whence 
the  name,  from  /feAo'nj,  a  needle),  colorless  and  transparent.  The  trichite,  he  states,  is  not  pyrox- 
ene or  hornblende ;  the  belonite  may  be  a  feldspar. 

TRIDYMITE  Vom  Rath,  Vorgetr.  Ch.  Ges.  Bonn,  March  7,  1866,  pub.  in  1868  (copy  rec'd  from  v. 
R.,  May  8,  1868).  (231  A.)  Besides  the  two  well-known  forms  of  silica,  quartz  and  opal,  and  the 
two  problematical  forms  described  by  Jenzsch  (pp.  201,  and  below),  another  is  announced  by  v. 
Rath  under  the  above  name. 

Tridymite  occurs  in  small  hexagonal  tables,  colorless  and  transparent,  which  are  usually  com- 
pound, and  mostly  of  three  individuals.  It  has  G.  =  2'2— 2'3,  or  the  low  specific  gravity  of  opal, 
instead  of  that  of  ordinary  quartz.  Vom  Rath  alludes  to  the  possibility  of  its  being  a  pseudo- 
morph  of  some  unknown  mineral,  but  observes  that  it  has  the  double  refraction  of  a  substance 
optically  uniaxial.  It  occurs  in  druses  in  a  volcanic  porphyry,  from  Cerro  St.  Cristoval,  near 
Paehucha,  Mexico,  along  with  crystals  of  hematite  and  needles  of  a  gold-lustred  hornblende. 
Named  in  allusion  to  its  compound  forms  of  three  individuals,  or  trins,  from  rpi6vfios. 

URANOPHANE  Welsky,  ZS.  G.,  v.  427,  1853,  xi.  384.  (376B?)  Orthorhombic,  /A  7=146°  from 
/A  *'-*=:  107° ;  a  macrodome  of  about  90°.  Crystals  microscopic  acicular  six-sided  prisms  in 
druses,  containing  also  sometimes  crystals  of  torbernite.  Color  of  isolated  crystals  honey-yellow, 
of  masses  leek-green,  sometimes  blackish-green  from  mixture  with  uraninite.  Optically  ortho- 
rhombic.  H.  below  3.  G.=2-6— 2-8  ;  2-78  of  a  specimen  not  wholly  pure.  Lustre  of  face  i-i 
pearly,  elsewhere  vitreous. 

Analyses  by  Grundmann  (ZS.  G.,  xi.  390) : 

Si      Xl        8      Mg     Ca     K      £        fi      Bi       Sb     Te     Fe'    Pb     Cu     Ag     S 

1.  15-81   5-65   49-84   1'35  4'69    l'7l   0'12   14'11   1'73   1'46   0'43  0'57  0'29  0'21  O'll  1'66= 

99-74. 

2.  11-19    2-80   54-23    1-19    3'58    0'80   0'05    12-19    1'77    1'86   0'22  0'89  0'38  5'24    ?      3'96= 

100-34. 

Separating  the  sulphids  as  impurities  from  No.  1,  "Websky  deduces  the  0.  ratio  for  K,  K,  Si, 
H!=l  :  5  :  4  :  6,  making  it  hence,  if  the  water  be  taken  as  accessory,  a  f-subsilicate ;  whence  the 
formula  (£  E3  +  ^)Si+3fi:.  The  specimen  for  the  second  analysis  contained  some  uraninite. 
Found  in  granite,  at  Kupferberg  in  Silesia. 

YALAITE.  Valait  W.  Eelmhacker,  Jahrb.  G.  Reichs,  xvii.  210,  1867.  Crystallized.  Partly  in 
small  hexagonal  tables,  but  forms  not  distinct.  Also  massive.  H.  below  1'5.  Lustre  shining. 
Color  pitch-black.  Streak  black.  Odor  aromatic  when  nibbed  between  the  fingers.  Fracture 
uneven. 

Belongs  among  the  resins,  but  composition  undetermined.  B.B.  swells  to  more  than  10  times 
its  former  bulk,  and  becomes  a  light,  porous  mass,  which  in  a  higher  heat  is  reduced  to  a  grayish 
ash. 

Occurs  in  thin  crusts  on  dolomite  and  calcite,  or  in  druses  of  small  crystals,  in  the  Rossitz-Osla- 
waner  Coal  formation,  Moravia.  It  is  associated  with  hatchettite,  and  the  same  bed  affords  some 
mineral  oil. 


806  SUPPLEMENT. 

YESTAN  Jenzsch,  Pogg.,  cv.  320,  1858.  Quartz  under  a  triclinic  form,  according  to  Jenzsch's 
observations.  The  angles  are  stated  to  be  only  approximative.  Two  of  them,  95^°  and  133°,  are 
very  near  fi  A  R  and  fiA-B  in  ordinary  quartz;  Gr.  =  2  65  —  2-66,  as  in  quartz.  The  observa- 
tions need  confirmation.  The  crystals  here  referred  occur  mostly  in  melaphyre,  and  the  localities 
mentioned  are  mainly  in  Saxony  and  the  Thuringer  Wald. 

YOLGEBITE  (229,  p.  188).  The  name  Volgerite  was  given  by  the  author  (Min.,  142,  1854)  to 
Volger's  mineral,  for  which  Yolger  wrote  the  formula  adopted  as  that  of  the  species  on  p.  188. 
The  African  mineral  analyzed  by  Cumenge,  which  is1  referred  on  the  same  page  to  Yolgerite, 
although  of  somewhat  doubtful  composition,  is  the  Cumengite  of  Kenngott  (Min.,  29,  1853). 

WASITE  J.  F.  Bohr,  Pogg.,  cxix.  572,  1863.  A  mineral  resembling  allanite,  of  a  brownish-black 
color,  but  yellowish-brown  in  thin  splinters  and  powder,  with  traces  of  cleavage  in  one  direction. 
According  to  a  qualitative  examination  by  Bahr,  it  contains  silica,  alumina,  yttria,  sesquioxyd  of 
iron,  cerium,  didymium,  calcium,  manganese,  lime,  alkali,  a  trace  of  uranium,  without  glucina, 
together  with  the  oxyd  of  a  new  metal  he  named  wasium  (after  the  royal  family  of  Wasa,  Sweden). 
In  a  later  paper  (Ann.  Ch.  Pharm.,  cxxxii.  127),  Bahr  makes  this  oxyd  thoria,  Nickles  had  sug- 
gested previously  that  it  might  be  impure  cerium. 

From  Eonsholm,  an  island  near  Stockholm.    The  relations  of  the  mineral  remain  doubtful. 

WEKNERITE  (299,  p.  320).  The  pink  scapolite  of  Bolton,  Mass.,  yielded  T.  Petersen  (Jahresb 
1866,  928,  1868)  gi  48-34,  £l  29'09,  Oa  15'40,  Na,  with  a  little  K  [6'55],  &  0'62=100.  G.= 
2-719.  The  analysis  agrees  very  closely  with  that  by  Wolff  (p.  320). 

WOHLEEITE  (265,  p.  261).  According  to  new  optical  investigations  by  Descloizeaux  (L'Institut, 
1868,  35),  wohlerite  crystals  are  monoclinic  instead  of  orthorhombic. 

ZOISITE  (280,  p.  290).  Damour  (C.R.,  Ixiii.  1038)  found  on  analysis  of  an  ancient  stone  implement 
from  Ueuchatel  a  composition  corresponding  to  that  of  saussurite,  Si  50'69,  &1  25*65,  3?e  2-50,  Mg 
5-76,  Oa  10  61,  Na  4'64,  ign.  0-30=100-15.  £.=3-20—3-43. 

A  zoisite  from  Pinzgau  has  part  of  the  alumina  replaced  by  oxyd  of  chrome,  according  to  F. 
Sandberger  (Jahrb.  Min.  1867,  834).  A  chrome  zoisite  has  also  been  mentioned  by  Breithaupt  as 
occurring  in  Salzburg. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


Abichite,  570. 

Abrazite,  418. 

Acadialite,  434. 

Acanthite,  51. 

Acerdese,  171. 

Achates,  194. 

Achirite,  401. 

Achmatite,  281. 

Achmit,  224. 

Achroite,  365. 

Achtaragdite,  478. 

Acicular  Bismuth,  100. 

Aciculite,  100. 

Acmite,  224. 

Actinolite,  Actinote,  232. 

Adamantine  spar,  138. 

Adamas,  21,  138. 

Adamine,  Adamite,  565. 

Adamsite,  309. 

Adelpholite,  525 ;  275. 

Adinole,  349. 

Adularia,  352. 

JSdelforsite,  212,  400. 

^Edelite,  410. 

^Egirine,  ^Egyrite,  223. 

JEnigmatite,  285. 

^Erosite,  94. 

Aes  cyprium,  14. 

^Eschynite,  522,  793. 

Aftonite,  104. 

Agahnatolite,  480 ;  452, 454, 483. 

Agaphite,  580. 

Agaric  mineral,  680. 

Agate,  194. 

Agnesite,  793. 

Agustite,  530. 

Aigue-marine,  245. 

Aikinite,  100. 

Ainalite,  159. 

Akanthit,  51. 

Akanticone,  281. 

Akmit,  224. 

Akontit,  78. 

Alabandin,  Alabandite,  46. 

Alabaster,  637. 

Alalite,  214. 

Alaun,  651. 

Alaunstein,  658,  659. 

Albertite,  753. 

Albin,  415. 

Albite,  348 ;  324. 


Alexandrite,  155. 
Algerite,  323. 
Algodonite,  37. 
Alipite,  404. 
Alisonite,  84. 
Alizite,  v.  Alipite,  404. 
Allagite,  227. 
Allanite,  285. 
Allemontite,  18. 
Allochroite,  268. 
Alloclasite,  81. 
Allogonite,  546. 
Allomorphite,  616. 
Allopalladium,  12. 
Allophane,  419. 
Alluaudite,  542. 
Almandin,  Almandite,  267. 
Alstonite,  698. 
Altaite,  44,  793. 
Alum,  Native,  651,  652. 

Ammonia,  651. 

Feather,  654. 

Iron,  654. 

Magnesia,  Manganese,  So- 
da, 653. 
Alumian,  631. 
Alumina,  137. 

Fluate,  126. 

Fluosilicate,  376. 

Hydrate,  168. 

Hydro-Sulphate,  658. 

MeUate,  750. 

Phosphates,  575,  587. 

Sulphate,    631,    649,    658, 

662. 

Alumina  and  Lime  Phosphate, 
587. 

Carbonate,  709. 
Alumine  fluatee  alcaline,  126. 

phosphatee,  575,  587. 

sulfatee,     631,    649,    658, 

662. 

Aluminilite,  658. 
Aluminite,  658. 
Aluminum,  Fluorid,  126. 
Alumocalcite,  199. 
Alumstone,  658. 
Alun,  651. 
Alunite.  658. 
Alunogen,  649. 
Alurgite,  764. 


Alvite,  511. 
Amalgam,  Native,  13. 

Gold,  14. 
Amausite,  351. 
Araazonstone,  355. 
Amber,  740. 
Amblygonite,  545. 
Ambrite,  741. 
Amethyst,  193. 

Oriental,  138. 
Amiant,  234,  465. 
Amianthoide,  234. 
Amianthoide  magnesite,  175. 
Amianthus,  234,  465. 
Ammiolite,  547. 
Ammonalun,  651. 
Ammonia  alum,  651. 
Ammonia,  Bicarbonate,  705. 

Muriate,  114. 

Phosphate,  551. 

Sulphate,  635. 
Ammonia  and  Soda,  Phosphate 

551. 

Amoibite,  72. 
Amphibole,  232,  793. 
Amphibolite,  235,  343. 
Amphigene,  334. 
Amphigenyte,  335. 
Amphilogite,  311. 
Amphithalite,  587. 
Amphodelite,  337. 
Anagenite,  v.  Chrome  ochre. 
Analcite,  Analcime,  432. 
Analcime  carnea,  317. 
Analzim,  432. 
Anatase,  161. 
Anauxite,  458. 
Andalusite,  371,  794. 
Andesine,  Andesite,  344.  « 
Andes*  te,  345.  (j 

Andradite,  268. 
Andreasbergolite,  439. 
Andreolite,  439. 
Anglarite,  556. 
Anglesite,  622. 
Anglesite,  Cupreous,  663. 
Anhydrite,  621. 
Ankerite,  685. 
Annabergite,  560. 
Annite,  308. 
Anuivite,  103. 


808 


GENEKAL    INDEX. 


Anorthite,  337,  794. 
Antholite,  284;  230,  231. 
Anthophyllite,  231 ;  208. 

Hydrous,  242. 
Anthosiderite,  407. 
Anthracite,  754. 
Anthraconite,  677. 
Anthracoxen,  745,  "746. 
Anthracoxenite,  746. 
Anthrax,  138,  147. 
Antiedrite,  417. 
Antigorite,  465. 
Antimoine  natif,  18. 
oxide,  184. 
oxide  sulfure,  186. 
sulfure,  29. 

sulfure  nickelifere,  73. 
sulfure    plombo-cuprif^re, 

96. 

Antimon,  Gediegen,  18. 
Antimon-arsen,  18. 
Antimonate  of  Lead,  591. 
Antimonbleispath,  591. 
Antimonblende,  186. 
Antimonbliithe,  184. 
Antimonfahlerz,  100. 
Antimonglanz,  90. 
Antimonite  of  quicksilver,  547. 
Antimonial  arsenic,  18. 
copper,  85. 
.  copper  glance,  96. 
nickel,  61. 
ochre,  187,  188. 
silver,  35. 
Antimonite,  29. 
Antimonkupferglanz,  96. 
Antirnonnickel,  61. 
Antimonnickelglanz,  73. 
Antimonocher,  187. 
Antimonophyllite,  185. 
Antimonoxyd,  184. 
Antimonsaures  bleioxyd,  591. 
Antimonsilber,  35. 
Antimonsilberblende,  94. 
Antimony,  Native,  18. 
Arsenical,  18. 
Gray,  29;  90. 
Oxyd,  184. 
Plumose  ore  of,  91. 
Red,  186. 

Sulphid,  Sulphuret,  29. 
White,  184. 
Antimony  blende,  184, 
bloom,  184. 
glance,  29. 
ochre,  187,  188. 
Antozonite,  124. 
Antrimolite,  430. 
Apatelite,  657. 
Apatite,  530. 

Aphanese,  Aphanesite,  570. 
Aphanyte,  240. 
Apherese,  563. 
Aphrite,  Aphrizite,  365,  678. 
Aphrodite,  457. 


Aphroselenon,  640. 
Aphrosiderite,  502. 
Aphthalose,  Aphthitalite,  615. 
Aphthonite,  104. 
Apjohnite,  653. 
Aplome,  268. 
ApophyUite,  415. 
Apyrite,  365. 
Aquamarine,  245 :  530. 
Arseoxene,  609. 
Aragonite,  694. 
Aragonspath,  694. 
Arcanite,  615. 
Arcticite,  319. 
Arendalite,  281. 
Arfvedsonite,  243. 
Argent  antimonial,  35. 

antimonie  sulfure,  94  ;  93 

bromure,  115. 

come,  115. 

fragile,  106. 

gris  antimonial,  93. 

iodure,  117. 

molybdique,  32. 

muriate,  115. 

natif,  9. 

noir,  106. 

seleniure,  39. 

sulfure,  38. 

sulfure  flexible,  55. 

sulfure  fragile,  106. 

sulfure  antimonifere  et  cu- 

prifere,  93. 
Argentine,  678. 
Argentite,  38. 
Argentopyrite,  39. 
ArgiUyte,  359. 
Argyrit,  38. 
Argyroceratite,  115. 
Argyrose,  38. 
Argyrythrose,  94. 
Aricite,  418. 
Arkansite,  164. 
Arksutite,  128. 
Armenian  whetstone,  138. 
Arquerite,  14. 
Arragonite,  694. 
Arsenate  of  lime,  554. 
Arseneisen,  76,  77. 
Arseneisensinter,  589. 
Arsenglanz,  18. 
Arsenic,  Antimonial.  18 
Native,  17. 
jaune,  27. 
oxyde,  183. 
rpuge,  26. 
sulfure,  27. 
Sulphid,  26,  27. 
White,  183. 
Arsenical  antimony,  18. 

bismuth,  18. 
Arsenicite,  554. 
Arsenigesaure,  183. 
Arsenikalkies,  76. 
Arsenikantimon,  18. 


Arsenikbleispath,  v.   Mimelite 

Arsenikbluthe,  183,  554. 

Arsenikeisen,  76. 

Arsenikalfahlerz,  104. 

Arsenikglanz,  18. 

Arseuikkalk,  183. 

Arsenikkies,  76,  78. 

Arsenikkobaltkies,  71. 

Arsenikkupfer,  36. 

Arsenikmangan,  61. 

Arseniknickel,  60,  70. 

Arsennickelglanz,  72. 

Arseniksaures,  564. 

Arseniksilber,  35. 

Arseniksilberblende,  96. 

Arsenik-sinter,  574. 

Arsenikspiessglanz,  18. 

Arsenikwismuth,  18,  391. 

Arseniosiderite,  584. 

Arsenite,  183. 

Arsenocrocite,  584. 

Arsenomelan,  87,  92. 

Arsenolite,  183. 

Arsenopyrite,  78,  394. 

Arsenosiderite,  76. 

Arsenous  acid,  183. 

Asbeferrite,  234. 

Asbestus,  234;  216. 
Blue,  243. 

Asbolan,  Asbolite,  181. 

Asparagus-stone,  530. 

Aspasiolite,  485 ;  301. 

Asperolite,  402. 

Asphaltene,  729,  751. 

Asphaltum,  751. 
Aspidelite,  383. 
Asteria,  138. 
Astrakanite,  643. 
Astrophyllite,  308. 
Atacamite,  121,  794. 
Atelesite,  392. 
Atlaserz,  713. 
Atlasite,  716. 
Atheriastite,  323. 
Atramenstein,  645. 
Atramentum,  645. 
Attacolite,  580. 
Auerbachite,  275. 
Augerlite,  580. 
Augite,  216. 
Auina,  332. 
Auralit,  485. 
Aurichalcite,  712. 
Auriferous  pyrites,  6. 
Auripigmentum,  27. 
Aurotellurite,  81. 
Aurum  graphicum  ,81. 

paradoxum,  19. 
Automolite,  149. 
Autunite,  586. 
Aventurine,  quartz,  193. 

feldspar,  335,  346,  355. 
Axinite,  297. 
Azorite,  761. 

,zure  spar,  or  stone,  572. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


809 


Azurite,  715;  572. 

Babingtonite,  227,  794. 

Bagralicnite,  285. 

Baierine,  515. 

Baikalite,  215. 

Baikerinite.  747. 

Baikerite,  733. 

Balas  ruby,  147. 

Ballesterosite,  63. 
Baltimorite,  503 ;  465. 

Bamlite,  373. 

Bardiglione,  621. 
Barilla  de  cobre,  15. 
Barnhardtite,  67,  794. 
Baralite,  v.  Bavalite. 
Barite,  616. 
Barolite,  697. 

Baroselenite,  616. 
Barrandite,  574  ;  584. 

Barsowite,  340. 

Barytocolestin,  616. 

Barystrontianite,  699. 
Baryta,  Carbonate,  697. 
Garb,  of  lime  and,  698. 
Sulphate,  616. 
Sulphato-carb.,  698. 

Baryt,  Barytes,  616. 

Barytite,  Barytine,  616, 

Baryt-Harmotome,  439. 
Barytocalcite,  701 ;  698. 

Barytocelestite,  620 ;  617. 

Barytophyllit,  504. 

Basalt,  343. 

Basaltine,  216. 

Basanite,  195. 

Basanomelan,  143. 

Basicerine,  126. 
Bastite,  469 ;  209. 
Bastonite,  308. 

Bathvillite,  742. 

Batrachite,  255. 

Baudisserite,  686. 

Baulite,  359. 

Bauxite,  174. 
Bavalite,  796. 

Bayldonite,  565. 

Beaumontite,  444. 
Beauxite,  174. 
Beehilite,  597. 
Beckite,  196. 

Beilstein,  233. 

Beinbrech,  v.  Tufa. 
Bell-metal  ore,  68. 
Belonit,  100,  805. 

Benzole,  737. 

Beraunite,  558. 

Berengelite,  753. 
Berg-butter,  655. 
Berg-crystal,  v.  Quartz. 
Bergholz,  406. 
Bergmannite,  426. 
Bergmehl,  680. 
Bergmilch,  680. 
Bergol,  723. 


Bergpech,  741,  751. 
Berggriin,  713. 
Bergsalz,  112. 
Bergseife,  476. 
Bergtheer,  751. 
Berliuite,  571. 
Bernstein,  740,  741. 
Beryl,  245,  794. 
Berthierine,  511. 
Berthierite,  86. 
Berzelianite,  46,  795. 
Berzeliite,  544. 
Berzeline,  46 ;  362. 
Berzelite,  120. 
Beudantite,  589. 
Beurre  de  Montagne,  655. 
Beustite,  281. 
Bieberite,  647. 
Biharite,  483. 
Bildstein,  480. 
Bimsstein,  v.  Pumice,  359. 
Bindheimite,  591. 
Binnite,  90 ;  87. 
Biotine,  337. 
Biotite,  304. 
Bismite,  185. 
Bismuth,  19. 

Acicular,  100. 

Carbonate,  716. 

Cupreous,  86,  98,  100. 

Native,  19. 

Oxyd,  185. 

Silicate,  391. 

sulfure  plombo-argentifere, 
36. 

sulfure    plombo-cuprifere, 
100. 

Sulphuret,  30. 

Telluric,  30,  31. 
Bismuth-glance,  30. 

blende,  391. 

nickel,  47. 

ochre,  185. 

silver,  36. 

Bismuthaurite,  795. 
Bismuthine,  30. 
Bismuthinite,  30. 
Bismutholamprite,  30. 
Bismutite,  716. 
Bitterkalk,  682. 
Bittersalz,  644. 
Bitter  spar,  682. 
Bitterspath,  682. 
Bitterstein,  290. 
Bitume  liquide,  723. 

glutineux,  728. 
Bitumen,  751. 

Elastic,  734. 
Bituminoses  holz,  755. 
Bituminous  coal,  754. 
Black  copper,  136  ;  181. 

hematite,  180. 

manganese,  162. 

silver,  106. 

lead,  24. 


Black  jack,  48. 
Blakeite,  652. 
Blattererz,  82. 
Blatterkies,  v.  Marcasite. 
Blattertellur,  82. 
Blatterzeolith,  444. 
Blaubleierz,  40. 
Blaueisenerz,  556. 
Blaueisenstein,  243. 
Blauspath,  572. 
Blei-aluminat,  577. 
Blei,  Gediegen,  17. 
Bleichromat,  629. 
Bleifahlerz,  v.  Bournonite. 
Bleigelb,  v.  Wulfenite. 
Bleiglanz,  40. 
Bleiglas,  622. 
Bleiglatte,  136. 
Bleigummi,  577. 
Bleilasur,  663. 
Bleihornerz,  703. 
Bleimolybdat,  607. 
Bleini^re,  591. 
Bleinierite,  591. 
Bleioxyd,  136. 
Bleischeelat,  606. 
Bleischimmer,  91. 
Bleisulphotricarbonat,  624, 
Bleischweif,  40. 
Bleivitriol,  622. 
Blende,  48. 
Blodite,  643. 
Bloodstone,  194. 
Blue  asbestus.  243. 

feldspar,  572. 

iron  earth,  556. 

John,  123. 

malachite,  715. 

spar,  572. 

vitriol,  648. 
Blumenbachite,  46. 
Blumite,  604. 
Blutstein,  140. 
Bobierrite,  795. 
Bodenite,  289. 
Bohnerz,  172. 
Bog-butter,  747. 
Bog-iron  ore,  172,  178. 

manganese,  181. 
Bole,  Bolua,  476. 
Bolivianite,  109. 
Bolognian  spar,  616. 
Bolopherit,  215. 
Boltonite.  255. 
Bonsdorffite,  485 ;  301. 
Boracic  acid,  594. 
Boracite,  595. 
Borax,  597. 
Borazit,  595. 
Bordite,  398. 
Borickite,  588. 
Boric  acid,  594. 
Bornine,  30. 
Bornite,  44. 
Bornstein,  v.  Bernstein. 


810 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Borocalcite,  599. 

Boronatrocalcit,  598. 

Borosilicate  of  lime,  380. 

Bosjemanite,  654. 

Botallackite,  121. 

Botryogen,  657. 

Botryolite,  380. 

Botryt.  657. 

Boulangerite,  99,  795. 

Bourboulite,  800. 

Bouruonite,  96 ;  373. 

Bournonit-nickelglanz,  74. 

Boussingaultite,  635. 

Bowenite,  465. 

Bragite,  525;  276. 

Branchite,  736. 

Branderz,  v.  Idrialite. 

Brandisite,  508. 

Braunbleierz,  535;  610. 

Braunbleioxyd,  167. 

Brauneiseustein,  172. 

Braunite,  163. 

Braunkohle,  755. 

Brauuspath,  682. 

Braunstein,  162. 

Piemontischer,  285. 
Grauer,  165. 
Schwarzer,  162. 
Braunsteinkies,  46. 
Braunsteinkiesel,  268. 
Bredbergite,  270. 
Breislakite,  216. 
Breithauptite,  61 ;  83. 
Breunnerite,  686. 
Brevicite,  426. 
Brewsterite,  445. 
Brewstoline,  761. 
Brewsterlinite,  761. 
Brittle  silver  ore,  106. 
Brocatello,  678. 
Brochantite,  664,  795. 
Bromargyrite,  116. 
Bromic  silver,  116. 
Bromite,  116. 
Bromlite,  698. 
Bromsilber,  116. 
Bromyrite,  116. 
Brogniardite,  90. 
Brogniartin,  627. 
Brongnartine,  664. 
Bronzite,  208;  215,  508. 
Brookite,  164. 
Brosite,  Brossite,  682. 
Brown  coal,  755. 
iron  ore,  169. 
hematite,  169. 
ochre,  169. 
spar,  682  ;  685,  686. 
Briicknerellite,  748. 
Brucite,  175 ;  363. 
Brushite,  552. 
Bucaramangite,  741. 
Bucholzite,  373. 
Bucklandite,  285. 
Buhrstone,  196. 


Bunsenite,  134. 
Buntbleierz,  535. 
Buntkupfererz,  44. 
Buratite,  712. 
Bustamite,  225. 
Buttermilcherz,  115. 
Butyrellite,  747. 
Butyrite,  747. 
Byssolite,  234. 
Bytownite,  340. 

Cabocle,  see  Hydr.  Phosphate 
of  Alumina  and  Lime,  587. 
Cabrerite,  561. 
Cacholong,  1.99. 
Cacoxenite,  Cacoxene,  584. 
Cadmia,  407. 

Cadmium,  Sulphuret  of,  59. 
Cadmium-blende,  59. 
Cairngorm  stone,  193. 
Oalaite.  580. 

Oalamine,  407;  692,  711. 
Electric,  407. 
Green,  712. 
Calamite,  233. 
Calaverite,  795. 
Oalcareobarite,  617. 
Calcareous  spar,  670. 

tufa,  680. 
Calcedoine,  194. 
Calcimangite,  678. 
Calcinitre,  593. 
Calciocelestite,  620. 
Calcioferrite,  578. 
Calcite,  670,  795. 
Dale-sinter,  680. 

alcouranite,  586. 
Oalderite,  269. 
Caledonite,  625. 
Oalk,  616. 
Callainite,  572. 
)allais,  580. 
Calomel,  111. 
Calstronbarite,  616. 
"alyptolite,  273. 
Campylite,  537. 
Canaanite,  220.  322,  803. 
Cancrinite,  329. 
Candite,  147. 
)anehlstein,  266. 
3annel  Coal,  755. 
3antonite,  83,  84. 
Caoutchouc,  Mineral,  34. 
Capillary  pyrites,  56. 
Papillose,  56. 
3apnite,  692. 
3aporcianite,  399. 
Carbocerine,  709. 
Carbonado,  22. 

arbon  diamantaire,  22. 
Darbunculus,  138,  147,  265. 
Jarchedonius,  265. 
Carinthine,  235. 
Carmenite,  52. 
Carminite,  545. 


Carminspath,  545. 

Carnallite,  ll8. 

Carnat,  474. 

Carcatite,  344. 

Carnelian,  194. 

Carolathine,  420. 

Carpholtte,  419. 

Carphosiderite,  661. 

Carphostilbite,  424. 

Carrara  Marble,  680. 

Carrollite,  69. 

Cassinite,  356. 

Cassiterite,  157,  796. 

Cassiterotantalite,  514. 

Castelnaudite,  528. 

Castellite,  386. 

Castillite,  46. 

Castor,  229. 

Catapleiite,  401. 

Cataspilite,  483 ;  301. 

Catilinite,  796. 

Cat's-eye,  193 ;  640. 

Cavolinite,  327. 

Gawk,  616. 

Celadonite,  463. 

Celestite,  Celestine,  619;  677. 

Celestobarite,  617. 

Centrallassite,  796. 

Cerargyrite,  114. 

Cerasine,  Cerasite,  120,  703. 

Cerine,  285. 

Cerinite,  445,  796. 

Cerinstein,  413. 

Cerite,  413. 

Cerium,  Carbonate,  709, 

Muorid,  126. 

Silicate,  413. 
Cerolite,  470. 

Ceroxydulkohlensaures,  709. 
Cerussite,  Ceruse,  700. 
Cervantite,  187. 
Ceylanite,  Ceylonite,  147. 
Chabazite,  Chabasie.  434. 
Chalcanthite,  648 ;  646. 
Chalcanthum,  645. 
Chalcedony,  194. 
ChalchihuitL  293. 
Chalcites,  645. 
Chalcocite,  52. 
Chalcodite,  460. 
Chalcolite,  585 ;  586. 
Chalcophacite,  567. 
Chalcophyllite,  571. 
Chalcopyrite,  65. 
Chalcosine,  52. 
Chalcostibite,  85. 
Chalcotrichite,  133. 
Chalilite,  424. 
Chalk,  679. 
Chalkosiderit,  583. 
Chalkosin,  52. 
Chalybite,  688. 
Chamasite,  16. 
Chamoisite,  511. 
ChanarciUite,  36. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


811 


Chathainite,  70. 
Chaux  arseniatee,  544. 

boratee  siliceuse,  380. 

cartaonat^e,  670,  682. 

fluatee,  123. 

phosphatee,  530. 

sulfatee  621 ;  637. 
Chelmsfordite,  319. 
Chenevixite,  583. 
Chenocoprolite,  798. 
Cherokine,  535. 
Chert,  195. 
Chesterlite,  352. 
Chessy  copper,  715. 
Chessylite,  715. 
Chiastolite,  371. 
Childrenite,  579. 
Chileite,  612;  169. 
Chilenite,  36. 
Chiltonite,  v.  Prehnite. 
Chimborazite,  694. 
Chiolite,  128. 
Chiviatite,  86. 
Chladnite,  208. 
Chloanthite,  70. 
Chlor-apatite,  531. 
Chlorastrolite,  412. 
Chlorite,  497. 

ferrugineuse,  497. 
Chloritoid,  504. 
Chloritspath,  504. 
Chlorkalium,  111. 
Chlormerkur,  111. 
Chloromelan,  503. 
Chloropal,  461. 
Chlorophgeite,  510. 
Chlorophane,  123. 
Chlorophanerit,  462. 
Chlorophyllite,  301,  485. 
Chlorospinel,  147. 
Chlorquecksilber,  111. 
Chlorsiiber,  115. 
Chlorspath,  120. 
Chodneffite,  128. 
Chondrarsenite,  562. 
Chondrodite,  363. 
Chonicrite,  494. 
Chrismatine,  Chrismatite,  728. 
Christiauite,  337,  438. 
Christophite,  48. 
Chrombleispath,  629. 
Chromchlorit,  495. 
Chromeisen  stein,  153. 
Chrome  ochre,  510. 
Chromgliramer,  309. 
Chromic  iron,  153. 
Chromite,  153. 
Chromoferrite,  153. 
Chromphosphorkupferbleispath 

631. 

Chryolith,  126. 
Chrysoberyl,  155,  796. 
Chrysocolla,  402  ;  597,  713. 
Chrysolite,  256 ;  272,  367,  376, 
530,  796. 


Chrysolite,  Titaniferous,  255. 

White,  255. 

Iron,  258. 

Iron-manganese,  259. 
Chrysophane,  508. 
Chrysoprase,  194,  246. 
Chrysoprase  earth,  510. 
Chrysotile,  465. 
Churchite,  555. 
Chusite,  258. 
Cimolite,  457. 
Cinnabar,  55. 
Cinnamon-stone,  266. 
Cipolino,  678. 
Cirrolite,  579. 
Claudetite,  796. 
Clausthalite,  42,  796. 
Clay,  473,  etc. 
Clayite,   108. 
Cleavelandite,  348. 
Cleiophane,  48. 
Clingmanite,  506. 
Clinkstone,  359. 
Clinoclase,  Clinoclasite,  570. 
Clinochlore,  497 ;  504. 
Clinoedrit,  101. 
Clintonite,  508. 
Cluthalite,  433. 
Coal,  Mineral,  753. 

Boghead,  742,  755. 

Brown,  755. 

Cannel,  755. 
Cobalt,  Arsenate  of,  558. 

Arsenical,  68,  70. 

Black,  181. 

Carbonate,  711. 

Earthy,  181. 

Glance,  71. 

Gray,  70. 

gris,  70. 

ochre,  558. 

oxid6  noir,  181. 

Eed,  558. 

Sulphate,  647. 

Sulphuret,  47,  68. 

White,  70,  71. 
Cobalt  bloom,  558. 
Cobalt  glance,  71. 
Cobaltine,  Cobaltite,  71. 
Cobalt-mica,  558. 
Cobalt  pyrites,  68. 
Cobalt  vitriol,  647. 
Coccinite,  117. 
Coccolite,  214. 
Coke,  754. 
Colestin,  619. 
Collyrite,  420 ;  476. 
Colly rium,  473. 
Colophonite,  268. 
Columbite,  515. 
Comptonite,  424. 
Conarite,  405. 
Condrodite,  363. 
Condurrite,  36,  797. 
Confolensite,  459. 


Conichalcite,  565. 
Conite,'  682. 
Connellite,  627. 
Cookeite,  489. 
Copal,  Fossil,  739. 
Copaliue,  Copalite,  739. 
Copiapite,  655 ;  656. 
Copper,  14. 

Antimonial,  85. 

Arsenate,  562,  564,  567. 

Arsenical,  36,  37. 

Black,  136. 

Blue,  65,  715. 

Carbonate,  713,  715. 

Chlorid,  121,  122. 

Chromate,  630. 

Emerald,  401. 

Gray,  101. 

Indigo,  83. 

Muriate,  121. 

Oxychlorid,  121,  122. 

Oxyd,  133,  136. 

Phosphate,  563,  568. 

Purple,  44. 

Pyritous,  65. 

Red,  133. 

Selenid,  46. 

Silicate,  401,  402. 

Sulphate,  648. 

Sulphato-chlorid,  627. 

Sulphuret,  52;  44,  65,  83. 

Yanadate,  611. 

Variegated,  44. 

Vitreous,  52. 

Copper  and  lead,  Selenid  of,  43 
Copper  froth,  v.  Tyrolite. 
Copper  glance,  52. 
Copper  green,  402. 
Copper  mica,  571. 
Copper  nickel,  60. 
Copper  ore,  136. 

Blue,  715. 

Emerald,  401. 

Green,  713. 

Octahedral,  133. 

Velvet,  666. 

Yellow,  65. 
Copper  pyrites,  65. 
Copper-uranite,  585. 
Copper-vitriol,  648. 
Copperas,  645. 

Soda,  v.  Jarosite. 

Potash,  v.  Jarosite. 

White,  650. 

Yellow,  655. 
Copperasiue,  660. 
Coprolites,  534. 
Coquimbite,  650. 
Coracite,  154. 
Corallinerz,  55. 
Cordierite,  299. 
Corindon,  137. 
Cornaline,  194. 
Corneine,  240. 
Corneous  lead,  703. 


812 

Cornubianite,  v.  Felsite. 
Cornwallite,  569. 
Corsilyte,  235. 
Coruudellite,  506. 
Corundophilite,  504. 
Corundum,  137. 
Corynite,  74. 
Cosalite,  797. 
Cottaite,  353. 
Cotunnite,  117. 
Couzeranite,  326. 
Covelline,  Covellite,  83. 
Craie  de  Biancon,  45. 
Crednerite,  166. 
Crichtonite,  143. 
Criptomorphite,  599. 
Crispite,  169. 
Cristianite,  337. 
Crocalite,  426. 
Crocidolite,  243. 
Crocoite,  Crocoisite,  628. 
Cronstedtite,  503. 
Cross-Stone,  371. 
Crucite,  371. 
Cryolite,  126,  797. 
Cryophyllite,  316. 
Cryptolite,  529. 
Cryptoline,  Cryptolinite,  762. 
Crystallus,  189. 
Cuban,  Cubanite,  65. 
Cube  ore,  578. 
Cube  spar,  621. 
Cubizit,  432. 
Cuboite,  432. 
Cuivre  arseniat^  564,  571. 

arsenical,  36. 

carbonate,  713,  715. 

gris,  101. 

hydrosiliceux,  402. 

jaune,  65. 

muriate,  121. 

natif^U. 

oxide  rouge,  133. 

phosphate,  563,  568. 

pyriteux,  65. 

pyriteux  hepatique,  44. 

selenie,  39,  46. 

spicifbrme,  52. 

sulfate,  648. 

sulfure,  52. 

sulfure  argentifSre,  54. 

vanadate,  611. 

veloute,  666. 

vitreux,  52. 
Cumengite, 

Cummingtonite,  234;  225. 
Cupreine,  53. 
Cupreous  anglesite,  663. 

manganese,  181. 
Cuprite,  133. 
Cuproplumbite,  42. 
Cuproscheelite,  606. 
Cuprouranite,  585. 
Cyanite,  375. 
Cyaneus,  331. 


GENEEAL   INDEX. 

Cyanochroite,  649. 
Cyanolite,  797. 
Cyauosite,  Cyanose,  648. 
Cyanotrichite,  666. 
Cyclopeite,  216. 
Cyclopite,  340. 
Cymatolite,  455. 
Cymophane,  155. 
Cyprine,  276. 
Cyprite,  52. 
Cyrtolite,  275. 

Dalarnite,  78. 

Daleminzite,  51. 

Damourite,  487. 

Danaite,  78. 

Danalite,  265. 

Danburite,  299. 

Dannemorite,  234. 

Daourite,  365. 

Darwinite,  37. 

Datholite,  Datolite,  380. 

Datolith,  380. 

Davidsonite,  245. 

Davite,  649. 

Davyue,  Davina,  327. 

Dechenite,  609. 

Degeroite,  489. 

Delanovite,  459. 

Delawarite,  356. 

Delessite,  497. 

Delphinite,  181. 

Delvauxite,   Delvauxene,    583 ; 

588. 

Demidoffite,  402. 
Demant,  21. 
Demantspath,  138. 
Dendrachates,  195. 
Derbyshire  spar,  123. 
Dermatin,  471. 
Descloizite,  609. 
Desmin,  441,  442. 
Devilline,  665. 
Devonite,  575. 
Deweylite,  469. 
Diabase,  240 ;  343. 
Diabase  Porphyry,  343. 
Diaclasite,  210. 
Diadochite,  588. 
Diagonite,  445. 
Diallage,  Green,  215,  235. 

Hydrous,  221. 

Metalloidal,  208,  209. 

Talkartiger,  210. 
Diallogite,  691. 
Diamant,  21. 
Diamond,  21. 
Dianite,  516. 
Diaphorite,  v.  Allagite. 
Diaspore,  168. 
Diastatite,  235. 
Dichroite,  299. 
Didrimite,  311. 
Didymite,  311. 
Digenite,  52. 


Dihydrite,  568. 
Dillenburgite,  402. 
Dillnite,  421. 
Dimagnetite,  151. 
Dimorphite,  Dimorphirie,  28. 
Dinite,  736. 
Diopside,  214. 
Dioptase,  248,  401. 
Dioryte,  240;  351. 
Dioxylite,  628. 
Diphanite,  507. 
Diploite,  337. 
Dipyre,  326. 
Discrasite,  35. 
Disomose,  72. 
Disterrite,  508. 
Disthene,  375. 
Ditroyte,  328. 
Dog-Tooth  Spar,  672. 
Doleryte,  343. 
Dolomite,  681 ;  685. 
Dolomite  sinter,  708. 
Domeykite,  36,  797. 
Donacargyrite,  93. 
Dopplespath,  677. 
Dopplerite,  749;  747. 
Doranite,  436. 
Dreeite,  626. 
Dreelite,  626. 
Dry-bone,  692. 
Ducktownite,  68. 
Dufrenite,  583. 
Dufrenoysite,  92 ;  87,  90. 
Dumasite,  503. 
Dunyte,  258. 
Dyoxylite,  628. 
Dysclasite,  398. 
Dyscrasite,  35. 
Dyskolite,  v.  Saussurite. 
Dysluite,  149. 
Dysodile,  746. 
Dyssnite,  227. 
Dyssyntribite,  479. 

Earthy  calamine,  711. 

cobalt,  181. 

manganese,  181. 
Edelforsite,  212. 
Edelith,  410. 
Edenite,  235. 
Edingtonite,  417. 
Edwardsite,  539. 
Egeran,  276. 
Ehlite,  568. 
Ehrenbergite,  458. 
Eisen,  Grediegen,  15. 
Eisenapatit,  543. 
Eisenalaun,  654. 
Eisenblau,  556,  572. 
Eisenbliithe,  694. 
Eisenchlorid,  118. 
Eisenchlorit,  497. 
Eisenchrom,  163. 
Eisenerde,  Blaue,  572. 

Grime,  392. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


813 


Eisenerz,  Trappisches,  143. 
Eisenerz,  Hystatisches,  143. 
Eisenglanz,  140. 
Eisengliinmer,  140,  556. 
Eisengynmite,  470. 
Eisenkies,  62. 

Rhombischer,  75. 
Eisenkiesel,     v.     Ferruginous 

Quartz,  193. 
Eisenkobalterz,  70. 
Eisenmulm,  150. 
Eisennatrolith,  426. 
Eisennickelkies,  47. 
Eisenopal,  v.  Semiopal. 
Eisenoxyd,  140. 

Eisenoxydhydrat,  167,  169,  172. 
Eisenoxyd,  Schwefelsaures,  655, 

657,  660. 

Eisenpecherz,  54,  543. 
Eisenperidot,  258. 
Eisenplatin,  11. 
Eisenphyllit,  556. 
Eisenrahm,  172. 
Eisenresin,  718. 
Eisenrose,  143. 
Eisenrutil,  169. 
Eisensinter,  589. 
Eisenspath,  688. 
Eisenstassfurtit,  596. 
Eisensteinmark,  474. 
Eisentitau,  143. 
Eisenvitriol,  657. 
Eisspath,  355. 
Eisstein,  126. 
Ekebergite,  324. 
Ekmaunite,  490. 
Elseolite,  327. 
Elasmose,  44,  82. 
Elasmosine,  82. 
Elaterite,  734. 
Electrum,  3,  740. 
Elhuyarit,  419. 
Eliasite,  175. 
EUagite,  430. 
Embolite,  115. 
Embrithite,  99. 
Emerald,  245. 
Emerald  nickel,  710. 
Emeraude,  245. 
Emeril,  139. 
Emery,  138. 
Emerylite,  506. 
Emmonite,  699. 
Emplectite,  86. 
Enargite,  107,  797. 
Enceladite,  600. 
Endellionite,  96. 
Engelhardite,  273. 
Enstatite,  208. 
Ephesite,  507. 
Epichlorito,  493. 
Epidosyte,  284. 
Epidote  Group,  281 ;  290. 
Epiglaubite,  554. 
Epiphosphorite,  535. 


Epistilbite,  443. 
Epsom  salt,  Epsomite,  643. 
Erbsenstein,  679. 
Ercinite,  439. 
Erdkobalt,  181. 
Erdharz,  734. 
Erdmannite,  285,  414. 
Erdol,  723. 
Erdpech,  751. 
Erdwachs,  732. 
Eremite,  539. 
Erinite,  569 ;  459. 
Brian,  Erlanite,  797. 
Ersbyite,  361. 
Erubescite,  44. 
Erusibite,  660. 
Erythrine,  558. 
Erythrite,  558 ;  352. 
Escherite,  281. 
Esmarkite,  301,  380,  485. 
Essonite,  266. 
Etain,  natif,  17. 

oxyde,  157. 

sulfure,  68. 
Eucairite,  39,  797. 
Euchroite,  566. 
Euchysiderite,  v.  Pyroxene. 
Euclase,  379. 
Eucolite,  248. 
Eudialyte,  Eudyalite,  248. 
Eudnophite,  433. 
Eugenesite,  v.  Selenpalladite. 
Eugenglanz,  107. 
Eukairite,  39. 
Eukamptite.  307,  487. 
Euklas,  379. 
Eukolite,  249. 
Eulysyte,  259. 
Eulytine,  Eulytite,  391. 
Eumanite,  165. 
Euosmite,  743. 
Euphyllite,  488. 
Eupyrchroite,  530. 
Eusynchit,  609. 
Euxenite,  521. 
Euzeolith,  443,  444. 
Evansite,  585. 
Exanthalose,  637. 
Exitele,  Exitelite,  184. 

Fadererz,  91. 
Fahlerz,  Fahlite,  100. 
Fahlunite,  484;  301. 

Hard,  299. 
Fargite,  426. 
Faroelite,  424. 
Fasciculite,  240. 
Faserkiesel,  373. 
Faserzeolith,  426. 
Fassaite,  216. 
Faujasite,  433. 
Fauserite,  645. 
Fayalite,  258. 
Feather  alum,  654. 
Feather  ore,  91. 


Federalaun,  654. 
Federerz,  91. 
Feitsui,  293. 
Feldspar  Group,  335. 
Feldspar,  Blue,  572. 

Common,  352. 

Labrador,  341. 

Potash,  352. 

Soda,  348. 

Lime,  341. 

Glassy,  352. 
Feldstein,  352. 
Felsite,  349,  352. 
Felsobanyite,  662. 
Feldspath,  352. 

apyre,  371. 

tenace,  v.  Saussurite. 

nacre,  352. 
Fer  azure,  556. 

arseniate,  578. 

arsenical,  76,  77,  78. 

carbonate,  688. 

chromate,  153. 

hydro-oxide,  169. 

natif,  15. 

oligiste,  140. 

oxide,  140. 

oxidule,  149. 

magnetique,  149. 

muriate,  118. 

phosphate,  556. 

speculaire,  140. 

sulfate,  657 ;  646. 

sulfure,  57,  62. 

sulfure  magnetique,  58. 
Ferberite,  604. 
Fergusonite,  524. 
Ferrocalcite,  678. 
Ferrocobaltite,  72. 
Ferrotantalite,  514. 
Ferrotitanite,  390. 
Fettbol,461. 
Fettstein,  327. 
Feuerblende,  93. 
Feuerstein,  195. 
Fibroferrite,  656. 
Fibrolite,  373. 
Fichtelite.  735. 
Ficinite,  590. 
Fieldite,  104. 

Figure-stone,  480 ;  483,  452. 
Fiorite.  199. 
Fireblende,  93. 
Fischaugenstein,  415. 
Fischerite,  582. 
Flexible  silver  ore,  55. 
Fliegenstein,  v.  Arsenic. 
Flint,  195. 
Flintkalk,  682. 
Float -stone,  199. 
Flockeuerz,  v.  Mimetite. 
Flos  ferri,  694. 
Flos  succini,  748. 
Flucerine,  126. 
Fluellite,  126. 


814 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Fluccerine,  126. 
Fluocerite,  126. 
Muochlore,  512. 
Fluor-apatite,  531. 
Fluor,  Fluorite,  123. 
Fluor  Spar,  123. 
Flussspath,  123. 
Foliated  tellurium,  82. 
Fontainebleau  limestone,  678. 
Forbesite,  560. 
Forsterite,  255. 
Fournetite,  42. 
Fowlerite,  225. 
Francolite,  530. 
Franklinite,  152. 
Frauenglas,  v.  Mica. 
Freibergite,  101. 
Freieslebenite,  93. 
Fritzscheite,  587. 
Frugardite,  276. 
Fuchsite,  309. 
Fuller's  Earth,  458,  473. 
Fullonite,  v.  Onegite. 
Funkite,  215. 
Fuscite,  319. 

Gabronite,  324. 

Gadolin,  G-adolinite,  293  ;  285. 
Gagates,  760. 
Gahnite,  149 ;  147,  276. 
Galactite,  426. 
Galapektit,  473,  475. 
Galena,  Galenite,  40. 
Galenoceratite,  703. 
Gallicinite,  647. 
GaUitzenstein,  647. 
Galmey,  407. 
Gamsigradite,  236. 
Ganomatite,  798. 
Gansekothig-erz,  798. 
Garamanticus,  265. 
Garnet,  265. 

Bohemian,  267. 

Oriental,  267. 

Tetrahedral,  264. 

White,  334. 
Garnsdorffite,  661. 
Gay-Lussite,  706. 
Gearksutite,  130. 
Gedrite,  231. 
Gehlenite,  370. 
Geierite,  77. 
Gekrosstein,  621. 
Gelbantimouerz,  187. 
Gelbbleierz,  607. 
Gelbeisenerz,  655,  660. 
Gelbeisenstein,  174. 
Gelberde,  172. 
Gelberz,  81. 

Gelferz,  v.  Chalcopyrite. 
Genthite,  471. 
Geocerellite,  748. 
Geoceric  Acid,  748. 
Geocerite,  738. 
Geomyricite,  739,  798. 


Geocronite,  105. 

Georetinic  Acid,  748. 

Gersdorffite,  72,  798. 

Geyserite,  199. 

Gibbsite,  177. 

Gibraltar  Stone,  680. 

Gieseckite,  479;  329. 

Giftkies,  78. 

Gigantolite,  480;  301,  486. 

Gilbertite,  798. 

GiUingite,  492. 

Giobertite,  686. 

Girasol,  198. 

Gisrnondiue,    Gismondite,   418, 

798. 

Glagerite,  476. 
Glance  copper,  52. 
Glanzarsenikkies,  77. 
Glanzbraun  stein,  162. 
Glanzkobalt,  71. 
Glaserite,  615. 
Glaserz,  Glanzerz,  38. 
Glaskopf,  140. 
Glasspat,  123. 
Glaubapatite,  535 ;  554. 
Glauber  salt,  636. 
Glauberite,  627. 
Glaucodot,  80  ;  81,  798. 
Glaucolite,  319. 

lauconite,  462. 
Glaucophane,  244. 
"laukosiderit,  556. 
Glimmer,  302,  309. 
"linkite,  256. 
Globosite,  584. 

lockerile,  662. 
G-lossecollite,  475. 
"lottalite,  417. 
G-melinite,  436;  437. 
3-neiss,  359. 
G-okumite,  276. 
Gold,  3,  799. 

old  amalgam,  14. 
GoldteUur,  81. 
Grongylite,  480. 
Rroshenite,  245. 

oslarite,  647. 
Gothite,  169. 
3-otthardite,  92. 
G-rahamite,  753. 
"ramenite,  461. 
Grammatite,  233. 

rammite,  v.  "Wollastonite. 
Granat,  265. 

ranatite,  388. 
Granite,  359. 

ranulyte,  352. 
Graphic  gold,  81. 
tellurium,  81. 
Graphite,  24. 

rastite,  500. 

Jraubraunsteinerz,  165,  170. 
Grauerz,  v  Galena. 

raukobalterz,  47. 

raugiltigerz,  101. 


Graukupfererz,  v.  Tennautite 
Graulite,  644. 
Graumanganerz,  165,  170. 
G-rausilber,  v.  Selbite. 
Grauspiessglanzerz,  29. 
Grauspiessglaserz,  29. 
Gray  antimony,  29. 

copper,  100. 
Green  diallage,  215,  235. 

earth,  462,  463. 

iron  ore,  583. 

lead  ore,  535. 

malachite,  713. 

vitriol,  646. 
Greenlandite,  516. 
Greenockite,  59. 
Greenovite,  383. 
Grenat,  265. 
Grenatite,  388. 
Grengesite,  501. 
Groppite,  486. 
Groroilite,  181. 
Grossularite,  266. 
Grothite,  386. 
Griinauite,  47. 
Griinbleierz,  535,  537. 
Griineisenerde,  583. 
Griineisenstein,  583. 
Grunerde,  462,  463. 
Griiuerite,  234. 

uanite,  551. 
Guano,  535. 

uarinite,  383. 
Guayacanite,  107. 
G-ummierz,  179. 
Grummispath,  577. 
Gummite,  179,  475. 
Ghirhofian,  Gurhofite,  682. 
Gurolite,  398. 

uyaquillite,  745. 
Gyrnnite,  469. 
~yps,  637. 

ypsum,  637. 
Gyrolite,  398. 

ETaarkies,  56;  75. 

Saarsalz,  644. 

lasmachates,  195. 

Isematoconite,  676. 

Haematite,  140. 

lafnefjordit,  346. 

laidingerite,  552 ;  86. 

lair-salt,  644. 

lalbazurblei,  v.  Caledonite. 

lalbvitriolblei,  628. 
Halite,  112. 
Hallite,  658. 
Halloylite,  475. 

lalloysite.  475. 

lalochalzit,  121. 

lalotrichine,  654. 

lalotrichite,  654;  649. 

lammochrysos,  302. 

lampshirite,  457. 
Harmotome,  439,  799. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


815 


Harringtortite,  430. 

Harris! te,  53. 

Hartbraunstein,  163. 

Hartiu,  742. 

Hartite,  736. 

Hartkobalterz,  71. 

Hartmanganerz,  180. 

Hartmannite,  61. 

Hartspat,  371. 

Hatchettite,  Hatchettine,  731 
728. 

Hauerite,  64. 

Hausmannite,  162. 

Haiiyne,  Haiiynite,  332 ;  333. 

Haydenite,  434. 

Hayesine,  599 ;  597. 

Haytorite,  196:  382. 

Heavy  spar,  616. 

Hebetine,  262. 

Hecatolite,  354 

Hedenbergite,  215. 

Hedyphane,  537. 

Heliolite,  355. 

Heliotrope,  194. 

Hellefliuta,  349,  353. 

Helminth,  502. 

Helvetan,  801. 

Kelvin,  Helvite,  264. 

Hematite,  140;  167,  799. 
Black,  180. 
Brown,  172. 

Hemichalcit,  86. 

Hemimorphite,  407. 
Hepatinerz,  133,  402. 
Hepatite,  616. 
Heraelion,  149. 
Hercynite,  148. 
Herderite,  546. 
Hermannite,  225. 
Hermesite,  101. 
Herrerite,  692. 
Herschelite,  437. 
Hessenbergite,  762. 
Hessite,  50. 
Heteroclin,  163,  226. 
Heteromerite,  276. 
Heteromorphite,  91. 
Heterosite,  542. 
Heulandite,  444 ;  443. 
Hielmite,  519. 
Highgate  resin,  739. 
Himbeerspath,  691. 
Hircine,  Hircite,  747. 
Hisingerite,  489. 
Hislopite,  463,  678. 
Hitchcockite,  577. 
Hoernesite,  556. 
Hoevelit,  Hovellit,  111. 
Hogauite,  426. 
Hohlspath,  371. 
Holmesite,  v.  Seybetite. 
Holmite,  508. 
Holz,  Bituminoses,  755. 
Holzkupfererz,  564. 
Holzopal,  v.  Wood  Opal. 


Homichlin,  67. 

Honey-stone,  Honigstein.  75u. 
Hopeite,  544. 
Hornblei,  703. 
Hornblende,  232. 
Hornerz,  114. 
Hornfels,  195. 
Horumangan,  227. 
Horn  quicksilver,  111. 
Horn  silver,  114. 
Hornstone,  195. 
Horse-flesh  ore,  44. 
Hortonite,  222. 
Houghite,  179. 
Houille,  754. 
Houille  papyracee,  746. 
Hovite,  709. 
Howlite,  598. 
Huascolite,  42. 
Hiibnerite,  603. 
Hudsonite,  216. 
Humboldtine,  718. 
Humboldtilite,  280. 
Humboldtite,  380. 
Humite,  363. 
Hunterite,  457. 
Hureaulite,  561. 
Huronite,  341  ;  301,  485. 
Huyssenite,  799. 
Hverlera,  478. 
Hversalt,  654. 

Hyacinth,  138,  266,  274,  276. 
Hyalite,  199. 
Hyalomelan,  245. 
Hyalophane,  346,  799. 
Hyalosiderite,  256. 
Hyblite,  484. 
Hydrargillite,  177,  580. 
Bydraulic  limestone,  575,  679. 
Hydroapatite,  535. 
Hydroborocalcit,  599. 
Bydrobucholzite,  799. 
Hydroboracite,  695. 
Hydrochlore,  512. 
Hydrodolomite,  708. 
Sydrolanthanit,  709. 
ETydrohsematite,  167. 
rlydrolite,  436. 
3ydromagnesite,  707. 
3ydromagnocalcit,  708. 
ETydronickelmagnesite,  707. 
lydrophane,  199. 
3ydrophite,  470. 
lydropit,  225. 
lydrosilicite,  799. 
3ydrous  anthophyllite,  175. 
3ydrosteatite,  453. 
lydrotalc,  495. 
lydrotalcite,  178,  799. 
lydrotephroite,  260. 
lydrozincite,  711. 
lypargyrite,  88. 
lypersthene,  209 ;  215. 
lypochlorite,  392. 
Hyperyte,  343. 


Hyposclerite,  349. 
Hypostilbite,  441. 
Hypoxanthite,  800. 
Hystatiie,  143. 

laspachates,  195. 
laspis,  194.' 
Iberite,  481 ;  301. 
Ice,  J35. 
Ice  spar.  355. 
Iceland  spar,  677. 
Ichthyophthalmite,  415. 
Idocrase,  276. 
Idrialine,  Idrialite,  738. 
Iglesiasite,  700. 
Iglite,  Igloite,  694. 
Ildefbnsite,  515. 
Illuderite,  290. 
Ilmenite,  143;  525. 
Ilmenorutile,  159. 
Ilvaite,  296. 
Indianite,  337. 
Indicolite,  365. 
Indigo  copper,  83. 
Inolite,  680. 
lodic  silver,  1 1 7. 

quicksilver,  117. 
lodite,  117. 
lodquecksilber,  117. 
lodsilber,  117. 
lodyrite,  117. 
lolite,  299. 

Hydrous,  301,  484. 
Iridium,  Native,  12. 
Iridosmine,  12. 
Irite,  154. 
Iron,  15. 

Arsenate,  578. 

Antimouial    sulphuret,     o 
Berthierite. 

Arsenical,  76,  77. 

Borate,  600. 

Carbonate,  688. 

Carburet  of,  24. 

Chlorid  of,  118. 

Chromic,  153. 

Columbate,  514,  515. 

Cupreous  arsenate,  574. 

Diarsenate,  589. 

Hydrous  oxyds,  169. 

Magnetic,  149. 

Meteoric,  15. 

Native,  15. 

Oligist,  140. 

Oxalate,  718. 

Oxyd,  140. 

Oxydulated,  149. 

Phosphates,  583,  584,  556. 

Silicates,  258,  611. 

Sulphate,  646,  etc. 

Sulphid,  Sulphuret,  57,  58 

62. 

Tantalate,  514. 
Titaniferous,  143. 
Tungstate,  601. 


816 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Iron  and  Mauganese  Tungstate, 

601. 

Iron  alum,  654. 
Iron  earth,  Blue,  556. 
Iron  natrolite,  426. 
Iron  ore,  Argillaceous,  141,  172. 

Arsenicated,  578. 

Axotomous,  143. 

Bog,  169,  172, 174,178. 

Brown,  172;   169. 

Calcareous,  688. 

Clay,  141,  172,  688. 

Green.  583. 

Jaspery,  141. 

Lenticular,  141. 

Magnetic,  149. 

Micaceous,  140. 

Ochreous,  140,  169. 

Octahedral,  149. 

Pitchy,  589. 

Ked,  140. 

Sparry,  688. 

Specular,  140. 

Titaniferous,  143. 
Iron  pyrites,  62. 

Magnetic,  58 ;  57. 

White,  75. 
Iron  rutile,  169. 
Iron  sand,  143,  149. 
Iron  sinter,  575. 
Ironstone,  Clay,  141,  169,  688. 

Blue,  556. 

Brown,  172. 

Iserine,  Iserite,  144,  145. 
Isophane,  v.  Franklinite. 
Isopyre,  392. 
Itabiryte,  141. 
Itacolumyte,  22,  195. 
Ittrierite,  333. 
Ivaarite,  391. 
Ixiolite,  514. 
Ixolyte,  736. 

Jacksonite,  410. 

Jade,  Common,  233 ;  290,  292. 

Jade  tenace,  290. 

Jadeite,  292. 

Jalpaite,  39. 

Jamesonite,  90,  800. 

Jargon,  272. 

Jarosite,  660. 

Jasper,  195. 

Jaulingite,  800. 

Jayet,  v.  Jet. 

Jefferisite,  494. 

Jeffersonite,  215. 

Jeiletite,  268. 

Jefreinoffite,  276. 

Jenkinsite,  470. 

Jenzschite,  201. 

Jet,  760. 

Jewreinowite,  276. 

Johannite,  666. 

Johnite,  580. 

Johnstonite,  40. 


Jollyte,  492. 
Jordanite,  88. 
Joseite,  31. 
Jossaite,  631. 
Junckerite,  688,  697. 
Jurinite,  164. 

KB. — Many  names  spelt  with 
an  initial  K  in  German,  begin 
with  C  in  English. 

Kaiuit,  642. 
Kakochlor,  181. 
Kakoxene,  584. 
Kalait,  580. 
Kalamit,  233. 
Kalchstein,  670. 
Kalialaun,  652. 
Kalifeldspath,  352. 
Kalinite.  652. 
Kaliphite,  172. 
Kalisalpeter,  592. 
Kalisalzsaures,  111. 
Kalisulphat,  615. 
Kalkgranat,  268. 
Kalk-Harmotome,  438. 
Kalk-Malachit,  715. 
Kalkoligoklas,  346. 
Kalksalpeter,  593. 
Kalkspath,  670. 
Kallait,  580. 
Kallochrom.  629. 
Kalomel,  111. 
Kalzedon,  194. 
Kammererit,  495. 
Kammkies,  75. 
Kampylite,  537. 
Kanelstein,  266. 
Kaneite,  61. 

Kaolin,  473;  324,  345,  361. 
Kaolinite,  473. 
Kapnikite,  225. 
Kapnicite,  576. 
Kapnite,  692. 
Karelinite,  185. 
Karneol,  194. 
Karpholite,  419. 
Karphosiderit,  661. 
Karphostilbite,  424. 
Karstenite,  621. 
Kassiterit,  157. 
Kastor,  229. 
Katapleiit,  401. 
Kataspilit,  483. 
Katzenauge,  193. 
Katzen-Silber,  302,  454. 
Kausimkies,  76. 
Keffekilite,  4-78 
Keilhauite,  387. 
Kenngottite,  88. 
Keramohalite,  649. 
Keraphyllite,  v.  Carinthine. 
Kerargyrite,  114. 
Kerasine,  120,  703. 
Kerasite,  120,  703. 
Kerate,  114. 


Kermes,  Kermesite,  186. 
Kermesome,  186. 
Kerolith,  470. 
Kersantyte,  348. 
Kibdelophan,  143. 
Kiesel,  189. 
Kieselcerit,  413. 
Kieselgalmey,  407. 
Kieselgyps,  621. 
Kieselkupfer,  402. 
Kieselmalachit,  402. 
Kieselmangan,  225. 
Kieselspath,  v.  Albite. 
Kieselwismuth,  391. 
Kieselzinkerz,  407 
Kieserite,  641. 
Kilbrickenite,  105. 
Killinite,  480. 
Kirwanite,  800. 
Kischtimite,  703. 
Klaprothine,  572. 
Klaprothite,  572. 
Klipsteiuite,  511. 
Klinoclas,  570. 
Klinochlor,  497. 
Knauffite,  611. 
Knebelite,  260. 
Knistersalz,  v.  Halite. 
Kobaltarsenikkies,  78. 
Kobaltbeschlag,  558. 
Kobaltbleiglanz,  43. 
Kobaltbliithe,  558. 
Kobaltglanz,  71 ;  68. 
Kobaltkies,  68. 
Kobaltmanganerz,  181. 
Kobaltnickelkies,  68. 
Kobalt-Scorodit,  574. 
Kobaltsulfuret.  47. 
Kobaltvitriol,  647. 
Kobellite,  99. 
Koboldine,  68. 
Kochsalz,  112. 
Koelbingit,  284. 
Kohle,  753. 

Kohlensaurer  Kalk,  686. 
Kohlenvitriolbleispath,  628. 
Kokkolit,  214,  215. 
Kokscharoffite,  242. 
Kollyrit,  420. 
Kolophonit,  268. 
Konarit,  405. 
Kondroarsenit,  562. 
Konichalcit,  665. 
Konigiue,  664. 
Konleinite,  737. 
Konlite,  737. 
Korite,  484 
Korynit,  74 
Kottigite,  561. 
Korund,  137. 
Kotschubeit,  497. 
Koupholite,  410. 
Krablite,  359. 
Krantzite,  741. 
Kraurite,  583. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


817 


Kreittonite,  149. 
Kremersite,  119. 
Kreutzkristalle,  439. 
Kreuzstein,  439. 
Krisoberil,  155. 
Krisolith,  256. 
Krisuvigite,  664. 
Kroeberite,  59. 
Krokalith,  426. 
Krokidolite,  243. 
Krokoit,  629. 
Kryolite,  126. 
Kryptolith,  529. 
Kubizit,  432. 
Kuboit,  432. 
Kiihnite,  544. 
Kuboizit,  434. 
Kupaplirite,  570. 
Kupfer,  Gediegen,  14 

Salzsaures,  121. 
Kupferantimonglanz,  85. 
Kupferbleiglanz,  42. 
Kupferbleispath,  663 ;  42. 
Kupferblende,  104. 
Kupferbliithe,  133. 
Kupferdiaspore,  5C8. 
Kupferfahlerz,  100. 
Kupferglanz,  Kupferglas,  52. 
Kupferglimmer,  571. 
Kupfergrim,  402. 
Kupferhornerz,  121. 
Kupferindig,  83. 
Kupferkies,  65. 
Kupferlasur,  716. 
Kupferlebererz,  133. 
Kupfermanganerz,  181. 
Kupfernickel,  60. 
Kupferpecherz,  402. 
Kupferphyllit,  571. 
Kupfersammterz,  666. 
Kupfersehaum,  570. 
Kupferschwarze,  136. 
Kupfferite,  230. 
Kupfer-smaragd,  401. 
Kupfer-uranit,  585. 
Kupfer-vitriol,  648. 
Kupferwasser,  645. 
Kupfer  wismutherz,  86,  98. 
Kupferwismuthglanz,  86. 
Kuprein,  52. 
Kiistelite,  9. 
Kyanite,  375. 
Kymatine,  234. 
Kypholite,  v.  Serpentine. 
Kyrosite,  76. 

Labradorite,  341. 
Labrador  feldspar,  341. 
Labrador  hornblende,  209. 
Lagonite,  600. 
Lagunite,  600. 
Lampadite,  181. 
Lamprophanite,  663. 
Lanarkite,  628. 
Lancasterite,  707. 


Langite,  665. 
Lanthanite,  709. 
Lanthanocerite,  413. 
Lapis-lazuli,  331. 
Lapis  Ollaris,  451. 
Larderellite,  600. 
Lardite,  v.  Pagodite. 
Lasionite,  575. 
Lasurfeldspath,  353. 
Lasurite,  715. 
Lasurstein,  331. 
Latialite,  332. 
Latrobite,  337. 
Laumonite,  Laumontite,  399. 
Laurite,  74. 
Lavendulan,  560. 
Lavroffite,  Lawrowit,  216. 
Lazulite,  572. 
Lazur-Apatit,  530. 
Lead,  17. 

Aluminate,  577. 

Antimonial   sulphuret,  96, 
99. 

Antimonate,  591. 

Argentiferous,  41. 

Arsenate,  537. 

Black,  24. 

Carbonate,  700. 

Chlorid,  117. 

Chloro-carbonate,  703. 

Chromate,  628,  630. 

Corneous,  703. 

Cupreous  sulphate,  663. 

Cupreous  sulphato-carbon- 
ate,  625. 

Hydro-aluminous,  577. 

Molybdate,  607. 

Murio-carbonate,  703. 

Native,  17. 

Oxychlorid,  119,120. 

Oxyds,  136,  163. 

Phosphate,  535. 

Selenafce,  669. 

Selenids,  42,  44. 

Subsesquichromate,  630. 

Sulphate,  622. 

Sulphato-carbonate,    625, 
628. 

Sulphato-chlorid,  627. 

Sulphato-tricarbonate,  624, 
626. 

Supersulphuretted,  41. 

Sulphid,  Sulphuret,  40. 

Tellurid,  44. 

Tungstate,  606. 

Vanadate,  610. 

"White,  700. 
Lead  and  Copper. 

Chromate,  630. 

Chromo-phosphate,  631. 
Lead  glance,  40. 
Lead  ochre,  136. 
Lead  ore,  Green,  535,  537. 

Red,  628. 

White,  700. 
52 


Lead  ore,  Yellow,  607. 
Lead  vitriol,  622. 
Leadhillite,  624. 
Leberblende,  50. 
Leberkies,  75 ;  58. 
Leberstein,  616. 
Lecoutite,  635. 
Ledererite,  436. 
Lederite,  383. 
Leedsite,  v. 
Leelite,  353. 
Lehmauite,  290. 
Lehrbachite,  44. 
Lehuntite,  426. 
Lemnian  Earth,  457. 
Lennilite,  356. 
Lenziuite,  476. 
Leonhardite,  401. 
Leopoldite,  111. 
Lepidokrokite,  169. 
Lepidolite,  314. 
Lepidomelane,  307. 
Lepolite,  337. 
Lesleyite,  800. 
Lettsomite,  666. 
Leucanterite,  660. 
Leucaugite,  216. 
Leuchtenbergite,  500. 
Leucite,  334. 
Leucitophyr,  335. 
Leucolite,  326,  376. 
Leucocyclite,  415. 
Leucopetrite,  743. 
Leucophanite,  260. 
Leucopyrite,  76. 
Leuzit,  334. 
Levyne,  Levynite,  431. 
Lherzolyte,  147. 
Libethenite,  563. 
Liebenerite,  479 ;  329,  563. 
Liebigite,  717. 
Lievrite,  296. 
Lignite,  755. 
Ligurite,  383. 
Lilalite,  314. 
Lillite,  493. 
Limbilite,  258. 
Lime,  Arsenate,  554. 

Borate,  380,  597. 

Borosilicate,  380. 

Carbonate,  670. 

Fluate,  123. 

Nitrate,  593. 

Oxalate,  718. 

Phosphate.  530. 

Silicate,  210. 

Sulphate,  621,  637. 

Titanate,  146. 

Tungstate,  605. 
Lime-Malachite,  715. 
Limestone,  678. 

Hydraulic,  679. 

Magnesian,  681. 
Limnite,  178;  172. 
Limonite,  172. 


818 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Linarite,  663. 

Lincolnite,  444. 

Lindackerite,  590. 

Lindsayite,  340. 

Linnseite,  68. 

Linseite,  340. 

Linsenerz,  567. 

Linsenkupfer,  567. 

Liparite,  123. 

Liroconite,  567. 

Litheosphorus,  616. 

Lithionglimmer,  314. 

Lithionite,  314. 

Lithographic  Stone,  679. 

Lithomarge,  460,  473,  475,  480. 

Loboit,  276. 

Loganite,  242,  496. 

Lolingite,  77;  76. 

Lomouite,  399. 

Lonchidite,  76. 

Lophoite,  501. 

Lotalite,  215. 

Loweite,  Loveite,  643. 

Lowigite,  659. 

Loxoclase,  352. 

Lucullite,  Lucullan,  677. 

Lumachslle,  679. 

Lunnite,  568. 

Lupus  metallorum,  29. 

Lychnis,  138,  147. 

Lydian  stone,  195. 

Lyellite,  665. 

Lyncurium,  272,  740. 

Lythrodes,  479. 

Made,  371. 
Maclureite,  216,  363. 
Magneferrite,  152. 
Magnesia,  Pure,  685. 

Borate,  595. 

Carbonate,  685. 

Chlorid,  118,  119,  122. 

Fluophosphate,  538. 

Fluosilicate,  363. 

Hydrate,  175. 

Hydro-carbonate,  707. 

Native,  175. 

Nitrate,  593. 

Sulphate,  643. 
Magnesia  alum,  653. 
Magnesian  limestone,  682. 

pharmacolite,  544. 
Magnesie  hydratee,  175. 

carbonatee,  686. 

nitratee,  593. 

phosphatee,  538. 
Magnesinitre,  593. 
Magnesioferrite,  152. 
Magnesite,  685  ;  456. 
Magneteisenstein,  149. 
Magnetis,  451. 
Magnetic  iron  ore,  149. 
Magnetic  pyrites,  58. 
Magnetite,  149,  800. 
Magnetkies,  58. 


Magnetopyrite,  58. 
Magnoferrite,  152. 
Malachite,  Blue,  715. 

Green,  713. 

Lime,  715. 
Malacolite,  214. 
Malacon,  Malakon,  275. 
Maltha,  728. 
Malthacite,  458. 
Mamanite,  642. 
Mandela  to,  678. 
Manganalaun,  653. 
Mangan,  Kohlensaures,  691. 
Manganamphibole,  225. 
Manganblende,  46. 
Manganepidote,  285. 
Manganerz,  G-rauer,  165,  170. 

Kupferhaltiges,  166. 

Prismatoidisches,  171. 

Schwarzer,  162. 

Manganese,    Oxyd,    162,    163, 
165,  166. 

Hydrous  oxyds,  162,  170. 
180. 

Arseniuret,  6L 

Black,  162. 

Bog,  181. 

Carbonate,  691. 

Chlorid,  122. 

Cupreous,  181. 

Earthy,  181. 

Gray,  165. 

Phosphate,  541,  543. 

Red,  225. 

Silicates,  225,  260. 

Sulphid,  46,  64. 

Manganese-Ore,  Brachytypous, 
163. 

Prismatic,  165. 

Pyramidal,  162. 
Manganese  alum,  653. 
Manganese  spar,  225. 
Manganglanz,  46. 
Mangangranat,  268. 
Manganite,  170. 
Mangankiesel,  225. 
MangankUpfererz,  166. 
Mangankupferoxyd,  166. 
Manganocalcite,  697  ;  678. 
Mangauopal,  v.  Opal. 
Manganschaum,  181. 
Manganspath,  691. 
Marasmolite,  48. 
Marble,  670. 

Yerd-antique,  678. 
Marcasite,  75;  62,  800. 
Marceline,  163,  226. 
Marcylite,  137;  121. 
Marekanite,  v.  Pearlstone. 
Margarite,  506 ;  489. 
Margarodite,  487 ;  310. 
Marialite,  326 ;  332. 
Marionite,  711. 
Marl,  679. 
Marmatite,  48. 


Marmolite,  465. 
Martinsite,  112,  641. 
Martite,  142. 

Mascagnine,  Mascagnite,  635. 
Maskelyne,  665. 
Masonite,  504. 
Massicot,  136. 
Matlockite,  119. 
Mauilite,  v.  Labradorile. 
Medjidite,  667. 
Meerschaum,  456. 
Megabasite,  604. 
Megabromite,  115. 
Mehl-Zeolith,  426,  430. 
Meionite,  318. 
Melaconite,  136. 
Melanasphalt,  753. 
Melanchlor,  543. 
Melanchym,  744,  750. 
Melanellite,  750. 
Melanglanz,  v.  Stephanite. 
Melanhydrit,  483. 
Melanite,  267. 
Melanochroite,  630. 
Melanolite,  490. 
Melanteria,  645. 
Melanterite,  646,  800. 
Melilite,  Mellilite,  280 ;  750. 
Melinite,  477. 
Melinophane,  263. 
Meliphanite,  263. 
Mellate  of  alumine,  750. 
Mellite,  750. 
Melinose,  607. 
Meionite,  801. 
Melopsite,  478. 
Menaccanite,  143. 
Menakerz,  383. 
Mendipite,  120. 
Mendozite,  653. 
Meneghinite,  105. 
Mengite,  525 ;  539. 
Menilite,  199. 
Mennige,  163. 
Mercure  argental,  13. 

sulfure,  55. 

iodure,  117. 
Mercury,  Antimonite,  547. 

Amalgam,  13. 

Chlorid,  111. 

Horn,  111. 

lodid,  117. 

Native,  13. 

Selenid,  56. 

Sulphid,  55. 
Merda  di  Diavolo,  746. 
Merkurblen.de,  55. 
Merkurglanz,  56. 
Meroxene,  307. 
Mesi tine,  Mesitite,  687  ;  688. 
Mesitinspath,  687. 
Mesole,  424. 
Mesolin,  431. 
Mesolite,  430. 
Mesotype,  424,  426,  430. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


810 


Mesotype  epointee,  415. 
Messingbliithe,  712. 
Metabrushite,  553. 
Metachlorite,  503. 
Metaxite,  465. 
Metaxoite,  494. 
Miascyte,  328,  359, 
Miargyrite,  88. 
Mica  Group,  801. 
Mica,  Hexagonal,  304. 

Lithia,  314. 

Oblique,  309. 

Rhombic,  302. 
Mica  des  peintres,  24, 
Mica  pictoria,  24. 
Mica  schist,  359. 
Micaphilit,  371. 
Micarelle,  324. 
Michaelite,  199. 
Michaelsonite,  289. 
Microbromite,  115. 
Microclin,  355. 
Microcosmic  salt,  551. 
Microlite,  513. 
Middletonite,  745. 
Miemite,  682. 
Miesite,  535. 
Mikroklin,  355. 
Millerite,  56. 

Miloschin,  Miloschite,  510. 
Mimetene,  Mimetite,  537. 
Mimetese,  Mimetesite,  537. 
Mineral  caoutchouc,  734. 

coal,  753. 

charcoal,  755. 

oil,  723,  728,  737. 

pitch,  728,  751. 

resin,  739-747. 

tallow,  731. 

tar,  728. 

wax,  727,  730. 
Minium,  163;  55. 
Mirabilite,  636. 
Misenite,  615. 
Mispickel,  78. 
Misy,  655  ;  645,  660. 
Mizzonite,  325. 
Mocha  Stone,  195. 
Modumite,  71. 
Mohsine,  76,  77. 
Mohsite,  143. 
Mollit,  572. 
Molochites,  713. 
Molybdanbleispath,  607. 
Molybdanglanz,  32. 
Molybdanochre,  185. 
Molybdansilber,  32. 
Molybdate  of  lead,  607. 
Molybdate  of  iron,  186. 
Molybdena,  sulphid  of,  32. 
Molybdene  sulfure,  32. 
Molybdenite,  32. 
Molybdic  ochre,  185. 

silver,  32. 
Molybdine,  Molybdite,  185. 


Molysite,  118. 
Monazite,  539. 
Monazitoid,  539. 
Mondstein,  v.  Moonstone. 
Monheimite,  v.  Kapnite. 
Monimolite,  546. 
Monophan,  443. 
Monradite,  221,  406. 
Monrolite,  373. 
Montanite,  668,  801. 
Monticellite,  255. 
Montmartite,  637. 
Montmorillonite,  459. 
Moonstone,  347,  350,  352,  640. 
Morasterz,  172,  174,  178. 
Mordenite,  446. 
Morenosite,  648. 
Moresnetite,  409. 
Mornite,  341. 
Moronolite,  660. 
Moroxite,  530. 
Morvenite,  439. 
Mosandrite,  295. 
Mossottite,  694. 
Mountain  green,  713. 

cork,  234. 

leather,  234. 
Muldan,  353. 
Muller's  glass,  199. 
Mullerine,  Mullerite,  8*. 
Mullicite,  556. 
Mundic,  62. 
Murchisonite,  352. 
Muriacite.  621. 
Muromontite,  289. 
Murrhina,  194. 
Muscovite,  309,  801. 
Muscovy  glass,  309. 
Miisenite,  v.  Siegenite. 
Mussite,  214,  702. 
Myelin,  373. 
Mysorin,  715. 

Nacrite,  309;  455,  473. 
Nadeleisenerz,  169. 
Nadelerz,  100. 
Nadelstein,  694. 
Nadelzeolith,  426. 
Nagyagererz,  82. 
Nagyagite,  82. 
Naphtha,  723. 
Naphthadil,  734. 
Naphthaline,  727,  738. 
Nasturan,  v.  Pitchblende. 
Natrocalcite,  677. 
Natrolite,  426 ;  324. 
Natrolite,  Iron,  426. 
Natron,  705. 

alaun,  653. 

salpeter,  592. 
Natroborocalcite,  598. 
Natronspodumen,  346. 
Naumannite,  39. 
Necronite,  352. 
Needle  ore,  100. 


Needle  spar,  v.  Aragonite. 

Needlestone,  426. 

Nefelina,  327. 

Neft-gil,  734. 

Nemalite,  175. 

Neoctese,  574. 

Neolite,  406. 

Neoplase,  657. 

Neotokite,  491. 

Neotype,  678. 

Nepheline,  327. 

Nephelite,  327. 

Nephrite,  233;   237,  290,  292, 

801. 

Nephelindoleryte,  328. 
Nertschinskite,  476. 
Neurolite,  482. 
Newjanskite,  12. 
Newkirkite,  171. 
Niccolite,  60. 
Nickel,  Antimonial,  61. 

Arsenate,  561 ;  548. 

Arsenical,  60,  72. 

Bismuth,  47. 

Carbonate,  710. 

Copper,  60. 

Emerald,  710. 

Hydrate,  710. 

Oxyd,  134. 

Silicate,  404,  471,  510. 

Sulphate,  648. 

Sulphid,  Sulphuret,  56. 

White,  77. 
Nickel  glance,  72. 

green,  560. 

ochre,  560. 

stibine.  73. 

vitriol,  648. 
Nickel  &  cobalt,   Arsenate  of, 

560. 
Nickel   &   iron,    Sulphuret    or 

Sulphid  of,  47. 
Nickelantimonglanz,  73. 
Nickelarsenikglanz,  72. 
Nickelarsenikkies,  72. 
Nickelbluthe,  560. 
Nickelglanz,  72. 
Nickel-Gymnite,  471. 
Nickeliferous  gray  antimony,  73. 
Nickeline,  60. 
Nickelkies,  56. 
Nickelocker,  560. 
Nickeloxydul,  134. 
Nickelspiessglanzerz,  73. 
Nickelwismuthglanz,  47. 
Nicopyrite,  47. 
Nierenstein,  233. 
Nigrine,  159. 
Niobite,  515. 
Nipholite,  128. 
Nitratine,  592. 
Nitre,  592. 
Nitrocalcite,  593. 
Nitromagnesite,  593. 
Nontronite,  461. 


820 


GENEEAL   INDEX. 


Noralite,  236. 
Nordenskioldite,  233. 
Nordmarkite,  389. 
Nosean,  Nosin,  Nosite,  333. 
Notite,  484. 
£Tussierite,  535. 
Nuttallite,  319. 

Obsidian,  359. 

Ochran,  477. 

Ochre,  Antimony,  187,  188. 

Bismuth,  185. 

Brown,  172. 

Chrome,  510. 

Iron,  140. 

Molybdic,  185. 

Plumbic,  136. 

Eed,  140,  167. 

Tantalic,  188. 

Telluric,  188. 

Tungstic,  186. 

Uranic  668. 

Yellow,  172. 

Vitriol,  662. 
Ochroito,  413. 
Ockergelb,  172. 
Octahedrite,  161. 
Odoiitolite,  580. 
(Ellacherite,  489. 
(Erstedite.  275. 
Ogcoite,  502. 

Oil,  G-enesee  or  Seneca,  725. 
Oisanite,  161,  281. 
Okenite,  398. 
Oktibehite,  16. 
Olafit,  349. 
Oligist  iron,  140. 
Oligoclase,  346. 
OligoklasaMt,  349. 
Oligon  spar,  688. 
Oligophyre,  348. 
Olivenchalcit,  563. 
Olivenerz,  563,  578. 
Olivenite,  564. 
Olivine,  257. 
Omphacit,  223. 
Onegite,  169. 
Oncosin,  480. 
Onofrite,  56,  802. 
Onyx,  195;  680. 
Oolite,  679. 
Oosite,  480. 
Opal,  198. 

Opal-allophane,  421. 
Operment,  27. 
Ophiolite,  465. 
Ophite,  464 ;  468. 
Opsimose,  511. 
Or  natif,  3. 

graphique,  81. 
Orangite,  413. 
Oravitzite,  477. 
Orichalcite,  712. 
Ornithite,  553. 
Oropion,  476. 


Orpiment,  27. 
Orthite,  285. 
Orthoclase,  352,  802. 
Orthose,  352. 
Oserskite,  694. 
Osmelite,  396. 
Osmiridium,  12. 
Osteocolla,  680. 
Osteolite,  530. 
Ostranite,  273. 
Ottrelite,  506. 
Ouvarovite,  270. 
Owenite,  507. 
Oxacalcite,  718. 
Oxalite,  718. 
Oxhaverite,  415. 
Ozarkite,  424 ;  329. 
Ozocerite,  Ozokerit,  732;  728, 
731,  733. 

Pachnolite,  129. 
Pacite,  81. 
Paederos,  198. 
Pagodite,  480 ;  454. 
Paisbergite,  225. 
Pateo-Natrolith,  426. 
Palagonite,  483;  222,  802. 
Paligorskite,  406. 
Palladium,  Native,  12. 
Palladium  gold,  4. 
Panabase,  100. 
Paracolumbite,  143. 
Paradoxite,  353. 
Paraffin,  730. 
Paragonite,  487. 
Paralogite,  325. 
Paraluminite,  661. 
Paranthine,    Paranthite,    318 ; 

319. 

Parasite,  595. 
Parastilbite,  444. 
Parathorite,  763. 
Pargasite,  285. 
Parisite,  702. 
Parophite,  479. 
Partschin,  Partschinite,  293. 
Partzite,  188. 
Passauite,  324. 
Pastreite,  656. 
Pateraite,  608. 
Patrinite,  100. 
Pattersonite,  801. 
Paulit,  209. 
Pazit,  81. 
Pearl-mica,  506. 
Pearl  sinter,  199. 
Pearl-spar,  682 ;  685. 
Pearlstone,  359. 
Peastone,  v.  Pisolite. 
Pechblende,  Pecherz,  154. 
Pechkohle,  755. 
Pechopal,  198. 
Pechstein,  359. 
Pechuran,  154. 
Pectolite,  396. 


Peganite,  582. 

Pegmatolite,  352. 

Pektolith,  396. 

Pele's  Hair,  360. 

Peliom,  299. 

Pelicanite,  457. 

Pelokonite,  181. 

Pencatite,  708. 

Pennine,  Penninite,  495. 

Pennite,  708. 

Pentaklasit,  213. 

Peutlandite,  47. 

Peplolit,  485. 

Percy  lite,  122. 

Periclase,  Periclasite,  134. 

Peridot,  256,  367. 

Peridoto  bianco,  255. 

Periklas,  101. 

Periklin,  349. 

Peristerite,  349. 

Perlglimmer,  506. 

Perlit,  359. 

Perlstein,  359. 

Perthite,  356. 

Perofskite,  146. 

Perowskine,  541. 

Perowskit,  146. 

Petalite,  229. 

Petrified  wood,  196. 

Petrolene,  729,  751. 

Petroleum,  723. 

Petrosilex,  349,  353. 

Pettkoite,  631. 

Petuntze,  475. 

Petzite,  51. 

Pfaffite,  91. 

Pfeifenstein,  v.  Catlinite. 

Phacolite,  434. 

Pha3stine,  469. 

Pharmacolite,  554;  544. 

Pharmakochalcit,  564. 

Pharmacosiderite,  578. 

Phenacite,  Phenakit,  263. 

Phengite,  309. 

Phillipsite,  438. 

Phlogopite,  302. 

Phcenicite,  630. 

Phcenikochroite,  630. 

Phcestine,  209. 

Pholerite,  472,  473  ;  421 

Phonite,  327. 

Phonolyte,  359. 

Phosgenite,  703. 

Phosphid  of  iron  and  nickel,  61 

Phosphocerite,  529. 

Phosphochalcite,  568. 

Phosphorblei,  v.  Pyromorphite. 

Phosphoreisensinter,  588. 

Phosphorgummite,  179. 

Phosphorite,  530. 

Phosphorkupfererz,  563,  568. 

Phosphorsaures,  568,  572. 

Photicite,  227. 

Photizit,  227. 

Photolite,  396. 


Phrenitoid,  326. 

Phthanyte,  195. 

Phyllite,  506. 

Phylloretin,  737;  736 

Physalite,  376. 

Piauzite,  753. 

Pickeringite,  653. 

Picotite,  147. 

Picranalcime,  433. 

Picrofluite,  512. 

Picrolite,  Pikrolit,  465. 

Picromerite,  642. 

Picropharmacolite,  554. 

Picrophyll,  Pikrophyll,  220,  406. 

Picrosmine,  Pikrosmin,  405. 

Picrotanite,  144. 

Picrotephroite,  259. 

Picrothomsonite,  426. 

Picryte,  258. 

Pictite,  383. 

Piddingtonite,  232. 

Piedmontite,  285. 

Pierre  grasse,  327. 

Pigotite,  750. 

Pihlite,  455. 

Pilsenite,  32. 

Pimelite,  510. 

Pinguite,  461. 

Pinite,  479 ;  301. 

Pinitoid,  480. 

Piotine,  472. 

Pipestone,  v.  Catlinite. 

Pirenait,  269. 

Pirop,  267. 

Pisanite,  646. 

Pi-solite,  679. 

Pissophane,  Pissophanite,  661. 

Pistacite,  Pistazit,  281. 

Pistomesite,  688. 

Pitch,  Mineral,  728,  751. 

Pitchblende,  154;  179. 

Pitchstone,  359. 

Pitchy  iron  ore,  589. 

Pitkarandite,  221.  406,  452. 

Pittasphalt,  751. 

Pitticite,  Pittizit,  589. 

Pittinerz,  175. 

Pittinite,  175. 

Pittolium,  728. 

Plagioclase,  802. 

Plagionite,  89. 

Planerite,  576. 

Plasma,  194. 

Plaster  of  Paris,  637. 

Plata  azul,  804. 

bismutal,  36. 

cornea,  115. 

verde,  115,  116. 
Platinum,  Native,  10. 
Platiniridium,  11. 
Plattnerite,  167. 
Platyophthalmon,  29. 
Pleonaste,  147. 
Plessite,  73. 
Pleuroclaae,  538. 


GENERAL  INDEX. 

Plinian,  80. 

Plinthite,  477. 

Plomb  antimonie  sulfure,  96,  99. 

arseniate,  537. 

carbonate,  700. 

chloro-carbonate,  703. 

chlorure,  117,  119,  120. 

chromate,  628,  630. 

hydro-alumineux,  577. 

molybdate',  607. 

natif,  17. 

oxychloriodure*,  120. 

oxide,  136,  163. 

seleniure,  42,  44. 

sulfate,  622. 

sulfure,  40. 
Plombgomme,  577. 
Plombierite,  802. 
Plumbeine,  42. 
Plumbago,  24. 
Plumbic  ochre,  136. 
Plumbocalcite,  678. 
Plumbogummite,  577. 
Plumboresiuite,  577. 
Plumbostib,  99. 
Plumbum  candidum,  17. 

nigrum,  17. 
Plumites,  91. 
Plumose  ore,  91. 
Plumosit,  91.  . 
Poikilit,  44. 
Poikilopyrite,  44. 
Poix  minerale,  728. 
Polianite,  165. 
Pollucite,  PoUux,  249. 
Polyadelphite,  268. 
Polyargite,  480;  340. 
Polybasite,  107. 
Polycrase,  523. 
Polychroilite,  485. 
Polychrom,  535. 
Polyhalite,  641. 
Polyhydrite,  493. 
Polykras,  523. 
Polylite,  216. 
Polymignyte,  523. 
Polysphaerite,  535. 
PolyteHte,  104;  101,  804. 
Polyxen,  10. 
Poouahhte,  428. 
Porcelain  clay,  473. 
Porcelain  spar,  324. 
Porcellophite,  464. 
Porphyry,  359. 
Porpezite,  4. 
Porricin,  v.  Pyroxene. 
Portite,  458. 
Porzellauerde,  473. 
Porzelanit,  324. 
Portor,  679. 
Potash  alum,  652. 
Potash,  Muriate,  111;  118. 

Nitrate,  592. 

Sulphate,  614,  615. 
Potassium,  chlorid,  111,  118. 


821 


Potstone,  451.- 
Pounxa,  v.  Borax. 
Prase,  194. 
Prasin,  568. 
Praseolite,  485 ;  301. 
Prasilite,  503. 
Predazzite,  708. 
Pregattit,  487. 
Prehnite,  410. 
Prehnitoid,  326. 
Preunnerite,  677. 
Prochlorite,  501. 
Prosopite,  130. 
Protheite,  215. 
Protobastite,  208. 
Proustite,  96. 

Prussian  blue.  Native,  558. 
Przibraraite,  169;  48. 
Psathyrit,  742. 
Psaturose,  106. 
Pseudoalbite,  344. 
Pseudoapatite,  531. 
Pseud  ogalena,  48. 
Pseudomalachit,  568. 
Pseudonepheline,  327. 
Pseudolibethenit,  563. 
Pseudophite,  496. 
Pseudosommite,  327. 
Pseudotriplite,  542. 
Psilomelane,  180. 
Psimythite,  624. 
PteroUte,  308. 
Puflerite,  441. 
Pumice,  359. 
Purple  copper,  44. 
Puschkmite,  281. 
Pycnite,  876. 
Pyrallolite,  220,  406, 451. 
Pyrantimonite,  186. 
Pyrargillite,  485. 
Pyrargyrite,  94. 
Pyrauxite,  454. 
Pyreneite,  268. 
Pyrgom,  216. 
Pyrite,  62,  802. 
Pyrites,  Arsenical,  78;  76. 

Auriferous,  62. 

Capillary,  56. 

Cellular,  75. 

Cockscomb,  75. 

Copper,  65. 

Erubescent,  44. 

Hepatic,  75. 

Hydrous,  75. 

Iron,  62. 

Magnetic,  58 ;  57. 

Prismatic  Iron,  75,  76. 

Radiated,  75. 

Spear,  75. 

Tin,  68. 

Variegated,  44. 

White  iron,  75. 
Pyraurite,  179. 
Pyrochlore,  512 ;  513. 
Pyrochroite,  177. 


822 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Pyroclasite,  535.  . 
Pyroguanite,  535. 
Pyrolusite,  165. 
Pyromelane,  803. 
Pyromeline,  648. 
Pyromorphite,  535 ;  637. 
Pyrope,  267. 
Pyrophyllite,  454. 
Pyrophysalite,  376. 
Pyropissite,  734. 
Pyroretin,  744,  745. 
Pyroretinite,  744. 
Pyrorthite,  285. 
Pyroscheererite,  737. 
Pyrosclerite,  493. 
Pyrosiderite,  169. 
Pyrosmalite,  414. 
Pyrostibite,  186. 
Pyrostilpnite,  93. 
Pyrotechnite,  615. 
Pyroxene,  212,  803. 
Pyroxenyte,  220,  359. 
Pyrrhite,  763. 
Pyrrholite,  480. 
Pyrrhosiderite,  169. 
Pyrrhotine,  57. 
Pyrrhotite,  58  ;  57,  803. 

Quartz,  189,  803. 

Ferruginous,  193. 

Granular,  195. 

nectique,  199. 

resinite,  198. 
Quecksilberfahlerz,  101. 
Quecksilberbranderz,  738 ;  55. 
Quecksilberhornerz,  111. 
Quecksilberlebererz,  55. 
Quellerz,  178. 
Quicksilver,  Native,  13. 

Antimonite,  547. 

Chlorid,  111. 

Horn,  111. 

lodid,  117. 

Sulphuret,  55. 

Selenid,  56. 
Quincite,  406. 

Rabenglimmer,  314. 
Radauite,  341. 
Radelerz,  96. 
Radiated  pyrites,  75. 
Radiolite,  426. 
Rahtite,  48. 
Raimondite,  656. 
Rammelsbergite,  77 ;  70. 
Randanite,  199. 
Raphanosmite,  43. 
Rapidolite,  319. 
Raphilite,  233. 

Raseneisenstein,  172,  174,  178 
Rastolyte,  486. 
Ratholite,  396. 
Ratofkit,  123. 
Rauhkalk,  682. 
Raumit,  485. 


Rauschgelb,  26,  27. 
Rautenspath,  682. 
Razoumoffskin,  460. 
Realgar,  26. 
Red  antimony,  186. 

chalk,  141. 

copper  ore,  133. 

hematite,  140. 

iron  ore,  140. 

iron  vitriol,  657. 

lead  ore,  628. 

manganese,  691. 

ochre,  141,  167. 

silver  ore,  94,  96. 

vitriol,  647. 

zinc  ore,  135. 
Reddle,  141. 
Redruthite,  52. 
Reichite,  677. 
Reissacherite,  181. 
Reissbley,  24. 
Refdanskite,  803. 
Remingtonite,  711. 
Remolinite,  121. 
Rensselaerite,  451. 
Resigallum,  26,  27. 
Resin,  Mineral,  etc.,  739-747. 

Highgate,  739. 
Retinasphalt,  748. 
Retinalite,  464. 
Retinellite,  748. 
Retiuic  Acid,  748. 
Retinite,  739 ;  753. 
Retzbanyite,  100. 
Retzite,  v.  JEdelforsite. 
Reussin,  637. 
Reussinite,  744. 
Rhsetizite,  375. 
Rhodalose,  647. 
Rhodalite,  459. 
Rhodium  gold,  41. 
Rhodizite,  596. 
Rhodochrome,  495. 
Rhodochrosite,  691. 
Rhodoial,  558. 
Rhodonite,  225. 
Rhodophyllite,  495. 
Rhombenglimmer,  302,  304. 
Rhomb-spar,  682. 
Rhyacolite,  352. 
Richtnondite,  803. 
Richterite,  234;  215. 
Riemannite,  419. 
Ripidolite,  497  ;  501. 
Risigallum,  26. 
Rittingerite,  94. 
Rock  cork,  v.  Hornblende, 
crystal,  193. 

meal,  680. 

milk,  680. 
salt,  112. 
soap,  476. 

Rochlandite,  v.  Serpentine. 
Rochlederite,  744. 
Rcemerite,  655. 


Rcesslerite,  556. 

Rohwand,  685. 

Rogenstein,  679. 

Romanzovit,  266. 

Romeine,  Romeite,  547. 

Roschgewachs,  106. 

Rose  quartz,  193. 

Roselite,  560. 

Rosellan,  v.  Rosite. 

Rosite,  340 ;  85,  480. 

Rothbleierz,  628. 

Rothbraunstein,  225. 

Rotheisenerz,  140. 

Rother  vitriol,  647. 

Rothgiiltigerz,  94,  96. 

Rothkupfererz,  133. 

Rothnickelkies,  60. 

Rothoffit,  268. 

Rothspiessglanzerz,  186. 

Rothspiesglaserz,  186. 

Rothzinkerz,  135. 

Rottisite,  471. 

Rubellan,  304. 

Rubellite,  365. 

Ruberite,  133. 

Rubicelle,  147. 

Rubin,  138. 

Rubinblende,  94. 

Rubinglimmer,  170. 

Ruby,  Spinel,  Balas,  Almandine, 

147. 

Oriental,  138. 
Ruby-blende,  94. 
Ruby  silver,  94,  96. 
Ruby  sulphur,  v.  Realgar, 
Ruthenium,  Sulphuret,  74. 
Rutherfordite,  526. 
Rutile,  159. 
Ryacolite,  352. 

Saccharite,  344. 
Safflorite,  70. 
Sagenite,  159,  193. 
Sahlite,  215. 
Sal  ammoniac,  114. 

gemme,  112. 
Salamstein,  v.  Sapphire. 
Saldanite,  649. 
Salmare,  112. 
Salmiak,  114. 
Salt,  Common,  112. 
Saltpeter,  592. 
Salts  of  Iron,  750. 
Salzkupererz,  121. 
Samarskite,  520. 
Samian  Earth,  473. 
Sammetblende,  169. 
Sammeterz,  666. 
Samoite,  478. 
Samteisenerz,  169. 
Sandaraca,  26. 
Sandbergerite,  104. 
Sandstone,  195. 
Sanidin,  352. 
Saponite,  472 ;  459. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


823 


Sappare,  375. 
Sapphire,  138. 

d'eau,  299. 
Sapphirine,  391. 
Sapphlrus,  331. 
Sarcolite,  317,  436. 
Sard,  194. 
Sardachates,  195. 
Sardinian,  622. 
Sardonyx,  195. 
Sartorite,  87. 
Saspachite,  447. 
Sassolite,  Sassolin,  594. 
Satin  spar,  637,  678. 
Satersbergite,  76. 
Saualpit,  290. 
Saussurite,  290;  321,  341. 
Saustein,  677. 
Savite,  426. 
Saynite,  47. 
Scarbroite,  421. 
Scapolite  Group,  317. 
Schaalstein,  210. 
Schabasit,  434. 
Schapbachite,  36. 
Schatzellit,  111. 
Schaumspath,  678. 
Scheelbleispath,  606. 
Scheelin  calcaire,  605. 

ferrugine,  601. 
Scheelite,  605,  803. 
Scheelitine.  606. 
Scheelsaure,  186. 
Scheelsaures  blei,  606. 
Scheelspath,  605. 
Scheererite,  727. 
Schefferite,  215,  242. 
Schieferspath,  678. 
Schilfglaserz,  93. 
Schiller-spar,    469;    209,    210, 

221. 

Schillerstein,  221. 
ScManite,  745. 
Schmelzstem,  326. 
SchmirgeL  139. 
Schneiderite,  399. 
Schonjt,  642. 
Schorl,  205,  365. 
Schorl  rouge,  159. 
Schorlartiger  beril,  376. 
Schorlite,  377. 
Schorlomite,  390. 
Schorza,  281. 
Schreibersite,  61. 
Schrifterz,  Schrift-tellar,  81. 
Schrotterite,  421. 
Schulzifc,  105. 
Schuppenstein,  316. 
Schiitzit,  619. 
Schwarzbraunstein,  162. 
Schwartzembergite,  120. 
Schwarzerz,  46,  100,  106. 
Schwarzgiltigerz,  101,  106. 
Schwarzmanganerz,  162. 
Schwarzspiessglaserz,  96. 


Schwatzite,  101. 
Schwefel,  Natiirlicher,  20. 
Schwefelantimonblei,  99. 
Schwefelkies,  62. 
Schwefelkobalt,  47. 
Schwefelnickel,  56. 
Schwefelquecksilber,  55. 
Schwefelsaure,  614. 
Schwefelsilber,  38,  51. 
Schwerbleierz,  167. 
Schwerspath,  616,  619. 
Schwerstein,  605. 
Schweruranerz,  154. 
Schwimmkiesel,  199. 
Scleretinite,  744. 
Scleroclase,  87,  92. 
Scolecite,  428. 

Anhydrous,  361. 
Scolexerose,  361. 
Scorodite,  574. 
Scorza,  281. 
Scotiolite,  489. 
Scoulerite,  424. 
Sebesite,  233. 
Seeerz,  v.  Limonite. 
Seifenstein,  472. 
Seladonite,  463. 
Selbite,  804. 
Selenblei,  42. 
Selenbleikupfer,  43. 
Selenbleispath,  669. 
Selenite,  637. 
Selenkobaltblei,  43. 
Selenkupfer,  46. 
Selenkupferblei,  43. 
Selenkupfersilber,  39. 
Selenmercur,  56. 
Selen  palladium,  12. 
Selenquecksilber,  56. 
Selenquecksilberblei,  44. 
Selenschwefelquecksilber,  56. 
Selensilber,  39. 
Selensulphur,  21. 
Selwynite,  509. 
Semeliue,  383. 
Semi-opal,  199. 
Senarmontite,  184. 
Seneca  oil,  725. 
Sepiolite,  456. 
Serbian,  510. 
Sericite,  487. 
Sericolite,  v.  Satin  spar. 
Serpentine,  464,  804. 
Severite,  476;  460. 
Seybertite,  508. 
Sexangulites,  42. 
Shepardite,  62. 
Siberite,  365. 
Sicilianite,  619. 
Sideretine,  589. 
Siderite,  688;  193,  572. 
Sideritis,  149. 
Sideroborine.  600. 
Siderochalcit,  570. 
Siderochrome,  153. 


Sideroclepte,  258. 
Sideroconite,  676. 
Siderodot,  688. 
Sideroferrite,  16. 
Sideromelane,  360. 
Sideroplesite,  688. 
Sideroschisolite,  604. 
Siderosilicite,  484. 
Siderose,  688. 
Siderotantal,  514. 
Sideroxene,  762. 
Siegelerde,  458. 
Siegelstein,  149. 
Siegenite,  68,  69. 
Sienite,  240,  359. 
Silber,  G-ediegen,  9. 
Silberamalgam,  13. 
Silberfahlerz,  101. 
Silberglanz,  38. 

Biegsamer,  55. 
Silberglas,  38. 
Silberhornerz,  114. 
Silberkupferglanz,  54. 
Silberphyllinglanz,  83. 
Silberspiessglanz,  35. 
Silberwismuthglanz,  36. 
Silex,  189. 

Silice  gelatineuse,  v.  Hyalite. 
Silicifled  wood,  196. 
Siliceous  sinter,  195. 
Silicite,  341. 
Silicoborocalcite,  598. 
Sillimanite,  373. 
Silvanite,  81 ;   19. 
Silver,  Antimonial,  35. 

Antim.  sulphuret,  93,  94. 

Arsenical,  35. 

Bismuthic,  36. 

Black,  106. 

Brittle  sulphuret,  106. 

Bromic,  116. 

Carbonate,  804 

Chlorid,  114. 

Chlorobromid,  115. 

Cupreous  sulphuret,  54. 

Flexible  sulphuret,  55. 

Gray  (Freieslebenite),  93. 

Horn,  114. 

lodic,  117. 

Muriate,  114. 

Native,  9. 

Eed,  or  Ruby,  94,  96. 

Selenic,  39. 

Sulphuret,  38,  51. 

Sulphuret  of  Copper  and, 
54. 

Telluric,  50. 

Vitreous,  38. 
Silver  glance,  38. 
Silver  ore,  Brittle,  106. 

Flexible,  55. 

Red,  or  Ruby,  94,  96. 
Sinopite,  477. 
Sinter,  Siliceous,  195,  199. 
Sismondine,  504. 


824 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Sisserskite,  12. 

Skapolith,  318. 

Skleroklas,  87,  92. 

Skogbolit,  514. 

Skolezit,  428. 

Skolopsite,  333. 

Skorodit,  574. 

Skutterudite,  71. 

Slate-spar,  678. 

Sloanite,  446. 

Sraaltine,  Smaltite,  70. 

Smaragdus,  245,  681. 

Sraaragdite,  215,  235. 

Smaragdochalcit,  121,  401. 

Smectite,  458;  475. 

Sm elite,  v.  Kaolin. 

Smirgel,  138. 

Smithsonite,  692 ;  407. 

Smyris,  139. 

Snarumite,  316. 

Soapstone,  451,  472. 

Soda,  Borate  of,  597. 

Carbonate  of,  705 ;  706. 
Muriate  of,  112. 
Nitrate  of,  592. 
Sulphate,  615 ;  636. 
Soda  alum,  653. 
Soda  copperas,  v.  Jarosite. 
Soda  nitre,  592. 
Soda  spodumene,  346. 
Sodaite,  324. 
Sodalite,  330. 
Sodium,  Chlorid,  112. 
Soimonite,  v.  Corundum. 
Solfatarite,  649,  653. 
Sombrerite,  535. 
Somervillite,  280,  402. 
Sommite,  327. 
Sonnenstein,  v.  Sunstone. 
Soude,  v.  Soda. 
Sordawalite,  244. 
Sory,  645. 
Soufre,  20. 
Spadaite,  405. 
Spaniolite,  101. 
Spargelstein,  530. 
Sparkies,  v.  Speerkies. 
Sparry  or  Spathic  iron,  683. 
Spartaite,  678. 
Spartalite,  135. 
Spatheisenstem,  688. 
Spear  Pyrites,  75. 
Speckstein,  451. 
Specular  Iron,  140. 
Speerkies,  75. 
Spessartite,  268. 
Speiskobalt,  Weisser,  70. 
Sphaerite,  587. 
Sphaerosiderite,  690. 
Sphserostilbite,  442. 
Sphasrulite,  359. 
Sphalerite,  48. 
Sphene,  383. 
Sphenoclase,  280. 
-Sphragidite,  Sphragid,  458. 


Spiauterit,  59. 

Spiegelglanz,  32. 

Spiesglanzsilber,  35. 

Spiessglanz,  Gediegen,  18. 

Spiessglauzocher,  187. 

Spiesglanzweiss,  184. 

Spiessglanzblei,  96. 

Spiessglanzblende,  186. 

Spiesglas,  18. 

Spiessglaserz,  29. 

Spiesglassilber.  35. 

Spilyte,  352. 

Spinel,  147. 

Spinel  ruby,  147. 

Spinellan,  333. 

Spinelle  zincif^re,  149. 

Spinthere,  383. 

Spodumene,  228. 
Soda,  346. 

Spreustein,  426. 

Sprodglanzerz,  106. 

Sprodglaserz,  106;  107 

Sprudelstein,  696. 

Staffelite,  534. 

Stahlkobalt,  72. 

Stahlstein,  688. 
Stalactite,  679. 
Stalagmite,  679. 
Stanekite,  745. 
Stangenschorl,  Weisser,  376. 
Stangenspath,  616. 

Stangenstein,  376. 
Stannine,  Stannite,  68. 
Stannite,  159. 
Stanzait,  371. 
Stasstfurtit,  595. 
Staurolite,  388 ;  439. 
Staurotide,  388. 
Steargillite,  459. 
Steatite,  451,  472. 
Steel  ore,  688. 
Steinheilite,  299. 
Steinkohle,  754. 
Steinmannite,  41. 
Steinmark,  474,  475. 
Steinol,  723. 
Steinsalz.  112. 
Stellite,  396. 

Stephanite,  106. 
Stercorite,  551. 
Sternbergite,  54. 
3tetefeldtite,  188. 
~tibi,  29. 
Stibiconite,  188. 
^tibihe,  29. 
Btibiogalehite,  591. 
Stibium,,  29. 
Stiblite,  Stiblith,  188. 

tibnite,  29. 
Stilbite,  442 ;  444. 
Stilbit  anamorphique,  444. 

Blattriger,  444. 
Stillolite,  v.  Opal. 
Stilpnomelane,  460. 
Stilpnosiderite,  172. 


Stinkkohle,  746. 
Stimmi,  29. 
Stinkstone,  677. 
Stolpenite,  459. 
Stolzite,  606. 
Strahlbaryt,  616. 
Strahlenkupfer,  570. 
Strahlerz,  570. 
Strahlkies,  75. 
Strahlstein,  233,  281,  583. 
Strahlzeolith,  442. 
Strakonitzite,  221,  406. 
Stratopeite,  491;  227. 
Striegisan,  575,  582. 
Stroganovite,  323. 
Stromeyrite,  54. 
Stromit,  v.  Rhodochrosite. 
Stromnite,  699. 
Strontia,  Carbonate,  699. 

Sulphate,  619. 
Strontianite,  699. 
Strontianocalcite,  678. 
Struvite,  551. 
Stiibelite,  492. 
Studerite,  104. 
Stylobat,  370. 
Stylotyp,  Styloptypite,  98. 
Stypterite,  649. 
Stypticite,  656. 
Succinellite,  748. 
Succinite,  740;  266. 
Succiuic  acid,  748. 
Sulphatite,  614. 
Sulphur,  Native,  20. 

Selenic,  21. 
Sulphuric  acid,  614.  , 

Sumpferz,  172,  174,  178. 
Sundvikite,  340. 
Sunstone,  346,  355. 
Susannite,  626. 
Svanbergite,  590. 
Swinestone,  677. 
Syenite,  240,  359. 
>yepoorite,  47. 
Syhedrite,  442. 
Sylvan,  Gediegen,  19. 
Sylvane  graphique,  81.     . 
^ylvanite,  81 ;  19. 
iylvine,  Sylvite,  111, 
3ymplesite,  558. 
Syntagmatite,  235. 
Szaibelyite,  594. 


'abergite,  493,  495,  497. 

'abular  spar,  210. 
Tachhydrite,  119. 

'achylyte,  245. 

'achyaphaltite,  275. 
Tasnite,  16. 

nafelspath,  210. 
Tagilite,  566. 
"ale,  451, 

?alc-apatite,  535. 
Talc  phosphorsaurer,  588. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


825 


Talc  zographique,  v,  Celadonite. 

Talc  chlorite,  500. 

Talcite,  309. 

Talcoid,  454. 

Talkeisenerz,  150. 

Talkerde-Alaun,  653. 

Talkspath,  680. 

Talkhydrat,  175. 

Talksteinmark,  373. 

TaUingite,  122. 

Tallow,  Mineral,  731. 

Taltalite,  365. 

Tamarite,  571. 

Tannenite,  86. 

Tantalic  ochre,  188. 

Tankite,  337. 

Tantale  oxyde  yttrifere,  519. 

Tantalite,  514;  518. 

Tapiolite,  518. 

Targionite,  40. 

Tarnowitzite,  694. 

Tasmanite,  746. 

Tauriscite,  644. 

Tautoklin,  685. 

Tautolite,  285. 

Tavistockite,  582. 

Taylorite,  614. 

Tecticite,  644. 

Tekoretin,  735. 

Telesie,  138. 

Tellur,  Gediegen,  19. 

Tellurbismuth,  30. 

Tellurblei,  44. 

Tellure  auro-argentifere,  81. 

auro-plombifere,  81. 

natif  auro-ferrifere,  19. 
Tellurgoldsilber,  51. 
Telluric  bismuth,  30. 
Telluric  ochre,  188. 
Telluric  silver,  50. 
Tellurige  saure,  188. 
TeUurite,  188. 
Tellurium,  Bismuthic,  30,  31,  32. 

Black,  82. 

Foliated,  82. 

Graphic,  81. 

Native,  19. 

White,  Yellow,  81. 
Tellurium  glance,  v.  Nagyagite. 
Tellurous  acid,  188. 
Tellursilber,  50. 
Tellursilberblei,  v.  Sylvanite. 
Tellurwismuth,  30,  31,  32. 
Tengerite,  710. 
Tennautite,  104. 
Tenorite,  136,  804. 
Tephroite,  259. 
Teratolite,  473. 
Terenite,  323. 
Ternarbleierz,  624, 
Terre  verte,  462,  463. 
Teschomacherite,  705. 
Tesselite,  415. 
Tesseralkies,  71. 
Tetartine,  348. 


Tetradymite,  30;  31,  32,  804 
Tetrahedrite,  100,  804. 
Tetraphyline,  541. 
Texalith,  175. 
Texasite,  710. 
Thalheimit,  78. 
Thalite,  472. 
Thallite,  281. 
Tharandite,  682. 
Thenardite,  615. 
Thermonatrite,  705. 
Thermophyllite,  465. 
Thierschite,  718. 
Thiorsauite,  337. 
Thomaite,  697. 
Thomsenolite,  129. 
Thomsonite,  424 ;  329. 
Thoneisenstein,  688. 
Thonerde  Schwefelsaure,    631, 

649,  658. 

Thouerdephosphat,  575. 
Thorite,  413 ;  763. 
Thraulite,  492. 
Thrombolite,  562. 
Thulite,  290. 

Thumite,  Thummerstein,  297. 
Thuringite,  507. 
Tiemanuite,  56,  805. 
Tile  ore,  133. 
Tikerodite,  43. 
Tin,  Native,  17. 

Oxyd,  157. 

Sulphuret,  68. 
Tin  ore,  157. 
Tin  pyrites,  68. 
Tinder  ore,  91. 
Tinkal,  597. 
Tinkalzit,  598. 
Tirolite,  570. 
Titaneisen,  143. 
Titane  anatase,  161. 

oxyde,  159,  161,  164. 

silico-calcaire,  383. 
Titanic  acid,  159,  161,  164. 

iron,  143. 
Titanite,  383,  805. 
Tiza,  v.  Ulexite. 
Tombazite,  72. 
Topaz,  376. 

False,  193. 

Oriental,  138. 
Topazolite,  268. 
Topazoseme,  378. 
Topfstein,  v.  Potstone,  451. 
Torbanite,  742. 
Torbernite,  Torberite,  585. 
Torrelite,  515. 
Touchstone,  195; 
Tourbe  papyracee,  746. 
Tourmaline,  365. 
Towanite,  65. 
Trachyte,  359. 
Traubenblei,  535. 
Traversellite,  214,  221,  406. 
Travertine,  680. 


Trcmenheerite,  25. 
Tremolite,  233. 
Trichalcite,  562. 
Trichite,  805. 
Trichopyrit,  56. 
Triclasite,  484. 
Tridymite,  805. 
Trinacrite,  484. 
Tripestone,  621. 
Triphane,  228. 
Triphylite,  Triphyline,  541. 
Triplite,  543. 
Triploklas,  424. 
Tripolite,  199. 
Tritomite,  412;  272. 
Troilite,  57. 
TroUeite,  577. 
Trombolite,  562. 
Trona,  706. 
Troostite,  262. 
Tscheffkinite,  387. 
Tschermigite,  651. 
Tuesite,  474. 
Tufa,  Calcareous,  680. 
Tungstate  of  iron,  601. 

of  lead,  606. 

of  lime,  605. 
Tungsten,  605. 
Tungstic  acid  or  ochre,  186. 
Tungstite,  186. 
Turgite,  167. 
Tiirkis,  580. 
Turmalin,  865. 
Turnerite,  540. 
Turquois,  580 ;  572. 
Tyrite,  524 
Tyrolite,  570. 

Uddevallite,  144 
Uigite,  412. 
Ulexite,  598. 
UUmannite,  73. 
Ultramarine,  331. 
Unghwarite,  461. 
Unionite,  290. 
Uraconise,  Uraconite  668. 
Uralite,  222. 
Uralorthite,  285. 
Uranatemnite,  154. 
Uranbliithe,  667. 
Urane  oxydule',  154. 
Uranglimmer,  585 ;  586. 
Urangreen,  667. 
Urangriin,  667. 
Urangummi,  179. 
Uranin,  Uraninite,  154 
Uranisches  Pittin-Erz,  175. 
Uranisches  Grummi-Erz,  179. 
Uranite,  585 ;  586. 
Uranium,  Carbonate,  717. 

Oxyd,  154. 

Phosphate,  585,  586. 

Sulphate,  666,  667,  668. 
Urankalk-Carbonat,  717. 
Uranmica,  585. 


826 


GENEEAL   INDEX. 


Uranochalcite,  667. 
Uranochre,  668. 
Oranoniobit,  520;  154. 
Uranophane,  805. 
Uranotantal,  520. 
Uranoxyd,  154. 
Uranpecherz,  154,  175,  179. 
Uranphyllit,  585. 
Uranvitriol,  666. 
Urao,  706. 
Urdite,  539. 
Urpethite,  731. 
Uwarowit,  270.    • 

Valaite,  805. 

Valencianite,  352. 

Valcntinite,  184. 

Yanadite,  610. 

Vanadic  ochre,  167. 

Vanadinbleierz,  610. 

Yanadinite,  610. 

Yargasite,  220. 

Yariegated  copper,  44. 

Yariolyte,  344,  359. 

Yariscite,  582. 

Yarvacite,  166,  171,  182. 

Yauqueline,  Yauquelinite,  630. 

Velvet  copper  ore,  666. 

Yerd-antique,  465,  678. 

Yermiculite,  493. 

Yermilion,  56. 

Yermontite,  78. 

Yestan,  806. 

Vesuvianite,  276. 

Yesuvian  salt,  615. 

Yierzonite,  477. 

Yillarsite,  409. 

YiUemite,  262. 

Yilnite,  210. 

Yiolan,  223. 

Yitreous  copper,  52. 

silver,  38. 
Vitriol,  Blue,  648 

Green,  646. 

Lead,  622. 

Nickel,  648. 

Red,  or  Cobalt,  647. 

Red  Iron,  657. 

White,  or  Zinc,  647. 
Yitriolgelb,  660. 
Vitriol  ochre,  662. 
Yitriolbleierz,  622. 
Yivianite,  556. 
Yoglianite,  668. 
Voglite,  717. 
Yoigtite,  307,  486. 
Volknerite,  178. 
Volborthite,  611. 
Volcanic  glass,  213. 
Vojcanite,  359. 
Yolgerite,  188,  806. 
Voltaite,  652. 
Yoltzite,  Yoltzine,  50. 
Voraulite,  572. 
Vorhauserite,  464. 


Vosgite,  343. 
Vulpinite,  621. 

Wad,  181. 
Wagit,  407. 
Wagnerite,  538. 
Walchowite,  741. 
Waldheimite,  242. 
Walkthon,  Walkerde,  458. 
Wallerian,  236. 
Walmstedtite,  686. 
Wandstein,  685. 
Warringtonite,  664. 
Warwickite,  600. 
Washingtonite,  143. 
Wasite,  806. 
Wasserblei,  32. 
Wasserbleisilber,  32. 
Wasserkies,  75. 
Water,  135. 
Wavellite,  575. 
Websterite,  658. 
Wehrlite,  32,  296. 
Weichbraunstein,  165. 
Weicheisenkies,  v.  Wasserkies. 
Weichmangan,  165. 
Weissbleierz,  700. 
Weisserkies,  75. 
Weisserz,  76. 
Weissgolderz,  81. 
Weissgiiltigerz,  101,  104. 
Weissian,  v.  Scolecite. 
Weissigite,  353. 
Weissite,  301,  485. 
Weisskupfer,  36. 
Weisskupfererz,  75. 
Weissnickelkies,  70,  77. 
Weisspiessglanzerz,  184. 
Weissstein,  352. 
Weiss-Sylvanerz,  81. 
Weisstellur,  81. 
Wernerite,  319;  318,  324,806. 
Wheel-ore,  96. 
Whewellite,  718, 
White  antimony,  184, 

arsenic,  183. 

copperas,  647,  650. 

iron  pyrites,  75. 

lead  ore,  700. 

nickel,  77. 

tellurium,  81. 

vitriol,  647. 
Whitneyite,  37. 
Wichtine,  Wichtisite,  244. 
Wiesenerz,  172,  174,  178. 
Wilhelmite,  262. 
Willemite-,  262. 
Williamsite,  262,  465. 
Wilsonite,  480 ;  323. 
Wiluite,  266,  276. 
Wiserin,  528. 
Wismuth,  Gediegen,  19. 
Wismuthblende,  391. 
Wismuthbleierz,  36. 
Wismuthglanz,  30. 


Wismuth-Kupfererz,  86,  98. 
Wismuthochre,  185. 
Wismuthoxyd,  Kolens.,  716. 
Wismuthsilber,  36. 
Wismuthspath,  716. 
Withamite,  281. 
Witherite,  697. 
Wittichenite.  Wittichite,  98. 
Wittingite,  491. 
Wocheinite,  174. 
Wodankies,  v.  GersdorfiBte. 
Wohlerite,  261,  806. 
Wolchite,  96. 
Wolchonskoite,  509. 
Wolfram,  601. 
Wolframite,   Wolframine,  601; 

186. 

Wolframbleierz,  606. 
Wolframochre,  186. 
Wolfsbergite,  85;  91. 
Wollastonite,  210 ;  396. 
Woluyn,  618. 
Wood,  petrified,  196. 
Wood-opal,  199. 
Woodwardite,  666. 
Worthite,  373. 
Wulfenite,  607. 
Wundererde,  v.  Teratolite. 
Wurfelerz,  578. 
Wiirfelgyps,  621. 
Wurfelspath,  621. 
Wurfelzeolith,  432,  434. 
Wurtzite,  59. 

Xanthitan,  v.  Titanite. 
Xanthite,  276. 
Xanthoconite.  108. 
Xanthokon,  108. 
Xanthophyllite,  508. 
Xanthopyrites,  62. 
Xanthorthit,  285. 
Xanthosiderite,  174;  655. 
Xenolite,  373. 
Xenotime,  528. 
Xonaltite,  397. 
Xylite,  Xylotile,  406. 
Xylochlore,  415. 
Xylokryptit,  v.  Scheererite  ? 
Xyloretinite,  742. 

Yanolite,  297. 
Fellow  copperas,  655. 

copper  ore,  65. 

lead  ore,  607. 

tellurium,  81. 
Yenite,  296. 
Ypoleime,  568. 
Ytterbite,  293. 
Yttererde,  Phosph.,  528. 
Yttergranat,  268. 
Ytternussspath,  125. 
Ytterspath,  528,  710. 
Yttria,  Fluate,  125. 

Phosphate,  528. 

Tantalate,  519. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


827 


Yttria,  Silicate,  804. 
Yttrocalcit,  125. 
Yttrocerite,  125. 
Yttrocolumbite,  v.  Yttrotantal- 

ite. 

Yttroilmenite,  519,  520. 
Yttrotantalite,  519. 
Yttrotitanite,  387. 

Zala,  v.  Borax. 
Zamtite,  710. 
Zaratite,  710. 
Zeagonite,  418. 
Zeasite,  v.  Opal. 
Zeilanite,  147. 
Zellkies,  75. 
Zeolite  Section,  421. 
Zeolite,  Feather,  426. 

Foliated,  442,  444. 

Efflorescing,  399. 

Needle,  426. 

Pyramidal,  415. 

Cubic,  432,  434. 
Zeugite,  553. 
Zeuxite,  370. 
Zeylanite,  147. 
Zianite,  v,  Kyanite. 


Ziegelerz,  133. 
Zietrisikite,  733. 
Zigueline,  133. 
Zfflerfhite,  234. 
Zinc,  Arsenate,  561. 

Carbonate,  692,  711. 

hydrate  cuprifere,  570. 

lodid  and  Bromid,  122. 

Native,  17. 

oxide,  135. 

oxide  silicifere,  262. 

Oxysulphuret,  50. 

Phosphate,  544. 

Ked  Oxyd,  135. 

Silicate,  262,  406. 

Siliceous  Oxyd,  407. 

Sulphate,  624,  647. 

Sulphid,  Sulphuret,  48. 
Zinc  blende,  48. 
Zinc  bloom,  711. 
Zincfahlerz,  104. 
Zinc  vitriol,  647. 
Zinc  ore,  Red,  135. 
Zincite,  135. 
Zinconise,  711. 
Zinkarseniat,  561. 
Zinkazurite,  713. 


Zinkbluthe,  711. 
Zinkenite,  88. 
Zinkglas,  407. 
Zinkit,  135. 
Zinkkieselerz,  407. 
Zinkosite,  624. 
Zinkoxyd,  135. 
Zinkphyllit,  544. 
Zinkspath,  692. 
Zinkvitriol,  647. 
Zinn,  G-ediegen,  17. 
Geswefeltes,  68. 
Zinnerz,  157. 
Zinnkies,  68, 
Zinnober,  55. 
Zinnstein,  157. 
Zinnwaldite,  314. 
Zippeite,  667. 
Zircon,  272. 
Zirconite,  273. 
Zoisite,  290,  806. 
Zolestein,  619. 
Zorgite,  43. 
Zundererz,  91. 
Zurlite,  280. 
Zwieselite,  543. 
Zygadite,  352. 


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